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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPABET	ARPABET	["1 Symbols","1.1 TIMIT","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Phonetic notation This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. ARPABET (also spelled ARPAbet) is a set of phonetic transcription codes developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) as a part of their Speech Understanding Research project in the 1970s. It represents phonemes and allophones of General American English with distinct sequences of ASCII characters. Two systems, one representing each segment with one character (alternating upper- and lower-case letters) and the other with one or two (case-insensitive), were devised, the latter being far more widely adopted. ARPABET has been used in several speech synthesizers, including Computalker for the S-100 system, SAM for the Commodore 64, SAY for the Amiga, TextAssist for the PC and Speakeasy from Intelligent Artefacts which used the Votrax SC-01 speech synthesiser IC. It is also used in the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary. A revised version of ARPABET is used in the TIMIT corpus. Symbols Stress is indicated by a digit immediately following a vowel. Auxiliary symbols are identical in 1- and 2-letter codes. In 2-letter notation, segments are separated by a space. Vowels ARPABET IPA Example(s) 1-letter 2-letter a AA ɑ~ɒ balm, bot (with father–bother merger) @ AE æ bat A AH ʌ butt c AO ɔ caught, story W AW aʊ bout x AX ə comma — AXR ɚ letter, forward Y AY aɪ bite E EH ɛ bet R ER ɝ bird, foreword e EY eɪ bait I IH ɪ bit X IX ɨ roses, rabbit i IY i beat o OW oʊ boat O OY ɔɪ boy U UH ʊ book u UW u boot — UX ʉ dude Consonants ARPABET IPA Example 1-letter 2-letter b B b buy C CH tʃ China d D d die D DH ð thy F DX ɾ butter L EL l̩ bottle M EM m̩ rhythm N EN n̩ button f F f fight g G ɡ guy h HH or H h high J JH dʒ jive k K k kite l L l lie m M m my n N n nigh G NX or NG ŋ sing — NX ɾ̃ winner p P p pie Q Q ʔ uh-oh r R ɹ rye s S s sigh S SH ʃ shy t T t tie T TH θ thigh v V v vie w W w wise H WH ʍ why (without wine–whine merger) y Y j yacht z Z z zoo Z ZH ʒ pleasure Stress and auxiliary symbols AB Description 0 No stress 1 Primary stress 2 Secondary stress 3... Tertiary and further stress - Silence ! Non-speech segment + Morpheme boundary / Word boundary # Utterance boundary : Tone group boundary :1 or . Falling or declining juncture :2 or ? Rising or internal juncture :3 or . Fall-rise or non-terminal juncture TIMIT In TIMIT, the following symbols are used in addition to the ones listed above: Symbol IPA Example Description AX-H ə̥ suspect Devoiced /ə/ BCL b̚ obtain closure DCL d̚ width closure ENG ŋ̍ Washington Syllabic GCL ɡ̚ dogtooth closure HV ɦ ahead Voiced /h/ KCL k̚ doctor closure PCL p̚ accept closure TCL t̚ catnip closure PAU — — Pause EPI — — Epenthetic silence H# — — Begin/end marker See also Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet SAMPA, language-specific X-SAMPA, encoding the whole International Phonetic Alphabet Pronunciation respelling for English References ^ a b Klautau, Aldebaro (2001). "ARPABET and the TIMIT alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ a b c Rice, Lloyd (April 1976). "Hardware & software for speech synthesis". Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia. 1 (4): 6–8. ^ a b c d e Jurafsky, Daniel; Martin, James H. (2000). Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition. Prentice Hall. pp. 94–5. ISBN 0-1309-5069-6. ^ "Table of all the phonemic and phonetic symbols used in the TIMIT lexicon". Linguistic Data Consortium. October 12, 1990. Retrieved September 8, 2017. External links The CMU Pronouncing Dictionary	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phonetic transcriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_transcription"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Help:IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters"},{"link_name":"phonetic transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_transcription"},{"link_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency"},{"link_name":"Speech Understanding Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speech_Understanding_Research&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"phonemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme"},{"link_name":"allophones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone"},{"link_name":"General American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American_English"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-klautau-1"},{"link_name":"speech synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesizers"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"Votrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votrax"},{"link_name":"CMU Pronouncing Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMU_Pronouncing_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"TIMIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIMIT"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-klautau-1"}],"text":"This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.ARPABET (also spelled ARPAbet) is a set of phonetic transcription codes developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) as a part of their Speech Understanding Research project in the 1970s. It represents phonemes and allophones of General American English with distinct sequences of ASCII characters. Two systems, one representing each segment with one character (alternating upper- and lower-case letters) and the other with one or two (case-insensitive), were devised, the latter being far more widely adopted.[1]ARPABET has been used in several speech synthesizers, including Computalker for the S-100 system, SAM for the Commodore 64, SAY for the Amiga, TextAssist for the PC and Speakeasy from Intelligent Artefacts which used the Votrax SC-01 speech synthesiser IC. It is also used in the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary. A revised version of ARPABET is used in the TIMIT corpus.[1]","title":"ARPABET"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)"}],"text":"Stress is indicated by a digit immediately following a vowel. Auxiliary symbols are identical in 1- and 2-letter codes. In 2-letter notation, segments are separated by a space.","title":"Symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TIMIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIMIT"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"TIMIT","text":"In TIMIT, the following symbols are used in addition to the ones listed above:[4]","title":"Symbols"}]	[]	[{"title":"Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"title":"SAMPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMPA"},{"title":"X-SAMPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-SAMPA"},{"title":"Pronunciation respelling for English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English"}]	[{"reference":"Klautau, Aldebaro (2001). \"ARPABET and the TIMIT alphabet\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160603180727/http://www.laps.ufpa.br/aldebaro/papers/ak_arpabet01.pdf","url_text":"\"ARPABET and the TIMIT alphabet\""},{"url":"http://www.laps.ufpa.br/aldebaro/papers/ak_arpabet01.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Lloyd (April 1976). \"Hardware & software for speech synthesis\". Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia. 1 (4): 6–8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dr_dobbs_journal_vol_01#page/n93","url_text":"\"Hardware & software for speech synthesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal_of_Computer_Calisthenics_%26_Orthodontia","url_text":"Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia"}]},{"reference":"Jurafsky, Daniel; Martin, James H. (2000). Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition. Prentice Hall. pp. 94–5. ISBN 0-1309-5069-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jurafsky","url_text":"Jurafsky, Daniel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1309-5069-6","url_text":"0-1309-5069-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Table of all the phonemic and phonetic symbols used in the TIMIT lexicon\". Linguistic Data Consortium. October 12, 1990. Retrieved September 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/docs/LDC93S1/PHONCODE.TXT","url_text":"\"Table of all the phonemic and phonetic symbols used in the TIMIT lexicon\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160603180727/http://www.laps.ufpa.br/aldebaro/papers/ak_arpabet01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARPABET and the TIMIT alphabet\""},{"Link":"http://www.laps.ufpa.br/aldebaro/papers/ak_arpabet01.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/dr_dobbs_journal_vol_01#page/n93","external_links_name":"\"Hardware & software for speech synthesis\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/docs/LDC93S1/PHONCODE.TXT","external_links_name":"\"Table of all the phonemic and phonetic symbols used in the TIMIT lexicon\""},{"Link":"http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/cmudict","external_links_name":"The CMU Pronouncing Dictionary"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston_joystick	Kempston Micro Electronics	["1 Interface","2 Mouse","3 Joysticks","4 References"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kempston Micro Electronics" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kempston Micro ElectronicsCompany typeLimited companyIndustryComputing, ElectronicsFounded28 January 1983Defunct17 December 1993HeadquartersKempston, England, UK Kempston Micro Electronics was an electronics company based in Kempston, Bedfordshire, England specialising in computer joysticks and related home computer peripherals during the 1980s. The Kempston Interface, a peripheral which allowed a joystick using the de facto Atari joystick port standard to be connected to the ZX Spectrum, was one of the most widely used add-ons to the machine. Interface Kempston joystick interface Kempston Interface plugged into a Spectrum Plus ZX Spectrum Kempston Joystick Interface with 3 ports and cartridge slot The Kempston Interface is a joystick interface used on the ZX Spectrum series of computers that allows controllers complying with the de facto Atari joystick port standard (using the DE-9 connector) to be used with the machine. The interface itself would be attached to the computer's rear expansion port with a single joystick port on the front or top of the system. Apart from implementing existing joystick interfacing modes they produced their own standard which delivered the joystick state on the Z80 bus at port 31 (read in BASIC using IN 31). This meant that the joystick did not produce key-presses like the other standards, such as Cursor, and the method was soon borrowed by other interface manufacturers and became quite popular. It was one of the most widely supported standards on the machine, coming out as the clear winner against other standards such as Protek and AGF's cursor-based solution and the Fuller standard during the days of the 48K Spectrum. When Amstrad released the ZX Spectrum +2, the computer featured a built-in joystick interface that was software-compatible with Sinclair's ZX Interface 2 standard. However, the bundled SJS-1 joystick was electrically incompatible with the Atari standard. The Interface 2 standard simulated keypresses on the numerical keys (1 to 5 and 6 to 0 being left, right, down, up, fire for the 'left' and 'right' joysticks respectively) and hence were ideal for games with no official joystick support but in which the keys could be redefined. Inserting or removing the joystick interface when the computer was turned on was inadvisable as it would almost certainly damage the computer hardware. Mouse x-axis at port 64479 y-axis at port 65503 two buttons at port 64223 Joysticks Competition Pro (first version) The Formula 1 is based on the Quickshot 1 and released June 1985. The Score Board has a base similar in size to a 48K Spectrum, with two fire buttons. Released June 1985. The Competition Pro has a square base, two large red buttons (for left or right-handed use), and a black pommel stick. It uses the Atari 2600 standard DE-9 connector and was primarily designed to work with the ZX Spectrum Kempston joystick interface; it also works with the compatible ports of other home computers such as the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, VIC-20, and later Amiga and Atari ST. An Atari 5200 model uses the existing CX52 controller for the keypad functionality. References ^ Woodcock, Colin (7 May 2012). The ZX Spectrum on Your PC. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781471696121 – via Google Books. ^ deKay, Author (1 October 2016). "Kempston or Sinclair?". deKay's Blog. {{cite web}}: \|first= has generic name (help) vteSinclair computers, derivatives, and clonesSinclair Research /Science of Cambridge MK14 ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum (ZX Spectrum+, ZX Spectrum 128) QL Amstrad ZX Spectrum +2 ZX Spectrum +3 Licenced systems ZX Spectrum Vega ZX Spectrum Vega+ Timex Corporation T/S 1000 T/S 1500 T/S 2068 (TC 2068) TC 2048 TC 3256 Cambridge Computer Z88 Lists of clones ZX80/81 clones ZX Spectrum clones QL clones Compatible orrelated systems ZX80 based: MicroAce, TK80, NE-Z80 ZX81 based: Apply 300, AS-1000, Lambda 8300, CP-200, CZ 2000, CZ 1000, CZ 1500, CZ 1000 Plus, CZ 1500 Plus, CZ Spectrum, NE-Z8000, Ringo R-470, TK82C, TK83, TK85 ZX Spectrum based: ATM, Pentagon, CZ Spectrum Plus, Didaktik, Dubna 48K, Hobbit,Scorpion ZS-256, Sprinter, Kay 1024, Komputer 2086, TK90X, TK95, Robik, ZX Spectrum Next QL based: CST Thor, One Per Desk, Q40/Q60 Other: SAM Coupé, Jupiter Ace Sinclair Research peripherals ZX Printer ZX Interface 1 ZX Interface 2 ZX Microdrive Timex peripherals TS2040 Printer Neptun 156 Monitor TS2050 Modem FDD Disk Drive FDD3000 Disk Drive Other peripherals Beta Disk Interface DISCiPLE MB02 Rotronics Wafadrive Multiface Kempston Currah SpecDrum RAM Music Machine Stack Light Rifle Magnum Light Phaser People Clive Sinclair John Pemberton Rick Dickinson Richard Altwasser Steve Vickers	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kempston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"joysticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystick"},{"link_name":"home computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer"},{"link_name":"peripheral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral"},{"link_name":"Atari joystick port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_joystick_port"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"}],"text":"Kempston Micro Electronics was an electronics company based in Kempston, Bedfordshire, England specialising in computer joysticks and related home computer peripherals during the 1980s.The Kempston Interface, a peripheral which allowed a joystick using the de facto Atari joystick port standard to be connected to the ZX Spectrum, was one of the most widely used add-ons to the machine.","title":"Kempston Micro Electronics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kempston_joystick_interface.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZX_Spectrum_.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZX_Spectrum_KempstonJoyInterface.png"},{"link_name":"joystick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystick"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Atari joystick port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_joystick_port"},{"link_name":"DE-9 connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DE-9_connector"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Amstrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum +2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum#ZX_Spectrum_+2"},{"link_name":"ZX Interface 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Interface_2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Kempston joystick interfaceKempston Interface plugged into a Spectrum PlusZX Spectrum Kempston Joystick Interface with 3 ports and cartridge slotThe Kempston Interface is a joystick interface used on the ZX Spectrum series of computers that allows controllers complying with the de facto Atari joystick port standard (using the DE-9 connector) to be used with the machine.The interface itself would be attached to the computer's rear expansion port with a single joystick port on the front or top of the system.Apart from implementing existing joystick interfacing modes they produced their own standard which delivered the joystick state on the Z80 bus at port 31 (read in BASIC using IN 31). This meant that the joystick did not produce key-presses like the other standards, such as Cursor,[1] and the method was soon borrowed by other interface manufacturers and became quite popular.It was one of the most widely supported standards on the machine, coming out as the clear winner against other standards such as Protek and AGF's cursor-based solution and the Fuller standard during the days of the 48K Spectrum.[2]When Amstrad released the ZX Spectrum +2, the computer featured a built-in joystick interface that was software-compatible with Sinclair's ZX Interface 2 standard. However, the bundled SJS-1 joystick was electrically incompatible with the Atari standard. The Interface 2 standard simulated keypresses on the numerical keys (1 to 5 and 6 to 0 being left, right, down, up, fire for the 'left' and 'right' joysticks respectively) and hence were ideal for games with no official joystick support but in which the keys could be redefined.Inserting or removing the joystick interface when the computer was turned on was inadvisable as it would almost certainly damage the computer hardware.[citation needed]","title":"Interface"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"x-axis at port 64479\ny-axis at port 65503\ntwo buttons at port 64223","title":"Mouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Competition_pro_first_version_45deg.png"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Atari 2600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_2600"},{"link_name":"DE-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiature"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"VIC-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIC-20"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Atari ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Atari 5200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_5200"}],"text":"Competition Pro (first version)The Formula 1 is based on the Quickshot 1 and released June 1985.[citation needed]The Score Board has a base similar in size to a 48K Spectrum, with two fire buttons. Released June 1985.[citation needed]The Competition Pro has a square base, two large red buttons (for left or right-handed use), and a black pommel stick. It uses the Atari 2600 standard DE-9 connector and was primarily designed to work with the ZX Spectrum Kempston joystick interface; it also works with the compatible ports of other home computers such as the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, VIC-20, and later Amiga and Atari ST.[citation needed] An Atari 5200 model uses the existing CX52 controller for the keypad functionality.","title":"Joysticks"}]	[{"image_text":"Kempston joystick interface","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kempston_joystick_interface.jpeg/220px-Kempston_joystick_interface.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Kempston Interface plugged into a Spectrum Plus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/ZX_Spectrum_.jpg/220px-ZX_Spectrum_.jpg"},{"image_text":"ZX Spectrum Kempston Joystick Interface with 3 ports and cartridge slot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ZX_Spectrum_KempstonJoyInterface.png/220px-ZX_Spectrum_KempstonJoyInterface.png"},{"image_text":"Competition Pro (first version)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Competition_pro_first_version_45deg.png/220px-Competition_pro_first_version_45deg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Woodcock, Colin (7 May 2012). The ZX Spectrum on Your PC. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781471696121 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4yG4AwAAQBAJ&q=kempston+interface&pg=PA30","url_text":"The ZX Spectrum on Your PC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781471696121","url_text":"9781471696121"}]},{"reference":"deKay, Author (1 October 2016). \"Kempston or Sinclair?\". deKay's Blog.","urls":[{"url":"https://lofi-gaming.org.uk/blog/2016/10/01/kempston-or-sinclair/","url_text":"\"Kempston or Sinclair?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kempston_Micro_Electronics&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kempston+Micro+Electronics%22","external_links_name":"\"Kempston Micro Electronics\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kempston+Micro+Electronics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kempston+Micro+Electronics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kempston+Micro+Electronics%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kempston+Micro+Electronics%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kempston+Micro+Electronics%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4yG4AwAAQBAJ&q=kempston+interface&pg=PA30","external_links_name":"The ZX Spectrum on Your PC"},{"Link":"https://lofi-gaming.org.uk/blog/2016/10/01/kempston-or-sinclair/","external_links_name":"\"Kempston or Sinclair?\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FF_/_VinterNoll2	FF / VinterNoll2	["1 Track listing","2 Charts","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 Certifications","4 References"]	2002 single by Kent "FF / VinterNoll2"Single by Kentfrom the album Vapen & ammunition Released4 November 2002GenreAlternative rockLabelBMG Sweden/RCASongwriter(s)Joakim BergKent singles chronology "Kärleken väntar" (2002) "FF / VinterNoll2" (2002) "Max 500" (2005) Music video"FF" on YouTube "FF / VinterNoll2" is a single CD by the Swedish band Kent released in 2002. It was released as the third single from their fifth album Vapen & Ammunition. The single actually comes with two CDs. The CD is a double A-side in gatefold cardboard picture sleeve. There are technically two covers of the album, and they are connected. The only difference being that one says FF and the other one says VinterNoll2. "VinterNoll2" is also featured in the videogame Guitar Hero: World Tour. The French singer Nancy Danino performs on the song "FF". Track listing All lyrics are written by Joakim Berg, except "FF" lyrics written by Berg and Nancy DaninoNo.TitleMusicProducer(s)Length1."FF (single version)"Joakim BergKent, Martin Von Schmalensee, Zed4:122."VinterNoll2" (WinterZero2)BergKent, Stefan Boman4:24 Charts Weekly charts Chart (2002–03) Peak position Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 10 Norway (VG-lista) 9 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 2 Year-end charts Chart (2002) Position Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 23 Chart (2003) Position Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 93 Certifications While charting in Sweden, "FF / VinterNoll2" was certified gold in 2002. References ^ "Kent: FF / Vinternoll2" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved May 20, 2020. ^ "Kent – FF / Vinternoll2". VG-lista. Retrieved May 20, 2020. ^ "Kent – FF". Singles Top 100. Retrieved May 20, 2020. ^ "Årslista Singlar – År 2002" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved May 20, 2020. ^ "Årslista Singlar – År 2003" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved May 20, 2020. ^ "Veckolista Singlar, vecka 46, 2002". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 4 July 2020. vteKent Joakim Berg Martin Sköld Markus Mustonen Sami Sirviö Thomas Bergqvist Martin Roos Harri Mänty Studio albums Kent Verkligen Isola Hagnesta Hill Vapen & ammunition Du & jag döden Tillbaka till samtiden Röd En plats i solen Jag är inte rädd för mörkret Tigerdrottningen Då som nu för alltid Compilation albums B-sidor 95–00 Box 1991–2008 Best Of EPs The hjärta & smärta EP Singles "Kräm (så nära får ingen gå)" "Gravitation" "Om du var här" "Saker man ser" "747" "Musik non stop" "En himmelsk drog" "Kevlarsjäl" "Chans" "Dom andra" "Kärleken väntar" "FF" / "VinterNoll2" "Max 500" "Palace & Main" "Den döda vinkeln" "Nålens öga" "Ingenting" "Columbus" "Generation Ex" "Vy från ett luftslott" "Töntarna" "2000" "Hjärta" "Idioter" "Gamla Ullevi" / "Skisser för sommaren" "Ismael" / "Varje gång du möter min blick" "999" "Jag ser dig" "Tänd på" "La Belle Epoque" "Var är vi nu?" "Egoist" Lists Discography Songs	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_(band)"},{"link_name":"Vapen & Ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapen_%26_Ammunition"},{"link_name":"A-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side"},{"link_name":"videogame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogame"},{"link_name":"Guitar Hero: World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero:_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Nancy Danino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Danino&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"\"FF / VinterNoll2\" is a single CD by the Swedish band Kent released in 2002. It was released as the third single from their fifth album Vapen & Ammunition.The single actually comes with two CDs. The CD is a double A-side in gatefold cardboard picture sleeve. There are technically two covers of the album, and they are connected. The only difference being that one says FF and the other one says VinterNoll2. \"VinterNoll2\" is also featured in the videogame Guitar Hero: World Tour.The French singer Nancy Danino performs on the song \"FF\".","title":"FF / VinterNoll2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joakim Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Berg"},{"link_name":"Joakim Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Berg"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Joakim Berg, except \"FF\" lyrics written by Berg and Nancy DaninoNo.TitleMusicProducer(s)Length1.\"FF (single version)\"Joakim BergKent, Martin Von Schmalensee, Zed4:122.\"VinterNoll2\" (WinterZero2)BergKent, Stefan Boman4:24","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FF_/_VinterNoll2&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_Kent-1"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Kent-2"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Kent-3"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FF_/_VinterNoll2&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2002–03)\n\nPeak position\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[1]\n\n10\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[2]\n\n9\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[3]\n\n2\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2002)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[4]\n\n23\n\n\nChart (2003)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[5]\n\n93","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"While charting in Sweden, \"FF / VinterNoll2\" was certified gold in 2002.[6]","title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2002\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved May 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2002&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2003\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved May 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2003&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veckolista Singlar, vecka 46, 2002\". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2002&dspp=46","url_text":"\"Veckolista Singlar, vecka 46, 2002\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7JgiZ81vmY","external_links_name":"\"FF\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/Kent/FF+%2F+Vinternoll2/","external_links_name":"Kent: FF / Vinternoll2\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kent&titel=FF+/+Vinternoll2&cat=s","external_links_name":"Kent – FF / Vinternoll2\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kent&titel=FF&cat=s","external_links_name":"Kent – FF\""},{"Link":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2002&dspp=1","external_links_name":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2003&dspp=1","external_links_name":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2003\""},{"Link":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2002&dspp=46","external_links_name":"\"Veckolista Singlar, vecka 46, 2002\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Fajardo	Pablo Fajardo	["1 Early Life and Education","2 Chevron Litigation","3 Controversy","4 Death Threats","5 Recognitions","6 External links","7 References"]	Ecuadorian lawyer and activist Pablo Fajardo in conversation with Silver Donald Cameron about his work. Pablo Fajardo Mendoza (or Pablo Fajardo) is an Ecuadorian lawyer and activist. He led the litigation against Chevron Corporation related to the environmental disaster he alleged was caused by the oil operations of Texaco (acquired by Chevron Corporation in 2001) in the Lago Agrio oil field between 1964 and 1990. In this process, Fajardo represented the over 30,000 local inhabitants affected by the spill of crude oil and toxic waste. Chevron, which instead blames Petroecuador and has not paid the judgement, has had repeated success in arguing against it. The judgement has been validated by further Ecuadorian courts and the Supreme Court of Canada but it has been declared fraudulently obtained by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and an arbitration court in The Hague. Early Life and Education Fajardo was raised in the province of Esmeraldas, from where his parents migrated to the Sucumbios province when he was 14. He worked first in an African palm plantation and later on for an oil company, an experience which he says led him to witness social injustice and environmental degradation first hand. When working for these companies as a teenager, Fajardo mobilized colleagues and friends to protest against them, which caused him to be fired. These experiences led Fajardo to the decision to become a professional lawyer defending human rights. With the help of the Roman Catholic Church, he put himself through law school in the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja and graduated in 2004. Chevron Litigation Oil was discovered near the town of Lago Agrio near the Ecuadorian rainforest in the Sucumbíos province and the oil company Texaco, was given rights to retrieve it between 1964-199. Texaco, now owned by Chevron, was accused of not using proper methods to drill the oil. Various studies have shown that the people in the town have cancer rates 3 times higher than other localities in the country, and Fajardo claimed that this was due to the 1,000 unlined toxic waste pits were built throughout the region. In 1993, American lawyer Stephen Donzinger filed a class-action lawsuit against Texaco for the Union of People Affected by Chevron-Texaco (UDAPT), which represented 6 indigenous nations (Waorani, Siekopai, Siona, A’I Kofan, Shuar y Kichwa) and over 30,000 people. The case, Aguinda v. Texaco, was filed in New York, where the company was headquartered at that time. In 2002, the case was transferred from New York to Ecuador, and in 2003, Fajardo’s legal team filed a new lawsuit against Chevron for the environmental damage to the Amazon. He was made lead lawyer on the case in 2005, and on February 14, 2011, the local court of Sucumbíos ruled that Chevron was to pay $18.1 billion to remediate the extensive pollution of waters, soils and ecosystems, in one of the largest environmental judgements ever made. In 2013, the verdict was confirmed by the Ecuador Supreme Court, though the amount was reduced to $9.5 billion. Controversy Chevron ended up liquidating all of its assets in Ecuador over the 20-yearlong litigation, but the corporation has refused to pay the judgement claiming that the decision was “illegitimate and inapplicable”. Chevron continued to operate in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada, where Fajardo’s team sued to enforce the Ecuadorian court judgement. In March 2014, a federal judge in the US concluded that Fajardo’s co-counsel, Steven Donzinger, and his team had submitted false evidence in Ecuador. Courtrooms and arbitrations outside Ecuador subsequently made rulings on the case, generally finding in Chevron's favour. However, this was called into question when a key witness for Chevron admitted that his testimony, about the Ecuadorian verdict being coerced, was itself coerced. In July 2016, the Amazon Defense Coalition (ADC), which backed the original lawsuit responsible for Fajardo's recognition, suspended its relationship with Fajardo, complaining that he was complicit in the Ecuadorian government's decision to pay $112 million to Chevron and not to the ADC. The payment to Chevron Corporation came as a result of an arbitration ordered by an international court. Fajardo rejected the accusation on the basis that the organization he represents is the Union of People Affected by Texaco (UDAPT) and not the ADC. The UDAPT is the sole organization representing the indigenous people and farmers who started the lawsuit against Chevron, as affirmed by the at-the-time president of the Amazon Defense Coalition, Luis Yanza, and among others. In 2019, Fajardo estimated that Chevron was spending up to $250 million in some years to fight the $9.5 billion fine. On September 7, 2018, an international tribunal administered by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague unanimously ruled that the judgement "should not be recognised or enforced by the courts of other States". This refers to collection efforts in countries such as Canada where Chevron has subsidiaries. Canadian courts recently decided against piercing the corporate veil to intervene. To describe this situation, Fajardo said "the legal structure that these companies have been building through auxiliary enterprises and holding companies is simply a structure to evade their responsibility and, in this case, to evade justice." He also criticized the Permanent Court of Arbitration for applying a 1993 investment treaty retroactively. Fajardo is a supporter of the Binding Treaty on Transnational Corporations, proposed by an inter-governmental working group at the United Nations. He has criticized the government of Lenin Moreno for enabling what he sees as a renewed corporate capture of Ecuador. Death Threats Due to his prominent role in the legal case against Chevron, Fajardo has been target of repeated threats and intimidations. His brother was tortured and killed in the middle of the trial, and Fajardo was later told that he was the true target of this crime. For this reason, in 2005, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States issued precautionary measures for Fajardo and Luis Yanza in an effort to protect their lives. Recognitions Fajardo won a CNN "Hero's award" in 2007 and, along with his former associate Luis Yanza, a Goldman Environmental Prize in 2008. He is featured in the 2009 documentary film Crude. External links Justicianow.org - documentary featuring Pablo Fajardo Pablo Fajardo and Luis Yanza, profile and video Discussion with Oakland high school students in Spanish - 20 minute Skpe discussion with students at Oakland Preparatory High School in California, 21 May 2012. References ^ a b McAvoy, Esme (2010-10-01). "Who will pay for Amazon's 'Chernobyl'?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ Austen, Ian; Krauss, Clifford (2015-09-04). "Court says Chevron can be pursued in Canada over Ecuadorian damage". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ Randazzo, Sara (2018-09-07). "Tribunal Condemns Ecuador's $9.5 Billion Ruling Against Chevron". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ "Interview: Pablo Fajardo". Oxfam. 2004-09-28. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ "The Green Interview - Waiting for Justice in the Amazon Rain Forest". YouTube. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2024. ^ "Ecuador high court upholds Chevron verdict, halves fine". Reuters. 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ "Ecuador's $9.5B Fine On Chevron Was Fraudulent: Tribunal". Law 360. 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ Hershaw, Eva (2015-10-26). "Chevron's Star Witness Admits to Lying in the Amazon Pollution Case". Vice. Retrieved 2020-04-18. ^ Parloff, Roger (2016-07-31). "Attorney who took Chevron to court for $18 billion suspended by Amazon Defence Front". Fortune. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ "UDAPT vs Chevron-Texaco - Las Voces de las Victimas" (PDF). Fundacion Regional de Asesoria en Derechos Humanos. 2014. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ a b Aldo Orellana Lopez (2019-03-27). "Chevron vs Ecuador: International arbitration and corporate impunity". Open Democracy. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ "USA: Allegations of judicial harassment and arbitrary detention of lawyer Steven Donziger". Lawyers Rights Watch Canada. 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ Ramakant, Bobby (2019-10-18). "Corporations that abuse human rights are a threat". Scoop News. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ "Historic process continues at the UN: This week states enter substantive negotiations of the text of a binding treaty on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights". Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt. 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ "Pablo Fajardo Mendoza & Luis Yanza \| Goldman Prize". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-12-01. ^ "Past Heroes 2007". CNN. Retrieved 2020-09-09. ^ Kraul, Chris (2008-04-13). "Amazon activists win environmental prize". LA Times. Retrieved 2020-09-09. vteCNN Heroes Pablo Fajardo (2007) Liz McCartney (2008) Efren Peñaflorida (2009) Anuradha Koirala (2010) Robin Lim (2011) Pushpa Basnet (2012) Chad Pregracke (2013) Pen Farthing (2014) Maggie Doyne (2015) Jeison Aristizábal (2016) Amy Wright (2017) Ricardo Pun-Chong (2018) Freweini Mebrahtu (2019) none (2020) Shirley Raines (2021)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silver Donald Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Donald_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian"},{"link_name":"Chevron Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Texaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco"},{"link_name":"Lago Agrio oil field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Agrio_oil_field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Petroecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroecuador"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Southern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Pablo Fajardo in conversation with Silver Donald Cameron about his work.Pablo Fajardo Mendoza (or Pablo Fajardo) is an Ecuadorian lawyer and activist. He led the litigation against Chevron Corporation related to the environmental disaster he alleged was caused by the oil operations of Texaco (acquired by Chevron Corporation in 2001) in the Lago Agrio oil field between 1964 and 1990. In this process, Fajardo represented the over 30,000 local inhabitants affected by the spill of crude oil and toxic waste.[1] Chevron, which instead blames Petroecuador and has not paid the judgement, has had repeated success in arguing against it. The judgement has been validated by further Ecuadorian courts and the Supreme Court of Canada but it has been declared fraudulently obtained by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and an arbitration court in The Hague.[2][3]","title":"Pablo Fajardo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esmeraldas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeraldas_Province"},{"link_name":"Sucumbios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucumbios"},{"link_name":"African palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_palm"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_T%C3%A9cnica_Particular_de_Loja"}],"text":"Fajardo was raised in the province of Esmeraldas, from where his parents migrated to the Sucumbios province when he was 14. He worked first in an African palm plantation and later on for an oil company, an experience which he says led him to witness social injustice and environmental degradation first hand. When working for these companies as a teenager, Fajardo mobilized colleagues and friends to protest against them, which caused him to be fired. These experiences led Fajardo to the decision to become a professional lawyer defending human rights.[4]With the help of the Roman Catholic Church, he put himself through law school in the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja and graduated in 2004.","title":"Early Life and Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sucumbíos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucumb%C3%ADos_Province"},{"link_name":"Texaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco"},{"link_name":"Texaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco"},{"link_name":"Chevron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Stephen Donzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Donziger"},{"link_name":"Waorani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaorani_people"},{"link_name":"Siona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siona_people"},{"link_name":"Aguinda v. Texaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguinda_v._Texaco,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Chevron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Oil was discovered near the town of Lago Agrio near the Ecuadorian rainforest in the Sucumbíos province and the oil company Texaco, was given rights to retrieve it between 1964-199. Texaco, now owned by Chevron, was accused of not using proper methods to drill the oil. Various studies have shown that the people in the town have cancer rates 3 times higher than other localities in the country, and Fajardo claimed that this was due to the 1,000 unlined toxic waste pits were built throughout the region.[1]In 1993, American lawyer Stephen Donzinger filed a class-action lawsuit against Texaco for the Union of People Affected by Chevron-Texaco (UDAPT), which represented 6 indigenous nations (Waorani, Siekopai, Siona, A’I Kofan, Shuar y Kichwa) and over 30,000 people. The case, Aguinda v. Texaco, was filed in New York, where the company was headquartered at that time.In 2002, the case was transferred from New York to Ecuador, and in 2003, Fajardo’s legal team filed a new lawsuit against Chevron for the environmental damage to the Amazon. He was made lead lawyer on the case in 2005, and on February 14, 2011, the local court of Sucumbíos ruled that Chevron was to pay $18.1 billion to remediate the extensive pollution of waters, soils and ecosystems, in one of the largest environmental judgements ever made. In 2013, the verdict was confirmed by the Ecuador Supreme Court, though the amount was reduced to $9.5 billion.[5]","title":"Chevron Litigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Steven Donzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Donziger"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-105-Lying-8"},{"link_name":"Amazon Defense Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Defense_Coalition"},{"link_name":"arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Luis Yanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Yanza"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opendem-11"},{"link_name":"piercing the corporate veil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opendem-11"},{"link_name":"Lenin Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_Moreno"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Chevron ended up liquidating all of its assets in Ecuador over the 20-yearlong litigation, but the corporation has refused to pay the judgement claiming that the decision was “illegitimate and inapplicable”.[6] Chevron continued to operate in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada, where Fajardo’s team sued to enforce the Ecuadorian court judgement.In March 2014, a federal judge in the US concluded that Fajardo’s co-counsel, Steven Donzinger, and his team had submitted false evidence in Ecuador. Courtrooms and arbitrations outside Ecuador subsequently made rulings on the case, generally finding in Chevron's favour.[7] However, this was called into question when a key witness for Chevron admitted that his testimony, about the Ecuadorian verdict being coerced, was itself coerced.[8]In July 2016, the Amazon Defense Coalition (ADC), which backed the original lawsuit responsible for Fajardo's recognition, suspended its relationship with Fajardo, complaining that he was complicit in the Ecuadorian government's decision to pay $112 million to Chevron and not to the ADC. The payment to Chevron Corporation came as a result of an arbitration ordered by an international court.[9] Fajardo rejected the accusation on the basis that the organization he represents is the Union of People Affected by Texaco (UDAPT) and not the ADC. The UDAPT is the sole organization representing the indigenous people and farmers who started the lawsuit against Chevron, as affirmed by the at-the-time president of the Amazon Defense Coalition, Luis Yanza, and among others.[10]In 2019, Fajardo estimated that Chevron was spending up to $250 million in some years to fight the $9.5 billion fine.[11] On September 7, 2018, an international tribunal administered by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague unanimously ruled that the judgement \"should not be recognised or enforced by the courts of other States\". This refers to collection efforts in countries such as Canada where Chevron has subsidiaries. Canadian courts recently decided against piercing the corporate veil to intervene.[12] To describe this situation, Fajardo said \"the legal structure that these companies have been building through auxiliary enterprises and holding companies is simply a structure to evade their responsibility and, in this case, to evade justice.\"[11] He also criticized the Permanent Court of Arbitration for applying a 1993 investment treaty retroactively.Fajardo is a supporter of the Binding Treaty on Transnational Corporations, proposed by an inter-governmental working group at the United Nations. He has criticized the government of Lenin Moreno for enabling what he sees as a renewed corporate capture of Ecuador.[13][14]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inter-American Commission on Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Organization of American States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States"},{"link_name":"Luis Yanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Yanza"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Due to his prominent role in the legal case against Chevron, Fajardo has been target of repeated threats and intimidations. His brother was tortured and killed in the middle of the trial, and Fajardo was later told that he was the true target of this crime. For this reason, in 2005, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States issued precautionary measures for Fajardo and Luis Yanza in an effort to protect their lives.[15]","title":"Death Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNN \"Hero's award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Heroes#2007_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Luis Yanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Yanza"},{"link_name":"Goldman Environmental Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Environmental_Prize"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Crude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_(2009_film)"}],"text":"Fajardo won a CNN \"Hero's award\" in 2007 and, along with his former associate Luis Yanza, a Goldman Environmental Prize in 2008.[16][17]He is featured in the 2009 documentary film Crude.","title":"Recognitions"}]	[{"image_text":"Pablo Fajardo in conversation with Silver Donald Cameron about his work."}]	null	[{"reference":"McAvoy, Esme (2010-10-01). \"Who will pay for Amazon's 'Chernobyl'?\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/who-will-pay-for-amazons-chernobyl-1863284.html","url_text":"\"Who will pay for Amazon's 'Chernobyl'?\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/who-will-pay-for-amazons-chernobyl-1863284.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Austen, Ian; Krauss, Clifford (2015-09-04). \"Court says Chevron can be pursued in Canada over Ecuadorian damage\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/05/business/international/court-says-chevron-can-be-pursued-in-canada-over-ecuadorean-damage.html","url_text":"\"Court says Chevron can be pursued in Canada over Ecuadorian damage\""}]},{"reference":"Randazzo, Sara (2018-09-07). \"Tribunal Condemns Ecuador's $9.5 Billion Ruling Against Chevron\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/tribunal-condemns-ecuadors-9-5-billion-ruling-against-chevron-1536337680","url_text":"\"Tribunal Condemns Ecuador's $9.5 Billion Ruling Against Chevron\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Pablo Fajardo\". Oxfam. 2004-09-28. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/stories/interview-pablo-fajardo/","url_text":"\"Interview: Pablo Fajardo\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Green Interview - Waiting for Justice in the Amazon Rain Forest\". YouTube. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBoAYsOI3xY","url_text":"\"The Green Interview - Waiting for Justice in the Amazon Rain Forest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ecuador high court upholds Chevron verdict, halves fine\". Reuters. 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chevron-ecuador/ecuador-high-court-upholds-chevron-verdict-halves-fine-idUSBRE9AC0YY20131113","url_text":"\"Ecuador high court upholds Chevron verdict, halves fine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ecuador's $9.5B Fine On Chevron Was Fraudulent: Tribunal\". Law 360. 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law360.com/articles/1080621/ecuador-s-9-5b-fine-on-chevron-was-fraudulent-tribunal","url_text":"\"Ecuador's $9.5B Fine On Chevron Was Fraudulent: Tribunal\""}]},{"reference":"Hershaw, Eva (2015-10-26). \"Chevron's Star Witness Admits to Lying in the Amazon Pollution Case\". Vice. Retrieved 2020-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/neye7z/chevrons-star-witness-admits-to-lying-in-the-amazon-pollution-case","url_text":"\"Chevron's Star Witness Admits to Lying in the Amazon Pollution Case\""}]},{"reference":"Parloff, Roger (2016-07-31). \"Attorney who took Chevron to court for $18 billion suspended by Amazon Defence Front\". Fortune. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://fortune.com/2016/07/31/adf-suspends-pablo-fajardo-attorney-who-took-chevron-to-court-for-18-billion/","url_text":"\"Attorney who took Chevron to court for $18 billion suspended by Amazon Defence Front\""}]},{"reference":"\"UDAPT vs Chevron-Texaco - Las Voces de las Victimas\" (PDF). Fundacion Regional de Asesoria en Derechos Humanos. 2014. Retrieved 2020-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inredh.org/archivos/pdf/las_voces_de_las_victimas.pdf","url_text":"\"UDAPT vs Chevron-Texaco - Las Voces de las Victimas\""}]},{"reference":"Aldo Orellana Lopez (2019-03-27). \"Chevron vs Ecuador: International arbitration and corporate impunity\". Open Democracy. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/chevron-vs-ecuador-international-arbitration-and-corporate-impunity/","url_text":"\"Chevron vs Ecuador: International arbitration and corporate impunity\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA: Allegations of judicial harassment and arbitrary detention of lawyer Steven Donziger\". Lawyers Rights Watch Canada. 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lrwc.org/usa-allegations-of-judicial-harassment-and-arbitrary-detention-of-lawyer-steven-donziger-briefing-note/","url_text":"\"USA: Allegations of judicial harassment and arbitrary detention of lawyer Steven Donziger\""}]},{"reference":"Ramakant, Bobby (2019-10-18). \"Corporations that abuse human rights are a threat\". Scoop News. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1910/S00118/corporations-that-abuse-human-rights-are-a-threat.htm","url_text":"\"Corporations that abuse human rights are a threat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic process continues at the UN: This week states enter substantive negotiations of the text of a binding treaty on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights\". Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt. 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cadtm.org/Historic-process-continues-at-the-UN-This-week-states-enter-substantive","url_text":"\"Historic process continues at the UN: This week states enter substantive negotiations of the text of a binding treaty on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pablo Fajardo Mendoza & Luis Yanza \| Goldman Prize\". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201135436/http://www.goldmanprize.org/2008/centralsouthamerica","url_text":"\"Pablo Fajardo Mendoza & Luis Yanza \| Goldman Prize\""},{"url":"http://www.goldmanprize.org/2008/centralsouthamerica","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Heroes 2007\". CNN. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seungpyeong_Budaebuin	Seungpyeong Budaebuin	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Marriage and Later Life","1.3 Scandal and Death","2 Family","3 In popular culture","4 References","4.1 Cites","4.2 External links"]	Princess Consort of Joseon (1455–1506) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Seungpyeong Budaebuin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Seungpyeong Budaebuin승평부대부인Grand Internal Princess Consort of JoseonPrincess consort of JoseonTenure1466 – ?Coronation1466Grand Internal Princess Consort of JoseonTenure? – 20 July 1506PredecessorGrand Internal Princess Consort NakrangSuccessorGrand Internal Princess Consort HadongBorn1455JoseonDied20 July 1506 (1506-07-21) (aged 51)Grand Prince Wolsan's manor, JoseonBurialAfter 1506Grand Prince Wolsan's MausoleumSan 16–35, Sinwon-dong, Deokyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-doSpouse Grand Prince Wolsan (m. 1466⁠–⁠1488)Regnal name Princess Consort Sangwon (상원군부인, 祥原郡夫人) Princess Consort Seungpyeong (승평부부인, 昇平府夫人) Grand Internal Princess Consort Seungpyeong (승평부대부인, 昇平府大夫人) HouseSuncheon Park (by birth)House of Yi (by marriage)FatherPark Jung-seonMotherLady Heo of the Yangcheon Heo clanReligionBuddhism Seungpyeong BudaebuinHangul승평 부대부인Hanja昇平府大夫人Revised RomanizationSeungpyeong BudaebuinMcCune–ReischauerSŭngpy'ŏng P'ut'aep'u'in Grand Internal Princess Consort Seungpyeong (Korean: 승평부대부인 박씨; Hanja: 昇平府大夫人朴氏; 1455 – 20 July 1506), of the Suncheon Park clan, was a Korean Joseon dynasty royal family member though her marriage with Grand Prince Wolsan, the oldest son of Deokjong of Joseon and Queen Sohye. She was the older sister of Park Won-jong and the maternal aunt of King Jungjong's second wife, Queen Janggyeong. Biography Early life Lady Park was born in 1455 to Park Jong-seon and his wife, Lady Heo of the Yangcheon Heo clan during King Danjong’s last year of reign. Lady Park was the third eldest within seven siblings, including Park Won-jong. Through her paternal grandmother, she was a great-granddaughter of Sim On and a grandniece of Queen Soheon, the wife of King Sejong. Marriage and Later Life On 19 August 1466, the ten year old Lady Park married the nine year old Grand Prince Wolsan. The grand prince was the eldest son of Crown Prince Uigyeong and Crown Princess Su (the future Queen Dowager Insu). She also became the sister-in-law to Princess Myeongsuk and Grand Prince Jalsan. Upon her marriage she was given the title of Princess Consort Sangwon (상원군부인; 祥原郡夫人). When her brother-in-law, King Seongjong, ascended to the throne, she became Princess Consort Seungpyeong (승평부부인; 昇平府夫人). Her last title would be given within her scandal. During her marriage she did not have any children of her own, but she gained a stepson through her husband’s concubine, Lady Kim of the Wonju Kim clan. She outlived Grand Prince Wolsan by 18 years who died on 21 December 1488. One of her younger sisters married Queen Jeonghui’s grandnephew, Yun Yeo-pil of the Paepyeong Yun clan, and became the mother of Yun Im and Yun Myeong-hye, the second wife of King Jungjong. Since her younger sister died at an early age after giving birth, she had raised her young niece, Yun Myeong-hye, as if she was her daughter. The Princess consort also became the sister-in-law to Grand Prince Jean, the son of Queen Ansun and King Yejong, when her youngest sister married him. Scandal and Death It was said that the Princess consort had an outstanding beauty of her time, and had many scandals surrounding her. Prince Yeonsan, her nephew-in-law, frequently visited her residence in Deoksu Palace, due to her husband's frequent sickness and because of this, Princess Consort Sangwon had raised him and became his foster mother. It was said that at some point Yeonsangun, who later became king, invited and brought the Princess Consort to live within the palace. The king also gave his old residence to the Princess Consort and visited her frequently. His visitations eventually caused a scandal spreading that Yeonsangun had committed adultery with her. In addition, Yeonsangun put the character '大' (Dae; 대) in front of Princess Seungpyeong's name; creating the title of Grand Internal Princess Consort Seungpyeong (승평부대부인, 昇平府大夫人). Another rumor was that Yeonsangun had a long spear placed in the grave of Grand Prince Wolsan and was surprised to see his uncle appearing in his dream while sleeping in the same room with the Princess consort. Her younger brother had planned to do a rebellion against the king, but during Yeonsangun’s 12th year of reign, the Grand Princess died within Gyeongun Palace on 20 July 1506 at the age of 50 to 51. She was then buried in the same tomb of her husband’s mausoleum. There was a theory that she drank poison and committed suicide. In the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, it is recorded that people at the time said that she conceived a child with Yeonsangun and later committed suicide because of it. However, there is an argument that Park was over fifty at the time, so it cannot be said that she had a child and committed suicide. There were also opinions that Park Won-jong, who was the mastermind behind the rebellion against King Jungjong, fabricated the incident with fake evidence between his eldest sister and Yeonsangun to justify his rebellion. Family Father Park Jung-seon (박중선; 朴仲善; 1435–1481) Mother Lady Heo of the Yangcheon Heo clan (양천 허씨; 1430 – ?) Siblings Older sister - Lady Park of the Suncheon Park clan (순천 박씨; 順天朴氏; 1450–1500) Older sister - Lady Park of the Suncheon Park clan (순천 박씨; 順天朴氏; 1454 – ?) Younger sister - Lady Park of the Suncheon Park clan (순천 박씨; 順天朴氏; 1459 – ?) Younger sister - Internal Princess Consort Suncheon of the Suncheon Park clan (순천부부인 순천 박씨; 順天府夫人順天朴氏; 1466–1498) Younger brother - Park Won-jong (박원종; 朴元宗; 1467–1510) Younger sister - Lady Park of the Suncheon Park clan (순천 박씨; 順天朴氏; 1469 – ?) Younger sister - Princess Consort Seungpyeong of the Suncheon Park clan (승평부부인 순천 박씨; 昇平府夫人順天朴氏; 1472 – ?) Husband Yi Jeong, Grand Prince Wolsan (월산대군 이정; 月山大君李婷; 5 January 1454 – 22 January 1488) Mother-in-law - Queen Sohye of the Cheongju Han clan (7 October 1437 – 11 May 1504) Father-in-law - Yi Jang, King Deokjong (조선 덕종; 3 October 1438 – 20 September 1457) Issue Stepson - Yi Yi, Prince Deokpung (덕풍군 이이; 德豊君李恞; 20 August 1485 – 26 March 1506) Step daughter-in-law - Princess Papyeong of the Papyeong Yun clan (파평현부인 윤씨; 坡平縣夫人尹氏; 1485 – 16 January 1536) Step grandson - Yi Ju, Prince Parim (파림군 이주; 坡林君李珘; 1500–1541) Step grandson - Yi Yu, Prince Gyerim (계림군 이유; 桂林君李瑠; 1503–1545) Unnamed step grandson (1504 – ?) Step grandson - Yi Ri (이리; 李璃; 5 December 1506 – 7 July 1545) In popular culture Portrayed by Uhm Yoo-shin in the 1984–1985 MBC TV Series The Ume Tree in the Midst of the Snow. Portrayed by Kim Young-ae in the 1987 Film Diary of King Yeonsan. Portrayed by Yang Mi-kyung in the 1995 KBS2 TV Series Jang Noksu. Portrayed by Lee Duk-hee in the 1998–2000 KBS1 TV Series The King and the Queen. Portrayed by Yoon Young-joo and Jeon Hee-soo in the 2011–2012 JTBC TV series Insu, the Queen Mother. References Cites ^ "바람처럼 살고싶다. 월산대군 묘(1488)". Goyang Sicheong (in Korean). Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ "조선왕조실록". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean). Retrieved May 9, 2021. ^ a b c d "18 월산대군 부인 박씨". Beopbo Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ "조선왕조실록". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean). ^ a b c d e 김만중, 《숨겨진 조선의 연애 비화 48가지》올댓북, 2008, p.134, ISBN 9788990790828 (Translation: Kim Man-jung, 《48 Hidden Secrets of Love in Joseon》 All That Book, 2008, p.134, ISBN 9788990790828) ^ a b c "연산군일기(1122)". Chungcheong Today (in Korean). Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ " 승평부부인 박씨, 의문을 남기고 죽다". Nongmin Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ 이덕일, 《조선 선비 살해사건2》 다산초당, 2006, p.194~195, ISBN 8991147682 (Translation: Lee Deok-il, 《The Murder of Joseon Scholar 2》 Dasan Chodang, 2006, p.194–195, ISBN 8991147682) ^ 이어령, 이덕일, 전봉관, 허동현, 정옥자, 송호근, 《인문학 콘서트3》 이숲, 2011, p.170, ISBN 9788994228143 (Translation: Lee Ee-ryung, Lee Deok-il, Jeon Bong-gwan, Heo Dong-hyun, Jeong Ok-ja, Song Ho-geun, 《Humanities Concert 3》 Lee Soup, 2011, p.170, ISBN 9788994228143) External links Seungpyeong Budaebuin on Naver (in Korean and Chinese).	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"Joseon dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Grand Prince Wolsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prince_Wolsan"},{"link_name":"Deokjong of Joseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_Uigyeong"},{"link_name":"Queen Sohye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Insu"},{"link_name":"Park Won-jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak_Wonjong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King Jungjong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungjong_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"Queen Janggyeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Janggyeong_(Joseon)"}],"text":"Grand Internal Princess Consort Seungpyeong (Korean: 승평부대부인 박씨; Hanja: 昇平府大夫人朴氏; 1455 – 20 July 1506), of the Suncheon Park clan, was a Korean Joseon dynasty royal family member though her marriage with Grand Prince Wolsan, the oldest son of Deokjong of Joseon and Queen Sohye. She was the older sister of Park Won-jong[2] and the maternal aunt of King Jungjong's second wife, Queen Janggyeong.","title":"Seungpyeong Budaebuin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yangcheon Heo clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangcheon_Heo_clan"},{"link_name":"King Danjong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danjong_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"Park Won-jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Won-jong"},{"link_name":"Sim On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim_On"},{"link_name":"Queen Soheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Soheon"},{"link_name":"King Sejong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejong_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seungpyeong_Bak-3"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Lady Park was born in 1455 to Park Jong-seon and his wife, Lady Heo of the Yangcheon Heo clan during King Danjong’s last year of reign. Lady Park was the third eldest within seven siblings, including Park Won-jong. Through her paternal grandmother, she was a great-granddaughter of Sim On and a grandniece of Queen Soheon, the wife of King Sejong.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prince Wolsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prince_Wolsan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Uigyeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_Uigyeong"},{"link_name":"Queen Dowager Insu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Insu"},{"link_name":"Princess Myeongsuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Myeongsuk"},{"link_name":"Grand Prince Jalsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seongjong_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seungpyeong_Bak-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"King Seongjong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seongjong_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seungpyeong_Bak-3"},{"link_name":"Queen Jeonghui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Jeonghui"},{"link_name":"Yun Im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yun_Im"},{"link_name":"Yun Myeong-hye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Janggyeong_(Joseon)"},{"link_name":"King Jungjong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungjong_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"Queen Ansun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Ansun"},{"link_name":"King Yejong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yejong_of_Joseon"}],"sub_title":"Marriage and Later Life","text":"On 19 August 1466, the ten year old Lady Park married the nine year old Grand Prince Wolsan.[citation needed] The grand prince was the eldest son of Crown Prince Uigyeong and Crown Princess Su (the future Queen Dowager Insu). She also became the sister-in-law to Princess Myeongsuk and Grand Prince Jalsan.[3]Upon her marriage she was given the title of Princess Consort Sangwon (상원군부인; 祥原郡夫人).[4] When her brother-in-law, King Seongjong, ascended to the throne, she became Princess Consort Seungpyeong (승평부부인; 昇平府夫人). Her last title would be given within her scandal.During her marriage she did not have any children of her own, but she gained a stepson through her husband’s concubine, Lady Kim of the Wonju Kim clan. She outlived Grand Prince Wolsan by 18 years who died on 21 December 1488.[3]One of her younger sisters married Queen Jeonghui’s grandnephew, Yun Yeo-pil of the Paepyeong Yun clan, and became the mother of Yun Im and Yun Myeong-hye, the second wife of King Jungjong. Since her younger sister died at an early age after giving birth, she had raised her young niece, Yun Myeong-hye, as if she was her daughter.The Princess consort also became the sister-in-law to Grand Prince Jean, the son of Queen Ansun and King Yejong, when her youngest sister married him.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Prince Yeonsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeonsangun_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"Deoksu Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksugung"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeonsan_Ilgi_Park-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeonsan_Ilgi_Park-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Gyeongun Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksugung"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeonsan_Ilgi_Park-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seungpyeong_Bak-3"},{"link_name":"Annals of the Joseon Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Park Won-jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak_Wonjong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"Scandal and Death","text":"It was said that the Princess consort had an outstanding beauty of her time, and had many scandals surrounding her.[5]Prince Yeonsan, her nephew-in-law, frequently visited her residence in Deoksu Palace, due to her husband's frequent sickness and because of this, Princess Consort Sangwon had raised him and became his foster mother.[6] It was said that at some point Yeonsangun, who later became king, invited and brought the Princess Consort to live within the palace.[7] The king also gave his old residence to the Princess Consort and visited her frequently.[6] His visitations eventually caused a scandal spreading that Yeonsangun had committed adultery with her.[5]In addition, Yeonsangun put the character '大' (Dae; 대) in front of Princess Seungpyeong's name; creating the title of Grand Internal Princess Consort Seungpyeong (승평부대부인, 昇平府大夫人).[8]Another rumor was that Yeonsangun had a long spear placed in the grave of Grand Prince Wolsan and was surprised to see his uncle appearing in his dream while sleeping in the same room with the Princess consort.[5]Her younger brother had planned to do a rebellion against the king, but during Yeonsangun’s 12th year of reign, the Grand Princess died within Gyeongun Palace on 20 July 1506 at the age of 50 to 51.[6] She was then buried in the same tomb of her husband’s mausoleum.[3]There was a theory that she drank poison and committed suicide. In the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, it is recorded that people at the time said that she conceived a child with Yeonsangun and later committed suicide because of it. However, there is an argument that Park was over fifty at the time, so it cannot be said that she had a child and committed suicide.[5][9] There were also opinions that Park Won-jong, who was the mastermind behind the rebellion against King Jungjong, fabricated the incident with fake evidence between his eldest sister and Yeonsangun to justify his rebellion.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yangcheon Heo clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangcheon_Heo_clan"},{"link_name":"Park Won-jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak_Wonjong"},{"link_name":"Yi Jeong, Grand Prince Wolsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prince_Wolsan"},{"link_name":"Queen Sohye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Insu"},{"link_name":"Cheongju Han clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongju_Han_clan"},{"link_name":"Yi Jang, King Deokjong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_Uigyeong"}],"text":"Father\nPark Jung-seon (박중선; 朴仲善; 1435–1481)\nMother\nLady Heo of the Yangcheon Heo clan (양천 허씨; 1430 – ?)\nSiblings\nOlder sister - Lady Park of the Suncheon Park clan (순천 박씨; 順天朴氏; 1450–1500)\nOlder sister - Lady Park of the Suncheon Park clan (순천 박씨; 順天朴氏; 1454 – ?)\nYounger sister - Lady Park of the Suncheon Park clan (순천 박씨; 順天朴氏; 1459 – ?)\nYounger sister - Internal Princess Consort Suncheon of the Suncheon Park clan (순천부부인 순천 박씨; 順天府夫人順天朴氏; 1466–1498)\nYounger brother - Park Won-jong (박원종; 朴元宗; 1467–1510)\nYounger sister - Lady Park of the Suncheon Park clan (순천 박씨; 順天朴氏; 1469 – ?)\nYounger sister - Princess Consort Seungpyeong of the Suncheon Park clan (승평부부인 순천 박씨; 昇平府夫人順天朴氏; 1472 – ?)\nHusband\nYi Jeong, Grand Prince Wolsan (월산대군 이정; 月山大君李婷; 5 January 1454 – 22 January 1488)\nMother-in-law - Queen Sohye of the Cheongju Han clan (7 October 1437 – 11 May 1504)\nFather-in-law - Yi Jang, King Deokjong (조선 덕종; 3 October 1438 – 20 September 1457)\nIssue\nStepson - Yi Yi, Prince Deokpung (덕풍군 이이; 德豊君李恞; 20 August 1485 – 26 March 1506)\nStep daughter-in-law - Princess Papyeong of the Papyeong Yun clan (파평현부인 윤씨; 坡平縣夫人尹氏; 1485 – 16 January 1536)\nStep grandson - Yi Ju, Prince Parim (파림군 이주; 坡林君李珘; 1500–1541)\nStep grandson - Yi Yu, Prince Gyerim (계림군 이유; 桂林君李瑠; 1503–1545)\nUnnamed step grandson (1504 – ?)\nStep grandson - Yi Ri (이리; 李璃; 5 December 1506 – 7 July 1545)","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Kim Young-ae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Young-ae"},{"link_name":"Diary of King Yeonsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_King_Yeonsan_(film)"},{"link_name":"Yang Mi-kyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Mi-kyung"},{"link_name":"KBS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS2"},{"link_name":"KBS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS1"},{"link_name":"The King and the Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_and_the_Queen"},{"link_name":"JTBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTBC"},{"link_name":"Insu, the Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insu,_the_Queen_Mother"}],"text":"Portrayed by Uhm Yoo-shin in the 1984–1985 MBC TV Series The Ume Tree in the Midst of the Snow.\nPortrayed by Kim Young-ae in the 1987 Film Diary of King Yeonsan.\nPortrayed by Yang Mi-kyung in the 1995 KBS2 TV Series Jang Noksu.\nPortrayed by Lee Duk-hee in the 1998–2000 KBS1 TV Series The King and the Queen.\nPortrayed by Yoon Young-joo and Jeon Hee-soo in the 2011–2012 JTBC TV series Insu, the Queen Mother.","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"바람처럼 살고싶다. 월산대군 묘(1488)\". Goyang Sicheong (in Korean). Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://goyangcity.tistory.com/m/41","url_text":"\"바람처럼 살고싶다. 월산대군 묘(1488)\""}]},{"reference":"\"조선왕조실록\". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean). Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kja_11207003_003","url_text":"\"조선왕조실록\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty","url_text":"Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty"}]},{"reference":"\"18 월산대군 부인 박씨\". Beopbo Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beopbo.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=48577","url_text":"\"18 월산대군 부인 박씨\""}]},{"reference":"\"조선왕조실록\". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean).","urls":[{"url":"http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kga_11208019_003","url_text":"\"조선왕조실록\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty","url_text":"Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty"}]},{"reference":"\"연산군일기(1122)\". Chungcheong Today (in Korean). Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cctoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=48511","url_text":"\"연산군일기(1122)\""}]},{"reference":"\"[왕실 스캔들] 승평부부인 박씨, 의문을 남기고 죽다\". Nongmin Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nongmin.com/plan/PLN/SRS/284725/view?site_preference=normal","url_text":"\"[왕실 스캔들] 승평부부인 박씨, 의문을 남기고 죽다\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Seungpyeong+Budaebuin%22","external_links_name":"\"Seungpyeong Budaebuin\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Seungpyeong+Budaebuin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Seungpyeong+Budaebuin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Seungpyeong+Budaebuin%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Seungpyeong+Budaebuin%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Seungpyeong+Budaebuin%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://goyangcity.tistory.com/m/41","external_links_name":"\"바람처럼 살고싶다. 월산대군 묘(1488)\""},{"Link":"http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kja_11207003_003","external_links_name":"\"조선왕조실록\""},{"Link":"https://www.beopbo.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=48577","external_links_name":"\"18 월산대군 부인 박씨\""},{"Link":"http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kga_11208019_003","external_links_name":"\"조선왕조실록\""},{"Link":"http://www.cctoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=48511","external_links_name":"\"연산군일기(1122)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nongmin.com/plan/PLN/SRS/284725/view?site_preference=normal","external_links_name":"\"[왕실 스캔들] 승평부부인 박씨, 의문을 남기고 죽다\""},{"Link":"https://blog.naver.com/mongde1536/220684199986","external_links_name":"Seungpyeong Budaebuin"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bird	Alfred Bird	["1 Career","2 Death","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	English food manufacturer and chemist For the baronet, see Sir Alfred Bird, 1st Baronet. Alfred BirdBorn1811 (1811)Nympsfield, Gloucestershire, EnglandDied(1878-12-15)15 December 1878Kings Norton, Birmingham, EnglandResting placeKey Hill Cemetery, Birmingham, EnglandNationalityBritishKnown forInventing egg-free custard and baking powderChildrenSon: Alfred Frederick Bird Alfred Bird (1811 – 15 December 1878) was an English food manufacturer and chemist. He was born in Nympsfield, Gloucestershire, England in 1811 and was later a pupil at King Edward's School, Birmingham. He was the inventor of a series of food products, most notably egg-free custard and baking powder. His father was a lecturer in astronomy at Eton College. His son Alfred Frederick Bird continued to develop the business after his father's death. Career Alfred Bird registered as a pharmacist in Birmingham in 1842, having served an apprenticeship to Phillip Harris of that city. He was a qualified chemist and druggist and went on to open an experimental chemist's shop in Bull Street. Alfred Bird's first major invention was egg-free custard in 1837. Alfred Bird used cornflour instead of egg to create an imitation of egg custard. It was originally intended only for his wife Elizabeth who had both egg and yeast allergies. The Birds used genuine custard when entertaining guests, but on one occasion the egg-free custard was (either by accident or design) fed to dinner guests. It was well received, and Alfred Bird realised that his invention had a wider use. Soon afterwards Alfred Bird founded 'Alfred Bird and Sons Ltd', which would go on to become the famous Bird's Custard company and brand. Bird was not content to revolutionise custard but went on to invent a baking powder in 1843 so he could make yeast-free bread for his wife. This formula for baking powder is essentially the same as used in modern baking powders. Death Alfred Bird's gravestone at Key Hill Cemetery, Birmingham Alfred Bird died on 15 December 1878 in Kings Norton, Birmingham and is buried at Key Hill Cemetery in Birmingham. Famously his obituary in the journal of the Chemical Society (of which he was a fellow) discussed at length his skills and research but did not mention his other activity – the by then famous Bird's Custard and Bird's Jelly. It read: Mr. ALFRED BIRD was born in 1811, his father, Mr. John Bird, being lecturer on astronomy at Eton College. In addition to practising as an analytical and consulting chemist at Birmingham, he devoted considerable attention to physics and meteorology. In the course of his investigations into the laws of sound, he constructed a beautiful set of harmonized glass bowls, extending over five octaves, which he used to play with much skill. In meteorology he devised a plan of demonstrating experimentally that the wind blows in circles. He also, in 1859, constructed a water barometer, a description of which is published in the Phil. Mag. for 1865, and which is still in perfect working order. With this he was fond of observing and showing to others the minute oscillations of the atmospheric pressure. He was well known for his originality and as the inventor of several useful appliances. Personal life His son, Alfred Frederick Bird, continued the work of his father. Bird junior went on to invent egg substitute powder in 1890, blancmange powder and jelly powder. The Custard Factory in Digbeth, Birmingham, is now a centre providing space to artists. See also August Oetker, German populariser of baking powder in 1891 Henry Jones, a Bristol baker who patented self-raising flour in 1845, as a means of providing fresh bread on ships. References ^ 1851 England Census Class: HO107; Piece: 2049; Folio: 84; Page: 1; GSU roll: 87459 ^ 1861 England Census Class: RG9; Piece: 2143; Folio: 60; Page: 24; GSU roll: 542924 ^ Baptised 25 August 1811 in Nympsfield, Gloucester, England. Parents John and Mary. International Genealogical Index batch C030651; source call no. 0425482; Printout call no. 6911781 ^ a b c "Alfred Bird: Egg-free custard inventor and chemist". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 25 February 2018 ^ a b Gladstone (1879). "Anniversary meeting, March 31st, 1879". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 35: 257. doi:10.1039/ct8793500257. ^ a b Carey, John (1997). Eyewitness to Science. Harvard University Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780674287556. External links Alfred Bird	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Alfred Bird, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alfred_Bird,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Nympsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nympsfield"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"King Edward's School, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard"},{"link_name":"baking powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking_powder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mail-4"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gladstone-5"},{"link_name":"Alfred Frederick Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alfred_Bird,_1st_Baronet"}],"text":"For the baronet, see Sir Alfred Bird, 1st Baronet.Alfred Bird (1811 – 15 December 1878) was an English food manufacturer and chemist. He was born in Nympsfield, Gloucestershire, England in 1811[1][2][3] and was later a pupil at King Edward's School, Birmingham. He was the inventor of a series of food products, most notably egg-free custard and baking powder.[4] His father was a lecturer in astronomy at Eton College.[5] His son Alfred Frederick Bird continued to develop the business after his father's death.","title":"Alfred Bird"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Phillip Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Harris_Ltd."},{"link_name":"chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist"},{"link_name":"egg-free custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_custard"},{"link_name":"cornflour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_starch"},{"link_name":"egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)"},{"link_name":"egg custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carey-6"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"Bird's Custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_Custard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carey-6"},{"link_name":"baking powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking_powder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mail-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mail-4"}],"text":"Alfred Bird registered as a pharmacist in Birmingham in 1842, having served an apprenticeship to Phillip Harris of that city. He was a qualified chemist and druggist and went on to open an experimental chemist's shop in Bull Street.Alfred Bird's first major invention was egg-free custard in 1837. Alfred Bird used cornflour instead of egg to create an imitation of egg custard.[6] It was originally intended only for his wife Elizabeth who had both egg and yeast allergies. The Birds used genuine custard when entertaining guests, but on one occasion the egg-free custard was (either by accident or design) fed to dinner guests. It was well received, and Alfred Bird realised that his invention had a wider use. Soon afterwards Alfred Bird founded 'Alfred Bird and Sons Ltd', which would go on to become the famous Bird's Custard company and brand.[6]Bird was not content to revolutionise custard but went on to invent a baking powder in 1843 so he could make yeast-free bread for his wife.[4] This formula for baking powder is essentially the same as used in modern baking powders.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Birds_Memorial_Key_Hill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Key Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Hill_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Kings Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Norton"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Key Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Hill_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"Bird's Custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_Custard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gladstone-5"}],"text":"Alfred Bird's gravestone at Key Hill Cemetery, BirminghamAlfred Bird died on 15 December 1878 in Kings Norton, Birmingham and is buried at Key Hill Cemetery in Birmingham. Famously his obituary in the journal of the Chemical Society (of which he was a fellow) discussed at length his skills and research but did not mention his other activity – the by then famous Bird's Custard and Bird's Jelly. It read:[5]Mr. ALFRED BIRD was born in 1811, his father, Mr. John Bird, being lecturer on astronomy at Eton College. In addition to practising as an analytical and consulting chemist at Birmingham, he devoted considerable attention to physics and meteorology. In the course of his investigations into the laws of sound, he constructed a beautiful set of harmonized glass bowls, extending over five octaves, which he used to play with much skill. In meteorology he devised a plan of demonstrating experimentally that the wind blows in circles. He also, in 1859, constructed a water barometer, a description of which is published in the Phil. Mag. for 1865, and which is still in perfect working order. With this he was fond of observing and showing to others the minute oscillations of the atmospheric pressure. He was well known for his originality and as the inventor of several useful appliances.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Frederick Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alfred_Bird,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"blancmange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blancmange"},{"link_name":"The Custard Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard_Factory"}],"text":"His son, Alfred Frederick Bird, continued the work of his father. Bird junior went on to invent egg substitute powder in 1890, blancmange powder and jelly powder.The Custard Factory in Digbeth, Birmingham, is now a centre providing space to artists.","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Alfred Bird's gravestone at Key Hill Cemetery, Birmingham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alfred_Birds_Memorial_Key_Hill.jpg/290px-Alfred_Birds_Memorial_Key_Hill.jpg"}]	[{"title":"August Oetker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Oetker"},{"title":"Henry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jones_(baker)"},{"title":"self-raising flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-raising_flour"}]	[{"reference":"Gladstone (1879). \"Anniversary meeting, March 31st, 1879\". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 35: 257. doi:10.1039/ct8793500257.","urls":[{"url":"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=ct8793500257","url_text":"\"Anniversary meeting, March 31st, 1879\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fct8793500257","url_text":"10.1039/ct8793500257"}]},{"reference":"Carey, John (1997). Eyewitness to Science. Harvard University Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780674287556.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/eyewitnesstoscie00john","url_text":"Eyewitness to Science"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/eyewitnesstoscie00john/page/173","url_text":"173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674287556","url_text":"9780674287556"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/incoming/alfred-bird-egg-free-custard-inventor-8040314","external_links_name":"\"Alfred Bird: Egg-free custard inventor and chemist\""},{"Link":"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=ct8793500257","external_links_name":"\"Anniversary meeting, March 31st, 1879\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fct8793500257","external_links_name":"10.1039/ct8793500257"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/eyewitnesstoscie00john","external_links_name":"Eyewitness to Science"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/eyewitnesstoscie00john/page/173","external_links_name":"173"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071008025207/http://www.rpsgb.org/informationresources/museum/exhibitions/themotherofinvention/bird.html","external_links_name":"Alfred Bird"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_71_(New_Zealand)	State Highway 71 (New Zealand)	["1 Route","1.1 History","1.2 Route description","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 44°23′26″S 171°15′04″E / 44.390540°S 171.251244°E / -44.390540; 171.251244Road in New Zealand State Highway 71Route informationMaintained by NZ Transport AgencyLength6.4 km (4.0 mi)Major junctionsSouth end SH 1 (Christchurch Northern Motorway) at KaiapoiNorth endRangiora LocationCountryNew Zealand Highway system New Zealand state highways Motorways and expressways List ← SH 70→ SH 73 State Highway 71 (SH 71) is a New Zealand state highway connecting Kaiapoi/Christchurch with Rangiora. Route History The highway was declared in 1992 after State Highway 72, the highway which serviced inland parts of Canterbury, was revoked (along with a number of other highways). SH 71 provided a southern connection to Rangiora from SH 1 in contrast to SH 72, which connected Rangiora to SH 1 from the east. Route description For the entire length of the highway, SH 71 is known as Lineside Road and parallels both the Main North Line of the South Island Main Trunk Railway and a 66 kV transmission line (between Southbrook and Kaiapoi substations) for much of the length. SH 71 can be accessed via offramps coming off SH 1 (as the Christchurch Northern Motorway). Smith Street, coming from Kaiapoi, also flows onto SH 71. Initially a northbound only exit, southbound access was provided in 2014. Just south of Rangiora the road crosses the railway line at-grade. SH 71 officially ends after the crossing but the road continues into Rangiora. See also List of New Zealand state highways References ^ "Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 1991" (PDF). Transit New Zealand. Retrieved 2 January 2012. ^ "Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 1992" (PDF). Transit New Zealand. Retrieved 2 January 2012. ^ "SH1/SH71 (Lineside Road) Interchange Upgrade" (PDF). Nzta.govt.nz. ^ "Route of SH 71". Google Maps. Retrieved 2 January 2012. External links New Zealand Transport Agency vteNew Zealand state highways List of New Zealand state highways List of motorways and expressways in New Zealand National SH 1 (incl. SH 1B, SH 1C) SH 2 SH 3 (incl. SH 3A) SH 4 SH 5 SH 6 (incl. SH 6A) SH 7 (incl. SH 7A) SH 8 (incl. SH 8A, SH 8B) North Island SH 10 SH 11 SH 12 SH 14 SH 15 SH 16 SH 18 SH 20 (incl. SH 20A, SH 20B) SH 21 SH 22 SH 23 SH 24 SH 25 (incl. SH 25A) SH 26 SH 27 SH 28 SH 29 (incl. SH 29A) SH 30 (incl. SH 30A) SH 31 SH 32 SH 33 SH 34 SH 35 SH 36 SH 37 SH 38 SH 39 SH 41 SH 43 SH 44 SH 45 SH 46 SH 47 SH 48 SH 49 SH 50 SH 51 SH 53 SH 54 SH 56 SH 57 SH 58 SH 59 South Island SH 60 SH 62 SH 63 SH 65 SH 67 (incl. SH 67A) SH 69 SH 71 SH 73 SH 74 (incl. SH 74A) SH 75 SH 76 SH 77 SH 78 SH 79 SH 80 SH 82 SH 83 SH 84 SH 85 SH 86 SH 87 SH 88 SH 90 SH 93 SH 94 SH 95 SH 96 SH 97 SH 98 SH 99 Former state highways SH 1A SH 1F SH 2A SH 2B SH 15 SH 15A SH 17 SH 36 SH 40 SH 47A SH 49A SH 50A SH 52 SH 57A SH 61 SH 70 SH 72 SH 73A SH 89 SH 91 SH 92 Touring routes Twin Coast Discovery Highway Thermal Explorer Highway Pacific Coast Highway Classic New Zealand Wine Trail Alpine Pacific Triangle Great Alpine Highway Foothills Scenic Route Inland Scenic Route Central Otago Touring Route Southern Scenic Route vteThe territorial authority of Waimakariri District, Canterbury, New ZealandPopulated places; seat: Rangiora • Waimakariri District CouncilKaiapoi-Woodend WardKaiapoi-Tuahiwi Sub-Division Clarkville Kaiapoi Kairaki Ohapuku The Pines Beach Flaxton Tuahiwi Woodend-Sefton Sub-Division Coldstream Pegasus Saltwater Creek Sefton Waikuku Waikuku Beach Woodend Woodend Beach Oxford-Ohoka WardOhoka-Swannanoa Sub-Division Eyreton Eyrewell Mandeville North Ohoka Swannanoa West Eyreton Wetheral Wilsons Siding Oxford Sub-Division Ashley Gorge Bennetts Bexley Burnt Hill Carleton Coopers Creek Gammans Creek Glenburn Glentui Horrellville Lees Valley Oxford Okuku Range Rockford Starvation Hill The Warren View Hill Okuku Hills Rangiora-Ashley WardAshley Sub-Division Ashley Loburn Loburn North Okuku Whiterock Cust Fernside Springbank Summerhill Rangiora Sub-Division Rangiora Southbrook SchoolsPrimary Ashgrove Ashley Clarkville Cust Fernside Kaiapoi Borough Kaiapoi North Loburn North Loburn Ohoka Pegasus Bay (formerly Waikuku) Rangiora Borough Sefton Southbrook St Joseph's St Patrick's Swannanoa Tuahiwi West Eyreton Woodend View Hill Secondary Kaiapoi High Karanga Mai Young Parents' College Rangiora High Area Oxford Area Rangiora New Life DisestablishedPrimary Okuku Whiterock Facilities Dudley Park, Rangiora Mandeville Sports Centre Rangiora Recreation Ground Rangiora Airport Sports clubs Rangiora AFC Waimakariri United ElectoratesHistoric Ashley Hurunui Kaiapoi Rangiora Current Kaikōura Waimakariri Member ofParliamentfor the Kaikōura electorate N Doug Kidd (1996–99) N Lynda Scott (1999–2005) N Colin King (2005–14) N Stuart Smith (2014–present) for the Waimakariri electorate L Mike Moore (1996–99) L Clayton Cosgrove (1999–2011) N Kate Wilkinson (2011–14) N Matt Doocey (2014–present) Mayor Trevor Inch (1989–95) Janice Skurr (1995–2001) Jim Gerard (2001–07) Ron Keating (2007–10) David Ayers (2010–2019) Dan Gordon (2019–present) Bodies of water Ashley Gorge Ashley River / Rakahuri Cam River / Ruataniwha Cust River Glentui River Kaiapoi River Karetu River Lilburne River Makerikeri River Okuku River Pegasus Bay Waimakariri Gorge Waimakariri River Ashley Estuary Transportation State Highway 71 Main North Line Eyreton Branch Oxford Branch Public transport in Christchurch Go Bus Christchurch Other MainPower Compass FM 104.9 bold - main town; bold & italics - minor town; normal text - locality; italics - minor locality 44°23′26″S 171°15′04″E / 44.390540°S 171.251244°E / -44.390540; 171.251244 This New Zealand road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_state_highway_network"},{"link_name":"Kaiapoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiapoi"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Rangiora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiora"}],"text":"Road in New ZealandState Highway 71 (SH 71) is a New Zealand state highway connecting Kaiapoi/Christchurch with Rangiora.","title":"State Highway 71 (New Zealand)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The highway was declared in 1992[1] after State Highway 72, the highway which serviced inland parts of Canterbury, was revoked (along with a number of other highways).[2] SH 71 provided a southern connection to Rangiora from SH 1 in contrast to SH 72, which connected Rangiora to SH 1 from the east.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main North Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_North_Line,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South Island Main Trunk Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island_Main_Trunk_Railway"},{"link_name":"SH 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_1_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Northern Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Northern_Motorway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Route description","text":"For the entire length of the highway, SH 71 is known as Lineside Road and parallels both the Main North Line of the South Island Main Trunk Railway and a 66 kV transmission line (between Southbrook and Kaiapoi substations) for much of the length. SH 71 can be accessed via offramps coming off SH 1 (as the Christchurch Northern Motorway). Smith Street, coming from Kaiapoi, also flows onto SH 71. Initially a northbound only exit, southbound access was provided in 2014.[3]Just south of Rangiora the road crosses the railway line at-grade. SH 71 officially ends after the crossing but the road continues into Rangiora.[4]","title":"Route"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of New Zealand state highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_state_highways"}]	[{"reference":"\"Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 1991\" (PDF). Transit New Zealand. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/state-highway-traffic-volumes/docs/SHTV-1991.pdf","url_text":"\"Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 1992\" (PDF). Transit New Zealand. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/state-highway-traffic-volumes/docs/SHTV-1992.pdf","url_text":"\"Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 1992\""}]},{"reference":"\"SH1/SH71 (Lineside Road) Interchange Upgrade\" (PDF). Nzta.govt.nz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/network/projects/lineside-road-interchange-upgrade/docs/lineside-layout.pdf","url_text":"\"SH1/SH71 (Lineside Road) Interchange Upgrade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route of SH 71\". Google Maps. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.google.com.au/maps?saddr=Lineside+Rd&daddr=Lineside+Rd&hl=en&sll=-43.338601,172.613754&sspn=0.015076,0.041671&geocode=FXYnav0dNGNKCg%3BFfDXav0dgLRJCg&vpsrc=0&mra=ls&t=m&z=13","url_text":"\"Route of SH 71\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=State_Highway_71_(New_Zealand)&params=44.390540_S_171.251244_E_","external_links_name":"44°23′26″S 171°15′04″E / 44.390540°S 171.251244°E / -44.390540; 171.251244"},{"Link":"http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/state-highway-traffic-volumes/docs/SHTV-1991.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 1991\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/state-highway-traffic-volumes/docs/SHTV-1992.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Transit New Zealand Traffic Volumes 1992\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/network/projects/lineside-road-interchange-upgrade/docs/lineside-layout.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SH1/SH71 (Lineside Road) Interchange Upgrade\""},{"Link":"http://maps.google.com.au/maps?saddr=Lineside+Rd&daddr=Lineside+Rd&hl=en&sll=-43.338601,172.613754&sspn=0.015076,0.041671&geocode=FXYnav0dNGNKCg%3BFfDXav0dgLRJCg&vpsrc=0&mra=ls&t=m&z=13","external_links_name":"\"Route of SH 71\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzta.govt.nz/","external_links_name":"New Zealand Transport Agency"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=State_Highway_71_(New_Zealand)&params=44.390540_S_171.251244_E_","external_links_name":"44°23′26″S 171°15′04″E / 44.390540°S 171.251244°E / -44.390540; 171.251244"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Highway_71_(New_Zealand)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Sternberg	Charles Mortram Sternberg	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"]	American paleontologist Charles Mortram SternbergBornSeptember 18, 1885DiedSeptember 8, 1981 (aged 95)Ottawa, Ottawa Division, Ontario, CanadaKnown forPaleontologyChildren2Scientific careerFieldsPaleontology Charles Mortram Sternberg (1885–1981) was an American-Canadian fossil collector and paleontologist, son of Charles Hazelius Sternberg. Late in his career, he collected and described Pachyrhinosaurus, Brachylophosaurus, Parksosaurus and Edmontonia. A contemporary author wrote, "No published study of Canadian dinosaurs is possible today without citing one or another of Sternberg's papers." Early life Charles Mortram Sternberg was born in Lawrence, Kansas, from a family of famous American fossil collectors. Sternberg's highest level of education was a Kansas high school degree. Career Sternberg moved with his father and two brothers, Levi and George, to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in 1912. The four began working in Alberta collecting dinosaurs on behalf of the Geological Survey of Canada. This work was in competition with the American Museum of Natural History (New York) who were collecting many fossil skeletons and shipping them out of Canada. Following Lawrence M. Lambe's death in 1919, Sternberg assumed the role of director of paleontology enterprise of the Geological Survey of Canada. Sternberg's first paper appeared in 1921, supplementing Lambe's study of the Ankylosaur Panoplosaurus. Sternberg later took over the scientific description of fossil vertebrates for the Geological Survey. He published 47 papers on fossil vertebrates, mostly dinosaurs, many based on his own remarkable discoveries. In 1936 Sternberg and his son Ray Martin installed permanent metal quarry markers in 112 dinosaur quarries within Dinosaur Provincial Park. The critical site locality data for these specimens was thereby saved, thus ensuring that information was useful for the dinosaur biostratigraphic work that is so important today. In 1948 he was promoted to the rank of Assistant Biologist in the National Museum of Canada, which is the equivalent of curator. In 1949 he was elected a Fellow of Royal Society of Canada. Although he retired in 1950, his publications continued until 1970. Sternberg later helped to establish Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta. He was granted honorary degrees by the University of Calgary and Carleton University in Ottawa. He was Freemason and a member of Civil Service Lodge No. 148 in Ottawa. References ^ a b c d Dodson, Peter (1998). The Horned Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-691-05900-6. ^ "Charles, 2nd Mortram Sternberg". geni_family_tree. 1885. Retrieved 2022-04-12. ^ Russell, Loris S. "Charles Mortram Sternberg". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 21 January 2019. ^ a b c Carpenter, Kenneth; Philip J. Currie (1992). Dinosaur systematics. Cambridge University Press. pp. xii. ISBN 978-0-521-43810-0. ^ Dodson, Peter (1998). The Horned Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-691-05900-6. "nominally retired" ^ Currie, Philip J.; Eva Bundgaard Koppelhus (2005). Dinosaur Provincial Park. Indiana University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-253-34595-0. ^ "Civil Service Lodge, No. 148 GRC, Ottawa 1865-present" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2009-08-03. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles M. Sternberg. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Czech Republic Greece Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"paleontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Charles Hazelius Sternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hazelius_Sternberg"},{"link_name":"Pachyrhinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyrhinosaurus"},{"link_name":"Brachylophosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachylophosaurus"},{"link_name":"Parksosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parksosaurus"},{"link_name":"Edmontonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmontonia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horn-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Charles Mortram Sternberg (1885–1981) was an American-Canadian fossil collector and paleontologist, son of Charles Hazelius Sternberg. \nLate in his career, he collected and described Pachyrhinosaurus, Brachylophosaurus, Parksosaurus and Edmontonia.[citation needed] A contemporary author wrote, \"No published study of Canadian dinosaurs is possible today without citing one or another of Sternberg's papers.\"[1][2]","title":"Charles Mortram Sternberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horn-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sys-4"}],"text":"Charles Mortram Sternberg was born in Lawrence, Kansas,[3] from a family of famous American fossil collectors. Sternberg's highest level of education was a Kansas high school degree.[1][4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levi_Sternberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Sternberg"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horn-1"},{"link_name":"Lawrence M. Lambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_M._Lambe"},{"link_name":"Panoplosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoplosaurus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horn-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"curator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sys-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horn2-5"},{"link_name":"Dinosaur Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgary"},{"link_name":"Carleton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sys-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Sternberg moved with his father and two brothers, Levi and George, to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in 1912.[1] The four began working in Alberta collecting dinosaurs on behalf of the Geological Survey of Canada. This work was in competition with the American Museum of Natural History (New York) who were collecting many fossil skeletons and shipping them out of Canada.Following Lawrence M. Lambe's death in 1919, Sternberg assumed the role of director of paleontology enterprise of the Geological Survey of Canada. Sternberg's first paper appeared in 1921, supplementing Lambe's study of the Ankylosaur Panoplosaurus.[1] Sternberg later took over the scientific description of fossil vertebrates for the Geological Survey. He published 47 papers on fossil vertebrates, mostly dinosaurs, many based on his own remarkable discoveries.[citation needed] In 1936 Sternberg and his son Ray Martin installed permanent metal quarry markers in 112 dinosaur quarries within Dinosaur Provincial Park. The critical site locality data for these specimens was thereby saved, thus ensuring that information was useful for the dinosaur biostratigraphic work that is so important today. In 1948 he was promoted to the rank of Assistant Biologist in the National Museum of Canada, which is the equivalent of curator. In 1949 he was elected a Fellow of Royal Society of Canada.[4] Although he retired in 1950, his publications continued until 1970.[5] Sternberg later helped to establish Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta.[6] He was granted honorary degrees by the University of Calgary and Carleton University in Ottawa.[4]He was Freemason and a member of Civil Service Lodge No. 148 in Ottawa.[7]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dodson, Peter (1998). The Horned Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-691-05900-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NsBhg_H5FEwC&q=Sternberg+&pg=PA99","url_text":"The Horned Dinosaurs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05900-6","url_text":"978-0-691-05900-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles, 2nd Mortram Sternberg\". geni_family_tree. 1885. Retrieved 2022-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geni.com/people/Charles-2nd-Sternberg/4709873","url_text":"\"Charles, 2nd Mortram Sternberg\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Loris S. \"Charles Mortram Sternberg\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 21 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/charles-mortram-sternberg","url_text":"\"Charles Mortram Sternberg\""}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Kenneth; Philip J. Currie (1992). Dinosaur systematics. Cambridge University Press. pp. xii. ISBN 978-0-521-43810-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZV1KcVNM18C&q=son&pg=PR12","url_text":"Dinosaur systematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43810-0","url_text":"978-0-521-43810-0"}]},{"reference":"Dodson, Peter (1998). The Horned Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-691-05900-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NsBhg_H5FEwC&q=Sternberg+&pg=PA99","url_text":"The Horned Dinosaurs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05900-6","url_text":"978-0-691-05900-6"}]},{"reference":"Currie, Philip J.; Eva Bundgaard Koppelhus (2005). Dinosaur Provincial Park. Indiana University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-253-34595-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lS55girEQsEC&q=Sternberg+%22Dinosaur+Provincial+Park%22&pg=PA12","url_text":"Dinosaur Provincial Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34595-0","url_text":"978-0-253-34595-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Civil Service Lodge, No. 148 GRC, Ottawa 1865-present\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2009-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027180727/http://www.iosphere.net/~dixonr/Files/HistoryExtract.pdf","url_text":"\"Civil Service Lodge, No. 148 GRC, Ottawa 1865-present\""},{"url":"http://www.iosphere.net/~dixonr/Files/HistoryExtract.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NsBhg_H5FEwC&q=Sternberg+&pg=PA99","external_links_name":"The Horned Dinosaurs"},{"Link":"https://www.geni.com/people/Charles-2nd-Sternberg/4709873","external_links_name":"\"Charles, 2nd Mortram Sternberg\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/charles-mortram-sternberg","external_links_name":"\"Charles Mortram Sternberg\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZV1KcVNM18C&q=son&pg=PR12","external_links_name":"Dinosaur systematics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NsBhg_H5FEwC&q=Sternberg+&pg=PA99","external_links_name":"The Horned Dinosaurs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lS55girEQsEC&q=Sternberg+%22Dinosaur+Provincial+Park%22&pg=PA12","external_links_name":"Dinosaur Provincial Park"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027180727/http://www.iosphere.net/~dixonr/Files/HistoryExtract.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Civil Service Lodge, No. 148 GRC, Ottawa 1865-present\""},{"Link":"http://www.iosphere.net/~dixonr/Files/HistoryExtract.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000008483693X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/17587604","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1236282167","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88101608","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2010599739&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record250808","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/150685599","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fries	John Fries	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Rebellion","1.3 Pardon","1.4 Later life","2 References"]	For the American football player and coach, see John Edmund Fries. John Fries (/friːz/; c. 1750 – February 1818) was a Pennsylvania auctioneer. He organized Fries's Rebellion, an early episode of tax resistance in the United States. Biography Early life He was born in Hatfield Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania in about 1750. His father, Simon Fries, was a German immigrant. He trained as a cooper but eventually took a career as an auctioneer. He married Margaret Brunner in 1770, and they had ten children. He served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, commanding a company. He was in action at White Marsh, Camp Hill, and Crooked Billet. His defeat of a British foraging raid made him locally famous. He later also commanded a company in the government's campaign to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. Rebellion Main article: Fries's Rebellion At the time of the rebellion named for him (1799-1800), Fries was living near Charlestown (present-day Trumbauersville). As an itinerant auctioneer, he became well acquainted with the German-Americans issues in the southeastern part of Pennsylvania. Starting in February 1799, he organized meetings to discuss a collective response to a tax the federal government had levied in response to the Quasi-War. Federal officers who were sent to Pennsylvania to collect its portion of the tax were resisted by a party of opposition which Fries had rallied from among the German speaking populations of Montgomery, Lehigh, Bucks and Berks counties. At Bethlehem, 7 March 1799, the United States marshal was compelled by this party to release 30 prisoners who had been arrested for refusing to obey the law. The rebellion was at length put down by the militia which U.S. President John Adams ordered out, and among those captured was Fries, who was subsequently tried twice and on each occasion sentenced to death. In April 1800 he was pardoned by President Adams, who at the same time proclaimed an amnesty to all concerned in the rebellion. Pardon How the pardon was gained has been told with an apparent word of mouth legend: "Now John Fries was an old man. He had a wife and ten children, several of whom were small—one, tiny baby. It was thought a great pity that a man so old and with a family so sadly in need of help and support should be sent to the gallows. It was therefore agreed to draw up a petition and send it about among the inhabitants of the community to be signed, begging the President to pardon the old man. Several thousand signed their names to the petition. The paper was then given into the hand of Mrs. Fries, who, with her infant in her arms and her nine children following, went to present it to President Adams. They were invited into the room where the President sat, and before he was aware of it the sorrow-stricken mother and all her children were on their knees before him. She handed him the petition, begging him to speak the word that would spare the life of her husband. "It was a moment of great suspense. President Adams glanced hastily at the petition and then looked down upon the supplicating group. Tears sprang to his eyes. He rose and raised his hands to heaven. Then he rushed from the room and seizing a pen wrote a full and free pardon, which he presented to the weeping mother. Words could not express the poor woman’s gratitude, and the children who were old enough to understand were beside themselves with joy. The President needed no other thanks than to look into their radiant, tear-stained faces. And ever after, to the sons and daughters of John Fries, the name of the great-hearted President was a sacred household word" (Fearson, Mrs. G.E. Paths of Uprightness. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Metropolitan Church Association, 1933, pages 13–14). Later life After his reprieve, Fries continued his auctioneering career. Some sources report that he became a prosperous merchant of tin ware in Philadelphia, but Thomas Denton McCormick states there is no evidence to back this story, and also says he just continued his auctioneering career. Fries died at his home, on the old Allentown Road, south of Trumbauersville in 1818. A segment of Pennsylvania Route 663 between Quakertown and Pennsburg is named in his honor. References ^ a b McCormick, Thomas Denton (1931). "Fries, John". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ^ a b c Newman, Paul Douglas (1999). "Fries, John". American National Biography (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200133. (subscription required) ^ "Ancestor Search - DAR Database - John Freese". National Society Daughters of the American Revolution. ^ Davis, W.W.H. (1899). "Chapter 1". The Fries Rebellion. Doylestown, Pa. . ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fries, John" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ^ a b This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Fries, John" . Encyclopedia Americana. ^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Fries, John" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. ^ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1906). "Fries, John" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. ^ "Fries's Rebellion \| Paul Douglas Newman". ^ RootsWeb: PAMONTGO-L News from Pennsburg - June 26, 2003 "The Fries Rebellion of 1799 Historical Marker". ExplorePAhistory.com. Retrieved 2019-10-23. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Edmund Fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edmund_Fries"},{"link_name":"/friːz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"auctioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auctioneer"},{"link_name":"Fries's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"For the American football player and coach, see John Edmund Fries.John Fries (/friːz/; c. 1750 – February 1818)[1] was a Pennsylvania auctioneer. He organized Fries's Rebellion, an early episode of tax resistance in the United States.","title":"John Fries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hatfield Township, Montgomery County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-2"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"White Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Camp Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hill,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Crooked Billet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crooked_Billet"},{"link_name":"Whiskey Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"He was born in Hatfield Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania in about 1750. His father, Simon Fries, was a German immigrant. He trained as a cooper but eventually took a career as an auctioneer. He married Margaret Brunner in 1770, and they had ten children.[2]He served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, commanding a company.[3] He was in action at White Marsh, Camp Hill, and Crooked Billet. His defeat of a British foraging raid made him locally famous. He later also commanded a company in the government's campaign to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.[2][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trumbauersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumbauersville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Quasi-War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-War"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Berks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ea-6"}],"sub_title":"Rebellion","text":"At the time of the rebellion named for him (1799-1800), Fries was living near Charlestown (present-day Trumbauersville). As an itinerant auctioneer, he became well acquainted with the German-Americans issues in the southeastern part of Pennsylvania.[5] Starting in February 1799, he organized meetings to discuss a collective response to a tax the federal government had levied in response to the Quasi-War.Federal officers who were sent to Pennsylvania to collect its portion of the tax were resisted by a party of opposition which Fries had rallied from among the German speaking populations of Montgomery, Lehigh, Bucks and Berks counties. At Bethlehem, 7 March 1799, the United States marshal was compelled by this party to release 30 prisoners who had been arrested for refusing to obey the law. The rebellion was at length put down by the militia which U.S. President John Adams ordered out, and among those captured was Fries, who was subsequently tried twice and on each occasion sentenced to death. In April 1800 he was pardoned by President Adams, who at the same time proclaimed an amnesty to all concerned in the rebellion.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pardon","text":"How the pardon was gained has been told with an apparent word of mouth legend:\"Now John Fries was an old man. He had a wife and ten children, several of whom were small—one, tiny baby. It was thought a great pity that a man so old and with a family so sadly in need of help and support should be sent to the gallows. It was therefore agreed to draw up a petition and send it about among the inhabitants of the community to be signed, begging the President to pardon the old man. Several thousand signed their names to the petition. The paper was then given into the hand of Mrs. Fries, who, with her infant in her arms and her nine children following, went to present it to President Adams. They were invited into the room where the President sat, and before he was aware of it the sorrow-stricken mother and all her children were on their knees before him. She handed him the petition, begging him to speak the word that would spare the life of her husband.\"It was a moment of great suspense. President Adams glanced hastily at the petition and then looked down upon the supplicating group. Tears sprang to his eyes. He rose and raised his hands to heaven. Then he rushed from the room and seizing a pen wrote a full and free pardon, which he presented to the weeping mother. Words could not express the poor woman’s gratitude, and the children who were old enough to understand were beside themselves with joy. The President needed no other thanks than to look into their radiant, tear-stained faces. And ever after, to the sons and daughters of John Fries, the name of the great-hearted President was a sacred household word\" (Fearson, Mrs. G.E. Paths of Uprightness. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Metropolitan Church Association, 1933, pages 13–14).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-2"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ea-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 663","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_663"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Later life","text":"After his reprieve, Fries continued his auctioneering career.[2] Some sources report that he became a prosperous merchant of tin ware in Philadelphia,[6][7][8] but Thomas Denton McCormick states there is no evidence to back this story, and also says he just continued his auctioneering career.[1] Fries died at his home, on the old Allentown Road, south of Trumbauersville in 1818.[9] A segment of Pennsylvania Route 663 between Quakertown and Pennsburg is named in his honor.[10]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McCormick, Thomas Denton (1931). \"Fries, John\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Mall_(Kentucky)	Florence Mall (Kentucky)	["1 History","2 Water tower","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°59′44.97″N 84°39′0.51″W / 38.9958250°N 84.6501417°W / 38.9958250; -84.6501417Indoor shopping mall in Florence, Kentucky Florence MallCenter court of Florence Mall, August 2019LocationFlorence, KentuckyCoordinates38°59′44.97″N 84°39′0.51″W / 38.9958250°N 84.6501417°W / 38.9958250; -84.6501417Address2028 Florence MallFlorence, Kentucky 41042Opening date1976; 48 years ago (1976)DeveloperHomart Development CompanyManagementNamdar Realty GroupOwnerMason Asset ManagementNamdar Realty GroupNo. of stores and services101No. of anchor tenants4 (3 open, 1 vacant)Total retail floor area963,727 sq ft (89,533 m2)No. of floors2Public transit access TANKWebsiteflorencemall.com Florence Mall is an indoor shopping mall in Florence, Kentucky, United States. Built in 1976 by Homart Development Company, the mall originally featured Sears, Shillito's, Pogue's, and JCPenney as its four anchor stores. The mall features over 100 stores and a food court. Another notable feature of the mall is the Florence Y'all Water Tower on the mall property; this water tower originally bore the mall's name, but was altered prior to the mall's opening. The mall's anchor stores are JCPenney and two locations of Macy's, with the former location of Sears being vacant. Florence Mall is owned and managed by Namdar Realty Group. History The Macy's wing of Florence Mall in 2019 Florence Mall opened in 1976 on a site along Interstate 75 just south of Kentucky Route 18. The two-story mall was constructed by Homart Development Company, the real estate division of Sears. Sears also served as one of the anchor stores, opening on March 10, 1976. The mall itself opened six months later, with Pogue's serving as the second anchor. Two more anchors, Shillito's and JCPenney, were added in 1977 and 1978, respectively. At the time of opening, the mall had 87 stores. The mall's opening led to the development of several retail stores in Florence, and as a result, the city became a retail hub for northern Kentucky. While JCPenney remained the same throughout the mall's history, the other three anchor stores changed as chains were acquired, merged or closed. The Shillito's chain was merged with Rike's and all former Shillito's and Rike's stores briefly carried the dual branding of Shillito-Rike's from 1982 until 1986, when the chain was merged into Lazarus. Pogue's was converted to L.S. Ayres in 1983, which in turn sold its store to Hess's five years later. Also in the mid-1980s, the food court was renovated. Hess's closed in 1993, and one year later, Lazarus moved its home goods into the former Hess's space. During the 1990s, the mall underwent an $8 million renovation, including the addition of 64 new tenants. In 2003, the mall was acquired by General Growth Properties in partnership with the Teachers' Retirement System of the State of Illinois. General Growth had managed the property for several years prior. Both Lazarus stores were converted to Lazarus-Macy's in 2003, then to just Macy's in 2005. The food court was renovated again in 2004. On August 22, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing in November 2018. Brookfield Properties sold the mall in 2021 with JLL managing the mall. On June 15, 2022, the mall was sold again to Mason Asset Management and Namdar Realty Group, with Mason overseeing leading efforts and Namdar managing the mall. Water tower Main article: Florence Y'all Water Tower The water tower with the original wording The water tower after repainting Two years before the mall's opening, a water tower was built between the mall and Interstate 75 with "Florence Mall" painted in large letters on two opposite sides. But when the city was informed that this commercial advertisement was illegal as the mall did not yet exist, Florence's then-mayor C.M. "Hop" Ewing came up with the idea of changing the "M" in "Mall" to a "Y" and adding an apostrophe, changing the text to "Florence Y'all". The tower has since become a major landmark for the city. References ^ "FLORENCE MALL". namdarrealtygroup.com. Retrieved 2022-12-24. ^ "Florence Mall". Brookfield Properties Retail Group. ^ Wilson, Denise (July 25, 2001). "Florence Mall marks 25 years". The Cincinnati Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. ^ a b Driehaus, Bob (September 22, 2001). "Mall led way for regional shopping". The Cincinnati Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. ^ Peale, Cliff (September 18, 1996). "At 20, Florence Mall is retail king". The Cincinnati Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. ^ Friedberg, Mary (May 28, 1997). "New stores keep Florence Mall fresh". The Cincinnati Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. ^ Paeth, Greg (December 20, 2002). "Florence Mall sold to firm from Chicago". The Kentucky Post. ^ Key, Jennie; Reinert, Melissa (August 23, 2018). "Sears closings will affect future of Florence, Northgate malls". Cincinnati Enquirer. ^ "Florence Mall changes ownership after $90M loan default". WCPO. 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2022-04-21. ^ "Florence Mall has been sold to ownership group that includes Mason Asset Management, Namdar Realty \| NKyTribune". Retrieved 2022-07-15. ^ Schmitt, Erin (July 2, 2017). "The Shape of Water Towers: An Engineering History". Municipal Sewer & Water Magazine. External links Official website vteShopping malls in KentuckyLouisville Bashford Manor Mall Fourth Street Live! Jefferson Mall Mall St. Matthews Mid-City Mall Oxmoor Center Paddock Shops Lexington Fayette Mall Hamburg Pavilion Lexington Mall Mall at Lexington Green The Summit at Fritz Farm Turfland Mall Elsewhere Ashland Town Center Camayo Arcade Camp Landing Entertainment District Florence Mall Greenwood Mall Kentucky Oaks Mall Middlesboro Mall Newport on the Levee Outlet Shoppes of the Bluegrass South Side Mall Towne Square Mall vteShopping malls in metropolitan CincinnatiActive Anderson Towne Center Bridgewater Falls Deerfield Towne Center Eastgate Mall Florence Mall Fountain Place The Kenwood Collection Kenwood Towne Centre Liberty Center Newport on the Levee Northgate Mall Towne Mall Defunct Forest Fair Village Swifton Center Sycamore Plaza at Kenwood Tower Place Tri-County Mall Western Woods Mall	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"Florence, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Homart Development Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homart_Development_Company"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"Shillito's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillito%27s"},{"link_name":"Pogue's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogue%27s"},{"link_name":"JCPenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCPenney"},{"link_name":"anchor stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_store"},{"link_name":"food court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_court"},{"link_name":"Florence Y'all Water Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Y%27all_Water_Tower"},{"link_name":"water tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower"},{"link_name":"Macy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s"},{"link_name":"Namdar Realty Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdar_Realty_Group"}],"text":"Indoor shopping mall in Florence, KentuckyFlorence Mall is an indoor shopping mall in Florence, Kentucky, United States. Built in 1976 by Homart Development Company, the mall originally featured Sears, Shillito's, Pogue's, and JCPenney as its four anchor stores. The mall features over 100 stores and a food court. Another notable feature of the mall is the Florence Y'all Water Tower on the mall property; this water tower originally bore the mall's name, but was altered prior to the mall's opening. The mall's anchor stores are JCPenney and two locations of Macy's, with the former location of Sears being vacant. Florence Mall is owned and managed by Namdar Realty Group.","title":"Florence Mall (Kentucky)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_Mall_Center_Court_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Route 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_18"},{"link_name":"Homart Development Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homart_Development_Company"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentyfive-3"},{"link_name":"Pogue's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogue%27s"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-led-4"},{"link_name":"Shillito's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillito%27s"},{"link_name":"JCPenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCPenney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-led-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rike's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rike%27s"},{"link_name":"Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"L.S. Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.S._Ayres"},{"link_name":"Hess's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess%27s"},{"link_name":"food court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_court"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"General Growth Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Growth_Properties"},{"link_name":"Teachers' Retirement System of the State of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers%27_Retirement_System_of_the_State_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Macy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brookfield Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_Properties"},{"link_name":"JLL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JLL_(company)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Macy's wing of Florence Mall in 2019Florence Mall opened in 1976 on a site along Interstate 75 just south of Kentucky Route 18. The two-story mall was constructed by Homart Development Company, the real estate division of Sears. Sears also served as one of the anchor stores, opening on March 10, 1976.[3] The mall itself opened six months later, with Pogue's serving as the second anchor.[4] Two more anchors, Shillito's and JCPenney, were added in 1977 and 1978, respectively. At the time of opening, the mall had 87 stores.[4] The mall's opening led to the development of several retail stores in Florence, and as a result, the city became a retail hub for northern Kentucky.[5]While JCPenney remained the same throughout the mall's history, the other three anchor stores changed as chains were acquired, merged or closed. The Shillito's chain was merged with Rike's and all former Shillito's and Rike's stores briefly carried the dual branding of Shillito-Rike's from 1982 until 1986, when the chain was merged into Lazarus. Pogue's was converted to L.S. Ayres in 1983, which in turn sold its store to Hess's five years later. Also in the mid-1980s, the food court was renovated.Hess's closed in 1993, and one year later, Lazarus moved its home goods into the former Hess's space. During the 1990s, the mall underwent an $8 million renovation, including the addition of 64 new tenants.[6]In 2003, the mall was acquired by General Growth Properties in partnership with the Teachers' Retirement System of the State of Illinois. General Growth had managed the property for several years prior.[7] Both Lazarus stores were converted to Lazarus-Macy's in 2003, then to just Macy's in 2005. The food court was renovated again in 2004.On August 22, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing in November 2018.[8]Brookfield Properties sold the mall in 2021 with JLL managing the mall.[9] On June 15, 2022, the mall was sold again to Mason Asset Management and Namdar Realty Group, with Mason overseeing leading efforts and Namdar managing the mall.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Florence_Mall_Water_Tower.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florence-yall.jpg"},{"link_name":"water tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower"},{"link_name":"Y'all","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%27all"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The water tower with the original wordingThe water tower after repaintingTwo years before the mall's opening, a water tower was built between the mall and Interstate 75 with \"Florence Mall\" painted in large letters on two opposite sides. But when the city was informed that this commercial advertisement was illegal as the mall did not yet exist, Florence's then-mayor C.M. \"Hop\" Ewing came up with the idea of changing the \"M\" in \"Mall\" to a \"Y\" and adding an apostrophe, changing the text to \"Florence Y'all\".[11] The tower has since become a major landmark for the city.","title":"Water tower"}]	[{"image_text":"The Macy's wing of Florence Mall in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Florence_Mall_Center_Court_2.jpg/200px-Florence_Mall_Center_Court_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The water tower with the original wording","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Old_Florence_Mall_Water_Tower.JPG"},{"image_text":"The water tower after repainting","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Florence-yall.jpg/220px-Florence-yall.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"FLORENCE MALL\". namdarrealtygroup.com. Retrieved 2022-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://namdarrealtygroup.com/?page=detail&pid=2319","url_text":"\"FLORENCE MALL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florence Mall\". Brookfield Properties Retail Group.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookfieldpropertiesretail.com/properties/property-details/pecanland-mall.html","url_text":"\"Florence Mall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_Properties_Retail_Group","url_text":"Brookfield Properties Retail Group"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Denise (July 25, 2001). \"Florence Mall marks 25 years\". The Cincinnati Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105225453/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76769188.html","url_text":"\"Florence Mall marks 25 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Post","url_text":"The Cincinnati Post"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76769188.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Driehaus, Bob (September 22, 2001). \"Mall led way for regional shopping\". The Cincinnati Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105225507/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78562873.html","url_text":"\"Mall led way for regional shopping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Post","url_text":"The Cincinnati Post"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78562873.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peale, Cliff (September 18, 1996). \"At 20, Florence Mall is retail king\". The Cincinnati Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105225501/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72813484.html","url_text":"\"At 20, Florence Mall is retail king\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Post","url_text":"The Cincinnati Post"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72813484.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Friedberg, Mary (May 28, 1997). \"New stores keep Florence Mall fresh\". The Cincinnati Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105225455/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72819396.html","url_text":"\"New stores keep Florence Mall fresh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Post","url_text":"The Cincinnati Post"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72819396.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paeth, Greg (December 20, 2002). \"Florence Mall sold to firm from Chicago\". The Kentucky Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-95694029.html","url_text":"\"Florence Mall sold to firm from Chicago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kentucky_Post","url_text":"The Kentucky Post"}]},{"reference":"Key, Jennie; Reinert, Melissa (August 23, 2018). \"Sears closings will affect future of Florence, Northgate malls\". Cincinnati Enquirer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cincinnati.com/story/money/business/2018/08/23/sears-stores-closing-florence-seize-opportunity-redefine-mall/1073688002/","url_text":"\"Sears closings will affect future of Florence, Northgate malls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Enquirer","url_text":"Cincinnati Enquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"Florence Mall changes ownership after $90M loan default\". WCPO. 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2022-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/i-team/florence-mall-changes-ownership-after-90m-loan-default","url_text":"\"Florence Mall changes ownership after $90M loan default\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florence Mall has been sold to ownership group that includes Mason Asset Management, Namdar Realty \| NKyTribune\". Retrieved 2022-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nkytribune.com/2022/06/florence-mall-has-been-sold-to-ownership-group-that-includes-mason-asset-management-namdar-realty/","url_text":"\"Florence Mall has been sold to ownership group that includes Mason Asset Management, Namdar Realty \| NKyTribune\""}]},{"reference":"Schmitt, Erin (July 2, 2017). \"The Shape of Water Towers: An Engineering History\". Municipal Sewer & Water Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mswmag.com/online_exclusives/2018/07/the-shape-of-water-towers-an-engineering-history","url_text":"\"The Shape of Water Towers: An Engineering History\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Florence_Mall_(Kentucky)&params=38_59_44.97_N_84_39_0.51_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°59′44.97″N 84°39′0.51″W / 38.9958250°N 84.6501417°W / 38.9958250; -84.6501417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Florence_Mall_(Kentucky)&params=38_59_44.97_N_84_39_0.51_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°59′44.97″N 84°39′0.51″W / 38.9958250°N 84.6501417°W / 38.9958250; -84.6501417"},{"Link":"https://florencemall.com/","external_links_name":"florencemall.com"},{"Link":"https://namdarrealtygroup.com/?page=detail&pid=2319","external_links_name":"\"FLORENCE MALL\""},{"Link":"https://www.brookfieldpropertiesretail.com/properties/property-details/pecanland-mall.html","external_links_name":"\"Florence Mall\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105225453/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76769188.html","external_links_name":"\"Florence Mall marks 25 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76769188.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105225507/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78562873.html","external_links_name":"\"Mall led way for regional shopping\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78562873.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105225501/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72813484.html","external_links_name":"\"At 20, Florence Mall is retail king\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72813484.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105225455/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72819396.html","external_links_name":"\"New stores keep Florence Mall fresh\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72819396.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-95694029.html","external_links_name":"\"Florence Mall sold to firm from Chicago\""},{"Link":"https://www.cincinnati.com/story/money/business/2018/08/23/sears-stores-closing-florence-seize-opportunity-redefine-mall/1073688002/","external_links_name":"\"Sears closings will affect future of Florence, Northgate malls\""},{"Link":"https://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/i-team/florence-mall-changes-ownership-after-90m-loan-default","external_links_name":"\"Florence Mall changes ownership after $90M loan default\""},{"Link":"https://www.nkytribune.com/2022/06/florence-mall-has-been-sold-to-ownership-group-that-includes-mason-asset-management-namdar-realty/","external_links_name":"\"Florence Mall has been sold to ownership group that includes Mason Asset Management, Namdar Realty \| NKyTribune\""},{"Link":"https://www.mswmag.com/online_exclusives/2018/07/the-shape-of-water-towers-an-engineering-history","external_links_name":"\"The Shape of Water Towers: An Engineering History\""},{"Link":"https://www.florencemall.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vali_Mohammadabad	Vali Mohammadabad	["1 References"]	Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranVali Mohammadabad ولي محمد ابادvillageCountry IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyKhashBakhshNukabadRural DistrictGowhar KuhPopulation (2006) • Total344Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Vali Mohammadabad (Persian: ولي محمد اباد, also Romanized as Valī Moḩammadābād) is a village in Gowhar Kuh Rural District, Nukabad District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 344, in 67 families. References Iran portal ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Khash CountyCapital Khash DistrictsCentralCities Khash Rural Districts and villagesEsmailabad Abbasabad Akbarabad Aliabad Chah-e Sam Eftekharabad Esmailabad Espidak Gharibabad Hajjiabad Hajjiabad-e Esmailabad Hasanabad Industrial Estate Kalchat-e Heydarabad Karimabad-e Kheybar Karuji Khash Garrison Khosrowabad Mahmudabad Mashay-e Dasht Kalla Chat Menab Ab Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mowtowr-e Davazdah Bahman Mowtowr-e Davazdah Farurdin Mowtowr-e Fajr Mowtowr-e Hajj Azim Gangu Zehi Mowtowr-e Hajji Gaza Beyk Mowtowr-e Hajji Hanif Mowtowr-e Jamhuri Mowtowr-e Jehad Mowtowr-e Nazer Mowtowr-e Panzdah Khordad Najafabad Naserabad Nasirabad Nematabad Nikabad Nushabad Qasemabad Rostamabad Rud-e Gaz Saidabad Seh Chahan Shahid Chamran Shahid Rejai Shahid Modarres Karvandar Ab Gushtukan Agosk Akramabad Allahabad Allahabad Allahabad-e Bala Chah-e Baluch Khan Chah-e Kamal Chah-e Kan Chah-e Salar Chah-e Shahi Darreh Garm Eslamabad Gadukan Gardak Gazdivan Gidbast Gol Shir Gunich Gur Mordan Tigh Ab Habibabad Hajjiabad Heydarabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Junazi Kahnak Karvandar Kohan Nuk Kug Mirzaabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad-e Padgan Mojtame-ye Mowtowr-e Hay Tigh Ab Mowtowr-e Nur Mohmmadabad Mowtowr-e Seyyed Mohammad Ney Padan Nukabad Nurabad-e Dasht Abkhvan Nurabad-e Sar Talap Padgan-e Golzar Pigol Rahmanabad Richkan Saidabad Shahruk Sharifabad-e Chah Kan Siah Kut Tang-e Hanzab Kuh Sefid Abbasabad Aliabad-e Garnechin Allahabad Bayatabad Borhanabad Chah-e Dar Mohammad Chah-e Gargin Chah-e Isa Chah-e Jelai Chah-e Mohammad Omar Dasht Robat Chah-e Rahmat Chah-e Saadat Emamiyeh Eslamabad-e Garnechin Gharibabad Gharibabad Gidbast Hesharkeh Judin Kalak Dinar Kalkali Kalkali-ye Now Kamalabad Khan Bibi Mahmudabad Mehrabad Mirabad Mirzaabad Mohammadabad Mohammadi Mowtowr-e Garsaz Hoseynabad Mowtowr-e Qader Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Saheb Khan Muzan Naseri Nosratabad Nukabad Posht Gorg Qasemabad Rahmatabad Saidabad Shahrak-e Piman Poshtkuh Afzalabad Allahabad Azadabad Balalabad Baluchabad Bilari Chah-e Dekal Chah-e Kamal Nurollah Chah-e Kamal Siah Jinad Chah-e Nali Chah-e Rahmat Chahok Chahtuk Dasht-e Zar Deh-e Bala Esmailabad Feyzabad Gazdanan Gazeh Shahnavazi Gazu Gurchan Hasanabad-e Dastgerd Heydarabad Hoseynabad-e Nilgun Kahn-e Karam Shah Kalleh Sakan Kam Zard Kamalabad Karimabad-e Seyyed Ali Khamenehi Kashtag-e Dastgerd Khalilabad Lulakdan Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mowtowr-e Khvabiar Mowtowr-e Mirza Naderabad Nasrabad-e Rutak Nukabad Pil Gushkan Posht Giaban Poshteh-ye Kamal Rahmatabad-e Pain Roknabad Sabz Gaz-e Olya Sabz Gaz-e Sofla Sabz Gaz-e Vosta Shahid Qalanbar Shahrak-e Posht Giaban Shahr-e Deraz Sharifabad Tilag Sangan Aliabad-e Chah Zar Amidiyeh-ye Chah Zar Bar Abak Bulani Chah Zaman Chakol Cheh-e Zar Deh-e Now Deruk Deruneh Dorudi Dumak Espetk-e Hajji Gholam Estakhr Gazok Golkan-e Shahid Medani Gorz Gurehi Hajjiabad Kalleh Kaz Kand-e Zard Kashik Khalband Kulaku Khvoshab Mowtowr-e Hajji Abbas Paval Sangan Sangan-e Sofla Sarsaru Shundeh Suleki Tang-e Vajeg Tappeh-ye Lal Mohammad Terati Terati-ye Sang Tiab Torshab Tudi Zaghak IrandeganCities none Rural Districts and villagesIrandegan Bala Qaleh Dadkan Dahaneh Dakab-e Rughan Damikan Darin Darreh-ye Shargan Darsan Deh Qaleh Eslamabad Gar Abdy Gazaki Genz Genzerig Hakimabad Hedkan Heshik Hitgar Jangal Jangal-e Mukan Jangaluk Javadabad Kah Gishan Kaminak Kashen Kuh-e Nurk Kuh-e Pasan Nimgan Perom Pusar Shahrak Shavatk Varedan Zirkeyk Kahnuk Akbarabad Ali Morady Angiar Anjirak Anjirak Baghak Baha ol Din Barataki Bibah Binag Bok Bumask Chah-e Nikabakht Chegerd Cheshmeh-ye Kondur Dak Jamal Darenan Darkeshan Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak Deh Qola Deh-e Rais Del Morad Espah Gari Dasht Kuh Gary Gat Rais Golestan Gavatamak Gavatamak Gavi Gomn Gunak Gur Band Hashemabad Hirgan Hisek Hushab Aluk Kahurak Kal Shab Ravan Kallah Gur Kalleh Garmak Kalleh Maran Karuchi Kasab Kasap Dasht Kuh Kerstan Keshikan Khuki Kuy Patkuk Dasht Kuh Lashkeran Mahmudabad Marandegan Mareghan Kand Mirabad Nabahri Nagan Nali Nargan Nilgan Palizan Pedehi Pestak Purjangi Qaderabad Qanat-e Mir Qalandar Rahmanabad Randak Rasulabad Rishpesh Saptuk Sar Kand Seh Rud Seyah Takan Shamgat Shandan Sharaf ol Din Shirabad Shurak Sir Gavanani Sorkh Degar Sorkh Gazi Sorkhkan Sur Chahi Yek Muki Yusefabad Zardian Zardin Gar Ziarat Konar Zirogdan Zohian NukabadCities Nukabad Rural Districts and villagesEskelabad Allahabad Anjir Mehi Baluchabad-e Kahnaki Bidak-e Bala Bidak-e Pain Bidan Sarzeh Biduk-e Murtak Chahak Chah-e Nabiabad Chah-e Shur Deh-e Pabid Eskelabad Garjumak Garuk Gharibabad Gunak Gushan-e Bala Hajjiabad Kafeh Hajjiabad Kahnak Kahn-e Nuk Karimabad-e Deh Tajgi Khalilabad Khaz-e Bahari Kolli Malekabad Milman Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Murtak-e Pain Narap Rahmatabad Rigabad Rostamabad Rubahuk Sar Band Sazink-e Olya Senjedak Siah Tir-e Pain Sohrababad Takhtun Gowhar Kuh Abd ol Azizabad Aliabad Arzantak Azimabad Azizabad Bag Bahadorabad Beheshtiabad Chacheragh Chah-e Hajji Siah Khan Chah-e Mirza Deh-e Bala Ebrahimabad Eslamabad Esmailabad (south) Esmailabad (north) Eydabad Faqirabad Fiselabad Gowhar Kuh Shahrak Habibabad Hafezabad Hajjiabad Hajjiabad Hasanabad-e Shandak Hoseynabad Jadidabad-e Shandak Kalleh Shahu Kalleh-ye Espid Kalleh-ye Espid-e Eslamabad Karimabad Karimabad-e Hajji Karim Kavari Kureh-ye Bi Barg Khan Lalabad Malek Mohammadabad Mansurabad Mazraeh-ye Barani Mohsenabad Mowtowr-e Amirabad Mowtowr-e Bajar Mowtowr-e Bulan Zehi Kach Mowtowr-e Hajji Mehrab Mowtowr-e Hajji Qader Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Mowtowr-e Kamal ol Din Mohammadani Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer Mowtowr-e Khodadad Mowtowr-e Nowruz Mowtowr-e Pasran Mahmud Isa Zehi Mowtowr-e Qalandar Mowtowr-e Saraj Naserabad Nazarabad Nazarabad Nazarabad Nematabad Nematabad Nukabad Nurabad Padagi Pardelabad Qaderabad Rahmatabad Rigabad Seyyedabad Shahid Shah Nazar Shahidayit-e Shandak Sharifabad Sherkat-e Tamp Shirabad Shurabad-e Fandaq Tajabad Vali Mohammadabad Valiabad Zafarabad Ziruki-ye Gowhar Kuh Nazil Ab Namard Ahmadabad Akbarabad Alamabad Amirabad Anari Anjirak Arzuni Azizabad Bahrabad Bidak Biduk-e Bala Biduk-e Pain Chah-e Ahmad Chah-e Hajji Ahmad Deh Nadam Deh Shahdust Dehnow Eslamabad Eslamabad Esmailabad Estakhru Gharibabad-e Allah Dad Gharibabad-e Nark Gholam Nabi Gol Gaz Gol Kan Golabad Gorgunak Gunak Hajji Rasul Hajjiabad Haqabad Hasanabad Hasanabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Hulmadian-e Bala Hulmadian-e Pain Kalak Shiman Kalleh Shahtut Kam-e Zard Karamabad Karimabad Kheyrabad Lalabad-e Huti Mahmudabad Malekabad Mehrababad Mirabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad-e Pain Talarak Mohammadabad-e Shah Nur Molla Qus Moradabad Mowtowr-e Abdol Vahad Mowtowr-e Amid Mowtowr-e Baluch Khan Mowtowr-e Emanollah Mowtowr-e Gol Zaman Mowtowr-e Golab Mowtowr-e Hajji Pir Mohammad Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Shah Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer Mowtowr-e Mir Beyk Mowtowr-e Nader Mowtowr-e Pasand Mowtowr-e Rasul Mowtowr-e Sharif Mowtowr-e Zaman Musaabad Nabiabad Nabiabad Naimabad \|Nalaki Naserabad Naserabad Naserabad Naserabad-e Talarak Nazil Nukabad Patmati Pur Janki Rahimabad Rahmatabad Rahmatabad Rasulabad Rihani Saidabad Sangary Sar Kang Sar Tall Seyah Darreh Shah Nazerabad Shahidabad-e Saruk Shahrak Shand Shirabad Shurcheh-ye Purgazy Siah Kelak Siah Kut-e Anjireh Tah Rud Tuzaki Valiabad Yusefabad Yusefabad Taftan-e Jonubi(South Taftan) Aliyeh Dorudy Biahu Dushing-e Pain Bida Setar Chah Zilan Chahak Cheshmeh-ye Abek Chihaki Darreh-ye Talayi Deh-e Mir Baluch Dejang-e Bala Dejang-e Pain Do Dar Do Rudi Do Rudi Narun Do Shang Dowlatabad Eslamabad Firuzabad Garuk Gati Gazmeh-ye Marishan Gurmurik Hamidabad Jamchin Kalleh-ye Shurehi Kamsegari Karimabad Khanak Kharaki Kheyrabad Kolangur Kusheh Kusheh-ye Gardak Kusheh-ye Qaleh Rashid Khan Kuteh Lisabad Mahmudabad Malekabad Marishan Mashin Mehran Mohammadabad Narun Narun Posht-e Zard Rahmatabad Rahmatabad Rud-e Sanib Sangan-e Kuknak Sar Kam Shandi Sihaki Sihaki Kuteh Takht Tamandan Towd Lang Tudak-e Taqiabad Vellan Yusefabad Yusefabad-e Tudak This Khash County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"Gowhar Kuh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowhar_Kuh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Nukabad District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukabad_District"},{"link_name":"Khash County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khash_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Vali Mohammadabad (Persian: ولي محمد اباد, also Romanized as Valī Moḩammadābād) is a village in Gowhar Kuh Rural District, Nukabad District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 344, in 67 families.[1]","title":"Vali Mohammadabad"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vali_Mohammadabad&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Art_Museum	Odesa Fine Arts Museum	["1 History","2 Collection","3 Grotto","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 46°29′36″N 30°43′44″E / 46.4934°N 30.7288°E / 46.4934; 30.7288Art museum in Odesa, Ukraine Odesa National Fine Arts MuseumOdesa Art MuseumОдеський національний художній музейEstablished6 November 1899 (1899-11-06)LocationSofiyska 5a, OdesaTypeArt museumDirectorOleksandra KovalchukWebsiteofam.org.ua Odesa National Fine Arts Museum or Odesa National Art Museum (Ukrainian: Одеський національний художній музей) is one of the principal art galleries of the city of Odesa in Ukraine. Founded in 1899, it occupies the Potocki Palace (Polish pronunciation: ), itself a monument of early 19th century architecture. The museum now houses more than 10 thousand pieces of art, including paintings by some of the best-known Russian and Ukrainian artists of late 19th and early 20th century. It is the only museum in Odesa that has free entrance day every last Sunday of the month. History The palace that now houses the gallery is one of the oldest palaces of Odesa. It was ordered by Seweryn Potocki, a former member of the Polish Sejm who after the partitions of Poland became supervisor of the Kharkiv University. Potocki was also a wealthy landowner and one of his properties, the village of Severinovka named after him contained a quarry of light limestone, from which both the palace and most of Odesa's public buildings were built. Facade of the museum was repainted red in 20th century The construction started in 1805 and was supervised by Francesco Boffo, a noted Italian architect and the author of many palaces and public buildings in Odesa and the Crimea. Construction of the main building was ready by 1810, though due to Napoleonic Wars works on internal furnishing did not commence until 1824 and were finished by 1828. The neoclassical building is a typical magnate residence of the epoch, with two floors, a large portico with a tympanum supported by six classical columns. The main building is joined to the side wings by semi-circular galleries, forming a Cour d'honneur in front of the palace. Behind it a small English-style landscape garden was created, with a romantic grotto. The interior design is mostly an eclectic mixture of various styles popular in early 19th century. Seweryn Potocki, who died in 1829, did not see the palace completed. Instead, it was inherited by his distant relative, Olga Potocka, daughter to Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki. Potocka married Lev Naryshkin; although the palace remained her personal property, it is sometimes incorrectly referred to as Naryshkin Palace. In 1888 the building was sold to the mayor of Odesa, Grigorios Maraslis who then sold it in 1892 to the Odesa Society of Fine Arts. It took 9 more years to complete the first collection. Finally, Odesa Fine Arts Museum was opened on 6 November 1899. The core of the initial collection was formed by paintings donated to the museum by the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts. In 1920s, the museum was renamed Peoples Art Museum. After World War II, it was reopened as Odesa Art Gallery. It obtained its present name in 2021. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the museum prepared itself for potential damage to the building and collections. Odesa Art Museum inside In 2022, the museum was included in the list of cultural institutions that became participants in the Museum for Change, receiving toogether a grant in the total amount of 98,000 US dollars. On 5 November 2023, the museum building sustained significant damage following a Russian air attack. Images from inside the facility showed artwork ripped from walls and windows blown out by aerial bombardment. The museum, which was celebrating its 124th anniversary on the day of the attack, said none of its collections were destroyed but that it would be closed until further notice. Collection The interior of the palace is mostly eclectic. The collection of the Odesa National Fine Arts Museum covers all art forms: painting, drawing, sculpture, decorative arts and averaging more than 10,000 works. In the exhibition, located in 26 halls, are painter's works of the 16th–20th centuries and secular portraits of the 17th century. Of note are numerous works of Ivan Aivazovsky and some early paintings of Wassily Kandinsky. There is also a large collection of the Peredvizhniki movement, as well as paintings and other works of art by, among others, Ivan Kramskoi, Alexei Savrasov, Isaac Levitan, Ivan Shishkin, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ilya Repin, Vasily Surikov, Alexandre Benois, Valentin Serov, Mikhail Vrubel, Nicholas Roerich, Boris Kustodiev, Konstantin Somov. The museum exhibits a large collection of works by the local school of painting – TURH (in russian ТЮРХ), the main representatives of which are: Kyriak Kostandi, Yevgeniy Bukovetskiy, Gerasim Golovkov, Tit Dvornikov, Petr Ganskiy, Gennady Ladyzhensky, Aleksandr Stilianudi, Pyotr Nilus and Nikolai Kuznetsov. Art museum houses the only collection of Soviet painting in Odesa, so-called social art, or social realism. The collection represented by paintings of both early and late Soviet art, both forbidden and officially approved: Teofil Fraerman, Yuri Egorov, Valery Geghamyan, Martiros Sarian, Leonid Muchnyk, Alexander Atzmanchuk, Anatol Petrytsky, Valentin Khrushch, Amshey Nurenberg. On 30 November 2022, the Odesa City Council supported the decision to dismantle and temporarily move the Monument to the founders of Odesa to the Odesa National Fine Arts Museum. Grotto Under the National Art Museum located several void cellars and galleries, in one of which an underground grotto was built under the central part of the building. In the 1960th of the last century, specialists of Odesa restoration workshops based on historical documents carried out a fundamental restoration of the grotto. Today the grotto is accessible for visiting and is part of an excursion dedicated to the history of the palace. See also Odesa Museum of Western and Eastern Art Potocki Palace References Citations ^ a b c d "Odesa Fine Arts Museum (OFAM): About us". ofam.org.ua. 2021. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ "Free entrance day schedule". 2019. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2019. ^ Eduard Meissner, pp. 362-364 ^ a b Brumfield & Ananich, p. 187 ^ Ivchenko, p. 656 ^ "Ukraine: The race to save the country's artistic treasures". BBC News. 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022. ^ "Одесса и ЮНЕСКО: взаимоотношения в военном контексте - odessa-future.com.ua" (in Russian). 3 August 2022. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023. ^ Fenert, Abbey (6 November 2023). "Mayor: Russian strike damages Odesa art museum". The Kyiv Independent. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ "Russia strikes Odesa, damaging museum, injuring 8". France 24. 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ "South Russian artists in the House Bukovetskiy". artchive.ru. 2018. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ "Modern Art collection". ofam.ua. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2020. ^ "Odesa deputies back decision to dismantle monument to Catherine II". Ukrinform. 30 November 2022. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022."Odesa City Council finally agreed to demolish the monument to Catherine (Одеська міськрада нарешті погодилася знести пам'ятник Катерині)". Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 30 November 2022. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022. ^ "Museum Grotto". 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2019. Bibliography William Craft Brumfield; Boris Ananich, eds. (2001). Commerce in Russian Urban Culture, 1861–1914. Woodrow Wilson Center Press Series. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 239. ISBN 9780801867507. Eduard Meissner (1820). "Description of Odesa". The Analectic Magazine. 2. Philadelphia: Moses Thomas: 362–364. External links Official website Official Facebook page vteTourist attractions in Odesa, UkraineBuildings Bristol Hotel City Hall Londonskaya Hotel Maraslis House Mayurov House Opera Theater Odesa Passage Quarantine Odesa railway station Sea Port Odesa University Philharmonic Theater Potemkin Stairs Transfiguration Cathedral Vorontsov Palace Vorontsov Lighthouse Museums Archeological Museum Art Museum Catacombs Museum of the Cinema Museum of Concrete Holocaust Museum Jewish Museum Literature Museum Maritime Museum Numismatics Museum Pushkin Museum Regional History Museum Museum of Western and Eastern Art Streets and squares Derybasivska Street Hretska Square Katerynynska Square Prymorskyi Boulevard Pushkinska Street Rishelievska Street Soborna Square Frantsuzskyi Boulevard Parks and gardens Arcadia Park Botanical Garden City garden Luzanivka Hydropark Shevchenko Park Transfiguration Park Victory Park Odesa Zoo Beaches Arcadia Beach Langeron Beach Luzanivka Beach Other Chornomorets Stadium Kuialnyk Cemetery Kulykove Pole Pryvoz Market Category 46°29′36″N 30°43′44″E / 46.4934°N 30.7288°E / 46.4934; 30.7288 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofam_about-1"},{"link_name":"[pɔˈtɔt͡skʲi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Art museum in Odesa, UkraineOdesa National Fine Arts Museum or Odesa National Art Museum (Ukrainian: Одеський національний художній музей) is one of the principal art galleries of the city of Odesa in Ukraine. Founded in 1899,[1] it occupies the Potocki Palace (Polish pronunciation: [pɔˈtɔt͡skʲi]), itself a monument of early 19th century architecture. The museum now houses more than 10 thousand pieces of art, including paintings by some of the best-known Russian and Ukrainian artists of late 19th and early 20th century. It is the only museum in Odesa that has free entrance day every last Sunday of the month.[2]","title":"Odesa Fine Arts Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seweryn Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweryn_Potocki"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv_University"},{"link_name":"Severinovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severinovca"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meissner-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odessa_Art_Museum_Front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francesco Boffo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Boffo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brumfield-187-4"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivchenko-5"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Cour d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"English-style landscape garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden"},{"link_name":"eclectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art"},{"link_name":"Olga Potocka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Potocka"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Szcz%C4%99sny_Potocki"},{"link_name":"Lev Naryshkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Naryshkin"},{"link_name":"Grigorios Maraslis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigorios_Maraslis"},{"link_name":"Odesa Society of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odesa_Society_of_Fine_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofam_about-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brumfield-187-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofam_about-1"},{"link_name":"Imperial Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofam_about-1"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The palace that now houses the gallery is one of the oldest palaces of Odesa. It was ordered by Seweryn Potocki, a former member of the Polish Sejm who after the partitions of Poland became supervisor of the Kharkiv University. Potocki was also a wealthy landowner and one of his properties, the village of Severinovka named after him contained a quarry of light limestone, from which both the palace and most of Odesa's public buildings were built.[3]Facade of the museum was repainted red in 20th centuryThe construction started in 1805 and was supervised by Francesco Boffo,[4] a noted Italian architect and the author of many palaces and public buildings in Odesa and the Crimea. Construction of the main building was ready by 1810, though due to Napoleonic Wars works on internal furnishing did not commence until 1824 and were finished by 1828.[5]The neoclassical building is a typical magnate residence of the epoch, with two floors, a large portico with a tympanum supported by six classical columns. The main building is joined to the side wings by semi-circular galleries, forming a Cour d'honneur in front of the palace. Behind it a small English-style landscape garden was created, with a romantic grotto. The interior design is mostly an eclectic mixture of various styles popular in early 19th century.Seweryn Potocki, who died in 1829, did not see the palace completed. Instead, it was inherited by his distant relative, Olga Potocka, daughter to Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki. Potocka married Lev Naryshkin; although the palace remained her personal property, it is sometimes incorrectly referred to as Naryshkin Palace. In 1888 the building was sold to the mayor of Odesa, Grigorios Maraslis who then sold it in 1892 to the Odesa Society of Fine Arts.[1][4] It took 9 more years to complete the first collection. Finally, Odesa Fine Arts Museum was opened on 6 November 1899.[1] The core of the initial collection was formed by paintings donated to the museum by the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts. In 1920s, the museum was renamed Peoples Art Museum. After World War II, it was reopened as Odesa Art Gallery.[1] It obtained its present name in 2021.During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the museum prepared itself for potential damage to the building and collections.[6]Odesa Art Museum insideIn 2022, the museum was included in the list of cultural institutions that became participants in the Museum for Change, receiving toogether a grant in the total amount of 98,000 US dollars.[7]On 5 November 2023, the museum building sustained significant damage following a Russian air attack.[8] Images from inside the facility showed artwork ripped from walls and windows blown out by aerial bombardment. The museum, which was celebrating its 124th anniversary on the day of the attack, said none of its collections were destroyed but that it would be closed until further notice.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sofievskaya-5a18.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ivan Aivazovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky"},{"link_name":"Wassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"Peredvizhniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peredvizhniki"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kramskoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kramskoi"},{"link_name":"Alexei Savrasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Savrasov"},{"link_name":"Isaac Levitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Levitan"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shishkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishkin"},{"link_name":"Arkhip Kuindzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhip_Kuindzhi"},{"link_name":"Ilya Repin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Repin"},{"link_name":"Vasily Surikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Surikov"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Benois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Benois"},{"link_name":"Valentin Serov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Serov"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Vrubel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Vrubel"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Roerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich"},{"link_name":"Boris Kustodiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Somov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Somov"},{"link_name":"Kyriak Kostandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyriak_Kostandi"},{"link_name":"Gennady Ladyzhensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Ladyzhensky"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Nilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Nilus"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Kuznetsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Dmitriyevich_Kuznetsov_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Yuri Egorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_N._Yegorov"},{"link_name":"Valery Geghamyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Geghamyan"},{"link_name":"Martiros Sarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martiros_Sarian"},{"link_name":"Anatol Petrytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatol_Petrytsky"},{"link_name":"Valentin Khrushch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Khrushch"},{"link_name":"Amshey Nurenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amshey_Nurenberg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Monument to the founders of Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_founders_of_Odesa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The interior of the palace is mostly eclectic.The collection of the Odesa National Fine Arts Museum covers all art forms: painting, drawing, sculpture, decorative arts and averaging more than 10,000 works. In the exhibition, located in 26 halls, are painter's works of the 16th–20th centuries and secular portraits of the 17th century.Of note are numerous works of Ivan Aivazovsky and some early paintings of Wassily Kandinsky. There is also a large collection of the Peredvizhniki movement, as well as paintings and other works of art by, among others, Ivan Kramskoi, Alexei Savrasov, Isaac Levitan, Ivan Shishkin, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ilya Repin, Vasily Surikov, Alexandre Benois, Valentin Serov, Mikhail Vrubel, Nicholas Roerich, Boris Kustodiev, Konstantin Somov.The museum exhibits a large collection of works by the local school of painting – TURH (in russian ТЮРХ), the main representatives of which are: Kyriak Kostandi, Yevgeniy Bukovetskiy, Gerasim Golovkov, Tit Dvornikov, Petr Ganskiy, Gennady Ladyzhensky, Aleksandr Stilianudi, Pyotr Nilus and Nikolai Kuznetsov.[10]Art museum houses the only collection of Soviet painting in Odesa, so-called social art, or social realism. The collection represented by paintings of both early and late Soviet art, both forbidden and officially approved: Teofil Fraerman, Yuri Egorov, Valery Geghamyan, Martiros Sarian, Leonid Muchnyk, Alexander Atzmanchuk, Anatol Petrytsky, Valentin Khrushch, Amshey Nurenberg.[11]On 30 November 2022, the Odesa City Council supported the decision to dismantle and temporarily move the Monument to the founders of Odesa to the Odesa National Fine Arts Museum.[12]","title":"Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Under the National Art Museum located several void cellars and galleries, in one of which an underground grotto was built under the central part of the building. In the 1960th of the last century, specialists of Odesa restoration workshops based on historical documents carried out a fundamental restoration of the grotto. Today the grotto is accessible for visiting and is part of an excursion dedicated to the history of the palace.[13]","title":"Grotto"}]	[{"image_text":"Facade of the museum was repainted red in 20th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Odessa_Art_Museum_Front.jpg/250px-Odessa_Art_Museum_Front.jpg"},{"image_text":"Odesa Art Museum inside","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Interior_of_Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"The interior of the palace is mostly eclectic.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sofievskaya-5a18.jpg/250px-Sofievskaya-5a18.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Odesa Museum of Western and Eastern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Museum_of_Western_and_Eastern_Art"},{"title":"Potocki Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potocki_Palace_(disambiguation)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Odesa Fine Arts Museum (OFAM): About us\". ofam.org.ua. 2021. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ofam.org.ua/en/about","url_text":"\"Odesa Fine Arts Museum (OFAM): About us\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506132051/https://www.ofam.org.ua/en/about","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Free entrance day schedule\". 2019. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/events/430011977866752/","url_text":"\"Free entrance day schedule\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220308200518/https://www.facebook.com/events/430011977866752/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine: The race to save the country's artistic treasures\". BBC News. 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60603406","url_text":"\"Ukraine: The race to save the country's artistic treasures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220306070324/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60603406","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Одесса и ЮНЕСКО: взаимоотношения в военном контексте - odessa-future.com.ua\" (in Russian). 3 August 2022. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://odessa-future.com.ua/ru/articles-odessa-i-yunesko-vzaimootnosheniya-v-voennom-kontekste","url_text":"\"Одесса и ЮНЕСКО: взаимоотношения в военном контексте - odessa-future.com.ua\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230513124859/https://odessa-future.com.ua/ru/articles-odessa-i-yunesko-vzaimootnosheniya-v-voennom-kontekste","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fenert, Abbey (6 November 2023). \"Mayor: Russian strike damages Odesa art museum\". The Kyiv Independent. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kyivindependent.com/mayor-russian-strike-damages-odesa-art-museum/","url_text":"\"Mayor: Russian strike damages Odesa art museum\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231106024623/https://kyivindependent.com/mayor-russian-strike-damages-odesa-art-museum/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia strikes Odesa, damaging museum, injuring 8\". France 24. 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231106-russia-strikes-odesa-damaging-museum-injuring-8","url_text":"\"Russia strikes Odesa, damaging museum, injuring 8\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231106152618/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231106-russia-strikes-odesa-damaging-museum-injuring-8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"South Russian artists in the House Bukovetskiy\". artchive.ru. 2018. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://artchive.ru/exhibitions/829","url_text":"\"South Russian artists in the House Bukovetskiy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404211953/https://artchive.ru/exhibitions/829","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Modern Art collection\". ofam.ua. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ofam.od.ua/20/","url_text":"\"Modern Art collection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161125032834/http://ofam.od.ua/20/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Odesa deputies back decision to dismantle monument to Catherine II\". Ukrinform. 30 November 2022. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3624865-odesa-deputies-back-decision-to-dismantle-monument-to-catherine-ii.html","url_text":"\"Odesa deputies back decision to dismantle monument to Catherine II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrinform","url_text":"Ukrinform"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221130152755/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3624865-odesa-deputies-back-decision-to-dismantle-monument-to-catherine-ii.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Odesa City Council finally agreed to demolish the monument to Catherine (Одеська міськрада нарешті погодилася знести пам'ятник Катерині)\". Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 30 November 2022. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/11/30/7378612/","url_text":"\"Odesa City Council finally agreed to demolish the monument to Catherine (Одеська міськрада нарешті погодилася знести пам'ятник Катерині)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda","url_text":"Ukrainska Pravda"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221130105931/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/11/30/7378612/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Museum Grotto\". 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ofam.od.ua/grotte/","url_text":"\"Museum Grotto\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140830085230/http://ofam.od.ua/grotte/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"William Craft Brumfield; Boris Ananich, eds. (2001). Commerce in Russian Urban Culture, 1861–1914. Woodrow Wilson Center Press Series. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 239. ISBN 9780801867507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801867507","url_text":"9780801867507"}]},{"reference":"Eduard Meissner (1820). \"Description of Odesa\". The Analectic Magazine. 2. Philadelphia: Moses Thomas: 362–364.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum&params=46.4934_N_30.7288_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"46°29′36″N 30°43′44″E / 46.4934°N 30.7288°E / 46.4934; 30.7288"},{"Link":"http://ofam.org.ua/","external_links_name":"ofam.org.ua"},{"Link":"https://www.ofam.org.ua/en/about","external_links_name":"\"Odesa Fine Arts Museum (OFAM): About us\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506132051/https://www.ofam.org.ua/en/about","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/events/430011977866752/","external_links_name":"\"Free entrance day schedule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220308200518/https://www.facebook.com/events/430011977866752/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60603406","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine: The race to save the country's artistic treasures\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220306070324/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60603406","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://odessa-future.com.ua/ru/articles-odessa-i-yunesko-vzaimootnosheniya-v-voennom-kontekste","external_links_name":"\"Одесса и ЮНЕСКО: взаимоотношения в военном контексте - odessa-future.com.ua\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230513124859/https://odessa-future.com.ua/ru/articles-odessa-i-yunesko-vzaimootnosheniya-v-voennom-kontekste","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kyivindependent.com/mayor-russian-strike-damages-odesa-art-museum/","external_links_name":"\"Mayor: Russian strike damages Odesa art museum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231106024623/https://kyivindependent.com/mayor-russian-strike-damages-odesa-art-museum/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231106-russia-strikes-odesa-damaging-museum-injuring-8","external_links_name":"\"Russia strikes Odesa, damaging museum, injuring 8\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231106152618/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231106-russia-strikes-odesa-damaging-museum-injuring-8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://artchive.ru/exhibitions/829","external_links_name":"\"South Russian artists in the House Bukovetskiy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404211953/https://artchive.ru/exhibitions/829","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ofam.od.ua/20/","external_links_name":"\"Modern Art collection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161125032834/http://ofam.od.ua/20/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3624865-odesa-deputies-back-decision-to-dismantle-monument-to-catherine-ii.html","external_links_name":"\"Odesa deputies back decision to dismantle monument to Catherine II\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221130152755/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3624865-odesa-deputies-back-decision-to-dismantle-monument-to-catherine-ii.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/11/30/7378612/","external_links_name":"\"Odesa City Council finally agreed to demolish the monument to Catherine (Одеська міськрада нарешті погодилася знести пам'ятник Катерині)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221130105931/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/11/30/7378612/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ofam.od.ua/grotte/","external_links_name":"\"Museum Grotto\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140830085230/http://ofam.od.ua/grotte/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ofam.org.ua/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/ofam.org.ua/","external_links_name":"Official Facebook page"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum&params=46.4934_N_30.7288_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"46°29′36″N 30°43′44″E / 46.4934°N 30.7288°E / 46.4934; 30.7288"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122868052","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133233459","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1255094788","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81144006","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500303842","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Airport	Athens International Airport	["1 History","1.1 Development and ownership","1.2 Greek government debt-crisis impact (2009–2013)","1.3 Recovery and new levels of passenger traffic (2014–2015)","1.4 Exceeding twenty million passengers (2016–2023) and beyond","2 Terminals","2.1 Overview","2.2 Main Terminal","2.3 Satellite Terminal","3 Airlines and destinations","4 Statistics","4.1 Annual statistics","4.2 Busiest passenger routes by country","4.3 Airline market share 2022","4.4 Airline alliance market share 2022","4.5 Passengers 2022","5 Ground transport","5.1 Railway and Metro","5.2 Road","5.3 Taxi","5.4 Bus","6 Other facilities","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°56′11″N 23°56′50″E / 37.93639°N 23.94722°E / 37.93639; 23.94722Largest international airport in Greece "Athens Airport" redirects here. For other uses, see Athens Airport (disambiguation). Athens International Airport"Eleftherios Venizelos"Διεθνής Αερολιμένας Αθηνών«Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος»IATA: ATHICAO: LGAVWMO: 16716SummaryAirport typePublicOwner/OperatorAthens International Airport S.A.ServesAthensLocationSpata, Attica, GreeceOpened28 March 2001; 23 years ago (2001-03-28)Hub forAegean AirlinesOlympic AirOperating base forRyanairSky ExpressVoloteaBuiltHochtief, GEK TernaElevation AMSL308 ft / 94 mCoordinates37°56′11″N 23°56′50″E / 37.93639°N 23.94722°E / 37.93639; 23.94722Websitewww.aia.grMapATHLocation in GreeceRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 03R/21L 13,123 4,000 Asphalt 03L/21R 12,467 3,800 Asphalt Statistics (2023)Passengers28,174,150Passenger traffic change 24.0%Aircraft movements241,604Aircraft movements change 13.2%Sources: AIA Statistics Athens International Airport Eleftherios Venizelos (IATA: ATH, ICAO: LGAV), commonly initialised as AIA, is the largest international airport in Greece, serving the city of Athens and region of Attica. It began operation on 28 March 2001 (in time for the 2004 Summer Olympics) and is the main base of Aegean Airlines, as well as other smaller Greek airlines. It replaced the old Ellinikon International Airport. Athens International Airport is currently a member of Group 1 of Airports Council International (over 25 million passengers). As of 2023, it is the 18th-busiest airport in Europe and the second busiest and second largest in the Balkans, after Istanbul Airport. The new Athens Int'l Airport covers a huge expanse of 16,000 acres (25.0 sq mi; 64.7 km2), making the facility among the largest in Europe and in the world in terms of land area. History Development and ownership Terminal VOR/DME at Athens International Airport AIA is located between the towns of Markopoulo, Koropi, Spata and Loutsa, about 20 km (12 mi) to the east of central Athens (30 km (19 mi) by road, due to intervening hills). The airport is named after Elefthérios Venizélos, the prominent Cretan political figure and Prime Minister of Greece, who made a significant contribution to the development of Greek aviation and the Hellenic Air Force in the 1930s. As to-date, the airport is operated by AIA S.A. and ownership is divided between the Hellenic Republic (Greek State) and Private Sector in a 55%-45% stake following a PPP scheme for the airport company. Currently, private investors include the Copelouzos Group (5%) and PSP Investments of Canada (40%), following purchase of Hochtief's shares. The airport was constructed to replace the now-closed Athens (Ellinikon) International Airport, as the latter had reached its saturation point with no physical space for further growth. Studies for a new airport had been carried out from as early as the 1970s, with as many as 19 different locations being looked at before an area close to the town of Spata was chosen as suitable. Athens Airport SA, a state-owned company, was established in 1978 to proceed with the plans. However, after delays and slow development, the project was revived in 1991, approximately 1 year after the city lost the right to host the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta, USA and the possibility of submitting a bid for the 2000 Game was discussed. However, the city presented the project that was eventually the winner for the 2004 Summer Olympic Games, with the then government launching an international tender for the selection of a build-own-operate-transfer partner for the airport project, with Hochtief of Germany being selected. In 1996, Athens International Airport S.A. (AIA) was established as a Public–private partnership with a 30-year concession agreement. That same year, the €2.1 billion development finally began with an estimated completion date of February 2001. The airport construction was completed five months before schedule, but was delayed opening a month due to surface connections to Attiki Odos not being completed. The airport officially opened on 28 March 2001 Its major features include two parallel runways being 4 km (2.5 mi) and 3.8 km (2.4 mi) long respectively. The airport has received approval from the European Aviation Safety Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration for take-offs and landings of the biggest passenger jet worldwide, the A380. The first ever A380 to visit 'Eleftherios Venizelos' Athens International Airport made an emergency landing on 13 April 2011 for emergency medical reasons. The first scheduled A380 flight took place on 26 October 2012 by Emirates. Greek government debt-crisis impact (2009–2013) The Greek government-debt crisis reduced the overall passenger traffic of the airport for six consecutive years. Many long-haul airlines outright terminated service to the airport, while others chose to operate on a seasonal basis only, opting to terminate service during the winter months. Moreover, these problems were further exacerbated by the closure of Olympic Airlines, which operated many long-haul flights to and from the airport. In 2013, the airport handled just above 12.5 million passengers, 3.2% fewer than in 2012 and lower by approximately 25% when compared to 2007's traffic, which was the all-time-high at that time. Recovery and new levels of passenger traffic (2014–2015) Athens International Airport under construction in 1999. 2014 signaled a strong recovery for the airport's passenger traffic and all statistical figures. More than ten new airlines started new flights to and from Athens. Aegean Airlines strengthened its network by 30% (with many more destinations scheduled for 2015) while Ryanair established a new base in the Athens Airport and added eight destinations. The airport company recorded an increase in passenger traffic in excess of 21% during 2014, reaching 15.1 million passengers, resulted both by new destinations but also by increased capacity offered on established ones. Characteristically, Singapore and Gulf Air resumed flights while Emirates, Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways fly more frequently to/from Athens. Delta Air Line resumed their weekly flights and American Airlines retained their seasonal schedules to/from USA with even more frequent connectivity. From 2017 onwards, year-round services to Singapore are going to resume after more than five years. Flights are going to be operated by Scoot. According to AIA published statistics, total traffic for 2015 achieved an impressive performance reaching almost 18.1 million passengers, an all-time-record for the airport at that time, increased by 19% on year-over-year basis and by 1.55 million (+9.4%) the previous best, which was the pre-crisis year 2007. In addition, over the same period, aircraft traffic exhibited a solid growth of 14% year-over-year. Moreover, in 2015 a significant rise (+38%) was recorded by transfer passengers, with the international to international transfer traffic marking an impressive increase (+60%) demonstrating the significant enhancement of the Athens airport connectivity. Exceeding twenty million passengers (2016–2023) and beyond 2016 was a landmark year for the Athens International Airport, both for domestic and international destinations. Annual results reflected a solid performance for a third year in a row fueled by double-digit growth, this time passing the twenty million mark, increased by 10.7% on year-over-year basis. Healthy growth continued in 2017 with the airport showing traffic increase of 8.6% to a total of 21.7 million passengers, yet another all-time record for the Athens airport. During 2018, the airport achieved yet another record high, reporting increased passenger traffic by 11% to more than 24.1 million passengers. Equally, aircraft traffic achieved a new record with a reported annual growth of 10.8% to 217,094 movements. For the first ten months of 2023, the airport traffic shows signs of further increase with passenger numbers up by 19.5% to 24.4 million passengers and aircraft movements up by 15.2%. By the end of 2023, Athens saw about 28.17 million international and domestic passengers. This is a 10.2 % increase from 2019. In the second half of June 2018 Emirates added an extra daily flight from its base in Dubai Airport using the Airbus A380 superjumbo, marking the first time the "superjumbo" operated at the airport with a scheduled flight for a long period of time. The A380 service was continued until the end of August 2018. Terminals Check-in area Waiting area Overview The airport currently has two terminals, the main terminal and the satellite terminal accessible by an underground link from the main terminal. It is designed to be extended in a modular approach over the ensuing years in order to accommodate increases in air travel. These extensions are planned in a six-phase framework. The first (and current) phase allowed the airport to accommodate 26 million passengers per year. When the airport originally opened, the current phase called for a capacity of only 16 million passengers per year; however, the capacity was able to increase without progressing to the next phase thanks to advanced IT logistics. The sixth and final expansion phase will allow the airport to accommodate an annual traffic of 50 million passengers, with the current layout leaving enough space for five more terminals to be added. As such, the parallel runway system currently in place has been designed to accommodate flight traffic with this high equivalent annual passenger load upon completion of the final expansion phase. Main Terminal The main terminal building handles all intra-Schengen flights, as well as several non-Schengen flights. All of the airport's 144 check-in desks are located in the Main Terminal and it has three separate levels, one for arrivals, one for departures and a food court level complete with a view of the eastern runway. Finally, the terminal is equipped with fourteen jet bridges and eleven belt conveyors for luggage. Hall A is used for flights to Non-schengen countries and Non-European countries. Hall B handles flights to Intra-schengen countries as well as domestic services. In March 2018, the Athens International Airport issued a tender for its first physical expansion, concerning the south wings of the main terminal. The tender called for a building expansion with a total area of approximately 14,950 square meters over five levels (levels 0 to 4). The construction company to build the expansion has been awarded in summer 2018 and the project is scheduled to be completed by mid-2019. It will add 18 more counter check-in decks as well as additional space for arrivals, departures, security and automated control gates, it will also add expanded shopping area and new lounges by mid-2020. Satellite Terminal The satellite terminal has two levels, one for arrivals and the other for departures. It is easily accessible through an underground link complete with moving walkways. The terminal is equipped with ten jet bridges and is capable of handling annual traffic of six million passengers. In recent years its parking stands were utilized for long-term storage of airliners, specifically two ex-Olympic Airways Airbus A340-300s (both aircraft were transferred to its new owner in February 2017) and a Boeing 767-300ER of defunct Greek start-up carrier SkyGreece Airlines. However, as of June 2017, the parking space of the satellite terminal is in full use for both Schengen and non-Schengen area flights and to accommodate increased traffic. From June 2017 some low-cost carriers were using it. On 24 May 2018, the Satellite Terminal officially restarted full operations. The airlines using it are Ryanair, Easyjet, Vueling, Eurowings, Norwegian, Transavia and Transavia France, TUIfly Belgium, Brussels Airlines, Aer Lingus, Air Transat and Scoot. Airlines and destinations The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Athens Airport: AirlinesDestinations Aegean Airlines Alexandroupoli, Amman–Queen Alia, Amsterdam, Baku, Barcelona, Basel/Mulhouse, Beirut, Belgrade, Berlin, Bilbao, Bologna, Bratislava, Bristol, Brussels, Bucharest–Otopeni, Budapest, Cairo, Chania, Chios, Chișinău, Cologne/Bonn, Copenhagen, Corfu, Dubai–International, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Edinburgh, Eindhoven, Florence, Frankfurt, Geneva, Hamburg, Helsinki, Heraklion, Ioannina, Istanbul, İzmir, Jeddah, Kavala, Kefalonia, Kos, Kraków, Larnaca, Lemnos, Lisbon, Ljubljana, London–Heathrow, Luxembourg, Madrid, Malta, Manchester, Marrakesh, Milan–Malpensa, Munich, Mykonos, Mytilene, Naples, Nice, Oslo, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Podgorica, Porto, Prague, Rhodes, Riga, Riyadh, Rome–Fiumicino, Samos, Santorini, Skopje, Sofia, Stockholm–Arlanda, Strasbourg, Stuttgart, Tallinn, Tbilisi, Tel Aviv, Thessaloniki, Tirana, Tunis, Venice, Vienna, Vilnius, Warsaw–Chopin, Yerevan, Zagreb, Zurich Seasonal: Alexandria, Bordeaux, Catania, Dubrovnik, Hannover, Ibiza, Innsbruck, Kalamata, Lille, London–Gatwick, Lyon, Málaga, Marseille, Nantes, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nuremberg, Olbia, Palermo, Palma de Mallorca, Pisa, Sarajevo, Seville, Split, Toulouse, Valencia Aer Lingus Seasonal: Dublin Air Arabia Sharjah (resumes 28 June 2024) airBaltic Riga Air Canada Seasonal: Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson Air China Beijing–Capital Air Europa Seasonal: Madrid Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle Seasonal: Marseille, Nice, Toulouse Air Mediterranean Seasonal charter: Benghazi, Damascus Air Serbia Belgrade Seasonal: Niš Air Transat Seasonal: Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson American Airlines Seasonal: Chicago–O'Hare, New York–JFK, Philadelphia Arkia Tel Aviv Asiana Airlines Seasonal charter: Seoul–Incheon Austrian Airlines Vienna Bluebird Airways Tel Aviv British Airways London–Heathrow Brussels Airlines Brussels Bulgaria Air Sofia Corendon Airlines Europe Seasonal: Tel Aviv Croatia Airlines Seasonal: Dubrovnik, Split, Zagreb Cyprus Airways Larnaca Delta Air Lines Seasonal: Atlanta, Boston, New York–JFK easyJet Basel/Mulhouse, Bordeaux, Geneva, Lisbon, London–Gatwick, London–Luton (resumes 7 November 2024), Lyon, Manchester, Milan–Malpensa, Naples, Venice Seasonal: Bristol, Edinburgh, Málaga, Nice, Palma de Mallorca (begins 27 June 2024), Paris–Orly Egyptair Cairo El Al Tel Aviv Emirates Dubai–International, Newark Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi Eurowings Cologne/Bonn, Düsseldorf, Prague, Stuttgart Gulf Air Bahrain, Larnaca Iberia Madrid Israir Airlines Tel Aviv ITA Airways Rome–Fiumicino Jet2.com Birmingham, London–Stansted, Manchester Juneyao Air Shanghai–Pudong KLM Amsterdam Korean Air Seasonal charter: Seoul–Incheon Kuwait Airways Kuwait City LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich Middle East Airlines Beirut Norse Atlantic Airways Seasonal: New York–JFK Norwegian Air Shuttle Seasonal: Copenhagen, Helsinki, Oslo, Stockholm–Arlanda Olympic Air Ikaria, Karpathos, Kythira, Leros, Milos, Naxos, Paros, Sitia, Skiathos, Skyros, Zakynthos Pegasus Airlines Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen Play Seasonal: Reykjavík–Keflavík Qatar Airways Doha Royal Jordanian Amman–Queen Alia Ryanair Bari, Bergamo, Bologna, Budapest, Charleroi, Dublin, Katowice, London–Stansted, Malta, Milan–Malpensa, Paphos, Rome–Fiumicino, Vienna Seasonal: Berlin, Catania, Chania, Cologne/Bonn, Corfu, Kraków, London–Luton, Santorini, Tel Aviv, Vilnius, Warsaw–Modlin, Wrocław Saudia Seasonal: Jeddah, Riyadh Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen, Stockholm–Arlanda Seasonal: Gothenburg, Oslo Scoot Berlin, Singapore Sky Express Alexandroupoli, Astypalaia, Brussels, Chania, Chios, Corfu, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Heraklion, Ikaria, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kastoria, Kefalonia, Kithira, Kos, Kozani, Larnaca, Lemnos, London–Gatwick, Milan–Malpensa, Milos, Munich, Mykonos, Mytilene, Naxos, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Paros, Rhodes, Rome–Fiumicino, Samos, Santorini, Skiathos, Sofia, Syros, Thessaloniki, Warsaw–Chopin, Zakynthos Smartwings Seasonal: Prague Swiss International Air Lines Geneva, Zürich TAROM Bucharest–Otopeni Transavia Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Paris–Orly Seasonal: Lyon, Montpellier, Nantes Turkish Airlines Istanbul United Airlines Seasonal: Chicago–O'Hare, Newark, Washington–Dulles Universal Air Malta Volotea Bordeaux, Heraklion, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Naples, Santorini, Venice Seasonal: Ancona, Bari, Bilbao, Brest, Cagliari, Dubrovnik, Lille, Mykonos, Palermo, Split, Strasbourg, Toulouse, Verona Vueling Barcelona Wizz Air Abu Dhabi, Bucharest–Otopeni, Budapest, Katowice, Kutaisi, Larnaca, London–Gatwick, London–Luton, Milan–Malpensa, Tel Aviv, Tirana Statistics Athens International Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Greece. By the end of 2023, it was the 18th-busiest airport in Europe. Annual statistics Passenger, aircraft movement and cargo statistics at "El. Venizelos" airport: 2002–2023 Year Passengertraffic Passenger% change Cargo handled (kg.) Cargo% change Aircraftmovements Aircraft% change 2002 11,827,448 n/a 106,813,249 n/a 159,467 n/a 2003 12,252,394 3.6 109,741,122 2.7 170,129 6.7 2004 13,662,332 11.5 118,999,247 8.4 191,048 12.3 2005 14,281,020 4.5 115,942,974 2.6 180,936 5.3 2006 15,079,708 5.6 120,174,745 3.6 190,872 5.6 2007 16,538,403 9.7 118,972,376 1.0 205,295 7.6 2008 16,466,491 0.4 122,195,965 2.7 199,418 2.9 2009 16,225,589 1.5 104,520,932 10.5 210,147 5.4 2010 15,411,099 5.0 96,676,103 7.5 191,766 8.7 2011 14,446,971 6.3 85,831,845 11.2 173,296 9.6 2012 12,944,041 10.4 76,424,557 11.0 153,295 11.5 2013 12,536,057 3.2 74,874,633 2.0 140,448 8.4 2014 15,196,369 21.2 77,337,956 3.3 154,530 10.0 2015 18,087,377 19.0 80,475,761 4.0 176,156 14.0 2016 20,016,998 10.7 88,477,196 9.9 189,137 7.4 2017 21,737,787 8.6 90,176,471 1.9 195,951 3.6 2018 24,135,736 11.0 92,573,026 3.1 217,094 10.8 2019 25,573,993 6.0 94,621,875 1.5 225,628 3.9 2020 8,078,394 68.4 75,783,363 19.4 112,415 50.2 2021 12,345,786 52.8 96,907,000 27.9 158,950 41.4 2022 22,728,750 84.1 106,103,811 6.8 213,352 34.2 2023 28,174,150 24.0 94,000,348 7.4 241,604 13.2 2024(May) 10,710,808 17.0 -- n/a 92,310 14.1 Busiest passenger routes by country The table below shows passenger totals at Athens International Airport by country destination during 2023, and changes compared to 2022. Passenger traffic per country destination (2023) Rank Country destination Passengers Change % GR Domestic 8,783,146 18.9 1 Germany 1,874,693 16.2 2 Italy 1,867,628 33.0 3 United Kingdom 1,858,384 24.2 4 France 1,393,015 12.1 5 Cyprus 1,236,156 18.6 6 United States 976,394 9.8 7 Turkey 925,468 27.4 8 Spain 889,463 43.0 9 Israel 777,364 31.1 10 Switzerland 758,325 15.2 Airline market share 2022 Top airlines at Athens Rank Airline Market share 1 Aegean Airlines 44.6% Olympic Air 2 Sky Express 12.2% 3 Ryanair 6.0% 4 Lufthansa 3.2% 5 Volotea 2.0% 6 Turkish Airlines 1.8% 7 British Airways 1.7% 8 Emirates 1.7% 9 Swiss 1.6% 10 Wizz Air 1.4% Airline alliance market share 2022 Top airlines alliances at Athens Rank Airline alliance Market Share 1 Star Alliance 50.9% 2 SkyTeam 5.3% 3 Oneworld 4.2% 4 Non-allied carriers 39.5% Passengers 2022 Busiest European destinations from Athens Airport Rank Destination Airport(s) Passengers Top carriers 1 London LHR, LGW, STN 1,277,281 Aegean Airlines, British Airways, easyJet, Jet2.com, Ryanair, Sky Express, Wizz Air 2 Larnaca LCA 1,013,784 Aegean Airlines, Cyprus Airways, Gulf Air, Sky Express, Wizz Air 3 Paris CDG, ORY 876,657 Aegean Airlines, Air France, easyJet, Sky Express, Transavia France 4 Istanbul IST, SAW 710,757 Aegean Airlines, Pegasus Airlines, Turkish Airlines 5 Rome FCO, CIA 582,104 Aegean Airlines, ITA Airways, Ryanair, Sky Express 6 Munich MUC 517,847 Aegean Airlines, Lufthansa, Sky Express 7 Frankfurt FRA 491,409 Aegean Airlines, Lufthansa 8 Amsterdam AMS 466,845 Aegean Airlines, KLM, Transavia 9 Milan MXP, BGY 460,559 Aegean Airlines, easyJet, Ryanair, Sky Express, Wizz Air 10 Zürich ZRH 401,000 Aegean Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines Busiest intercontinental destinations from Athens Airport Rank Destination Airport(s) Passengers Carriers 1 Tel Aviv TLV 582,545 Aegean Airlines, Arkia, Bluebird Airways, El Al, Israir, Ryanair, Tus Airways, Wizz Air 2 New York JFK, EWR 530,276 American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Emirates, United Airlines 3 Cairo CAI 254,889 Aegean Airlines, EgyptAir 4 Dubai DXB 183,275 Emirates 5 Toronto YYZ 164,336 Air Canada, Air Transat 6 Doha DOH 159,186 Qatar Airways 7 Montreal YUL 150,960 Air Canada, Air Transat 8 Beirut BEY 123,977 Aegean Airlines, Middle East Airlines 9 Abu Dhabi AUH 98,232 Etihad Airways, Wizz Air 10 Atlanta ATL 90,948 Delta Air Lines Busiest domestic destinations from Athens Airport Rank Destination Airport Passengers Carriers 1 Thessaloniki SKG 1,204,852 Aegean Airlines, Sky Express 2 Heraklion HER 1,009,945 Aegean Airlines, Sky Express, Volotea 3 Santorini JTR 1,003,572 Aegean Airlines, Ryanair, Sky Express, Volotea 4 Chania CHQ 578,450 Aegean Airlines, Ryanair, Sky Express 5 Rhodes RHO 567,419 Aegean Airlines, Sky Express 6 Mykonos JMK 450,016 Aegean Airlines, Sky Express, Volotea 7 Corfu CFU 313,429 Aegean Airlines, Ryanair, Sky Express 8 Paros PAS 277,162 Olympic Air, Sky Express 9 Mytilene MJT 271,895 Aegean Airlines, Sky Express 10 Alexandroupolis AXD 237,726 Aegean Airlines, Sky Express Ground transport Railway and Metro Main article: Athens Airport Station Metro station Station's platforms A railway station is immediately adjacent to the airport terminal, accessible by an elevated walkway. Athens Metro line 3 and the suburban railway service Proastiakos run trains to and from this station. Road The airport is accessible by the Attiki Odos toll highway from the centre and northern Athens, Varis-Koropiou Avenue from the western part, Laurio Ave. from the South, and Spata-Loutsa Avenue from the East. A variety of parking options are available on site at the airport in three different parking lots. Located at the arrivals level, opposite the airport terminal, the airport offers short-term parking for up to five hours with 1,357 parking spaces available in lots P1 and P2. Long-term parking is located across the airport's main access road (Attiki Odos) with 5,802 parking spaces in lot P3. A free shuttle bus is available to transport passengers, while the lots are also accessible by foot to the terminal. Premium valet service is also offered at the Departures level by Entrance 3. Taxi Taxis are available at the designated taxi waiting area located at exit 3 of the arrivals level. Taxis from Athens International Airport to the city center have a flat rate of 40€ during the day (05:00-23:59) and 55€ at night (00:00-04:59). Limousine service is also available upon request by the inner curbside of the arrivals level between exits 3 and 4. Bus Four bus lines (X93, X95, X96, X97) connect directly to the Athens greater area, X95 starts from Syntagma square, X93 connects the airport to intercity bus stations (KTEL Kifissos Bus Terminal and Liosion bus terminal), X96 to Athens main port Piraeus and X97 to Elliniko metro station the Southern terminal of Line 2. Buses disembark passengers at the departures level and depart from the arrivals level between exits 4 and 5. Regional bus services by KTEL Express operate to the airport, currently connecting the airport to Rafina, Markopoulo, Lavrio, Kalyvia and Keratea. Other facilities Aerial view of the retail park Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air have their head office in Building 57 on the airport property. Olympic Air also has offices in Building 53A. The Air Accident Investigation and Aviation Safety Board has an office in Office 1311 in Building 11. The Greek fast food company Goody's S.A. has its head office in Building 14B. Sofitel Hotel Retail Park Two robotic systems, named Hercules and Ulysses, are used by the airport for the handling of potentially dangerous materials. They were donated by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation. See also List of the busiest airports in Greece Transport in Greece References ^ a b c d e "Athens International Airport "El.Venizelos" Facts & Figures". aia.gr. Retrieved 12 January 2021. ^ "Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport - Airport Technology". Airport Technology. ^ "OP 30 European Airports". Aci-europe.org. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ "About the new Athens Int'l Airport". 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AtoB Transfer. Retrieved 19 July 2022. ^ "Athens Airport Taxi - Taxiathensservices.gr". Taxi Athens Services. Retrieved 29 May 2024. ^ "Taxi & Limo Service". Athens International Airport. Retrieved 29 May 2024. ^ "Athens Airport Taxi & Athens Airport Transfers". Sun & Sea Transfer. Retrieved 19 July 2022. ^ "Γραμμές Αεροδρoμίου". Oasa.gr. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2015. ^ a b c "Bus Services". Athens International Airport. Retrieved 15 January 2010. ^ "Official Olympic Air website \| Flights in Greece". www.olympicair.com. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ "Travelair Club / Partners Terms and Conditions." (Archive) Olympic Air. Retrieved on 6 April 2013. Under "Delta Air Lines" tab: "It is clarified that, boarding pass as well as original ticket must be forwarded as evidence to the following mail address: Olympic Air, Travelair Club department, Athens International Airport, Building 57, 190 19, Spata, Greece." Greek (Archive): "Olympic Air, Τμήμα Travelair Club, Διεθνής αερολιμένας Αθηνών, Κτίριο 57, Τ.Κ. 190 19, Σπάτα" ^ "Official Olympic Air website \| Flights in Greece". www.olympicair.com. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ "Contact Us." (Archive) Air Accident Investigation and Aviation Safety Board. Retrieved on 20 June 2011. "Address for Correspondence & Unit Address: AIR ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND AVIATION SAFETY BOARD Ex American Base Building 221, Helliniko Athens 167 01 GREECE" and "Board Address: AIR ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND AVIATION SAFETY BOARD Athens International Airport "El. Venizelos" Building 11, Office 1311 Spata 190 19 GREECE" – Addresses in Greek (Archive): "Διεύθυνση Αλληλογραφίας και Έδρα Μονάδας: ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ ΔΙΕΡΕΥΝΗΣΗΣ ΑΤΥΧΗΜΑΤΩΝ & ΑΣΦΑΛΕΙΑΣ ΠΤΗΣΕΩΝ Πρώην Αμερικάνικη Βάση, Κτίριο 221, Ελληνικό, 167 01 ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ" and "Έδρα Επιτροπής: ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ ΔΙΕΡΕΥΝΗΣΗΣ ΑΤΥΧΗΜΑΤΩΝ & ΑΣΦΑΛΕΙΑΣ ΠΤΗΣΕΩΝ Διεθνής Αερολιμένας Αθηνών, Κτίριο 11, Γραφείο 1311 190 19 ΣΠΑΤΑ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ" – Also " Address for Correspondence & investigation Unit Address" (Elliniko) and "Board office at Athens Airport" (Spata) – Greek: "Μονάδα Διερευνήσεων Στο Ελληνικό" and "Γραφεία Επιτροπής στο ΔΑΑ (Σπάτα)", respectively ^ "Contact \| Vivartia". Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ "Take-over / Hand-over of 2 robots for suspected devices at the Athens International Airport". Athens International Airport. Retrieved 11 November 2020. External links Media related to Athens International Airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website ATHENS AIRPORT "EL.VENIZELOS" International Airport Accident history for ATH at Aviation Safety Network Athens International Airport "Eleftherios Venizelos" vteAirports in GreeceMajor international Athens Heraklion Rhodes Thessaloniki Minor international Chania Corfu Ioannina Kalamata Karpathos Kavala Kefalonia Kos Lemnos Mykonos Mytilene Patras/Araxos Preveza/Lefkada Samos Santorini Sitia Skiathos Volos Zakynthos Domestic Alexandroupoli Astypalaia Chios Ikaria Kalymnos Kasos Kastellorizo Kastoria Kozani Kythira Leros Milos Naxos Paros Skyros Syros Military Agrinio Alexandreia Andravida Tatoi Elefsina Kasteli Kotroni Larissa Maleme Rhodes (Maritsa) Sedes Sparti Tanagra Tripoli Tympaki Under construction Anafi Heraklion (New) Defunct Ellinikon Old Paros Porto Cheli Rethymno Triodos Volos (Nea Ionia) Statistics Portals: Greece Aviation Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Geographic Structurae	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens Airport (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Airport_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"largest international airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Attica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica_(region)"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Aegean Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Ellinikon International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellinikon_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Airports Council International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Council_International"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athens_International_Airport&action=edit"},{"link_name":"18th-busiest airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Airport"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Largest international airport in Greece\"Athens Airport\" redirects here. For other uses, see Athens Airport (disambiguation).Athens International Airport Eleftherios Venizelos (IATA: ATH, ICAO: LGAV), commonly initialised as AIA, is the largest international airport in Greece, serving the city of Athens and region of Attica. It began operation on 28 March 2001 (in time for the 2004 Summer Olympics) and is the main base of Aegean Airlines, as well as other smaller Greek airlines. It replaced the old Ellinikon International Airport.[2]Athens International Airport is currently a member of Group 1 of Airports Council International (over 25 million passengers).[3] As of 2023[update], it is the 18th-busiest airport in Europe and the second busiest and second largest in the Balkans, after Istanbul Airport.The new Athens Int'l Airport covers a huge expanse of 16,000 acres (25.0 sq mi; 64.7 km2), making the facility among the largest in Europe and in the world in terms of land area.[4]","title":"Athens International Airport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Athens_International_Airport_(juillet_2000)_-_7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Markopoulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markopoulo_Mesogaias"},{"link_name":"Koropi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koropi"},{"link_name":"Spata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spata"},{"link_name":"Loutsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemida,_Attica"},{"link_name":"Elefthérios Venizélos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"AIA S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_International_Airport_S.A."},{"link_name":"PPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-private_partnership"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"PSP Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Sector_Pension_Investment_Board"},{"link_name":"Hochtief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochtief"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Athens (Ellinikon) International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellinikon_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AW2010-8"},{"link_name":"Spata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spata"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AW2010-8"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"build-own-operate-transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer#BOOT_(build%E2%80%93own%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer)"},{"link_name":"Hochtief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochtief"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AW2010-8"},{"link_name":"Public–private partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership"},{"link_name":"concession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concession_(contract)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIA-1"},{"link_name":"Attiki Odos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attiki_Odos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AW2010-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"European Aviation Safety Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Aviation_Safety_Agency"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A380EASAFAA-10"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A380EASAFAA-10"},{"link_name":"A380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A380EASAFAA-10"},{"link_name":"Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_(airline)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Development and ownership","text":"Terminal VOR/DME at Athens International AirportAIA is located between the towns of Markopoulo, Koropi, Spata and Loutsa, about 20 km (12 mi) to the east of central Athens (30 km (19 mi) by road, due to intervening hills). The airport is named after Elefthérios Venizélos, the prominent Cretan political figure and Prime Minister of Greece, who made a significant contribution to the development of Greek aviation and the Hellenic Air Force in the 1930s.[citation needed] As to-date, the airport is operated by AIA S.A. and ownership is divided between the Hellenic Republic (Greek State) and Private Sector in a 55%-45% stake following a PPP scheme for the airport company.[5] Currently, private investors include the Copelouzos Group (5%)[6] and PSP Investments of Canada (40%), following purchase of Hochtief's shares.[7]The airport was constructed to replace the now-closed Athens (Ellinikon) International Airport, as the latter had reached its saturation point with no physical space for further growth.[8] Studies for a new airport had been carried out from as early as the 1970s, with as many as 19 different locations being looked at before an area close to the town of Spata was chosen as suitable.[8] Athens Airport SA, a state-owned company, was established in 1978 to proceed with the plans. However, after delays and slow development, the project was revived in 1991, approximately 1 year after the city lost the right to host the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta, USA and the possibility of submitting a bid for the 2000 Game was discussed. However, the city presented the project that was eventually the winner for the 2004 Summer Olympic Games, with the then government launching an international tender for the selection of a build-own-operate-transfer partner for the airport project, with Hochtief of Germany being selected.[8]In 1996, Athens International Airport S.A. (AIA) was established as a Public–private partnership with a 30-year concession agreement.[1] That same year, the €2.1 billion development finally began with an estimated completion date of February 2001. The airport construction was completed five months before schedule, but was delayed opening a month due to surface connections to Attiki Odos not being completed.[8] The airport officially opened on 28 March 2001[9]\nIts major features include two parallel runways being 4 km (2.5 mi) and 3.8 km (2.4 mi) long respectively. The airport has received approval from the European Aviation Safety Agency[10] and the Federal Aviation Administration[10] for take-offs and landings of the biggest passenger jet worldwide, the A380.[10] The first ever A380 to visit 'Eleftherios Venizelos' Athens International Airport made an emergency landing on 13 April 2011 for emergency medical reasons. The first scheduled A380 flight took place on 26 October 2012 by Emirates.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek government-debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Olympic Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIA-1"}],"sub_title":"Greek government debt-crisis impact (2009–2013)","text":"The Greek government-debt crisis reduced the overall passenger traffic of the airport for six consecutive years. Many long-haul airlines outright terminated service to the airport, while others chose to operate on a seasonal basis only, opting to terminate service during the winter months.[12] Moreover, these problems were further exacerbated by the closure of Olympic Airlines, which operated many long-haul flights to and from the airport. In 2013, the airport handled just above 12.5 million passengers, 3.2% fewer than in 2012 and lower by approximately 25% when compared to 2007's traffic, which was the all-time-high at that time.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_International_Airport_under_construction_in_1999.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Etihad Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etihad_Airways"},{"link_name":"Qatar Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Airways"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airlineroute.net-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Delta Air Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Scoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoot"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Recovery and new levels of passenger traffic (2014–2015)","text":"Athens International Airport under construction in 1999.2014 signaled a strong recovery for the airport's passenger traffic and all statistical figures. More than ten new airlines started new flights to and from Athens. Aegean Airlines strengthened its network by 30% (with many more destinations scheduled for 2015) while Ryanair established a new base in the Athens Airport and added eight destinations. The airport company recorded an increase in passenger traffic in excess of 21% during 2014, reaching 15.1 million passengers, resulted both by new destinations but also by increased capacity offered on established ones. Characteristically, Singapore and Gulf Air resumed flights[13][14] while Emirates, Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways fly more frequently to/from Athens.[15][16][17] Delta Air Line resumed their weekly flights and American Airlines retained their seasonal schedules to/from USA with even more frequent connectivity. From 2017 onwards, year-round services to Singapore are going to resume after more than five years. Flights are going to be operated by Scoot.According to AIA published statistics, total traffic for 2015 achieved an impressive performance reaching almost 18.1 million passengers, an all-time-record for the airport at that time, increased by 19% on year-over-year basis[18] and by 1.55 million (+9.4%) the previous best, which was the pre-crisis year 2007. In addition, over the same period, aircraft traffic exhibited a solid growth of 14% year-over-year.[19] Moreover, in 2015 a significant rise (+38%) was recorded by transfer passengers, with the international to international transfer traffic marking an impressive increase (+60%) demonstrating the significant enhancement of the Athens airport connectivity.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_(airline)"},{"link_name":"Dubai Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Airbus A380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Exceeding twenty million passengers (2016–2023) and beyond","text":"2016 was a landmark year for the Athens International Airport, both for domestic and international destinations. Annual results reflected a solid performance for a third year in a row fueled by double-digit growth, this time passing the twenty million mark, increased by 10.7% on year-over-year basis.[20] Healthy growth continued in 2017 with the airport showing traffic increase of 8.6% to a total of 21.7 million passengers, yet another all-time record for the Athens airport.[21] During 2018, the airport achieved yet another record high, reporting increased passenger traffic by 11% to more than 24.1 million passengers.[22] Equally, aircraft traffic achieved a new record with a reported annual growth of 10.8% to 217,094 movements.[23]For the first ten months of 2023, the airport traffic shows signs of further increase with passenger numbers up by 19.5%[24] to 24.4 million passengers and aircraft movements up by 15.2%. By the end of 2023, Athens saw about 28.17 million international and domestic passengers. This is a 10.2 % increase from 2019.[25]In the second half of June 2018 Emirates added an extra daily flight from its base in Dubai Airport using the Airbus A380 superjumbo,[26] marking the first time the \"superjumbo\" operated at the airport with a scheduled flight for a long period of time. The A380 service was continued until the end of August 2018.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Check_in_area_-_Athens_Airport.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_airport_waiting_area.jpg"}],"text":"Check-in areaWaiting area","title":"Terminals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACI1-28"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AW2010-8"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACI1-28"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"The airport currently has two terminals, the main terminal and the satellite terminal accessible by an underground link from the main terminal.\nIt is designed to be extended in a modular approach over the ensuing years in order to accommodate increases in air travel. These extensions are planned in a six-phase framework. The first (and current) phase allowed the airport to accommodate 26 million passengers per year. When the airport originally opened, the current phase called for a capacity of only 16 million passengers per year; however, the capacity was able to increase without progressing to the next phase thanks to advanced IT logistics.[28] The sixth and final expansion phase will allow the airport to accommodate an annual traffic of 50 million passengers, with the current layout leaving enough space for five more terminals to be added.[8] As such, the parallel runway system currently in place has been designed to accommodate flight traffic with this high equivalent annual passenger load upon completion of the final expansion phase.[28]","title":"Terminals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schengen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area"},{"link_name":"jet bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_bridge"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Main Terminal","text":"The main terminal building handles all intra-Schengen flights, as well as several non-Schengen flights. All of the airport's 144 check-in desks are located in the Main Terminal and it has three separate levels, one for arrivals, one for departures and a food court level complete with a view of the eastern runway. Finally, the terminal is equipped with fourteen jet bridges and eleven belt conveyors for luggage.Hall A is used for flights to Non-schengen countries and Non-European countries.\nHall B handles flights to Intra-schengen countries as well as domestic services.In March 2018, the Athens International Airport issued a tender for its first physical expansion, concerning the south wings of the main terminal.[29] The tender called for a building expansion with a total area of approximately 14,950 square meters over five levels (levels 0 to 4). The construction company to build the expansion has been awarded in summer 2018 and the project is scheduled to be completed by mid-2019. It will add 18 more counter check-in decks as well as additional space for arrivals, departures, security and automated control gates, it will also add expanded shopping area and new lounges by mid-2020.","title":"Terminals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACI1-28"},{"link_name":"Olympic Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Airways"},{"link_name":"Airbus A340-300s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A340"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A340removal-30"},{"link_name":"Boeing 767-300ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_767-300ER"},{"link_name":"SkyGreece Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyGreece_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Ryanair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair"},{"link_name":"Easyjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easyjet"},{"link_name":"Vueling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vueling"},{"link_name":"Eurowings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurowings"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Air_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Transavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transavia"},{"link_name":"Transavia France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transavia_France"},{"link_name":"TUIfly Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUIfly_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brussels Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Aer Lingus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer_Lingus"},{"link_name":"Air Transat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transat"},{"link_name":"Scoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoot"}],"sub_title":"Satellite Terminal","text":"The satellite terminal has two levels, one for arrivals and the other for departures.[28] It is easily accessible through an underground link complete with moving walkways. The terminal is equipped with ten jet bridges and is capable of handling annual traffic of six million passengers.In recent years its parking stands were utilized for long-term storage of airliners, specifically two ex-Olympic Airways Airbus A340-300s (both aircraft were transferred to its new owner in February 2017)[30] and a Boeing 767-300ER of defunct Greek start-up carrier SkyGreece Airlines. However, as of June 2017, the parking space of the satellite terminal is in full use for both Schengen and non-Schengen area flights and to accommodate increased traffic. From June 2017 some low-cost carriers were using it. On 24 May 2018, the Satellite Terminal officially restarted full operations. The airlines using it are Ryanair, Easyjet, Vueling, Eurowings, Norwegian, Transavia and Transavia France, TUIfly Belgium, Brussels Airlines, Aer Lingus, Air Transat and Scoot.","title":"Terminals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Athens Airport:","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"18th-busiest airport in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIA-1"}],"text":"Athens International Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Greece. By the end of 2023, it was the 18th-busiest airport in Europe.[1]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Annual statistics","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Busiest passenger routes by country","text":"The table below shows passenger totals at Athens International Airport by country destination during 2023, and changes compared to 2022.[90]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Airline market share 2022","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Airline alliance market share 2022","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passengers 2022","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ground transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_airport_Metro_station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_Airport_suburban_rail_and_metro_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Athens Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Metro"},{"link_name":"line 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_3_(Athens_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Proastiakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proastiakos#Athens"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Railway and Metro","text":"Metro stationStation's platformsA railway station is immediately adjacent to the airport terminal, accessible by an elevated walkway. Athens Metro line 3 and the suburban railway service Proastiakos run trains to and from this station.[95]","title":"Ground transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attiki Odos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attiki_Odos"},{"link_name":"parking lots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lots"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"The airport is accessible by the Attiki Odos toll highway from the centre and northern Athens, Varis-Koropiou Avenue from the western part, Laurio Ave. from the South, and Spata-Loutsa Avenue from the East. A variety of parking options are available on site at the airport in three different parking lots. Located at the arrivals level, opposite the airport terminal, the airport offers short-term parking for up to five hours with 1,357 parking spaces available in lots P1 and P2.[96] Long-term parking is located across the airport's main access road (Attiki Odos) with 5,802 parking spaces in lot P3.[97] A free shuttle bus is available to transport passengers, while the lots are also accessible by foot to the terminal. Premium valet service is also offered at the Departures level by Entrance 3.[98]","title":"Ground transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taxi-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Limousine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limousine"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taxi-99"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Taxi","text":"Taxis are available at the designated taxi waiting area located at exit 3 of the arrivals level.[99][100] Taxis from Athens International Airport to the city center have a flat rate of 40€ during the day (05:00-23:59) and 55€ at night (00:00-04:59).[101][102] Limousine service is also available upon request by the inner curbside of the arrivals level between exits 3 and 4.[99][103]","title":"Ground transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Four bus lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_Athens"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"KTEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTEL_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Kifissos Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Peloponnese_Bus_Station"},{"link_name":"Liosion bus terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Liosion_Bus_Station"},{"link_name":"Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus"},{"link_name":"Elliniko metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliniko_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Line 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Metro_Line_2"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bus-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bus-105"},{"link_name":"KTEL Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTEL_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Rafina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafina"},{"link_name":"Markopoulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markopoulo_Mesogaias"},{"link_name":"Lavrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrio"},{"link_name":"Kalyvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyvia_Thorikou"},{"link_name":"Keratea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratea"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bus-105"}],"sub_title":"Bus","text":"Four bus lines (X93, X95, X96, X97)[104] connect directly to the Athens greater area, X95 starts from Syntagma square, X93 connects the airport to intercity bus stations (KTEL Kifissos Bus Terminal and Liosion bus terminal), X96 to Athens main port Piraeus and X97 to Elliniko metro station the Southern terminal of Line 2.[105] Buses disembark passengers at the departures level and depart from the arrivals level between exits 4 and 5.[105] Regional bus services by KTEL Express operate to the airport, currently connecting the airport to Rafina, Markopoulo, Lavrio, Kalyvia and Keratea.[105]","title":"Ground transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Retail_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aegean Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Olympic Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Air"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Air Accident Investigation and Aviation Safety Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Accident_Investigation_and_Aviation_Safety_Board"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Goody's S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goody%27s_S.A."},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Sofitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofitel"},{"link_name":"Stavros Niarchos Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavros_Niarchos_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Athens_International_Airport-111"}],"text":"Aerial view of the retail parkAegean Airlines and Olympic Air have their head office in Building 57 on the airport property.[106][107] Olympic Air also has offices in Building 53A.[108]\nThe Air Accident Investigation and Aviation Safety Board has an office in Office 1311 in Building 11.[109]The Greek fast food company Goody's S.A. has its head office in Building 14B.[110]\nSofitel Hotel\nRetail Park\nTwo robotic systems, named Hercules and Ulysses, are used by the airport for the handling of potentially dangerous materials. They were donated by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation.[111]","title":"Other facilities"}]	[{"image_text":"Terminal VOR/DME at Athens International Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Athens_International_Airport_%28juillet_2000%29_-_7.jpg/220px-New_Athens_International_Airport_%28juillet_2000%29_-_7.jpg"},{"image_text":"Athens International Airport under construction in 1999.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Athens_International_Airport_under_construction_in_1999.jpg/221px-Athens_International_Airport_under_construction_in_1999.jpg"},{"image_text":"Check-in area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Check_in_area_-_Athens_Airport.jpg/220px-Check_in_area_-_Athens_Airport.jpg"},{"image_text":"Waiting area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Athens_airport_waiting_area.jpg/220px-Athens_airport_waiting_area.jpg"},{"image_text":"Metro station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Athens_airport_Metro_station.jpg/220px-Athens_airport_Metro_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Station's platforms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Athens_Airport_suburban_rail_and_metro_station.jpg/220px-Athens_Airport_suburban_rail_and_metro_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of the retail park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Retail_Park.jpg/220px-Retail_Park.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of the busiest airports in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Greece"},{"title":"Transport in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Greece"}]	[{"reference":"\"Athens International Airport \"El.Venizelos\" Facts & Figures\". aia.gr. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cross_and_Company	James Cross and Company	["1 Locomotives","2 References"]	James Cross and CompanyIndustryEngineeringFoundedc.1863FounderJames CrossHeadquartersSt. Helens, EnglandKey peopleJames Cross, Edward Borrows, Arthur SinclairProductsSteam locomotives Mountaineer built in 1866 by James Cross and Company James Cross and Company was a locomotive building company established around 1863 at Sutton Engine Works, St. Helens, England. The partners were James Cross, Edward Borrows and Arthur Sinclair, all of whom were former employees of the St Helens Railway. The company is notable for having built the first double Fairlie locomotive. Locomotives The company's first locomotive was White Raven, a 2-4-2T built for the St Helens Railway in 1863. The second, built 1864, was a Fell locomotive for the Mont Cenis Railway. A 0-4-4-0T Fairlie locomotive named Progress was built in 1865 for the Neath and Brecon Railway. This was followed in 1866 by another 0-4-4-0T Fairlie named Mountaineer for the Anglesey Central Railway. Three 3ft 6in gauge 0-6-6-0T Fairlies were built in 1866/67 for service in Queensland, Australia but these were rejected because they were overweight. They were returned to England, re-gauged and re-sold. The company ceased trading in 1869 after building about 60 locomotives. The last batch, comprising 30 locomotives, was built for the East Indian Railway. References ^ "Sutton's Lords & Masters (St.Helens) \| Sutton Beauty & Heritage". www.suttonbeauty.org.uk. ^ "James Cross and Co - Graces Guide". www.gracesguide.co.uk. ^ "James Cross and Co: White Raven - Graces Guide". www.gracesguide.co.uk. This article about an English company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountaineer_0-4%2B4-0_locomotive.png"},{"link_name":"locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Edward Borrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Borrows_and_Sons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"St Helens Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_Railway"},{"link_name":"Fairlie locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlie_locomotive"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mountaineer built in 1866 by James Cross and CompanyJames Cross and Company was a locomotive building company established around 1863 at Sutton Engine Works, St. Helens, England. The partners were James Cross, Edward Borrows and Arthur Sinclair,[1] all of whom were former employees of the St Helens Railway. The company is notable for having built the first double Fairlie locomotive.[2]","title":"James Cross and Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2-4-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-4-2"},{"link_name":"St Helens Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_Railway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell_mountain_railway_system"},{"link_name":"Mont Cenis Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Cenis_Railway"},{"link_name":"Fairlie locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlie_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Neath and Brecon Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_and_Brecon_Railway"},{"link_name":"Anglesey Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesey_Central_Railway"},{"link_name":"3ft 6in gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"0-6-6-0T Fairlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Double_Boilered_Cross_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"East Indian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indian_Railway"}],"text":"The company's first locomotive was White Raven, a 2-4-2T built for the St Helens Railway in 1863.[3] The second, built 1864, was a Fell locomotive for the Mont Cenis Railway.A 0-4-4-0T Fairlie locomotive named Progress was built in 1865 for the Neath and Brecon Railway. This was followed in 1866 by another 0-4-4-0T Fairlie named Mountaineer for the Anglesey Central Railway. Three 3ft 6in gauge 0-6-6-0T Fairlies were built in 1866/67 for service in Queensland, Australia but these were rejected because they were overweight. They were returned to England, re-gauged and re-sold.The company ceased trading in 1869 after building about 60 locomotives. The last batch, comprising 30 locomotives, was built for the East Indian Railway.","title":"Locomotives"}]	[{"image_text":"Mountaineer built in 1866 by James Cross and Company","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mountaineer_0-4%2B4-0_locomotive.png/260px-Mountaineer_0-4%2B4-0_locomotive.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sutton's Lords & Masters (St.Helens) \| Sutton Beauty & Heritage\". www.suttonbeauty.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.suttonbeauty.org.uk/suttonhistory/lordsandmasters/","url_text":"\"Sutton's Lords & Masters (St.Helens) \| Sutton Beauty & Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Cross and Co - Graces Guide\". www.gracesguide.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/James_Cross_and_Co","url_text":"\"James Cross and Co - Graces Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Cross and Co: White Raven - Graces Guide\". www.gracesguide.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/James_Cross_and_Co:_White_Raven","url_text":"\"James Cross and Co: White Raven - Graces Guide\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.suttonbeauty.org.uk/suttonhistory/lordsandmasters/","external_links_name":"\"Sutton's Lords & Masters (St.Helens) \| Sutton Beauty & Heritage\""},{"Link":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/James_Cross_and_Co","external_links_name":"\"James Cross and Co - Graces Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/James_Cross_and_Co:_White_Raven","external_links_name":"\"James Cross and Co: White Raven - Graces Guide\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Cross_and_Company&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Writings_in_SF_7	New Writings in SF 7	["1 Contents (UK edition)","2 Contents (US edition)","3 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "New Writings in SF 7" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) New Writings in SF 7 First editionEditorJohn CarnellLanguageEnglishSeriesNew Writings in SFGenreScience fictionPublisherDennis DobsonPublication date1966Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (hardcover)Pages190Preceded byNew Writings in SF 6 Followed byNew Writings in SF 8 New Writings in SF 7 is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by John Carnell, the seventh volume in a series of thirty, of which he edited the first twenty-one. It was first published in hardcover by Dennis Dobson in the United Kingdom in January 1966, followed by a paperback edition by Corgi the same year, and an American paperback edition with different contents by Bantam Books in August 1971. The United Kingdom edition of the book collects seven novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, with a foreword by Carnell. The American edition contains three pieces from the UK version, one from the UK edition of New Writings in SF 8, and three from the UK edition of New Writings in SF 9. Contents (UK edition) "Foreword" (John Carnell) "Invader" (James White) "The Man Who Missed the Ferry" (Douglas R. Mason) "The Night of the Seventh Finger" (Robert Presslie) "Six Cubed Plus One" (John Rankine) "Coco-Talk" (William F. Temple) "A Touch of Immortality" (R. W. Mackelworth) "Manscarer" (Keith Roberts) Contents (US edition) "Foreword" (John Carnell) "The Pen and the Dark" (Colin Kapp - from UK edition of New Writings in SF 8 "Gifts of the Gods" (Arthur Sellings) - from UK edition of New Writings in SF 9 "The Long Memory" (William Browning Spencer) - from UK edition of New Writings in SF 9 "The Man Who Missed the Ferry" (Douglas R. Mason) - from UK edition "The Night of the Seventh Finger" (Robert Presslie) - from UK edition "Six Cubed Plus One" (John Rankine) - from UK edition "Defense Mechanism" (Vincent King) - from UK edition of New Writings in SF 9 External links New Writings in SF 7 title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database This article about a collection of science fiction short stories published in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"John Carnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carnell"},{"link_name":"Dennis Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Dobson"},{"link_name":"Corgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corgi_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Bantam Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Books"},{"link_name":"New Writings in SF 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Writings_in_SF_8"},{"link_name":"New Writings in SF 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Writings_in_SF_9"}],"text":"New Writings in SF 7 is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by John Carnell, the seventh volume in a series of thirty, of which he edited the first twenty-one. It was first published in hardcover by Dennis Dobson in the United Kingdom in January 1966, followed by a paperback edition by Corgi the same year, and an American paperback edition with different contents by Bantam Books in August 1971.The United Kingdom edition of the book collects seven novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, with a foreword by Carnell. The American edition contains three pieces from the UK version, one from the UK edition of New Writings in SF 8, and three from the UK edition of New Writings in SF 9.","title":"New Writings in SF 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Carnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carnell"},{"link_name":"James White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_White_(author)"},{"link_name":"Douglas R. Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rankine_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Robert Presslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Presslie"},{"link_name":"John Rankine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rankine_(writer)"},{"link_name":"William F. Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Temple"},{"link_name":"R. W. Mackelworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._W._Mackelworth"},{"link_name":"Keith Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Roberts"}],"text":"\"Foreword\" (John Carnell)\n\"Invader\" (James White)\n\"The Man Who Missed the Ferry\" (Douglas R. Mason)\n\"The Night of the Seventh Finger\" (Robert Presslie)\n\"Six Cubed Plus One\" (John Rankine)\n\"Coco-Talk\" (William F. Temple)\n\"A Touch of Immortality\" (R. W. Mackelworth)\n\"Manscarer\" (Keith Roberts)","title":"Contents (UK edition)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Carnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carnell"},{"link_name":"Colin Kapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Kapp"},{"link_name":"New Writings in SF 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Writings_in_SF_8"},{"link_name":"Arthur Sellings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sellings"},{"link_name":"New Writings in SF 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Writings_in_SF_9"},{"link_name":"William Browning Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Browning_Spencer"},{"link_name":"New Writings in SF 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Writings_in_SF_9"},{"link_name":"Douglas R. Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rankine_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Robert Presslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Presslie"},{"link_name":"John Rankine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rankine_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Vincent King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_King"},{"link_name":"New Writings in SF 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Writings_in_SF_9"}],"text":"\"Foreword\" (John Carnell)\n\"The Pen and the Dark\" (Colin Kapp - from UK edition of New Writings in SF 8\n\"Gifts of the Gods\" (Arthur Sellings) - from UK edition of New Writings in SF 9\n\"The Long Memory\" (William Browning Spencer) - from UK edition of New Writings in SF 9\n\"The Man Who Missed the Ferry\" (Douglas R. Mason) - from UK edition\n\"The Night of the Seventh Finger\" (Robert Presslie) - from UK edition\n\"Six Cubed Plus One\" (John Rankine) - from UK edition\n\"Defense Mechanism\" (Vincent King) - from UK edition of New Writings in SF 9","title":"Contents (US edition)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22New+Writings+in+SF+7%22","external_links_name":"\"New Writings in SF 7\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22New+Writings+in+SF+7%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22New+Writings+in+SF+7%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22New+Writings+in+SF+7%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22New+Writings+in+SF+7%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22New+Writings+in+SF+7%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?34477","external_links_name":"New Writings in SF 7"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Writings_in_SF_7&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecking_Crew_(video_game)	Wrecking Crew (video game)	["1 Gameplay","2 Reception","3 Re-releases","4 Sequel","5 Legacy","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	1985 video game This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wrecking Crew" video game – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1984 video gameWrecking CrewDeveloper(s)Nintendo R&D1Publisher(s)NintendoDirector(s)Satoru OkadaProducer(s)Gunpei YokoiDesigner(s)Yoshio SakamotoMakoto KanohProgrammer(s)Toshiyuki NakamuraYase SobajimaKenji ImaiComposer(s)Hirokazu TanakaSeriesMarioPlatform(s)ArcadeFamicom/NESFamicom Disk SystemGame Boy AdvanceRelease July 26, 1984 Arcade (Vs. Wrecking Crew) JP: July 26, 1984NA: September 1984WW: 1985 Famicom/NES JP: May 26, 1985NA: October 18, 1985EU: October 15, 1987 Famicom Disk System JP: February 3, 1989 Game Boy Advance JP: May 21, 2004 Genre(s)Action, puzzleMode(s)Single-player, multiplayerArcade systemNintendo VS. System Wrecking Crew is an action game developed and published by Nintendo. Designed by Yoshio Sakamoto, it was first released as an arcade video game for the Nintendo VS. System in 1984, titled Vs. Wrecking Crew with a simultaneous two-player mode. It was released as a single-player game for the Family Computer (Famicom) console in 1985, and as a launch game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) later that year. A sequel, Wrecking Crew '98, was released in Japan in 1998 for the Super Famicom. Gameplay Screenshot The player controls Mario (or Luigi in two-player mode) and attempts to destroy all of a certain set of objects with a large hammer on each of 100 levels. Mario cannot jump because of the hammer's weight. The player can select any level to start on from the title screen. Each level's playfield is divided into an invisible grid, each space of which can contain one object. Objects include these: destructible walls, pillars, and ladders; indestructible barrels and ladders; bombs that destroy all connected destructible objects; and various enemies that Mario must avoid. Doors may be opened to cause enemies to move harmlessly into the background. The game introduced a new character, a construction foreman named Spike (known as Blackie in the Japanese version), who chases Mario and attempts to disrupt him by knocking down objects and causing him to fall to the bottom of the playfield. The player starts the game with five lives and loses a life whenever Mario comes in contact with an enemy or fireball. The game is over when all lives are lost. The game can also be aborted at any time, and must be aborted if Mario becomes trapped in a barrel. Because Mario lacks the ability to jump, the player must figure out the optimal order in which to destroy objects—for example, if a player destroys a ladder too soon, a wall may become unreachable and thus the player cannot finish the level. Destroying multiple objects in a row (usually with a chain of bombs) scores extra bonus points, and occasionally bonus items may appear that Mario can collect. Wrecking Crew features a level editor, which allows the player to design up to four custom levels. They can be saved and loaded using the Famicom Data Recorder, a cassette tape drive. Because this peripheral was only released for Famicom in Japan, other localizations cannot save or load the custom levels. The U.S. manual includes a note stating that the load and save functions "have been programmed in for potential product developments". The feature was reenabled for the Wii Virtual Console release using Wii system storage. Reception In Japan, Game Machine listed Vs. Wrecking Crew in its October 1, 1984, issue as the thirteenth most-successful table arcade unit of the month. Re-releases Wrecking Crew was re-released in 1989 on the Family Computer Disk System, and in 2004 as the 14th game of the Famicom Mini series on Game Boy Advance. It was also included as a playable bonus game in its sequel, Wrecking Crew '98. The game was re-released on the Wii Virtual Console in 2007. It was briefly distributed to Nintendo 3DS owners in September 2011 as part of the "Ambassador Program", before being made available for general sale on 3DS Virtual Console in Japan in September 2012, with a release in other territories following in 2013. Wrecking Crew was also released on the Wii U Virtual Console in June 2013. All Virtual Console releases, excluding the 3DS version, support saving custom level designs, which is not possible in the original NES version of the game. In July 2019, Wrecking Crew was added to the Nintendo Switch Online service as part of the paid membership. Sequel 1998 video gameWrecking Crew '98Developer(s)Nintendo R&D1Pax SoftnicaPublisher(s)NintendoDirector(s)Eiko TakahashiProducer(s)Tatsuya HishidaDesigner(s)Eiko TakahashiNoriyuki EnokiNaoki WatanabeTakashi KouyamaReiko KajigayaProgrammer(s)Narumi NakashimaTaisuke ArakiHirotaka KatohComposer(s)Hirokazu TanakaTakane OkuboSeriesMarioPlatform(s)Super FamicomReleaseNintendo Power (SFC)JP: January 1, 1998Super Famicom JP: May 23, 1998Genre(s)Action, puzzleMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Wrecking Crew '98 is an action puzzle game released exclusively in Japan in 1998 for the Super Famicom's Nintendo Power download service, and later on cartridge. Unlike the original, in which the player's objective is to find ways to clear each level of all panels, Wrecking Crew '98 takes a more competitive approach: various blocks and colored panels appear on each player's side of the screen, and the player must attempt to line up three or more panels of the same color to remove them. When a set of panels disappears, all blocks and panels above it will drop, potentially allowing the player to create chain combos. Clearing four or more panels of the same color will trigger an attack that hinders the opponent; each panel color will produce a different type of attack. The match ends when one player's screen becomes filled with panels, causing them to lose. The game's story features Mario returning to the Mushroom Kingdom after a trip, only to discover that Bowser has started a constructing multiple new high-rise bases, depriving the surrounding flora of sunlight. To stop Bowser, Mario retrieves his magic hammer from his time on the Wrecking Crew and begins demolishing Bowser's bases. At each location, he encounters a member of Bowser's construction crew whom he must defeat to destroy the base, including his former rival Foreman Spike. The main single player mode is Story mode, in which the player controls Mario and travels through an overworld, entering each of Bowser's construction sites and defeating a rival opponent. Completing each stage within a time limit will unlock several secret stages and an alternate ending. Clearing stages in Story mode will unlock up to 12 total playable characters for use in Versus mode, a competitive mode for one to two players. Clearing the Story also unlocks Tournament mode, in which eight characters compete in a single-elimination tournament until only one remains and is declared the champion. A playable port of the original Wrecking Crew is also accessible from the main menu. The game was re-released on the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on September 28, 2016, and on the Nintendo Switch Online service on April 12, 2024, for the first time in the West. A fanmade English translation patch for the game was released in October 2017. Legacy The Bonus Stage theme from Wrecking Crew was remixed for Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix (2005). The Golden Hammer appears as a usable item in the Super Smash Bros. series, beginning with Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008). A "Wrecking Crew" stage also appears in Super Smash Bros. for Wii U (2014) and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018). Spike appears in The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023), voiced by Sebastian Maniscalco. This version is the former boss of Mario and Luigi before they started their plumbing business. After nearly 40 years, the name was standardized for future appearances as Spike also in Japan, where he was previously known as Blackie or Blacky due to his classically black beard and sunglasses, as it already was known in all regions before the release of the film. Though none of it had been officially confirmed by Nintendo, several Western magazines and news articles spread speculation, misinformation, and disinformation about racism concerns over the name change in Japan, though Spike is a white man and Japan does not have the same culture about race as the West. See also Video games portal1980s portal Electrician (1984) List of Nintendo Entertainment System games Notes ^ Limited release on May 26, 1985. Wide release on June 18, 1985. ^ Japanese: レッキングクルー, Hepburn: Rekkingu Kurū ^ Japanese: レッキングクルー'98, Hepburn: Rekkingu Kurū Nainti Eito References ^ Akagi, Masumi (October 13, 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. p. 128. ISBN 978-4990251215. ^ "Flyer Fever - Vs. Wrecking Crew (Japan, Flyer 1)". Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2017. ^ Kohler, Chris (October 18, 2010). "October 18, 1985: Nintendo Entertainment System Launches". Wired. Retrieved June 8, 2022. ^ "Wrecking Crew (Registration Number PA0000287352)". United States Copyright Office. Retrieved June 15, 2021. ^ @Sora_Sakurai (June 18, 2021). "1985年のきょう『レッキングクルー』(Wrecking Crew)ファミコン版が発売!!" (Tweet). Retrieved June 18, 2021 – via Twitter. ^ a b "Wrecking Crew". NinDB. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2011. ^ やればやるほどディスクシステムインタビュー(前編). Nintendo Dream (in Japanese). No. 118. Mainichi Communications Inc. August 6, 2004. pp. 96–103. ^ Kohler, Chris (April 7, 2010). "Q&A: Metroid Creator's Early 8-Bit Days at Nintendo". Wired: GameLife. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved June 8, 2022. ^ Famicom 20th Anniversary Original Sound Tracks Vol. 1 (Media notes). Scitron Digital Contents Inc. 2004. ^ "Vs. Wrecking Crew". iBomb. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2011. ^ a b Yarwood, Jack (April 20, 2023). "Nintendo Changes Japanese Name Of Spike For The Super Mario Bros. Movie". Time Extension. Hookshot Media. Retrieved April 20, 2023. ^ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 245. Amusement Press. October 1, 1984. p. 35. ^ Giffords, Kevin (January 1, 2000). "Wrecking Crew (Famicom Mini 14)". 1up.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. ^ Thomas, Lucas M. (August 30, 2011). "Nintendo 3DS Ambassadors, Behold Your Final Five NES Rewards". Retrieved November 26, 2021. ^ Luke. "3DS Ambassador Games Impressions - Super Balloon Wrecking Bros". ForkThisLlama. Retrieved September 7, 2011. ^ Good, Owen S. (July 10, 2019). "Donkey Kong 3, Wrecking Crew join NES library for Switch Online". Polygon. Retrieved March 26, 2023. ^ a b "Wrecking Crew '98". NinDB. Retrieved October 27, 2011. ^ "レッキングクルー'98 - Wii U". 任天堂ホームページ (in Japanese). September 28, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2024. ^ Doolan, Liam (April 12, 2024). "Nintendo Expands Switch Online's SNES Library With Three More Titles". Nintendo Life. Retrieved April 12, 2024. ^ Lopes, Gonçalo (October 4, 2017). "English Translation Released for Super Famicom Exclusive Wrecking Crew '98". Nintendo Life. Retrieved April 12, 2024. ^ Ditchfield, Jaime (August 9, 2021). "Sebastian Maniscalco will voice 'Spike' in Illumination Super Mario movie". Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021. ^ "Super Mario Bros. Plumbing". Retrieved February 12, 2023. ^ "Nintendo Renamed This Super Mario Bros. Movie Character, Possibly To Avoid Racism". Kotaku. April 20, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023. ^ Egan, Toussaint (April 21, 2023). "Nintendo is changing Mario 'bad guy' Foreman Spike's name in Japan". Polygon. Retrieved November 16, 2023. ^ "Mario villain's name changed from racist slur in games, movie". New York Post. April 25, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023. ^ Lau, Chris (April 25, 2023). "Nintendo changes Japanese name of villainous Super Mario character". CNN. Retrieved November 16, 2023. ^ "Nintendo acknowledges Mario character name change for Japan". Eurogamer.net. April 20, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023. External links Listen to this article (9 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 15 April 2024 (2024-04-15), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) Wrecking Crew at NinDB vteLuigi franchise Year of Luigi Character Luigi's Mansion Luigi's Mansion Dark Moon Luigi's Mansion 3 Mario & Luigi Superstar Saga Partners in Time Bowser's Inside Story Dream Team Paper Jam Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey Other Mario Is Missing! New Super Luigi U Dr. Luigi Related Mario Bros. 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Wars Famicom Wars Game Boy Wars Super Famicom Wars Advance Wars Black Hole Rising Dual Strike Days of Ruin Other games Alleyway Battle Clash Card Hero Trade & Battle Kousoku Card Battle Code Name: S.T.E.A.M. Cubivore: Survival of the Fittest Devil World Dragon Hopper Dragon Quest Wars Duck Hunt Eco Shooter: Plant 530 Galactic Pinball Hogan's Alley Kaeru no Tame ni Kane wa Naru Mario Kart: Super Circuit Mario Paint Metal Combat: Falcon's Revenge Metroid Soccer Super Metroid Tennis Wild Gunman Wrecking Crew Yakuman Technology Super Game Boy Game Boy Player People Shouzou Kaga Yuka Tsujiyoko Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"action game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Yoshio Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshio_Sakamoto"},{"link_name":"arcade video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_video_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo VS. System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_VS._System"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Family Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Computer"},{"link_name":"launch game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Wrecking Crew '98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sequel"},{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Famicom"}],"text":"1985 video game1984 video gameWrecking Crew[b] is an action game developed and published by Nintendo. Designed by Yoshio Sakamoto, it was first released as an arcade video game for the Nintendo VS. System in 1984, titled Vs. Wrecking Crew with a simultaneous two-player mode.[10] It was released as a single-player game for the Family Computer (Famicom) console in 1985, and as a launch game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) later that year. A sequel, Wrecking Crew '98, was released in Japan in 1998 for the Super Famicom.","title":"Wrecking Crew (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wrecking_Crew_gameplay.png"},{"link_name":"Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario"},{"link_name":"Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi"},{"link_name":"Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimeExtension-13"},{"link_name":"cannot finish the level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softlock"},{"link_name":"Famicom Data Recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom_Data_Recorder"},{"link_name":"cassette tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_cassette"},{"link_name":"Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Virtual Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Console"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"ScreenshotThe player controls Mario (or Luigi in two-player mode) and attempts to destroy all of a certain set of objects with a large hammer on each of 100 levels. Mario cannot jump because of the hammer's weight. The player can select any level to start on from the title screen. Each level's playfield is divided into an invisible grid, each space of which can contain one object. Objects include these: destructible walls, pillars, and ladders; indestructible barrels and ladders; bombs that destroy all connected destructible objects; and various enemies that Mario must avoid. Doors may be opened to cause enemies to move harmlessly into the background. The game introduced a new character, a construction foreman named Spike (known as Blackie in the Japanese version),[11] who chases Mario and attempts to disrupt him by knocking down objects and causing him to fall to the bottom of the playfield. The player starts the game with five lives and loses a life whenever Mario comes in contact with an enemy or fireball. The game is over when all lives are lost. The game can also be aborted at any time, and must be aborted if Mario becomes trapped in a barrel.Because Mario lacks the ability to jump, the player must figure out the optimal order in which to destroy objects—for example, if a player destroys a ladder too soon, a wall may become unreachable and thus the player cannot finish the level. Destroying multiple objects in a row (usually with a chain of bombs) scores extra bonus points, and occasionally bonus items may appear that Mario can collect.Wrecking Crew features a level editor, which allows the player to design up to four custom levels. They can be saved and loaded using the Famicom Data Recorder, a cassette tape drive. Because this peripheral was only released for Famicom in Japan, other localizations cannot save or load the custom levels. The U.S. manual includes a note stating that the load and save functions \"have been programmed in for potential product developments\". The feature was reenabled for the Wii Virtual Console release using Wii system storage.[citation needed]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In Japan, Game Machine listed Vs. Wrecking Crew in its October 1, 1984, issue as the thirteenth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.[12]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family Computer Disk System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Computer_Disk_System"},{"link_name":"Famicom Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_NES_Series"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Virtual Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Console"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambreward-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Wii U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Online"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Wrecking Crew was re-released in 1989 on the Family Computer Disk System, and in 2004 as the 14th game of the Famicom Mini series on Game Boy Advance.[13] It was also included as a playable bonus game in its sequel, Wrecking Crew '98.The game was re-released on the Wii Virtual Console in 2007. It was briefly distributed to Nintendo 3DS owners in September 2011 as part of the \"Ambassador Program\",[14][15] before being made available for general sale on 3DS Virtual Console in Japan in September 2012, with a release in other territories following in 2013. Wrecking Crew was also released on the Wii U Virtual Console in June 2013. All Virtual Console releases, excluding the 3DS version, support saving custom level designs, which is not possible in the original NES version of the game.In July 2019, Wrecking Crew was added to the Nintendo Switch Online service as part of the paid membership.[16]","title":"Re-releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"puzzle game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power_(cartridge)"},{"link_name":"Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario"},{"link_name":"Mushroom Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bowser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowser"},{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_(plants)"},{"link_name":"single-elimination tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Online"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"fanmade English translation patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_translation_of_video_games"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"1998 video gameWrecking Crew '98[c] is an action puzzle game released exclusively in Japan in 1998 for the Super Famicom's Nintendo Power download service, and later on cartridge. Unlike the original, in which the player's objective is to find ways to clear each level of all panels, Wrecking Crew '98 takes a more competitive approach: various blocks and colored panels appear on each player's side of the screen, and the player must attempt to line up three or more panels of the same color to remove them. When a set of panels disappears, all blocks and panels above it will drop, potentially allowing the player to create chain combos. Clearing four or more panels of the same color will trigger an attack that hinders the opponent; each panel color will produce a different type of attack. The match ends when one player's screen becomes filled with panels, causing them to lose.The game's story features Mario returning to the Mushroom Kingdom after a trip, only to discover that Bowser has started a constructing multiple new high-rise bases, depriving the surrounding flora of sunlight. To stop Bowser, Mario retrieves his magic hammer from his time on the Wrecking Crew and begins demolishing Bowser's bases. At each location, he encounters a member of Bowser's construction crew whom he must defeat to destroy the base, including his former rival Foreman Spike.The main single player mode is Story mode, in which the player controls Mario and travels through an overworld, entering each of Bowser's construction sites and defeating a rival opponent. Completing each stage within a time limit will unlock several secret stages and an alternate ending. Clearing stages in Story mode will unlock up to 12 total playable characters for use in Versus mode, a competitive mode for one to two players. Clearing the Story also unlocks Tournament mode, in which eight characters compete in a single-elimination tournament until only one remains and is declared the champion. A playable port of the original Wrecking Crew is also accessible from the main menu.The game was re-released on the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on September 28, 2016,[18] and on the Nintendo Switch Online service on April 12, 2024, for the first time in the West.[19] A fanmade English translation patch for the game was released in October 2017.[20]","title":"Sequel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution:_Mario_Mix"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros."},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros. Brawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Brawl"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros. for Wii U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._for_Nintendo_3DS_and_Wii_U"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros. Ultimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Super Mario Bros. Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Super_Mario_Bros._Movie"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Maniscalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Maniscalco"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimeExtension-13"},{"link_name":"misinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation"},{"link_name":"disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The Bonus Stage theme from Wrecking Crew was remixed for Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix (2005).[citation needed] The Golden Hammer appears as a usable item in the Super Smash Bros. series, beginning with Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008).[citation needed] A \"Wrecking Crew\" stage also appears in Super Smash Bros. for Wii U (2014) and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018).[citation needed]Spike appears in The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023), voiced by Sebastian Maniscalco. This version is the former boss of Mario and Luigi before they started their plumbing business.[21][22] After nearly 40 years, the name was standardized for future appearances as Spike also in Japan, where he was previously known as Blackie or Blacky due to his classically black beard and sunglasses, as it already was known in all regions before the release of the film.[11] Though none of it had been officially confirmed by Nintendo, several Western magazines and news articles spread speculation, misinformation, and disinformation about racism concerns over the name change in Japan, though Spike is a white man and Japan does not have the same culture about race as the West.[23][24][25][26][27]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"}],"text":"^ Limited release on May 26, 1985.[4] Wide release on June 18, 1985.[5]\n\n^ Japanese: レッキングクルー, Hepburn: Rekkingu Kurū\n\n^ Japanese: レッキングクルー'98, Hepburn: Rekkingu Kurū Nainti Eito","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Screenshot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Wrecking_Crew_gameplay.png/220px-Wrecking_Crew_gameplay.png"},{}]	[{"title":"Video games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Video_games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg"},{"title":"1980s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1980s"},{"title":"Electrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrician_(video_game)"},{"title":"List of Nintendo Entertainment System games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_Entertainment_System_games"}]	[{"reference":"Akagi, Masumi (October 13, 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) [Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971-2005)] (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. p. 128. ISBN 978-4990251215.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005/page/n129","url_text":"アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4990251215","url_text":"978-4990251215"}]},{"reference":"\"Flyer Fever - Vs. Wrecking Crew (Japan, Flyer 1)\". Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180720022451/https://www.flyerfever.com/post/94727731278/vs-wrecking-crew","url_text":"\"Flyer Fever - Vs. Wrecking Crew (Japan, Flyer 1)\""},{"url":"http://www.flyerfever.com/post/94727731278/vs-wrecking-crew","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kohler, Chris (October 18, 2010). \"October 18, 1985: Nintendo Entertainment System Launches\". Wired. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2010/10/1018nintendo-nes-launches/","url_text":"\"October 18, 1985: Nintendo Entertainment System Launches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wrecking Crew (Registration Number PA0000287352)\". United States Copyright Office. Retrieved June 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cocatalog.loc.gov/","url_text":"\"Wrecking Crew (Registration Number PA0000287352)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office","url_text":"United States Copyright Office"}]},{"reference":"@Sora_Sakurai (June 18, 2021). \"1985年のきょう『レッキングクルー』(Wrecking Crew)ファミコン版が発売!!\" [Today in 1985, the Famicom version of \"Wrecking Crew\" was on sale!!] (Tweet). Retrieved June 18, 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Sora_Sakurai/status/1405737035445452800","url_text":"\"1985年のきょう『レッキングクルー』(Wrecking Crew)ファミコン版が発売!!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrecking Crew\". NinDB. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111225150047/http://nindb.net/game/wrecking-crew.html","url_text":"\"Wrecking Crew\""},{"url":"http://www.nindb.net/game/wrecking-crew.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"やればやるほどディスクシステムインタビュー(前編). Nintendo Dream (in Japanese). No. 118. Mainichi Communications Inc. August 6, 2004. pp. 96–103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Dream","url_text":"Nintendo Dream"}]},{"reference":"Kohler, Chris (April 7, 2010). \"Q&A: Metroid Creator's Early 8-Bit Days at Nintendo\". Wired: GameLife. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2010/04/sakamoto/","url_text":"\"Q&A: Metroid Creator's Early 8-Bit Days at Nintendo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired: GameLife"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Digital","url_text":"Condé Nast Digital"}]},{"reference":"Famicom 20th Anniversary Original Sound Tracks Vol. 1 (Media notes). Scitron Digital Contents Inc. 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://vgmdb.net/album/404","url_text":"Famicom 20th Anniversary Original Sound Tracks Vol. 1"}]},{"reference":"\"Vs. Wrecking Crew\". iBomb. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112128/http://i.gamersfeed.com/game/29966/Vs.-Wrecking-Crew/home","url_text":"\"Vs. Wrecking Crew\""},{"url":"http://i.gamersfeed.com/game/29966/Vs.-Wrecking-Crew/home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yarwood, Jack (April 20, 2023). \"Nintendo Changes Japanese Name Of Spike For The Super Mario Bros. Movie\". Time Extension. Hookshot Media. Retrieved April 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeextension.com/news/2023/04/nintendo-changes-japanese-name-of-spike-for-the-super-mario-bros-movie","url_text":"\"Nintendo Changes Japanese Name Of Spike For The Super Mario Bros. Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookshot_Media","url_text":"Hookshot Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)\". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 245. Amusement Press. October 1, 1984. p. 35.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Giffords, Kevin (January 1, 2000). \"Wrecking Crew (Famicom Mini 14)\". 1up.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120716190109/http://www.1up.com/reviews/wrecking-crew-famicom-mini-14","url_text":"\"Wrecking Crew (Famicom Mini 14)\""},{"url":"http://www.1up.com/reviews/wrecking-crew-famicom-mini-14","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Lucas M. (August 30, 2011). \"Nintendo 3DS Ambassadors, Behold Your Final Five NES Rewards\". Retrieved November 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/08/30/nintendo-3ds-ambassadors-behold-your-final-five-nes-rewards","url_text":"\"Nintendo 3DS Ambassadors, Behold Your Final Five NES Rewards\""}]},{"reference":"Luke. \"3DS Ambassador Games Impressions - Super Balloon Wrecking Bros\". ForkThisLlama. Retrieved September 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://forkthisllama.blogspot.com/2011/09/3ds-ambassador-games-impressions-super.html","url_text":"\"3DS Ambassador Games Impressions - Super Balloon Wrecking Bros\""}]},{"reference":"Good, Owen S. (July 10, 2019). \"Donkey Kong 3, Wrecking Crew join NES library for Switch Online\". Polygon. Retrieved March 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/nintendo-switch/2019/7/10/20688980/nintendo-switch-online-nes-classics-list-july-2019-wrecking-crew-donkey-kong-3","url_text":"\"Donkey Kong 3, Wrecking Crew join NES library for Switch Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wrecking Crew '98\". NinDB. Retrieved October 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nindb.net/snes/wrecking-crew-98/index.html","url_text":"\"Wrecking Crew '98\""}]},{"reference":"\"レッキングクルー'98 - Wii U\". 任天堂ホームページ (in Japanese). September 28, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.co.jp/titles/20010000014447","url_text":"\"レッキングクルー'98 - Wii U\""}]},{"reference":"Doolan, Liam (April 12, 2024). \"Nintendo Expands Switch Online's SNES Library With Three More Titles\". Nintendo Life. Retrieved April 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2024/04/nintendo-expands-switch-onlines-snes-library-with-three-more-titles","url_text":"\"Nintendo Expands Switch Online's SNES Library With Three More Titles\""}]},{"reference":"Lopes, Gonçalo (October 4, 2017). \"English Translation Released for Super Famicom Exclusive Wrecking Crew '98\". Nintendo Life. Retrieved April 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2017/10/english_translation_released_for_super_famicom_exclusive_wrecking_crew_98","url_text":"\"English Translation Released for Super Famicom Exclusive Wrecking Crew '98\""}]},{"reference":"Ditchfield, Jaime (August 9, 2021). \"Sebastian Maniscalco will voice 'Spike' in Illumination Super Mario movie\". Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210824205410/https://www.nintendoenthusiast.com/sebastian-maniscalco-will-voice-spike-in-illumination-super-mario-movie/","url_text":"\"Sebastian Maniscalco will voice 'Spike' in Illumination Super Mario movie\""},{"url":"https://www.nintendoenthusiast.com/sebastian-maniscalco-will-voice-spike-in-illumination-super-mario-movie/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Super Mario Bros. Plumbing\". Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smbplumbing.com/","url_text":"\"Super Mario Bros. Plumbing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nintendo Renamed This Super Mario Bros. Movie Character, Possibly To Avoid Racism\". Kotaku. April 20, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/super-mario-bros-movie-nintendo-spike-wrecking-crew-1850358115","url_text":"\"Nintendo Renamed This Super Mario Bros. Movie Character, Possibly To Avoid Racism\""}]},{"reference":"Egan, Toussaint (April 21, 2023). \"Nintendo is changing Mario 'bad guy' Foreman Spike's name in Japan\". Polygon. Retrieved November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/23693162/super-mario-bros-movie-spike-name-change-nintendo-announcement","url_text":"\"Nintendo is changing Mario 'bad guy' Foreman Spike's name in Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mario villain's name changed from racist slur in games, movie\". New York Post. April 25, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2023/04/25/mario-villains-name-changed-from-racist-slur-in-games-movie/","url_text":"\"Mario villain's name changed from racist slur in games, movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"Lau, Chris (April 25, 2023). \"Nintendo changes Japanese name of villainous Super Mario character\". CNN. Retrieved November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/25/asia/nintendo-mario-character-name-change-intl-hnk/index.html","url_text":"\"Nintendo changes Japanese name of villainous Super Mario character\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nintendo acknowledges Mario character name change for Japan\". Eurogamer.net. April 20, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/nintendo-acknowledges-mario-character-name-change-for-japan","url_text":"\"Nintendo acknowledges Mario character name change for Japan\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wrecking+Crew%22+video+game","external_links_name":"\"Wrecking Crew\" video game"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wrecking+Crew%22+video+game+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wrecking+Crew%22+video+game&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wrecking+Crew%22+video+game+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wrecking+Crew%22+video+game","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wrecking+Crew%22+video+game&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005/page/n129","external_links_name":"アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180720022451/https://www.flyerfever.com/post/94727731278/vs-wrecking-crew","external_links_name":"\"Flyer Fever - Vs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Sipriot	Pierre Sipriot	["1 Works","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]	French journalist (1921–1998) Pierre Sipriot (16 January 1921 in Paris – 13 December 1998 in Fontenay-lès-Briis) was a 20th-century French journalist and principal biographer of Henry de Montherlant. A journalist for France Culture, Pierre Sipriot produced the Les Lundis de l'Histoire radio program from 1966. He was twice a recipient of prizes awarded by the Académie française: the Prix Broquette-Gonin in 1973 and the Prix de la critique in 1977. Works 1953: Montherlant par lui-même, Le Seuil 1982: Montherlant sans masque Tome I, L'Enfant prodigue, Robert Laffont 1990: Montherlant sans masque Tome II, Écris avec ton sang 1979: Montherlant Dessins, preface by Pierre Sipriot, Copernic 1983: Henry de Montherlant - Roger Peyrefitte, Correspondance (1938-1941), présentation and notes by R. Peyrefitte and Pierre Sipriot, Robert Laffont 1979: Album de la Pléiade: Montherlant, bibliothèque de la Pléiade, éditions Gallimard 1987: Pierre Sipriot (dir.), Brasillach et la génération perdue, Éditions du Rocher, - Hommage collectif (Jean Anouilh, Maurice Bardèche, Jean Guitton, Fred Kupferman, Anne Brassié , Dominique Desanti, Thierry Maulnier and Jean-Marc Varaut). 1988: Montherlant et le suicide, Éditions du Rocher 1997: Le Désastre De L'Europe, 1914-1918, Romain Rolland, Paris, Bartillat Bibliography "Le procès du Montherlant sans masque de Pierre Sipriot", Droit et Littérature, double issue of the review ACTES, n° 43-44, April 1984, présented and edited by Régine Dhoquois and Annie Prassoloff. External links Pierre Sipriot on the site of the Académie française Henry de Montherlant et la sagesse@ on the site of the Revue des deux mondes Francis Jammes par Paul Claudel et Pierre Sipriot (1948) on YouTube Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fontenay-lès-Briis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontenay-l%C3%A8s-Briis"},{"link_name":"Henry de Montherlant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Montherlant"},{"link_name":"France Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Culture"},{"link_name":"Les Lundis de l'Histoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Lundis_de_l%27Histoire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Lundis_de_l%27Histoire"},{"link_name":"Prix Broquette-Gonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Broquette-Gonin"}],"text":"Pierre Sipriot (16 January 1921 in Paris – 13 December 1998 in Fontenay-lès-Briis) was a 20th-century French journalist and principal biographer of Henry de Montherlant.A journalist for France Culture, Pierre Sipriot produced the Les Lundis de l'Histoire [fr] radio program from 1966.He was twice a recipient of prizes awarded by the Académie française: the Prix Broquette-Gonin in 1973 and the Prix de la critique in 1977.","title":"Pierre Sipriot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Seuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Seuil"},{"link_name":"Robert Laffont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Laffont"},{"link_name":"Henry de Montherlant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Montherlant"},{"link_name":"Roger Peyrefitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Peyrefitte"},{"link_name":"Album de la Pléiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade"},{"link_name":"bibliothèque de la Pléiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade"},{"link_name":"éditions Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"Brasillach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brasillach"},{"link_name":"Éditions du Rocher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Rocher"},{"link_name":"Jean Anouilh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Anouilh"},{"link_name":"Maurice Bardèche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che"},{"link_name":"Jean Guitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Guitton"},{"link_name":"Fred Kupferman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Kupferman"},{"link_name":"Anne Brassié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Brassi%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Brassi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Dominique Desanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Desanti"},{"link_name":"Thierry Maulnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marc Varaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Varaut"},{"link_name":"Romain Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland"}],"text":"1953: Montherlant par lui-même, Le Seuil\n1982: Montherlant sans masque Tome I, L'Enfant prodigue, Robert Laffont\n1990: Montherlant sans masque Tome II, Écris avec ton sang\n1979: Montherlant Dessins, preface by Pierre Sipriot, Copernic\n1983: Henry de Montherlant - Roger Peyrefitte, Correspondance (1938-1941), présentation and notes by R. Peyrefitte and Pierre Sipriot, Robert Laffont\n1979: Album de la Pléiade: Montherlant, bibliothèque de la Pléiade, éditions Gallimard\n1987: Pierre Sipriot (dir.), Brasillach et la génération perdue, Éditions du Rocher, - Hommage collectif (Jean Anouilh, Maurice Bardèche, Jean Guitton, Fred Kupferman, Anne Brassié [fr], Dominique Desanti, Thierry Maulnier and Jean-Marc Varaut).\n1988: Montherlant et le suicide, Éditions du Rocher\n1997: Le Désastre De L'Europe, 1914-1918, Romain Rolland, Paris, Bartillat","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chez.com/annieprassoloff/articles/month-sans-masque.htm"}],"text":"\"Le procès du Montherlant sans masque de Pierre Sipriot\", Droit et Littérature, double issue of the review ACTES, n° 43-44, April 1984, présented and edited by Régine Dhoquois and Annie Prassoloff. [1]","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.chez.com/annieprassoloff/articles/month-sans-masque.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.academie-francaise.fr/pierre-sipriot","external_links_name":"Pierre Sipriot"},{"Link":"http://rddm.revuedesdeuxmondes.fr/archive/article.php?code=7559","external_links_name":"Henry de Montherlant et la sagesse@"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fe7KHAuwZGU","external_links_name":"Francis Jammes par Paul Claudel et Pierre Sipriot (1948)"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116991230","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/111748328","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCyDtdytK6V8M9cWCvpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11924930n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11924930n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516044906706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV047885","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275633405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83150538","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0023708&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N5500","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067834817","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810581013605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1496040","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027140369","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTV_Bolan	PTV Bolan	["1 Availability","2 References","3 External links"]	Pakistani Balochi-language TV channel This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Television channel PTV Bolan SD (Pakistan) Brahui, Balochi, Pashto Language.CountryPakistanBroadcast areaPakistanNetworkPakistan Television CorporationHeadquartersFederal TV Complex, Constitution Avenue, IslamabadProgrammingLanguage(s)BalochiPushtoBrahviPicture format16:9 (576i, SDTV)OwnershipOwnerGovernment of PakistanSister channelsPTV NewsPTV SportsPTV NationalPTV HomePTV GlobalAJK TVPTV WorldHistoryLaunched14 August 2005LinksWebsiteptv.com.pk/ptvCorporate/ptvBolan PTV Bolan (Balochi: پی ٹی وی بۏلان, Brahui: پی ٹی وی بولان, Pashto: پي ټي وي بولان) is a television channel launched by PTV that broadcasts regional programmes in Brahui, Balochi and Pashto. PTV Bolan was launched in 2005 by then Prime Minister. It is primarily targeted towards people living in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Availability Satellite Frequency PakSat-1 6458.5 MHz This channel also streams online. References ^ Report, Bureau (25 September 2005). "PTV to launch 4 channels: minister". DAWN.COM. External links PTV Bolan Satellite Information PTV Bolan Official Site vtePakistan Television Corporation and its divisionsPeople Wajid Ali Ubaidur Rahman Aslam Azhar others executives Channels PTV Bolan PTV Global PTV Home PTV National PTV News PTV Parliament PTV Sports PTV World PTV Teleschool PTV Peshawar PTV Sindh Others PTV Academy PTV Awards Pakistan Television Corporation vte Television in PakistanPublic PTV Home PTV News PTV Global PTV National PTV Sports PTV World PTV Bolan AJK TV Entertainment A-Plus Entertainment Aaj Entertainment ARY Digital Network ARY Digital ARY Zindagi BOL Entertainment Express Entertainment Jang Group Geo Entertainment Geo Kahani Green Entertainment Hum Network Hum Sitaray Hum TV LTN Family Play Entertainment TV One Urdu 1 News 92 News Aaj News Abb Takk News ARY News BOL News Capital TV City Media Group 24 News HD City 41 City 42 Dawn News Dunya Group Dunya News Lahore News Express News Jang Group Geo News Geo Tez GNN GTV Network HD Hum News News One Public News Such TV Samaa TV Music 8XM ARY Musik Jalwa Sports Geo Super PTV Sports Ten Sports A Sports Religious ARY Qtv HadiTV Haq TV Paigham TV Peace TV Urdu Labbaik TV Madani Channel Food Hum Masala Kids Cartoon Network Kids Zone Minimax Nickelodeon Pop Regional Dharti TV Sindh TV AVT Khyber Apna Channel Awaz Khyber News KTN Mashriq TV Pashto 1 Rohi Sindh TV News VSH News Defunct AAG TV ATV (Pakistani TV channel) Business Plus CNBC Pakistan Fashion TV (Pakistan) Geo English HBO Pakistan Indus News MTV Pashto 1 Play Max Oxygene TV Style 360 Tribune 24/7 WB Channel Waqt News VH1 Pakistan By language Urdu English Punjabi Pashto Sindhi Balochi This Pakistani television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language"},{"link_name":"Brahui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahui_language"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language"},{"link_name":"PTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Brahui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahui_language"},{"link_name":"Balochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Television channelPTV Bolan (Balochi: پی ٹی وی بۏلان, Brahui: پی ٹی وی بولان, Pashto: پي ټي وي بولان) is a television channel launched by PTV that broadcasts regional programmes in Brahui, Balochi and Pashto. PTV Bolan was launched in 2005 by then Prime Minister. It is primarily targeted towards people living in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.[1]","title":"PTV Bolan"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This channel also streams online.","title":"Availability"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Report, Bureau (25 September 2005). \"PTV to launch 4 channels: minister\". DAWN.COM.","urls":[{"url":"http://beta.dawn.com/news/158187/ptv-to-launch-4-channels-minister","url_text":"\"PTV to launch 4 channels: minister\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ptv.com.pk/ptvCorporate/ptvBolan","external_links_name":"ptv.com.pk/ptvCorporate/ptvBolan"},{"Link":"http://beta.dawn.com/news/158187/ptv-to-launch-4-channels-minister","external_links_name":"\"PTV to launch 4 channels: minister\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100113071924/http://www.lyngsat-address.com/or/PTV-Bolan.html","external_links_name":"PTV Bolan Satellite Information"},{"Link":"https://www.ptv.com.pk/ptvCorporate/ptvBolan","external_links_name":"PTV Bolan Official Site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PTV_Bolan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Junge	George Junge	["1 References"]	Dutch ornithologist George Junge (left) with Dean Amadon in Vesterkulla, Finland, June 8, 1958. George Christoffel Alexander Junge (7 August 1905 – 3 February 1962) was a Dutch ornithologist who was an expert on the birds of Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia, and New Guinea. He was born in Haarlem and studied zoology at the University of Amsterdam, obtaining a doctorate in 1934 with a thesis on crustacean anatomy. From 1928 he studied avian systematics at the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. In 1934, he was appointed head of the ornithological department at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden, a position he kept until his sudden and relatively early death at the age of 56. References ^ Voous, K.H. (1962). "Obituary: Dr G.C.A. Junge". Ibis. 104 (3): 429–430. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1962.tb08675.x. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Other IdRef This article about an ornithologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dean_Amadon_1958.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dean Amadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Amadon"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"ornithologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem"},{"link_name":"University of Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"crustacean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"avian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"systematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics"},{"link_name":"Zoological Museum of Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_Museum_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Natuurlijke_Historie"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"George Junge (left) with Dean Amadon in Vesterkulla, Finland, June 8, 1958.George Christoffel Alexander Junge (7 August 1905 – 3 February 1962) was a Dutch ornithologist who was an expert on the birds of Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia, and New Guinea. He was born in Haarlem and studied zoology at the University of Amsterdam, obtaining a doctorate in 1934 with a thesis on crustacean anatomy. From 1928 he studied avian systematics at the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. In 1934, he was appointed head of the ornithological department at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden, a position he kept until his sudden and relatively early death at the age of 56.[1]","title":"George Junge"}]	[{"image_text":"George Junge (left) with Dean Amadon in Vesterkulla, Finland, June 8, 1958.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dean_Amadon_1958.jpg/220px-Dean_Amadon_1958.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Voous, K.H. (1962). \"Obituary: Dr G.C.A. Junge\". Ibis. 104 (3): 429–430. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1962.tb08675.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919x.1962.tb08675.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1474-919x.1962.tb08675.x"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919x.1962.tb08675.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1474-919x.1962.tb08675.x"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000117861286","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/164126508","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd87DqMhrcyyFP6MFy8G3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/126544425","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95002326","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p13947630X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/180615076","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Junge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Durkan	Frank Durkan	["1 References","2 External links"]	Irish-American attorney This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Frank Durkan (13 August 1930 – 16 November 2006) was an Irish-American attorney best known for having represented numerous members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), including avowed IRA gun-runner George Harrison, who stood trial, and was acquitted, in 1982. In another prominent case, which occurred the previous year, Durkan convinced a federal magistrate to deny the United Kingdom's request that Desmond Mackin - accused of shooting a British soldier- be extradited to British custody. Born in Bohola, County Mayo, Durkan immigrated to the United States in 1947, aged 17. He stayed with his uncle, William O'Dwyer, the eldest brother of his mother, Mary. "Bill" O'Dwyer was the Mayor of New York City at the time, while his uncle, Paul O'Dwyer, was an influential activist who would later become president of the New York City Council. "The kid" was quickly whisked away to a small apartment in the Bronx to earn his way. In the meantime, he worked as a liquor store clerk, janitor and car park while being encouraged to follow in the "legal" familial footsteps. A graduate of Columbia University, 1951, he would earn his law degree from New York Law School two years later, after which he would serve as a clerk for the law firm of O'Dwyer & Bernstein, where Paul O'Dwyer was the senior partner. He, along with Paul's son Brian, were the senior partners at the time of his death. In addition to representing accused members of the IRA he would also practice malpractice and negligence law, and - towards the twilight of his career- indulge in political campaigns aimed at legitimizing the cause of the new IRA within American political circles by lobbying the government on behalf of Irish-American republicans and Irish nationalists; he was ultimately unsuccessful by the 1990s when a client Joe Doherty was deported in 1992 after 10 years of litigation. He died on 16 November 2006, aged 76, in Greenwich, Connecticut from complications from RA-induced pulmonary fibrosis. He was survived by his wife, Monica, two daughters, Mary Louise and Aisling, a son-in-law, Stead, and two grandchildren, Brian and Declan. References ^ Street Sign for Durkan Campaign External links Frank Durkan New York Times obituary. Odwyer & Bernstien, LLP: Frank Durkan Friends Celebrate Durkan Landmark Archived 2 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine Frank Durkan Papers at Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University vteProvisional Irish Republican ArmyGeneral Anti-Treaty IRA Sinn Féin Republican News An Phoblacht The Green Book The Troubles (Timeline) Haughey arms crisis IRA campaign Chronology of Provisional IRA actions Arms importation Weaponry Barrack buster Improvised tactical vehicles Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape Blanket protest Dirty protest HM Prison Maze Anti H-Block 1981 Irish hunger strike Maze Prison escape Armalite and ballot box strategy Punishment attacks Disappeared Smithwick Tribunal Northern Ireland peace process Good Friday Agreement Organisation Chief of Staff IRA Army Council IRA Northern Command IRA Southern Command Internal Security Unit Active service unit Belfast Brigade Derry Brigade South Armagh Brigade East Tyrone Brigade Balcombe Street Gang Actions1970–1979 Battle of St Matthew's Falls Curfew 1970 Crossmaglen bombing Scottish soldiers' killings Red Lion bombing Balmoral showroom bombing Abercorn bombing Donegall Street bombing Battle at Springmartin Battle of Lenadoon Bloody Friday Claudy bombing Newry customs bombing Old Bailey bombing Honey Trap killings King's Cross & Euston bombings Coleraine bombings 1973 Westminster bombing M62 bombing Clogher attack Houses of Parliament bombing Tower of London bombing Guildford pub bombings Harrow School bombing Brooks's Club bombing Woolwich pub bombing British Airways bombing attempt Birmingham pub bombings London pillar box bombings Talbot Arms bombing Bristol bombing Telephone exchange bombings 1974 Oxford Street bombing Carlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings Mountainview attack Bayardo Bar attack Forkhill attack Caterham Arms bombing Tullyvallen massacre London Hilton bombing Piccadilly bombing Trattoria Fiore bombing Scott's Oyster Bar bombing Walton's Restaurant bombing Drummuckavall ambush Balcombe Street siege Kingsmill massacre West Ham station attack Olympia bombing Store bar shooting Stag Inn attack Garryhinch ambush Jonesborough Gazelle downing La Mon restaurant bombing Crossmaglen ambush Warrenpoint ambush Brussels bombing Dungannon attack 1980–1989 Dunmurry train bombing Lough Foyle attacks Glasdrumman ambush 1981 Bessbrook attack Chelsea Barracks bombing Hyde Park & Regent's Park bombings Harrods bombing Royal Artillery Barracks bombing Brighton hotel bombing Ballygawley land mine attack Newry mortar attack Ballygawley attack Enniskillen mortar attack RUC Birches barracks attack Rheindahlen bombing Loughgall ambush Operation Flavius Corporals killings Lisburn bombing Aughanduff Lynx shootdown 1988 Netherlands attacks Glamorgan barracks bombing Inglis Barracks bombing Ballygawley bus bombing Jonesborough ambush Clive Barracks bombing Deal barracks bombing Mayobridge attack Derryard attack  1990–1991 Derrygorry Gazelle downing South Armagh sniper Downpatrick roadside bomb Operation Conservation 1990 Wembley bombing Carlton Club bombing London Stock Exchange bombing Honourable Artillery Company bombing Lichfield gun attack RFA Fort Victoria bombing Proxy bombings Downing Street mortar attack Paddington & Victoria station bombings Mullacreevie ambush Glenanne barracks bombing Coagh ambush Musgrave Park Hospital bombing Crumlin Road Prison bombing 1992–1997 Teebane bombing Clonoe ambush London Bridge bombing Staples Cnr bombing Baltic Exchange bombing Sussex Arms bombing Cloghoge attack Coalisland riots Forensic Science Laboratory bombing Stoke Newington Road bomb 1992 Manchester bombing Night of the Long Knives 1993 Harrods bombing Warrington bombings Cullaville occupation Camden bombing Bishopsgate bombing Finchley Road bombings Battle of Newry Road Shankill Road bombing 1993 Fivemiletown ambush Heathrow attacks Crossmaglen Lynx downing Drumcree conflict Docklands bombing Aldwych bus bombing 1996 Manchester bombing Hammersmith Bridge bombing Osnabrück mortar attack Thiepval barracks bombing Coalisland attack 1997 Northern Ireland riots Personalities (Volunteers) Paddy Agnew Martina Anderson Declan Arthurs Thomas Begley Ivor Bell Patricia Black Charles Breslin Edward Butler Paul Butler Joe Cahill Liam Campbell Fergal Caraher Malachy Carey Owen Carron Gerard Casey Carál Ní Chuilín Gabriel Cleary Peter Cleary Kevin Coen Eamon Collins Eddie Copeland Marion Coyle Gerard Davison Matt Devlin Hugh Doherty Joe Doherty Kieran Doherty Martin Doherty Pat Doherty Colin Duffy Rose Dugdale Dessie Ellis Mairéad Farrell William Fleming Kieran Fleming Bernard Fox Angelo Fusco Michael Gaughan John Francis Green Dessie Grew George Harrison Brendan Hughes Francis Hughes Martin Hurson Pearse Jordan Brian Keenan Gerry Kelly John Kelly Patrick Joseph Kelly Sean Kelly Jim Lynagh Proinsias Mac Airt Breandán Mac Cionnaith Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde Joseph MacManus Seán Mac Stíofáin Patrick Magee Paul Magee Donna Maguire Larry Marley Paul Marlowe Leo Martin Alex Maskey Pearse McAuley Daniel McCann Fra McCann Jennifer McCann Raymond McCartney Martin McCaughey Raymond McCreesh Joe McDonnell Séamus McElwaine Thomas McElwee Brendan McFarlane Tom McFeely Gerry McGeough Pat McGeown John Joe McGirl Martin McGuinness Pádraig McKearney Tommy McKearney Billy McKee Kevin McKenna Laurence McKeown Michael McKevitt Thomas McMahon Jackie McMullan Martin Meehan Ian Milne Arthur Morgan Danny Morrison Conor Murphy Thomas "Slab" Murphy Kieran Nugent Ruairí Ó Brádaigh Ed O'Brien Dáithí Ó Conaill Éamonn O'Doherty Joe B. O'Hagan Siobhán O'Hanlon Rita O'Hare Diarmuid O'Neill Dolours Price Marian Price Liam Quinn Paddy Quinn Billy Reid Bobby Sands Seán Savage Pat Sheehan Frank Stagg Jimmy Steele Bobby Storey Gerard Tuite Seamus Twomey Roy Walsh Séanna Walsh Espionage andSupergrasses Eamon Collins Denis Donaldson Joseph Fenton Kevin Fulton Raymond Gilmour Martin McGartland Sean O'Callaghan Freddie Scappaticci (allegedly "Stakeknife") Associates Cumann na mBan Fianna Éireann South Armagh Republican Action Force Direct Action Against Drugs NORAID Clan na Gael Troops Out Movement Derivatives Continuity Irish Republican Army Real Irish Republican Army Prominentkillings Jeffery Stanford Agate Johnathan Ball Anthony Berry Robert Bradford Joe Bratty Matthew Burns Martin Cahill Eamon Collins Raymond Elder Gerard Evans Christopher Ewart-Biggs Joseph Fenton Billy Fox Maurice Gibson Ian Gow Heidi Hazell Donald Kaberry Andrew Kearney Baroness Brabourne William "Frenchie" Marchant Martin McBirney Jerry McCabe Robert McConnell Jean McConville Columba McVeigh Ross McWhirter Stephen Melrose Lord Mountbatten Lenny Murphy Robert Nairac Thomas Oliver Tim Parry Paul Quinn Robert Seymour Robert McCartney (allegedly) Joseph Rafferty (allegedly) Ray Smallwoods Sammy Smyth Nick Spanos James Stronge Norman Stronge Richard Sykes Stephen Tibble Sammy Ward Michael Willetts This Irish law-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to a paramilitary organization in Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Irish-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Desmond Mackin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmond_Mackin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Bohola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohola"},{"link_name":"County Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"William O'Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O%27Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Mayor of New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Paul O'Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_O%27Dwyer"},{"link_name":"New York City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Council"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"New York Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Irish nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationalists"},{"link_name":"Joe Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Doherty"},{"link_name":"Greenwich, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"pulmonary fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis"}],"text":"Frank Durkan (13 August 1930 – 16 November 2006)[1] was an Irish-American attorney best known for having represented numerous members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), including avowed IRA gun-runner George Harrison, who stood trial, and was acquitted, in 1982.In another prominent case, which occurred the previous year, Durkan convinced a federal magistrate to deny the United Kingdom's request that Desmond Mackin - accused of shooting a British soldier- be extradited to British custody.Born in Bohola, County Mayo, Durkan immigrated to the United States in 1947, aged 17. He stayed with his uncle, William O'Dwyer, the eldest brother of his mother, Mary. \"Bill\" O'Dwyer was the Mayor of New York City at the time, while his uncle, Paul O'Dwyer, was an influential activist who would later become president of the New York City Council. \"The kid\" was quickly whisked away to a small apartment in the Bronx to earn his way. In the meantime, he worked as a liquor store clerk, janitor and car park while being encouraged to follow in the \"legal\" familial footsteps.A graduate of Columbia University, 1951, he would earn his law degree from New York Law School two years later, after which he would serve as a clerk for the law firm of O'Dwyer & Bernstein, where Paul O'Dwyer was the senior partner. He, along with Paul's son Brian, were the senior partners at the time of his death.In addition to representing accused members of the IRA he would also practice malpractice and negligence law, and - towards the twilight of his career- indulge in political campaigns aimed at legitimizing the cause of the new IRA within American political circles by lobbying the government on behalf of Irish-American republicans and Irish nationalists; he was ultimately unsuccessful by the 1990s when a client Joe Doherty was deported in 1992 after 10 years of litigation.He died on 16 November 2006, aged 76, in Greenwich, Connecticut from complications from RA-induced pulmonary fibrosis. He was survived by his wife, Monica, two daughters, Mary Louise and Aisling, a son-in-law, Stead, and two grandchildren, Brian and Declan.","title":"Frank Durkan"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irish-voice/news/Articles/frank-durkan-campaign191108.aspx","external_links_name":"Street Sign for Durkan Campaign"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/nyregion/19durkan.html?em&ex=1164085200&en=de1757c49adac997&ei=5087%0A","external_links_name":"Frank Durkan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070104180651/http://odblaw.com/fd.html","external_links_name":"Odwyer & Bernstien, LLP: Frank Durkan"},{"Link":"http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irishinamerica/news/friendscelebratedurkan.asp","external_links_name":"Friends Celebrate Durkan Landmark"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061202083542/http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irishinamerica/news/friendscelebratedurkan.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/aia_008/","external_links_name":"Frank Durkan Papers"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Durkan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Durkan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracouta_Key	Barracouta Key	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 24°32′39″N 81°55′18″W / 24.544028°N 81.921528°W / 24.544028; -81.921528Island in the Florida Keys, United States Barracouta KeyBarracouta KeyBarracouta KeyShow map of FloridaBarracouta KeyBarracouta Key (Caribbean)Show map of CaribbeanGeographyLocationGulf of MexicoCoordinates24°32′39″N 81°55′18″W / 24.544028°N 81.921528°W / 24.544028; -81.921528ArchipelagoFlorida KeysAdjacent toFlorida StraitsAdministration United StatesStateFloridaCountyMonroe Barracouta Key is an island in the Florida Keys in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is within the boundaries of the Key West National Wildlife Refuge. Located in the Outlying Islands of the Florida Keys, it is in the southern Mule Keys that are 9 miles (15 km) west of Key West. References ^ Satellite view from Google Maps vteFlorida KeysBiscayne National Park Soldier Ragged Boca Chita Sands Elliott Adams Caesar's Rock Meig's Rubicon Reid Porgy Totten Old Rhodes Islandia Upper keys Key Largo Island CDP North Tavernier Plantation Island former CDP Windley Upper Matecumbe Tea Table Indian Lignumvitae Lower Matecumbe Islamorada Middle keys Craig Fiesta Long Layton Conch Little Duck Key Island CDP Grassy Crawl Little Long Point Fat Deer Vaca Marathon Key Colony Beach Boot Knights Lower keys Pigeon Money Little Duck Missouri Ohio Sunshine Bahia Honda Spanish Harbor Scout (West Summerland) No Name Big Pine Torch Little Middle Big Ramrod Summerland Knockemdown Cudjoe Sugarloaf Park Lower Sugarloaf Saddlebunch Shark Geiger Big Coppitt Island CDP East Rockland Rockland Boca Chica Raccoon Stock Island Island CDP Key West Sigsbee Fleming Sunset Wisteria Outlying islands Mule Keys Mule Crawfish Archer Joe Ingram Big Mullet Barracouta Cottrell Man Little Mullet Ballast Woman Boca Grande Marquesas Keys Dry Tortugas Loggerhead Key Tortugas Banks (submerged) Areas Florida Bay Dry Tortugas National Park Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary National Key Deer Refuge John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park Biscayne Bay Biscayne National Park Key West National Wildlife Refuge Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge Florida Reef Other topics Monroe County Conch Republic Overseas Highway Overseas Railroad Card Sound Bridge Jewfish Creek Bridge Seven Mile Bridge Bahia Honda Rail Bridge Fort Jefferson Theater of the Sea 1935 Labor Day hurricane Hurricane Wilma Hurricane Irma Key Deer Key lime pie Florida Keys Keynoter Key West Citizen This Monroe County, Florida location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys"},{"link_name":"Monroe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Key West National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Mule Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_Keys"},{"link_name":"Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Island in the Florida Keys, United StatesBarracouta Key is an island in the Florida Keys in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is within the boundaries of the Key West National Wildlife Refuge.Located in the Outlying Islands of the Florida Keys, it is in the southern Mule Keys that are 9 miles (15 km) west of Key West.[1]","title":"Barracouta Key"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barracouta_Key&params=24.544028_N_81.921528_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"24°32′39″N 81°55′18″W / 24.544028°N 81.921528°W / 24.544028; -81.921528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barracouta_Key&params=24.544028_N_81.921528_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"24°32′39″N 81°55′18″W / 24.544028°N 81.921528°W / 24.544028; -81.921528"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&q=24.544028,-81.921528&ie=UTF8&ll=24.544028,-81.921528&spn=0.451585,0.615234&z=11&iwloc=addr","external_links_name":"Satellite view from Google Maps"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barracouta_Key&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Tukhachevsky	Mikhail Tukhachevsky	["1 Early life","2 World War I","2.1 Captivity in Ingolstadt","3 Russian Civil War","4 Polish-Soviet War","5 Reform of the Red Army","6 Theory of deep operation","7 Fall and death","8 Aftermath","9 Honours and awards","10 Work","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]	Soviet military leader from 1918 to 1937 "Tukhachevsky" redirects here. For his great-grandfather, see Alexander Tukhachevsky. In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Nikolayevich and the family name is Tukhachevsky. Mikhail TukhachevskyМихаил ТухачевскийTukhachevsky circa 1935Birth nameMikhail Nikolayevich TukhachevskyМихаил Николаевич ТухачевскийNickname(s)Red NapoleonBorn(1893-02-16)16 February 1893Alexandrovskoye, Dorogobuzhsky Uyezd, Smolensk Governorate, Russian EmpireDied12 June 1937(1937-06-12) (aged 44)Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionBuriedDonskoye CemeteryAllegiance Russian Empire (1914–1917) Russian SFSR (1918–1922) Soviet Union (1922–1937)Service/branch Imperial Russian Army Red ArmyYears of service1914–1937Rank Second Lieutenant (Imperial Russia) Marshal of the Soviet Union (Red Army)Commands heldChief of General StaffBattles/warsFirst World WarRussian Civil WarPolish-Soviet War Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Russian: Михаил Николаевич Тухачевский, romanized: Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevskiy, IPA: ; 16 February 1893 – 12 June 1937), nicknamed the Red Napoleon, was a Soviet general who was prominent between 1918 and 1937 as a military officer and theoretician. He was later executed during the Moscow trials of 1936–1938. He served as an officer in World War I of 1914–1917 and in the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923, leading the defense of the Moscow district (1918), commanding forces on the Eastern Front (1918), commanding the Fifth Army in the recapture of Siberia from Alexander Kolchak, and heading Cossack forces against Anton Denikin (1920). From 1920 to 1921 he commanded the Soviet Western Front in the Polish–Soviet War. Soviet forces under his command successfully repelled the Polish forces from Western Ukraine, driving them back into Poland, but the Red Army suffered defeat outside of Warsaw, and the war ended in a Soviet defeat. Tukhachevsky blamed Joseph Stalin for his defeat at the Battle of Warsaw. He later served as chief of staff of the Red Army from 1925 through 1928, as assistant in the People's Commissariat of Defense after 1934 and as commander of the Volga Military District in 1937. He achieved the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1935. As a major proponent of modernisation of Soviet armament and army force structure in the 1920s and 1930s, he became instrumental in the development of Soviet aviation, and of mechanized and airborne forces. As a theoretician, he was a driving force behind the Soviet development of the theory of deep operations in the 1920s and 1930s. Soviet authorities accused Tukhachevsky of treason, and after confessing during torture he was executed in 1937 during Stalin's and Yezhov's military purges of 1936–1938. Early life The Tukhachevsky family in 1904 Tukhachevsky was born at Alexandrovskoye, Safonovsky District (in the present-day Smolensk Oblast of Russia), into a family of impoverished hereditary nobles. Legend states that his family descended from a Flemish count who ended up stranded in the East during the Crusades and took a Turkish wife before settling in Russia. His great-grandfather Alexander Tukhachevsky (1793–1831) served as a colonel in the Imperial Russian Army. He was of Russian ethnicity. After attending the Cadet Corps in 1912, he moved on to the Aleksandrovskoye Military School , where he graduated in 1914. World War I At the outset of the First World War he joined the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment (July 1914) as a second lieutenant, declaring: I am convinced that all that is needed in order to achieve what I want is bravery and self-confidence. I certainly have enough self-confidence.... I told myself that I shall either be a general at thirty, or that I shall not be alive by then. Taken prisoner by the Imperial German Army in February 1915, Tukhachevsky escaped four times from prisoner-of-war camps and was finally held as an incorrigible escapee in Ingolstadt fortress in Bavaria. Captivity in Ingolstadt Fluent in French, there he met Le Monde journalist Remy Roure and shared a cell with Captain Charles de Gaulle. Tukhachevsky played his violin, assailed nihilist beliefs and spoke against Christians and Jews, whom he called dogs who "spread their fleas throughout the world". Later in various works he made Russians familiar with De Gaulle's military thinking. Roure, under the pseudonym of Pierre Fervacque, wrote about his encounter with Tukhachevsky. He reported that Tukhachevsky highly praised Napoleon, and also in a certain conversation, Tukhachevsky said he hated Jews for bringing Christianity and the "morality of capital" to Russia. Roure then asked him if he was a socialist, and he replied: Socialist? Certainly not! What a need for classification you have! Besides, the great socialists are Jews and the socialist doctrine is a branch of universal Christianity. I laugh at money, and whether the land is divided up or not is all one to me. The barbarians, my ancestors, lived in common, but they had chiefs. No, I detest socialists, Jews, and Christians. According to Roure, Tukhachevsky said that he would only follow Lenin if he "de-europeanised and threw Russia into barbarism", but feared Lenin would not do that. After ranting about how he could use Marxism as a justification to secure the territorial aims of the Tsars and cement Russia's position as a world power, he laughed and said he was only joking. Roure said the laugh had an ironic and despairing tone. In another, different occasion, following the February Revolution, Roure observed Tukhachevsky carving a "scary idol from colored cardboard", with "burning eyes", a "gaping mouth", and a "bizarre and terrible nose". He inquired about its purpose, to which Tukhachevsky responded: "This is Perun. A powerful person. This is the god of war and death." And Mikhail knelt down before him with comic seriousness. I burst out laughing. "Don't laugh," he said, getting up from his knees. – I told you that the Slavs need a new religion. They are given Marxism, but there is too much modernism and civilization in this theology. (...) There is Dazhbog – the god of the Sun, Stribog – the god of the Wind, Veles – the god of arts and poetry, and finally, Perun – the god of thunder and lightning. After some deliberation, I settled on Perun, since Marxism, having won in Russia, will unleash merciless wars between people. I will honor Perun every day."— Remy Roure Tukhachevsky's apparent neo-paganism was also corroborated by another prisoner at Ingolstadt, Nikolay Alexandrovich Tsurikov , who recalled that he once saw a "scarecrow" in the corner of Tukhachevsky's cell, and upon asking him as to what it was, Tukhachevsky responded (to what Tsurikov interpreted as heavy sarcasm), that it was an effigy of Yarilo (the Slavic god of vegetation, fertility and springtime), which he had created during Shrovetide. Tukhachevsky never denied, and later even confirmed, these stories about his imprisonment in Germany, but always said that he was politically immature in 1917 and greatly regretted his early views. In France 1936, when confronted with what Roure wrote about him, he said that he had read his book and stated the following:I was still very young... a novice at politics, and all I knew about revolutions was the last phase of the citizens' revolution in France: the Bonapartism whose military triumphs filled me with boundless admiration. (...) I never think of my views at Ingolstadt without regretting them, since they could cause doubts about my devotion to the Soviet motherland. I'm taking advantage of our reunion to tell you my true feelings.Whether or not Tukhachevsky really gave up on his old views, the assertion that he was a fully-fledged Bolshevik by the time he joined them is considered to be most likely not true. Tukhachevsky's fifth escape met with success, and after crossing the Swiss-German border, carrying with him some small pagan idols, he returned to Russia in September 1917. Following the October Revolution of 1917, Tukhachevsky joined the Bolsheviks and went on to play a key role in the Red Army despite his noble ancestry. Russian Civil War Tukhachevsky in 1920 He became an officer in the newly established Red Army and rapidly advanced in rank because of his great ability. During the Russian Civil War, he was given responsibility for defending Moscow. The Bolshevik Defence Commissar, Leon Trotsky, gave Tukhachevsky command of the 5th Army in 1919, and he led the campaign to capture Siberia from the anticommunist White forces of Aleksandr Kolchak. Tukhachevsky used concentrated attacks to exploit the enemy's open flanks and threaten them with envelopment. According to Tukhachevsky's close confidant Leonid Sabaneyev, in 1918, when he was in the service of the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, in his last overt display of neopaganism, Tukhachevsky drew up a project for destruction of Christianity and restoration of Slavic paganism. To this end, Tukhachevsky submitted a memo on declaring paganism as the state religion of the RSFSR, which although mocked, also received some serious discussion in the Small Council of People's Commissars, which commended Tukhachevsky for his "joke" and his commitment to atheism. Sabaneyev observed that Tukhachevsky seemed "as happy as a schoolboy who had just succeeded in a prank." He also helped defeat General Anton Denikin in the Crimea in 1920, conducting the final operations. In February 1920, he launched an offensive into the Kuban, using cavalry to disrupt the enemy's rear. In the retreat that followed, Denikin's force disintegrated, and Novorossiysk was evacuated hastily. In the final stage of the civil war, Tukhachevsky commanded the 7th Army during the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921. He also commanded the assault against the Tambov Republic between 1921 and 1922. Polish-Soviet War Polish soldiers displaying captured Soviet battle flags after the Battle of Warsaw in 1920 Tukhachevsky commanded the Soviet invasion of Poland during the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. In the lead-up to hostilities, Tukhachevsky concentrated his troops near Vitebsk, which he theatrically dubbed, "The Gates of Smolensk". When he issued his troops orders to cross the border, Tukhachevsky said, "The fate of world revolution is being decided in the west: the way leads over the corpse of Poland to a universal conflagration.... On to Wilno, Minsk, and Warsaw – forward!" According to Richard M. Watt, "The boldness of Tukhachevsky's drive westward was the key to his success. The Soviet High Command dispatched 60,000 men as reinforcements, but Tukhachevsky never stopped to let them catch up. His onrushing armies were leaving behind greater numbers of stragglers every day, but Tukhachevsky ignored these losses. His supply services were in chaos and his rear scarcely existed as an organized entity, but Tukhachevsky was unconcerned; his men would live off the land. On the day his troops captured Minsk, a new cry arose – 'Give us Warsaw!' Tukhachevsky was determined to give them what they wanted. All things considered, Tukhachevsky's performance was a virtuoso display of energy, determination, and, indeed, rashness." His armies were defeated by Józef Piłsudski outside Warsaw. It was during the Polish war that Tukhachevsky first came into conflict with Stalin. Both blamed the other for the Soviet failure to capture Warsaw. Tukhachevsky later lamented: There can be no doubt that if we had been victorious on the Vistula, the revolutionary fires would have reached the entire continent. His book about the war was translated into Polish and published together with a book by Piłsudski. Reform of the Red Army Tukhachevsky with the other first four Marshals of the Soviet Union in November 1935. (l–r): Tukhachevsky, Semyon Budyonny, Kliment Voroshilov, Vasily Blyukher, and Aleksandr Yegorov. Only Budyonny and Voroshilov survived the Great Purge. Tukhachevsky fervently criticised the Red Army's performance during the 1926 Summer manoeuvres. He criticised the officers' inability to determine what course of action to take and communicate that with their troops especially harshly. Tukhachevsky noted that initiative among officers was lacking, that they responded slowly to changes in the situation and that communication was poor. This was not purely the officers' fault as the only way of communication from local unit headquarters to the field positions was a single telephone line. In contrast German divisions mobilised shortly after during the interwar period had telephones, radio, horse, cycle and motorcycle messengers, signal lights and flags and pieces of cloth with which messages were to be conveyed mostly to aircraft. Tukhachevsky reached the position of 1st deputy commissar for defence to commissar for defence Kliment Voroshilov. Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky and would later be one of the initiators of the great purge which wouldn't benefit Tukhachevsky's safety. According to Zhukov it was Tukhachevsky and not Voroshilov who ran the ministry in practice. While Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky, his perception of military doctrine was nonetheless impacted significantly by Tukhachevsky's ideas. According to Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin regarded Tukhachevsky as his bitterest rival and dubbed him Napoleonchik (little Napoleon). Upon Stalin's ascension to Party leadership in 1929, he began receiving denunciations from senior officers who disapproved of Tukhachevsky's tactical theories. Then, in 1930, the OGPU forced two officers to testify that Tukhachevsky was plotting to overthrow the Politburo via a coup d'état. According to Montefiore: In 1930, this was perhaps too outrageous even for the Bolsheviks. Stalin, not yet dictator, probed his powerful ally Sergo Ordzhonikidze: "Only Molotov, myself, and now you are in the know.... Is it possible? What a business! Discuss it with Molotov...". However, Sergo would not go that far. There would be no arrest and trial of Tukhachevsky in 1930: the commander "turns out to be 100% clean," Stalin wrote disingenuously to Molotov in October, "That's very good." It is interesting that seven years before the Great Terror, Stalin was testing the same accusations against the same victims – a dress rehearsal for 1937 – but he could not get the support. The archives reveal a fascinating sequel: once he understood the ambitious modernity of Tukhachevsky's strategies, Stalin apologised to him: "Now the question has become clearer to me, I have to agree that my remark was too strong and my conclusions were not right at all." Following this, Tukhachevsky wrote several books on modern warfare and, in 1931, after Stalin had accepted the need for an industrialized military, Tukhachevsky was given a leading role in reforming the army. He held advanced ideas on military strategy, particularly on use of tanks and aircraft in combined operations. Tukhachevsky took a keen interest in the arts, and became a political patron and close friend of composer Dmitri Shostakovich; they met in 1925 and subsequently played music together at the Marshal's home (Tukhachevsky played the violin). In 1936, Shostakovich's music was under attack following the Pravda denunciation of his opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk. However, Tukhachevsky intervened with Stalin on his friend's behalf. After Tukhachevsky's arrest, pressure was put on Shostakovich to denounce him, but he was saved from doing so by the fact that the investigator was himself arrested. Theory of deep operation Main article: Deep operation Tukhachevsky in 1936 Tukhachevsky is often credited with the theory of deep operation in which combined arms formations strike deep behind enemy lines to destroy the enemy's rear and logistics, but his exact role is unclear and disputed because of shortage of firsthand sources, and his published works containing only limited amounts of theory on the subject. The theories were opposed by some in the military establishment but were largely adopted by the Red Army in the mid-1930s. They were expressed as a concept in the Red Army's Field Regulations of 1929 and more fully developed in the 1935 Instructions on Deep Battle. The concept was finally codified into the army in 1936 in the Provisional Field Regulations of 1936. An early example of potential effectiveness of deep operations can be found in the Soviet victory over Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan), where a Soviet Corps under the command of Georgy Zhukov defeated a substantial Japanese force in August and September 1939. It is often stated that the widespread purges of the Red Army officer corps in 1937 to 1939 made "deep operations" briefly fall from favour. However, they were certainly a major part of Soviet doctrine after their efficacy was demonstrated by the Battle of Khalkin Gol and the success of similar German operations in Poland and France. They were used with great success during World War II on the Eastern Front, in such victories as the Battle of Stalingrad and Operation Bagration. Fall and death Tukhachevsky at the Warsaw Railway Station, en route to London, 1936 On November 20, 1935, Tukhachevsky was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union when he was 42. In January 1936, Tukhachevsky visited the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Just before his arrest, Tukhachevsky was relieved of duty as assistant to Marshal Voroshilov and appointed military commander of the Volga Military District. Shortly after departing to take up his new command, he was secretly arrested on May 22, 1937, and brought back to Moscow in a prison van. Tukhachevsky's interrogation and torture were directly supervised by NKVD Chief Nikolai Yezhov. Stalin instructed Yezhov, "See for yourself, but Tukhachevsky should be forced to tell everything... It's impossible he acted alone." According to Montefiore, a few days later, as Yezhov buzzed in and out of Stalin's office, a broken Tukhachevsky confessed that Avel Yenukidze had recruited him in 1928 and that he was a German agent cooperating with Nikolai Bukharin to seize power. Tukhachevsky's confession, which survives in the archives, is dappled with a brown spray that was later found to be blood-spattered by a body in motion. Tukhachevsky's bloodstained confession Stalin commented, "It's incredible, but it's a fact, they admit it." On June 11, 1937, the Soviet Supreme Court convened a special military tribunal to try Tukhachevsky and eight generals for treason. The trial was dubbed the Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization. Upon hearing the accusations, Tukhachevsky was heard to say, "I feel I'm dreaming." Most of the judges were also terrified. One was heard to comment, "Tomorrow I'll be put in the same place." At 11:35 that night, all of the defendants were declared guilty and sentenced to death. Stalin, who was awaiting the verdict with Yezhov, Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, did not even examine the transcripts. He simply said, "Agreed." Within the hour, Tukhachevsky was summoned from his cell by NKVD captain Vasily Blokhin. As Yezhov watched, the former Marshal was shot once in the back of the head. Immediately afterward, Yezhov was summoned into Stalin's presence. Stalin asked, "What were Tukhachevsky's last words?" Yezhov responded, "The snake said he was dedicated to the Motherland and Comrade Stalin. He asked for clemency. But it was obvious that he was not being straight, he hadn't laid down his arms." Aftermath 1963 Soviet stamp featuring Tukhachevsky Tukhachevsky's family members all suffered after his execution. His wife, Nina Tukhachevskaya, and his brothers Alexandr and Nikolai, both instructors in a Soviet military academy, were all shot. Three of his sisters were sent to the Gulag. His underage daughter was arrested when she reached adulthood and remained in the Gulag until the 1950s Khrushchev Thaw. She lived in Moscow after her release and died in 1982. “To the Red army, Stalin has dealt a fearful blow. As a result of the latest judicial frameup, it has fallen several cubits in stature. The interests of the Soviet defense have been sacrificed in the interests of the self-preservation of the ruling clique.” Trotsky on the Red Army purges of 1937. Leon Trotsky described Tukhachevsky posthumously as a "outstanding talent" due to his strategic skills and viewed the purge of the Red Army by the Stalinist bureaucracy as a means of preserving its political position. Before Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech in 1956, Tukhachevsky was officially considered a fascist and fifth columnist. Soviet diplomats and supporters in the West enthusiastically promulgated this opinion. Then, on January 31, 1957, Tukhachevsky and his codefendants were declared innocent of all charges and were rehabilitated. Although Tukhachevsky's prosecution is almost universally regarded as a sham, Stalin's motivations continue to be debated. In his 1968 book The Great Terror, British historian Robert Conquest accuses Nazi Party leaders Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich of forging documents that implicated Tukhachevsky in an anti-Stalinist conspiracy with the Wehrmacht General Staff, to weaken the Soviet Union's defence capacity. These documents, Conquest said, were leaked to President Edvard Beneš of Czechoslovakia, who passed them to Soviet Russia through diplomatic channels. Conquest's thesis of an SS conspiracy to frame Tukhachevsky was based upon the memoirs of Walter Schellenberg and Beneš. In 1989, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union announced that new evidence had been found in Stalin's archives indicating German intelligence's intentions to fabricate disinformation about Tukhachevsky with the goal of eliminating him. "Knowledge of personal characteristics of Stalin – like paranoia and extreme suspicion, had been possibly highest factor in it." According to the opinion of Igor Lukes, who conducted a study on the matter, it was Stalin, Kaganovich and Yezhov who actually concocted Tukhachevsky's "treason" themselves. At Yezhov's order, the NKVD had instructed a known double agent, Nikolai Skoblin, to leak to Heydrich's Sicherheitsdienst (SD) concocted information suggesting a plot by Tukhachevsky and the other Soviet generals against Stalin. Seeing an opportunity to strike a blow at the Soviet military, Heydrich immediately acted on the information and undertook to improve on it. Heydrich's forgeries were later leaked to the Soviets via Beneš and other neutral nations. While the SD believed that it had successfully fooled Stalin into executing his best generals, in reality, it had merely served as an unwitting pawn of the Soviet NKVD. Ironically, Heydrich's forgeries were never used at trial. Instead, Soviet prosecutors relied on signed "confessions" beaten out of the defendants. In 1956, NKVD defector Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov published an article in Life Magazine with "The Sensational Secret Behind the Damnation of Stalin" as title. The story held that NKVD agents had discovered papers in the tsarist Okhrana archives proving Stalin had once been an informer. From this knowledge, the NKVD agents had planned a coup d'état with Tukhachevsky and other senior officers in the Red Army. According to Orlov, Stalin uncovered the conspiracy and used Yezhov to execute those responsible. The article lists the Eremin letter as documentary evidence that Stalin was part of the Okhrana, but most historians agree it's a forgery. Simon Sebag Montefiore, who has conducted extensive research in Soviet archives, states: Stalin needed neither Nazi disinformation nor mysterious Okhrana files to persuade him to destroy Tukhachevsky. After all, he had played with the idea as early as 1930, three years before Hitler took power. Furthermore, Stalin and his cronies were convinced that officers were to be distrusted and physically exterminated at the slightest suspicion. He reminisced to Voroshilov, in an undated note, about the officers arrested in the summer of 1918. "These officers," he said, "we wanted to shoot en masse." Nothing had changed. It has been speculated that the reason why Stalin had Tukhachevsky and other high ranking generals executed was to remove a potential threat to his political power. Ultimately, Stalin and Yezhov would orchestrate the arrest and execution of thousands of Soviet military officers as well as five of the eight generals who presided over Tukhachevsky's show trial. While at the time of his death the Red Army was still firmly in the grip of the cavalry, Tukhachevsky had changed the Red Army's mentality quite significantly. While many machine-gunners were being arrested and marshal Budyonny spoke in favour of cavalry, influential people – even including marshal Voroshilov, under whom Tukhachevsky served, and who took part in the arrests – began to question the cavalry's position inside the Red Army. The horse remained ingrained in the Red Army, however. In peacetime, cavalry made sense to the Red Army; it was effective in smaller actions and internal security actions, many horse riders were available without requiring significant training, and there were the memories of the effectiveness of cavalry during the Civil War, all of which helped the horse in maintaining its central position inside the Red Army. When the Second World War began mixed units were set up, which included both cavalry and tanks; these played a central role in use of the deep operations doctrine during WWII. Honours and awards Imperial awards Order of St. Anne, 2nd class with swords, also awarded 3rd class with swords and bow; and 4th class with the inscription "For Courage" Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd class with swords, also awarded 3rd class with swords and bow Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class with swords Soviet awards Order of Lenin (21 February 1933) Order of the Red Banner (August 7, 1919) Honorary revolutionary weapon (December 17, 1919) Work Kurt Agricola, "Der rote Marschall. Tuchatschewskis Aufstieg und Fall" (The Red Marshall: The Rise and Fall of Tukhachevsky), 1939, Kleine "Wehrmacht" – Bücherei, 5 References ^ Котельников, Константин (November 11, 2022). "'Красный Наполеон' Михаил Тухачевский". Diletant (Дилетант). ^ Brackman, Roman (2004). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-75840-0. ^ Grey, Ian (1979). Stalin, Man of History. Doubleday. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-385-14333-2. ^ Davies, Norman (2001). Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland's Present. OUP Oxford. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-19-164713-0. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hill, Alexander (2017). The Red Army and the Second World War. Cambridge, UK. ISBN 9781107020795. OCLC 944957747.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Simon Sebag Montefiori (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 252. ISBN 9781842127261. ^ Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919–20, p. 130. ^ "The Red Army: Part 3". ^ "Жертвы политического террора в СССР". Lists.memo.ru. Retrieved 2013-06-12. ^ The Red Army – p. 111 – by Michel Berchin, Eliahu Ben-Horin – 1942 ^ Weintraub, Stanley. A Stillness Heard Round the World. Truman Talley Books, 1985, p. 340 ^ Arzakanian, Marina (2012-06-15). "De Gaulle et Toukhatchevski". Revue historique des armées (in French) (267): 91–101. doi:10.3917/rha.267.0091. ISSN 0035-3299. ^ The General: Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved by Jonathan Fenby p. 68 ^ Jean-Luc Barré,De Gaulle:Une Vie, Grasset ISBN 978-2-246-83417-5 2023 vol. 1 p. 133. ^ a b c d Croll, Neil Harvey (2002). Mikhail Tukhachevsky in the Russian Civil War (PhD thesis). University of Glasgow. ^ Minakov, Sergei Timofeevich (2017). Заговор "красных маршалов". Тухачевский против Сталина (in Russian). Algoritm Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 978-5-906-99594-0. ^ a b Minakov, p. 183. ^ Minakov, p. 184. ^ a b c Simon Sebag Montefiori (2003). 'Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 222. ISBN 9781842127261. ^ Pipes, Richard. Russia under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Vintage Books, 2004. ^ Suvorov, Viktor. The Chief Culprit: Stalin's Grand Design to Start World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008. ^ Richard M. Watt (1979), Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939, Simon & Schuster, New York. p. 126. ^ Radzinsky, Edvard (2011). Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secr. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-75468-4. ^ Watt (1979), p. 128. ^ A century's journey: how the great powers shape the world, p. 175, by Robert A. Pastor, Stanley Hoffmann – Political Science – 1999. ^ Buchner, Alex (1991). The German infantry handbook, 1939–1945: organization, uniforms, weapons, equipment, operations. West Chester, PA. ISBN 0887402844. OCLC 24303833.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, pp. 221–222. ^ Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, pp. 58–59. ^ Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, p. 59. ^ Elizabeth Wilson, Shostakovich: a Life Remembered, p. 39. ^ Elizabeth Wilson, pp. 124–125. ^ Richard Simpkin in association with John Erickson Deep battle: the brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevskii, London, Brassey's Defence, 1987 ISBN 0-08-031193-8 ^ Alexander Vasilevsky The Case of All My Life (Дело всей жизни). 3d ed. Политиздат, 1978 Chapter8 Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) ^ John Erickson The Soviet High Command: A Military–Political History, 1918–1941, Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-7146-5178-8 ^ Sebag, Simon (2005). "31". Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. National Geographic Books. p. 342. ISBN 978-1-4000-7678-9. ^ Connor, William (March 1987). "Analysis of Deep Attack Operations – Operation Bagration Belorussia 22 June–29 August 1944" (PDF). armyupress.army.mil. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ^ Fyodor Mikhailovich Sergeyev, Tainye operatsii natsistskoi razvediki, 1933–1945 (In Russian). Moscow: Politizdat, 1991. ISBN 5-250-00797-X: p. 18 ^ Barmine, Alexander, One Who Survived, New York: G. P. Putnam (1945), pp. 7–8 ^ a b Simon Sebag Montefiori (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 223. ISBN 9781842127261. ^ a b c d e Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, p. 225. ^ Donald Rayfield, Donald (2005). Stalin and His Hangmen: the tyrant and those who killed for him. Random House. pp. 322–325. ^ Sergeyev (1991): p. 44 ^ "Leon Trotsky: How Stalin's Purge Beheaded the Red Army (1937)". www.marxists.org. ^ "Leon Trotsky: How Stalin's Purge Beheaded the Red Army (1937)". www.marxists.org. ^ a b c Lukes, Igor, Czechoslovakia Between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Beneš in the 1930s, Oxford University Press (1996), ISBN 978-0-19-510267-3, p. 95 ^ Sergeyev (1991): p. 3 ^ "The Sensational Secret Behind Damnation of Stalin". Life. Time Inc. 1956-04-23. ^ Roman Brackman The secret file of Joseph Stalin: a hidden life 466 pp. Published by Routledge, 2001 ISBN 978-0-7146-5050-0 ^ Paul W. Blackstock (April 1969). "The Tukhachevsky Affair". The Russian Review. 28 (2): 171–190. doi:10.2307/127506. JSTOR 127506. ^ Lee, Eric (1993-06-01). "The Eremin letter: Documentary proof that Stalin was an Okhrana spy?". Revolutionary Russia. 6 (1): 55–96. doi:10.1080/09546549308575595. ISSN 0954-6545. ^ Montefiore, Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar, p. 226. ^ Barmine, Alexander, One Who Survived, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), p. 322 Further reading Croll, Neil (December 2004). "The role of M.N. Tukhachevskii in the suppression of the Kronstadt Rebellion". Revolutionary Russia. 17 (2): 1–48. doi:10.1080/0954654042000289688. ISSN 0954-6545. S2CID 144649336 – via Taylor & Francis. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mikhail Tukhachevsky. Wikiquote has quotations related to Mikhail Tukhachevsky. The Red Bonaparte Newspaper clippings about Mikhail Tukhachevsky in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Military offices Preceded bySergey Kamenev Chief of the Staff of the Red Army November 1925 – May 1928 Succeeded byBoris Shaposhnikov vteMarshals of the Soviet Union Voroshilov Tukhachevsky Budyonny Yegorov Blyukher Timoshenko Kulik Shaposhnikov Zhukov Vasilevsky Stalin (Generalissimus) Konev Govorov Rokossovsky Malinovsky Tolbukhin Meretskov Beria Sokolovsky Bulganin Bagramyan Biryuzov Grechko Yeryomenko Moskalenko Chuikov Zakharov Golikov Krylov Yakubovsky Batitsky Koshevoy Brezhnev Ustinov Kulikov Ogarkov Sokolov Akhromeyev Kurkotkin Petrov Yazov Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Finland United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Tukhachevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Tukhachevsky"},{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"[tʊxɐˈtɕefskʲɪj]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"theoretician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_theory"},{"link_name":"Moscow trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_trials"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Moscow district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Fifth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kolchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak"},{"link_name":"Anton Denikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Denikin"},{"link_name":"Soviet Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"Polish–Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Polish forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_offensive_(1920)"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"defeat outside of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)"},{"link_name":"Soviet defeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Riga"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"chief of staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"People's Commissariat of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Volga Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"modernisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization_theory"},{"link_name":"Soviet armament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"army force structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army#Reorganization"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"mechanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"airborne forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_forces"},{"link_name":"deep operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_operation"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"Yezhov's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov"},{"link_name":"military purges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge"}],"text":"\"Tukhachevsky\" redirects here. For his great-grandfather, see Alexander Tukhachevsky.In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Nikolayevich and the family name is Tukhachevsky.Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Russian: Михаил Николаевич Тухачевский, romanized: Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevskiy, IPA: [tʊxɐˈtɕefskʲɪj]; 16 February [O.S. 4 February] 1893 – 12 June 1937), nicknamed the Red Napoleon,[1] was a Soviet general who was prominent between 1918 and 1937 as a military officer and theoretician. He was later executed during the Moscow trials of 1936–1938.He served as an officer in World War I of 1914–1917 and in the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923, leading the defense of the Moscow district (1918), commanding forces on the Eastern Front (1918), commanding the Fifth Army in the recapture of Siberia from Alexander Kolchak, and heading Cossack forces against Anton Denikin (1920). From 1920 to 1921 he commanded the Soviet Western Front in the Polish–Soviet War. Soviet forces under his command successfully repelled the Polish forces from Western Ukraine, driving them back into Poland, but the Red Army suffered defeat outside of Warsaw, and the war ended in a Soviet defeat. Tukhachevsky blamed Joseph Stalin for his defeat at the Battle of Warsaw.[2][3][4]He later served as chief of staff of the Red Army from 1925 through 1928, as assistant in the People's Commissariat of Defense[5] after 1934 and as commander of the Volga Military District in 1937. He achieved the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1935.As a major proponent of modernisation of Soviet armament and army force structure in the 1920s and 1930s, he became instrumental in the development of Soviet aviation, and of mechanized and airborne forces. As a theoretician, he was a driving force behind the Soviet development of the theory of deep operations in the 1920s and 1930s. Soviet authorities accused Tukhachevsky of treason, and after confessing during torture he was executed in 1937 during Stalin's and Yezhov's military purges of 1936–1938.","title":"Mikhail Tukhachevsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuhacsevszkijcsal%C3%A1d.JPG"},{"link_name":"Alexandrovskoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrovsky,_Russia#Smolensk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Safonovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safonovsky_District"},{"link_name":"Smolensk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"hereditary nobles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nobility"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alexander Tukhachevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Tukhachevsky"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cadet Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_Corps_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Aleksandrovskoye Military School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandrovskoye_Military_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5"}],"text":"The Tukhachevsky family in 1904Tukhachevsky was born at Alexandrovskoye, Safonovsky District (in the present-day Smolensk Oblast of Russia), into a family of impoverished hereditary nobles.[6] Legend states that his family descended from a Flemish count who ended up stranded in the East during the Crusades and took a Turkish wife before settling in Russia.[7][8] His great-grandfather Alexander Tukhachevsky (1793–1831) served as a colonel in the Imperial Russian Army. He was of Russian ethnicity.[9] After attending the Cadet Corps in 1912, he moved on to the Aleksandrovskoye Military School [ru], where he graduated in 1914.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Semyenovsky Guards Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenovsky_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"prisoner-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war"},{"link_name":"Ingolstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingolstadt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"At the outset of the First World War he joined the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment (July 1914) as a second lieutenant, declaring:I am convinced that all that is needed in order to achieve what I want is bravery and self-confidence. I certainly have enough self-confidence.... I told myself that I shall either be a general at thirty, or that I shall not be alive by then.[10]Taken prisoner by the Imperial German Army in February 1915, Tukhachevsky escaped four times from prisoner-of-war camps and was finally held as an incorrigible escapee in Ingolstadt fortress in Bavaria.[11]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde"},{"link_name":"Remy Roure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remy_Roure"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"nihilist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-15"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Perun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perun"},{"link_name":"Dazhbog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazhbog"},{"link_name":"Stribog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stribog"},{"link_name":"Veles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veles_(god)"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Alexandrovich Tsurikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Alexandrovich_Tsurikov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Yarilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarilo"},{"link_name":"Shrovetide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrovetide"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minakov,_page_183-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minakov,_page_183-17"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"}],"sub_title":"Captivity in Ingolstadt","text":"Fluent in French, there he met Le Monde journalist Remy Roure and shared a cell with Captain Charles de Gaulle.[12] Tukhachevsky played his violin, assailed nihilist beliefs and spoke against Christians and Jews, whom he called dogs who \"spread their fleas throughout the world\".[13] Later in various works he made Russians familiar with De Gaulle's military thinking.[14] Roure, under the pseudonym of Pierre Fervacque, wrote about his encounter with Tukhachevsky. He reported that Tukhachevsky highly praised Napoleon, and also in a certain conversation, Tukhachevsky said he hated Jews for bringing Christianity and the \"morality of capital\" to Russia.[15] Roure then asked him if he was a socialist, and he replied:Socialist? Certainly not! What a need for classification you have! Besides, the great socialists are Jews and the socialist doctrine is a branch of\nuniversal Christianity. I laugh at money, and whether the land is divided up or not is all one to me. The barbarians, my ancestors, lived in common, but they had chiefs. No, I detest socialists, Jews, and Christians.According to Roure, Tukhachevsky said that he would only follow Lenin if he \"de-europeanised and threw Russia into barbarism\", but feared Lenin would not do that. After ranting about how he could use Marxism as a justification to secure the territorial aims of the Tsars and cement Russia's position as a world power, he laughed and said he was only joking. Roure said the laugh had an ironic and despairing tone.[15]In another, different occasion, following the February Revolution, Roure observed Tukhachevsky carving a \"scary idol from colored cardboard\", with \"burning eyes\", a \"gaping mouth\", and a \"bizarre and terrible nose\". He inquired about its purpose, to which Tukhachevsky responded:[16]\"This is Perun. A powerful person. This is the god of war and death.\" And Mikhail knelt down before him with comic seriousness. I burst out laughing. \"Don't laugh,\" he said, getting up from his knees. – I told you that the Slavs need a new religion. They are given Marxism, but there is too much modernism and civilization in this theology. (...) There is Dazhbog – the god of the Sun, Stribog – the god of the Wind, Veles – the god of arts and poetry, and finally, Perun – the god of thunder and lightning. After some deliberation, I settled on Perun, since Marxism, having won in Russia, will unleash merciless wars between people. I will honor Perun every day.\"— Remy RoureTukhachevsky's apparent neo-paganism was also corroborated by another prisoner at Ingolstadt, Nikolay Alexandrovich Tsurikov [ru], who recalled that he once saw a \"scarecrow\" in the corner of Tukhachevsky's cell, and upon asking him as to what it was, Tukhachevsky responded (to what Tsurikov interpreted as heavy sarcasm), that it was an effigy of Yarilo (the Slavic god of vegetation, fertility and springtime), which he had created during Shrovetide.[17]Tukhachevsky never denied, and later even confirmed, these stories about his imprisonment in Germany, but always said that he was politically immature in 1917 and greatly regretted his early views. In France 1936, when confronted with what Roure wrote about him, he said that he had read his book and stated the following:I was still very young... a novice at politics, and all I knew about revolutions was the last phase of the citizens' revolution in France: the Bonapartism whose military triumphs filled me with boundless admiration. (...) I never think of my views at Ingolstadt without regretting them, since they could cause doubts about my devotion to the Soviet motherland. I'm taking advantage of our reunion to tell you my true feelings.[15]Whether or not Tukhachevsky really gave up on his old views, the assertion that he was a fully-fledged Bolshevik by the time he joined them is considered to be most likely not true.[15]Tukhachevsky's fifth escape met with success, and after crossing the Swiss-German border, carrying with him some small pagan idols,[17] he returned to Russia in September 1917. Following the October Revolution of 1917, Tukhachevsky joined the Bolsheviks and went on to play a key role in the Red Army despite his noble ancestry.","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuchaczewski_1920.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"5th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Army_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"anticommunist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticommunist"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_movement"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Kolchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kolchak"},{"link_name":"Leonid Sabaneyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Sabaneyev"},{"link_name":"RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Anton Denikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Denikin"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Kuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban"},{"link_name":"Novorossiysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novorossiysk"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalin_page_222-19"},{"link_name":"7th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Army_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"Kronstadt rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Tambov Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov_rebellion"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalin_page_222-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Tukhachevsky in 1920He became an officer in the newly established Red Army and rapidly advanced in rank because of his great ability.[citation needed] During the Russian Civil War, he was given responsibility for defending Moscow.[citation needed] The Bolshevik Defence Commissar, Leon Trotsky, gave Tukhachevsky command of the 5th Army in 1919, and he led the campaign to capture Siberia from the anticommunist White forces of Aleksandr Kolchak. Tukhachevsky used concentrated attacks to exploit the enemy's open flanks and threaten them with envelopment. According to Tukhachevsky's close confidant Leonid Sabaneyev, in 1918, when he was in the service of the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, in his last overt display of neopaganism, Tukhachevsky drew up a project for destruction of Christianity and restoration of Slavic paganism. To this end, Tukhachevsky submitted a memo on declaring paganism as the state religion of the RSFSR, which although mocked, also received some serious discussion in the Small Council of People's Commissars, which commended Tukhachevsky for his \"joke\" and his commitment to atheism. Sabaneyev observed that Tukhachevsky seemed \"as happy as a schoolboy who had just succeeded in a prank.\"[18]He also helped defeat General Anton Denikin in the Crimea in 1920, conducting the final operations. In February 1920, he launched an offensive into the Kuban, using cavalry to disrupt the enemy's rear. In the retreat that followed, Denikin's force disintegrated, and Novorossiysk was evacuated hastily.[19]In the final stage of the civil war, Tukhachevsky commanded the 7th Army during the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921. He also commanded the assault against the Tambov Republic between 1921 and 1922.[19][20][21]","title":"Russian Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polish-soviet_war_1920_Aftermath_of_Battle_of_Warsaw.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)"},{"link_name":"Polish-Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"link_name":"Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Józef Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin"},{"link_name":"failure to capture Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Polish soldiers displaying captured Soviet battle flags after the Battle of Warsaw in 1920Tukhachevsky commanded the Soviet invasion of Poland during the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. In the lead-up to hostilities, Tukhachevsky concentrated his troops near Vitebsk, which he theatrically dubbed, \"The Gates of Smolensk\". When he issued his troops orders to cross the border, Tukhachevsky said, \"The fate of world revolution is being decided in the west: the way leads over the corpse of Poland to a universal conflagration.... On to Wilno, Minsk, and Warsaw – forward!\"[22]According to Richard M. Watt, \"The boldness of Tukhachevsky's drive westward was the key to his success. The Soviet High Command dispatched 60,000 men as reinforcements, but Tukhachevsky never stopped to let them catch up. His onrushing armies were leaving behind greater numbers of stragglers every day, but Tukhachevsky ignored these losses. His supply services were in chaos and his rear scarcely existed as an organized entity, but Tukhachevsky was unconcerned; his men would live off the land. On the day his troops captured Minsk, a new cry arose – 'Give us Warsaw!'[23] Tukhachevsky was determined to give them what they wanted. All things considered, Tukhachevsky's performance was a virtuoso display of energy, determination, and, indeed, rashness.\"[24]His armies were defeated by Józef Piłsudski outside Warsaw. It was during the Polish war that Tukhachevsky first came into conflict with Stalin. Both blamed the other for the Soviet failure to capture Warsaw. Tukhachevsky later lamented:There can be no doubt that if we had been victorious on the Vistula, the revolutionary fires would have reached the entire continent.[25]His book about the war was translated into Polish and published together with a book by Piłsudski.","title":"Polish-Soviet War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5marshals_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marshals of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Semyon Budyonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny"},{"link_name":"Kliment Voroshilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov"},{"link_name":"Vasily Blyukher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Blyukher"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Yegorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Yegorov_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Great Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence"},{"link_name":"Kliment Voroshilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"great purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Zhukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"OGPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGPU"},{"link_name":"Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"dictator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator"},{"link_name":"Sergo Ordzhonikidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze"},{"link_name":"Molotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov"},{"link_name":"Great Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge"},{"link_name":"rehearsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehearsal"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Shostakovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda"},{"link_name":"Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_of_the_Mtsensk_District_(opera)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Tukhachevsky with the other first four Marshals of the Soviet Union in November 1935. (l–r): Tukhachevsky, Semyon Budyonny, Kliment Voroshilov, Vasily Blyukher, and Aleksandr Yegorov. Only Budyonny and Voroshilov survived the Great Purge.Tukhachevsky fervently criticised the Red Army's performance during the 1926 Summer manoeuvres.[5] He criticised the officers' inability to determine what course of action to take and communicate that with their troops especially harshly.[5] Tukhachevsky noted that initiative among officers was lacking, that they responded slowly to changes in the situation and that communication was poor.[5] This was not purely the officers' fault as the only way of communication from local unit headquarters to the field positions was a single telephone line.[5] In contrast German divisions mobilised shortly after during the interwar period had telephones, radio, horse, cycle and motorcycle messengers, signal lights and flags and pieces of cloth with which messages were to be conveyed mostly to aircraft.[26]Tukhachevsky reached the position of 1st deputy commissar for defence to commissar for defence Kliment Voroshilov.[5] Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky and would later be one of the initiators of the great purge which wouldn't benefit Tukhachevsky's safety.[5] According to Zhukov it was Tukhachevsky and not Voroshilov who ran the ministry in practice. While Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky, his perception of military doctrine was nonetheless impacted significantly by Tukhachevsky's ideas.[5]According to Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin regarded Tukhachevsky as his bitterest rival and dubbed him Napoleonchik (little Napoleon).[27] Upon Stalin's ascension to Party leadership in 1929, he began receiving denunciations from senior officers who disapproved of Tukhachevsky's tactical theories. Then, in 1930, the OGPU forced two officers to testify that Tukhachevsky was plotting to overthrow the Politburo via a coup d'état.[28]According to Montefiore:In 1930, this was perhaps too outrageous even for the Bolsheviks. Stalin, not yet dictator, probed his powerful ally Sergo Ordzhonikidze: \"Only Molotov, myself, and now you are in the know.... Is it possible? What a business! Discuss it with Molotov...\". However, Sergo would not go that far. There would be no arrest and trial of Tukhachevsky in 1930: the commander \"turns out to be 100% clean,\" Stalin wrote disingenuously to Molotov in October, \"That's very good.\" It is interesting that seven years before the Great Terror, Stalin was testing the same accusations against the same victims – a dress rehearsal for 1937 – but he could not get the support. The archives reveal a fascinating sequel: once he understood the ambitious modernity of Tukhachevsky's strategies, Stalin apologised to him: \"Now the question has become clearer to me, I have to agree that my remark was too strong and my conclusions were not right at all.\"[29]Following this, Tukhachevsky wrote several books on modern warfare and, in 1931, after Stalin had accepted the need for an industrialized military, Tukhachevsky was given a leading role in reforming the army.[5] He held advanced ideas on military strategy, particularly on use of tanks and aircraft in combined operations.[5]Tukhachevsky took a keen interest in the arts, and became a political patron and close friend of composer Dmitri Shostakovich; they met in 1925[30] and subsequently played music together at the Marshal's home (Tukhachevsky played the violin). In 1936, Shostakovich's music was under attack following the Pravda denunciation of his opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk. However, Tukhachevsky intervened with Stalin on his friend's behalf.[citation needed] After Tukhachevsky's arrest, pressure was put on Shostakovich to denounce him, but he was saved from doing so by the fact that the investigator was himself arrested.[31]","title":"Reform of the Red Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuhacsevszkij1936.JPG"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpkin-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Battle of Khalkhin Gol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol"},{"link_name":"Nomonhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomonhan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Georgy Zhukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"World War II on the Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Operation Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Tukhachevsky in 1936Tukhachevsky is often credited with the theory of deep operation in which combined arms formations strike deep behind enemy lines to destroy the enemy's rear and logistics,[32][33] but his exact role is unclear and disputed because of shortage of firsthand sources, and his published works containing only limited amounts of theory on the subject. The theories were opposed by some in the military establishment[34] but were largely adopted by the Red Army in the mid-1930s. They were expressed as a concept in the Red Army's Field Regulations of 1929 and more fully developed in the 1935 Instructions on Deep Battle. The concept was finally codified into the army in 1936 in the Provisional Field Regulations of 1936. An early example of potential effectiveness of deep operations can be found in the Soviet victory over Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan),[citation needed] where a Soviet Corps under the command of Georgy Zhukov defeated a substantial Japanese force in August and September 1939.It is often stated that the widespread purges of the Red Army officer corps in 1937 to 1939 made \"deep operations\" briefly fall from favour.[35] However, they were certainly a major part of Soviet doctrine after their efficacy was demonstrated by the Battle of Khalkin Gol and the success of similar German operations in Poland and France. They were used with great success during World War II on the Eastern Front, in such victories as the Battle of Stalingrad [citation needed] and Operation Bagration.[36]","title":"Theory of deep operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuchaczewski_Warszawa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tainye-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Yezhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalin_page_222-19"},{"link_name":"Avel Yenukidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avel_Yenukidze"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Bukharin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalin_page_223-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:May_25_1937_Tukhachevsky_recognition.jpg"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalin_page_223-39"},{"link_name":"military tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribunal"},{"link_name":"Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_of_the_Trotskyist_Anti-Soviet_Military_Organization"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalin_page_225-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalin_page_225-40"},{"link_name":"Lazar Kaganovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalin_page_225-40"},{"link_name":"Vasily Blokhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Blokhin"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rayfield-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalin_page_225-40"},{"link_name":"clemency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemency"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalin_page_225-40"}],"text":"Tukhachevsky at the Warsaw Railway Station, en route to London, 1936On November 20, 1935, Tukhachevsky was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union when he was 42. In January 1936, Tukhachevsky visited the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.Just before his arrest, Tukhachevsky was relieved of duty as assistant to Marshal Voroshilov and appointed military commander of the Volga Military District.[37] Shortly after departing to take up his new command, he was secretly arrested on May 22, 1937, and brought back to Moscow in a prison van.[38]Tukhachevsky's interrogation and torture were directly supervised by NKVD Chief Nikolai Yezhov. Stalin instructed Yezhov, \"See for yourself, but Tukhachevsky should be forced to tell everything... It's impossible he acted alone.\"[19]According to Montefiore, a few days later, as Yezhov buzzed in and out of Stalin's office, a broken Tukhachevsky confessed that Avel Yenukidze had recruited him in 1928 and that he was a German agent cooperating with Nikolai Bukharin to seize power. Tukhachevsky's confession, which survives in the archives, is dappled with a brown spray that was later found to be blood-spattered by a body in motion.[39]Tukhachevsky's bloodstained confessionStalin commented, \"It's incredible, but it's a fact, they admit it.\"[39]On June 11, 1937, the Soviet Supreme Court convened a special military tribunal to try Tukhachevsky and eight generals for treason. The trial was dubbed the Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization. Upon hearing the accusations, Tukhachevsky was heard to say, \"I feel I'm dreaming.\"[40] Most of the judges were also terrified. One was heard to comment, \"Tomorrow I'll be put in the same place.\"[40]At 11:35 that night, all of the defendants were declared guilty and sentenced to death. Stalin, who was awaiting the verdict with Yezhov, Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, did not even examine the transcripts. He simply said, \"Agreed.\"[40]Within the hour, Tukhachevsky was summoned from his cell by NKVD captain Vasily Blokhin. As Yezhov watched, the former Marshal was shot once in the back of the head.[41]Immediately afterward, Yezhov was summoned into Stalin's presence. Stalin asked, \"What were Tukhachevsky's last words?\"[40] Yezhov responded, \"The snake said he was dedicated to the Motherland and Comrade Stalin. He asked for clemency. But it was obvious that he was not being straight, he hadn't laid down his arms.\"[40]","title":"Fall and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1963_CPA_2824_stamp_(Russian_Civil_War_Hero_Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union_Mikhail_Tukhachevsky._Map_of_Eastern_Front_of_Russian_Civil_War).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"Khrushchev Thaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tainye_page_44-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"Secret Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist"},{"link_name":"fifth columnist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_columnist"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Heydrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff"},{"link_name":"Edvard Beneš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Walter Schellenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukes,_Igor_1996_p._95-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tainye_page_3-46"},{"link_name":"double agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_agent"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Skoblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Skoblin"},{"link_name":"Sicherheitsdienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukes,_Igor_1996_p._95-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukes,_Igor_1996_p._95-45"},{"link_name":"defector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defector"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Orlov"},{"link_name":"Life Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Okhrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhrana"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Eremin letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremin_letter"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Simon Sebag Montefiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barmine,_Alexander_1945_p._322-52"},{"link_name":"machine-gunners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"Budyonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"mixed units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"1963 Soviet stamp featuring TukhachevskyTukhachevsky's family members all suffered after his execution. His wife, Nina Tukhachevskaya, and his brothers Alexandr and Nikolai, both instructors in a Soviet military academy, were all shot. Three of his sisters were sent to the Gulag. His underage daughter was arrested when she reached adulthood and remained in the Gulag until the 1950s Khrushchev Thaw. She lived in Moscow after her release and died in 1982.[42]“To the Red army, Stalin has dealt a fearful blow. As a result of the latest judicial frameup, it has fallen several cubits in stature. The interests of the Soviet defense have been sacrificed in the interests of the self-preservation of the ruling clique.”\n\n\nTrotsky on the Red Army purges of 1937.[43]Leon Trotsky described Tukhachevsky posthumously as a \"outstanding talent\" due to his strategic skills and viewed the purge of the Red Army by the Stalinist bureaucracy as a means of preserving its political position.[44]Before Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech in 1956, Tukhachevsky was officially considered a fascist and fifth columnist. Soviet diplomats and supporters in the West enthusiastically promulgated this opinion. Then, on January 31, 1957, Tukhachevsky and his codefendants were declared innocent of all charges and were rehabilitated.[citation needed]Although Tukhachevsky's prosecution is almost universally regarded as a sham, Stalin's motivations continue to be debated. In his 1968 book The Great Terror, British historian Robert Conquest accuses Nazi Party leaders Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich of forging documents that implicated Tukhachevsky in an anti-Stalinist conspiracy with the Wehrmacht General Staff, to weaken the Soviet Union's defence capacity. These documents, Conquest said, were leaked to President Edvard Beneš of Czechoslovakia, who passed them to Soviet Russia through diplomatic channels. Conquest's thesis of an SS conspiracy to frame Tukhachevsky was based upon the memoirs of Walter Schellenberg and Beneš.[45]In 1989, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union announced that new evidence had been found in Stalin's archives indicating German intelligence's intentions to fabricate disinformation about Tukhachevsky with the goal of eliminating him. \"Knowledge of personal characteristics of Stalin – like paranoia and extreme suspicion, had been possibly highest factor in it.\"[46]According to the opinion of Igor Lukes, who conducted a study on the matter, it was Stalin, Kaganovich and Yezhov who actually concocted Tukhachevsky's \"treason\" themselves. At Yezhov's order, the NKVD had instructed a known double agent, Nikolai Skoblin, to leak to Heydrich's Sicherheitsdienst (SD) concocted information suggesting a plot by Tukhachevsky and the other Soviet generals against Stalin.[45]Seeing an opportunity to strike a blow at the Soviet military, Heydrich immediately acted on the information and undertook to improve on it. Heydrich's forgeries were later leaked to the Soviets via Beneš and other neutral nations. While the SD believed that it had successfully fooled Stalin into executing his best generals, in reality, it had merely served as an unwitting pawn of the Soviet NKVD. Ironically, Heydrich's forgeries were never used at trial. Instead, Soviet prosecutors relied on signed \"confessions\" beaten out of the defendants.[45]In 1956, NKVD defector Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov published an article in Life Magazine with \"The Sensational Secret Behind the Damnation of Stalin\" as title. The story held that NKVD agents had discovered papers in the tsarist Okhrana archives proving Stalin had once been an informer.[47] From this knowledge, the NKVD agents had planned a coup d'état with Tukhachevsky and other senior officers in the Red Army.[48] According to Orlov, Stalin uncovered the conspiracy and used Yezhov to execute those responsible.[49] The article lists the Eremin letter as documentary evidence that Stalin was part of the Okhrana, but most historians agree it's a forgery.[50]Simon Sebag Montefiore, who has conducted extensive research in Soviet archives, states:Stalin needed neither Nazi disinformation nor mysterious Okhrana files to persuade him to destroy Tukhachevsky. After all, he had played with the idea as early as 1930, three years before Hitler took power. Furthermore, Stalin and his cronies were convinced that officers were to be distrusted and physically exterminated at the slightest suspicion. He reminisced to Voroshilov, in an undated note, about the officers arrested in the summer of 1918. \"These officers,\" he said, \"we wanted to shoot en masse.\" Nothing had changed.[51]It has been speculated that the reason why Stalin had Tukhachevsky and other high ranking generals executed was to remove a potential threat to his political power. Ultimately, Stalin and Yezhov would orchestrate the arrest and execution of thousands of Soviet military officers as well as five of the eight generals who presided over Tukhachevsky's show trial.[52]While at the time of his death the Red Army was still firmly in the grip of the cavalry, Tukhachevsky had changed the Red Army's mentality quite significantly. While many machine-gunners were being arrested and marshal Budyonny spoke in favour of cavalry, influential people – even including marshal Voroshilov, under whom Tukhachevsky served, and who took part in the arrests – began to question the cavalry's position inside the Red Army.[5] The horse remained ingrained in the Red Army, however.[5] In peacetime, cavalry made sense to the Red Army; it was effective in smaller actions and internal security actions, many horse riders were available without requiring significant training, and there were the memories of the effectiveness of cavalry during the Civil War, all of which helped the horse in maintaining its central position inside the Red Army.[5] When the Second World War began mixed units were set up, which included both cavalry and tanks; these played a central role in use of the deep operations doctrine during WWII.[5]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of St. Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Stanislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Stanislaus"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner"},{"link_name":"Honorary revolutionary weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_Revolutionary_Weapon"}],"text":"Imperial awardsOrder of St. Anne, 2nd class with swords, also awarded 3rd class with swords and bow; and 4th class with the inscription \"For Courage\"\nOrder of St. Stanislaus, 2nd class with swords, also awarded 3rd class with swords and bow\nOrder of St. Vladimir, 4th class with swordsSoviet awardsOrder of Lenin (21 February 1933)\nOrder of the Red Banner (August 7, 1919)\nHonorary revolutionary weapon (December 17, 1919)","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kurt Agricola, \"Der rote Marschall. Tuchatschewskis Aufstieg und Fall\" (The Red Marshall: The Rise and Fall of Tukhachevsky), 1939, Kleine \"Wehrmacht\" – Bücherei, 5","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/0954654042000289688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F0954654042000289688"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0954-6545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6545"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144649336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144649336"},{"link_name":"Taylor & Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis"}],"text":"Croll, Neil (December 2004). \"The role of M.N. Tukhachevskii in the suppression of the Kronstadt Rebellion\". Revolutionary Russia. 17 (2): 1–48. doi:10.1080/0954654042000289688. ISSN 0954-6545. S2CID 144649336 – via Taylor & Francis.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Tukhachevsky family in 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tuhacsevszkijcsal%C3%A1d.JPG/220px-Tuhacsevszkijcsal%C3%A1d.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tukhachevsky in 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tuchaczewski_1920.jpg/124px-Tuchaczewski_1920.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polish soldiers displaying captured Soviet battle flags after the Battle of Warsaw in 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Polish-soviet_war_1920_Aftermath_of_Battle_of_Warsaw.jpg/242px-Polish-soviet_war_1920_Aftermath_of_Battle_of_Warsaw.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tukhachevsky with the other first four Marshals of the Soviet Union in November 1935. (l–r): Tukhachevsky, Semyon Budyonny, Kliment Voroshilov, Vasily Blyukher, and Aleksandr Yegorov. Only Budyonny and Voroshilov survived the Great Purge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/5marshals_01.jpg/220px-5marshals_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tukhachevsky in 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tuhacsevszkij1936.JPG/170px-Tuhacsevszkij1936.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tukhachevsky at the Warsaw Railway Station, en route to London, 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tuchaczewski_Warszawa.jpg/220px-Tuchaczewski_Warszawa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tukhachevsky's bloodstained confession","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/May_25_1937_Tukhachevsky_recognition.jpg/170px-May_25_1937_Tukhachevsky_recognition.jpg"},{"image_text":"1963 Soviet stamp featuring Tukhachevsky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_Soviet_Union_1963_CPA_2824_stamp_%28Russian_Civil_War_Hero_Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union_Mikhail_Tukhachevsky._Map_of_Eastern_Front_of_Russian_Civil_War%29.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1963_CPA_2824_stamp_%28Russian_Civil_War_Hero_Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union_Mikhail_Tukhachevsky._Map_of_Eastern_Front_of_Russian_Civil_War%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Котельников, Константин (November 11, 2022). \"'Красный Наполеон' Михаил Тухачевский\". Diletant (Дилетант).","urls":[{"url":"https://diletant.media/articles/45310426/","url_text":"\"'Красный Наполеон' Михаил Тухачевский\""}]},{"reference":"Brackman, Roman (2004). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-75840-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PY2RAgAAQBAJ&dq=stalin+tukhachevsky+1920&pg=PA135","url_text":"The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75840-0","url_text":"978-1-135-75840-0"}]},{"reference":"Grey, Ian (1979). Stalin, Man of History. Doubleday. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-385-14333-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XV9pAAAAMAAJ&q=tukhachevsky+blamed+stalin","url_text":"Stalin, Man of History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-14333-2","url_text":"978-0-385-14333-2"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Norman (2001). Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland's Present. OUP Oxford. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-19-164713-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yWi-WLvY_v0C&dq=tukhachevsky+blamed+stalin&pg=PA103","url_text":"Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland's Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164713-0","url_text":"978-0-19-164713-0"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Alexander (2017). The Red Army and the Second World War. Cambridge, UK. ISBN 9781107020795. OCLC 944957747.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107020795","url_text":"9781107020795"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/944957747","url_text":"944957747"}]},{"reference":"Simon Sebag Montefiori (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 252. ISBN 9781842127261.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842127261","url_text":"9781842127261"}]},{"reference":"\"The Red Army: Part 3\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1937/wollenberg-red-army/ch03.htm","url_text":"\"The Red Army: Part 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Жертвы политического террора в СССР\". Lists.memo.ru. Retrieved 2013-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://lists.memo.ru/index19.htm","url_text":"\"Жертвы политического террора в СССР\""}]},{"reference":"Arzakanian, Marina (2012-06-15). \"De Gaulle et Toukhatchevski\". Revue historique des armées (in French) (267): 91–101. doi:10.3917/rha.267.0091. ISSN 0035-3299.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.openedition.org/rha/7464","url_text":"\"De Gaulle et Toukhatchevski\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frha.267.0091","url_text":"10.3917/rha.267.0091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-3299","url_text":"0035-3299"}]},{"reference":"Croll, Neil Harvey (2002). Mikhail Tukhachevsky in the Russian Civil War (PhD thesis). University of Glasgow.","urls":[{"url":"https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2142198","url_text":"Mikhail Tukhachevsky in the Russian Civil War"}]},{"reference":"Minakov, Sergei Timofeevich [in Russian] (2017). Заговор \"красных маршалов\". Тухачевский против Сталина [The Conspiracy of the Red Marshals: Tukhachevsky vs. Stalin] (in Russian). Algoritm Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 978-5-906-99594-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87","url_text":"Minakov, Sergei Timofeevich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-906-99594-0","url_text":"978-5-906-99594-0"}]},{"reference":"Simon Sebag Montefiori (2003). 'Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 222. ISBN 9781842127261.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842127261","url_text":"9781842127261"}]},{"reference":"Radzinsky, Edvard (2011). Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secr. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-75468-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3DtwdU7921YC&q=Give+us+Warsaw+Tukhachevsky&pg=PA168","url_text":"Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-75468-4","url_text":"978-0-307-75468-4"}]},{"reference":"Buchner, Alex (1991). The German infantry handbook, 1939–1945: organization, uniforms, weapons, equipment, operations. West Chester, PA. ISBN 0887402844. 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Retrieved 24 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/connor.pdf","url_text":"\"Analysis of Deep Attack Operations – Operation Bagration Belorussia 22 June–29 August 1944\""}]},{"reference":"Simon Sebag Montefiori (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 223. 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Time Inc. 1956-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SE8EAAAAMBAJ&q=The+Sensational+Secret+Behind+the+Damnation+of+Stalin%22&pg=PA34","url_text":"\"The Sensational Secret Behind Damnation of Stalin\""}]},{"reference":"Paul W. Blackstock (April 1969). \"The Tukhachevsky Affair\". The Russian Review. 28 (2): 171–190. doi:10.2307/127506. JSTOR 127506.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_W._Blackstock","url_text":"Paul W. Blackstock"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/pss/127506","url_text":"\"The Tukhachevsky Affair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F127506","url_text":"10.2307/127506"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/127506","url_text":"127506"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Eric (1993-06-01). \"The Eremin letter: Documentary proof that Stalin was an Okhrana spy?\". Revolutionary Russia. 6 (1): 55–96. doi:10.1080/09546549308575595. ISSN 0954-6545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546549308575595","url_text":"10.1080/09546549308575595"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6545","url_text":"0954-6545"}]},{"reference":"Croll, Neil (December 2004). \"The role of M.N. Tukhachevskii in the suppression of the Kronstadt Rebellion\". Revolutionary Russia. 17 (2): 1–48. doi:10.1080/0954654042000289688. ISSN 0954-6545. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandikhole	Chandikhole	["1 Geography","2 Location","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 20°41′58″N 86°8′2″E / 20.69944°N 86.13389°E / 20.69944; 86.13389 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chandikhole" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Odisha, IndiaChandikholeTownChandikholeLocation in Odisha, IndiaShow map of OdishaChandikholeChandikhole (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 20°41′58″N 86°8′2″E / 20.69944°N 86.13389°E / 20.69944; 86.13389Country IndiaStateOdishaDistrictJajpur Government • TypeNAC • BodyChandikhol NACLanguages • OfficialOdiaTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Vehicle registrationOD-04Nearest cityJajpurWebsitejajapur.nic.in Chandikhol is a town and a Notified Area Council in Jajpur district, Odisha, India. The place has been named after Goddess "Chandi" worshipped by late monk Baba Bhairabananda Bramhachari who established the deity of Maa Chandi in one of the adjoining hills of Barunei full of dense forest and ferocious animals in 1932. Chandikhol has been selected for the establishment of one of Strategic Petroleum Reserve (India) location. Geography It is located in the Jajpur District of Odisha. Location Chandikhole is one of the end points of National Highway 200, the other end being Raipur. National Highway 16 passes through Chandikhole. Nearest airport is Biju Patnaik Airport at Bhubaneswar, which is at a distance of about 70 km. It is an extremely strategic location in terms of commerce as it acts as a junction between Kalinganagar, Cuttack, Bhadrak and Paradeep. The nearest town is Jaraka which is 12 km away from this place. See also Mahavinayak Temple Jaraka References ^ "India to build two more strategic petroleum reserves: Piyush Goyal". The Economic Times. External links Map of Jajpur district with Chandikhole marked vteIndustrial hubs in Odisha Angul Balasore Barbil Bhubaneswar Brajarajnagar Chandikhole Choudwar Cuttack Damanjodi Hirakud Jharsuguda Joda Kalinganagar Kalunga Kansbahal Paradeep Rajgangpur Rayagada Rourkela Sunabeda Talcher This article about a location in Jajapur district (Jajpur district), Odisha, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jajpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajapur_district"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Barunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa_Barunei_Temple"},{"link_name":"Strategic Petroleum Reserve (India)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(India)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Town in Odisha, IndiaChandikhol is a town and a Notified Area Council in Jajpur district, Odisha, India. The place has been named after Goddess \"Chandi\" worshipped by late monk Baba Bhairabananda Bramhachari who established the deity of Maa Chandi in one of the adjoining hills of Barunei full of dense forest and ferocious animals in 1932. Chandikhol has been selected for the establishment of one of Strategic Petroleum Reserve (India) location.[1]","title":"Chandikhole"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It is located in the Jajpur District of Odisha.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Highway 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_200_(India)"},{"link_name":"Raipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipur"},{"link_name":"National Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_16_(India)"},{"link_name":"Biju Patnaik Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Patnaik_Airport"},{"link_name":"Jaraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaraka"}],"text":"Chandikhole is one of the end points of National Highway 200, the other end being Raipur. National Highway 16 passes through Chandikhole.Nearest airport is Biju Patnaik Airport at Bhubaneswar, which is at a distance of about 70 km. It is an extremely strategic location in terms of commerce as it acts as a junction between Kalinganagar, Cuttack, Bhadrak and Paradeep.The nearest town is Jaraka which is 12 km away from this place.","title":"Location"}]	[]	[{"title":"Mahavinayak Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavinayak_Temple"},{"title":"Jaraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaraka"}]	[{"reference":"\"India to build two more strategic petroleum reserves: Piyush Goyal\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_rock_music	Rock music in Mexico	["1 Origins: Orchestra and Jazz","2 Classic Rock","2.1 Rockeras","2.2 Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro, La Onda","2.3 Ban on Rock","3 Punk and Underground Rock","4 Metal","5 Rupestre Music","5.1 The Chopo","6 Spanish Invasion and Response","7 Rock in Monterrey","8 Indigenous Rock","9 Alternative and Indie rock","10 Modern rock","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]	Mexican appreciation of, and contributions to, rock music genres Carlos Santana Mexican rock music, often referred to in Mexico as rock nacional ("national rock"), originated in the 1950s. Standards by The Beatles, Elvis Presley, The Everly Brothers, Nancy Sinatra, and Chuck Berry were soon covered by bands such as Los Apson, Los Teen Tops, Los Twisters, Los Hitters, Los Nómadas, Los Rockets, Los Rebeldes del Rock , Los Locos del Ritmo, Los Crazy Boys , and Javier Bátiz, which later led to original compositions, often in English. The group "Los Nómadas" was the first racially integrated band of the 1950s. Their lead guitarist, Bill Aken (adopted son of Lupe Mayorga, effectively making Aken the cousin of Ritchie Valens), wrote most of their original material, including the raucous Donde-Donde, and co-wrote the material for their Sounds Of The Barrio album, which is still being sold. Their 1954 recording of She's My Babe was the first top 40 R&B recording by a Latino band. In the southwestern United States, Spanish guitar rhythms and Mexican musical influences may have inspired some of the music of American musicians Ritchie Valens, Danny Flores (of The Champs), Sam the Sham, Roy Orbison, and later, Herb Alpert. Initially, the public exhibited only moderate interest in them, because the media attention was focused on La Ola Inglesa (British Invasion). However, after the substantial success of Mexican-American guitarist Carlos Santana in the United States in the late 1960s, along with the successful development of Mexico's own counterculture movement called La Onda (The Wave), many bands sprang up. Most of these bands sang in both Spanish and English, keeping foreign commercial exposure in mind. Mexican and Chicano rock have crossed into other Hispanic groups like José Feliciano and Lourdes Rodriguez, of Puerto Rican descent. Origins: Orchestra and Jazz Los Teen Tops achieved important musical successes at the beginning of the years 1960. There come the TEEN TOPS It's the cry of admiration and enthusiasm launched by the public in Mexico. Rock activity in Mexico in the 1950s took place either in Mexico City and the surrounding area or in northern cities such as Mexicali, Monterrey, Nuevo Laredo, Ciudad Juárez and Tijuana, whose proximity to the United States gave them more exposure to American sounds. Rock & roll music was introduced to Mexico in the mid 1950s, as musicians like Elvis Presley and Bill Haley were at the peak of their popularity in the US, and their music began to be broadcast in Mexico and covered by Mexican bands. Except for Tijuana and Los Tj's. In those early years, the first acts that performed and recorded rock & roll in the country were not rock "bands", but rather orchestras that combined jazz sounds with the new genre. Gloria Ríos, an American-born actress and lounge singer, is often credited with introducing rock & roll music in Mexico. Born in Texas in 1928, Ríos arrived in Mexico in 1944 and began recording in 1955 with many musicians (and their orchestras), such as Héctor Hallal, Jorge Ortega, Pablo Beltrán Ruiz, and most importantly, with Mario Patrón and his Estrellas del Ritmo. Many of her recordings were covers of songs by Bill Haley and Elvis Presley, but with Las Estrellas del Ritmo she also recorded "La mecedora" in 1956, a song composed by Mario Patrón, which was said to be the first original song of Mexican rock & roll. Ríos became very popular at the time due to her starring roles in films like "Las locuras del rock and roll" (1956) and "La rebelión de los adolescentes" (1957), but she later married Mario Patrón and in 1960 she went with him to Europe, where they stayed for many years. Maldita Vecindad band. Roco, the vocalist, dresses in a manner reminiscent of the pachucos. This caused Ríos to be quickly forgotten in Mexico, as the new golden age of rock & roll was starting there and new bands claimed to be the ones who had introduced the genre in Mexico. Ríos died in 2002 at the age of 74 years old. These orchestras soon started to lose popularity as new rock bands appeared, formed by young musicians who mostly covered American and British songs. Los Lunáticos, founded in 1956, are considered by many to be the first Mexican rock and roll band, and later other bands like Los Locos del Ritmo, Los Rebeldes del Rock, Los Teen Tops, etc. became popular. Las Mary Jets, formed in 1959, were the first all-female rock band in Mexico. Rock, as elsewhere, became tied with the youth revolt of the 1960s. Many songs are credited as being the first original Mexican rock & roll songs, amongst them: "La mecedora" (1956), written by Mario Patrón and recorded by his orchestra and Gloria Ríos. This is considered to be the first original Mexican rock song in Spanish. "Mexican rock and roll" (1956), written by Pablo Beltrán Ruiz and recorded by his orchestra, it's an instrumental piece. "Where Did You Get It?" (1957), written by José Luis Arcaráz and recorded in English by Los Lunáticos. Bands of the 1950s and, to a lesser degree, were often associated with the middle-class youth of Mexico. Fearing a "Moral Crisis," the PRI-controlled government imposed restrictions on rock music and films, in an effort to protect the "Buenas Costumbres," or proper family values, by "avoid noxious or disturbing influences on the harmonious development of children and youth." These guides caused any particularly "rebellious" media, including movies and rock, to conform to the PRI's Buenas Costumbres to get their work officially published. In addition, both to protect Mexico's record industry, and simultaneously discourage foreign-inspired challenges to the status quo, heavy tariffs were placed upon imported records. This combination of factors created the "Refrito" movement of the 1950s and early 1960s, where Mexican rock musicians reworked foreign songs to fit in with into the restrictions on music. One of the most popular examples is the song "La Plaga" by Los Teen Tops, a refrito cover of the Little Richard song "Good Golly Miss Molly," where lyrics featuring elements of scandal and rebellion were toned down or altered by Los Teen Tops for the Mexican market. While many musicians of the refrito era saw success, both domestically and internationally, their music was often criticized by those on the left as "imperialist in nature," and by those on the right for still being too "rebellious," both of which would carry on into the La Onda era of the late 1960s, particularly as the Mexican youth, particularly those associated with rock, became increasingly frustrated with the government and more progressive-leaning. Classic Rock Javier Batiz The 1960s are considered to be the "golden age" for rock music in Mexico; during this decade, rock groups frequently dominated the music charts and many of them became teen idols. In the early years of the decade, groups like Los Rebeldes del Rock (whose recording "Hiedra venenosa" is considered to have been the first rock and roll recording to be broadcast in Mexican radio, back in 1959), Los Hooligans, Los Locos del Ritmo, among many others, became very famous recording Spanish-language covers of American and British rock standards, as well as some original songs. One group in particular, Los Teen Tops was very popular in Mexico and in many other countries of the Hispanic world, specifically in Argentina and Spain; their recordings "La plaga" and "Popotitos" are considered some of the most representative of the era. The counterculture movement is generally agreed to have its roots along the USA-Mexico border, particularly in Tijuana, where the geographical proximity allowed for easier access to foreign music. Bands such as Los Dug Dugs found success covering songs by bands such as The Beach Boys and The Beatles, and soon moved to Mexico City. Other Northern bands would coalesce on Mexico City around this time, and by 1966, a cultural movement would begin to emerge around this music, incorporating contemporary aspects from American culture and fashion. This was called La Onda. Rockeras Women rock musicians, sometimes referred to as rockeras, played a sizeable, if often overlooked role in La Onda, and Mexican rock as a whole. Bands such as Las Mary Jets, Los Spitfires, and Las Chics were the most prominent in the 1960s, though were also subject to the restrictions and regulations placed on the genre by the PRI, as well as increased social stigma for playing rock music in a conservative society. After her band's dissolution, Silvia Garcel of Las Chics reflected on this, saying of her televised performances "They wanted us to look like little girls, well-dressed, modest, neat, and decent," but that this didn't reflect their style: "We wore miniskirts, but only as part of the show. In real life, we didn't wear them" instead preferring to wear the blue jeans associated with the American-influenced La Onda movement. Often times, however, the social and political constraints would prove to win out against more progressive themes, epitomized by Angélica María, who bore the title "Mexico's Girlfriend" in a social role that served as both a role model for young women and girls, and an object of enamor and adoration among men. Because of this, more rebellious rockeras were further vilified in the public eye, when compared to the pure, more socially acceptable Angélica María. Las Mary Jets Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro, La Onda El Tri Many Mexican rock stars became involved in the counterculture movement. One of the most notorious bands from this decade was La Revolución de Emiliano Zapata, from Guadalajara, Mexico. After winning a local contest, they signed a contract with Polydor Records, and their single "Nasty Sex" was a #1 hit in Mexico in 1971, the only rock song from a Mexican band to achieve such a feat in that decade. However, after many members left the band and the Mexican government severely restricted the recording, publishing, and airplay of rock music in the country, the band (like many others at the time) changed its format and became a romantic ballad group. The two-day Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro, held in 1971, was organized in the hamlet of Tenantongo near the city of Toluca, a town neighboring Mexico City, and became known as "The Mexican Woodstock". At that rock festival, nudity, free love, experimental drug use, profanity, the peace sign inserted in the Mexican flag and the presence of the American flag so scandalized the conservative Mexican society that the government imposed cultural curbs to La Onda, and especially to rock music. The media called the move El Avandarazo. The festival, intended to emulate Woodstock and Altamont, expected to attract a maximum of 25,000 concertgoers but about 300,000 showed up. The government helped some stranded attendees at the end of the festival by sending 300 buses. Maná performing in Southern California. During President Luis Echeverría's administration, the Mexican government tried to win back the country's legitimacy through populist, leftist-oriented programmes. Elefante's (Elephant) song "Así Es La Vida" (That Is How Life Is) was nominated at the 3rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards 2002 for Latin Grammy Best Rock Song. Most things that could possibly be connected to the counterculture or to student protests were sidelined on public airwaves by the powers that be, who feared a repeat of the student protests of 1968, an event the new government denounced. But most Mexican rock bands sang and criticized the administration in general and, more specifically, corruption, poverty and persistent social inequalities that had taken place through Mexican history. With the Avandarazo effect at its height and the hippie movement waning worldwide, few bands survived the curbs; though the ones that did, like Three Souls in My Mind (later El Tri), remained popular due in part to their adoption of Spanish for their lyrics, and had a dedicated following. As the hippie trend waned c. 1973, many Mexican bands moved to progressive and hard rock. During the seventies there were many new bands but very little support from the music industry for original rock music. The bands suffered from it and had to limit themselves to performing in hoyos fonqui . Representative bands of this period were: Perro Fantastico, Mara, Vox Populi, Stray Cat, Rock Moviloy and many more. Perro Fantastico, a band from the east side of Mexico City (Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl) created rock music sung in both Spanish and English, formed by the brothers Jose Luis and Jaime Francisco González (guitar and bass) with Guillermo Avalos (drums) and Arturo Fajardo (rhythm guitar). They played, among other bands, in places like Salon Chicago, Macumba, El Herradero until the band disbanded around 1978. During the seventies bands also performed in high schools, universities and other places. Many others followed or continued during the eighties. Ban on Rock The government's ban on rock music during this decade also extended to American groups, and after a 1975 concert in Mexico City by the band Chicago ended with turbulence and police repression, president Echeverría issued a temporary ban on all concerts by American musicians in Mexico. Punk and Underground Rock After various government crackdowns and restrictions on rock, particularly after the 1971 Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro, the bands that remained together or formed during this time moved into an underground scene, centered around Mexico City, where the rock and its subgenres finally started to see adoption among the lower classes of Mexican society. This created an entirely new movement, with musicians and fans of their music formed "bandas." Many in these bands created names based on their imposed lower position, such as Mierdas Punk, Manchados, and Punks Not Dead. After the Catholic Church began disparaging these bandas on the basis of assumed Satanism, new bandas formed with names based on this supposed tie to Satanism, such as Abadón, Lucifer, and Blasfemia. As most rock musicians, particularly anti-establishment ones, had great difficulty finding gigs at proper venues, the 1970s saw many bands performing in "Hoyos Fonquis," literally "funky holes," which were quite unsafe for the performers, as both audience members and police raids could prove harmful. Because of this, many bandas formed cultures of mutual self-defense, a trend that has continued into the modern day. In the 1980s, however, the PRI loosened their restrictions on rock performances, and the bands that had been playing in the Hoyos Fonquis now had access to larger, more legitimate audiences, particularly at the Tianguis del Chopo, a large open-air market in Mexico city, which became a hotspot for fans and practitioners of a variety of genres to come together and trade records, as well as attend live performances. Bands such as El Tri saw their earliest rise to success in this environment. Metal Moderatto known for their exaggerated on-stage personae that parody the stereotypical 1980s glam metal lifestyle. Since the 1960s, hard rock had been assimilated by several groups, like the aforementioned Los Dug Dugs and El Ritual, and later by others like Polvo and Náhuatl, Nuevo México and Bloody Rock. During the following decade it continued to exist in forms of heavy blues, which was an authentic underground movement, peaking in the late 1970s when the Hoyos Funky came to notoriety around 1977. Groups like Ramses and La Cruz are veterans of the era and were some of the first to be labeled as "heavy metal", but then again it was not until the 1980s and the early 1990s that bands like Transmetal, Next, Luzbel and Semefo contributed to the scene with original approaches, when the most radical forms of the genre like death metal and grindcore were fully digested. Today the metal scene is populated by such groups as Brujeria, Hacavitz, and Disgorge. The early bands were followed by many others, in an ever-growing underground movement of sports arenas weekend concerts all over the country. Important bands of this period were Enigma Kaleidoscopio El Tarro de Mostaza El Ritual Peace and Love Ciruela The Spiders El Amor Three Souls in My Mind Toncho Pilatos Los Dug Dug's El Epilogo La Semilla del Amor Love Army Tinta Blanca La Revolución de Emiliano Zapata La Tribu La Comuna 39.4 La Division del Norte Bandido Polvo La Fachada de Piedra Hongo Cosa Nostra. Rupestre Music Café Tacuba has won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Song in 2004 for the songs Eres (you are) and in 2008 for Esta Vez (This time). Since the late 1960s, poets have sung to acoustic guitars and played in the then-prosperous café cantante scene. These forums showcased the folkloric music that came from South America, specially from Peru and Chile. Performers like Víctor Jara, Violeta Parra, Inti-Illimani, Los Folkloristas and local Óscar Chávez among many others denounced in their songs the atrocities of the military juntas, all of which experimented with even worse repression than Mexico during the Tlatelolco incident, that governed most of the countries from Nicaragua to Tierra del Fuego, and curiously the cafes cantantes thrived, as long as nothing was overtly critical of the Mexican government in general. Camila during the 3rd Festival de la Música Latina in Managua in 2007 The scene eclipsed by the early 1980s, but several musicians like Rockdrigo, sometimes nicknamed "the Mexican Bob Dylan" developed a uniquely Mexican folk style, which came to be known as música rupestre. Later, the musicians were dubbed 'Los Urbanos', because although they played acoustic guitars, the themes of their lyrics revealed the adverse conditions the working class had to face in the big cities, and blues forms were incorporated in their compositions. When El Tri made an electric rendition of Rockdrigo's Metro Balderas the fusion of rock and música rupestre was consummated. Many others continued to surface, but Rockdrigo's untimely death during the earthquake of 1985 in Mexico City skyrocketed his already legendary status, and thus he is considered the most influential exponent of both rock urbano and música rupestre. Other notable bands were Banda Bostik, Sur 16, Tex-Tex and Interpuesto. The racially integrated group Los Nómadas was one of the few to survive for decades. Members of the group consisted of Chico Vasquez, Jose 'J.D.' Moreno, Abel Padilla, and Bill Aken, who formed the band in 1953; they stayed together until well into the 1990s. They were often called into recording sessions to back up Mexicano artists such as Freddy Fender. Their final recording session was in early 1994; when Chico Vasquez died several months later, the group disbanded. The most prominent member of the group was singer-songwriter and producer Bill Aken (aka Zane Ashton), the adopted son of Mexican actress Lupe Mayorga and the only Caucasian member of the band. The Chopo Main article: Tianguis Cultural del Chopo Caifanes 30 anniversary, at the Zócalo de la Ciudad de México, 2017. Jaguares a band formed by former Caifanes won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Song for "Entre Tus Jardines" (Between Your Gardens) in 2009. Alejandra Guzmán has earned the title of La Reina del Rock (The Queen of Rock. Latin Grammy Award-winner for Best Rock Solo Vocal Album at 2002. Maverick on the set of the music videos of "Acurrucar" and "Fuentes de Ortiz" In 1980, the National University of Mexico UNAM, through one of its cultural departments, invited the general public to bring their LP records and trade them with others at the Museo Universitario del Chopo in Mexico City, every Saturday morning. Initially the trading took place inside the facilities of the museum, but by the end of the year the increasing number of attendees became too large for the venue, as collectors sought records that were otherwise impossible to get from established outlets. The trading became selling in many cases, with record dealers taking advantage of the new market for rock "rarities". The gathering extended to the street right in front of the museum, and several stands were erected, transforming the event into a tianguis, a kind of outdoor flea market or bazaar. The museum became a popular hang-out for punks, new wavers, hippies, rastafaris, and other subcultures who were able to express themselves freely at the weekly gathering and meet others with the same tastes. The museum and the National University eventually broke ties with the tianguis, stating that it had got out of hand, and due to increasing friction with local residents, the government soon tried to ban it. By now the participants had established themselves into a community, and collectively presented a proposition to the local government dependency, offering to maintain the necessary security and pay a permanent fee. However, the officials were reluctant, and between 1982 and 1989 the "Chopo", while still growing, changed locations six times, from parks to parking lots to faculty gardens, always due to pressure from officials. Since 1990 it has been taking place on a street behind the Buenavista railway station, less than three blocks from the original 'Museo del Chopo' location. From the original 100 people that began attending in 1980, it is estimated that more than 10,000 people now visit the tianguis every week. As well as the original record trading, other products sold and displayed at the event include clothing, posters, movies, handicrafts, magazines, books, instruments, and other rock-related paraphernalia. Spanish Invasion and Response Concurrent to the second wave British Invasion in the U.S., the Mexican rock scene in the early 1980s immediately fell prey to a “European Invasion” of its own with various artists from Spain taking over the radio. Influential Spanish rock bands like Hombres G, Mecano, Radio Futura and La Unión took over the spotlight with their experimental sounds and melancholic lyrics. Mexico’s music culture saw a newly inspired generation of rock bands emerge in response such Caifanes, Maná, Ritmo Peligroso, Botellita de Jeréz, El Tri and the Micro Chips. Mexican pop music on the other hand (a genre known for its trademark ballads) saw an unexpected explosion of success by incorporating early synths into an overall more pop rock based production with bands such as Timbiriche, Pandora, and Flans dominating the charts alongside Spanish pop bands like Olé-Olé. Rock in Monterrey Chetes Starting in the 90s, the city of Monterrey in the Mexican state of Nuevo Léon witnessed the birth of several bands that have become internationally acclaimed. Their genres vary considerably, but they include Jumbo, Volován, Panda, Plastilina Mosh, COhETICA, Zurdok, Kinky, El Gran Silencio, Genitallica, and the heavy metal band IRA. Kinky The song Los Oxidados by Plastilina Mosh opens the 2005 movie Mr. & Mrs. Smith. Kinky performed at the 2004 edition of the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, along with Radiohead, The Cure and The Killers. A few of the popular local live music venues in Monterrey include the Arena Monterrey, the Auditorio Banamex, and local clubs Cafe Iguana and McMullen's, both located in the Barrio Antiguo section of the city. The all girl Monterrey Heavy Rock band The Warning is proving increasingly popular. Their album, titled Queen of the Murder Scene, was released on November 25, 2018. It achieved high showings in the iTunes and Amazon rock music charts for several weeks after release, despite it being independent. Indigenous Rock Indigenous musicians have been a part of Mexican rock movements since at least the 1970s, but recently have seen an increase in popularity in recent decades, with artists from a myriad of backgrounds adding their distinct flair and sound to rock. Bands such as Sak Tzevul, Hamac Caziim, and Los Cogelones have been some of the most prevalent in the modern Indigenous rock scene, with each bringing their own distinct style through their cultural dress and language. Hamac Caziim in particular are invested in using the platform of music in order to more popularize and support the Comcaac language and community they are a part of. Indigenous musicians have unfortunately always faced discrimination and undue criticism, with some critics deriding Indigenous rock as "inauthentic", due to their western influence. Tzotzil band Sak Tzevul responded to this line of criticism by stating "There are things so deeply rooted that neither Coca-Cola nor anyone else can take away from us." Alternative and Indie rock Gloria Trevi Mexican pop-rock singer-songwriter and one of the most controversial Mexican artists. In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of performers have attained international renown, including alternative rock acts such as Santa Sabina, Café Tacuba, Fobia, Caifanes (now Jaguares), Julieta Venegas, ska band Maldita Vecindad, and synthpop group Mœnia. Control Machete, Delasónica and Molotov explored rap/rock fusion, with lyrics containing social commentary mixed with urban vulgarity. The most popular Mexican rock group during this period has been Maná, which have sold over 22 million albums worldwide. Further information on the indie/psychedelic rock band: Sour Soul (band) Modern rock Mexican rock concert The 2000s also saw the emergence of a new generation of Mexican alternative and indie rock musicians. Alternative groups and artists such as Motel, Reik, Allison, Panda, Hello Seahorse!, División Minúscula, Zoé, Natalia Lafourcade, and Insite have received mainstream success in Mexico and throughout Latin America. The indie music scene in Mexico has produced bands such as Porter, Austin TV, Animal Gang, The Copper Gamins, inspired by The White Stripes, from more remote central Mexico, Los Dynamite, Chikita Violenta, Los Jaigüey, Secret Agent, Bengala, and Hello Seahorse!, who often write lyrics in English and have toured alongside American indie rock bands throughout Latin America and the United States. Popular electronic music and synthpop groups include Moenia, Belanova, Jotdog, Sussie 4, Hocico, Amduscia and The Nortec Collective. See also Ely Guerra in Mexico City, 2017. Chicano rock Rock en tu idioma Latino punk Avanzada Regia La Onda References This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rock music in Mexico" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ^ Santana, Carlos (2014-11-04). The Universal Tone: Bringing My Story to Light. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-24491-6. ^ Biografía de Pablo Beltrán Ruiz. Sociedad de Autores y Compositores de México (SACM). Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ a b c d e f Pacini-Hernandez, Deborah (2004). "La Onda Chicana: Mexico's Forgotten Rock Counterculture, "A Contra Corriente": A History of Women Rockers in Mexico, My Generation: Rock and La Banda's Forced Survival Opposite the Mexican State". Rockin Las Americas : The Global Politics of Rock in Latin/o America. La Onda chapter by Eric Zolov, A Contra Corriente chapter by Julia Palacios and Tere Estrada, My Generation chapter by Hector Castillo-Berthier (1st ed.). University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 22–42, 142–159, 241–260. ISBN 9780822972556. ^ a b Sturman, Janet L. (2015). The Course of Mexican Music (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 233–255. ISBN 9781315731155. ^ Gimbernat, J. G. (2013). "New cultural identities through literature and rock music in Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Argentrna, Brazil)". University of Colorado. 1 (1): 1–110 – via ProQueset. ^ Sánchez, José; Soto-Vázquez, Arthur (2022-12-16). "La escena de la música rock en la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México: traducción y adaptación cultural". Revista Panamericana de Comunicación (in Spanish). 4 (2): 75–86. doi:10.21555/rpc.v4i2.2707. ISSN 2683-2208. ^ Pacini, Deborah (2004). Rockin' Las Américas. University of Pittsburgh. ISBN 0822972557. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014. ^ "Mexican village set for youths". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. 11 September 1971. Retrieved 30 September 2014. ^ Rubli Kaiser, Federico (16 September 2011). "Avándaro 1971: A 40 Años de Woodstock en Valle de Bravo". Nexos. ^ "A 40 años, las otras anécdotas de Avándaro". El Universal. Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2014. ^ March 6, 1976 issue of Billboard Magazine; pages 3 & 27 (Retrieved 2017-05-18). ^ a b Tatro, Kelly (January 13, 2017). "Performing Hardness: Punk and self-defense in Mexico City". International Journal of Cultural Studies. 21 (3) – via Sage Journals. ^ Hernandez, Mark (2007). "Chronicles of Mexico City Life: The Music of Rockdrigo González". Studies in Latin American Popular Culture. 26: 63–78. ISSN 0730-9139. ^ a b c Martínez-Rivera, Mintzi Auanda (2015). "'De El Costumbre Al Rock': Rock Indígena and Being Indigenous in 21st-Century México". Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies. 9 (3): 272–292 – via Taylor & Francis Online. ^ "The Latin Invasion". ^ "Billboard - Aug 19, 2006 - Page 26". Google Books. 19 August 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2013. ^ "The Copper Gamins on Outsight Radio Hours". Archive.org. Retrieved 2 June 2013. 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Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Flores"},{"link_name":"The Champs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Champs"},{"link_name":"Sam the Sham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_the_Sham"},{"link_name":"Roy Orbison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Orbison"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Alpert"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Mexican-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American"},{"link_name":"Carlos Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Santana"},{"link_name":"La Onda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Onda"},{"link_name":"Chicano rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_rock"},{"link_name":"José Feliciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people"}],"text":"Carlos SantanaMexican rock music, often referred to in Mexico as rock nacional (\"national rock\"), originated in the 1950s. Standards by The Beatles, Elvis Presley, The Everly Brothers, Nancy Sinatra, and Chuck Berry were soon covered by bands such as Los Apson, Los Teen Tops, Los Twisters, Los Hitters, Los Nómadas, Los Rockets, Los Rebeldes del Rock [es], Los Locos del Ritmo, Los Crazy Boys [es], and Javier Bátiz, which later led to original compositions, often in English. The group \"Los Nómadas\" was the first racially integrated band of the 1950s. Their lead guitarist, Bill Aken (adopted son of Lupe Mayorga, effectively making Aken the cousin of Ritchie Valens), wrote most of their original material, including the raucous Donde-Donde, and co-wrote the material for their Sounds Of The Barrio album, which is still being sold. Their 1954 recording of She's My Babe was the first top 40 R&B recording by a Latino band. In the southwestern United States, Spanish guitar rhythms and Mexican musical influences may have inspired some of the music of American musicians Ritchie Valens, Danny Flores (of The Champs), Sam the Sham, Roy Orbison, and later, Herb Alpert. Initially, the public exhibited only moderate interest in them, because the media attention was focused on La Ola Inglesa (British Invasion).However, after the substantial success of Mexican-American guitarist Carlos Santana in the United States in the late 1960s, along with the successful development of Mexico's own counterculture movement called La Onda (The Wave), many bands sprang up. Most of these bands sang in both Spanish and English, keeping foreign commercial exposure in mind. Mexican and Chicano rock have crossed into other Hispanic groups like José Feliciano and Lourdes Rodriguez, of Puerto Rican descent.","title":"Rock music in Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teentops-enargentina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Teen Tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Mexicali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicali"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Nuevo Laredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Laredo"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana"},{"link_name":"Los Tj's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJ%27s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maldita_Vecindad_y_los_Hijos_del_Quinto_Patio_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maldita Vecindad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldita_Vecindad"},{"link_name":"pachucos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachucos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Little Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard"},{"link_name":"Good Golly Miss Molly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Golly,_Miss_Molly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Los Teen Tops achieved important musical successes at the beginning of the years 1960. There come the TEEN TOPS It's the cry of admiration and enthusiasm launched by the public in Mexico.Rock activity in Mexico in the 1950s took place either in Mexico City and the surrounding area or in northern cities such as Mexicali, Monterrey, Nuevo Laredo, Ciudad Juárez and Tijuana, whose proximity to the United States gave them more exposure to American sounds.Rock & roll music was introduced to Mexico in the mid 1950s, as musicians like Elvis Presley and Bill Haley were at the peak of their popularity in the US, and their music began to be broadcast in Mexico and covered by Mexican bands.Except for Tijuana and Los Tj's.[1] In those early years, the first acts that performed and recorded rock & roll in the country were not rock \"bands\", but rather orchestras that combined jazz sounds with the new genre. Gloria Ríos, an American-born actress and lounge singer, is often credited with introducing rock & roll music in Mexico. Born in Texas in 1928, Ríos arrived in Mexico in 1944 and began recording in 1955 with many musicians (and their orchestras), such as Héctor Hallal, Jorge Ortega, Pablo Beltrán Ruiz, and most importantly, with Mario Patrón and his Estrellas del Ritmo. Many of her recordings were covers of songs by Bill Haley and Elvis Presley, but with Las Estrellas del Ritmo she also recorded \"La mecedora\" in 1956, a song composed by Mario Patrón, which was said to be the first original song of Mexican rock & roll. Ríos became very popular at the time due to her starring roles in films like \"Las locuras del rock and roll\" (1956) and \"La rebelión de los adolescentes\" (1957), but she later married Mario Patrón and in 1960 she went with him to Europe, where they stayed for many years.Maldita Vecindad band. Roco, the vocalist, dresses in a manner reminiscent of the pachucos.This caused Ríos to be quickly forgotten in Mexico, as the new golden age of rock & roll was starting there and new bands claimed to be the ones who had introduced the genre in Mexico. Ríos died in 2002 at the age of 74 years old.These orchestras soon started to lose popularity as new rock bands appeared, formed by young musicians who mostly covered American and British songs. Los Lunáticos, founded in 1956, are considered by many to be the first Mexican rock and roll band, and later other bands like Los Locos del Ritmo, Los Rebeldes del Rock, Los Teen Tops, etc. became popular. Las Mary Jets, formed in 1959, were the first all-female rock band in Mexico. Rock, as elsewhere, became tied with the youth revolt of the 1960s.Many songs are credited as being the first original Mexican rock & roll songs, amongst them:\"La mecedora\" (1956), written by Mario Patrón and recorded by his orchestra and Gloria Ríos. This is considered to be the first original Mexican rock song in Spanish.\n\"Mexican rock and roll\" (1956),[2] written by Pablo Beltrán Ruiz and recorded by his orchestra, it's an instrumental piece.\n\"Where Did You Get It?\" (1957), written by José Luis Arcaráz and recorded in English by Los Lunáticos.Bands of the 1950s and, to a lesser degree, were often associated with the middle-class youth of Mexico. Fearing a \"Moral Crisis,\" the PRI-controlled government imposed restrictions on rock music and films, in an effort to protect the \"Buenas Costumbres,\" or proper family values, by \"avoid[ing] noxious or disturbing influences on the harmonious development of children and youth.\" These guides caused any particularly \"rebellious\" media, including movies and rock, to conform to the PRI's Buenas Costumbres to get their work officially published. In addition, both to protect Mexico's record industry, and simultaneously discourage foreign-inspired challenges to the status quo, heavy tariffs were placed upon imported records. This combination of factors created the \"Refrito\" movement of the 1950s and early 1960s, where Mexican rock musicians reworked foreign songs to fit in with into the restrictions on music. One of the most popular examples is the song \"La Plaga\" by Los Teen Tops, a refrito cover of the Little Richard song \"Good Golly Miss Molly,\" where lyrics featuring elements of scandal and rebellion were toned down or altered by Los Teen Tops for the Mexican market.[3][4]While many musicians of the refrito era saw success, both domestically and internationally, their music was often criticized by those on the left as \"imperialist in nature,\" and by those on the right for still being too \"rebellious,\" both of which would carry on into the La Onda era of the late 1960s,[3] particularly as the Mexican youth, particularly those associated with rock, became increasingly frustrated with the government and more progressive-leaning.[5]","title":"Origins: Orchestra and Jazz"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Javier_B%C3%A1tiz.jpg"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Los Teen Tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Teen_Tops"},{"link_name":"Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana"},{"link_name":"Los Dug Dugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Dug_Dug%27s"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"La Onda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Onda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Javier BatizThe 1960s are considered to be the \"golden age\" for rock music in Mexico; during this decade, rock groups frequently dominated the music charts and many of them became teen idols.\nIn the early years of the decade, groups like Los Rebeldes del Rock (whose recording \"Hiedra venenosa\" is considered to have been the first rock and roll recording to be broadcast in Mexican radio, back in 1959), Los Hooligans, Los Locos del Ritmo, among many others, became very famous recording Spanish-language covers of American and British rock standards, as well as some original songs.One group in particular, Los Teen Tops was very popular in Mexico and in many other countries of the Hispanic world, specifically in Argentina and Spain; their recordings \"La plaga\" and \"Popotitos\" are considered some of the most representative of the era.The counterculture movement is generally agreed to have its roots along the USA-Mexico border, particularly in Tijuana, where the geographical proximity allowed for easier access to foreign music. Bands such as Los Dug Dugs found success covering songs by bands such as The Beach Boys and The Beatles, and soon moved to Mexico City. Other Northern bands would coalesce on Mexico City around this time, and by 1966, a cultural movement would begin to emerge around this music, incorporating contemporary aspects from American culture and fashion. This was called La Onda.[3][6]","title":"Classic Rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mar%C3%ADa_Antonieta_Lozano_con_las_Mary_Jets.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Rockeras","text":"Women rock musicians, sometimes referred to as rockeras, played a sizeable, if often overlooked role in La Onda, and Mexican rock as a whole. Bands such as Las Mary Jets, Los Spitfires, and Las Chics were the most prominent in the 1960s, though were also subject to the restrictions and regulations placed on the genre by the PRI, as well as increased social stigma for playing rock music in a conservative society. After her band's dissolution, Silvia Garcel of Las Chics reflected on this, saying of her televised performances \"They wanted us to look like little girls, well-dressed, modest, neat, and decent,\" but that this didn't reflect their style: \"We wore miniskirts, but only as part of the show. In real life, we didn't wear them[,]\" instead preferring to wear the blue jeans associated with the American-influenced La Onda movement. Often times, however, the social and political constraints would prove to win out against more progressive themes, epitomized by Angélica María, who bore the title \"Mexico's Girlfriend\" in a social role that served as both a role model for young women and girls, and an object of enamor and adoration among men. Because of this, more rebellious rockeras were further vilified in the public eye, when compared to the pure, more socially acceptable Angélica María.[3]Las Mary Jets","title":"Classic Rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alex_Lora.jpg"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture"},{"link_name":"La Revolución de Emiliano Zapata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_Emiliano_Zapata"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Polydor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"#1 hit in Mexico in 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_hits_of_1971_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Rock_y_Ruedas_de_Av%C3%A1ndaro"},{"link_name":"Toluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluca"},{"link_name":"free love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_love"},{"link_name":"profanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profanity"},{"link_name":"American flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"La Onda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Onda"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock"},{"link_name":"Altamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamont_Free_Concert"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mexican_village_set_for_youths-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man%C3%A1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Luis Echeverría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elefante_en_2017_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elefante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefante_(Mexican_band)"},{"link_name":"3rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Song"},{"link_name":"student protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre"},{"link_name":"El Tri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tri_(band)"},{"link_name":"hoyos fonqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoyos_fonqui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/hoyo_fonqui"},{"link_name":"Vox Populi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Populi"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Nezahualcoyotl"}],"sub_title":"Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro, La Onda","text":"El TriMany Mexican rock stars became involved in the counterculture movement. One of the most notorious bands from this decade was La Revolución de Emiliano Zapata, from Guadalajara, Mexico. After winning a local contest, they signed a contract with Polydor Records, and their single \"Nasty Sex\" was a #1 hit in Mexico in 1971, the only rock song from a Mexican band to achieve such a feat in that decade. However, after many members left the band and the Mexican government severely restricted the recording, publishing, and airplay of rock music in the country, the band (like many others at the time) changed its format and became a romantic ballad group.The two-day Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro, held in 1971, was organized in the hamlet of Tenantongo near the city of Toluca, a town neighboring Mexico City, and became known as \"The Mexican Woodstock\".At that rock festival, nudity, free love, experimental drug use, profanity, the peace sign inserted in the Mexican flag and the presence of the American flag so scandalized the conservative Mexican society that the government imposed cultural curbs to La Onda, and especially to rock music. The media called the move El Avandarazo.[7] The festival, intended to emulate Woodstock and Altamont, expected to attract a maximum of 25,000 concertgoers[8] but about 300,000 showed up.[9] The government helped some stranded attendees at the end of the festival by sending 300 buses.[10]Maná performing in Southern California.During President Luis Echeverría's administration, the Mexican government tried to win back the country's legitimacy through populist, leftist-oriented programmes.Elefante's (Elephant) song \"Así Es La Vida\" (That Is How Life Is) was nominated at the 3rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards 2002 for Latin Grammy Best Rock Song.Most things that could possibly be connected to the counterculture or to student protests were sidelined on public airwaves by the powers that be, who feared a repeat of the student protests of 1968, an event the new government denounced. But most Mexican rock bands sang and criticized the administration in general and, more specifically, corruption, poverty and persistent social inequalities that had taken place through Mexican history.With the Avandarazo effect at its height and the hippie movement waning worldwide, few bands survived the curbs; though the ones that did, like Three Souls in My Mind (later El Tri), remained popular due in part to their adoption of Spanish for their lyrics, and had a dedicated following. As the hippie trend waned c. 1973, many Mexican bands moved to progressive and hard rock. During the seventies there were many new bands but very little support from the music industry for original rock music. The bands suffered from it and had to limit themselves to performing in hoyos fonqui [es]. Representative bands of this period were: Perro Fantastico, Mara, Vox Populi, Stray Cat, Rock Moviloy and many more. Perro Fantastico, a band from the east side of Mexico City (Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl) created rock music sung in both Spanish and English, formed by the brothers Jose Luis and Jaime Francisco González (guitar and bass) with Guillermo Avalos (drums) and Arturo Fajardo (rhythm guitar). They played, among other bands, in places like Salon Chicago, Macumba, El Herradero until the band disbanded around 1978. During the seventies bands also performed in high schools, universities and other places. Many others followed or continued during the eighties.","title":"Classic Rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Ban on Rock","text":"The government's ban on rock music during this decade also extended to American groups, and after a 1975 concert in Mexico City by the band Chicago ended with turbulence and police repression, president Echeverría issued a temporary ban on all concerts by American musicians in Mexico.[11]","title":"Classic Rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Rock_y_Ruedas_de_Av%C3%A1ndaro"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Satanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Tianguis del Chopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianguis_Cultural_del_Chopo"},{"link_name":"El Tri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tri_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"After various government crackdowns and restrictions on rock, particularly after the 1971 Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro, the bands that remained together or formed during this time moved into an underground scene, centered around Mexico City, where the rock and its subgenres finally started to see adoption among the lower classes of Mexican society. This created an entirely new movement, with musicians and fans of their music formed \"bandas.\" Many in these bands created names based on their imposed lower position, such as Mierdas Punk, Manchados, and Punks Not Dead. After the Catholic Church began disparaging these bandas on the basis of assumed Satanism, new bandas formed with names based on this supposed tie to Satanism, such as Abadón, Lucifer, and Blasfemia.[3][12]As most rock musicians, particularly anti-establishment ones, had great difficulty finding gigs at proper venues, the 1970s saw many bands performing in \"Hoyos Fonquis,\" literally \"funky holes,\" which were quite unsafe for the performers, as both audience members and police raids could prove harmful. Because of this, many bandas formed cultures of mutual self-defense, a trend that has continued into the modern day. In the 1980s, however, the PRI loosened their restrictions on rock performances, and the bands that had been playing in the Hoyos Fonquis now had access to larger, more legitimate audiences, particularly at the Tianguis del Chopo, a large open-air market in Mexico city, which became a hotspot for fans and practitioners of a variety of genres to come together and trade records, as well as attend live performances. Bands such as El Tri saw their earliest rise to success in this environment.[3][12][4]","title":"Punk and Underground Rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moderatto_band.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moderatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderatto"},{"link_name":"glam metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_metal"},{"link_name":"Polvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvo"},{"link_name":"Transmetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmetal_(band)"},{"link_name":"Luzbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzbel"},{"link_name":"death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_metal"},{"link_name":"grindcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindcore"},{"link_name":"Brujeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brujeria_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hacavitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacavitz_(band)"},{"link_name":"Three Souls in My Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tri_(band)"},{"link_name":"Toncho Pilatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toncho_Pilatos"},{"link_name":"Los Dug Dug's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Dug_Dug%27s"},{"link_name":"Love Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Army"},{"link_name":"La Revolución de Emiliano Zapata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_Emiliano_Zapata"},{"link_name":"La Comuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Comuna"}],"text":"Moderatto known for their exaggerated on-stage personae that parody the stereotypical 1980s glam metal lifestyle.Since the 1960s, hard rock had been assimilated by several groups, like the aforementioned Los Dug Dugs and El Ritual, and later by others like Polvo and Náhuatl, Nuevo México and Bloody Rock. During the following decade it continued to exist in forms of heavy blues, which was an authentic underground movement, peaking in the late 1970s when the Hoyos Funky came to notoriety around 1977.Groups like Ramses and La Cruz are veterans of the era and were some of the first to be labeled as \"heavy metal\", but then again it was not until the 1980s and the early 1990s that bands like Transmetal, Next, Luzbel and Semefo contributed to the scene with original approaches, when the most radical forms of the genre like death metal and grindcore were fully digested. Today the metal scene is populated by such groups as Brujeria, Hacavitz, and Disgorge.The early bands were followed by many others, in an ever-growing underground movement of sports arenas weekend concerts all over the country.Important bands of this period wereEnigma\nKaleidoscopio\nEl Tarro de Mostaza\nEl Ritual\nPeace and Love\nCiruela\nThe Spiders\nEl Amor\nThree Souls in My Mind\nToncho Pilatos\nLos Dug Dug's\nEl Epilogo\nLa Semilla del Amor\nLove Army\nTinta Blanca\nLa Revolución de Emiliano Zapata\nLa Tribu\nLa Comuna\n39.4\nLa Division del Norte\nBandido\nPolvo\nLa Fachada de Piedra\nHongo\nCosa Nostra.","title":"Metal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caf%C3%A9_Tacvba..jpg"},{"link_name":"Café Tacuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tacuba"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Song"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"café cantante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_cantante"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Víctor Jara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Jara"},{"link_name":"Violeta Parra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra"},{"link_name":"Inti-Illimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti-Illimani"},{"link_name":"Óscar Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camila_band_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Camila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_(band)"},{"link_name":"Managua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managua"},{"link_name":"Rockdrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockdrigo_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"El Tri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tri_(band)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hernandez2007-13"},{"link_name":"Freddy Fender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Fender"}],"text":"Café Tacuba has won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Song in 2004 for the songs Eres (you are) and in 2008 for Esta Vez (This time).Since the late 1960s, poets have sung to acoustic guitars and played in the then-prosperous café cantante scene. These forums showcased the folkloric music that came from South America, specially from Peru and Chile. Performers like Víctor Jara, Violeta Parra, Inti-Illimani, Los Folkloristas and local Óscar Chávez among many others denounced in their songs the atrocities of the military juntas, all of which experimented with even worse repression than Mexico during the Tlatelolco incident, that governed most of the countries from Nicaragua to Tierra del Fuego, and curiously the cafes cantantes thrived, as long as nothing was overtly critical of the Mexican government in general.Camila during the 3rd Festival de la Música Latina in Managua in 2007The scene eclipsed by the early 1980s, but several musicians like Rockdrigo, sometimes nicknamed \"the Mexican Bob Dylan\" developed a uniquely Mexican folk style, which came to be known as música rupestre. Later, the musicians were dubbed 'Los Urbanos', because although they played acoustic guitars, the themes of their lyrics revealed the adverse conditions the working class had to face in the big cities, and blues forms were incorporated in their compositions. When El Tri made an electric rendition of Rockdrigo's Metro Balderas the fusion of rock and música rupestre was consummated. Many others continued to surface, but Rockdrigo's untimely death during the earthquake of 1985 in Mexico City skyrocketed his already legendary status, and thus he is considered the most influential exponent of both rock urbano and música rupestre.[13]Other notable bands were Banda Bostik, Sur 16, Tex-Tex and Interpuesto. The racially integrated group Los Nómadas was one of the few to survive for decades. Members of the group consisted of Chico Vasquez, Jose 'J.D.' Moreno, Abel Padilla, and Bill Aken, who formed the band in 1953; they stayed together until well into the 1990s. They were often called into recording sessions to back up Mexicano artists such as Freddy Fender. Their final recording session was in early 1994; when Chico Vasquez died several months later, the group disbanded. The most prominent member of the group was singer-songwriter and producer Bill Aken (aka Zane Ashton), the adopted son of Mexican actress Lupe Mayorga and the only Caucasian member of the band.","title":"Rupestre Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MX_TV_CAIFANES_Z%C3%93CALO_(38336736531).jpg"},{"link_name":"Caifanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caifanes"},{"link_name":"Zócalo de la Ciudad de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo"},{"link_name":"Jaguares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguares_(band)"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alejandra_Guzm%C3%A1n_at_Denver_Coliseum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alejandra Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandra_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Solo Vocal Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Solo_Vocal_Album"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_Roll_Ed_Maverick_-_Acurrucar_y_Fuentes_de_Ortiz_(1).png"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAM"},{"link_name":"Museo Universitario del Chopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Universitario_del_Chopo"},{"link_name":"tianguis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianguis"},{"link_name":"flea market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea_market"},{"link_name":"bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar"},{"link_name":"tianguis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianguis"},{"link_name":"Buenavista railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenavista_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"The Chopo","text":"Caifanes 30 anniversary, at the Zócalo de la Ciudad de México, 2017. Jaguares a band formed by former Caifanes won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Song for \"Entre Tus Jardines\" (Between Your Gardens) in 2009.Alejandra Guzmán has earned the title of La Reina del Rock (The Queen of Rock. Latin Grammy Award-winner for Best Rock Solo Vocal Album at 2002.Maverick on the set of the music videos of \"Acurrucar\" and \"Fuentes de Ortiz\"In 1980, the National University of Mexico UNAM, through one of its cultural departments, invited the general public to bring their LP records and trade them with others at the Museo Universitario del Chopo in Mexico City, every Saturday morning.Initially the trading took place inside the facilities of the museum, but by the end of the year the increasing number of attendees became too large for the venue, as collectors sought records that were otherwise impossible to get from established outlets. The trading became selling in many cases, with record dealers taking advantage of the new market for rock \"rarities\". The gathering extended to the street right in front of the museum, and several stands were erected, transforming the event into a tianguis, a kind of outdoor flea market or bazaar. The museum became a popular hang-out for punks, new wavers, hippies, rastafaris, and other subcultures who were able to express themselves freely at the weekly gathering and meet others with the same tastes.The museum and the National University eventually broke ties with the tianguis, stating that it had got out of hand, and due to increasing friction with local residents, the government soon tried to ban it. By now the participants had established themselves into a community, and collectively presented a proposition to the local government dependency, offering to maintain the necessary security and pay a permanent fee.However, the officials were reluctant, and between 1982 and 1989 the \"Chopo\", while still growing, changed locations six times, from parks to parking lots to faculty gardens, always due to pressure from officials.Since 1990 it has been taking place on a street behind the Buenavista railway station, less than three blocks from the original 'Museo del Chopo' location. From the original 100 people that began attending in 1980, it is estimated that more than 10,000 people now visit the tianguis every week. As well as the original record trading, other products sold and displayed at the event include clothing, posters, movies, handicrafts, magazines, books, instruments, and other rock-related paraphernalia.","title":"Rupestre Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Hombres G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hombres_G"},{"link_name":"Mecano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecano"},{"link_name":"Radio Futura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Futura"},{"link_name":"La Unión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_(band)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Caifanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caifanes"},{"link_name":"Maná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Ritmo Peligroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo_Peligroso"},{"link_name":"Botellita de Jeréz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botellita_de_Jer%C3%A9z"},{"link_name":"El Tri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tri_(band)"},{"link_name":"Micro Chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Chips"},{"link_name":"Timbiriche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbiriche"},{"link_name":"Pandora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_(band)"},{"link_name":"Flans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flans"}],"text":"Concurrent to the second wave British Invasion in the U.S., the Mexican rock scene in the early 1980s immediately fell prey to a “European Invasion” of its own with various artists from Spain taking over the radio. Influential Spanish rock bands like Hombres G, Mecano, Radio Futura and La Unión took over the spotlight with their experimental sounds and melancholic lyrics[clarification needed]. Mexico’s music culture saw a newly inspired generation of rock bands emerge in response such Caifanes, Maná, Ritmo Peligroso, Botellita de Jeréz, El Tri and the Micro Chips.Mexican pop music on the other hand (a genre known for its trademark ballads) saw an unexpected explosion of success by incorporating early synths into an overall more pop rock based production with bands such as Timbiriche, Pandora, and Flans dominating the charts alongside Spanish pop bands like Olé-Olé.","title":"Spanish Invasion and Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Concierto_de_la_Semana_de_las_Juventudes_(S%C3%A1bado)_(37681033764).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetes"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey,_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Jumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Volován","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volov%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panda_(band)"},{"link_name":"Plastilina Mosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastilina_Mosh"},{"link_name":"Zurdok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurdok"},{"link_name":"Kinky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinky_(band)"},{"link_name":"El Gran Silencio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gran_Silencio"},{"link_name":"IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.R.A._(band)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KinkyViveLatino2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kinky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinky_(band)"},{"link_name":"Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"Indio, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indio,_California"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"The Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cure"},{"link_name":"The Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killers"},{"link_name":"Arena Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Auditorio Banamex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorio_Banamex"},{"link_name":"Barrio Antiguo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio_Antiguo"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"The Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warning_(Mexican_band)"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"}],"text":"ChetesStarting in the 90s, the city of Monterrey in the Mexican state of Nuevo Léon witnessed the birth of several bands that have become internationally acclaimed. Their genres vary considerably, but they include Jumbo, Volován, Panda, Plastilina Mosh, COhETICA, Zurdok, Kinky, El Gran Silencio, Genitallica, and the heavy metal band IRA.KinkyThe song Los Oxidados by Plastilina Mosh opens the 2005 movie Mr. & Mrs. Smith. Kinky performed at the 2004 edition of the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, along with Radiohead, The Cure and The Killers. A few of the popular local live music venues in Monterrey include the Arena Monterrey, the Auditorio Banamex, and local clubs Cafe Iguana and McMullen's, both located in the Barrio Antiguo section of the city. The all girl Monterrey Heavy Rock band The Warning is proving increasingly popular[when?]. Their album, titled Queen of the Murder Scene, was released on November 25, 2018. It achieved high showings in the iTunes and Amazon rock music charts for several weeks after release, despite it being independent.","title":"Rock in Monterrey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"Comcaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcaac"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"Tzotzil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzotzil"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"}],"text":"Indigenous musicians have been a part of Mexican rock movements since at least the 1970s, but recently have seen an increase in popularity in recent decades, with artists from a myriad of backgrounds adding their distinct flair and sound to rock. Bands such as Sak Tzevul, Hamac Caziim, and Los Cogelones have been some of the most prevalent in the modern Indigenous rock scene, with each bringing their own distinct style through their cultural dress and language.[14] Hamac Caziim in particular are invested in using the platform of music in order to more popularize and support the Comcaac language and community they are a part of.[14]Indigenous musicians have unfortunately always faced discrimination and undue criticism, with some critics deriding Indigenous rock as \"inauthentic\", due to their western influence. Tzotzil band Sak Tzevul responded to this line of criticism by stating \"There are things so deeply rooted that neither Coca-Cola nor anyone else can take away from us.\"[14]","title":"Indigenous Rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gloria_Trevi,_Madrid,_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gloria Trevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Trevi"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Santa Sabina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sabina_(band)"},{"link_name":"Café Tacuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tacuba"},{"link_name":"Fobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobia"},{"link_name":"Caifanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caifanes"},{"link_name":"Jaguares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguares_(band)"},{"link_name":"Julieta Venegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julieta_Venegas"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"Maldita Vecindad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldita_Vecindad"},{"link_name":"Mœnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%93nia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Control Machete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Machete"},{"link_name":"Molotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_(band)"},{"link_name":"Maná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sour Soul (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_Soul_(band)"}],"text":"Gloria Trevi Mexican pop-rock singer-songwriter and one of the most controversial Mexican artists.In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of performers have attained international renown, including alternative rock acts such as Santa Sabina, Café Tacuba, Fobia, Caifanes (now Jaguares), Julieta Venegas, ska band Maldita Vecindad, and synthpop group Mœnia.[15]Control Machete, Delasónica and Molotov explored rap/rock fusion, with lyrics containing social commentary mixed with urban vulgarity. The most popular Mexican rock group during this period has been Maná, which have sold over 22 million albums worldwide.[16]Further information on the indie/psychedelic rock band: Sour Soul (band)","title":"Alternative and Indie rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalaciodelosDeportes_Concierto.jpg"},{"link_name":"alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Motel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motel_(Mexican_band)"},{"link_name":"Reik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reik"},{"link_name":"Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_(band)"},{"link_name":"Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panda_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hello Seahorse!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Seahorse!"},{"link_name":"División Minúscula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3n_Min%C3%BAscula"},{"link_name":"Zoé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%A9_(band)"},{"link_name":"Natalia Lafourcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Lafourcade"},{"link_name":"Insite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insite"},{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(band)"},{"link_name":"Austin TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_TV"},{"link_name":"The White Stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Stripes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Los Dynamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Dynamite"},{"link_name":"Chikita Violenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikita_Violenta"},{"link_name":"Los Jaigüey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Jaig%C3%BCey"},{"link_name":"Hello Seahorse!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Seahorse!"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"synthpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthpop"},{"link_name":"Moenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moenia"},{"link_name":"Belanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanova"},{"link_name":"Jotdog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotdog"},{"link_name":"Sussie 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussie_4"},{"link_name":"Hocico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocico"},{"link_name":"Amduscia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amduscia"},{"link_name":"The Nortec Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nortec_Collective"}],"text":"Mexican rock concertThe 2000s also saw the emergence of a new generation of Mexican alternative and indie rock musicians. Alternative groups and artists such as Motel, Reik, Allison, Panda, Hello Seahorse!, División Minúscula, Zoé, Natalia Lafourcade, and Insite have received mainstream success in Mexico and throughout Latin America.The indie music scene in Mexico has produced bands such as Porter, Austin TV, Animal Gang, The Copper Gamins, inspired by The White Stripes, from more remote central Mexico,[17] Los Dynamite, Chikita Violenta, Los Jaigüey, Secret Agent, Bengala, and Hello Seahorse!, who often write lyrics in English and have toured alongside American indie rock bands throughout Latin America and the United States.Popular electronic music and synthpop groups include Moenia, Belanova, Jotdog, Sussie 4, Hocico, Amduscia and The Nortec Collective.","title":"Modern rock"}]	[{"image_text":"Carlos Santana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carlos_Santana_2.jpg/200px-Carlos_Santana_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Los Teen Tops achieved important musical successes at the beginning of the years 1960. There come the TEEN TOPS It's the cry of admiration and enthusiasm launched by the public in Mexico.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Teentops-enargentina.jpg/250px-Teentops-enargentina.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maldita Vecindad band. Roco, the vocalist, dresses in a manner reminiscent of the pachucos.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Maldita_Vecindad_y_los_Hijos_del_Quinto_Patio_02.jpg/300px-Maldita_Vecindad_y_los_Hijos_del_Quinto_Patio_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Javier Batiz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Javier_B%C3%A1tiz.jpg/250px-Javier_B%C3%A1tiz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Las Mary Jets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mar%C3%ADa_Antonieta_Lozano_con_las_Mary_Jets.jpg/220px-Mar%C3%ADa_Antonieta_Lozano_con_las_Mary_Jets.jpg"},{"image_text":"El Tri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alex_Lora.jpg/250px-Alex_Lora.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maná performing in Southern California.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Man%C3%A1.jpg/250px-Man%C3%A1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elefante's (Elephant) song \"Así Es La Vida\" (That Is How Life Is) was nominated at the 3rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards 2002 for Latin Grammy Best Rock Song.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Elefante_en_2017_02.jpg/250px-Elefante_en_2017_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moderatto known for their exaggerated on-stage personae that parody the stereotypical 1980s glam metal lifestyle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Moderatto_band.jpg/250px-Moderatto_band.jpg"},{"image_text":"Café Tacuba has won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Song in 2004 for the songs Eres (you are) and in 2008 for Esta Vez (This time).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Caf%C3%A9_Tacvba..jpg/250px-Caf%C3%A9_Tacvba..jpg"},{"image_text":"Camila during the 3rd Festival de la Música Latina in Managua in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Camila_band_2.jpg/250px-Camila_band_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caifanes 30 anniversary, at the Zócalo de la Ciudad de México, 2017. Jaguares a band formed by former Caifanes won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Song for \"Entre Tus Jardines\" (Between Your Gardens) in 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MX_TV_CAIFANES_Z%C3%93CALO_%2838336736531%29.jpg/300px-MX_TV_CAIFANES_Z%C3%93CALO_%2838336736531%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alejandra Guzmán has earned the title of La Reina del Rock (The Queen of Rock. Latin Grammy Award-winner for Best Rock Solo Vocal Album at 2002.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alejandra_Guzm%C3%A1n_at_Denver_Coliseum.jpg/185px-Alejandra_Guzm%C3%A1n_at_Denver_Coliseum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maverick on the set of the music videos of \"Acurrucar\" and \"Fuentes de Ortiz\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/B_Roll_Ed_Maverick_-_Acurrucar_y_Fuentes_de_Ortiz_%281%29.png/200px-B_Roll_Ed_Maverick_-_Acurrucar_y_Fuentes_de_Ortiz_%281%29.png"},{"image_text":"Chetes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Concierto_de_la_Semana_de_las_Juventudes_%28S%C3%A1bado%29_%2837681033764%29.jpg/250px-Concierto_de_la_Semana_de_las_Juventudes_%28S%C3%A1bado%29_%2837681033764%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kinky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KinkyViveLatino2006.jpg/250px-KinkyViveLatino2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gloria Trevi Mexican pop-rock singer-songwriter and one of the most controversial Mexican artists.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gloria_Trevi%2C_Madrid%2C_2009.jpg/200px-Gloria_Trevi%2C_Madrid%2C_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mexican rock concert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PalaciodelosDeportes_Concierto.jpg/250px-PalaciodelosDeportes_Concierto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ely Guerra in Mexico City, 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Concierto_de_la_Semana_de_las_Juventudes_%28S%C3%A1bado%29_%2826619616199%29.jpg/220px-Concierto_de_la_Semana_de_las_Juventudes_%28S%C3%A1bado%29_%2826619616199%29.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Concierto_de_la_Semana_de_las_Juventudes_(S%C3%A1bado)_(26619616199).jpg"},{"title":"Ely Guerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_Guerra"},{"title":"Chicano rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_rock"},{"title":"Rock en tu idioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_en_tu_idioma"},{"title":"Latino punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_punk"},{"title":"Avanzada Regia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanzada_Regia"},{"title":"La Onda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Onda"}]	[{"reference":"Santana, Carlos (2014-11-04). The Universal Tone: Bringing My Story to Light. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-24491-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XNcNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4","url_text":"The Universal Tone: Bringing My Story to Light"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-24491-6","url_text":"978-0-316-24491-6"}]},{"reference":"Biografía de Pablo Beltrán Ruiz. Sociedad de Autores y Compositores de México (SACM). Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sacm.org.mx/biografias/biografias-interior.asp?txtSocio=08321","url_text":"Biografía de Pablo Beltrán Ruiz"}]},{"reference":"Pacini-Hernandez, Deborah (2004). \"La Onda Chicana: Mexico's Forgotten Rock Counterculture, \"A Contra Corriente\": A History of Women Rockers in Mexico, My Generation: Rock and La Banda's Forced Survival Opposite the Mexican State\". Rockin Las Americas : The Global Politics of Rock in Latin/o America. La Onda chapter by Eric Zolov, A Contra Corriente chapter by Julia Palacios and Tere Estrada, My Generation chapter by Hector Castillo-Berthier (1st ed.). University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 22–42, 142–159, 241–260. ISBN 9780822972556.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Zolov","url_text":"Eric Zolov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822972556","url_text":"9780822972556"}]},{"reference":"Sturman, Janet L. (2015). The Course of Mexican Music (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 233–255. ISBN 9781315731155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315731155","url_text":"9781315731155"}]},{"reference":"Gimbernat, J. G. (2013). \"New cultural identities through literature and rock music in Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Argentrna, Brazil)\". University of Colorado. 1 (1): 1–110 – via ProQueset.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/","url_text":"\"New cultural identities through literature and rock music in Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Argentrna, Brazil)\""}]},{"reference":"Sánchez, José; Soto-Vázquez, Arthur (2022-12-16). \"La escena de la música rock en la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México: traducción y adaptación cultural\". Revista Panamericana de Comunicación (in Spanish). 4 (2): 75–86. doi:10.21555/rpc.v4i2.2707. ISSN 2683-2208.","urls":[{"url":"https://revistas.up.edu.mx/rpc/article/view/2707","url_text":"\"La escena de la música rock en la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México: traducción y adaptación cultural\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21555%2Frpc.v4i2.2707","url_text":"10.21555/rpc.v4i2.2707"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2683-2208","url_text":"2683-2208"}]},{"reference":"Pacini, Deborah (2004). Rockin' Las Américas. University of Pittsburgh. ISBN 0822972557. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021232140/http://www.upress.pitt.edu/BookDetails.aspx?bookId=35483","url_text":"Rockin' Las Américas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822972557","url_text":"0822972557"},{"url":"http://www.upress.pitt.edu/BookDetails.aspx?bookId=35483","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mexican village set for youths\". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. 11 September 1971. Retrieved 30 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/21063832/","url_text":"\"Mexican village set for youths\""}]},{"reference":"Rubli Kaiser, Federico (16 September 2011). \"Avándaro 1971: A 40 Años de Woodstock en Valle de Bravo\". Nexos.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A 40 años, las otras anécdotas de Avándaro\". El Universal. Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110923180604/http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14781.html","url_text":"\"A 40 años, las otras anécdotas de Avándaro\""},{"url":"http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14781.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tatro, Kelly (January 13, 2017). \"Performing Hardness: Punk and self-defense in Mexico City\". International Journal of Cultural Studies. 21 (3) – via Sage Journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/","url_text":"\"Performing Hardness: Punk and self-defense in Mexico City\""}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Mark (2007). \"Chronicles of Mexico City Life: The Music of Rockdrigo González\". Studies in Latin American Popular Culture. 26: 63–78. ISSN 0730-9139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0730-9139","url_text":"0730-9139"}]},{"reference":"Martínez-Rivera, Mintzi Auanda (2015). \"'De El Costumbre Al Rock': Rock Indígena and Being Indigenous in 21st-Century México\". Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies. 9 (3): 272–292 – via Taylor & Francis Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/","url_text":"\"'De El Costumbre Al Rock': Rock Indígena and Being Indigenous in 21st-Century México\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Latin Invasion\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2005/04/the-latin-invasion.html","url_text":"\"The Latin Invasion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard - Aug 19, 2006 - Page 26\". Google Books. 19 August 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26","url_text":"\"Billboard - Aug 19, 2006 - Page 26\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Copper Gamins on Outsight Radio Hours\". Archive.org. Retrieved 2 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/CopperGaminsOnOutsightRadioHours","url_text":"\"The Copper Gamins on Outsight Radio Hours\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rock+music+in+Mexico%22","external_links_name":"\"Rock music in Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rock+music+in+Mexico%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rock+music+in+Mexico%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rock+music+in+Mexico%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rock+music+in+Mexico%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rock+music+in+Mexico%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XNcNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4","external_links_name":"The Universal Tone: Bringing My Story to Light"},{"Link":"http://sacm.org.mx/biografias/biografias-interior.asp?txtSocio=08321","external_links_name":"Biografía de Pablo Beltrán Ruiz"},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/","external_links_name":"\"New cultural identities through literature and rock music in Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Argentrna, Brazil)\""},{"Link":"https://revistas.up.edu.mx/rpc/article/view/2707","external_links_name":"\"La escena de la música rock en la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México: traducción y adaptación cultural\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.21555%2Frpc.v4i2.2707","external_links_name":"10.21555/rpc.v4i2.2707"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2683-2208","external_links_name":"2683-2208"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021232140/http://www.upress.pitt.edu/BookDetails.aspx?bookId=35483","external_links_name":"Rockin' Las Américas"},{"Link":"http://www.upress.pitt.edu/BookDetails.aspx?bookId=35483","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/21063832/","external_links_name":"\"Mexican village set for youths\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110923180604/http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14781.html","external_links_name":"\"A 40 años, las otras anécdotas de Avándaro\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14781.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/70s/1976/Billboard%201976-03-06.pdf","external_links_name":"March 6, 1976 issue of Billboard Magazine; pages 3 & 27 (Retrieved 2017-05-18)."},{"Link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/","external_links_name":"\"Performing Hardness: Punk and self-defense in Mexico City\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0730-9139","external_links_name":"0730-9139"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/","external_links_name":"\"'De El Costumbre Al Rock': Rock Indígena and Being Indigenous in 21st-Century México\""},{"Link":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2005/04/the-latin-invasion.html","external_links_name":"\"The Latin Invasion\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26","external_links_name":"\"Billboard - Aug 19, 2006 - Page 26\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/CopperGaminsOnOutsightRadioHours","external_links_name":"\"The Copper Gamins on Outsight Radio Hours\""},{"Link":"http://www.last.fm/tag/mexican%20rock","external_links_name":"Mexican rock at"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Electro-Communication_University_Junior_College	Osaka Electro-Communication University Junior College	[]	Osaka Electro-Communication University Junior College大阪電気通信大学短期大学部TypePrivateActive1958–2008Academic staffElectronicsLocationNeyagawa Osaka Prefecture, JapanMascotathletics = ^ The Year of Registration of Student was 2006 Osaka Electro-Communication University Junior College (大阪電気通信大学短期大学部, Osaka Denki Tsushin Daigaku Tanki Daigakubu) was a junior college in Neyagawa Osaka Prefecture, Japan, and was part of the Osaka Electro-Communication University network. The Junior College was founded in 1958. The predecessor of the school, Tōa Denki Tsushin kōgakkō, was founded in 1941. The course of this Junior College was Electronics（Daytime and Evening. The school was disestablished in 2008. This article on an Osaka Prefecture institute of higher education or related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"junior college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_college"},{"link_name":"Neyagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyagawa,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Osaka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Osaka Electro-Communication University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Electro-Communication_University"},{"link_name":"course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_(education)"},{"link_name":"Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graduation_hat.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Electro-Communication_University_Junior_College&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Osaka-university-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Osaka-university-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osaka-university-stub"}],"text":"Osaka Electro-Communication University Junior College (大阪電気通信大学短期大学部, Osaka Denki Tsushin Daigaku Tanki Daigakubu) was a junior college in Neyagawa Osaka Prefecture, Japan, and was part of the Osaka Electro-Communication University network.The Junior College was founded in 1958. The predecessor of the school, Tōa Denki Tsushin kōgakkō, was founded in 1941. The course of this Junior College was Electronics（Daytime and Evening. The school was disestablished in 2008.This article on an Osaka Prefecture institute of higher education or related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Osaka Electro-Communication University Junior College"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Electro-Communication_University_Junior_College&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Vujovi%C4%87	Svetozar Vujović	["1 Playing career","1.1 Club","1.2 International","2 Career as club official","3 Memorial \"Svetozar Vujović Salon\"","4 References","5 External links"]	Svetozar Vujović Personal informationDate of birth 3 March 1940Place of birth Baljci, Bileća, Kingdom of YugoslaviaDate of death 16 January 1993(1993-01-16) (aged 52)Place of death Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaPosition(s) DefenderYouth career1957–1959 Radnik HadžićiSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1959–1972 Sarajevo 254 (1)International career1963–1964 Yugoslavia 8 (0)Managerial career1973–1974 Sarajevo Club domestic league appearances and goals Vujović's grave Svetozar Vujović (3 March 1940 – 16 January 1993) was Bosnian and Yugoslav football player and manager, who spent most of his life in Bosnian capital Sarajevo, and entire playing, managerial and administrative career with FK Sarajevo. He is the third most capped player in the club's history with 299 official games. After his playing career he went on to manage the team for two years, before taking a position of a long-standing club director, until his death in besieged city in 1993. Playing career Club He began playing in 1957 in FK Radnik from the town of Hadžići near Sarajevo, and in 1959 he became a member of the FK Sarajevo. Miroslav Brozović, his coach at the time, put him in the position of right back, and he developed into an excellent football player. Later, he successfully played as center half. In the FK Sarajevo jersey he played a total of 444 games, 299 official with 254 in the league, he also scored eight goals along the way. With 299 played official games he is third most capped player in FK Sarajevo history, behind Ibrahim Biogradlić with 378 and Ihtijarević with 314. Overall number of games (444) place him second on the list of club records, after Biogradlić with 646 games. In his first season with FK Sarajevo 1966/67 he won the title of Yugoslavia champion. Pathologically afraid of flying, he stopped playing in 1971, officially saying goodbye to the pitch in summer 1972, together with other club player Boško Antić (276 matches and 140 goals) in a match against Sporting Lisbon. International With two games for the young team (1962–1963), he capped eight games for the best selection of Yugoslavia. Debuted in meeting of the Olympic teams against Romania (1:2) in Bucharest on 27 September 1963, and the last game for the national team he played in the Olympic tournament in Japan in Osaka on 22 October 1964, again, against Romania (0:3). Career as club official In FK Sarajevo, he began to work as a coach in 1973, and 1975 he was appointed director of the club. In the role of director and later as president Vujović spent twenty years and made great contribution to success and stability of FK Sarajevo. Memorial "Svetozar Vujović Salon" Following Svetozar's death in 1993, his club FK Sarajevo named main ceremonial lounge room in their administrative facility, located in downtown Sarajevo, into "Svetozar Vujović Salon" in his honor. References ^ a b c d e "IN MEMORIAM: Svetozar Vujović (1940–1993)". FKSinfo.com (in Bosnian). 16 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2019. ^ a b c d e "In Memoriam: Svetozar Vujović (1940–1993)". fksarajevo.ba (in Bosnian). FK Sarajevo. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ a b c "22 godine od smrti Svetozara Vujovića". sportavaz.ba (in Bosnian). Avaz Sport (from Sport.ba). Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ "History - FK Sarajevo". FK Sarajevo. Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ a b "FK Sarajevo during the period of 1970-1975". FK Sarajevo. fksarajevo.ba. Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ "Player Database". eu-football.info. Retrieved 5 June 2021. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Svetozar Vujović". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. ^ "About - FK Sarajevo". FK Sarajevo. Retrieved 3 April 2017. External links FK Sarajevo - official website (in English) FK Sarajevo Info - unofficial website Svetozar Vujović at Reprezentacija.rs (in Serbian) Svetozar Vujović at National-Football-Teams.com Svetozar Vujović at Olympics.com Svetozar Vujović at Olympedia vteFK Sarajevo – managers Bulat (1946–47) Zagorac (1947–48) Brozović (1948–52) Zagorac (1952–53) Tomašević (1953) Zagorac (1953) Brozović (1954–56) Zagorac (1956) Tomašević (1956–58) Fenyvesi (1958) Božović (1958–59) Brozović (1959–1961) Čabrić (1961–1963) Gegić (1963–65) Atanacković (1965–66) Brozović (1966–67) Lovrić (1967) Saračević (1967–69) Brozović (1969–70) Markušević (1970–71) Gegić (1971–72) Markušević (1972–73) Vujović (1973–74) Fazlagić (1974–75) Višnjevac (1975–77) Muzurović (1977–81) Markušević (1981–83) Antić (1983–86) Pirić (1986–88) Mušović (1988–90) Rašević (1990) Markušević (1990) Muzurović (1990–95) Pirić (1995–96) Hadžiahmetović (1996–97) Janjoš (1997–98) Hadžiahmetović (1998–99) Jesenković (1999) Nikolić (1999) Pirić (2000–01) Musemić (2001) Muzurović (2001–02) Musemić (2002–03) Nikolić (2003–04) Alispahić (2004) Prljača (2004) Musemić (2005–08) Bajramović (2008) Arapović (2008) Janjoš (2008–10) Varešanović (2010–11) Plíšek (2011) Jović (2012–13) Musemić (2013) Jarni (2013–14) Uščuplić (2014) Kodro (2014–15) Uščuplić (2015) Hurtićc (2015) Ješić (2015–16) Hurtić (2016) Janjoš (2016–17) Repuh (2017) Musemić (2017–19) Marinović (2019–21) Uščuplićc (2021) Sablić (2021) Vasoski (2022) Uščuplićc (2022) Dudić (2022) Obućac (2022) Varešanović (2022–23) Doganc (2023) Rožman (2023–24) Zekić (2024–) (c) = caretaker manager vteYugoslavia football squad – 1964 Summer Olympics 1 Ćurković 2 Fazlagić 3 Vujović 4 Belin 5 Čop 6 Miladinović 7 Samardžić (c) 8 Zambata 9 Osim 10 Lemić 11 Džajić 12 Škorić 13 Jevtić 14 Radović 15 Brnčić 16 Pavlić 17 Pirmajer 18 Takač Coach: Lovrić	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Svetozar_Vujovi%C4%87,_grob.jpg"},{"link_name":"football player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"FK Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"capped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"besieged city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-fksinfo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-inmemoriam-fksarajevo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-sportavaz-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-fksarajevo-4"}],"text":"Vujović's graveSvetozar Vujović (3 March 1940 – 16 January 1993) was Bosnian and Yugoslav football player and manager, who spent most of his life in Bosnian capital Sarajevo, and entire playing, managerial and administrative career with FK Sarajevo. He is the third most capped player in the club's history with 299 official games. After his playing career he went on to manage the team for two years, before taking a position of a long-standing club director, until his death in besieged city in 1993.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Svetozar Vujović"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FK Radnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Radnik_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Hadžići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C5%BEi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Brozović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Brozovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"right back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_back"},{"link_name":"center half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_half"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-inmemoriam-fksarajevo-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-fksinfo-1"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Biogradlić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Biogradli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-inmemoriam-fksarajevo-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-fksarajevo-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-fksinfo-1"},{"link_name":"Boško Antić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%A1ko_Anti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sporting Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-sportavaz-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-inmemoriam-fksarajevo-2"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"He began playing in 1957 in FK Radnik from the town of Hadžići near Sarajevo, and in 1959 he became a member of the FK Sarajevo. Miroslav Brozović, his coach at the time, put him in the position of right back, and he developed into an excellent football player. Later, he successfully played as center half.[2][1]In the FK Sarajevo jersey he played a total of 444 games, 299 official with 254 in the league, he also scored eight goals along the way. With 299 played official games he is third most capped player in FK Sarajevo history, behind Ibrahim Biogradlić with 378 and Ihtijarević with 314. Overall number of games (444) place him second on the list of club records, after Biogradlić with 646 games. In his first season with FK Sarajevo 1966/67 he won the title of Yugoslavia champion.[2][5][1]Pathologically afraid of flying, he stopped playing in 1971, officially saying goodbye to the pitch in summer 1972, together with other club player Boško Antić (276 matches and 140 goals) in a match against Sporting Lisbon.[3][2]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"With two games for the young team (1962–1963), he capped eight games for the best selection of Yugoslavia. Debuted in meeting of the Olympic teams against Romania (1:2) in Bucharest on 27 September 1963, and the last game for the national team he played in the Olympic tournament in Japan in Osaka on 22 October 1964, again, against Romania (0:3).[6][7]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-inmemoriam-fksarajevo-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-fksinfo-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-fksarajevo-5"}],"text":"In FK Sarajevo, he began to work as a coach in 1973, and 1975 he was appointed director of the club. In the role of director and later as president Vujović spent twenty years and made great contribution to success and stability of FK Sarajevo.[2][1][5]","title":"Career as club official"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vujovic-sportavaz-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-fksarajevo-8"}],"text":"Following Svetozar's death in 1993, his club FK Sarajevo named main ceremonial lounge room in their administrative facility, located in downtown Sarajevo, into \"Svetozar Vujović Salon\" in his honor.[3][8]","title":"Memorial \"Svetozar Vujović Salon\""}]	[{"image_text":"Vujović's grave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Svetozar_Vujovi%C4%87%2C_grob.jpg/220px-Svetozar_Vujovi%C4%87%2C_grob.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"IN MEMORIAM: Svetozar Vujović (1940–1993)\". FKSinfo.com (in Bosnian). 16 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://fksinfo.com/novosti/in-memoriam-svetozar-vujovic-1940---1993/1577","url_text":"\"IN MEMORIAM: Svetozar Vujović (1940–1993)\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam: Svetozar Vujović (1940–1993)\". fksarajevo.ba (in Bosnian). FK Sarajevo. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fksarajevo.ba/bs/vijesti/in-memoriam-svetozar-vujovic-1940-1993/337","url_text":"\"In Memoriam: Svetozar Vujović (1940–1993)\""}]},{"reference":"\"22 godine od smrti Svetozara Vujovića\". sportavaz.ba (in Bosnian). Avaz Sport (from Sport.ba). Retrieved 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportavaz.ba/clanak/5915/danas-se-navrsava-22-godine-od-smrti-svetozara-vujovica","url_text":"\"22 godine od smrti Svetozara Vujovića\""}]},{"reference":"\"History - FK Sarajevo\". FK Sarajevo. Retrieved 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fksarajevo.ba/en/history","url_text":"\"History - FK Sarajevo\""}]},{"reference":"\"FK Sarajevo during the period of 1970-1975\". FK Sarajevo. fksarajevo.ba. Retrieved 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fksarajevo.ba/en/history/sarajevo-fc-during-the-period-of-1970-1975/5","url_text":"\"FK Sarajevo during the period of 1970-1975\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player Database\". eu-football.info. Retrieved 5 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=22425","url_text":"\"Player Database\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Svetozar Vujović\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204040839/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vu/svetozar-vujovic-1.html","url_text":"\"Svetozar Vujović\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vu/svetozar-vujovic-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About - FK Sarajevo\". FK Sarajevo. Retrieved 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fksarajevo.ba/en/about","url_text":"\"About - FK Sarajevo\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://fksinfo.com/novosti/in-memoriam-svetozar-vujovic-1940---1993/1577","external_links_name":"\"IN MEMORIAM: Svetozar Vujović (1940–1993)\""},{"Link":"https://www.fksarajevo.ba/bs/vijesti/in-memoriam-svetozar-vujovic-1940-1993/337","external_links_name":"\"In Memoriam: Svetozar Vujović (1940–1993)\""},{"Link":"http://sportavaz.ba/clanak/5915/danas-se-navrsava-22-godine-od-smrti-svetozara-vujovica","external_links_name":"\"22 godine od smrti Svetozara Vujovića\""},{"Link":"https://www.fksarajevo.ba/en/history","external_links_name":"\"History - FK Sarajevo\""},{"Link":"https://www.fksarajevo.ba/en/history/sarajevo-fc-during-the-period-of-1970-1975/5","external_links_name":"\"FK Sarajevo during the period of 1970-1975\""},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=22425","external_links_name":"\"Player Database\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204040839/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vu/svetozar-vujovic-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Svetozar Vujović\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vu/svetozar-vujovic-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fksarajevo.ba/en/about","external_links_name":"\"About - FK Sarajevo\""},{"Link":"https://www.fksarajevo.ba/en/","external_links_name":"FK Sarajevo"},{"Link":"http://fksinfo.com/","external_links_name":"FK Sarajevo Info"},{"Link":"https://www.reprezentacija.rs/vujovic-svetozar/#content","external_links_name":"Svetozar Vujović"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/26030.html","external_links_name":"Svetozar Vujović"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/svetozar-vujovic","external_links_name":"Svetozar Vujović"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/28003","external_links_name":"Svetozar Vujović"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trolle	Eric Trolle	["1 Biography","2 Wives","3 Children","3.1 First marriage","3.2 Second marriage","4 References"]	Elected regent of Sweden (c. 1460–1530) For the Swedish diplomat, see Eric Trolle (1863–1934). Erik TrolleBornc. 1460Died1529 or 1530TitleRegent RiksföreståndarePredecessorSvante NilssonSuccessorSten Sture the YoungerSpouse(s)Ingeborg Philipsdatter (Thott)Karin Eriksdotter (Gyllenstierna)ChildrenGustav TrolleKristinaErmegårdErikJoakimBeataIngeborgParentsArvid Trolle (father)Kerstin Jonsdotter (mother) Eric Trolle (or Erik Arvidsson) (c. 1460–1530) was elected regent of Sweden in 1512, during the era of Kalmar Union. He was Justiciar of Närke and a Lord High Councillor of Sweden from 1487. Biography Eric Arvidsson was born around 1460 into an important family of high nobility and was apparently aiming at a clerical career. Eric's parents were lord Arvid Birgersson Trolle (died 1505) and his first wife Kerstin Jonsdotter (Gädda). His father had connected him to the powerful family Thott by marrying Beata Ivarsdotter Tott (died 1487) as his second wife in 1466. His last stepmother was his father's third wife Brita Turesdotter Bielke. Eric studied at the University of Rostock and University of Cologne, had positions as Canon in Uppsala and Linköping but was never ordained. Eric was elected Regent (riksföreståndare) at the meeting of the High Council of Sweden in 1512 upon the death of regent Svante Nilsson, Lord of Ekesiö, but never actually took office, being superseded by Svante's son, the young Sten Sture the Younger. He married in 1487 the wealthy Ingeborg Philipsdatter (Thott) (died 1495), his stepmother's first cousin, as his first wife and settled on her manor Ekholmen Castle (Ekholmens slott) in Uppland. His second wife, from about 1512, was Karin Eriksdotter Gyllenstierna, much his junior, who survived until around 1562. She was a great-granddaughter of King Charles VIII of Sweden. Eric Trolle's son Gustav Trolle (1488–1535) became Archbishop of Uppsala and leader of the Church of Sweden. Wives Ingeborg Filipsdotter Tott (married at Fållnäs 30 September 1487, drowned 1495 in Lake Mälaren) Karin Eriksdotter Gyllenstierna (married about 1512, died about or before 12 March 1562) Children First marriage Gustaf Eriksson Trolle, christened 25 September 1488, died July 1535 a prisoner at Gottorp castle, archbishop Ermegård Eriksdotter, drowned in lake Mälaren 1495 Kristina Eriksdotter, drowned in lake Mälaren 1495 Erik Eriksson, lived 1511 Second marriage Beata Eriksdotter Trolle, died 13 April 1591 at Steninge, married 1538 Gabriel Kristiernsson Oxenstierna, who became 1st Baron of Mörby and Steninge (died 1585) Ingeborg Eriksdotter Trolle, died 1590, married 13 January 1544 Niels Eriksen Ryning, Lord of Lagnoe and Gimmersta (died 1578) either first or second marriage: Joakim Eriksson Trolle References ^ Erik Arvidsson Trolle (Nordisk familjebok) ^ "Trolle, Erik Arvidsson". Nordisk familjebok. Retrieved 1 April 2020. ^ "Trolle, Arvid Birgersson". Nordisk familjebok. Retrieved 1 April 2020. ^ Nina Ringbom. "Ekholmen". Slottsguiden. Retrieved 1 April 2020. ^ "Trolle, Gustaf Eriksson". Nordisk familjebok. Retrieved 1 April 2020. Eric Trolle House of TrolleBorn: 1460 Died: 1530 Political offices Preceded bySvante Nilsson Regent of Sweden 1512 Succeeded bySten Sture the Younger vteMonarchs of SwedenMunsöc. 970 – c. 1060 Eric "VII" Olof Skötkonung Anund Jacob Emund the Old Stenkilc. 1060 – c. 11301160–1161 Stenkil Eric and Eric Halsten Anund Gårdske Håkan the Red Halsten / Inge the Elder Blot-Sweyn Inge the Elder Philip / Inge the Younger Ragnvald Knaphövde Magnus I (House of Estridsen, descendant of Inge the Elder) Sverker · Ericc. 1130 – 1250 Sverker the Elder Eric "IX" the Holy Magnus II (House of Estridsen, descendant of Inge the Elder) Charles VII Kol / Boleslaw Canute I Sverker the Younger Eric "X" John I Eric "XI" Canute II the Tall 1 Eric "XI" Bjelbo1250–1364 Valdemar Magnus III Birger Magnus IV2 Eric "XII" Magnus IV / Haakon2 Mecklenburg1364–1389 Albert Kalmar Union Italics indicateregents1389–1523 Margaret3 (House of Estridsen) / Eric XIII3 (House of Griffins) Eric XIII3 (House of Griffins) Charles (VIII) Eric XIII3 (House of Griffins) Charles (VIII) Christopher of Bavaria3 (House of Wittelsbach) Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna) / Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna) Charles VIII2 (House of Bonde) Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna / Erik Axelsson Tott Christian I3 (House of Oldenburg) Kettil Karlsson (Vasa) Charles VIII (House of Bonde) Kettil Karlsson (Vasa) Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna Erik Axelsson Tott Charles VIII (House of Bonde) Sten Sture the Elder John II3 (House of Oldenburg) Sten Sture the Elder Svante Nilsson Eric Trolle Sten Sture the Younger Christian II3 (House of Oldenburg) Gustav (I) Vasa1523–1654 Gustav I Eric XIV John III Sigismund4 Charles IX Gustav II Adolf Christina Palatinate-Zweibrücken (Wittelsbach)Hesse-Kassel1654–1751 Charles X Gustav Charles XI Charles XII Ulrika Eleonora Frederick I Holstein-Gottorp (Oldenburg)1751–1818 Adolf Frederick Gustav III Gustav IV Adolf Charles XIII2 Bernadottesince 1818 Charles XIV John2 Oscar I2 Charles XV2 Oscar II2 Gustaf V Gustaf VI Adolf Carl XVI Gustaf 1 Lineage uncertain 2 Also Norwegian monarch 3 Also Norwegian and Danish monarch 4 Also king of Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Trolle (1863–1934)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trolle_(1863%E2%80%931934)"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Kalmar Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_Union"},{"link_name":"Närke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4rke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the Swedish diplomat, see Eric Trolle (1863–1934).Eric Trolle (or Erik Arvidsson) (c. 1460–1530) was elected regent of Sweden in 1512, during the era of Kalmar Union. He was Justiciar of Närke and a Lord High Councillor of Sweden from 1487.[1]","title":"Eric Trolle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_nobility"},{"link_name":"Arvid Birgersson Trolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Birgersson_Trolle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rostock"},{"link_name":"University of Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Linköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"riksföreståndare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsverweser#Sweden"},{"link_name":"Svante Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Nilsson_(regent_of_Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Sten Sture the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Ekholmen Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekholmen_Castle"},{"link_name":"Uppland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppland"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Gustav Trolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Trolle"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Church of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Eric Arvidsson was born around 1460 into an important family of high nobility and was apparently aiming at a clerical career. Eric's parents were lord Arvid Birgersson Trolle (died 1505) and his first wife Kerstin Jonsdotter (Gädda). His father had connected him to the powerful family Thott by marrying Beata Ivarsdotter Tott (died 1487) as his second wife in 1466. His last stepmother was his father's third wife Brita Turesdotter Bielke.[2][3]Eric studied at the University of Rostock and University of Cologne, had positions as Canon in Uppsala and Linköping but was never ordained. Eric was elected Regent (riksföreståndare) at the meeting of the High Council of Sweden in 1512 upon the death of regent Svante Nilsson, Lord of Ekesiö, but never actually took office, being superseded by Svante's son, the young Sten Sture the Younger.He married in 1487 the wealthy Ingeborg Philipsdatter (Thott) (died 1495), his stepmother's first cousin, as his first wife and settled on her manor Ekholmen Castle (Ekholmens slott) in Uppland. His second wife, from about 1512, was Karin Eriksdotter Gyllenstierna, much his junior, who survived until around 1562. She was a great-granddaughter of King Charles VIII of Sweden. Eric Trolle's son Gustav Trolle (1488–1535) became Archbishop of Uppsala and leader of the Church of Sweden.[4]\n[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fållnäs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A5lln%C3%A4s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Mälaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_M%C3%A4laren"}],"text":"Ingeborg Filipsdotter Tott (married at Fållnäs 30 September 1487, drowned 1495 in Lake Mälaren)\nKarin Eriksdotter Gyllenstierna (married about 1512, died about or before 12 March 1562)","title":"Wives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First marriage","text":"Gustaf Eriksson Trolle, christened 25 September 1488, died July 1535 a prisoner at Gottorp castle, archbishop\nErmegård Eriksdotter, drowned in lake Mälaren 1495\nKristina Eriksdotter, drowned in lake Mälaren 1495\nErik Eriksson, lived 1511","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second marriage","text":"Beata Eriksdotter Trolle, died 13 April 1591 at Steninge, married 1538 Gabriel Kristiernsson Oxenstierna, who became 1st Baron of Mörby and Steninge (died 1585)\nIngeborg Eriksdotter Trolle, died 1590, married 13 January 1544 Niels Eriksen Ryning, Lord of Lagnoe and Gimmersta (died 1578)either first or second marriage:Joakim Eriksson Trolle","title":"Children"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Trolle, Erik Arvidsson\". Nordisk familjebok. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/nfci/0437.html","url_text":"\"Trolle, Erik Arvidsson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trolle, Arvid Birgersson\". Nordisk familjebok. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/nfci/0437.html","url_text":"\"Trolle, Arvid Birgersson\""}]},{"reference":"Nina Ringbom. \"Ekholmen\". Slottsguiden. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://slottsguiden.info/slottdetalj.asp?id=192","url_text":"\"Ekholmen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trolle, Gustaf Eriksson\". Nordisk familjebok. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garroway_at_Large	Garroway at Large	["1 Production","2 References","3 External links"]	Garroway at WMAQ in 1951 with Connie Russell and Jack Haskell. Garroway at Large was an experimental American musical variety show program with the host Dave Garroway in the Golden Age of Television. It was telecast at 10pm on Saturday (and later on Sundays and Fridays) on NBC from April 1949 to 1954. Garroway at Large aired with a full symphony orchestra conducted by Joseph Gallicchio. There were two female singers, Betty Chapel and Connie Russell and a male singer, Jack Haskell. In addition, the Hamilton Trio, a contemporary dance group, appeared each week, along with comedian Cliff Norton. The show had only one local Chicago broadcast on April 8, 1949 before becoming an NBC Network program. The series is notable for introducing an innovative presentation and staging to television. When television began in New York City, the shows adopted the familiar theatrical proscenium concept, separating the stage from the audience area. After World War II, several programs originated from Chicago, where Garroway was a disc jockey on radio station WMAQ. When Garroway was assigned to host on television, he abandoned the usual conventions for a more casual approach in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged. Followed by a single camera, he walked around the entire large studio space and simple abstract sets as he talked to guests and the TV viewer directly. This live staging technique, known as the "Chicago Style", was developed further on Garroway's next show, Today. Production On February 19, 1950, Congoleum-Nairn became a sponsor of the show, which originated from WNBQ-TV in Chicago. References ^ "Chi NBC Video Sets Garroway, Wallace Shows". Billboard. 26 March 1949. Retrieved 5 July 2010. ^ "TV Turns up a New Comic". Look. 22 November 1949. Retrieved 29 May 2010. ^ "The Chicago School With Special Emphasis on Dave Garroway". Time. 11 September 1950. Retrieved 29 May 2010. ^ Video file downloads-The Best of Garroway at Large ^ "Dave Garroway". The Toronto Daily Telegraph. 7 September 1950. Retrieved 21 September 2010. ^ "Dave Garroway:Prop Man At Large". Life. 10 October 1949. Retrieved 15 July 2010. ^ "Glenn Miller". Tux Junction. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010. ^ Samuels, Rich. "Chicago School of Television". Samuels, Rich. Retrieved 29 May 2010. ^ Railton, Arthur (October 1951). "They Fool You Every Night". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 5 July 2010. ^ Perrigo, Lucia (9 November 1951). "Garroway-More At Large Than On TV". Kentucky New Era. Retrieved 10 July 2010. ^ "Debuts, Highlights, Changes". Ross Reports. February 19, 1950. p. 1. Retrieved July 22, 2023. Teruaki Georges Sumioka, The Grammar of Pop TV Program (2006) ISBN 978-4-8459-0697-0 External links Garroway at Large at IMDb Garroway at Large Archive of American Television Prop Man at Large, a photo feature about Garroway at Large from Life magazine's October 10, 1949, issue	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Garroway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garroway"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Television"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dave_Garroway-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Connie Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Russell"},{"link_name":"Jack Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Haskell"},{"link_name":"Cliff Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Norton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"proscenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"WMAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Garroway at Large was an experimental American musical variety show program with the host Dave Garroway in the Golden Age of Television. It was telecast at 10pm on Saturday (and later on Sundays and Fridays) on NBC from April 1949[1] to 1954.[2][3][4] Garroway at Large aired with a full symphony orchestra conducted by Joseph Gallicchio. There were two female singers, Betty Chapel and Connie Russell and a male singer, Jack Haskell. In addition, the Hamilton Trio, a contemporary dance group, appeared each week, along with comedian Cliff Norton.The show had only one local Chicago broadcast on April 8, 1949 before becoming an NBC Network program.[5]The series is notable for introducing an innovative presentation and staging to television.[6] When television began in New York City, the shows adopted the familiar theatrical proscenium concept, separating the stage from the audience area. After World War II, several programs originated from Chicago, where Garroway was a disc jockey on radio station WMAQ.[7]When Garroway was assigned to host on television, he abandoned the usual conventions for a more casual approach in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged. Followed by a single camera, he walked around the entire large studio space and simple abstract sets as he talked to guests and the TV viewer directly. This live staging technique, known as the \"Chicago Style\", was developed further on Garroway's next show, Today.[8][9][10]","title":"Garroway at Large"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WNBQ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ-TV"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"On February 19, 1950, Congoleum-Nairn became a sponsor of the show, which originated from WNBQ-TV in Chicago.[11]","title":"Production"}]	[{"image_text":"Garroway at WMAQ in 1951 with Connie Russell and Jack Haskell.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dial_dave_garroway_wmaq_1951.JPG/200px-Dial_dave_garroway_wmaq_1951.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Chi NBC Video Sets Garroway, Wallace Shows\". Billboard. 26 March 1949. Retrieved 5 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PA4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=garroway&pg=PT9","url_text":"\"Chi NBC Video Sets Garroway, Wallace Shows\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Turns up a New Comic\". Look. 22 November 1949. Retrieved 29 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/garroway/index.html","url_text":"\"TV Turns up a New Comic\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Chicago School With Special Emphasis on Dave Garroway\". Time. 11 September 1950. Retrieved 29 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/tcs.html","url_text":"\"The Chicago School With Special Emphasis on Dave Garroway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Garroway\". The Toronto Daily Telegraph. 7 September 1950. Retrieved 21 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DMUpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TEQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2273,765170&dq=dave+garroway&hl=en","url_text":"\"Dave Garroway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Garroway:Prop Man At Large\". Life. 10 October 1949. Retrieved 15 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GVIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=dave+garroway&pg=PA146","url_text":"\"Dave Garroway:Prop Man At Large\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glenn Miller\". Tux Junction. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211140502/http://www.tuxjunction.net/glennmiller.htm","url_text":"\"Glenn Miller\""},{"url":"http://www.tuxjunction.net/glennmiller.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Samuels, Rich. \"Chicago School of Television\". Samuels, Rich. Retrieved 29 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/chschool.html","url_text":"\"Chicago School of Television\""}]},{"reference":"Railton, Arthur (October 1951). \"They Fool You Every Night\". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 5 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3dgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=garroway&pg=PA144","url_text":"\"They Fool You Every Night\""}]},{"reference":"Perrigo, Lucia (9 November 1951). \"Garroway-More At Large Than On TV\". Kentucky New Era. Retrieved 10 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8uErAAAAIBAJ&sjid=12UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1599,3971024&dq=ernie+kovacs&hl=en","url_text":"\"Garroway-More At Large Than On TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Debuts, Highlights, Changes\". Ross Reports. February 19, 1950. p. 1. Retrieved July 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rossreportstele06ross/page/n22/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Debuts, Highlights, Changes\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PA4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=garroway&pg=PT9","external_links_name":"\"Chi NBC Video Sets Garroway, Wallace Shows\""},{"Link":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/garroway/index.html","external_links_name":"\"TV Turns up a New Comic\""},{"Link":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/tcs.html","external_links_name":"\"The Chicago School With Special Emphasis on Dave Garroway\""},{"Link":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/garroway/bestofgal.html","external_links_name":"Video file downloads-The Best of Garroway at Large"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DMUpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TEQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2273,765170&dq=dave+garroway&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Dave Garroway\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GVIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=dave+garroway&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"\"Dave Garroway:Prop Man At Large\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211140502/http://www.tuxjunction.net/glennmiller.htm","external_links_name":"\"Glenn Miller\""},{"Link":"http://www.tuxjunction.net/glennmiller.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/chschool.html","external_links_name":"\"Chicago School of Television\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3dgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=garroway&pg=PA144","external_links_name":"\"They Fool You Every Night\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8uErAAAAIBAJ&sjid=12UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1599,3971024&dq=ernie+kovacs&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Garroway-More At Large Than On TV\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rossreportstele06ross/page/n22/mode/1up?view=theater","external_links_name":"\"Debuts, Highlights, Changes\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0313078/","external_links_name":"Garroway at Large"},{"Link":"http://www.emmytvlegends.org/interviews/shows/garroway-at-large","external_links_name":"Garroway at Large Archive of American Television"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GVIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Dave+Garroway+Show%22&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"Prop Man at Large, a photo feature about Garroway at Large from Life magazine's October 10, 1949, issue"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_skipjack	Euthynnus lineatus	["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Fisheries","4 Biology","5 References","6 External links"]	Species of fish Black skipjack tuna Euthynnus lineatus Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Scombriformes Family: Scombridae Genus: Euthynnus Species: E. lineatus Binomial name Euthynnus lineatusKishinouye, 1920 Euthynnus lineatus, the black skipjack tuna or black skipjack, is a species of ray-finned bony fish in the family Scombridae. It belongs to the tribe Thunnini, better known as the tunas. Description E. lineatus has a total of 10-15 spines in its dorsal fins with the anterior spines of the first dorsal fin being much taller than the middle spines which gives this fin a concave outline. The anal fin has 11 - 12 soft rays and it has a vertebra count of 37. Its body is almost entirely scaleless except for the lateral line and a "corselet", and there is no swim bladder. It is generally iridescent blue in colour with black markings on its back made up of 3 to 5 horizontal stripes, as well as a variable amount of black or dark grey spots above the pelvic fins. Occasional specimens have extensive longitudinal stripes of light grey on their belly while other individuals have few or no such markings. Distribution Eastern tropical Pacific from San Simeon, California to northern Peru and the Galápagos Islands. Fisheries No targeted fishery exists for this species, though it is taken incidentally in the course of other fishery operations. Biology E. lineatus is a pelagic and oceanodromous species which is rarely recorded where the surface temperature falls below 23 °C (73 °F). The larvae are most commonly found at temperatures higher than 26 °C (79 °F). It is generally distributed in surface waters which are no more than 386 kilometres (240 mi) from land. E. lineatus will form multi-species schools with yellowfin tuna and skipjack tuna. It shows opportunistic predatory behaviour, sharing its feeding pattern with other tunas, as well as dolphins and other large predatory fish, with which it also competes. The spawning of this species has a wide geographical and temporal distribution, and in the eastern tropical Pacific it has been shown to occur over a wide area from coastal to oceanic waters. References ^ a b c d Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Canales Ramirez, C.; et al. (2011). "Euthynnus lineatus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T170320A6747016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170320A6747016.en. ^ "Euthynnus lineatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Euthynnus lineatus" in FishBase. February 2006 version. ^ "Scombridae on research.calacademy.org" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2010-08-03. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euthynnus lineatus. vteTunaTrue tuna Tuna Thunnus Albacore Bigeye tuna Atlantic bluefin tuna Blackfin tuna Longtail tuna Southern bluefin tuna Pacific bluefin tuna Yellowfin tuna Other tuna Scombridae Black skipjack tuna Bullet tuna Dogtooth tuna Frigate tuna Mackerel tuna Leaping bonito Little tunny Skipjack tuna Slender tuna Auxis Fishing and fisheries Almadraba US bluefin tuna industry As food Botargo Cakalang fufu Chūtoro Katsuobushi Kezuriki Mojama Tekkadon Tuna casserole Tuna fish sandwich Tuna pot Tuna salad Other Dolphin friendly tuna Scombroid food poisoning Tuna Fishing (painting) Tunagate Organisations IATTC IOTC ICCAT CCSBT WCPFC International Seafood Sustainability Foundation#Practices Nauru Agreement Regional Fisheries Management Organisation Related articles List of tuna dishes Taxon identifiersEuthynnus lineatus Wikidata: Q1999309 CoL: 3DDKY FishBase: 98 GBIF: 5208567 iNaturalist: 182487 IRMNG: 10158978 ITIS: 172405 IUCN: 170320 NCBI: 507566 Observation.org: 795362 OBIS: 273806 Open Tree of Life: 74903 Paleobiology Database: 352577 Plazi: B7D6CD50-C650-A382-C959-07CF84C84881 WoRMS: 273806 ZooBank: 894A62B7-FDA0-4901-9785-8A3E47499396 This Scombroidei article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"ray-finned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned"},{"link_name":"bony fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fish"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Scombridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scombridae"},{"link_name":"tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Thunnini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunnini"},{"link_name":"tunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Euthynnus lineatus, the black skipjack tuna or black skipjack, is a species of ray-finned bony fish in the family Scombridae. It belongs to the tribe Thunnini, better known as the tunas.[2]","title":"Euthynnus lineatus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dorsal fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin"},{"link_name":"anal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fin"},{"link_name":"lateral line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line"},{"link_name":"swim bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder"},{"link_name":"pelvic fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FishBase-3"}],"text":"E. lineatus has a total of 10-15 spines in its dorsal fins with the anterior spines of the first dorsal fin being much taller than the middle spines which gives this fin a concave outline. The anal fin has 11 - 12 soft rays and it has a vertebra count of 37. Its body is almost entirely scaleless except for the lateral line and a \"corselet\", and there is no swim bladder. It is generally iridescent blue in colour with black markings on its back made up of 3 to 5 horizontal stripes, as well as a variable amount of black or dark grey spots above the pelvic fins. Occasional specimens have extensive longitudinal stripes of light grey on their belly while other individuals have few or no such markings.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Simeon,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Galápagos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Eastern tropical Pacific from San Simeon, California to northern Peru and the Galápagos Islands.[4]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taken incidentally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental_catch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"}],"text":"No targeted fishery exists for this species, though it is taken incidentally in the course of other fishery operations.[1]","title":"Fisheries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yellowfin tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna"},{"link_name":"skipjack tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipjack_tuna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"}],"text":"E. lineatus is a pelagic and oceanodromous species which is rarely recorded where the surface temperature falls below 23 °C (73 °F). The larvae are most commonly found at temperatures higher than 26 °C (79 °F). It is generally distributed in surface waters which are no more than 386 kilometres (240 mi) from land. E. lineatus will form multi-species schools with yellowfin tuna and skipjack tuna. It shows opportunistic predatory behaviour, sharing its feeding pattern with other tunas, as well as dolphins and other large predatory fish, with which it also competes.[1]The spawning of this species has a wide geographical and temporal distribution, and in the eastern tropical Pacific it has been shown to occur over a wide area from coastal to oceanic waters.[1]","title":"Biology"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Canales Ramirez, C.; et al. (2011). \"Euthynnus lineatus\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metarica_District	Metarica District	["1 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 14°19′41″S 36°48′11″E / 14.328°S 36.803°E / -14.328; 36.803District in Mozambique Metarica district in Mozambique Metarica District is a district of Niassa Province in north-western Mozambique. The principal town is Metarica. Further reading District profile (PDF) This Mozambique location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vteDistricts of Mozambique by provinceCapital: MaputoCabo Delgado Ancuabe Balama Chiúre Ibo Macomia Mecúfi Meluco Mocímboa da Praia Montepuez Mueda Muidumbe Namuno Nangade Palma Pemba-Metuge Quissanga Gaza Bilene Macia Chibuto Chicualacuala Chigubo Chókwè Guijá Mabalane Manjacaze Massangena Massingir Xai-Xai Inhambane Funhalouro Govuro Homoine Inharrime Inhassoro Jangamo Mabote Massinga Morrumbene Panda Vilanculos Zavala Manica Báruè Gondola Guro Machaze Macossa Manica Mossurize Sussundenga Tambara Maputo Boane Magude Manhiça Marracuene Matutuíne Moamba Namaacha Nampula Angoche Eráti Lalaua Malema Meconta Mecubúri Memba Mogincual Mogovolas Moma Monapo Mossuril Muecate Murrupula Nacala-a-Velha Nacarôa Nampula Ribáuè Niassa Cuamba Lago Lichinga Majune Mandimba Marrupa Maúa Mavago Mecanhelas Mecula Metarica Muembe N'gauma Nipepe Sanga Sofala Buzi Caia Chemba Cheringoma Chibabava Dondo Gorongosa Marromeu Machanga Maringué Muanza Nhamatanda Tete Angónia Cahora-Bassa Changara Chifunde Chiuta Doa Macanga Magoé Marávia Moatize Mutarara Tsangano Zumbo Zambezia Alto Molocue Chinde Gilé Gurué Ile Inhassunge Lugela Maganja da Costa Milange Mocuba Mopeia Morrumbala Namacurra Namarroi Nicoadala Pebane 14°19′41″S 36°48′11″E / 14.328°S 36.803°E / -14.328; 36.803	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metarica_District_in_Mozambique_2018.svg"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Niassa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niassa_Province"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Metarica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metarica&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"District in MozambiqueMetarica district in MozambiqueMetarica District is a district of Niassa Province in north-western Mozambique. 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sa_Province"},{"link_name":"Cuamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuamba_District"},{"link_name":"Lago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_District"},{"link_name":"Lichinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichinga_District"},{"link_name":"Majune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majune_District"},{"link_name":"Mandimba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandimba_District"},{"link_name":"Marrupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrupa_District"},{"link_name":"Maúa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%BAa_District"},{"link_name":"Mavago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavago_District"},{"link_name":"Mecanhelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanhelas_District"},{"link_name":"Mecula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecula_District"},{"link_name":"Metarica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Muembe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muembe_District"},{"link_name":"N'gauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27gauma_District"},{"link_name":"Nipepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipepe_District"},{"link_name":"Sanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanga_District"},{"link_name":"Sofala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofala_Province"},{"link_name":"Buzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzi_District"},{"link_name":"Caia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caia_District"},{"link_name":"Chemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemba_District"},{"link_name":"Cheringoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheringoma_District"},{"link_name":"Chibabava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibabava_District"},{"link_name":"Dondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dondo_District"},{"link_name":"Gorongosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorongosa_District"},{"link_name":"Marromeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marromeu_District"},{"link_name":"Machanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machanga_District"},{"link_name":"Maringué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maringu%C3%A9_District"},{"link_name":"Muanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muanza_District"},{"link_name":"Nhamatanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhamatanda_District"},{"link_name":"Tete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tete_Province"},{"link_name":"Angónia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%B3nia_District"},{"link_name":"Cahora-Bassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahora-Bassa_District"},{"link_name":"Changara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changara_District"},{"link_name":"Chifunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifunde_District"},{"link_name":"Chiuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiuta_District"},{"link_name":"Doa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doa_District"},{"link_name":"Macanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanga_District"},{"link_name":"Magoé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mago%C3%A9_District"},{"link_name":"Marávia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A1via_District"},{"link_name":"Moatize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moatize_District"},{"link_name":"Mutarara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutarara_District"},{"link_name":"Tsangano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsangano_District"},{"link_name":"Zumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumbo_District"},{"link_name":"Zambezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezia_Province"},{"link_name":"Alto Molocue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Molocue_District"},{"link_name":"Chinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinde_District"},{"link_name":"Gilé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%C3%A9_District"},{"link_name":"Gurué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru%C3%A9_District"},{"link_name":"Ile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile_District,_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Inhassunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhassunge_District"},{"link_name":"Lugela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugela_District"},{"link_name":"Maganja da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maganja_da_Costa_District"},{"link_name":"Milange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milange_District"},{"link_name":"Mocuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocuba_District"},{"link_name":"Mopeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopeia_District"},{"link_name":"Morrumbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrumbala_District"},{"link_name":"Namacurra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namacurra_District"},{"link_name":"Namarroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namarroi_District"},{"link_name":"Nicoadala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicoadala_District"},{"link_name":"Pebane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebane_District"},{"link_name":"14°19′41″S 36°48′11″E / 14.328°S 36.803°E / -14.328; 36.803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Metarica_District&params=14.328_S_36.803_E_type:adm1st"}],"text":"District profile (PDF)This Mozambique location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vtevteDistricts of Mozambique by provinceCapital: MaputoCabo Delgado\nAncuabe\nBalama\nChiúre\nIbo\nMacomia\nMecúfi\nMeluco\nMocímboa da Praia\nMontepuez\nMueda\nMuidumbe\nNamuno\nNangade\nPalma\nPemba-Metuge\nQuissanga\nGaza\nBilene Macia\nChibuto\nChicualacuala\nChigubo\nChókwè\nGuijá\nMabalane\nManjacaze\nMassangena\nMassingir\nXai-Xai\nInhambane\nFunhalouro\nGovuro\nHomoine\nInharrime\nInhassoro\nJangamo\nMabote\nMassinga\nMorrumbene\nPanda\nVilanculos\nZavala\nManica\nBáruè\nGondola\nGuro\nMachaze\nMacossa\nManica\nMossurize\nSussundenga\nTambara\nMaputo\nBoane\nMagude\nManhiça\nMarracuene\nMatutuíne\nMoamba\nNamaacha\nNampula\nAngoche\nEráti\nLalaua\nMalema\nMeconta\nMecubúri\nMemba\nMogincual\nMogovolas\nMoma\nMonapo\nMossuril\nMuecate\nMurrupula\nNacala-a-Velha\nNacarôa\nNampula\nRibáuè\nNiassa\nCuamba\nLago\nLichinga\nMajune\nMandimba\nMarrupa\nMaúa\nMavago\nMecanhelas\nMecula\nMetarica\nMuembe\nN'gauma\nNipepe\nSanga\nSofala\nBuzi\nCaia\nChemba\nCheringoma\nChibabava\nDondo\nGorongosa\nMarromeu\nMachanga\nMaringué\nMuanza\nNhamatanda\nTete\nAngónia\nCahora-Bassa\nChangara\nChifunde\nChiuta\nDoa\nMacanga\nMagoé\nMarávia\nMoatize\nMutarara\nTsangano\nZumbo\nZambezia\nAlto Molocue\nChinde\nGilé\nGurué\nIle\nInhassunge\nLugela\nMaganja da Costa\nMilange\nMocuba\nMopeia\nMorrumbala\nNamacurra\nNamarroi\nNicoadala\nPebane14°19′41″S 36°48′11″E / 14.328°S 36.803°E / -14.328; 36.803","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Metarica district in Mozambique","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Metarica_District_in_Mozambique_2018.svg/220px-Metarica_District_in_Mozambique_2018.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Metarica_District&params=14.328_S_36.803_E_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"14°19′41″S 36°48′11″E / 14.328°S 36.803°E / -14.328; 36.803"},{"Link":"http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/por/content/download/2852/23312/version/1/file/Metarica.pdf","external_links_name":"District profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metarica_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Metarica_District&params=14.328_S_36.803_E_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"14°19′41″S 36°48′11″E / 14.328°S 36.803°E / -14.328; 36.803"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_evacuated	Medical evacuation	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Emergency evacuation for medical reasons An AW109 helicopter evacuates a patient from the Tatra mountains in Slovakia Medical evacuation, often shortened to medevac or medivac, is the timely and efficient movement and en route care provided by medical personnel to wounded being evacuated from a battlefield, to injured patients being evacuated from the scene of an accident to receiving medical facilities, or to patients at a rural hospital requiring urgent care at a better-equipped facility using medically equipped air ambulances, helicopters and other means of emergency transport including ground ambulance and maritime transfers. Examples include civilian EMS vehicles, civilian aeromedical helicopter services, and military air ambulances. This term also covers the transfer of patients from the battlefield to a treatment facility or from one treatment facility to another by medical personnel, such as from a local hospital to another medical facility which has adequate medical equipment. In Asia, according to Aeromedical Global (M) Sdn Bhd, medical evacuations via air ambulance can be performed via a single or dual stretched setup. According to patients medical condition, Emergency Air Ambulances will be equipped with relevant equipment (ventilators, Portable O2 Concentrator etc). History USAF Sikorsky R-5 Helicopter evacuates casualties during the Korean War An aeromedical evacuation of injured patients by a C-17 from Balad, Iraq to Ramstein, Germany, in 2007 The first medical transport by air was recorded in Serbia in the autumn of 1915 during the First World War. One of the ill soldiers in that first medical transport was Milan Rastislav Štefánik, a Slovak pilot-volunteer who was flown to safety by French aviator Louis Paulhan. The United States Army used this lifesaving technique in Burma toward the end of World War II with Sikorsky R-4B helicopters. The first helicopter rescue was by 2nd Lt Carter Harman, in Japanese-held Burma, who had to make several hops to get his Sikorsky YR-4B to the 1st Air Commando Group's secret airfield in enemy territory and then made four trips from there between April 25 and 26 to recover the American pilot and four injured British soldiers, one at a time. The first medivac under fire was done in Manila in 1945 when five pilots evacuated 75-80 soldiers one or two at a time. See also Aeromedical evacuation Air ambulance Air medical services Casualty evacuation "Medevac bill" (Australia, 2019) Medivac, Australian television series Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society References ^ a b "Medevac". Merriam-Webster. 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012. ^ "Veliki rat - Avijacija". rts.rs. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia. ^ L'homme-vent, special issue of L'Ami de Pézenas, 2010 ^ Fries, Patrick. When I Have Your Wounded: The Dustoff Legacy (DVD), Arrowhead Films, 2013. ^ Conner, Roger. Medevac From Luzon, Air & Space Magazine, July 2010. External links Look up medevac in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Association of Air Medical Services Landing in Hell: Army Medevac Today - slideshow by Life magazine	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agusta_A109K2_Slovensko_(25).jpg"},{"link_name":"AW109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109"},{"link_name":"Tatra mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_mountains"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MW-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MW-1"},{"link_name":"air ambulances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulance"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"EMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"}],"text":"An AW109 helicopter evacuates a patient from the Tatra mountains in SlovakiaMedical evacuation, often shortened to medevac[1] or medivac,[1] is the timely and efficient movement and en route care provided by medical personnel to wounded being evacuated from a battlefield, to injured patients being evacuated from the scene of an accident to receiving medical facilities, or to patients at a rural hospital requiring urgent care at a better-equipped facility using medically equipped air ambulances, helicopters and other means of emergency transport including ground ambulance and maritime transfers.Examples include civilian EMS vehicles, civilian aeromedical helicopter services, and military air ambulances. This term also covers the transfer of patients from the battlefield to a treatment facility or from one treatment facility to another by medical personnel, such as from a local hospital to another medical facility which has adequate medical equipment.In Asia, according to Aeromedical Global (M) Sdn Bhd, medical evacuations via air ambulance can be performed via a single or dual stretched setup. According to patients medical condition, Emergency Air Ambulances will be equipped with relevant equipment (ventilators, Portable O2 Concentrator etc).","title":"Medical evacuation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USAF_R-5_medevac_Korean_War.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky R-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_H-5"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medevac_mission,_Balad_Air_Base,_Iraq.jpg"},{"link_name":"C-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III"},{"link_name":"Balad, Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Ramstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramstein_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Milan Rastislav Štefánik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Rastislav_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik"},{"link_name":"Louis Paulhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Paulhan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky R-4B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_R-4B"},{"link_name":"Carter Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Harman"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"1st Air Commando Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Air_Commando_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"USAF Sikorsky R-5 Helicopter evacuates casualties during the Korean WarAn aeromedical evacuation of injured patients by a C-17 from Balad, Iraq to Ramstein, Germany, in 2007The first medical transport by air was recorded in Serbia in the autumn of 1915 during the First World War.[2] One of the ill soldiers in that first medical transport was Milan Rastislav Štefánik, a Slovak pilot-volunteer who was flown to safety by French aviator Louis Paulhan.[3]The United States Army used this lifesaving technique in Burma toward the end of World War II with Sikorsky R-4B helicopters. The first helicopter rescue was by 2nd Lt Carter Harman, in Japanese-held Burma, who had to make several hops to get his Sikorsky YR-4B to the 1st Air Commando Group's secret airfield in enemy territory and then made four trips from there between April 25 and 26 to recover the American pilot and four injured British soldiers, one at a time.[4] The first medivac under fire was done in Manila in 1945 when five pilots evacuated 75-80 soldiers one or two at a time.[5]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"An AW109 helicopter evacuates a patient from the Tatra mountains in Slovakia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Agusta_A109K2_Slovensko_%2825%29.jpg/220px-Agusta_A109K2_Slovensko_%2825%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"USAF Sikorsky R-5 Helicopter evacuates casualties during the Korean War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/USAF_R-5_medevac_Korean_War.jpg/220px-USAF_R-5_medevac_Korean_War.jpg"},{"image_text":"An aeromedical evacuation of injured patients by a C-17 from Balad, Iraq to Ramstein, Germany, in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Medevac_mission%2C_Balad_Air_Base%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-Medevac_mission%2C_Balad_Air_Base%2C_Iraq.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Aeromedical evacuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromedical_evacuation"},{"title":"Air ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulance"},{"title":"Air medical services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_medical_services"},{"title":"Casualty evacuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_evacuation"},{"title":"\"Medevac bill\" (Australia, 2019)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_Australia#Medevac_bill"},{"title":"Medivac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medivac_(TV_series)"},{"title":"Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_Trauma_Air_Rescue_Society"}]	[{"reference":"\"Medevac\". Merriam-Webster. 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/medevac","url_text":"\"Medevac\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veliki rat - Avijacija\". rts.rs. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html","url_text":"\"Veliki rat - Avijacija\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/medevac","external_links_name":"\"Medevac\""},{"Link":"http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html","external_links_name":"\"Veliki rat - Avijacija\""},{"Link":"http://www.aams.org/","external_links_name":"Association of Air Medical Services"},{"Link":"http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/44971/landing-in-hell-army-medevac-today","external_links_name":"Landing in Hell: Army Medevac Today"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(1986_video_game)	The Great Escape (1986 video game)	["1 Scenario","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Not to be confused with The Great Escape (2003 video game). 1986 video gameThe Great EscapeDeveloper(s)Denton DesignsPublisher(s)Ocean SoftwarePlatform(s)Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, DOS, ZX SpectrumRelease1986Genre(s)Action-adventureMode(s)Single-player The Great Escape is a video game which shares a title and similar plot to the film The Great Escape. It was programmed by Denton Designs, which went on to produce the similarly acclaimed Where Time Stood Still. The Great Escape was published by Ocean Software in 1986 for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and DOS. The well-known convertor Trevor Inns created the Commodore 64 version Scenario The player controls an unnamed prisoner of war who has been interned in a POW camp somewhere in northern Germany in 1942. The camp itself is a small castle on a promontory surrounded on three sides by cliffs and the cold North Sea. The only entry to the camp is by a narrow road through the gatehouse and anyone passing through this must be carrying the correct papers. Everywhere else the camp is surrounded by fences or walls with guard dogs used to patrol the perimeter and guards in observation towers with searchlights posted to watch for any prisoners trying to escape. Beneath the camp there is also a maze of tunnels and drains, although these are dangerous to enter without some kind of light. The player's task is to escape from the camp. There are a number of different ways in which this can be achieved. Gameplay The gaming environment is displayed in isometric 2.5D with the player's character initially in bed at the beginning of a day in the camp. The prisoner has a daily routine, along with all the other prisoners, which includes roll call, exercising, mealtimes and bedtime. The other prisoners will follow this routine and, if the player does not control the main character for a short period of time, their character will join in the routine. There are soldiers guarding the camp and they will apprehend the player if he is seen out of routine (prison guards only arrest on touch and only detect prisoners in their line of sight or indoors). Reception ReceptionAwardPublicationAwardCrashSmash The ZX Spectrum version of The Great Escape was placed at number 23 in the Your Sinclair official top 100, after originally being scored 9 out of 10, and a Megagame award in that magazine's January 1987 issue. Both the tense atmosphere and the protagonist's 'automatic daily routine' were highlighted as excellent features. The game won the awards for best arcade adventure and best advert of the year according to the readers of Crash, as well as being the runner up for best game, and was also nominated in other categories, including best graphics. Legacy A reverse engineering project to create portable C source code from the game's binary was started in 2012. The project reached a compiling state in January 2016. See also The Abbey of Crime References ^ The Great Escape at SpectrumComputing.co.uk ^ The Great Escape at Lemon64 ^ The Great Escape at CPCZone ^ The Great Escape at Lemon64 ^ Retro Gamer issue 101, page 60 ^ Game review, Crash magazine, Newsfield Publications, issue 35, December 1986 ^ The YS Official Top 100 Part 4 Archived 2006-08-16 at the Wayback Machine ^ The Great Escape Archived 2007-03-04 at the Wayback Machine review from Your Sinclair issue 13, at 'The Your Sinclair Rock 'n' Roll Years' ^ THE 1986 CRASH READERS’ AWARDS ^ The-Great-Escape on github.com/dpt ^ The Great Escape slides by David Thomas External links The Great Escape (1986) at MobyGames	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Great Escape (2003 video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(2003_video_game)"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"The Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)"},{"link_name":"Denton Designs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_Designs"},{"link_name":"Where Time Stood Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Time_Stood_Still"},{"link_name":"Ocean Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Software"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"Trevor Inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trevor_Inns&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with The Great Escape (2003 video game).1986 video gameThe Great Escape is a video game which shares a title and similar plot to the film The Great Escape. It was programmed by Denton Designs, which went on to produce the similarly acclaimed Where Time Stood Still. The Great Escape was published by Ocean Software in 1986 for the ZX Spectrum,[1] Commodore 64,[2] Amstrad CPC[3] and DOS. The well-known convertor Trevor Inns created the Commodore 64 version [4]","title":"The Great Escape (1986 video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"}],"text":"The player controls an unnamed prisoner of war who has been interned in a POW camp somewhere in northern Germany in 1942. The camp itself is a small castle on a promontory surrounded on three sides by cliffs and the cold North Sea. The only entry to the camp is by a narrow road through the gatehouse and anyone passing through this must be carrying the correct papers. Everywhere else the camp is surrounded by fences or walls with guard dogs used to patrol the perimeter and guards in observation towers with searchlights posted to watch for any prisoners trying to escape. Beneath the camp there is also a maze of tunnels and drains, although these are dangerous to enter without some kind of light. The player's task is to escape from the camp. There are a number of different ways in which this can be achieved.","title":"Scenario"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"isometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_projection"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The gaming environment is displayed in isometric 2.5D with the player's character initially in bed at the beginning of a day in the camp. The prisoner has a daily routine, along with all the other prisoners, which includes roll call, exercising, mealtimes and bedtime. The other prisoners will follow this routine and, if the player does not control the main character for a short period of time, their character will join in the routine. There are soldiers guarding the camp and they will apprehend the player if he is seen out of routine (prison guards only arrest on touch and only detect prisoners in their line of sight or indoors).[5]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Your Sinclair official top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"ReceptionAwardPublicationAwardCrashSmash[6]The ZX Spectrum version of The Great Escape was placed at number 23 in the Your Sinclair official top 100,[7] after originally being scored 9 out of 10, and a Megagame award in that magazine's January 1987 issue.[8] Both the tense atmosphere and the protagonist's 'automatic daily routine' were highlighted as excellent features.The game won the awards for best arcade adventure and best advert of the year according to the readers of Crash,[9] as well as being the runner up for best game, and was also nominated in other categories, including best graphics.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reverse engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"A reverse engineering project to create portable C source code from the game's binary was started in 2012. The project reached a compiling state in January 2016.[10][11]","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	[{"title":"The Abbey of Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Abbey_of_Crime"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/entry/0002125","external_links_name":"The Great Escape"},{"Link":"http://www.lemon64.com/?game_id=1090","external_links_name":"The Great Escape"},{"Link":"http://www.cpczone.net/index.php?game=1038","external_links_name":"The Great Escape"},{"Link":"http://www.lemon64.com/?game_id=1090","external_links_name":"The Great Escape"},{"Link":"http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/ystop100_4.htm","external_links_name":"The YS Official Top 100 Part 4"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060816053829/http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/ystop100_4.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/greatescape.htm","external_links_name":"The Great Escape"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070304133557/http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/greatescape.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crashonline.org.uk/38/awards.htm","external_links_name":"THE 1986 CRASH READERS’ AWARDS"},{"Link":"https://github.com/dpt/The-Great-Escape","external_links_name":"The-Great-Escape"},{"Link":"http://slides.com/dpt/the-great-escape#/11","external_links_name":"The Great Escape"},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/game/great-escape","external_links_name":"The Great Escape (1986)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Elections	New York City Board of Elections	["1 History and criticism","2 Role and responsibilities","3 Organization and structure","4 List of commissioners","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	The Board of Elections in the City of New York (NYCBOE)Agency overviewJurisdictionNew York CityHeadquarters32 BroadwayNew York, New YorkEmployees920 (2020)Parent agencyNew York State Board of ElectionsKey documentElection LawWebsitevote.nyc The Board of Elections in the City of New York (NYCBOE) conducts New York elections within New York City, United States. It is an administrative body of ten Commissioners, two from each borough upon recommendation by both political parties and then appointed by the New York City Council for a term of four years. The NYCBOE has a longstanding history of nepotism and dysfunction. The structure of the NYCBOE is enshrined in the New York state constitution. One of New York state's last sources of patronage jobs, the NYCBOE is run in a bipartisan manner, as each job position held by a Democrat must have a duplicated position for a Republican. The staff in the organization are political appointees rather than professional staff. History and criticism The Board has come under fire for errors and mismanagement in a number of elections: After a closely fought special election for the state Senate in March 2012, two good-government groups, Common Cause New York and New York Public Interest Research Group, criticized the Board for a "byzantine" and "excruciating" vote-counting process attributable to "a paper-and-scissors, multiple-person process the city Board of Elections says it must, by state law, follow for vote tabulating and reporting." Similar complaints were raised following the June 2012 primary election, especially with respect to delays in accurate vote-counting and reporting for the closely fought New York's 13th congressional district Democratic primary. The election issues, which came after the Board's Manhattan headquarters were shut down by Hurricane Sandy, were criticized by the news media and the public, as well as Mayor Michael Bloomberg (who called the Board "worse than The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight"). Board members lamented the issues and decided to work to seek improvements to its processes, although they also rejected criticism as unfair. During the April 2016 primary election, many Brooklyn voters were surprised and angered to learn that they had been purged from the voting rolls (their voter registrations were canceled). The board's chief clerk in Brooklyn was suspended shortly after the primary. City Comptroller Scott M. Stringer and State Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman both opened investigations against the board, and in November 2016, Common Cause New York filed a lawsuit against the Board. The U.S. Department of Justice and the New York State Attorney General's Office both subsequently moved to join the lawsuit. The lawsuit alleged that the Board had improperly carried out a voter purge in late 2013 or early 2014 that violated federal law. The purge affected some 125,000 Democratic voters. It aimed to remove people who had not voted since 2008 from the voter rolls, but the lawsuit alleged that (1) the Board had failed to check whether the removed persons had died or moved out of the city, as required by federal law and (2) more than 4,100 of the voters flagged for removal had in fact voted at least once since 2008. In November 2017, the Board settled the lawsuit, entering into a consent decree in which the Board admitted that the purges were unlawful and agreed to reform and monitoring dealing with voter registration, list maintenance, and staff training; the Board also agreed "to review every voter registration cancelled since July 1, 2013, determine whether the cancellations were justified under law, and reinstate, to appropriate status, any registrations that were improperly cancelled." In September 2020, the Board was criticized after up to 100,000 Brooklyn voters received absentee ballots with incorrect names and addresses. The error involved "mismatched names and addresses on the outer and inner mail-back envelopes" and was attributed to a vendor's printing error. The mayor and voters criticized the BOE for the failure. In the 2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary, the Board of Elections erroneously included 135,000 test ballots in the initial preliminary, unofficial release of ranked-choice voting results. After the error was identified, the BOE took down the faulty tabulations. Role and responsibilities The Board of Elections in the City of New York, as provided under Election Law § 3-200, is responsible for conducting elections, including primary, special and general elections; handling voter registration and the maintenance of voter records; handling candidate petitions, documents, and campaign finance disclosures; and conducting voter outreach and education. Organization and structure The Board is made up of ten commissioners, two from each of the five boroughs of New York City, appointed by the City Council for four-year terms. One member from each borough is appointed by each of the two parties whose candidates got the most votes in the last gubernatorial election. Since the top two candidates in the last election represented the Republican Party and the Democratic Party, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party get five representatives each on the Board of Elections. The ten Commissioners meet once a week. Day-to-day operations of the BOE are led by an appointed Executive Director and Deputy Executive Director, who oversee a "similar bipartisan arrangement of over 351 deputies, clerks and other personnel ensures that no one party controls the Board of Elections." The Board of Elections is one of New York state's last sources of traditional patronage jobs. City & State notes, "The Board of Elections is unique in that it is one of the city's few truly bipartisan administrative bodies, with five commissioners from each party overseeing its operations. While members consider this structure the best way to run fair and balanced elections, others contend that it engenders gridlock, as commissioners from both parties are not necessarily working toward a common interest but instead trying to ensure that the elections play out in their party's favor." For example, former state Assemblyman Michael Benjamin, who formerly was an elections clerk in the Bronx, "said that he witnessed firsthand the hyperpartisan nature of the board when two deputy clerks in Brooklyn and Staten Island gave conflicting instructions to their staff and refused to work together, creating confusion on the ground level" that inhibited the ability of the mayor and City Council to trust the Board to properly use funding. Efforts to reform the BOE have failed, in part because modifying its state structure would require changes to the state Constitution. The mayor has no power over the BOE. Mayor Michael Bloomberg was a vocal critic of the Board, which was the subject of complaints over its administration of elections; Bloomberg called for the Board to become a mayoral agency rather than an independent body. List of commissioners Current commissioners Borough Commissioner Commissioner Manhattan Jenny Low (D) Frederic M. Umane (R) The Bronx Jodi Morales (D) Gino A. Marmorato (R) Brooklyn Rodney L. Pepe-Souvenir (D) (President) Simon Shamoun (R) (Secretary) Queens Jose Miguel Araujo (D) Keith Sullivan (R) Staten Island Patricia Anne Taylor (D) Michael J. Coppotelli (R) See also New York State Board of Elections List of electronic voting machines in New York state References ^ "Fiscal Year 2020 New York City Government Workforce Profile Report". New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services. Retrieved February 13, 2023 – via shinyapp.io. ^ a b c d Rosenthal, Brian M.; Rothfeld, Michael (2020-10-26). "Inside Decades of Nepotism and Bungling at the N.Y.C. Elections Board". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ a b Katie Glueck (June 29, 2021). "New York Mayor's Race in Chaos After Elections Board Counts 135,000 Test Ballots". New York Times. the Board of Elections, which has long been plagued by dysfunction and nepotism ^ a b c d Anne Barnard, Andy Newman & Dana Rubinstein, Many Try to Reform N.Y.C. Election Board. None Succeed., New York Times (June 30, 2021). ^ a b c d Dana Rubinstein & Luis Ferré-Sadurní, Nearly 100,000 Defective Absentee Ballots Sent to N.Y.C. Voter, New York Times (September 29, 2020): The problems in New York are yet another blemish for the New York City Board of Elections, which is run by a board of Democrats and Republicans, and has a long history of mismanaging elections. ^ "'Byzantine' Vote-Counting Process In NYC Draws Criticism". Associated Press. March 31, 2012. ^ a b c Chen, David W. (July 11, 2012). "New York City Elections Board Chafes at Criticism, but Seeks Improvements". New York Times. ^ a b c d Nick Powell (November 19, 2012). "New York City Board of Elections: Unlucky or Incompetent?". Archived from the original on 2013-05-18. ^ a b c Vivian Yee (April 23, 2016). "Routine Voter Purge Is Cited in Brooklyn Election Trouble". New York Times. ^ a b c d Vivian Yee (January 12, 2017). "Justice Dept. Seeks to Join Suit Over 117,000 Purged Brooklyn Voters". New York Times. ^ a b City Board of Elections Admits It Broke the Law, Accepts Reforms, WNYC News (October 24, 2017). ^ A.G. Schneiderman Announces Major Settlement With NYC Board Of Elections Over Voter Registration Purges, New York State Attorney General's Office (November 1, 2017). ^ Lines Stretch for Blocks as New Yorkers Turn Out for Early Voting, New York Times (October 24, 2020). ^ Board of Elections of the City of New York 2010 Annual Report. ^ a b Annual Report 2017, New York City Board of Elections. ^ a b Azi Paybarah, An accidental revolution at the Board of Elections, Politico (February 8, 2013). ^ "Commissioners & Management \| NYC Board of Elections". vote.nyc. Retrieved 2021-06-30. External links vote.nyc — official website since 2019 www.vote.nyc.ny.us — official website until 2019 vteGovernment of New York CityNew York City CharterElected officials Mayor List Public Advocate Comptroller City Council Borough Presidents List Independent organs Board of Correction Board of Elections Civil Court Criminal Court Independent Budget Office Departments Aging Buildings Children's Services City Planning Citywide Administrative Services The City Record Consumer and Worker Protection Correction Cultural Affairs Design & Construction Education Board Chancellor Emergency Management Environmental Protection Finance Sheriff's Office Fire Commissioner Health & Mental Hygiene Commissioner Homeless Services Housing Preservation & Development Human Resources Investigation Landmarks Preservation Commission Law Management and Budget Parks & Recreation Police Commissioner Probation Records & Information Services Sanitation Small Business Services Technology and Innovation Transportation Youth & Community Development Other agencies City University of New York Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings Business Integrity Commission Conflicts of Interest Board Economic Development Corporation Office of Chief Medical Examiner Health & Hospitals Corporation Housing Authority Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre & Broadcasting NYC Media Group New York City School Construction Authority Taxi & Limousine Commission Five boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Community boards The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island vteElection commissions in the United StatesFederal Election CommissionState California Fair Political Practices Commission Florida Election Commission Illinois State Board of Elections Maryland State Board of Elections New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission New York State Board of Elections North Carolina State Board of Elections Oklahoma State Election Board Virginia State Board of Elections Wisconsin Elections Commission Municipal & territorial New York City Board of Elections Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Council"},{"link_name":"nepotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glueck-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"patronage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patronage-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The Board of Elections in the City of New York (NYCBOE) conducts New York elections within New York City, United States. It is an administrative body of ten Commissioners, two from each borough upon recommendation by both political parties and then appointed by the New York City Council for a term of four years.The NYCBOE has a longstanding history of nepotism and dysfunction.[2][3] The structure of the NYCBOE is enshrined in the New York state constitution.[2] One of New York state's last sources of patronage jobs,[4] the NYCBOE is run in a bipartisan manner, as each job position held by a Democrat must have a duplicated position for a Republican.[2] The staff in the organization are political appointees rather than professional staff.[2]","title":"New York City Board of Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubinstein-5"},{"link_name":"special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_election"},{"link_name":"state Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Common Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Cause"},{"link_name":"New York Public Interest Research Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New York's 13th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_13th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen-7"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-8"},{"link_name":"Michael Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg"},{"link_name":"The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gang_That_Couldn%27t_Shoot_Straight"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee2016-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee2017-10"},{"link_name":"Scott M. Stringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_M._Stringer"},{"link_name":"Eric T. Schneiderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_T._Schneiderman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee2017-10"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee2016-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reforms2017-11"},{"link_name":"New York State Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reforms2017-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee2017-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee2016-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee2017-10"},{"link_name":"consent decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_decree"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubinstein-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubinstein-5"},{"link_name":"2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_New_York_City_Democratic_mayoral_primary"},{"link_name":"ranked-choice voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glueck-3"}],"text":"The Board has come under fire for errors and mismanagement in a number of elections:[5]After a closely fought special election for the state Senate in March 2012, two good-government groups, Common Cause New York and New York Public Interest Research Group, criticized the Board for a \"byzantine\" and \"excruciating\" vote-counting process attributable to \"a paper-and-scissors, multiple-person process the city Board of Elections says it must, by state law, follow for vote tabulating and reporting.\"[6] Similar complaints were raised following the June 2012 primary election, especially with respect to delays in accurate vote-counting and reporting for the closely fought New York's 13th congressional district Democratic primary.[7] The election issues, which came after the Board's Manhattan headquarters were shut down by Hurricane Sandy,[8] were criticized by the news media and the public,[7][8] as well as Mayor Michael Bloomberg (who called the Board \"worse than The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight\"). Board members lamented the issues and decided to work to seek improvements to its processes, although they also rejected criticism as unfair.[7]\nDuring the April 2016 primary election, many Brooklyn voters were surprised and angered to learn that they had been purged from the voting rolls (their voter registrations were canceled). The board's chief clerk in Brooklyn was suspended shortly after the primary.[9][10] City Comptroller Scott M. Stringer and State Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman both opened investigations against the board, and in November 2016, Common Cause New York filed a lawsuit against the Board.[10] The U.S. Department of Justice[9][11] and the New York State Attorney General's Office both subsequently moved to join the lawsuit.[11] The lawsuit alleged that the Board had improperly carried out a voter purge in late 2013 or early 2014 that violated federal law.[10] The purge affected some 125,000 Democratic voters.[9] It aimed to remove people who had not voted since 2008 from the voter rolls, but the lawsuit alleged that (1) the Board had failed to check whether the removed persons had died or moved out of the city, as required by federal law and (2) more than 4,100 of the voters flagged for removal had in fact voted at least once since 2008.[10] In November 2017, the Board settled the lawsuit, entering into a consent decree in which the Board admitted that the purges were unlawful and agreed to reform and monitoring dealing with voter registration, list maintenance, and staff training; the Board also agreed \"to review every voter registration cancelled since July 1, 2013, determine whether the cancellations were justified under law, and reinstate, to appropriate status, any registrations that were improperly cancelled.\"[12]\nIn September 2020, the Board was criticized after up to 100,000 Brooklyn voters received absentee ballots with incorrect names and addresses.[13] The error involved \"mismatched names and addresses on the outer and inner mail-back envelopes\" and was attributed to a vendor's printing error.[5] The mayor and voters criticized the BOE for the failure.[5]\nIn the 2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary, the Board of Elections erroneously included 135,000 test ballots in the initial preliminary, unofficial release of ranked-choice voting results. After the error was identified, the BOE took down the faulty tabulations.[3]","title":"History and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Election Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Laws_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"§ 3-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/ELN/3-200"},{"link_name":"voter registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Board of Elections in the City of New York, as provided under Election Law § 3-200, is responsible for conducting elections, including primary, special and general elections; handling voter registration and the maintenance of voter records; handling candidate petitions, documents, and campaign finance disclosures; and conducting voter outreach and education.[14]","title":"Role and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017AnnaualRpt-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017AnnaualRpt-15"},{"link_name":"patronage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patronage-4"},{"link_name":"City & State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_%26_State"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-8"},{"link_name":"Michael Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Benjamin_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patronage-4"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubinstein-5"},{"link_name":"Michael Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patronage-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paybarah-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paybarah-16"}],"text":"The Board is made up of ten commissioners, two from each of the five boroughs of New York City, appointed by the City Council for four-year terms. One member from each borough is appointed by each of the two parties whose candidates got the most votes in the last gubernatorial election. Since the top two candidates in the last election represented the Republican Party and the Democratic Party, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party get five representatives each on the Board of Elections. The ten Commissioners meet once a week.[15] Day-to-day operations of the BOE are led by an appointed Executive Director and Deputy Executive Director, who oversee a \"similar bipartisan arrangement of over 351 deputies, clerks and other personnel ensures that no one party controls the Board of Elections.\"[15]The Board of Elections is one of New York state's last sources of traditional patronage jobs.[4] City & State notes, \"The Board of Elections is unique in that it is one of the city's few truly bipartisan administrative bodies, with five commissioners from each party overseeing its operations. While members consider this structure the best way to run fair and balanced elections, others contend that it engenders gridlock, as commissioners from both parties are not necessarily working toward a common interest but instead trying to ensure that the elections play out in their party's favor.\"[8] For example, former state Assemblyman Michael Benjamin, who formerly was an elections clerk in the Bronx, \"said that he witnessed firsthand the hyperpartisan nature of the board when two deputy clerks in Brooklyn and Staten Island gave conflicting instructions to their staff and refused to work together, creating confusion on the ground level\" that inhibited the ability of the mayor and City Council to trust the Board to properly use funding.[8]Efforts to reform the BOE have failed, in part because modifying its state structure would require changes to the state Constitution.[4] The mayor has no power over the BOE.[5] Mayor Michael Bloomberg was a vocal critic of the Board,[4][16] which was the subject of complaints over its administration of elections; Bloomberg called for the Board to become a mayoral agency rather than an independent body.[16]","title":"Organization and structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of commissioners"}]	[]	[{"title":"New York State Board of Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Board_of_Elections"},{"title":"List of electronic voting machines in New York state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electronic_voting_machines_in_New_York_state"}]	[{"reference":"\"Fiscal Year 2020 New York City Government Workforce Profile Report\". New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services. Retrieved February 13, 2023 – via shinyapp.io.","urls":[{"url":"https://dcas.shinyapps.io/WFPR2020/","url_text":"\"Fiscal Year 2020 New York City Government Workforce Profile Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Citywide_Administrative_Services","url_text":"New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services"}]},{"reference":"Rosenthal, Brian M.; Rothfeld, Michael (2020-10-26). \"Inside Decades of Nepotism and Bungling at the N.Y.C. Elections Board\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/nyregion/nyc-voting-election-board.html","url_text":"\"Inside Decades of Nepotism and Bungling at the N.Y.C. Elections Board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Katie Glueck (June 29, 2021). \"New York Mayor's Race in Chaos After Elections Board Counts 135,000 Test Ballots\". New York Times. the Board of Elections, which has long been plagued by dysfunction and nepotism","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/29/nyregion/adams-garcia-wiley-mayor-ranked-choice.html","url_text":"\"New York Mayor's Race in Chaos After Elections Board Counts 135,000 Test Ballots\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Byzantine' Vote-Counting Process In NYC Draws Criticism\". Associated Press. March 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/03/31/byzantine-vote-counting-process-in-nyc-draws-criticism/","url_text":"\"'Byzantine' Vote-Counting Process In NYC Draws Criticism\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, David W. (July 11, 2012). \"New York City Elections Board Chafes at Criticism, but Seeks Improvements\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/nyregion/new-york-city-elections-board-chafes-at-criticism-but-seeks-improvements.html","url_text":"\"New York City Elections Board Chafes at Criticism, but Seeks Improvements\""}]},{"reference":"Nick Powell (November 19, 2012). \"New York City Board of Elections: Unlucky or Incompetent?\". Archived from the original on 2013-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130518163645/http://www.cityandstateny.com/new-york-city-board-of-elections-unlucky-or-incompetent/","url_text":"\"New York City Board of Elections: Unlucky or Incompetent?\""},{"url":"http://www.cityandstateny.com/new-york-city-board-of-elections-unlucky-or-incompetent/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vivian Yee (April 23, 2016). \"Routine Voter Purge Is Cited in Brooklyn Election Trouble\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivian_Yee&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Vivian Yee"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/23/nyregion/routine-voter-purge-is-cited-in-brooklyn-election-trouble.html","url_text":"\"Routine Voter Purge Is Cited in Brooklyn Election Trouble\""}]},{"reference":"Vivian Yee (January 12, 2017). \"Justice Dept. Seeks to Join Suit Over 117,000 Purged Brooklyn Voters\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivian_Yee&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Vivian Yee"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/nyregion/board-of-elections-brooklyn-votes.html","url_text":"\"Justice Dept. Seeks to Join Suit Over 117,000 Purged Brooklyn Voters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commissioners & Management \| NYC Board of Elections\". vote.nyc. Retrieved 2021-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://vote.nyc/page/commissioners-management","url_text":"\"Commissioners & Management \| NYC Board of Elections\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Board_of_Elections&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://vote.nyc/","external_links_name":"vote.nyc"},{"Link":"https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/ELN/3-200","external_links_name":"§ 3-200"},{"Link":"https://dcas.shinyapps.io/WFPR2020/","external_links_name":"\"Fiscal Year 2020 New York City Government Workforce Profile Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/nyregion/nyc-voting-election-board.html","external_links_name":"\"Inside Decades of Nepotism and Bungling at the N.Y.C. 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Voter"},{"Link":"https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/03/31/byzantine-vote-counting-process-in-nyc-draws-criticism/","external_links_name":"\"'Byzantine' Vote-Counting Process In NYC Draws Criticism\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/nyregion/new-york-city-elections-board-chafes-at-criticism-but-seeks-improvements.html","external_links_name":"\"New York City Elections Board Chafes at Criticism, but Seeks Improvements\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130518163645/http://www.cityandstateny.com/new-york-city-board-of-elections-unlucky-or-incompetent/","external_links_name":"\"New York City Board of Elections: Unlucky or Incompetent?\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityandstateny.com/new-york-city-board-of-elections-unlucky-or-incompetent/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/23/nyregion/routine-voter-purge-is-cited-in-brooklyn-election-trouble.html","external_links_name":"\"Routine Voter Purge Is Cited in Brooklyn Election Trouble\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/nyregion/board-of-elections-brooklyn-votes.html","external_links_name":"\"Justice Dept. Seeks to Join Suit Over 117,000 Purged Brooklyn Voters\""},{"Link":"https://www.wnyc.org/story/city-board-elections-admits-it-broke-law-accepts-reforms/","external_links_name":"City Board of Elections Admits It Broke the Law, Accepts Reforms"},{"Link":"https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2017/ag-schneiderman-announces-major-settlement-nyc-board-elections-over-voter","external_links_name":"A.G. Schneiderman Announces Major Settlement With NYC Board Of Elections Over Voter Registration Purges"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/24/nyregion/new-york-early-voting.html","external_links_name":"Lines Stretch for Blocks as New Yorkers Turn Out for Early Voting"},{"Link":"http://vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/documents/boe/AnnualReports/BOEAnnualReport10.pdf","external_links_name":"Board of Elections of the City of New York 2010 Annual Report"},{"Link":"https://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/downloads/pdf/documents/boe/AnnualReports/BOEAnnualReport17.pdf","external_links_name":"Annual Report 2017"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2013/02/an-accidental-revolution-at-the-board-of-elections-000000","external_links_name":"An accidental revolution at the Board of Elections"},{"Link":"https://vote.nyc/page/commissioners-management","external_links_name":"\"Commissioners & Management \| NYC Board of Elections\""},{"Link":"https://vote.nyc/","external_links_name":"vote.nyc"},{"Link":"http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/","external_links_name":"www.vote.nyc.ny.us"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/156049927","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88227655","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Quittmeyer	Susan Quittmeyer	["1 References"]	American mezzo-soprano (born 1953) Susan QuittmeyerBirth nameSusan Louise QuittmeyerBorn1953 (age 70–71)OriginUnited StatesGenresOperaOccupation(s)Mezzo-sopranoMusical artist Susan Louise Quittmeyer (born 1953) is an American mezzo-soprano. Raised in Port Washington, New York, she attended Illinois Wesleyan University, and is a 1978 graduate of the Manhattan School of Music. She created the roles of Hermione in John Harbison's A Winter's Tale in 1979 and Elmire in Kirke Mechem's Tartuffe in 1980, both for San Francisco Opera's American Opera Project, and sang Ariel in the world premiere of John Eaton's The Tempest in 1985 at Santa Fe Opera. With her husband, the bass-baritone James Morris, she has twin children, Daniel and Jennifer. A previous marriage ended in divorce. She made her European debut in 1985 at the Opéra du Rhin as the Composer in Ariadne auf Naxos, and bowed at the Metropolitan Opera as Nicklausse in Les Contes d'Hoffmann in 1987, a performance which also marked the company debut of conductor Charles Dutoit, and which was telecast on PBS. In total she performed at the Met 41 times over five seasons. Currently Quittmeyer teaches voice at the Mason Gross School of the Arts. References ^ a b c d "Susan Quittmeyer, Mezzo-Soprano – Mason Gross School of the Arts". Retrieved 14 January 2017. ^ Music, Manhattan School of. "1990s". Retrieved 14 January 2017. ^ Ken Wlaschin (2006). Encyclopedia of American Opera. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2109-1. ^ Kelly, Denis J. "World-class singer charms audience, wins two encores at benefit for Warren Public Schools", Echoes-Sentinel, March 6, 2009. Accessed October 21, 2015. "Acclaimed Metropolitan opera star James Morris, who lives in Warren Township, charmed an audience of more than 250 on Saturday, Feb. 28, at the performing arts center at Watchung Hills Regional High School." ^ "Susan Quittmeyer Weds James Morris". The New York Times. 4 January 1987. Retrieved 14 January 2017. ^ "Les Contes d'Hoffmann". Inmagic, Inc. Retrieved 14 January 2017. ^ "Susan Quittmeyer at the Metropolitan Opera Archives". Inmagic, Inc. Retrieved 14 January 2017. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data United States Poland This article about an American opera singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mezzo-soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzo-soprano"},{"link_name":"Port Washington, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Washington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Illinois Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rutgers.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Manhattan School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John Harbison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harbison"},{"link_name":"Kirke Mechem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke_Mechem"},{"link_name":"Tartuffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartuffe_(Mechem)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera"},{"link_name":"John Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eaton_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Opera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wlaschin2006-3"},{"link_name":"James Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Morris_(bass-baritone)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Opéra du Rhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_du_Rhin"},{"link_name":"Ariadne auf Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Les Contes d'Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rutgers.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Dutoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dutoit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rutgers.edu-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mason Gross School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_Gross_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rutgers.edu-1"}],"text":"Musical artistSusan Louise Quittmeyer (born 1953) is an American mezzo-soprano. Raised in Port Washington, New York, she attended Illinois Wesleyan University,[1]\nand is a 1978 graduate of the Manhattan School of Music.[2] She created the roles of Hermione in John Harbison's A Winter's Tale in 1979 and Elmire in Kirke Mechem's Tartuffe in 1980, both for San Francisco Opera's American Opera Project, and sang Ariel in the world premiere of John Eaton's The Tempest in 1985 at Santa Fe Opera.[3] With her husband, the bass-baritone James Morris, she has twin children, Daniel and Jennifer.[4] A previous marriage ended in divorce.[5] She made her European debut in 1985 at the Opéra du Rhin as the Composer in Ariadne auf Naxos, and bowed at the Metropolitan Opera as Nicklausse in Les Contes d'Hoffmann in 1987,[1] a performance which also marked the company debut of conductor Charles Dutoit,[6] and which was telecast on PBS.[1] In total she performed at the Met 41 times over five seasons.[7] Currently Quittmeyer teaches voice at the Mason Gross School of the Arts.[1]","title":"Susan Quittmeyer"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Susan Quittmeyer, Mezzo-Soprano – Mason Gross School of the Arts\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Bradford_(1863-1932)	Gamaliel Bradford (biographer)	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Bibliography","4.1 Articles","5 References","6 External links"]	American writer For other people with this name, see Gamaliel Bradford. Gamaliel Bradford VIBorn(1863-10-09)October 9, 1863Boston, Massachusetts, USDiedApril 11, 1932(1932-04-11) (aged 68)Wellesley, Massachusetts, USNationality AmericanOccupationbiographerSpouseHelen Hubbard FordChildren2Signature Gamaliel Bradford VI (October 9, 1863 – April 11, 1932) was an American biographer, critic, poet, and dramatist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, the sixth of seven men called Gamaliel Bradford in unbroken succession, of whom the first, Gamaliel Bradford, was a great-grandson of Governor William Bradford of the Plymouth Colony. His grandfather, Dr. Gamaliel Bradford of Boston, was a noted abolitionist. Early life In 1886, Bradford married Helen Hubbard Ford. The couple would go on to have two children: Gamaliel Bradford VII (18 June 1888–8 August 1910), a Harvard graduate and Boston banker for Norman Wait Harris who died at 22 from suicide at the Kendall Hotel in Cambridge, Massachusetts, shooting himself after a young woman who was engaged refused to marry him instead; and Sarah Rice Bradford (1 July 1892–September 1972). Bradford attended Harvard University briefly with the class of 1886, then continued his education with a private tutor, but is said to have been educated "mainly by ill-health and a vagrant imagination." As an adult, Bradford lived in Wellesley, Massachusetts. The building and student newspaper for the Wellesley High School (where Sylvia Plath received her secondary school education) were named after Gamaliel Bradford. The town changed the name of the building to Wellesley High School, but the newspaper maintains Bradford's name. Career In his day Bradford was regarded as the "Dean of American Biographers." He is acknowledged as the American pioneer of the psychographic form of written biographies, after the style developed by Lytton Strachey. Despite suffering poor health during most of his life, Bradford wrote 114 biographies over a period of 20 years. c. 1925 He was friends with fellow Harvard University graduate and poet, George Faunce Whitcomb, as he inscribed the book, Jewels of Romance with the words: "To Gamaliel Bradford with deepest gratitude, George Faunce Whitcomb, Easter 1930, Brookline, Massachusetts". Death Bradford died on April 11, 1932, in Wellesley, Massachusetts. Bibliography A Pageant of Life (poetry) A Prophet of Joy (poetry) Shadow Verses (poetry) Unmade in Heaven (drama), 1917. Lee, the American, 1912. American Portraits, 1875-1900 Union Portraits, 1916. Confederate Portraits, 1914. Portraits of Women Portraits of American Women, 1919. Wives, 1925. Darwin, 1926. Saints and Sinners, 1932. A Naturalist of Souls: Studies in Psychography (reprinted in part from various periodicals), 1917. Life and I (autobiography) Elizabethan Women, 1936. Articles "Government in the United States," The Contemporary Review, Vol. XLVIII, July/December 1885. "Municipal Government," Scribners, October 1887. "A Hero's Conscience: A Study of Robert E. Lee," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CVI, December 1910, pp. 730–39. "Journalism and Permanence," The North American Review, August 1915. "A Confederate Pepys," The American Mercury, December 1925. References ^ "Gamaliel Bradford" Encyclopædia Britannica: History & Society: ^ Mathews, James W. (1991). "Dr. Gamaliel Bradford (1795-1839), Early Abolitionist" (PDF). Historical Journal of Massachusetts. 19 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017. ^ "YOUNG BRADFORD A SUICIDE.; Gamaliel, 3d, Shoots Himself In Hotel -- Young Woman Refused to Wed Him". The New York Times. August 9, 1910. Retrieved April 26, 2024. ^ Bradford, Gamaliel VI. "Gamaliel Bradford VI Papers" (PDF). The Wellesley Historical Society. Retrieved April 26, 2024. ^ Braithwaite, William Stanley, ed.. Anthology of Magazine Verse for 1919: and Year Book of American Poetry. Small, Maynard & Company. 1919. p.301. ^ The Bradford Archived October 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ Alexander, Paul. Rough Magic: A Biography of Sylvia Plath. ^ "Bradford, Gamaliel". (2009). In Student Encyclopædia. Retrieved November 24, 2009, from Britannica Online for Kids. ^ Colby, Frank Moore; Sandeman, George. Nelson's Encyclopaedia. p. 341. ^ Whitcomb, George Faunce (1922). Jewels of Romance. Boston: The G. R. Willis & Co., Inc. p. 3. ^ "Gamaliel Bradford Dies in Wellesley". The Boston Globe. Wellesley (published April 12, 1932). April 11, 1932. p. 17. Retrieved March 27, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. "Gamaliel Bradford" Encyclopædia Britannica: Online, student article; on-line source, accessed: May 4, 2007. Bradford, Gamaliel, 1863-1932. Correspondence: Guide; Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University; on-line source, accessed: May 4, 2007. External links Works by or about Gamaliel Bradford at Internet Archive Works by Gamaliel Bradford at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Gamaliel Bradford letters at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gamaliel Bradford (biographer). Wikisource has original works by or about:Gamaliel Bradford Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican People Trove Other SNAC 2 IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gamaliel Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Bradford_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Gamaliel Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Bradford_(privateersman)"},{"link_name":"William Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_(Plymouth_governor)"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony"},{"link_name":"Gamaliel Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Bradford_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other people with this name, see Gamaliel Bradford.Gamaliel Bradford VI (October 9, 1863 – April 11, 1932)[1] was an American biographer, critic, poet, and dramatist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, the sixth of seven men called Gamaliel Bradford in unbroken succession, of whom the first, Gamaliel Bradford, was a great-grandson of Governor William Bradford of the Plymouth Colony. His grandfather, Dr. Gamaliel Bradford of Boston, was a noted abolitionist.[2]","title":"Gamaliel Bradford (biographer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"banker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker"},{"link_name":"Norman Wait Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Wait_Harris"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"Kendall Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wellesley, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wellesley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_High_School"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Plath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Plath"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1886, Bradford married Helen Hubbard Ford. The couple would go on to have two children: Gamaliel Bradford VII (18 June 1888–8 August 1910), a Harvard graduate and Boston banker for Norman Wait Harris who died at 22 from suicide at the Kendall Hotel in Cambridge, Massachusetts, shooting himself after a young woman who was engaged refused to marry him instead;[3] and Sarah Rice Bradford (1 July 1892–September 1972).[4]Bradford attended Harvard University briefly with the class of 1886, then continued his education with a private tutor, but is said to have been educated \"mainly by ill-health and a vagrant imagination.\"[5] As an adult, Bradford lived in Wellesley, Massachusetts.The building and student newspaper[6] for the Wellesley High School (where Sylvia Plath received her secondary school education[7]) were named after Gamaliel Bradford. The town changed the name of the building to Wellesley High School, but the newspaper maintains Bradford's name.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"psychographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychographic"},{"link_name":"Lytton Strachey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytton_Strachey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamaliel_Bradford_VI_(1863%E2%80%931932)_c._1925.png"},{"link_name":"Brookline, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In his day Bradford was regarded as the \"Dean of American Biographers.\"[8] He is acknowledged as the American pioneer of the psychographic form of written biographies, after the style developed by Lytton Strachey.[9] Despite suffering poor health during most of his life, Bradford wrote 114 biographies over a period of 20 years.c. 1925He was friends with fellow Harvard University graduate and poet, George Faunce Whitcomb, as he inscribed the book, Jewels of Romance with the words: \"To Gamaliel Bradford with deepest gratitude, George Faunce Whitcomb, Easter 1930, Brookline, Massachusetts\".[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellesley, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Bradford died on April 11, 1932, in Wellesley, Massachusetts.[11]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unmade in Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000784980"},{"link_name":"Lee, the American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hQ0qAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"Union Portraits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LhZxc-aWzyEC"},{"link_name":"Confederate Portraits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000318869"},{"link_name":"Portraits of American Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000330976"},{"link_name":"Wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=B1MaAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"A Naturalist of Souls: Studies in Psychography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006672240"}],"text":"A Pageant of Life (poetry)\nA Prophet of Joy (poetry)\nShadow Verses (poetry)\nUnmade in Heaven (drama), 1917.\nLee, the American, 1912.\nAmerican Portraits, 1875-1900\nUnion Portraits, 1916.\nConfederate Portraits, 1914.\nPortraits of Women\nPortraits of American Women, 1919.\nWives, 1925.\nDarwin, 1926.\nSaints and Sinners, 1932.\nA Naturalist of Souls: Studies in Psychography (reprinted in part from various periodicals), 1917.\nLife and I (autobiography)\nElizabethan Women, 1936.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Government in the United States,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev27unkngoog#page/n872/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"A Hero's Conscience: A Study of Robert E. Lee,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/atlantic106bostuoft/page/730/mode/1up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"\"Government in the United States,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. XLVIII, July/December 1885.\n\"Municipal Government,\" Scribners, October 1887.\n\"A Hero's Conscience: A Study of Robert E. Lee,\" The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CVI, December 1910, pp. 730–39.\n\"Journalism and Permanence,\" The North American Review, August 1915.\n\"A Confederate Pepys,\" The American Mercury, December 1925.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"c. 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gamaliel_Bradford_VI_%281863%E2%80%931932%29_c._1925.png/200px-Gamaliel_Bradford_VI_%281863%E2%80%931932%29_c._1925.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mathews, James W. (1991). \"Dr. Gamaliel Bradford (1795-1839), Early Abolitionist\" (PDF). 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Retrieved April 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6436f3738de79638c5b94c37/t/649b41cdfeeb722e3f90536f/1687896525657/BRADFORD+finding+aid.pdf","url_text":"\"Gamaliel Bradford VI Papers\""}]},{"reference":"Whitcomb, George Faunce (1922). Jewels of Romance. Boston: The G. R. Willis & Co., Inc. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Jewels_of_Romance.pdf/3","url_text":"Jewels of Romance"}]},{"reference":"\"Gamaliel Bradford Dies in Wellesley\". The Boston Globe. Wellesley (published April 12, 1932). April 11, 1932. p. 17. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Howard_(baseball_player)	Frank Howard (baseball)	["1 Early life","2 Professional career","2.1 Los Angeles Dodgers","2.2 Washington Senators","2.3 Later career","2.4 As manager and coach","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	American baseball player, coach, and manager (1936–2023) Baseball player Frank HowardHoward with the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1962Outfielder / First basemanBorn: (1936-08-08)August 8, 1936Columbus, Ohio, U.S.Died: October 30, 2023(2023-10-30) (aged 87)Aldie, Virginia, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 10, 1958, for the Los Angeles DodgersLast MLB appearanceSeptember 30, 1973, for the Detroit TigersMLB statisticsBatting average.273Home runs382Runs batted in1,119 TeamsAs player Los Angeles Dodgers (1958–1964) Washington Senators / Texas Rangers (1965–1972) Detroit Tigers (1972–1973) Taiheiyo Club Lions (1974) As manager San Diego Padres (1981) New York Mets (1983) As coach Milwaukee Brewers (1977–1980) New York Mets (1982–1984) Milwaukee Brewers (1985–1986) Seattle Mariners (1987–1988) New York Yankees (1989, 1991–1993) New York Mets (1994–1996) Tampa Bay Devil Rays (1998–1999) Career highlights and awards 4× All-Star (1968–1971) World Series champion (1963) NL Rookie of the Year (1960) 2× AL home run leader (1968, 1970) AL RBI leader (1970) Washington Nationals Ring of Honor Frank Oliver Howard (August 8, 1936 – October 30, 2023), nicknamed "Hondo", "the Washington Monument" and "the Capital Punisher", was an American professional baseball player, coach, and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played most of his career for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Washington Senators/Texas Rangers franchises. One of the most physically intimidating players in the sport, Howard was 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) tall and weighed between 275 and 295 pounds (125 and 134 kg), according to former Senators/Rangers trainer Bill Zeigler. Howard was named the National League's Rookie of the Year in 1960 for the Dodgers. He twice led the American League in home runs, and total bases and once each in slugging percentage, runs batted in, and walks. Howard was a four-time MLB All-Star. He hit 382 career home runs and was inducted into the Washington Nationals Ring of Honor after his retirement. Early life Frank Oliver Howard was born on August 8, 1936, in Columbus, Ohio, to John and Erma Howard, the third of six children. His father was a machinist for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and had played semi-professional baseball, later on encouraging his son's interest in the game. Howard attended South High School in Columbus, Ohio, and Ohio State University, where he played college baseball and college basketball for the Ohio State Buckeyes. He was an All-American in both basketball and baseball. He averaged 20.1 points and 15.3 rebounds per game in 1957, and was drafted the following year by the Philadelphia Warriors of the National Basketball Association. Professional career Los Angeles Dodgers Howard in 1960 Howard instead signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers organization in 1958 for a $108,000 signing bonus ($1,056,055 in current dollar terms). Howard spent the 1958 season with the Green Bay Bluejays of the Class B Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League. He led the league with 37 home runs and 119 runs batted in (RBIs). The Dodgers briefly promoted him to the major leagues after his minor league season, and he hit his first MLB home run on his 29th at bat. He then began the 1959 season with the Victoria Rosebuds of the Double-A Texas League, and he hit .356 with 27 home runs and 79 RBIs in 261 at-bats before the Dodgers again promoted Howard to the major leagues. He batted .105 in 19 at bats for the Dodgers before they demoted him to the Spokane Indians of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League on July 1. In 76 games for Spokane, Howard had a .319 average, 16 home runs, and 47 RBIs across 295 at bats. He won The Sporting News Minor League Player of the Year Award. Howard began the 1960 season in Spokane, and was promoted to the Dodgers after batting .371 in 26 games. He succeeded former Brooklyn Dodger All-Star Carl Furillo as Los Angeles' right fielder in 1960. He was named the NL's Rookie of the Year after batting .268 with 23 home runs and 77 RBIs. His teammates gave him the nickname "Hondo" after the character in a John Wayne film. He missed the beginning of the 1961 season due to a chipped bone in the thumb on his right hand. He became a platoon outfielder, starting 72 games and batting .296 with 15 home runs. In 1962, Howard batted .296 with 31 home runs and finished among the NL's top five players in RBIs (119) and slugging (.560). He won the NL Player of the Month award in July with a .381 average, 12 home runs, and 41 RBIs. The season ended with the Dodgers and San Francisco Giants tied for first place. In the three-game pennant playoff that followed Howard had only a single in 11 at-bats and struck out three times against Billy Pierce in the first game, including the final out; but he had a run and an RBI in the second contest, an 8–7 win. The Giants took the pennant in three games, but Howard ended up ninth in the MLB Most Valuable Player award voting. In 1963, Howard's production dropped off to a .273 average, 28 homers, and 64 RBIs; but the Dodgers won the pennant, and his upper-deck solo home run off Whitey Ford broke a scoreless tie in the fifth inning of Game 4 of the World Series, helping Los Angeles to a 2–1 win and a sweep of the New York Yankees. He batted .226 with 24 home runs in 1964. Washington Senators On December 4, 1964, the Dodgers traded Howard, Phil Ortega, Pete Richert, and Dick Nen to the Washington Senators for Claude Osteen, John Kennedy, and cash. Howard went from a fourth outfielder with Los Angeles to an every day player with the Senators. In 1965, his first season in Washington, he batted .289 with 21 home runs in 143 games. In 1967, Howard hit 36 home runs, third in the AL behind Harmon Killebrew and Carl Yastrzemski. During a one-week stretch from May 12–18, 1968, Howard hit 10 home runs in 20 at bats. He hit 13 home runs in 16 games. Howard finished the season leading the AL with 44 home runs, a .552 slugging percentage and 330 total bases, and was second to Ken Harrelson with 106 RBIs; he made his first of four consecutive All-Star teams that year. Beginning in 1968, Howard appeared semi-regularly at first base in order to limit the wear and tear of playing the outfield daily. With the Senators, Howard received the nickname "the Capitol Punisher". Ted Williams became manager of the Senators in 1969, and he helped Howard to become a more patient hitter. He encouraged Howard to lay off the first fastball he saw, and work pitchers deeper into the count, advice which resulted in Howard's walk totals nearly doubling and 45 fewer strikeouts the first year. A year later, Howard added 32 more walks to lead the AL with 132. In 1969, Howard hit 48 home runs (one behind Killebrew's league lead), 111 runs (second in the AL to Reggie Jackson), a .296 batting average, and a .574 slugging mark. The Senators had their best year ever, 86–76, but still finished far behind the Baltimore Orioles in the Eastern Division. He again led the AL with 340 total bases, the most ever by a Washington player, and added 111 RBIs; his fourth-place finish in the MVP vote was the highest of his career. In 1970, he led the AL both in home runs (44) and RBI (126); his 132 walks in that year also topped the league. On September 2, he received three intentional walks from flamethrowing southpaw Sam McDowell—two of them to lead off an inning. McDowell moved to play second base when Howard came up to bat in the eighth inning. He came in fifth in the 1970 MVP race, and received one first-place vote. Howard hit the last regular-season home run for the Senators in RFK Stadium in his final at bat on September 30, 1971, off Yankees pitcher Mike Kekich. After waving to the cheering fans, Howard tossed his hat into the stands, and blew a kiss to the crowd. After the game he said, "What can a guy do to top this? A guy like me has maybe five big thrills in his lifetime. Well, this was my biggest tonight. I'll take it to the grave with me. This was Utopia. I can't do anything else like it. It's all downhill the rest of the way." Later career The Senators moved to Dallas/Fort Worth in 1972, becoming the Texas Rangers. Howard hit the first ever home run for the Rangers, but batted only .244 with nine home runs in 95 games before his contract was sold to the Detroit Tigers in August for the $20,000 waiver price. He platooned with Norm Cash at first base and batted .242. He was not eligible for the Tigers' 1972 postseason roster as he reported to the Tigers after the September 1 deadline. As the Tigers' designated hitter in 1973, Howard batted .256 with 12 home runs and 29 RBIs. The Tigers released Howard after the season. Unable to find a job in the majors in 1974, Howard signed to play in Japan's Pacific League for the Taiheiyo Club Lions. In his first at bat there he hurt his back on a swing, and never played again. In 16 major league seasons Howard batted .273 with 382 home runs. As manager and coach Howard in 2009 Following his retirement as a player, the Milwaukee Brewers hired Howard to manage Spokane for the 1976 season. Howard was the hitting coach and then the first base coach for the Brewers from 1977 to 1980 for managers Alex Grammas and George Bamberger before being named manager of the San Diego Padres before the 1981 season. The Padres finished in last place in both halves of that strike-shortened season, and Howard was fired. Their 41–69 overall record was MLB's worst that season, with their .373 winning percentage the lowest in the Padres' history since they were 52–110 (.321) in their inaugural season in 1969. Howard became the third base coach with the New York Mets in 1982, where Bamberger was the manager, and took over as manager after Bamberger's resignation in June 1983. Howard managed the last 116 games of the 1983 season. The Mets finished in last place and the Mets did not retain Howard as manager. Instead, he returned as the first base coach the following season. Howard rejoined Bamberger with the Brewers as their hitting and first base coach in 1985 and was fired after the 1986 season. He became a first base coach for the Seattle Mariners in 1987. Howard was the hitting and first base coach the New York Yankees from 1989 to 1993, the first base coach for the Mets from 1994 to 1996, and the bench coach for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays from 1998 to 1999. From 2000 to 2008, he worked for the Yankees as a player development instructor. The Washington Nationals inducted Howard in their Ring of Honor in August 2016. Personal life Howard was married twice. His first marriage was to Carol Johanski, a secretary who worked at the Green Bay Press-Gazette. The couple met and married in 1958 and settled in Green Bay, Wisconsin, going on to raise six children before divorcing. In 1991, Howard married his second wife, Donna. Howard died on October 30, 2023, at a hospital in Aldie, Virginia, of complications from a stroke. He was 87. His body is interred at Allouez Catholic Cemetery in Green Bay, Wisconsin. See also List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders 1957 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans References ^ Ringolsby, Tracy (September 16, 2017). "Q&A: Former Rangers trainer Ziegler on career". MLB.com. Retrieved November 1, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Armour, Mark. "Frank Howard (SABR BioProject)". Society for American Baseball Research. ^ "Frank Howard, Class of 2008". Ohio Basketball Hall of Fame. ^ Leggett, William (May 25, 1964). "The Dodgers' Troubled Giant". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved November 2, 2023. ^ a b c Czerwinski, Kevin (June 29, 2007). "Howard tore up Texas League in '59". milb.com. Retrieved October 31, 2023. ^ a b c d "MLB star Frank Howard lived in Green Bay for decades and spent two coaching stints with the Milwaukee Brewers". Journal Sentinel. ^ "'Betrayed By Dodgers' Says Departing Ex-Star, Furillo". The Plain Speaker. Hazleton, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. May 18, 1960. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Jaffe, Harry (April 4, 2009). "Heavy Hitters". Washingtonian. Washingtonian Media Inc. Retrieved March 20, 2022. ^ "Frank Howard Named Player Of The Month". Public Opinion. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. August 4, 1962. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "1962 Awards Voting". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ Goldstein, Richard (October 30, 2023). "Frank Howard, Towering Slugger Whose Homers Were, Too, Dies at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2023. ^ Elliott, Helene (July 7, 2011). "Local trades: A look at the smash hits and flops". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 31, 2023. ^ "1967 American League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "1968 American League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ Ladson, Bill (May 17, 2018). "Remembering MLB's greatest homer binge". MLB.com. Retrieved October 31, 2023. ^ Denlinger, Ken (July 29, 1990). "New Life in the Minor Mode Howard is No Less a Tower". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2023. ^ "1969 American League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "1969 Awards Voting". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ a b Svrluga, Barry (October 30, 2023). "Frank Howard's homers and presence were enormous. So was his humanity". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2023. ^ "1970 American League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "July 6, 1970: The game when Sam McDowell played second base for the Indians – Society for American Baseball Research". ^ "1970 Awards Voting". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ a b Robertson, Thomas (October 31, 2023). "Washington Senators great Frank Howard dies at 87". WTOP-FM. Retrieved October 31, 2023. ^ "Tigers Acquire Rangers' Howard". The New York Times. September 1, 1972. ^ "People in Sports: Howard Will Swing Bat in Japanese Parks This Summer". The New York Times. January 19, 1974. ^ Arace, Michael (October 30, 2023). "Frank Howard, former Ohio State star, MLB home run champ and World Series winner, dies". The Columbus Dispatch. ^ Radcliffe, J.R. (February 15, 2019). "Six guys you may have forgotten were coaches with the Milwaukee Brewers". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved October 31, 2023. ^ Collier, Phil (October 14, 1981). "Padres Fire Frank Howard, Four Coaches". The San Diego Union. pp. A1, A5. Retrieved November 4, 2023 – via NewsBank. ^ Durso, Joseph (June 4, 1983). "Bamberger quits as Mets manager; Howard names". The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2023. ^ "Frank 'Hondo' Howard, former Mets manager and All-Star, dies at 87". Greater Long Island. November 1, 2023. ^ Loverro, Thom (June 10, 2009). "Frank Howard working for Jim Beam". The Washington Times. Retrieved November 2, 2023. ^ Steinberg, Dan (August 26, 2016). "Senators legend Frank Howard is humbled and thrilled to enter the Nats' Ring of Honor". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2023. ^ Schudel, Matt. "Frank Howard, the Washington Senators' 'Capital Punisher,' dies at 87". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 30, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Howard. Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Frank Howard managerial career statistics at Baseball-Reference.com Frank Howard at the SABR Baseball Biography Project Awards and achievements Preceded bySandy Koufax Major League Player of the Month July 1962 Succeeded byJack Sanford Links to related articles vteLos Angeles Dodgers 1963 World Series champions 3 Willie Davis 6 Ron Fairly 7 Lee Walls 8 John Roseboro 9 Wally Moon 11 Ken McMullen 12 Tommy Davis 14 Bill Skowron 15 Bob Miller 16 Ron Perranoski 19 Jim Gilliam 20 Al Ferrara 22 Johnny Podres 23 Marv Breeding 25 Frank Howard 30 Maury Wills 32 Sandy Koufax (CYA, NL MVP & World Series MVP) 34 Dick Calmus 35 Doug Camilli 39 Ken Rowe 44 Dick Tracewski 45 Pete Richert 51 Larry Sherry 53 Don Drysdale Manager 24 Walter Alston Coaches 2 Leo Durocher 27 Pete Reiser 31 Greg Mulleavy 33 Joe Becker Regular season Dodgers–Yankees rivalry vteNational League Rookie of the Year Award 1947: J. Robinson 1948: Dark 1949: Newcombe 1950: Jethroe 1951: Mays 1952: Black 1953: Gilliam 1954: Moon 1955: Virdon 1956: F. Robinson 1957: Sanford 1958: Cepeda 1959: McCovey 1960: F. Howard 1961: B. Williams 1962: Hubbs 1963: Rose 1964: Allen 1965: Lefebvre 1966: Helms 1967: Seaver 1968: Bench 1969: Sizemore 1970: Morton 1971: E. Williams 1972: Matlack 1973: Matthews 1974: McBride 1975: Montefusco 1976: Metzger & Zachry 1977: Dawson 1978: Horner 1979: Sutcliffe 1980: Howe 1981: Valenzuela 1982: Sax 1983: Strawberry 1984: Gooden 1985: Coleman 1986: Worrell 1987: Santiago 1988: Sabo 1989: Walton 1990: Justice 1991: Bagwell 1992: Karros 1993: Piazza 1994: Mondesi 1995: Nomo 1996: Hollandsworth 1997: Rolen 1998: Wood 1999: Williamson 2000: Furcal 2001: Pujols 2002: Jennings 2003: Willis 2004: Bay 2005: R. Howard 2006: Ramírez 2007: Braun 2008: Soto 2009: Coghlan 2010: Posey 2011: Kimbrel 2012: Harper 2013: Fernández 2014: deGrom 2015: Bryant 2016: Seager 2017: Bellinger 2018: Acuña Jr. 2019: Alonso 2020: D. Williams 2021: India 2022: Harris 2023: Carroll vteSporting News MLB Rookie of the Year AwardMLB Rookie 1946: Ennis 1947: J. Robinson 1948: Ashburn 1950: Ford AL Rookie 1949: Sievers 1951: Miñoso 1952: Courtney 1953: Kuenn 1954: Grim 1955: Score 1956: Aparicio 1957: Kubek & Bouchee 1959: Allison 1960: Hansen 1962: Tresh 2004: Crosby 2005: Street 2006: Verlander 2007: Pedroia 2008: Longoria 2009: Bailey 2010: Jackson 2011: Trumbo 2012: Trout 2013: Myers 2014: Abreu 2015: Correa 2016: Fulmer 2017: Judge 2018: Ohtani 2019: Álvarez 2020: Lewis 2021: García 2022: Rodríguez 2023: Henderson NL Rookie 1949: Newcombe 1951: Mays 1952: Black 1953: Gilliam 1954: Moon 1955: Virdon 1956: F. Robinson 1957: Sanford 1959: McCovey 1960: Howard 1962: Hubbs 2004: Bay 2005: Taveras 2006: Ramírez 2007: Braun 2008: Soto 2009: Happ 2010: Heyward 2011: Kimbrel 2012: Miley 2013: Fernández 2014: deGrom 2015: Bryant 2016: Seager 2017: Bellinger 2018: Acuña Jr. 2019: Alonso 2020: Cronenworth 2021: India 2022: Strider 2023: Carroll AL RookiePlayer 1958: Pearson 1961: Howser 1963: Ward 1964: Oliva 1965: Blefary 1966: Agee 1967: Carew 1968: Unser 1969: C. May 1970: Foster 1971: Chambliss 1972: Fisk 1973: Bumbry 1974: Hargrove 1975: Lynn 1976: Wynegar 1977: Page 1978: Molitor 1979: Putnam 1980: Charboneau 1981: Gedman 1982: Ripken Jr. 1983: Kittle 1984: Davis 1985: Guillén 1986: Canseco 1987: McGwire 1988: Harvey 1989: Worthington 1990: Alomar Jr. 1991: Knoblauch 1992: Listach 1993: Salmon 1994: Hamelin 1995: G. Anderson 1996: Jeter 1997: Garciaparra 1998: Grieve 1999: Beltrán 2000: Quinn 2001: Suzuki 2002: Hinske 2003: Gerut AL RookiePitcher 1958: Duren 1961: Schwall 1963: Peters 1964: Bunker 1965: M. López 1966: Nash 1967: Phoebus 1968: Bahnsen 1969: Nagy 1970: Blyleven 1971: Parsons 1972: Tidrow 1973: Busby 1974: Tanana 1975: Eckersley 1976: Fidrych 1977: Rozema 1978: Gale 1979: Clear 1980: Burns 1981: Righetti 1982: Vande Berg 1983: Boddicker 1984: Langston 1985: Higuera 1986: Eichhorn 1987: Henneman 1988: Harvey 1989: Gordon 1990: Appier 1991: Guzmán 1992: Eldred 1993: Sele 1994: B. Anderson 1995: Tavárez 1996: Baldwin 1997: Dickson 1998: Arrojo 1999: Hudson 2000: Sasaki 2001: Sabathia 2002: R. López 2003: Soriano NL RookiePlayer 1958: Willey 1961: B. Williams 1963: Rose 1964: Allen 1965: Morgan 1966: Helms 1967: L. May 1968: Bench 1969: Laboy 1970: Carbo 1971: E. Williams 1972: Rader 1973: Matthews 1974: Gross 1975: Carter 1976: Herndon 1977: Dawson 1978: Horner 1979: Leonard 1980: Smith 1981: Raines 1982: Ray 1983: Strawberry 1984: Samuel 1985: Coleman 1986: Thompson 1987: Santiago 1988: Grace 1989: Walton 1990: Justice 1991: Bagwell 1992: Karros 1993: Piazza 1994: Mondesí 1995: Jones 1996: Kendall 1997: Rolen 1998: Helton 1999: Wilson 2000: Furcal 2001: Pujols 2002: Wilkerson 2003: Podsednik NL RookiePitcher 1958: Cepeda 1961: Hunt 1963: Culp 1964: McCool 1965: Linzy 1966: Sutton 1967: Hughes 1968: Koosman 1969: Griffin 1970: Morton 1971: Cleveland 1972: Matlack 1973: Rogers 1974: D'Acquisto 1975: Montefusco 1976: Metzger 1977: Owchinko 1978: D. Robinson 1979: Sutcliffe 1980: Burns 1981: Valenzuela 1982: Bedrosian 1983: McMurtry 1984: Gooden 1985: Browning 1986: Worrell 1987: Dunne 1988: Belcher 1989: Benes 1990: Harkey 1991: Osuna 1992: Wakefield 1993: Rueter 1994: Trachsel 1995: Nomo 1996: Benes 1997: Morris 1998: Wood 1999: Williamson 2000: Ankiel 2001: Oswalt 2002: Jennings 2003: Willis vteAmerican League season home run leaders 1901: Lajoie 1902: Seybold 1903: Freeman 1904: H. Davis 1905: H. Davis 1906: H. Davis 1907: H. Davis 1908: Crawford 1909: Cobb 1910: Stahl 1911: Baker 1912: Baker & Speaker 1913: Baker 1914: Baker 1915: Roth 1916: Pipp 1917: Pipp 1918: Ruth & Walker 1919: Ruth 1920: Ruth 1921: Ruth 1922: K. Williams 1923: Ruth 1924: Ruth 1925: Meusel 1926: Ruth 1927: Ruth 1928: Ruth 1929: Ruth 1930: Ruth 1931: Ruth & Gehrig 1932: Foxx 1933: Foxx 1934: Gehrig 1935: Greenberg & Foxx 1936: Gehrig 1937: DiMaggio 1938: Greenberg 1939: Foxx 1940: Greenberg 1941: T. Williams 1942: T. Williams 1943: York 1944: Etten 1945: Stephens 1946: Greenberg 1947: T. Williams 1948: DiMaggio 1949: T. Williams 1950: Rosen 1951: Zernial 1952: Doby 1953: Rosen 1954: Doby 1955: Mantle 1956: Mantle 1957: Sievers 1958: Mantle 1959: Killebrew & Colavito 1960: Mantle 1961: Maris 1962: Killebrew 1963: Killebrew 1964: Killebrew 1965: Conigliaro 1966: Robinson 1967: Yastrzemski & Killebrew 1968: Howard 1969: Killebrew 1970: Howard 1971: Melton 1972: Allen 1973: Jackson 1974: Allen 1975: Jackson & Scott 1976: Nettles 1977: Rice 1978: Rice 1979: Thomas 1980: Jackson & Oglivie 1981: Grich, Murray, Evans & Armas 1982: Jackson & Thomas 1983: Rice 1984: Armas 1985: Evans 1986: Barfield 1987: McGwire 1988: Canseco 1989: McGriff 1990: Fielder 1991: Canseco & Fielder 1992: González 1993: González 1994: Griffey Jr. 1995: Belle 1996: McGwire 1997: Griffey Jr. 1998: Griffey Jr. 1999: Griffey Jr. 2000: Glaus 2001: Rodriguez 2002: Rodriguez 2003: Rodriguez 2004: Ramirez 2005: Rodriguez 2006: Ortiz 2007: Rodriguez 2008: Cabrera 2009: Peña & Teixeira 2010: Bautista 2011: Bautista 2012: Cabrera 2013: C. Davis 2014: Cruz 2015: C. Davis 2016: Trumbo 2017: Judge 2018: K. Davis 2019: Soler 2020: Voit 2021: Guerrero Jr. & Pérez 2022: Judge 2023: Ohtani vteAmerican League season runs batted in leaders 1901: Lajoie 1902: Freeman 1903: Freeman 1904: Lajoie 1905: H. Davis 1906: H. Davis 1907: Cobb 1908: Cobb 1909: Cobb 1910: Crawford 1911: Cobb 1912: Baker 1913: Baker 1914: Crawford 1915: Veach & Crawford 1916: Pratt 1917: Veach 1918: Veach 1919: Ruth 1920: Ruth 1921: Ruth 1922: K. Williams 1923: Ruth 1924: Goslin 1925: Meusel 1926: Ruth 1927: Gehrig 1928: Ruth & Gehrig 1929: Simmons 1930: Gehrig 1931: Gehrig 1932: Foxx 1933: Foxx 1934: Gehrig 1935: Greenberg 1936: Trosky 1937: Greenberg 1938: Foxx 1939: T. Williams 1940: Greenberg 1941: DiMaggio 1942: T. Williams 1943: York 1944: Stephens 1945: Etten 1946: Greenberg 1947: T. Williams 1948: DiMaggio 1949: T. Williams & Stephens 1950: Dropo & Stephens 1951: Zernial 1952: Rosen 1953: Rosen 1954: Doby 1955: R. Boone & Jensen 1956: Mantle 1957: Sievers 1958: Jensen 1959: Jensen 1960: Maris 1961: Gentile & Maris 1962: Killebrew 1963: Stuart 1964: B. Robinson 1965: Colavito 1966: F. Robinson 1967: Yastrzemski 1968: Harrelson 1969: Killebrew 1970: Howard 1971: Killebrew 1972: Allen 1973: Jackson 1974: Burroughs 1975: Scott 1976: May 1977: Hisle 1978: Rice 1979: Baylor 1980: Cooper 1981: Murray 1982: McRae 1983: Rice & Cooper 1984: Armas 1985: Mattingly 1986: Carter 1987: Bell 1988: Canseco 1989: Sierra 1990: Fielder 1991: Fielder 1992: Fielder 1993: Belle 1994: Puckett 1995: Belle & Vaughn 1996: Belle 1997: Griffey Jr. 1998: González 1999: Ramirez 2000: E. Martínez 2001: B. Boone 2002: Rodriguez 2003: Delgado 2004: Tejada 2005: Ortiz 2006: Ortiz 2007: Rodriguez 2008: Hamilton 2009: Teixeira 2010: Cabrera 2011: Granderson 2012: Cabrera 2013: C. Davis 2014: Trout 2015: Donaldson 2016: Encarnación & Ortiz 2017: Cruz 2018: J. Martinez 2019: Abreu 2020: Abreu 2021: Pérez 2022: Judge 2023: Tucker vteSan Diego Padres managers Preston Gómez (1969–1972) Don Zimmer (1972–1973) John McNamara (1974–1977) Bob Skinner (1977) Alvin Dark (1977) Roger Craig (1978–1979) Jerry Coleman (1980) Frank Howard (1981) Dick Williams (1982–1985) Steve Boros (1986) Larry Bowa (1987–1988) Jack McKeon (1988–1990) Greg Riddoch (1990–1992) Jim Riggleman (1992–1994) Bruce Bochy (1995–2006) Bud Black (2007–2015) Dave Roberts (2015) Pat Murphy (2015) Andy Green (2016–2019) Rod Barajas (2019) Jayce Tingler (2020–2021) Bob Melvin (2022–2023) Mike Shildt (2024–present) vteNew York Mets managers Casey Stengel (1962–1965) Wes Westrum (1965–1967) Salty Parker (1967) Gil Hodges (1968–1971) Yogi Berra (1972–1975) Roy McMillan (1975) Joe Frazier (1976–1977) Joe Torre (1977–1981) George Bamberger (1982–1983) Frank Howard (1983) Davey Johnson (1984–1990) Bud Harrelson (1990–1991) Mike Cubbage (1991) Jeff Torborg (1992–1993) Dallas Green (1993–1996) Bobby Valentine (1996–2002) Art Howe (2003–2004) Willie Randolph (2005–2008) Jerry Manuel (2008–2010) Terry Collins (2011–2017) Mickey Callaway (2018–2019) Luis Rojas (2020–2021) Buck Showalter (2022–2023) Carlos Mendoza (2024–present) vte1957 NCAA Men's Basketball Consensus All-AmericansFirst Team Wilt Chamberlain Chet Forte Rod Hundley Jim Krebs Lennie Rosenbluth Charlie Tyra Second Team Elgin Baylor Frank Howard Guy Rodgers Gary Thompson Grady Wallace vteThe Sporting News Minor League Player of the Year Award 1936: Vander Meer 1937: Keller 1938: Hutchinson 1939: Novikoff 1940: Rizzuto 1941: Lindell 1942: Barrett 1943: Covington 1944: Collins 1945: Coan 1946: Sisti 1947: Sauer 1948: Woodling 1949: Arntzen 1950: Saucier 1951: Conley 1952: Skowron 1953: Conley 1954: Score 1955: Murff 1956: Bilko 1957: Siebern 1958: O'Toole 1959: Howard 1960: Davis 1961: Koplitz 1962: Bailey 1963: Buford 1964: Stottlemyre 1965: Foy 1966: Epstein 1967: Bench 1968: Rettenmund 1969: Walton 1970: Baylor 1971: Grich 1972: Paciorek 1973: Ontiveros 1974: Rice 1975: Cruz 1976: Putnam 1977: Landreaux 1978: Summers 1979: Bomback 1980: Raines 1981: Marshall 1982: Kittle 1983: McReynolds 1984: Knicely 1985: Canseco 1986: Pyznarski 1987: Milligan 1988: Alomar Jr. & Sheffield 1989: Alomar Jr. 1990: Offerman 1991: Martínez 1992: Salmon 1993: Floyd 1994: Jeter 1995: García 1996: Guerrero 1997: Grieve 1998: Kapler 1999: Ankiel 2000: Rauch 2001: Beckett 2002: Stokes 2003: Greinke 2004: McPherson 2005: Wood 2006: Gordon 2007: Bruce vteMembers of the Washington Nationals Ring of HonorWashington Nationals Ted Lerner Frank Robinson Iván Rodríguez Jayson Werth Ryan Zimmerman Washington Senators(original & expansion) Joe Cronin Rick Ferrell Goose Goslin Clark Griffith Bucky Harris Frank Howard Walter Johnson Harmon Killebrew Heinie Manush Sam Rice Early Wynn Homestead Grays Cool Papa Bell Ray Brown Josh Gibson Buck Leonard Cumberland Posey Jud Wilson Montreal Expos Gary Carter Andre Dawson Tim Raines Portals: Biography Baseball Ohio	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1961%E2%80%931971)"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Rookie of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"total bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_bases"},{"link_name":"slugging percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugging_percentage"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"MLB All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_All-Star"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals Ring of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals#Ring_of_Honor"}],"text":"American baseball player, coach, and manager (1936–2023)Baseball playerFrank Oliver Howard (August 8, 1936 – October 30, 2023), nicknamed \"Hondo\", \"the Washington Monument\" and \"the Capital Punisher\", was an American professional baseball player, coach, and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played most of his career for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Washington Senators/Texas Rangers franchises. One of the most physically intimidating players in the sport, Howard was 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) tall and weighed between 275 and 295 pounds (125 and 134 kg), according to former Senators/Rangers trainer Bill Zeigler.[1]Howard was named the National League's Rookie of the Year in 1960 for the Dodgers. He twice led the American League in home runs, and total bases and once each in slugging percentage, runs batted in, and walks. Howard was a four-time MLB All-Star. He hit 382 career home runs and was inducted into the Washington Nationals Ring of Honor after his retirement.","title":"Frank Howard (baseball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake and Ohio Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway"},{"link_name":"semi-professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-professional"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"South High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_High_School_(Columbus,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Buckeyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_per_game"},{"link_name":"rebounds per game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebounds_per_game"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Warriors"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"}],"text":"Frank Oliver Howard was born on August 8, 1936, in Columbus, Ohio, to John and Erma Howard, the third of six children. His father was a machinist for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and had played semi-professional baseball, later on encouraging his son's interest in the game.[2]Howard attended South High School in Columbus, Ohio, and Ohio State University, where he played college baseball and college basketball for the Ohio State Buckeyes. He was an All-American in both basketball and baseball.[3] He averaged 20.1 points and 15.3 rebounds per game in 1957, and was drafted the following year by the Philadelphia Warriors of the National Basketball Association.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_baseball_player_Frank_Howard_ca1960_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"signing bonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signing_bonus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Bluejays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Bluejays"},{"link_name":"Class B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_B_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%E2%80%93Indiana%E2%80%93Iowa_League"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milb-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsonline-6"},{"link_name":"Victoria Rosebuds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Rosebuds"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Texas League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League"},{"link_name":"Spokane Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Indians"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milb-5"},{"link_name":"The Sporting News Minor League Player of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News_Minor_League_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Dodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodger"},{"link_name":"Carl Furillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Furillo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"batting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milb-5"},{"link_name":"Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_(film)"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonian-8"},{"link_name":"platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"NL Player of the Month award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Player_of_the_Month_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"struck out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"Billy Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Pierce"},{"link_name":"MLB Most Valuable Player award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Most_Valuable_Player_award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Whitey Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitey_Ford"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_World_Series"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Dodgers","text":"Howard in 1960Howard instead signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers organization in 1958 for a $108,000 signing bonus ($1,056,055 in current dollar terms).[4] Howard spent the 1958 season with the Green Bay Bluejays of the Class B Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League. He led the league with 37 home runs and 119 runs batted in (RBIs).[5][6] The Dodgers briefly promoted him to the major leagues after his minor league season, and he hit his first MLB home run on his 29th at bat. He then began the 1959 season with the Victoria Rosebuds of the Double-A Texas League, and he hit .356 with 27 home runs and 79 RBIs in 261 at-bats before the Dodgers again promoted Howard to the major leagues. He batted .105 in 19 at bats for the Dodgers before they demoted him to the Spokane Indians of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League on July 1. In 76 games for Spokane, Howard had a .319 average, 16 home runs, and 47 RBIs across 295 at bats.[5] He won The Sporting News Minor League Player of the Year Award.[2]Howard began the 1960 season in Spokane, and was promoted to the Dodgers after batting .371 in 26 games.[2] He succeeded former Brooklyn Dodger All-Star Carl Furillo as Los Angeles' right fielder in 1960.[7] He was named the NL's Rookie of the Year after batting .268 with 23 home runs and 77 RBIs.[5] His teammates gave him the nickname \"Hondo\" after the character in a John Wayne film.[8] He missed the beginning of the 1961 season due to a chipped bone in the thumb on his right hand. He became a platoon outfielder, starting 72 games and batting .296 with 15 home runs.[2]In 1962, Howard batted .296 with 31 home runs and finished among the NL's top five players in RBIs (119) and slugging (.560). He won the NL Player of the Month award in July with a .381 average, 12 home runs, and 41 RBIs.[9] The season ended with the Dodgers and San Francisco Giants tied for first place. In the three-game pennant playoff that followed Howard had only a single in 11 at-bats and struck out three times against Billy Pierce in the first game, including the final out; but he had a run and an RBI in the second contest, an 8–7 win. The Giants took the pennant in three games, but Howard ended up ninth in the MLB Most Valuable Player award voting.[10]In 1963, Howard's production dropped off to a .273 average, 28 homers, and 64 RBIs; but the Dodgers won the pennant, and his upper-deck solo home run off Whitey Ford broke a scoreless tie in the fifth inning of Game 4 of the World Series, helping Los Angeles to a 2–1 win and a sweep of the New York Yankees.[2] He batted .226 with 24 home runs in 1964.[11]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phil Ortega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Ortega"},{"link_name":"Pete Richert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Richert"},{"link_name":"Dick Nen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Nen"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1961%E2%80%9371)"},{"link_name":"Claude Osteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Osteen"},{"link_name":"John Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kennedy_(third_baseman)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"fourth outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_outfielder"},{"link_name":"Harmon Killebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_Killebrew"},{"link_name":"Carl Yastrzemski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Yastrzemski"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonian-8"},{"link_name":"Ken Harrelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Harrelson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"first base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ted Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Williams"},{"link_name":"fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastball"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Reggie Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribute-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"intentional walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"Sam McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McDowell"},{"link_name":"second base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_base"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"RFK Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Mike Kekich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Kekich"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTOP-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribute-19"}],"sub_title":"Washington Senators","text":"On December 4, 1964, the Dodgers traded Howard, Phil Ortega, Pete Richert, and Dick Nen to the Washington Senators for Claude Osteen, John Kennedy, and cash.[12] Howard went from a fourth outfielder with Los Angeles to an every day player with the Senators. In 1965, his first season in Washington, he batted .289 with 21 home runs in 143 games. In 1967, Howard hit 36 home runs, third in the AL behind Harmon Killebrew and Carl Yastrzemski.[13] During a one-week stretch from May 12–18, 1968, Howard hit 10 home runs in 20 at bats.[8] He hit 13 home runs in 16 games. Howard finished the season leading the AL with 44 home runs, a .552 slugging percentage and 330 total bases, and was second to Ken Harrelson with 106 RBIs;[14] he made his first of four consecutive All-Star teams that year. Beginning in 1968, Howard appeared semi-regularly at first base in order to limit the wear and tear of playing the outfield daily.[2] With the Senators, Howard received the nickname \"the Capitol Punisher\".[15]Ted Williams became manager of the Senators in 1969, and he helped Howard to become a more patient hitter. He encouraged Howard to lay off the first fastball he saw, and work pitchers deeper into the count, advice which resulted in Howard's walk totals nearly doubling and 45 fewer strikeouts the first year. A year later, Howard added 32 more walks to lead the AL with 132.[2][16]In 1969, Howard hit 48 home runs (one behind Killebrew's league lead), 111 runs (second in the AL to Reggie Jackson), a .296 batting average, and a .574 slugging mark.[17] The Senators had their best year ever, 86–76, but still finished far behind the Baltimore Orioles in the Eastern Division. He again led the AL with 340 total bases, the most ever by a Washington player, and added 111 RBIs; his fourth-place finish in the MVP vote was the highest of his career.[18] In 1970, he led the AL both in home runs (44) and RBI (126);[19] his 132 walks in that year also topped the league.[20] On September 2, he received three intentional walks from flamethrowing southpaw Sam McDowell—two of them to lead off an inning. McDowell moved to play second base when Howard came up to bat in the eighth inning.[21] He came in fifth in the 1970 MVP race, and received one first-place vote.[22]Howard hit the last regular-season home run for the Senators in RFK Stadium in his final at bat on September 30, 1971, off Yankees pitcher Mike Kekich. After waving to the cheering fans, Howard tossed his hat into the stands, and blew a kiss to the crowd.[23]After the game he said, \"What can a guy do to top this? A guy like me has maybe five big thrills in his lifetime. Well, this was my biggest tonight. I'll take it to the grave with me. This was Utopia. I can't do anything else like it. It's all downhill the rest of the way.\"[19]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas/Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTOP-23"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"waiver price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waivers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Norm Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Cash"},{"link_name":"1972 postseason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_MLB_postseason"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"designated hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pacific League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_League"},{"link_name":"Taiheiyo Club Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Seibu_Lions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"The Senators moved to Dallas/Fort Worth in 1972, becoming the Texas Rangers. Howard hit the first ever home run for the Rangers,[23] but batted only .244 with nine home runs in 95 games before his contract was sold to the Detroit Tigers in August for the $20,000 waiver price.[24] He platooned with Norm Cash at first base and batted .242. He was not eligible for the Tigers' 1972 postseason roster as he reported to the Tigers after the September 1 deadline.[2] As the Tigers' designated hitter in 1973, Howard batted .256 with 12 home runs and 29 RBIs. The Tigers released Howard after the season.[25]Unable to find a job in the majors in 1974, Howard signed to play in Japan's Pacific League for the Taiheiyo Club Lions. In his first at bat there he hurt his back on a swing, and never played again.[2] In 16 major league seasons Howard batted .273 with 382 home runs.[26]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Howard_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsonline-6"},{"link_name":"Alex Grammas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Grammas"},{"link_name":"George Bamberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bamberger"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"1981 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_San_Diego_Padres_season"},{"link_name":"that strike-shortened season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Major_League_Baseball_strike"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_San_Diego_Padres_season"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsonline-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsonline-6"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"As manager and coach","text":"Howard in 2009Following his retirement as a player, the Milwaukee Brewers hired Howard to manage Spokane for the 1976 season.[6]Howard was the hitting coach and then the first base coach for the Brewers from 1977 to 1980 for managers Alex Grammas and George Bamberger[27] before being named manager of the San Diego Padres before the 1981 season. The Padres finished in last place in both halves of that strike-shortened season, and Howard was fired. Their 41–69 overall record was MLB's worst that season, with their .373 winning percentage the lowest in the Padres' history since they were 52–110 (.321) in their inaugural season in 1969.[28]Howard became the third base coach with the New York Mets in 1982, where Bamberger was the manager, and took over as manager after Bamberger's resignation in June 1983.[29] Howard managed the last 116 games of the 1983 season.[6] The Mets finished in last place and the Mets did not retain Howard as manager. Instead, he returned as the first base coach the following season.[2]Howard rejoined Bamberger with the Brewers as their hitting and first base coach in 1985 and was fired after the 1986 season. He became a first base coach for the Seattle Mariners in 1987.[6] Howard was the hitting and first base coach the New York Yankees from 1989 to 1993, the first base coach for the Mets from 1994 to 1996, and the bench coach for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays from 1998 to 1999.[30] From 2000 to 2008, he worked for the Yankees as a player development instructor.[31]The Washington Nationals inducted Howard in their Ring of Honor in August 2016.[32]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Bay Press-Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Press-Gazette"},{"link_name":"Green Bay, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-2"},{"link_name":"Aldie, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldie,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Howard was married twice. His first marriage was to Carol Johanski, a secretary who worked at the Green Bay Press-Gazette. The couple met and married in 1958 and settled in Green Bay, Wisconsin, going on to raise six children before divorcing. In 1991, Howard married his second wife, Donna.[2]Howard died on October 30, 2023, at a hospital in Aldie, Virginia, of complications from a stroke. He was 87.[33] His body is interred at Allouez Catholic Cemetery in Green Bay, Wisconsin.","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Howard in 1960","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Portrait_of_the_baseball_player_Frank_Howard_ca1960_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_the_baseball_player_Frank_Howard_ca1960_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Howard in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Frank_Howard_2009.jpg/180px-Frank_Howard_2009.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_home_run_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_runs_batted_in_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_home_run_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_runs_batted_in_leaders"},{"title":"1957 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_NCAA_Men%27s_Basketball_All-Americans"}]	[{"reference":"Ringolsby, Tracy (September 16, 2017). \"Q&A: Former Rangers trainer Ziegler on career\". MLB.com. Retrieved November 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/former-rangers-trainer-bill-ziegler-on-career-c254587076","url_text":"\"Q&A: Former Rangers trainer Ziegler on career\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"Armour, Mark. \"Frank Howard (SABR BioProject)\". Society for American Baseball Research.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/frank-howard/","url_text":"\"Frank Howard (SABR BioProject)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research","url_text":"Society for American Baseball Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Howard, Class of 2008\". Ohio Basketball Hall of Fame.","urls":[{"url":"https://ohiobasketballhalloffame.com/hall-of-fame/inductees/2008/frank-howard.html","url_text":"\"Frank Howard, Class of 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Leggett, William (May 25, 1964). \"The Dodgers' Troubled Giant\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved November 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1964/05/25/the-dodgers-troubled-giant","url_text":"\"The Dodgers' Troubled Giant\""}]},{"reference":"Czerwinski, Kevin (June 29, 2007). \"Howard tore up Texas League in '59\". milb.com. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/news/frank-howard-tore-up-texas-league-with-victoria-rosebuds-in-1959-312615946","url_text":"\"Howard tore up Texas League in '59\""}]},{"reference":"\"MLB star Frank Howard lived in Green Bay for decades and spent two coaching stints with the Milwaukee Brewers\". Journal Sentinel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/mlb/brewers/2023/10/31/frank-howard-dies-mlb-star-coached-brewers-and-lived-in-green-bay/71393871007/","url_text":"\"MLB star Frank Howard lived in Green Bay for decades and spent two coaching stints with the Milwaukee Brewers\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Betrayed By Dodgers' Says Departing Ex-Star, Furillo\". The Plain Speaker. Hazleton, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. May 18, 1960. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-plain-speaker-betrayed-by-dodgers/134663829/","url_text":"\"'Betrayed By Dodgers' Says Departing Ex-Star, Furillo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazleton,_Pennsylvania","url_text":"Hazleton, Pennsylvania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jaffe, Harry (April 4, 2009). \"Heavy Hitters\". Washingtonian. Washingtonian Media Inc. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonian.com/2009/04/01/heavy-hitters/","url_text":"\"Heavy Hitters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonian_(magazine)","url_text":"Washingtonian"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Howard Named Player Of The Month\". Public Opinion. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. August 4, 1962. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/public-opinion-frank-howard-named-player/134663699/","url_text":"\"Frank Howard Named Player Of The Month\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Opinion_(Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania)","url_text":"Public Opinion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania","url_text":"Chambersburg, Pennsylvania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1962 Awards Voting\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1962.shtml","url_text":"\"1962 Awards Voting\""}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Richard (October 30, 2023). \"Frank Howard, Towering Slugger Whose Homers Were, Too, Dies at 87\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Goldstein_(writer,_born_1942)","url_text":"Goldstein, Richard"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/sports/baseball/frank-howard-dead.html","url_text":"\"Frank Howard, Towering Slugger Whose Homers Were, Too, Dies at 87\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Helene (July 7, 2011). \"Local trades: A look at the smash hits and flops\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Elliott","url_text":"Elliott, Helene"},{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-xpm-2011-jul-07-la-sp-0708-la-best-worst-trades-20110708-story.html","url_text":"\"Local trades: A look at the smash hits and flops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"1967 American League Batting Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1967-batting-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1967 American League Batting Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"1968 American League Batting Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1968-batting-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1968 American League Batting Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"Ladson, Bill (May 17, 2018). \"Remembering MLB's greatest homer binge\". MLB.com. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/frank-howard-home-run-binge-in-1968-c277097284","url_text":"\"Remembering MLB's greatest homer binge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"Denlinger, Ken (July 29, 1990). \"New Life in the Minor Mode Howard is No Less a Tower\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1990/07/29/new-life-in-the-minor-mode-howard-is-no-less-a-tower/18e71e66-803f-475f-838d-8e1d03efb0ff/","url_text":"\"New Life in the Minor Mode Howard is No Less a Tower\""}]},{"reference":"\"1969 American League Batting Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1969-batting-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1969 American League Batting Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"1969 Awards Voting\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1969.shtml","url_text":"\"1969 Awards Voting\""}]},{"reference":"Svrluga, Barry (October 30, 2023). \"Frank Howard's homers and presence were enormous. So was his humanity\". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2023/10/30/frank-howard-dies-tribute/","url_text":"\"Frank Howard's homers and presence were enormous. So was his humanity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"1970 American League Batting Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1970-batting-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1970 American League Batting Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"July 6, 1970: The game when Sam McDowell played second base for the Indians – Society for American Baseball Research\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/july-6-1970-the-game-when-sam-mcdowell-played-second-base-for-the-indians/","url_text":"\"July 6, 1970: The game when Sam McDowell played second base for the Indians – Society for American Baseball Research\""}]},{"reference":"\"1970 Awards Voting\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1970.shtml","url_text":"\"1970 Awards Voting\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Thomas (October 31, 2023). \"Washington Senators great Frank Howard dies at 87\". WTOP-FM. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wtop.com/washington-nationals/2023/10/washington-senators-great-frank-howard-dies-at-87/","url_text":"\"Washington Senators great Frank Howard dies at 87\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTOP-FM","url_text":"WTOP-FM"}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers Acquire Rangers' Howard\". The New York Times. September 1, 1972.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/01/archives/tigers-acquire-rangers-howard.html","url_text":"\"Tigers Acquire Rangers' Howard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"People in Sports: Howard Will Swing Bat in Japanese Parks This Summer\". The New York Times. January 19, 1974.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/19/archives/people-in-sports-howard-will-swing-bat-in-japanese-parks-this.html","url_text":"\"People in Sports: Howard Will Swing Bat in Japanese Parks This Summer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Arace, Michael (October 30, 2023). \"Frank Howard, former Ohio State star, MLB home run champ and World Series winner, dies\". The Columbus Dispatch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/sports/2023/10/30/frank-howard-former-ohio-state-buckeye-mlb-star-and-world-series-winner-dies-washington-senators/71388406007","url_text":"\"Frank Howard, former Ohio State star, MLB home run champ and World Series winner, dies\""}]},{"reference":"Radcliffe, J.R. (February 15, 2019). \"Six guys you may have forgotten were coaches with the Milwaukee Brewers\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/mlb/brewers/2019/02/15/six-guys-you-may-have-forgotten-were-brewers-coaches/2839997002/","url_text":"\"Six guys you may have forgotten were coaches with the Milwaukee Brewers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Collier, Phil (October 14, 1981). \"Padres Fire Frank Howard, Four Coaches\". The San Diego Union. pp. A1, A5. Retrieved November 4, 2023 – via NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"https://sandiegouniontribune.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:136E6A0F0DF56B38@NGPA-CASD-13CCBE28AD2DA9E9@2444892-13CCB0310B7764F9@0","url_text":"\"Padres Fire Frank Howard, Four Coaches\""},{"url":"https://sandiegouniontribune.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:136E6A0F0DF56B38@NGPA-CASD-13CCBE28AD2DA9E9@2444892-13CCB0310B7764F9@0","url_text":"A1"},{"url":"https://sandiegouniontribune.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:136E6A0F0DF56B38@NGPA-CASD-13CCBE28AD2DA9E9@2444892-13CCB034479B2CAE@4","url_text":"A5"}]},{"reference":"Durso, Joseph (June 4, 1983). \"Bamberger quits as Mets manager; Howard names\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/04/sports/bamberger-quits-as-mets-manager-howard-names.html","url_text":"\"Bamberger quits as Mets manager; Howard names\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank 'Hondo' Howard, former Mets manager and All-Star, dies at 87\". Greater Long Island. November 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://greaterlongisland.com/frank-hondo-howard-former-mets-manager-and-all-star-dies-at-87/","url_text":"\"Frank 'Hondo' Howard, former Mets manager and All-Star, dies at 87\""}]},{"reference":"Loverro, Thom (June 10, 2009). \"Frank Howard working for Jim Beam\". The Washington Times. Retrieved November 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/lovey-land/2009/jun/10/frank-howard-working-for-jim-beam/","url_text":"\"Frank Howard working for Jim Beam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times","url_text":"The Washington Times"}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, Dan (August 26, 2016). \"Senators legend Frank Howard is humbled and thrilled to enter the Nats' Ring of Honor\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2016/08/26/senators-legend-frank-howard-is-humbled-and-thrilled-to-enter-the-nats-ring-of-honor/","url_text":"\"Senators legend Frank Howard is humbled and thrilled to enter the Nats' Ring of Honor\""}]},{"reference":"Schudel, Matt. \"Frank Howard, the Washington Senators' 'Capital Punisher,' dies at 87\". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/10/30/washington-senators-frank-howard-dies/","url_text":"\"Frank Howard, the Washington Senators' 'Capital Punisher,' dies at 87\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/news/former-rangers-trainer-bill-ziegler-on-career-c254587076","external_links_name":"\"Q&A: Former Rangers trainer Ziegler on career\""},{"Link":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/frank-howard/","external_links_name":"\"Frank Howard (SABR BioProject)\""},{"Link":"https://ohiobasketballhalloffame.com/hall-of-fame/inductees/2008/frank-howard.html","external_links_name":"\"Frank Howard, Class of 2008\""},{"Link":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1964/05/25/the-dodgers-troubled-giant","external_links_name":"\"The Dodgers' Troubled Giant\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/news/frank-howard-tore-up-texas-league-with-victoria-rosebuds-in-1959-312615946","external_links_name":"\"Howard tore up Texas League in '59\""},{"Link":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/mlb/brewers/2023/10/31/frank-howard-dies-mlb-star-coached-brewers-and-lived-in-green-bay/71393871007/","external_links_name":"\"MLB star Frank Howard lived in Green Bay for decades and spent two coaching stints with the Milwaukee Brewers\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-plain-speaker-betrayed-by-dodgers/134663829/","external_links_name":"\"'Betrayed By Dodgers' Says Departing Ex-Star, Furillo\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonian.com/2009/04/01/heavy-hitters/","external_links_name":"\"Heavy Hitters\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/public-opinion-frank-howard-named-player/134663699/","external_links_name":"\"Frank Howard Named Player Of The Month\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1962.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1962 Awards Voting\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/sports/baseball/frank-howard-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Frank Howard, Towering Slugger Whose Homers Were, Too, Dies at 87\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-xpm-2011-jul-07-la-sp-0708-la-best-worst-trades-20110708-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Local trades: A look at the smash hits and flops\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1967-batting-leaders.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1967 American League Batting Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1968-batting-leaders.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1968 American League Batting Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/news/frank-howard-home-run-binge-in-1968-c277097284","external_links_name":"\"Remembering MLB's greatest homer binge\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1990/07/29/new-life-in-the-minor-mode-howard-is-no-less-a-tower/18e71e66-803f-475f-838d-8e1d03efb0ff/","external_links_name":"\"New Life in the Minor Mode Howard is No Less a Tower\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1969-batting-leaders.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1969 American League Batting Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1969.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1969 Awards Voting\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2023/10/30/frank-howard-dies-tribute/","external_links_name":"\"Frank Howard's homers and presence were enormous. So was his humanity\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1970-batting-leaders.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1970 American League Batting Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/july-6-1970-the-game-when-sam-mcdowell-played-second-base-for-the-indians/","external_links_name":"\"July 6, 1970: The game when Sam McDowell played second base for the Indians – Society for American Baseball Research\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1970.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1970 Awards Voting\""},{"Link":"https://wtop.com/washington-nationals/2023/10/washington-senators-great-frank-howard-dies-at-87/","external_links_name":"\"Washington Senators great Frank Howard dies at 87\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/01/archives/tigers-acquire-rangers-howard.html","external_links_name":"\"Tigers Acquire Rangers' Howard\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/19/archives/people-in-sports-howard-will-swing-bat-in-japanese-parks-this.html","external_links_name":"\"People in Sports: Howard Will Swing Bat in Japanese Parks This Summer\""},{"Link":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/sports/2023/10/30/frank-howard-former-ohio-state-buckeye-mlb-star-and-world-series-winner-dies-washington-senators/71388406007","external_links_name":"\"Frank Howard, former Ohio State star, MLB home run champ and World Series winner, dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/mlb/brewers/2019/02/15/six-guys-you-may-have-forgotten-were-brewers-coaches/2839997002/","external_links_name":"\"Six guys you may have forgotten were coaches with the Milwaukee Brewers\""},{"Link":"https://sandiegouniontribune.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:136E6A0F0DF56B38@NGPA-CASD-13CCBE28AD2DA9E9@2444892-13CCB0310B7764F9@0","external_links_name":"\"Padres Fire Frank Howard, Four Coaches\""},{"Link":"https://sandiegouniontribune.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:136E6A0F0DF56B38@NGPA-CASD-13CCBE28AD2DA9E9@2444892-13CCB0310B7764F9@0","external_links_name":"A1"},{"Link":"https://sandiegouniontribune.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:136E6A0F0DF56B38@NGPA-CASD-13CCBE28AD2DA9E9@2444892-13CCB034479B2CAE@4","external_links_name":"A5"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/04/sports/bamberger-quits-as-mets-manager-howard-names.html","external_links_name":"\"Bamberger quits as Mets manager; Howard names\""},{"Link":"https://greaterlongisland.com/frank-hondo-howard-former-mets-manager-and-all-star-dies-at-87/","external_links_name":"\"Frank 'Hondo' Howard, former Mets manager and All-Star, dies at 87\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/lovey-land/2009/jun/10/frank-howard-working-for-jim-beam/","external_links_name":"\"Frank Howard working for Jim Beam\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2016/08/26/senators-legend-frank-howard-is-humbled-and-thrilled-to-enter-the-nats-ring-of-honor/","external_links_name":"\"Senators legend Frank Howard is humbled and thrilled to enter the Nats' Ring of Honor\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/10/30/washington-senators-frank-howard-dies/","external_links_name":"\"Frank Howard, the Washington Senators' 'Capital Punisher,' dies at 87\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/116205","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/23118","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/h/howarfr01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1006080","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=howard002fra","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/H/Phowaf102.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/managers/howarfr01.shtml","external_links_name":"Frank Howard managerial career statistics"},{"Link":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/frank-howard","external_links_name":"Frank Howard"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Herzog	Don Herzog	["1 Books","2 References","3 External links"]	American philosopher Don HerzogBornApril 7, 1956Alma materCornell University (BA) Harvard University (PhD)AwardsGolden Apple AwardEra21st-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophyInstitutionsUniversity of MichiganMain interestsconsent theory, sovereignty, constitutional interpretation, torts, the First Amendment Don Herzog (born April 7, 1956) is an American political scientist and Edson R. Sunderland Professor of Law at the University of Michigan. He is known for his works on consent theory and sovereignty and is a winner of the Golden Apple Award. Books Sovereignty, RIP, Yale University Press 2020 A Little Book of Political Mistakes, 2020 Defaming the Dead, Yale University Press 2017 Poisoning the Minds of the Lower Orders, Princeton University Press 1998 Happy Slaves: A Critique of Consent Theory, University of Chicago Press 1989 References ^ Shurson, Jessica (March 2021). "Don Herzog, Sovereignty, RIP, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2020, 299 pp, hb £30.00". The Modern Law Review. 84 (2): 424–427. doi:10.1111/1468-2230.12586. ISSN 0026-7961. ^ Gathii, James (7 July 2020). "Burying Sovereignty All Over Again: A Brief Review of Don Herzog's Sovereignty RIP". EJIL: Talk!. ^ Sloane, Adam C. (1990). "Happy Slaves: A Critique of Consent Theory". Michigan Law Review. ^ Thompson, Martyn P. (1992). "Review of Happy Slaves: A Critique of Consent Theory". History of Political Thought. 13 (2): 367–370. ISSN 0143-781X. External links "Don Herzog". University of Michigan Law School. Defaming the Dead A Little Book of Political Mistakes Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Academics Google Scholar Other IdRef This biography of an American political scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"consent theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_theory"},{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"Golden Apple Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Apple_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Don Herzog (born April 7, 1956) is an American political scientist and Edson R. Sunderland Professor of Law at the University of Michigan. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rawlins	Colin Rawlins	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Military service","2.2 Post-Military","3 Honours","4 References"]	British civil servant, businessman, and Royal Air force officer Colin Guy Champion Rawlins, DFC (5 June 1919 – 23 October 2003) was a British civil servant, businessman, and decorated Royal Air force officer. Early life and education Rawlins was born on 5 June 1919 in the Metropolitan Borough of Lewisham, London, England. His parents were R. S. C. Rawlins and Yvonne Blanche Andrews. He spent his early childhood in Brazil, living in Recife and Rio de Janeiro. When his mother died in 1924, he and his sister lived with relations in the Union of South Africa for the next two years. After his father remarried, the siblings moved to British Kenya to join their father and step-mother. He was educated at the Prince of Wales School in Nairobi while the family were living in Kenya. In 1933, the family moved back to England. He was educated at Charterhouse, then an all-boys public school in Godalming, Surrey, between 1933 and 1937. In 1937, Rawlins matriculated into The Queen's College, Oxford to study modern languages. He represented Oxford University in swimming competitions in 1938 and 1939. Having also joined the Oxford University Air Squadron, he was called up for active service at the beginning of World War II. Career Military service Rawlins joined the Oxford University Air Squadron while studying at the University of Oxford. This meant his was able to learn to fly and train as an officer cadet of the Royal Air Force at the same time as studying for his degree. He was commissioned in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (RAFVR) on 1 November 1938 as a pilot officer. At the beginning of World War II, Rawlins was called up for active service. He then received advanced pilot training at No. 8 Flying Training School RAF, RAF Montrose, and at No. 16 Operational Training Unit (a night bomber training unit), RAF Upper Heyford. He was promoted to flying officer on 1 May 1940. He then joined No. 144 Squadron RAF, flying Handley Page Hampden medium bomber. From August to December 1940, he serve a tour of operations with Bomber Command, flying night bombers over North-West Europe. He was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross in February 1942 to for service during this period. From January 1941 until his return to flying in May 1941, Rawlins was rested from active duty. On 1 May 1941, he was promoted to flight lieutenant (war substantive). On 12 May 1941, he was shot down near Enkhuizen, the Netherlands, by Helmut Woltersdorf. Post-Military Rawlins was Director of Zoos of the Zoological Society of London from 1966 to 1984. Honours On 11 February 1941, Rawlins was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) "in recognition of gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy". For service during World War II, he was also awarded the 1939–1945 Star, the Air Crew Europe Star, and the War Medal 1939–1945. If he had lived to 2013, he would have received the Bomber Command Clasp which was belatedly instituted on 26 February of that year. References ^ a b c d "RAWLINS, Colin Guy Champion". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. April 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Colin Rawlins". The Daily Telegraph. 21 November 2003. Retrieved 5 June 2016. ^ a b c d e f Houterman, Hans; Koppes, Jeroen. "Royal Air Force (Volunteer Reserve) Officers 1939-1945: R". unithistories.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016. ^ a b c d e f g "Colin Rawlins". The Times. 29 November 2003. Retrieved 6 June 2016. ^ a b "Colin Guy Champion Rawlins - Obituary". www.oldcambrians.com. Retrieved 23 May 2023. ^ "No. 34566". The London Gazette. 1 November 1938. p. 6823. ^ "No. 34864". The London Gazette. 4 June 1940. p. 3357. ^ a b "No. 35073". The London Gazette. 11 February 1941. p. 832. ^ "No. 35228". The London Gazette. 25 July 1941. p. 4282. ^ The National Archives - Ministry of Defence - Arctic Star and Bomber Command Clasp (Access date 5 June 2016)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"civil servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"},{"link_name":"Royal Air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_Was_Who-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"}],"text":"Colin Guy Champion Rawlins, DFC (5 June 1919 – 23 October 2003) was a British civil servant, businessman, and decorated Royal Air force officer.[1][2]","title":"Colin Rawlins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of Lewisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Lewisham"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_-_unithistories.com-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_Was_Who-1"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Union of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-4"},{"link_name":"British Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Kenya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_School"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_Was_Who-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Godalming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godalming"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_-_unithistories.com-3"},{"link_name":"matriculated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculated"},{"link_name":"The Queen's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"modern languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_languages"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-4"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_-_unithistories.com-3"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"}],"text":"Rawlins was born on 5 June 1919 in the Metropolitan Borough of Lewisham, London, England.[3][4] His parents were R. S. C. Rawlins and Yvonne Blanche Andrews.[1] He spent his early childhood in Brazil, living in Recife and Rio de Janeiro.[2][5] When his mother died in 1924, he and his sister lived with relations in the Union of South Africa for the next two years.[4] After his father remarried, the siblings moved to British Kenya to join their father and step-mother.[2] He was educated at the Prince of Wales School in Nairobi while the family were living in Kenya.[1] In 1933, the family moved back to England.[2] He was educated at Charterhouse, then an all-boys public school in Godalming, Surrey, between 1933 and 1937.[3]In 1937, Rawlins matriculated into The Queen's College, Oxford to study modern languages.[2][4] He represented Oxford University in swimming competitions in 1938 and 1939.[3] Having also joined the Oxford University Air Squadron,[4] he was called up for active service at the beginning of World War II.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford University Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"officer cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_cadet"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-4"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Volunteer_Reserve"},{"link_name":"pilot officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_officer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG_1_November_1938-6"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-4"},{"link_name":"No. 8 Flying Training School RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._8_Flying_Training_School_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Montrose"},{"link_name":"RAF Upper Heyford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Upper_Heyford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"},{"link_name":"flying officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_officer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG_4_June_1940-7"},{"link_name":"No. 144 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._144_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden"},{"link_name":"medium bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_bomber"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"},{"link_name":"Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"night bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_bombers"},{"link_name":"North-West Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Europe_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_Was_Who-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-4"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG_11_February_1941-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_-_unithistories.com-3"},{"link_name":"flight lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"war substantive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_substantive"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG_25_July_1941-9"},{"link_name":"Enkhuizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkhuizen"},{"link_name":"Helmut Woltersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Woltersdorf"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Tele-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_-_unithistories.com-3"}],"sub_title":"Military service","text":"Rawlins joined the Oxford University Air Squadron while studying at the University of Oxford. This meant his was able to learn to fly and train as an officer cadet of the Royal Air Force at the same time as studying for his degree.[2][4] He was commissioned in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (RAFVR) on 1 November 1938 as a pilot officer.[6]At the beginning of World War II, Rawlins was called up for active service.[4] He then received advanced pilot training at No. 8 Flying Training School RAF, RAF Montrose, and at No. 16 Operational Training Unit (a night bomber training unit), RAF Upper Heyford.[2] He was promoted to flying officer on 1 May 1940.[7] He then joined No. 144 Squadron RAF, flying Handley Page Hampden medium bomber.[2] From August to December 1940, he serve a tour of operations with Bomber Command, flying night bombers over North-West Europe.[1][2][4] He was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross in February 1942 to for service during this period.[2][8]From January 1941 until his return to flying in May 1941, Rawlins was rested from active duty.[3] On 1 May 1941, he was promoted to flight lieutenant (war substantive).[9] On 12 May 1941, he was shot down near Enkhuizen, the Netherlands, by Helmut Woltersdorf.[2][3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"Post-Military","text":"Rawlins was Director of Zoos of the Zoological Society of London from 1966 to 1984.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Air_Crew_Europe_Star.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG_11_February_1941-8"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"1939–1945 Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%931945_Star"},{"link_name":"Air Crew Europe Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Crew_Europe_Star"},{"link_name":"War Medal 1939–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Medal_1939%E2%80%931945"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_-_unithistories.com-3"},{"link_name":"Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"Clasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_bar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On 11 February 1941, Rawlins was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) \"in recognition of gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy\".[8] For service during World War II, he was also awarded the 1939–1945 Star, the Air Crew Europe Star, and the War Medal 1939–1945.[3] If he had lived to 2013, he would have received the Bomber Command Clasp which was belatedly instituted on 26 February of that year.[10]","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"RAWLINS, Colin Guy Champion\". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. April 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U31955","url_text":"\"RAWLINS, Colin Guy Champion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colin Rawlins\". The Daily Telegraph. 21 November 2003. Retrieved 5 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1447256/Colin-Rawlins.html","url_text":"\"Colin Rawlins\""}]},{"reference":"Houterman, Hans; Koppes, Jeroen. \"Royal Air Force (Volunteer Reserve) Officers 1939-1945: R\". unithistories.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RAFVR_officers_R01.html","url_text":"\"Royal Air Force (Volunteer Reserve) Officers 1939-1945: R\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colin Rawlins\". The Times. 29 November 2003. Retrieved 6 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article2077540.ece","url_text":"\"Colin Rawlins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colin Guy Champion Rawlins - Obituary\". www.oldcambrians.com. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcambrians.com/Obituary-Rawlins,Colin.html","url_text":"\"Colin Guy Champion Rawlins - Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34566\". The London Gazette. 1 November 1938. p. 6823.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34566/page/6823","url_text":"\"No. 34566\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34864\". The London Gazette. 4 June 1940. p. 3357.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34864/page/3357","url_text":"\"No. 34864\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35073\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1941. p. 832.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35073/page/832","url_text":"\"No. 35073\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35228\". The London Gazette. 25 July 1941. p. 4282.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35228/page/4282","url_text":"\"No. 35228\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U31955","external_links_name":"\"RAWLINS, Colin Guy Champion\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1447256/Colin-Rawlins.html","external_links_name":"\"Colin Rawlins\""},{"Link":"http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RAFVR_officers_R01.html","external_links_name":"\"Royal Air Force (Volunteer Reserve) Officers 1939-1945: R\""},{"Link":"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article2077540.ece","external_links_name":"\"Colin Rawlins\""},{"Link":"http://www.oldcambrians.com/Obituary-Rawlins,Colin.html","external_links_name":"\"Colin Guy Champion Rawlins - Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34566/page/6823","external_links_name":"\"No. 34566\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34864/page/3357","external_links_name":"\"No. 34864\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35073/page/832","external_links_name":"\"No. 35073\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35228/page/4282","external_links_name":"\"No. 35228\""},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140805133045/http://www.veterans-uk.info/arctic_star_index.htm","external_links_name":"The National Archives - Ministry of Defence - Arctic Star and Bomber Command Clasp"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Dohihara	Kenji Doihara	["1 Early life and career","2 \"Lawrence of Manchuria”","3 Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War","3.1 Criminal activities","4 Prosecution and conviction","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Books","7 External links"]	Japanese officer, war criminal 1883-1948 This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Doihara KenjiDoihara in c. 1941~45Nickname(s)Lawrence of Manchuria, a reference to T. E. LawrenceBorn8 August 1883Okayama, JapanDied23 December 1948(1948-12-23) (aged 65)Sugamo Prison, Tokyo, Occupied Japan Cause of deathExecution by hanging AllegianceEmpire of JapanService/branchImperial Japanese ArmyYears of service1904–1945RankGeneralCommands held14th DivisionFifth ArmySeventh Area ArmyBattles/warsSiberian InterventionSecond Sino-Japanese WarWorld War IIAwardsOrder of the Rising Sun Kenji Doihara (土肥原賢二, Doihara Kenji, 8 August 1883 – 23 December 1948) was a Japanese army officer. As a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, he was instrumental in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. As a leading intelligence officer, he played a key role to the Japanese machinations that led to the occupation of large parts of China, the destabilization of the country, and the disintegration of the traditional structure of Chinese society to diminish reaction to the Japanese plans by using highly-unconventional methods. He became the mastermind of the Manchurian drug trade and the sponsor behind many underworld activities in Japanese-occupied China. After the end of World War II, he was prosecuted for war crimes in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. He was found guilty, sentenced to death, and hanged in December 1948. Early life and career Doihara in army cadet uniform, 1903 Assassination of Zhang Zuolin, 4 June 1928 Kenji Doihara was born in Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture. He attended military preparatory schools as a youth, and graduated from the 16th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1904. He was assigned to various infantry regiments as a junior officer, and returned to school to graduate from the 24th class of the Army Staff College in 1912. Doihara spent most of his early career in various postings in northern China, except for a brief tour in 1921-1922 as part of the Japanese forces in eastern Russia during the Siberian Intervention. He was attached to IJA 2nd Infantry Regiment from 1926 to 1927 and IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment in 1927. In 1927, he was part of an official tour to China and then attached to IJA 1st Division from 1927 to 1928. He learned to speak fluent Mandarin Chinese and other Chinese dialects, and with this, he managed to take a position in military intelligence. From that post in 1928, it was he who masterminded the assassination of Zhang Zuolin, the Chinese warlord who controlled Manchuria, devising a scheme to detonate Zuolin's train as it traveled from Beijing to Shenyang. After that he was made military adviser to the Kuomintang Government until 1929. In 1930, he was promoted to colonel and commanded IJA 30th Infantry Regiment. In 1931, he became head of the military espionage operations of the Japanese Army of Manchuria in Tianjin. The following year, he was transferred to Shenyang as head of the Houten Special Agency, the military intelligence service of the Japanese Kwantung Army. "Lawrence of Manchuria” A section of the Liǔtiáo railway where Suemori Komoto under Doihara's orders planted the bomb that triggered the Japanese invasion in Manchuria. The caption reads "railway fragment". While at Tianjin, Doihara, together with Seishirō Itagaki engineered the infamous Mukden Incident by ordering Lieutenant Suemori Komoto to place and fire a bomb near the tracks at the time when a Japanese train passed through. In the event, the bomb was so unexpectedly weak and the damage of the tracks so negligible that the train passed undamaged, but the Imperial Japanese Government still blamed the Chinese military for an unprovoked attack, invaded and occupied Manchuria. During the invasion, Doihara facilitated the tactical cooperation between the Northeastern Army Generals Xi Qia in Jilin, Zhang Jinghui in Harbin and Zhang Haipeng at Taonan in the northwest of Liaoning province. Next, Doihara took the task to return former Qing dynasty Emperor Puyi to Manchuria as to give legitimacy to the puppet regime. The plan was to pretend that Puyi had returned to resume his throne due to imaginary popular demand of the people of Manchuria and that although Japan had nothing to do with his return, it could do nothing to oppose the will of the people. To carry out the plan, it was necessary to land Puyi at Yingkou before that port froze; therefore, he had to arrive there before 16 November 1931. With the help of the legendary spy Kawashima Yoshiko, a woman well-acquainted with the Emperor, who regarded her as a member of the Chinese Imperial Family, he succeeded in bringing him into Manchuria within the deadline. In early 1932, Doihara was sent to head the Harbin Special Agency of the Kwantung Army, where he began negotiations with General Ma Zhanshan after he had been driven from Qiqihar by the Japanese. Ma's position was ambiguous; he continued negotiations while he supported Harbin-based General Ding Chao. When Doihara realized his negotiations were not going anywhere, he requested that Manchurian warlord Xi Qia advance with his forces to take Harbin from General Ding Chao. However, General Ding Chao was able to defeat Xi Qia's forces, and Doihara realized he would need Japanese forces to succeed. Doihara engineered a riot in Harbin to justify their intervention. That resulted in the IJA 12th Division under General Jirō Tamon coming from Mukden by rail and then marching through the snow to reinforce the attack. Harbin fell on 5 February 1932. By the end of February, General Ding Chao retreated into northeastern Manchuria and offered to cease hostilities, ending Chinese formal resistance. Within a month, the puppet state of Manchukuo was established under Doihara's supervision who had named himself mayor of Mukden. He then arranged for the puppet government to ask Tokyo to supply "military advice". During the next months 150,000 soldiers, 18,000 gendarmes and 4,000 secret police came into the newly founded protectorate. He used them as an occupying army, imposing slave labour and spreading terror to force the 30 million Chinese inhabitants into abject submission. Ma's fame as an uncompromising fighter against the Japanese invaders survived after his defeat and so Doihara made contact with him offering a huge sum of money and the command of the puppet state's army if he would defect to the new Manchurian government. Ma pretended that he agreed and flew to Mukden in January 1932, where he attended the meeting on which the state of Manchukuo was founded and was appointed War Minister of Manchukuo and Governor of Heilongjiang Province. Then, after using the Japanese funds to raise and re-equip a new volunteer force, on 1 April 1932, he led his troops to Qiqihar, re-establishing the Heilongjiang Provincial Government as part of the Republic of China and resumed the fight against the Japanese. From 1932 to 1933, the newly promoted Major General Doihara commanded IJA 9th Infantry Brigade of IJA 5th Division. After the seizure of Rehe in Operation Nekka, Doihara was sent back to Manchukuo to head Houten Special Agency once again until 1934. He was then attached to IJA 12th Division until 1936. For the key role he played in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, he earned the nickname "Lawrence of Manchuria," a reference to Lawrence of Arabia. However, according to Jamie Bisher, the flattering sobriquet was rather misapplied, as that Colonel T.E. Lawrence had fought to liberate, not to oppress people. Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kenji Doihara" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Doihara in a press photo in Tokyo during 1936, by then a Lt. General From 1936 to 1937, Doihara was the commander of the 1st Depot Division in Japan until the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, when he was given command of the IJA 14th Division under the Japanese First Army in North China. There, he served in the Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation and spearheaded the campaign of Northern and Eastern Henan, where his division opposed the Chinese counterattack in the Battle of Lanfeng. After the Battle of Lanfeng, Doihara was attached to the Army General Staff as head of the Doihara Special Agency until 1939, when he was given command of the Japanese Fifth Army, in Manchukuo under the overall control of the Kwantung Army. In 1940, Doihara became a member of the Supreme War Council. From 1940 to 1941, he was appointed Commandant of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. He then became head of the Army Aeronautical Department of the Ministry of War, and Inspector-General of Army Aviation until 1943. On 4 November 1941, as a general in the Japanese Army Air Force and a member of the Supreme War Council he voted his approval of the attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1943, Doihara was made Commander in Chief of the Eastern District Army. In 1944, he was appointed the Governor of Johor State, Malaya, and commander in chief of the Japanese Seventh Area Army in Singapore until 1945. Returning to Japan in 1945, Doihara was promoted to Inspector-General of Military Training (one of the most prestigious positions in the Army) and commander in chief of the Japanese Twelfth Area Army. At the time of the surrender of Japan in 1945, Doihara was commander in chief of the 1st General Army. Criminal activities Harvest of poppy in Manchukuo used for opium production Doihara's activity in China vastly exceeded the normal behaviour of an intelligence officer. As chief of the Japanese secret services in China, he worked out, put in motion, and oversaw a wide series of activities, systematically exploiting the occupied areas and disrupting Chinese social structure in the rest of the country to weaken public resistance by using every possible kind of action, including deliberately fueling criminality; fostering drug addiction; sponsoring terrorism, assassinations, blackmail, bribery, opium trafficking, and racketeering; and spreading every kind of corruption in the almost-ungovernable country. The extent of his activities and covert operations is still inadequately understood. According to Ronald Sydney Seth, his activity played a key role in shattering China's ability to confront Japan's expansion by generating chaotic conditions, which prevented any mass reaction in the invaded country. After the occupation of Manchuria, the Japanese secret service, under his supervision, soon turned Manchukuo into a vast criminal enterprise in which rape, child molestation, sexual humiliation, sadism, assault, and murder became institutionalized means of terrorizing and controlling Manchuria's Chinese and Russian populations. Robbery by soldiers and gendarmes of the Kempetai, arbitrary confiscation of property, and unabashed extortion became common. Underground brothels, opium dens, gambling houses, and narcotics shops run by Japanese gendarmes competed with the state monopoly syndicate of opium. Many conscientious Japanese officers protested the conditions, but Tokyo ignored them and so they were silenced. Doihara soon expanded his activity into the still unoccupied parts of China. By using about 80,000 paid Chinese villains known as Chiang Mao Tao, he funded hundreds of criminal groups, using them for every kind of social disturbance, turnover, assassinations and sabotage inside unoccupied China. Through the organizations, he soon managed to control a large part of the opium traffic in China, using the money earned to fund his covert operations. He hired an army of agents and sent them throughout China as representatives of various humanitarian organizations. They established thousands of health centers, mainly in the villages of the districts, for curing tuberculosis, which was then epidemic in China. By adulterating medicines with opium, he managed to addict millions of unsuspecting patients, expanding societal degeneration into areas which had been hitherto untouched by the increasing breakdown of Chinese society. The scheme also created a pool of addicted victims desperate to offer any kind of service to secure a daily dose of opium. He initially gave food and shelter to tens of thousands Russian White émigré women who had taken refuge in the Far East after the defeat of the White Russian anti-Bolshevik movement during the Russian Civil War and the withdrawal of the Entente and Japanese armies from Siberia. Having lost their livelihoods, and with most of them widowed, Doihara forced the women into prostitution, using them to create a network of brothels throughout China where they worked under inhuman conditions. The use of heroin and opium was promoted to them as a way to tolerate their miserable fate. Once addicted, the women were used to further spread the use of opium among the population by earning one free opium pipe for every six they were selling to their customers. Winning the necessary support from the authorities in Tokyo he persuaded the Japanese tobacco industry Mitsui of Mitsui Zaibatsu to produce special cigarettes bearing the popular to the Far East trademark "Golden Bat". Their circulation was prohibited in Japan, as they were intended only for export. Doihara's services controlled their distribution in China and Manchuria where the full production was exported. In the mouthpiece of each cigarette a small dose of opium or heroin was concealed, and by this subterfuge millions of unsuspecting consumers were added to the ever-growing crowds of drug addicts in the crippled country, simultaneously creating huge profits. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in China, including Manchukuo, was estimated as twenty to thirty million yen per year, while another authority stated during the trial that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at 300 million dollars a year. Given the chaotic situation in China, the corruption Doihara methodically spread did not take long to reach the very top. In 1938, Chiang had eight generals, all in command of Chinese divisions, executed when it was found that they were informers for Doihara's services. This heralded a wave of executions of high-ranking Chinese officials found guilty for every kind of dealing with Doihara during the next six years of the war. To many Westerners in touch with the Chinese leadership, the purges did not have lasting results. Prosecution and conviction His arrest, accused for war crimes During his trial before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. First in the front row from left to right Last writing of the Class-A War Criminals (Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui, Hideki Tojo and Akira Muto) Kenji Doihara in 1948 After the surrender of Japan, he was arrested by the Allied occupation authorities and tried before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East as a Class A war criminal together with other members of the Manchurian administration responsible for the Japanese policies there. He was found guilty on counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, and 54 and was sentenced to death, while his close colleague Naoki Hoshino, financial expert and director of the Japanese State Opium Monopoly Bureau in Manchuria, was sentenced to life imprisonment. According to the indictment, as tools of successive Japanese governments they: "... pursued a systematic policy of weakening the native inhabitants' will to resist ... by directly and indirectly encouraging the increased production and importation of opium and other narcotics and by promoting the sale and consumption of such drugs among such people." He was hanged on 23 December 1948 at Sugamo Prison. See also Japanese war crimes References ^ a b Deacon 1990, p. 142. ^ a b c Fuller 1992, pp. 88–89. ^ White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.299, Jamie Bisher, Routledge, ISBN 9780714656908, 2005 ^ Bisher, Jamie (2005). White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian. Routledge. p. 359. ISBN 0-714-65690-9. ^ The peace conspiracy: Wang Ching-wei and the China war, 1937-1941, vol. 67, Harvard East Asian Series, The East Asian Research Center at Harvard University, Harvard University Press, 1972 ^ White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.299, Jamie Bisher, Routledge, ISBN 9780714656908, 2005 ^ Encyclopedia of espionage, p.316, Ronald Sydney Seth, ISBN 978-0-385-01609-4, Doubleday, 1974 ^ Encyclopedia of War Crimes And Genocide, p.128, Facts on File, Leslie Alan Horvitz & Christopher Catherwood, ISBN 9780816060016, 2006 ^ Secret servants: a history of Japanese espionage, p.128, Ronald Sydney Seth, ASIN: B0007DM4XG, Straus and Cudahy, 1957 ^ Tales of Real Spies, p.47, Fergus Fleming, EDC, 1998, ISBN 9781580860154 ^ Encyclopedia of espionage, p.315, Ronald Sydney Seth, ISBN 9780385016094, Doubleday, 1974 ^ White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.298, Jamie Bisher, Routledge, ISBN 978-0714656908, 2005 ^ Mitsui: Three Centuries of Japanese Business, pages 312-313, John G. Roberts, Weatherhill, 1991, ISBN 9780834800809 ^ The Opium Empire: Japanese Imperialism and Drug Trafficking in Asia, 1895-1945, John M. Jennings, p.102, Praeger, 1997, ISBN 0275957594 ^ Maga, Judgment at Tokyo Books Beasley, W.G. (1991). Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822168-1. Barrett, David (2001). Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3768-1. Bix, Herbert P. (2001). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-093130-2. Fuller, Richard (1992). Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai. London: Arms and Armor. ISBN 1-85409-151-4. Hayashi, Saburo; Cox, Alvin D (1959). Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps Association. Maga, Timothy P. (2001). Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2177-9. Minear, Richard H. (1971). Victor's Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945. Random House. ISBN 0-8129-6858-1. Wasserstein, Bernard (1999). Secret War in Shanghai: An Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-98537-4. Deacon, Richard (1990). Kempeitai: the Japanese Secret Service, Then and Now. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9780804816533. External links Ammenthorp, Steen. "Kenji Doihara". The Generals of World War II. "Scholar, Simpleton & Inflation". Time Magazine. 1932-04-25. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-14. Newspaper clippings about Kenji Doihara in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Military offices Preceded byKotaro Nakamura Commander, IJA Eastern District Army May 1943 – Mar 1944 Succeeded byKeisuke Fujie Preceded bynone Commander, IJA 7th Area Army Mar 1944 – Apr 1945 Succeeded bySeishirō Itagaki Preceded byShunroku Hata Inspector General of Military Training Apr 1945 – Aug 1945 Succeeded bySadamu Shimomura Preceded byGen Sugiyama Commander, IJA 1st General Army Sept 1945 – Sept 1945 Succeeded byYoshijirō Umezu Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kenji Doihara. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"army officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_officer"},{"link_name":"general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Japanese invasion of Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Chinese society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_society"},{"link_name":"Manchurian drug trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_drug_trade"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes"},{"link_name":"International Military Tribunal for the Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_sentence"}],"text":"Kenji Doihara (土肥原賢二, Doihara Kenji, 8 August 1883 – 23 December 1948) was a Japanese army officer. As a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, he was instrumental in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.As a leading intelligence officer, he played a key role to the Japanese machinations that led to the occupation of large parts of China, the destabilization of the country, and the disintegration of the traditional structure of Chinese society to diminish reaction to the Japanese plans by using highly-unconventional methods. He became the mastermind of the Manchurian drug trade and the sponsor behind many underworld activities in Japanese-occupied China.After the end of World War II, he was prosecuted for war crimes in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. He was found guilty, sentenced to death, and hanged in December 1948.","title":"Kenji Doihara"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1903_Doihara_Kenji.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huanggutun_Incident06.PNG"},{"link_name":"Zhang Zuolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin"},{"link_name":"Okayama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okayama,_Okayama"},{"link_name":"Okayama Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okayama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Army Staff College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_War_College_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Siberian Intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Intervention"},{"link_name":"IJA 1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJA_1st_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacon1990142-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller199288%E2%80%9389-2"},{"link_name":"Mandarin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Chinese dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dialects"},{"link_name":"military intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Zhang Zuolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Shenyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang"},{"link_name":"Kwantung Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantung_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacon1990142-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller199288%E2%80%9389-2"}],"text":"Doihara in army cadet uniform, 1903Assassination of Zhang Zuolin, 4 June 1928Kenji Doihara was born in Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture. He attended military preparatory schools as a youth, and graduated from the 16th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1904. He was assigned to various infantry regiments as a junior officer, and returned to school to graduate from the 24th class of the Army Staff College in 1912.Doihara spent most of his early career in various postings in northern China, except for a brief tour in 1921-1922 as part of the Japanese forces in eastern Russia during the Siberian Intervention. He was attached to IJA 2nd Infantry Regiment from 1926 to 1927 and IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment in 1927. In 1927, he was part of an official tour to China and then attached to IJA 1st Division from 1927 to 1928.[1][2]He learned to speak fluent Mandarin Chinese and other Chinese dialects, and with this, he managed to take a position in military intelligence. From that post in 1928, it was he who masterminded the assassination of Zhang Zuolin, the Chinese warlord who controlled Manchuria, devising a scheme to detonate Zuolin's train as it traveled from Beijing to Shenyang. After that he was made military adviser to the Kuomintang Government until 1929. In 1930, he was promoted to colonel and commanded IJA 30th Infantry Regiment. In 1931, he became head of the military espionage operations of the Japanese Army of Manchuria in Tianjin. The following year, he was transferred to Shenyang as head of the Houten Special Agency, the military intelligence service of the Japanese Kwantung Army.[1][2]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mukden_1931_spoorweg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seishirō Itagaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki"},{"link_name":"Mukden Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Incident"},{"link_name":"invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Army"},{"link_name":"Xi Qia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Qia"},{"link_name":"Jilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin"},{"link_name":"Zhang Jinghui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jinghui"},{"link_name":"Harbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin"},{"link_name":"Zhang Haipeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Haipeng"},{"link_name":"Taonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taonan"},{"link_name":"Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Puyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyi"},{"link_name":"Yingkou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingkou"},{"link_name":"Kawashima Yoshiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawashima_Yoshiko"},{"link_name":"Ma Zhanshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhanshan"},{"link_name":"driven from","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangqiao_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Qiqihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiqihar"},{"link_name":"Ding Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Chao"},{"link_name":"warlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord"},{"link_name":"riot in Harbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Incident"},{"link_name":"IJA 12th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJA_12th_Division"},{"link_name":"Jirō Tamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Tamon"},{"link_name":"Mukden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden"},{"link_name":"puppet state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_state"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo"},{"link_name":"gendarmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army"},{"link_name":"Heilongjiang Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang_Province"},{"link_name":"volunteer force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Japanese_volunteer_armies"},{"link_name":"Qiqihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiqihar"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"IJA 5th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJA_5th_Division"},{"link_name":"Rehe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehe_Province"},{"link_name":"Operation Nekka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nekka"},{"link_name":"IJA 12th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJA_12th_Division"},{"link_name":"Lawrence of Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(British_Army)"},{"link_name":"T.E. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.E._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A section of the Liǔtiáo railway where Suemori Komoto under Doihara's orders planted the bomb that triggered the Japanese invasion in Manchuria. The caption reads \"railway fragment\".While at Tianjin, Doihara, together with Seishirō Itagaki engineered the infamous Mukden Incident by ordering Lieutenant Suemori Komoto to place and fire a bomb near the tracks at the time when a Japanese train passed through. In the event, the bomb was so unexpectedly weak and the damage of the tracks so negligible that the train passed undamaged, but the Imperial Japanese Government still blamed the Chinese military for an unprovoked attack, invaded and occupied Manchuria. During the invasion, Doihara facilitated the tactical cooperation between the Northeastern Army Generals Xi Qia in Jilin, Zhang Jinghui in Harbin and Zhang Haipeng at Taonan in the northwest of Liaoning province.Next, Doihara took the task to return former Qing dynasty Emperor Puyi to Manchuria as to give legitimacy to the puppet regime. The plan was to pretend that Puyi had returned to resume his throne due to imaginary popular demand of the people of Manchuria and that although Japan had nothing to do with his return, it could do nothing to oppose the will of the people. To carry out the plan, it was necessary to land Puyi at Yingkou before that port froze; therefore, he had to arrive there before 16 November 1931. With the help of the legendary spy Kawashima Yoshiko, a woman well-acquainted with the Emperor, who regarded her as a member of the Chinese Imperial Family, he succeeded in bringing him into Manchuria within the deadline.In early 1932, Doihara was sent to head the Harbin Special Agency of the Kwantung Army, where he began negotiations with General Ma Zhanshan after he had been driven from Qiqihar by the Japanese. Ma's position was ambiguous; he continued negotiations while he supported Harbin-based General Ding Chao. When Doihara realized his negotiations were not going anywhere, he requested that Manchurian warlord Xi Qia advance with his forces to take Harbin from General Ding Chao. However, General Ding Chao was able to defeat Xi Qia's forces, and Doihara realized he would need Japanese forces to succeed. Doihara engineered a riot in Harbin to justify their intervention. That resulted in the IJA 12th Division under General Jirō Tamon coming from Mukden by rail and then marching through the snow to reinforce the attack. Harbin fell on 5 February 1932. By the end of February, General Ding Chao retreated into northeastern Manchuria and offered to cease hostilities, ending Chinese formal resistance. Within a month, the puppet state of Manchukuo was established under Doihara's supervision who had named himself mayor of Mukden. He then arranged for the puppet government to ask Tokyo to supply \"military advice\". During the next months 150,000 soldiers, 18,000 gendarmes and 4,000 secret police came into the newly founded protectorate. He used them as an occupying army, imposing slave labour and spreading terror to force the 30 million Chinese inhabitants into abject submission.[3]Ma's fame as an uncompromising fighter against the Japanese invaders survived after his defeat and so Doihara made contact with him offering a huge sum of money and the command of the puppet state's army if he would defect to the new Manchurian government. Ma pretended that he agreed and flew to Mukden in January 1932, where he attended the meeting on which the state of Manchukuo was founded and was appointed War Minister of Manchukuo and Governor of Heilongjiang Province. Then, after using the Japanese funds to raise and re-equip a new volunteer force, on 1 April 1932, he led his troops to Qiqihar, re-establishing the Heilongjiang Provincial Government as part of the Republic of China and resumed the fight against the Japanese.From 1932 to 1933, the newly promoted Major General Doihara commanded IJA 9th Infantry Brigade of IJA 5th Division. After the seizure of Rehe in Operation Nekka, Doihara was sent back to Manchukuo to head Houten Special Agency once again until 1934. He was then attached to IJA 12th Division until 1936.For the key role he played in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, he earned the nickname \"Lawrence of Manchuria,\" a reference to Lawrence of Arabia. However, according to Jamie Bisher, the flattering sobriquet was rather misapplied, as that Colonel T.E. Lawrence had fought to liberate, not to oppress people.[4]","title":"\"Lawrence of Manchuria”"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:193603_doihara_kenji.png"},{"link_name":"Marco Polo Bridge Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident"},{"link_name":"IJA 14th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJA_14th_Division"},{"link_name":"Japanese First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_First_Army"},{"link_name":"Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiping%E2%80%93Hankou_Railway_Operation"},{"link_name":"Northern and Eastern Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Eastern_Henan_1938"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lanfeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lanfeng"},{"link_name":"Japanese Fifth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Fifth_Army"},{"link_name":"Supreme War Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Army Aeronautical Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Aeronautical_Department"},{"link_name":"Ministry of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller199288%E2%80%9389-2"},{"link_name":"general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"Japanese Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Army_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Commander in Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_in_Chief"},{"link_name":"Eastern District Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_District_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Johor State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Japanese Seventh Area Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Seventh_Area_Army"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Inspector-General of Military Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspectorate_General_of_Military_Training"},{"link_name":"Japanese Twelfth Area Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Twelfth_Area_Army"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"1st General Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_General_Army"}],"text":"Doihara in a press photo in Tokyo during 1936, by then a Lt. GeneralFrom 1936 to 1937, Doihara was the commander of the 1st Depot Division in Japan until the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, when he was given command of the IJA 14th Division under the Japanese First Army in North China. There, he served in the Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation and spearheaded the campaign of Northern and Eastern Henan, where his division opposed the Chinese counterattack in the Battle of Lanfeng.After the Battle of Lanfeng, Doihara was attached to the Army General Staff as head of the Doihara Special Agency until 1939, when he was given command of the Japanese Fifth Army, in Manchukuo under the overall control of the Kwantung Army. In 1940, Doihara became a member of the Supreme War Council. From 1940 to 1941, he was appointed Commandant of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. He then became head of the Army Aeronautical Department of the Ministry of War, and Inspector-General of Army Aviation until 1943.[2] On 4 November 1941, as a general in the Japanese Army Air Force and a member of the Supreme War Council he voted his approval of the attack on Pearl Harbor.In 1943, Doihara was made Commander in Chief of the Eastern District Army. In 1944, he was appointed the Governor of Johor State, Malaya, and commander in chief of the Japanese Seventh Area Army in Singapore until 1945.Returning to Japan in 1945, Doihara was promoted to Inspector-General of Military Training (one of the most prestigious positions in the Army) and commander in chief of the Japanese Twelfth Area Army. At the time of the surrender of Japan in 1945, Doihara was commander in chief of the 1st General Army.","title":"Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manchukuo-poppy_harvest.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ronald Sydney Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Chartham"},{"link_name":"Kempetai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempetai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"opium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"White émigré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"White Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_movement"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Entente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Intervention"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_during_the_Siberian_Intervention"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"brothels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mitsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui"},{"link_name":"Golden Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bat_(cigarette)"},{"link_name":"heroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Criminal activities","text":"Harvest of poppy in Manchukuo used for opium productionDoihara's activity in China vastly exceeded the normal behaviour of an intelligence officer. As chief of the Japanese secret services in China, he worked out, put in motion, and oversaw a wide series of activities, systematically exploiting the occupied areas and disrupting Chinese social structure in the rest of the country to weaken public resistance by using every possible kind of action, including deliberately fueling criminality; fostering drug addiction; sponsoring terrorism, assassinations, blackmail, bribery, opium trafficking, and racketeering; and spreading every kind of corruption in the almost-ungovernable country.[5] The extent of his activities and covert operations is still inadequately understood. According to Ronald Sydney Seth, his activity played a key role in shattering China's ability to confront Japan's expansion by generating chaotic conditions, which prevented any mass reaction in the invaded country.After the occupation of Manchuria, the Japanese secret service, under his supervision, soon turned Manchukuo into a vast criminal enterprise in which rape, child molestation, sexual humiliation, sadism, assault, and murder became institutionalized means of terrorizing and controlling Manchuria's Chinese and Russian populations. Robbery by soldiers and gendarmes of the Kempetai, arbitrary confiscation of property, and unabashed extortion became common. Underground brothels, opium dens, gambling houses, and narcotics shops run by Japanese gendarmes competed with the state monopoly syndicate of opium. Many conscientious Japanese officers protested the conditions, but Tokyo ignored them and so they were silenced.[6]Doihara soon expanded his activity into the still unoccupied parts of China. By using about 80,000 paid Chinese villains known as Chiang Mao Tao, he funded hundreds of criminal groups, using them for every kind of social disturbance, turnover, assassinations and sabotage inside unoccupied China. Through the organizations, he soon managed to control a large part of the opium traffic in China, using the money earned to fund his covert operations.[7][8]He hired an army of agents and sent them throughout China as representatives of various humanitarian organizations. They established thousands of health centers, mainly in the villages of the districts, for curing tuberculosis, which was then epidemic in China. By adulterating medicines with opium, he managed to addict millions of unsuspecting patients, expanding societal degeneration into areas which had been hitherto untouched by the increasing breakdown of Chinese society. The scheme also created a pool of addicted victims desperate to offer any kind of service to secure a daily dose of opium.[9][10]He initially gave food and shelter to tens of thousands Russian White émigré women who had taken refuge in the Far East after the defeat of the White Russian anti-Bolshevik movement during the Russian Civil War and the withdrawal of the Entente and Japanese armies from Siberia. Having lost their livelihoods, and with most of them widowed, Doihara forced the women into prostitution, using them to create a network of brothels throughout China where they worked under inhuman conditions. The use of heroin and opium was promoted to them as a way to tolerate their miserable fate. Once addicted, the women were used to further spread the use of opium among the population by earning one free opium pipe for every six they were selling to their customers.[11][12]Winning the necessary support from the authorities in Tokyo he persuaded the Japanese tobacco industry Mitsui of Mitsui Zaibatsu to produce special cigarettes bearing the popular to the Far East trademark \"Golden Bat\". Their circulation was prohibited in Japan, as they were intended only for export. Doihara's services controlled their distribution in China and Manchuria where the full production was exported. In the mouthpiece of each cigarette a small dose of opium or heroin was concealed, and by this subterfuge millions of unsuspecting consumers were added to the ever-growing crowds of drug addicts in the crippled country, simultaneously creating huge profits. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in China, including Manchukuo, was estimated as twenty to thirty million yen per year, while another authority[who?] stated during the trial that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at 300 million dollars a year.[13]Given the chaotic situation in China, the corruption Doihara methodically spread did not take long to reach the very top. In 1938, Chiang had eight generals, all in command of Chinese divisions, executed when it was found that they were informers for Doihara's services. This heralded a wave of executions of high-ranking Chinese officials found guilty for every kind of dealing with Doihara during the next six years of the war. To many Westerners in touch with the Chinese leadership, the purges did not have lasting results.[citation needed]","title":"Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1946_kenji_doihara_tokyo_war_crime_trial.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMTFE_defendants.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_writing_of_Muto,_Tojo,_Matsui,_Doihara.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doihara_Kenji.jpg"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Allied occupation authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers"},{"link_name":"International Military Tribunal of the Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_of_the_Far_East"},{"link_name":"war criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_criminal"},{"link_name":"Naoki Hoshino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoki_Hoshino"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"hanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"Sugamo Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugamo_Prison"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"His arrest, accused for war crimesDuring his trial before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. First in the front row from left to rightLast writing of the Class-A War Criminals (Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui, Hideki Tojo and Akira Muto)Kenji Doihara in 1948After the surrender of Japan, he was arrested by the Allied occupation authorities and tried before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East as a Class A war criminal together with other members of the Manchurian administration responsible for the Japanese policies there. He was found guilty on counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, and 54 and was sentenced to death, while his close colleague Naoki Hoshino, financial expert and director of the Japanese State Opium Monopoly Bureau in Manchuria, was sentenced to life imprisonment. According to the indictment, as tools of successive Japanese governments they: \"... pursued a systematic policy of weakening the native inhabitants' will to resist ... by directly and indirectly encouraging the increased production and importation of opium and other narcotics and by promoting the sale and consumption of such drugs among such people.\"[14] He was hanged on 23 December 1948 at Sugamo Prison.[15]","title":"Prosecution and conviction"}]	[{"image_text":"Doihara in army cadet uniform, 1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1903_Doihara_Kenji.png/220px-1903_Doihara_Kenji.png"},{"image_text":"Assassination of Zhang Zuolin, 4 June 1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Huanggutun_Incident06.PNG/170px-Huanggutun_Incident06.PNG"},{"image_text":"A section of the Liǔtiáo railway where Suemori Komoto under Doihara's orders planted the bomb that triggered the Japanese invasion in Manchuria. The caption reads \"railway fragment\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mukden_1931_spoorweg.jpg/220px-Mukden_1931_spoorweg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doihara in a press photo in Tokyo during 1936, by then a Lt. General","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/193603_doihara_kenji.png/220px-193603_doihara_kenji.png"},{"image_text":"Harvest of poppy in Manchukuo used for opium production","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Manchukuo-poppy_harvest.jpg/220px-Manchukuo-poppy_harvest.jpg"},{"image_text":"His arrest, accused for war crimes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1946_kenji_doihara_tokyo_war_crime_trial.jpg/250px-1946_kenji_doihara_tokyo_war_crime_trial.jpg"},{"image_text":"During his trial before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. First in the front row from left to right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IMTFE_defendants.jpg/250px-IMTFE_defendants.jpg"},{"image_text":"Last writing of the Class-A War Criminals (Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui, Hideki Tojo and Akira Muto)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Last_writing_of_Muto%2C_Tojo%2C_Matsui%2C_Doihara.jpg/260px-Last_writing_of_Muto%2C_Tojo%2C_Matsui%2C_Doihara.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kenji Doihara in 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Doihara_Kenji.jpg/200px-Doihara_Kenji.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Japanese war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes"}]	[{"reference":"Bisher, Jamie (2005). White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian. Routledge. p. 359. ISBN 0-714-65690-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-714-65690-9","url_text":"0-714-65690-9"}]},{"reference":"Beasley, W.G. (1991). Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822168-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822168-1","url_text":"0-19-822168-1"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, David (2001). Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3768-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3768-1","url_text":"0-8047-3768-1"}]},{"reference":"Bix, Herbert P. (2001). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-093130-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bix","url_text":"Bix, Herbert P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan","url_text":"Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093130-2","url_text":"0-06-093130-2"}]},{"reference":"Fuller, Richard (1992). Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai. London: Arms and Armor. ISBN 1-85409-151-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shokanhirohitoss00full","url_text":"Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-151-4","url_text":"1-85409-151-4"}]},{"reference":"Hayashi, Saburo; Cox, Alvin D (1959). Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps Association.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maga, Timothy P. (2001). Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2177-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2177-9","url_text":"0-8131-2177-9"}]},{"reference":"Minear, Richard H. (1971). Victor's Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Minear","url_text":"Minear, Richard H."}]},{"reference":"Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945. Random House. ISBN 0-8129-6858-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toland_(author)","url_text":"Toland, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rising_Sun:_The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Japanese_Empire_1936-1945","url_text":"The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6858-1","url_text":"0-8129-6858-1"}]},{"reference":"Wasserstein, Bernard (1999). Secret War in Shanghai: An Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-98537-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/secretwarinshang00bern","url_text":"Secret War in Shanghai: An Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-98537-4","url_text":"0-395-98537-4"}]},{"reference":"Deacon, Richard (1990). Kempeitai: the Japanese Secret Service, Then and Now. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9780804816533.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kempeitaijapanes00deac","url_text":"Kempeitai: the Japanese Secret Service, Then and Now"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804816533","url_text":"9780804816533"}]},{"reference":"Ammenthorp, Steen. \"Kenji Doihara\". The Generals of World War II.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.generals.dk/nation/Japan.html","url_text":"\"Kenji Doihara\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scholar, Simpleton & Inflation\". Time Magazine. 1932-04-25. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930114735/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743625,00.html","url_text":"\"Scholar, Simpleton & Inflation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine","url_text":"Time Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743625,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kenji+Doihara%22","external_links_name":"\"Kenji Doihara\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kenji+Doihara%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kenji+Doihara%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kenji+Doihara%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kenji+Doihara%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kenji+Doihara%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shokanhirohitoss00full","external_links_name":"Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/secretwarinshang00bern","external_links_name":"Secret War in Shanghai: An Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kempeitaijapanes00deac","external_links_name":"Kempeitai: the Japanese Secret Service, Then and Now"},{"Link":"http://www.generals.dk/nation/Japan.html","external_links_name":"\"Kenji Doihara\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930114735/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743625,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Scholar, Simpleton & Inflation\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743625,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/004134","external_links_name":"Newspaper clippings about Kenji Doihara"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/220528/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000055636760","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11373985","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB8mrKghPCT3WVHWmVcT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16519257r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16519257r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007340564605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87884141","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00313378","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700415&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p18359097X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_664	Pennsylvania Route 664	["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: State highway in Pennsylvania, US Pennsylvania Route 664Route informationMaintained by PennDOTLength17.591 mi (28.310 km)Existed1930–presentMajor junctionsSouth end PA 120 in Lock HavenNorth end PA 44 in Haneyville LocationCountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountiesClinton, Lycoming Highway system Pennsylvania State Route System Interstate US State Scenic Legislative ← PA 663→ PA 666 Pennsylvania Route 664 (PA 664, designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation as SR 0664) is a 17.59-mile-long (28.31 km) state highway located in Clinton and Lycoming counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 120 in Lock Haven, while the northern terminus is at PA 44 on the Clinton-Lycoming county line in the community of Haneyville. The route passes through small communities, but does not intersect with any other legislated highways in the area. The route was assigned in 1930, two years after a majority of state routes were assigned, and was gradually paved from 1935 to 1966. There have been no changes in road alignment since its inception. Route description PA 664 begins at PA 120 in Lock Haven PA 664 begins at an intersection with PA 120 in the city of Lock Haven. The highway progresses northward, leaving the city limits of Lock Haven. After the intersection with East Water Street, PA 664 crosses the West Branch Susquehanna River. The bridge over the branch of river was constructed in 1986. At the intersection with Farrandsville Road, the highway turns eastward, paralleling the river. Nearing PA 150, the highway turns northward and into Dunnstown. While winding around a few curves, PA 664 intersects with Armory Drive, an access road to a local armory. The route's surroundings are highly developed in Dunnstown, with the highway passing along homes. At the intersection with Aikey Street, PA 664 leaves Dunnstown and proceeds northward. PA 664 northbound in Woodward Township The highway passes some homes and forests north of Dunnstown, entering Woodward Township soon after. At the intersection with Township Road 406 (TR 406), PA 664 starts winding in several directions, but following a northward basis. This continues until the intersection with Arbutus Drive, where it heads straight to the northwest. At a clearing in a nearby forest, PA 664 enters the community of Swissdale. The stay in the community is short, with the highway leaving after a few blocks. Just north of Swissdale, PA 664 makes a long hairpin turn, curving from east to west before turning north once again. Just after the intersection with Honey Suckle Lane, PA 664 progresses towards Haneyville. PA 664 in Haneyville from PA 44 The next stretch of PA 664 is full of bends, and the highway continuously turns at a constant rate. At an intersection with another Honey Suckle Lane, the highway starts its northwestern progression once again. This changes again when Tedrow Lane begins paralleling the highway. Now following a steady northeastern alignment, the highway continues through the large patches of trees south of Haneyville. At Little Plum Run Road, the highway turns onto a steady northward alignment. The highway continues through the trees for a while, continuing northward on its way to Gallagher Township. At a bend in the highway, there is a small patch of development, with a few houses near the highway. At the intersection with TR 529, PA 664 enters Gallagher Township. Eventually, the large patch of forests in the surroundings come towards a clearing, where the highway intersects with Old Dirt Road. After crossing a stream, PA 664 gains the moniker of the Coudersport Pike. The highway passes a small patch of development, reaching another clearing in the forest. After entering another forest, PA 664 ends at an intersection with PA 44 in the community of Haneyville. History PA 664 was assigned two years after the mass numbering of state routes in Pennsylvania in 1928. The highway itself took several years to transition from gravel to actual pavement. The first segment, which occurred in 1935, was from Little Plum Run Road and northward. The second segment was in 1936, when the Pennsylvania Department of Highways paved the piece of PA 664 from a point just south of Gallagher to the Gallagher Township line. In 1938, the third segment, from Swissdale to Gallagher Township was paved. In 1949, the Department of Highways paved the piece of PA 664 from Gallagher Township to the Lycoming County line. In 1951, the section between Swissdale and Little Plum Run Road was paved once again. Two years after that, the section from the Lycoming County line to PA 44 was improved in its condition. That lone section was improved in 1966. There have been no recorded changes in alignment since its 1930 assignment. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes ClintonLock Haven0.0000.000 PA 120 (Renovo Road) – RenovoSouthern terminus Clinton–Lycomingcounty lineGallagher–McHenrytownship line17.59128.310 PA 44 – Coudersport, Jersey ShoreNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi See also U.S. Roads portal Pennsylvania portal References ^ a b Bureau of Maintenance and Operations (January 2015). Roadway Management System Straight Line Diagrams (Report) (2015 ed.). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2015. Clinton County (PDF) ^ "National Bridge Inventory: Structure Number: 180664001000880". United States Department of Transportation. 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ a b c d Google (November 12, 2015). "Pennsylvania Route 664" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 12, 2015. ^ Map Showing Pennsylvania State Highways (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1928. ^ Tourist Map of Pennsylvania State Highways (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1930. ^ Tourist Map of Pennsylvania State Highways (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1935. ^ Carefree Holidays Await You in Pennsylvania (Map). Pennsylvania Scenic and Historical Commission. 1936. ^ Pennsylvania (Map). Pennsylvania Commission. 1938. ^ Official Road Map - Pennsylvania (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1949. ^ Official Map - Pennsylvania Highways (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1951. ^ Official Road Map - Pennsylvania (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1953. ^ Discover the New Pennsylvania - Official Highway Map (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1966. ^ Pennsylvania (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. 2008. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 664KML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pennsylvania Route 664. Pennsylvania Highways: PA 664	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lycoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_120"},{"link_name":"Lock Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_Haven,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_44"}],"text":"State highway in Pennsylvania, USPennsylvania Route 664 (PA 664, designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation as SR 0664) is a 17.59-mile-long (28.31 km) state highway located in Clinton and Lycoming counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 120 in Lock Haven, while the northern terminus is at PA 44 on the Clinton-Lycoming county line in the community of Haneyville. The route passes through small communities, but does not intersect with any other legislated highways in the area.The route was assigned in 1930, two years after a majority of state routes were assigned, and was gradually paved from 1935 to 1966. There have been no changes in road alignment since its inception.","title":"Pennsylvania Route 664"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_southern_terminus_of_PA_664.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Branch Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Branch_Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1986bridge-2"},{"link_name":"PA 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_150"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021-10-20_15_32_55_View_north_along_Pennsylvania_State_Route_664_(Coudersport_Pike)_at_Bear_Pen_Hollow_Road_and_Croak_Hollow_Road_in_Woodward_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PA_664_in_Haneyville.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"},{"link_name":"Gallagher Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Coudersport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coudersport,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"}],"text":"PA 664 begins at PA 120 in Lock HavenPA 664 begins at an intersection with PA 120 in the city of Lock Haven. The highway progresses northward, leaving the city limits of Lock Haven. After the intersection with East Water Street, PA 664 crosses the West Branch Susquehanna River. The bridge over the branch of river was constructed in 1986.[2] At the intersection with Farrandsville Road, the highway turns eastward, paralleling the river. Nearing PA 150, the highway turns northward and into Dunnstown. While winding around a few curves, PA 664 intersects with Armory Drive, an access road to a local armory. The route's surroundings are highly developed in Dunnstown, with the highway passing along homes. At the intersection with Aikey Street, PA 664 leaves Dunnstown and proceeds northward.[3]PA 664 northbound in Woodward TownshipThe highway passes some homes and forests north of Dunnstown, entering Woodward Township soon after. At the intersection with Township Road 406 (TR 406), PA 664 starts winding in several directions, but following a northward basis. This continues until the intersection with Arbutus Drive, where it heads straight to the northwest. At a clearing in a nearby forest, PA 664 enters the community of Swissdale. The stay in the community is short, with the highway leaving after a few blocks. Just north of Swissdale, PA 664 makes a long hairpin turn, curving from east to west before turning north once again. Just after the intersection with Honey Suckle Lane, PA 664 progresses towards Haneyville.[3]PA 664 in Haneyville from PA 44The next stretch of PA 664 is full of bends, and the highway continuously turns at a constant rate. At an intersection with another Honey Suckle Lane, the highway starts its northwestern progression once again. This changes again when Tedrow Lane begins paralleling the highway. Now following a steady northeastern alignment, the highway continues through the large patches of trees south of Haneyville. At Little Plum Run Road, the highway turns onto a steady northward alignment. The highway continues through the trees for a while, continuing northward on its way to Gallagher Township.[3]At a bend in the highway, there is a small patch of development, with a few houses near the highway. At the intersection with TR 529, PA 664 enters Gallagher Township. Eventually, the large patch of forests in the surroundings come towards a clearing, where the highway intersects with Old Dirt Road. After crossing a stream, PA 664 gains the moniker of the Coudersport Pike. The highway passes a small patch of development, reaching another clearing in the forest. After entering another forest, PA 664 ends at an intersection with PA 44 in the community of Haneyville.[3]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1928map-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1930map-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1935map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1936map-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1938map-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1949map-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1951map-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1953map-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1966map-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008map-13"}],"text":"PA 664 was assigned two years after the mass numbering of state routes in Pennsylvania in 1928.[4][5] The highway itself took several years to transition from gravel to actual pavement. The first segment, which occurred in 1935, was from Little Plum Run Road and northward.[6] The second segment was in 1936, when the Pennsylvania Department of Highways paved the piece of PA 664 from a point just south of Gallagher to the Gallagher Township line.[7] In 1938, the third segment, from Swissdale to Gallagher Township was paved.[8]In 1949, the Department of Highways paved the piece of PA 664 from Gallagher Township to the Lycoming County line.[9] In 1951, the section between Swissdale and Little Plum Run Road was paved once again.[10] Two years after that, the section from the Lycoming County line to PA 44 was improved in its condition.[11] That lone section was improved in 1966.[12] There have been no recorded changes in alignment since its 1930 assignment.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"PA 664 begins at PA 120 in Lock Haven","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_southern_terminus_of_PA_664.jpg/220px-The_southern_terminus_of_PA_664.jpg"},{"image_text":"PA 664 northbound in Woodward Township","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2021-10-20_15_32_55_View_north_along_Pennsylvania_State_Route_664_%28Coudersport_Pike%29_at_Bear_Pen_Hollow_Road_and_Croak_Hollow_Road_in_Woodward_Township%2C_Clinton_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"PA 664 in Haneyville from PA 44","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PA_664_in_Haneyville.jpg/220px-PA_664_in_Haneyville.jpg"}]	[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"Pennsylvania portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania"}]	[{"reference":"Bureau of Maintenance and Operations (January 2015). Roadway Management System Straight Line Diagrams (Report) (2015 ed.). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.penndot.gov/ProjectAndPrograms/ResearchandTesting/RoadwayManagementandTesting/Pages/RMS-Annual-SLDs-By-County.aspx#.VrD1GVIVSSo","url_text":"Roadway Management System Straight Line Diagrams"}]},{"reference":"\"National Bridge Inventory: Structure Number: 180664001000880\". United States Department of Transportation. 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Google (November 12, 2015). \"Pennsylvania Route 664\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/41.1379316,-77.4421646/41.3258919,-77.475023/@41.2317395,-77.4925055,12z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania Route 664\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Map Showing Pennsylvania State Highways (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1928.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tourist Map of Pennsylvania State Highways (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1930.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tourist Map of Pennsylvania State Highways (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1935.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carefree Holidays Await You in Pennsylvania (Map). Pennsylvania Scenic and Historical Commission. 1936.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania (Map). Pennsylvania Commission. 1938.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Official Road Map - Pennsylvania (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Official Map - Pennsylvania Highways (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1951.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Official Road Map - Pennsylvania (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1953.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Discover the New Pennsylvania - Official Highway Map (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Highways. 1966.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.penndot.gov/ProjectAndPrograms/ResearchandTesting/RoadwayManagementandTesting/Pages/RMS-Annual-SLDs-By-County.aspx#.VrD1GVIVSSo","external_links_name":"Roadway Management System Straight Line Diagrams"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.pa.us/public/Bureaus/BOMO/RM/RITS/Annual%20Electronic%20SLDs%20by%20County/District%202/Clinton%20Without%20Pipes.pdf","external_links_name":"Clinton County"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/41.1379316,-77.4421646/41.3258919,-77.475023/@41.2317395,-77.4925055,12z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1","external_links_name":"\"Pennsylvania Route 664\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Pennsylvania_Route_664&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Pennsylvania_Route_664&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.pahighways.com/state/PA651-700.html#PA664","external_links_name":"Pennsylvania Highways: PA 664"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path-based_strong_component_algorithm	Path-based strong component algorithm	["1 Description","2 Related algorithms","3 Notes","4 References"]	Graph algorithm In graph theory, the strongly connected components of a directed graph may be found using an algorithm that uses depth-first search in combination with two stacks, one to keep track of the vertices in the current component and the second to keep track of the current search path. Versions of this algorithm have been proposed by Purdom (1970), Munro (1971), Dijkstra (1976), Cheriyan & Mehlhorn (1996), and Gabow (2000); of these, Dijkstra's version was the first to achieve linear time. Description The algorithm performs a depth-first search of the given graph G, maintaining as it does two stacks S and P (in addition to the normal call stack for a recursive function). Stack S contains all the vertices that have not yet been assigned to a strongly connected component, in the order in which the depth-first search reaches the vertices. Stack P contains vertices that have not yet been determined to belong to different strongly connected components from each other. It also uses a counter C of the number of vertices reached so far, which it uses to compute the preorder numbers of the vertices. When the depth-first search reaches a vertex v, the algorithm performs the following steps: Set the preorder number of v to C, and increment C. Push v onto S and also onto P. For each edge from v to a neighboring vertex w: If the preorder number of w has not yet been assigned (the edge is a tree edge), recursively search w; Otherwise, if w has not yet been assigned to a strongly connected component (the edge is a forward/back/cross edge): Repeatedly pop vertices from P until the top element of P has a preorder number less than or equal to the preorder number of w. If v is the top element of P: Pop vertices from S until v has been popped, and assign the popped vertices to a new component. Pop v from P. The overall algorithm consists of a loop through the vertices of the graph, calling this recursive search on each vertex that does not yet have a preorder number assigned to it. Related algorithms Like this algorithm, Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm also uses depth first search together with a stack to keep track of vertices that have not yet been assigned to a component, and moves these vertices into a new component when it finishes expanding the final vertex of its component. However, in place of the stack P, Tarjan's algorithm uses a vertex-indexed array of preorder numbers, assigned in the order that vertices are first visited in the depth-first search. The preorder array is used to keep track of when to form a new component. Notes ^ Sedgewick (2004). ^ History of Path-based DFS for Strong Components, Harold N. Gabow, accessed 2012-04-24. References Cheriyan, J.; Mehlhorn, K. (1996), "Algorithms for dense graphs and networks on the random access computer", Algorithmica, 15 (6): 521–549, doi:10.1007/BF01940880, S2CID 8930091. Dijkstra, Edsger (1976), A Discipline of Programming, NJ: Prentice Hall, Ch. 25. Gabow, Harold N. (2000), "Path-based depth-first search for strong and biconnected components" (PDF), Information Processing Letters, 74 (3–4): 107–114, doi:10.1016/S0020-0190(00)00051-X, MR 1761551. Munro, Ian (1971), "Efficient determination of the transitive closure of a directed graph", Information Processing Letters, 1 (2): 56–58, doi:10.1016/0020-0190(71)90006-8. Purdom, P. Jr. (1970), "A transitive closure algorithm", BIT, 10: 76–94, doi:10.1007/bf01940892, S2CID 20818200. Sedgewick, R. (2004), "19.8 Strong Components in Digraphs", Algorithms in Java, Part 5 – Graph Algorithms (3rd ed.), Cambridge MA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 205–216.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"strongly connected components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_connected_component"},{"link_name":"directed graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_graph"},{"link_name":"depth-first search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-first_search"},{"link_name":"stacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(data_structure)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Purdom (1970)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPurdom1970"},{"link_name":"Munro (1971)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMunro1971"},{"link_name":"Dijkstra (1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDijkstra1976"},{"link_name":"Cheriyan & Mehlhorn (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCheriyanMehlhorn1996"},{"link_name":"Gabow (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGabow2000"},{"link_name":"linear time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_time"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In graph theory, the strongly connected components of a directed graph may be found using an algorithm that uses depth-first search in combination with two stacks, one to keep track of the vertices in the current component and the second to keep track of the current search path.[1] Versions of this algorithm have been proposed by Purdom (1970), Munro (1971), Dijkstra (1976), Cheriyan & Mehlhorn (1996), and Gabow (2000); of these, Dijkstra's version was the first to achieve linear time.[2]","title":"Path-based strong component algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tree edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-first_search#Output_of_a_depth-first_search"}],"text":"The algorithm performs a depth-first search of the given graph G, maintaining as it does two stacks S and P (in addition to the normal call stack for a recursive function).\nStack S contains all the vertices that have not yet been assigned to a strongly connected component, in the order in which the depth-first search reaches the vertices.\nStack P contains vertices that have not yet been determined to belong to different strongly connected components from each other. It also uses a counter C of the number of vertices reached so far, which it uses to compute the preorder numbers of the vertices.When the depth-first search reaches a vertex v, the algorithm performs the following steps:Set the preorder number of v to C, and increment C.\nPush v onto S and also onto P.\nFor each edge from v to a neighboring vertex w:\nIf the preorder number of w has not yet been assigned (the edge is a tree edge), recursively search w;\nOtherwise, if w has not yet been assigned to a strongly connected component (the edge is a forward/back/cross edge):\nRepeatedly pop vertices from P until the top element of P has a preorder number less than or equal to the preorder number of w.\nIf v is the top element of P:\nPop vertices from S until v has been popped, and assign the popped vertices to a new component.\nPop v from P.The overall algorithm consists of a loop through the vertices of the graph, calling this recursive search on each vertex that does not yet have a preorder number assigned to it.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjan%27s_strongly_connected_components_algorithm"},{"link_name":"array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_(data_type)"},{"link_name":"depth-first search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-first_search"}],"text":"Like this algorithm, Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm also uses depth first search together with a stack to keep track of vertices that have not yet been assigned to a component, and moves these vertices into a new component when it finishes expanding the final vertex of its component. However, in place of the stack P, Tarjan's algorithm uses a vertex-indexed array of preorder numbers, assigned in the order that vertices are first visited in the depth-first search. The preorder array is used to keep track of when to form a new component.","title":"Related algorithms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Sedgewick (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSedgewick2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"History of Path-based DFS for Strong Components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cs.colorado.edu/~hal/Papers/DFS/pbDFShistory.html"}],"text":"^ Sedgewick (2004).\n\n^ History of Path-based DFS for Strong Components, Harold N. Gabow, accessed 2012-04-24.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cheriyan, J.; Mehlhorn, K. (1996), \"Algorithms for dense graphs and networks on the random access computer\", Algorithmica, 15 (6): 521–549, doi:10.1007/BF01940880, S2CID 8930091","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Mehlhorn","url_text":"Mehlhorn, K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmica","url_text":"Algorithmica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01940880","url_text":"10.1007/BF01940880"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8930091","url_text":"8930091"}]},{"reference":"Dijkstra, Edsger (1976), A Discipline of Programming, NJ: Prentice Hall, Ch. 25","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstra","url_text":"Dijkstra, Edsger"}]},{"reference":"Gabow, Harold N. (2000), \"Path-based depth-first search for strong and biconnected components\" (PDF), Information Processing Letters, 74 (3–4): 107–114, doi:10.1016/S0020-0190(00)00051-X, MR 1761551","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_N._Gabow","url_text":"Gabow, Harold N."},{"url":"https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spr04/cos423/handouts/path%20based...pdf","url_text":"\"Path-based depth-first search for strong and biconnected components\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-0190%2800%2900051-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0020-0190(00)00051-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1761551","url_text":"1761551"}]},{"reference":"Munro, Ian (1971), \"Efficient determination of the transitive closure of a directed graph\", Information Processing Letters, 1 (2): 56–58, doi:10.1016/0020-0190(71)90006-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Munro_(computer_scientist)","url_text":"Munro, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-0190%2871%2990006-8","url_text":"10.1016/0020-0190(71)90006-8"}]},{"reference":"Purdom, P. Jr. (1970), \"A transitive closure algorithm\", BIT, 10: 76–94, doi:10.1007/bf01940892, S2CID 20818200","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/57514","url_text":"\"A transitive closure algorithm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01940892","url_text":"10.1007/bf01940892"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20818200","url_text":"20818200"}]},{"reference":"Sedgewick, R. (2004), \"19.8 Strong Components in Digraphs\", Algorithms in Java, Part 5 – Graph Algorithms (3rd ed.), Cambridge MA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 205–216","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~hal/Papers/DFS/pbDFShistory.html","external_links_name":"History of Path-based DFS for Strong Components"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01940880","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF01940880"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8930091","external_links_name":"8930091"},{"Link":"https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spr04/cos423/handouts/path%20based...pdf","external_links_name":"\"Path-based depth-first search for strong and biconnected components\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-0190%2800%2900051-X","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0020-0190(00)00051-X"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1761551","external_links_name":"1761551"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-0190%2871%2990006-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0020-0190(71)90006-8"},{"Link":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/57514","external_links_name":"\"A transitive closure algorithm\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01940892","external_links_name":"10.1007/bf01940892"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20818200","external_links_name":"20818200"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drest_I	Drest I	["1 Background","2 References","3 Sources"]	King of the Picts Drest IKing of the PictsReign412–452PredecessorTalorc mac AchiuirSuccessorTalorc I Drest or Drust, son of Erp, is a legendary king of the Picts from 412 to 452. Background The Pictish Chronicle tells that Drest reigned for 100 years and triumphed in 100 battles. In the face of encroachment from Angles, Britons, and Scots, he established control over much of Northern Britain after the disruption following the withdrawal of the Romans. It also states that Saint Patrick went to Ireland in the nineteenth year of his reign, which would place it in the middle of the 5th century. The Chronicle claims that he exiled his brother Nechtan to Ireland. John of Fordun claims that Drest reigned for 45 years in the time of Palladius rather than Patrick, and conflates him with his brother Nechtan. The king lists record that he was followed by one Talorc son of Aniel. References ^ Variants say he lived 100 years and fought 100 battles. ^ "Drust I". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Fordun, IV, x. Sources Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8 John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. William Forbes Skene, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X Regnal titles Preceded byTalorg King of the Picts 412–452 Succeeded byTalorc son of Aniel vtePictish and Scottish monarchsMonarchs of the Picts (traditional) Drest I Talorc I Nechtan I Drest II Galan Erilich Drest III Drest IV Gartnait I Cailtram Talorc II Drest V Galam Cennalath Bridei I Gartnait II Nechtan II Cinioch Gartnait III Bridei II Talorc III Talorgan I Gartnait IV Drest VI Bridei III Taran Bridei IV Nechtan III Drest VII Alpín I Óengus I Bridei V Ciniod I Alpín II Talorgan II Drest VIII Conall Constantine (I) Óengus II Drest IX Uuen Uurad Bridei VI Ciniod II Bridei VII Drest X Monarchs of the Scots(traditional) Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I (II) Áed Giric Eochaid (uncertain) Donald II Constantine II (III) Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III (IV) Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I the Lion Alexander II Alexander III Margaret First Interregnum John Second Interregnum Robert I David II Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary James VI1 Charles I1 Charles II1 James VII1 Mary II1 William II1 Anne1 1 also monarch of England and Ireland. This Scottish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Scottish history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legendary king of the Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts"}],"text":"King of the PictsDrest or Drust, son of Erp, is a legendary king of the Picts from 412 to 452.","title":"Drest I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pictish Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Saint Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Nechtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nechtan_I_of_the_Picts"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"John of Fordun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Fordun"},{"link_name":"Palladius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladius_(bishop_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Nechtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nechtan_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Talorc son of Aniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talorc_I_of_the_Picts"}],"text":"The Pictish Chronicle tells that Drest reigned for 100 years and triumphed in 100 battles.[1] In the face of encroachment from Angles, Britons, and Scots, he established control over much of Northern Britain after the disruption following the withdrawal of the Romans.[2] It also states that Saint Patrick went to Ireland in the nineteenth year of his reign, which would place it in the middle of the 5th century. The Chronicle claims that he exiled his brother Nechtan to Ireland. John of Fordun claims that Drest reigned for 45 years in the time of Palladius rather than Patrick, and conflates him with his brother Nechtan.[3]The king lists record that he was followed by one Talorc son of Aniel.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson, Alan Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Orr_Anderson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-871615-03-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871615-03-8"},{"link_name":"John of Fordun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Fordun"},{"link_name":"William Forbes Skene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-897853-05-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897853-05-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Pictish and Scottish monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Monarchs of the Picts (traditional)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts"},{"link_name":"Drest I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Talorc I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talorc_I"},{"link_name":"Nechtan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet"},{"link_name":"Drest II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch"},{"link_name":"Galan Erilich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galan_Erilich"},{"link_name":"Drest III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drest_III"},{"link_name":"Drest IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drest_IV"},{"link_name":"Gartnait I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartnait_I"},{"link_name":"Cailtram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailtram"},{"link_name":"Talorc II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talorc_II"},{"link_name":"Drest V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drest_V"},{"link_name":"Galam Cennalath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galam_Cennalath"},{"link_name":"Bridei I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridei_I"},{"link_name":"Gartnait II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartnait_II"},{"link_name":"Nechtan 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(II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda"},{"link_name":"Áed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda"},{"link_name":"Giric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giric"},{"link_name":"Eochaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun"},{"link_name":"Donald II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Constantine II (III)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Malcolm I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Indulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulf"},{"link_name":"Dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Cuilén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Amlaíb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Kenneth 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Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Robert I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"David II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Robert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Robert III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"James III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"James IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"James V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"James VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"James VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mary II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drest_I&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Scotland-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland-bio-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"Scottish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drest_I&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Scotland-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland-hist-stub"}],"text":"Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8\nJohn of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. William Forbes Skene, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-XvtePictish and Scottish monarchsMonarchs of the Picts (traditional)\nDrest I\nTalorc I\nNechtan I\nDrest II\nGalan Erilich\nDrest III\nDrest IV\nGartnait I\nCailtram\nTalorc II\nDrest V\nGalam Cennalath\nBridei I\nGartnait II\nNechtan II\nCinioch\nGartnait III\nBridei II\nTalorc III\nTalorgan I\nGartnait IV\nDrest VI\nBridei III\nTaran\nBridei IV\nNechtan III\nDrest VII\nAlpín I\nÓengus I\nBridei V\nCiniod I\nAlpín II\nTalorgan II\nDrest VIII\nConall\nConstantine (I)\nÓengus II\nDrest IX\nUuen\nUurad\nBridei VI\nCiniod II\nBridei VII\nDrest X\nMonarchs of the Scots(traditional)\nKenneth I MacAlpin\nDonald I\nConstantine I (II)\nÁed\nGiric\nEochaid (uncertain)\nDonald II\nConstantine II (III)\nMalcolm I\nIndulf\nDub\nCuilén\nAmlaíb\nKenneth II\nConstantine III (IV)\nKenneth III\nMalcolm II\nDuncan I\nMacbeth\nLulach\nMalcolm III Canmore\nDonald III\nDuncan II\nDonald III\nEdgar\nAlexander I\nDavid I\nMalcolm IV\nWilliam I the Lion\nAlexander II\nAlexander III\nMargaret\nFirst Interregnum\nJohn\nSecond Interregnum\nRobert I\nDavid II\nRobert II\nRobert III\nJames I\nJames II\nJames III\nJames IV\nJames V\nMary\nJames VI1\nCharles I1\nCharles II1\nJames VII1\nMary II1\nWilliam II1\nAnne1\n\n1 also monarch of England and Ireland.This Scottish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Scottish history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Drust I\". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/Drust_I/","url_text":"\"Drust I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia","url_text":"World History Encyclopedia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldhistory.org/Drust_I/","external_links_name":"\"Drust I\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drest_I&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drest_I&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Professor_of_the_Laws_of_England	Downing Professor of the Laws of England	["1 Downing professors","2 References"]	Professorship at the University of Cambridge This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Downing Professor of the Laws of England" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Downing Professor of the Laws of EnglandUniversity of CambridgeIncumbentLionel Smithsince 2022Formation1800First holderEdward Christian The Downing Professorship of the Laws of England is one of the senior professorships in law at the University of Cambridge. The chair was founded in 1800 as a bequest of Sir George Downing, the founder of Downing College, Cambridge. The professorship was originally attached solely to Downing College (although the Professor undertook University activities). In the early 20th Century, for financial reasons, this professorship, together with the Downing Professor of Medicine, was severed from the College. The original electors of the chair were the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, and the masters of the colleges of Clare, St John's and Downing. In 1788 Edward Christian, brother of Fletcher Christian, was appointed to the post prior to its official creation 12 years later. The current holder is Lionel Smith, who was elected to the position in 2022. Downing professors Edward Christian (1788/1800) Thomas Starkie (1823) Andrew Amos (1849) William Lloyd Birkbeck (1860) Frederic William Maitland (1888) Courtney Stanhope Kenny (1907) Harold Dexter Hazeltine (1919) Emlyn Capel Stewart Wade (1945) Sir W. Ivor Jennings (1962) Richard Meredith Jackson (1966) Stanley Alexander de Smith (1970) Gareth H. Jones (1975) Sir John H. Baker (1998) Dame Sarah Worthington (2011) Lionel Smith (2022) References ^ "Lionel Smith to join Faculty as Downing Professor of the Laws of England \| Faculty of Law". www.law.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-06.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professorships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Professorships_at_the_University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Sir George Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Downing,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Downing College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Downing Professor of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Professor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"St John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Edward Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Christian"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Christian"},{"link_name":"Lionel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Smith_(legal_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Downing Professorship of the Laws of England is one of the senior professorships in law at the University of Cambridge.The chair was founded in 1800 as a bequest of Sir George Downing, the founder of Downing College, Cambridge. The professorship was originally attached solely to Downing College (although the Professor undertook University activities). In the early 20th Century, for financial reasons, this professorship, together with the Downing Professor of Medicine, was severed from the College.The original electors of the chair were the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, and the masters of the colleges of Clare, St John's and Downing.In 1788 Edward Christian, brother of Fletcher Christian, was appointed to the post prior to its official creation 12 years later. The current holder is Lionel Smith, who was elected to the position in 2022.[1]","title":"Downing Professor of the Laws of England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Christian"},{"link_name":"Thomas Starkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Starkie"},{"link_name":"Andrew Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Amos_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"William Lloyd Birkbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Birkbeck"},{"link_name":"Frederic William Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland"},{"link_name":"Courtney Stanhope Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Stanhope_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Harold Dexter Hazeltine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Dexter_Hazeltine"},{"link_name":"Emlyn Capel Stewart Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emlyn_Capel_Stewart_Wade"},{"link_name":"Sir W. Ivor Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Richard Meredith Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Meredith_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Stanley Alexander de Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Alexander_de_Smith"},{"link_name":"Gareth H. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Jones_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Sir John H. Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baker_(legal_historian)"},{"link_name":"Dame Sarah Worthington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Worthington"},{"link_name":"Lionel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Smith_(legal_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Edward Christian (1788/1800)\nThomas Starkie (1823)\nAndrew Amos (1849)\nWilliam Lloyd Birkbeck (1860)\nFrederic William Maitland (1888)\nCourtney Stanhope Kenny (1907)\nHarold Dexter Hazeltine (1919)\nEmlyn Capel Stewart Wade (1945)\nSir W. Ivor Jennings (1962)\nRichard Meredith Jackson (1966)\nStanley Alexander de Smith (1970)\nGareth H. Jones (1975)\nSir John H. Baker (1998)\nDame Sarah Worthington (2011)\nLionel Smith (2022)","title":"Downing professors"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lionel Smith to join Faculty as Downing Professor of the Laws of England \| Faculty of Law\". www.law.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2022/01/lionel-smith-join-faculty-downing-professor-laws-england","url_text":"\"Lionel Smith to join Faculty as Downing Professor of the Laws of England \| Faculty of Law\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Downing+Professor+of+the+Laws+of+England%22","external_links_name":"\"Downing Professor of the Laws of England\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Downing+Professor+of+the+Laws+of+England%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Downing+Professor+of+the+Laws+of+England%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Downing+Professor+of+the+Laws+of+England%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Downing+Professor+of+the+Laws+of+England%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Downing+Professor+of+the+Laws+of+England%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2022/01/lionel-smith-join-faculty-downing-professor-laws-england","external_links_name":"\"Lionel Smith to join Faculty as Downing Professor of the Laws of England \| Faculty of Law\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_West_Airlines	Sun West Airlines	["1 History","2 Destinations","3 Fleet","4 See also","5 References"]	Defunct American airline Sun West Airlines logo Sun West Airlines was a commuter airline that flew in the Southwestern United States from 1980 through 1985. Hubs were operated at Phoenix, Arizona and Albuquerque, New Mexico. History Sun West Airlines began in early 1980 with Piper Navajo Chieftain's on a Phoenix–Gallup–Farmington–Durango route, a route vacated by the original Frontier Airlines using 50-seat Convair 580's the year prior. Flights from Albuquerque to Gallup and Farmington began by October 26, 1980, and to Durango by mid-1981. Service was expanded from Phoenix to Flagstaff and Yuma the following year as well as a Phoenix–Winslow–Gallup–Albuquerque route. More flights were added on all Albuquerque routes after Frontier exited the markets in late 1981. Sun West provided Essential Air Service for a time at Gallup, New Mexico and Winslow, Arizona. By June 1983, Sun West had introduced the 14-seat Beechcraft 99 airliner but was then faced with intense competition by Air Midwest, Mesa, Pioneer, and Trans-Colorado Airlines on the Albuquerque to Farmington and Durango routes causing the carrier to retreat from these markets the following year. Service from Albuquerque and Phoenix to Tucson was also operated for brief periods in 1983. Sun West began a Phoenix–Prescott–Bullhead City–Las Vegas route on August 1, 1984, and modified it to a Phoenix–Lake Havasu City–Bullhead City–Ontario, California route on March 1, 1985. However, the airline ceased all operations on March 5, 1985. Destinations Bullhead City, Arizona/Laughlin, Nevada Flagstaff, Arizona Lake Havasu City, Arizona Phoenix, Arizona Prescott, Arizona Tucson, Arizona Winslow, Arizona Yuma, Arizona Albuquerque, New Mexico Farmington, New Mexico Gallup, New Mexico Durango, Colorado Las Vegas, Nevada Ontario, California Fleet Piper Seneca (3) Piper Navajo Chieftain (5) Beechcraft 99 (5) See also List of defunct airlines of the United States References ^ Sun West Airlines ^ Collection of Sun West Airlines system timetables ^ JP Airline Fleets 1981-1985 volumes Portals: Companies Aviation This article relating to a United States airline is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_West_Airlines_logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun_West_Airlines-1"}],"text":"Sun West Airlines logoSun West Airlines was a commuter airline that flew in the Southwestern United States from 1980 through 1985.[1] Hubs were operated at Phoenix, Arizona and Albuquerque, New Mexico.","title":"Sun West Airlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piper Navajo Chieftain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Navajo_Chieftain"},{"link_name":"Frontier Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Convair 580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_580"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_99"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sun West Airlines began in early 1980 with Piper Navajo Chieftain's on a Phoenix–Gallup–Farmington–Durango route, a route vacated by the original Frontier Airlines using 50-seat Convair 580's the year prior. Flights from Albuquerque to Gallup and Farmington began by October 26, 1980, and to Durango by mid-1981. Service was expanded from Phoenix to Flagstaff and Yuma the following year as well as a Phoenix–Winslow–Gallup–Albuquerque route. More flights were added on all Albuquerque routes after Frontier exited the markets in late 1981. Sun West provided Essential Air Service for a time at Gallup, New Mexico and Winslow, Arizona. By June 1983, Sun West had introduced the 14-seat Beechcraft 99 airliner but was then faced with intense competition by Air Midwest, Mesa, Pioneer, and Trans-Colorado Airlines on the Albuquerque to Farmington and Durango routes causing the carrier to retreat from these markets the following year. Service from Albuquerque and Phoenix to Tucson was also operated for brief periods in 1983. Sun West began a Phoenix–Prescott–Bullhead City–Las Vegas route on August 1, 1984, and modified it to a Phoenix–Lake Havasu City–Bullhead City–Ontario, California route on March 1, 1985. However, the airline ceased all operations on March 5, 1985.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bullhead City, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Laughlin, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Flagstaff, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Lake Havasu City, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Prescott, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Winslow, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winslow,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Farmington, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Gallup, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Durango, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Ontario, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario,_California"}],"text":"Bullhead City, Arizona/Laughlin, Nevada\nFlagstaff, Arizona\nLake Havasu City, Arizona\nPhoenix, Arizona\nPrescott, Arizona\nTucson, Arizona\nWinslow, Arizona\nYuma, Arizona\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\nFarmington, New Mexico\nGallup, New Mexico\nDurango, Colorado\nLas Vegas, Nevada\nOntario, California","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piper Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Seneca"},{"link_name":"Piper Navajo Chieftain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Navajo_Chieftain"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_99"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Piper Seneca (3)\nPiper Navajo Chieftain (5)\nBeechcraft 99 (5)[3]","title":"Fleet"}]	[{"image_text":"Sun West Airlines logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/Sun_West_Airlines_logo.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of defunct airlines of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.airtimes.com/cgat/usc/sunwest.htm","external_links_name":"Sun West Airlines"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_West_Airlines&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagabond_(Spiers_and_Boden_album)	Vagabond (Spiers and Boden album)	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vagabond" Spiers and Boden album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2008 studio album by Spiers and BodenVagabondStudio album by Spiers and BodenReleased2008GenreFolkLength46:42LabelNavigator RecordsSpiers and Boden chronology Songs(2005) Vagabond(2008) The Works(2011) Vagabond is the fifth album by folk duo Spiers and Boden. Track listing No.TitleLength1."Tom Padget"5:322."The Birth of Robin Hood"5:293."Three Tunes"4:504."Captain Ward"4:135."Beggar Boy"5:156."Mary Anne"3:507."Speed the Plough / The Princess Royal"5:068."Rambling Robin"3:119."Gentlewoman"4:0110."The Rain it Rains"3:5911."Vignette" (Based on the music from Tom Padget)1:20Total length:46:42 Personnel Jon Boden (vocals, fiddle, guitar, stomp box) John Spiers (vocals, melodeons, concertina). References This 2000s folk album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spiers and Boden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiers_and_Boden"}],"text":"2008 studio album by Spiers and BodenVagabond is the fifth album by folk duo Spiers and Boden.","title":"Vagabond (Spiers and Boden album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Birth of Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_and_Earl_Richard%27s_Daughter"},{"link_name":"Captain Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Ward_and_the_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"The Rain it Rains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feste"}],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Tom Padget\"5:322.\"The Birth of Robin Hood\"5:293.\"Three Tunes\"4:504.\"Captain Ward\"4:135.\"Beggar Boy\"5:156.\"Mary Anne\"3:507.\"Speed the Plough / The Princess Royal\"5:068.\"Rambling Robin\"3:119.\"Gentlewoman\"4:0110.\"The Rain it Rains\"3:5911.\"Vignette\" (Based on the music from Tom Padget)1:20Total length:46:42","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Boden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Boden"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"stomp box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomp_box"},{"link_name":"John Spiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spiers"},{"link_name":"melodeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion"},{"link_name":"concertina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertina"}],"text":"Jon Boden (vocals, fiddle, guitar, stomp box)\nJohn Spiers (vocals, melodeons, concertina).","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vagabond%22+Spiers+and+Boden+album","external_links_name":"\"Vagabond\" Spiers and Boden album"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vagabond%22+Spiers+and+Boden+album+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vagabond%22+Spiers+and+Boden+album&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vagabond%22+Spiers+and+Boden+album+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vagabond%22+Spiers+and+Boden+album","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vagabond%22+Spiers+and+Boden+album&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vagabond_(Spiers_and_Boden_album)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson_Pass	Simpson Pass	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 51°04′51″N 115°49′47″W / 51.08083°N 115.82972°W / 51.08083; -115.82972Mountain pass on the BC-Alberta border Simpson Pass, el. 2,107 m (6,913 ft), is a mountain pass on the border between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, in the area of the Ball Range. It is the prominence col for Mount Ball on the Continental Divide in the vicinity of Sunshine Village ski resort. Simpson River and Simpson Pass are named after Sir George Simpson who first explored the area in 1841. The British Columbian side (Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park) is drained by the Simpson River, via its tributary the North Simpson River to the Kootenay River and then the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. The drainage on the Alberta side (Banff National Park) is Healy Creek to the Bow River, then into the Saskatchewan River system to Lake Winnipeg and finally Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean. See also List of Rocky Mountain passes on the continental divide References "Simpson Pass". BC Geographical Names. Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia entry 51°04′51″N 115°49′47″W / 51.08083°N 115.82972°W / 51.08083; -115.82972 This article about a location in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Alberta's Rockies location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Ball Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_Range"},{"link_name":"prominence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prominence"},{"link_name":"Mount Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ball"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Village"},{"link_name":"Sir George Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Simpson_(administrator)"},{"link_name":"Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Assiniboine_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"Simpson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson_River_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"Kootenay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kootenay_River"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"Banff National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Healy Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healy_Creek"},{"link_name":"Bow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_River"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Hudson Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay"}],"text":"Mountain pass on the BC-Alberta borderSimpson Pass, el. 2,107 m (6,913 ft), is a mountain pass on the border between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, in the area of the Ball Range. It is the prominence col for Mount Ball on the Continental Divide in the vicinity of Sunshine Village ski resort. Simpson River and Simpson Pass are named after Sir George Simpson who first explored the area in 1841.The British Columbian side (Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park) is drained by the Simpson River, via its tributary the North Simpson River to the Kootenay River and then the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. The drainage on the Alberta side (Banff National Park) is Healy Creek to the Bow River, then into the Saskatchewan River system to Lake Winnipeg and finally Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean.","title":"Simpson Pass"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Rocky Mountain passes on the continental divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rocky_Mountain_passes_on_the_continental_divide"}]	[{"reference":"\"Simpson Pass\". BC Geographical Names.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/20508.html","url_text":"\"Simpson Pass\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names","url_text":"BC Geographical Names"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Simpson_Pass&params=51_04_51_N_115_49_47_W_","external_links_name":"51°04′51″N 115°49′47″W / 51.08083°N 115.82972°W / 51.08083; -115.82972"},{"Link":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/20508.html","external_links_name":"\"Simpson Pass\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060622224140/https://bivouac.com//FtrPg.asp?FtrId=600","external_links_name":"Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia entry"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Simpson_Pass&params=51_04_51_N_115_49_47_W_","external_links_name":"51°04′51″N 115°49′47″W / 51.08083°N 115.82972°W / 51.08083; -115.82972"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simpson_Pass&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simpson_Pass&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Vuckovic	Pete Vuckovic	["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 EPs","2.2 Albums","2.3 Non album singles","3 References"]	British musician For the baseball player, see Pete Vuckovich. Peter Bryan Vuckovic (born February 1971 in Devon, England) is an English singer-songwriter and bass player. Biography Of half Serbian descent, Vuckovic grew up in Tiverton, Devon listening to hard rock and metal, singing and playing bass in bands with his older brother throughout his teens. His first success came in 1993 after leaving his own band, Blackout, and moving to Birmingham to join the reformed Diamond Head as their bassist. He recorded the Death and Progress and Evil Live albums with them but they split again soon after. He is best known as the frontman and bassist in the Britrock band 3 Colours Red, with whom he wrote and recorded two UK Top 20 albums (Pure and Revolt), including six UK Top 40 singles during the late 1990s, most notably his own composition, "Beautiful Day", which went to number 11 in the UK Singles Chart and also entered the US Billboard Hot 100. In 1999, at their peak, they split due to the unfair dismissal of the band's manager. He was signed by Sony Records and spent two years writing and recording an album for his new project, Elevation. They played shows in London and Manchester with Vuckovic on guitar as well as releasing an EP but, by the time it was finally finished, his A&R man had been sacked and Vuckovic was declared "free to go" by the incoming managing director. The album was never released. 3 Colours Red reformed in 2002 and recorded a third album (The Union of Souls) via Swansea-based label Might Atom Records, but they split again in 2005. He later formed Bassknives and released the Come On You Motherfuckers EP on Mighty Atom Records in 2006. Vuckovic currently resides in London, working as a sculptor, painter, and writer. In 2021, he released a new song I'm Gonna Die In New York City Tonight via his website. This was the first new material from him in more than 15 years. The website also featured a journal section - featuring tales of his time in 3 Colours Red as well as the time a teenage Vuckovic performed live onstage with Motorhead singer and bass player Lemmy. Discography EPs Paralyse – 3 Colours Red (Creation, 1998) Come On You Motherfuckers – Bassknives (Mighty Atom, 2006) Albums Death and Progress – Diamond Head (Castle, 1993) Evil Live (live) – Diamond Head (Castle, 1994) Pure – 3 Colours Red (Creation, 1997) Revolt – 3 Colours Red (Creation, 1999) The Union of Souls – 3 Colours Red (Mighty Atom, 2003) If You Ain't Got a Weapon... (compilation) – 3 Colours Red (Sanctuary, 2005) Nuclear Holiday (live) – 3 Colours Red (Snapper, 2005) Non album singles I'm Gonna Die In New York City Tonight - Pete Vuckovic (online only single, 2021) References ^ "BMI \| Repertoire Search". repertoire.bmi.com. ^ Buckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock – Google Books. ISBN 9781843531050. Retrieved 4 August 2014. ^ Buckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. ISBN 9781843531050. ^ "Click here to view the tribute page for KEITH BAXTER". Funeral-notices.co.uk. ^ "Birmingham news, features, information and sport from the Birmingham Mail". Icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk. Retrieved 4 August 2014. ^ Archived 8 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Rich Jones – The Loyalties/Sorry And The Sinatras – Interview Exclusive". Uberrock.co.uk. ^ "TRACKS". pete vuckovic. Retrieved 5 June 2023. ^ "This Wouldn't Make A Great Film". pete vuckovic. 8 April 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2023. ^ "TRACKS". pete vuckovic. Retrieved 5 June 2023. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Vuckovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Vuckovich"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rock1-2"}],"text":"For the baseball player, see Pete Vuckovich.Peter Bryan Vuckovic (born February 1971 in Devon, England)[1][2] is an English singer-songwriter and bass player.","title":"Pete Vuckovic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Tiverton, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Diamond Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Head_(English_band)"},{"link_name":"Death and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_Progress"},{"link_name":"Evil Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Live"},{"link_name":"Britrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britrock"},{"link_name":"3 Colours Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Colours_Red"},{"link_name":"Pure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_(3_Colours_Red_album)"},{"link_name":"Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_(3_Colours_Red_album)"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Day_(3_Colours_Red_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Sony Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Records"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26R"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reform1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reform2-6"},{"link_name":"The Union of Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Union_of_Souls"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"I'm Gonna Die In New York City Tonight via his website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//petevuckovic.com/tracks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Motorhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Of half Serbian descent, Vuckovic grew up in Tiverton, Devon listening to hard rock and metal, singing and playing bass in bands with his older brother throughout his teens. His first success came in 1993 after leaving his own band, Blackout, and moving to Birmingham to join the reformed Diamond Head as their bassist. He recorded the Death and Progress and Evil Live albums with them but they split again soon after.He is best known as the frontman and bassist in the Britrock band 3 Colours Red, with whom he wrote and recorded two UK Top 20 albums (Pure and Revolt), including six UK Top 40 singles during the late 1990s, most notably his own composition, \"Beautiful Day\", which went to number 11 in the UK Singles Chart and also entered the US Billboard Hot 100.In 1999, at their peak, they split due to the unfair dismissal of the band's manager.He was signed by Sony Records and spent two years writing and recording an album for his new project, Elevation. They played shows in London and Manchester with Vuckovic on guitar as well as releasing an EP but, by the time it was finally finished, his A&R man had been sacked and Vuckovic was declared \"free to go\" by the incoming managing director. The album was never released.[3][4]3 Colours Red reformed in 2002[5][6] and recorded a third album (The Union of Souls) via Swansea-based label Might Atom Records, but they split again in 2005.He later formed Bassknives and released the Come On You Motherfuckers EP on Mighty Atom Records in 2006.[7]Vuckovic currently resides in London, working as a sculptor, painter, and writer. In 2021, he released a new song I'm Gonna Die In New York City Tonight via his website.[8] This was the first new material from him in more than 15 years. The website also featured a journal section - featuring tales of his time in 3 Colours Red as well as the time a teenage Vuckovic performed live onstage with Motorhead singer and bass player Lemmy.[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3 Colours Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Colours_Red"}],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Paralyse – 3 Colours Red (Creation, 1998)\nCome On You Motherfuckers – Bassknives (Mighty Atom, 2006)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Death and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_Progress"},{"link_name":"Diamond Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Head_(English_band)"},{"link_name":"Evil Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Live"},{"link_name":"Pure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_(3_Colours_Red_album)"},{"link_name":"Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_(3_Colours_Red_album)"},{"link_name":"The Union of Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Union_of_Souls"},{"link_name":"If You Ain't Got a Weapon...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Ain%27t_Got_a_Weapon..."},{"link_name":"Nuclear Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Holiday"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Death and Progress – Diamond Head (Castle, 1993)\nEvil Live (live) – Diamond Head (Castle, 1994)\nPure – 3 Colours Red (Creation, 1997)\nRevolt – 3 Colours Red (Creation, 1999)\nThe Union of Souls – 3 Colours Red (Mighty Atom, 2003)\nIf You Ain't Got a Weapon... (compilation) – 3 Colours Red (Sanctuary, 2005)\nNuclear Holiday (live) – 3 Colours Red (Snapper, 2005)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Non album singles","text":"I'm Gonna Die In New York City Tonight - Pete Vuckovic (online only single, 2021)[10]","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"BMI \| Repertoire Search\". repertoire.bmi.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=661173&subid=0","url_text":"\"BMI \| Repertoire Search\""}]},{"reference":"Buckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock – Google Books. ISBN 9781843531050. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saihi_Motor	Saihi Motor	["1 Area","2 History","3 References","4 External links links"]	Bus company in Nagasaki & Saga Prefectures, Japan This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Saihi Motor" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Saihi Motor Highway Bus Saihi Motor (西肥自動車（西肥バス）, Saihi Jidousha(Saihi Bus)) is a bus company in north area of Nagasaki Prefecture and west area of Saga Prefecture. Area Nagasaki Prefecture Hirado City Matsuura City Saikai City (only Saikaibashi-Nishiguchi Bus stop) Sasebo City Kitamatsuura District Minamimatsuura District Saga Prefecture Imari City Takeo City Ureshino City Nishimatsuura District History 1920-02-10 - Saihi Motor was established by Kyotaro Nakamura and some enterprisers in Kitamatsuura Area. References External links links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saihi Bus. (in Japanese)Saihi Bus This article about a Japanese corporation- or company-related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This bus operating company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saihi_Motor_-_Sasebo_200_ka_275.JPG"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Saga Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga_Prefecture"}],"text":"Saihi Motor Highway BusSaihi Motor (西肥自動車（西肥バス）, Saihi Jidousha(Saihi Bus)) is a bus company in north area of Nagasaki Prefecture and west area of Saga Prefecture.","title":"Saihi Motor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hirado City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirado,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Matsuura City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuura,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Saikai City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikai,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Sasebo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Kitamatsuura District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitamatsuura_District,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Minamimatsuura District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamimatsuura_District,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Imari City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imari,_Saga"},{"link_name":"Takeo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo,_Saga"},{"link_name":"Ureshino City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureshino,_Saga"},{"link_name":"Nishimatsuura District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishimatsuura_District,_Saga"}],"text":"Nagasaki Prefecture\nHirado City\nMatsuura City\nSaikai City (only Saikaibashi-Nishiguchi Bus stop)\nSasebo City\nKitamatsuura District\nMinamimatsuura District\nSaga Prefecture\nImari City\nTakeo City\nUreshino City\nNishimatsuura District","title":"Area"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1920-02-10 - Saihi Motor was established by Kyotaro Nakamura and some enterprisers in Kitamatsuura Area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saihi Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saihi_Bus"},{"link_name":"Saihi Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bus.saihigroup.co.jp/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japan-company-stub-twin21.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saihi_Motor&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Japan-company-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Japan-company-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan-company-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greyhound_Lnes_MCI_G4500_7061.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saihi_Motor&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bus-company-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bus-company-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bus-company-stub"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saihi Bus.(in Japanese)Saihi BusThis article about a Japanese corporation- or company-related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis bus operating company article is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar	Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar	["1 Attestations","1.1 Prose Edda","1.2 Hrafnagaldr Óðins","2 Theories and interpretations","2.1 Question of Christian influence","2.2 Dwarfs","2.3 Grimm's trinity","3 See also","4 Notes","4.1 Explanatory notes","4.2 Citations","5 References"]	Two classes of elves in norse mythology Älvalek (Elfplay or Dancing Fairies) (1866) by August Malmström In Norse mythology, Dökkálfar ("Dark Elves") and Ljósálfar ("Light Elves") are two contrasting types of elves; the dark elves dwell within the earth and have a dark complexion, while the light elves live in Álfheimr, and are "fairer than the sun to look at". The Ljósálfar and the Dökkálfar are attested in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the late Old Norse poem Hrafnagaldr Óðins. Scholars have produced theories about the origin and implications of the dualistic concept. Attestations Prose Edda In the Prose Edda, the Dökkálfar and the Ljósálfar are described in chapter 17 of the book Gylfaginning. In the chapter, Gangleri (the king Gylfi in disguise) asks the enthroned figure of High what other "chief centres" there are in the heavens outside of the spring Urðarbrunnr. Gangleri responds that there are many fine places in heaven, including a place called Álfheimr (Old Norse 'Elf Home' or 'Elf World'). High says that the Ljósálfar live in Álfheimr, while the Dökkálfar dwell underground and look—and particularly behave—quite unlike the Ljósálfar. High describes the Ljósálfar as "fairer than the sun to look at", while the Dökkálfar are "blacker than pitch". As chapter 17 continues, Gangleri asks what will protect the beautiful hall of Gimlé, previously described as "the southernmost end of heaven", when the fires of Surtr "burn heaven and earth" (Ragnarök). High responds that there are in fact other heavens. The first called Andlàngr, he says, is "south of and above this heaven of ours" and "we believe" Gimlé is located in the third heaven "still further above that one", Víðbláinn. High adds that "we believe it is only light-elves who inhabit these places for the time being". Hrafnagaldr Óðins There occurs an additional mention of the dökkálfar in the late Old Norse poem Hrafnagaldr Óðins ("Odin's Raven-galdr"), stanza 25. Theories and interpretations As the concept is only recorded in Gylfaginning and the late poem Hrafnagaldr Óðins, it is unclear whether the distinction between the two types of elves originated with Snorri, or if he was merely recounting a concept already developed. Question of Christian influence The sub-classification perhaps resulted from Christian influence, by way of importation of the concept of good and evil and angels of light and darkness. Anne Holtsmark aired this view, though with some reservation, since "good vs. evil" dualism is not confined to Christian thinking. Aside from some additional observations to encourage the hypothesis, Holtsmark has been credited with demonstrating that Snorri borrowed from Christian writings, specifically that "Snorri’s description of Víðbláinn was almost certainly influenced by (and possibly based on) the account of the angels in the Elucidarius." Dissenters of the view that the dark and light elves were a later invention, such as Rudolf Simek and Gabriel Turville-Petre, feel rather that "dark" and "light" aspects of the same beings not inherently unlikely, death and fertility cults often being closely related. Dwarfs Since the Prose Edda describes the dökkálfar as being subterranean dwellers, they may be dwarfs under another name, in the opinion of a number of scholars such as John Lindow. The Prose Edda also uniquely mentions the svartálfar ('black elves'), but there are reasons to believe these also refer to merely dwarfs. Consequently, Lindow and other commentators have remarked that there may not have been any distinction intended between dark-elves and black-elves by those who coined and used those terms. Lotte Motz's paper on elves commingles, and hence equates "dark-elves" and "black-elves" from the outset. Grimm's trinity Jacob Grimm surmised that the proto-elf (ursprünglich) was probably a "light-colored, white, good spirit" while the dwarfs may have been conceived as "black spirits" by relative comparison. But the "two classes of creatures were getting confounded", and there arose a need to coin the term "light-elf" (ljósálfar, or hvítálfar—"white elves") to refer to the "elves proper". This was counterpart to the "dark-elf" (dökkálfar, or svartálfar—"black elves"). Preferring it over duality, Grimm postulated three kinds of elves (ljósálfar, dökkálfar, svartálfar) present in Norse mythology. But Grimm's "tripartite division" (as Shippey calls it) faced "trouble" in Snorri's statement that dark-elves were pitch-black, as this would lead to the "first reduction" that "dark-elves = black-elves". As a solution, Grimm "pronounce Snorri's statement fallacious", and hypothesizes that "dark elves" were not really 'dark' but rather 'dingy' or 'pale'. And while conceding that "such a Trilogy still decisive proof," draws parallels from the white, brown and black subterranean in Pomeranian legend, and the white, pale, and black troops of spirits come to claim souls in the tale of Solomon and Marcolf. See also Classifications of fairies Sundering of the Elves in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium Svartálfar Notes Explanatory notes ^ Old Norse: Dǫkkálfar, singular Dǫkkálfr ^ Singular Ljósálfr ^ "Anne Holtsmark has pointed out that he probably got his idea of light and dark elves from the Christian teaching of 'white' and 'black' angels", "Men ikke alle alver er gode, fra synonymet andi, Lat. spiritus, har begrepet overtatt en tvedeling i «gode og onde ånder», Snorre kalle dem liósálfar og dokkálfar. Samme tvedeling er gjennomført i den kristne lære når det gjelder englene. Guds engler er i himmelen og djevelens i helvete, d.e. den flokken av tilhengere Satael førte med seg da han ble styrtet i avgrunnen, Elucidarius 1869, s. 12 "; translation: But not all elves are good, and from synonyms andi, Lat. spiritus, it has acquired the sense of the dichotomy of "good and evil spirits," Snorri calls them liósálfar and dokkálfar. The same dichotomy is implemented in the Christian doctrine regarding angels: the angels of God in heaven and the angels of the devil in hell, i.e., the flock of followers whom Satanel brought with him when he was plunged into the abyss, Elucidarius, 1869, p.12" ^ Thus Grimm and Holtsmark described "angels" as a parallel phenomenon, at least in their preliminary thesis, Grimm allowing that "other mythologies have set up" this dualism also, and Holtsmark suggesting that the dichotomy inherent in similar Icelandic (andi) and Latin terms (spiritus) may have rubbed off onto "elves". ^ Such as: "Begge slags vesener blir beskrevet i ordlag som ellers blir brukt om engler og djevler," translation: Both types of beings are described in language otherwise used for angels and devils. ^ By her own admission Holtsmark regarded the explanation of the third heaven as more challenging than the second heaven Andlangr, crediting Falk for the insight for connecting it to andlegr or "spiritual" heaven of the Elucidarius. "Falk har sikkert rett i at Andlangr er laget av andlegr himinn; det andre navnet er ikke så let å forstå, det tør også være laget for anledningen." ^ Since Snorri says twice over that the World of Black Elves (Svartálfaheimr) are inhabited by certain dwarfs. The dwarfs that crafted Gleipnir in Gylfaginning 34 and the dwarf Andvari in Skáldskaparmál 39 (Faulkes 1995, pp. 28, 100) are said by Snorri to live in the World of the Black Elves. ^ Lindow: "whether he intended a distinction between the dark-elves and black-elves is unknown." Lassen: "Both these kinds of dwarfs (if they were different)" ^ Stallybrass's actual phrasing in his translation was "recourse was had to composition, and the elves proper were named liosâlfar" (2: 444) for Grimm's "half man durch zusammen-setzung und nannte die eigentlichen âlfar liosâlfar." Grimm 1844, 1: 413 Citations ^ Faulkes 1995, pp. 19–20. ^ a b Sigurðsson 1848, pp. 78, 80. ^ Faulkes 1995, p. 20. ^ Lassen 2011, p. 94. ^ Talbot 1982, p. 38. ^ Holtsmark 1964, p. 38. ^ a b Holtsmark 1964, p. 37. ^ Hall 2004, pp. 32–33. ^ Simek 1984; Simek 2007, p. 56 ^ Turville-Peter, Gabriel, Myth and Religion of the North (1964), p. 231 apud Wilkin 2006, pp. 66–67 ^ a b Lindow 2001, p. 110. ^ a b c Lassen 2011, pp. 105–6. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (2012). The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0547504711. ^ Motz 1973. ^ a b Shippey 2004, pp. 6–8 presents an extract of Grimm's view on the classes of elves, with German text and Stallybrass's translation in parallel ^ Grimm (1883), Vol. 2, p. 445, "Thorlac. spec. 7, p. 160, gives the liosalfar another name hvítálfar (white elves) ; I have not found the word in the old writings." ^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, 2: 444 ^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, 2: 444, "Some have seen, in this antithesis of light and black elves, the same Dualism that other mythologies have set up between spirits good and bad, friendly and hostile, heavenly and hellish, between angels of light and of darkness. But ought we not rather to assume three kinds of Norse genii, liosâlfar, dockâlfar, svartâlfar?" ^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, 2: 445 ^ a b c (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, 2: 446 ^ Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der; Büsching, Johann Gustav, eds. (1808), "Salomon un Morolf", Deutsche Gedichte des Mittelalters, vol. 1, Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung, p. 28 References Edda: Snorri Sturluson. Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. Everyman. 1995. ISBN 0-460-87616-3. Grimm, Jacob (1844). "XVII. Wichte und Elbe". Teutonic mythology. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Göttingen: Dieterich. pp. 408–440. —— (1883). "XVII. Wights and Elves". Teutonic mythology. Vol. 2. Translated by Stallybrass, James Steven. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. pp. 439–517. Hall, Alaric (2004), The Meanings of Elf and Elves in Medieval England (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow) Holtsmark, Anne (1964). "Studier i Snorres mytologi". Skrifter Utgift av Det Norske Videnskaps-akademi I Oslo. Hist.-filos. klasse, ny serie, 4 (in Norwegian). II. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Lassen, Annette (2011). Hrafnagaldur Óðinns (PDF). Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. Viking Society for Northern Research. p. 94. ISBN 978-0903521819. Lindow, John (2001). Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515382-0. Motz, Lotte (1973). "Of Elves and Dwarves". Arv: Tidskrift för Nordisk Folkminnesforskning. 29–30. Sigurðsson, Jón, ed. (1848). Edda Snorra Sturlusonar. sumptibus Legati Arnamagnæani. pp. 78, 80. (edition cited for chapter numbering by Faulkes) Shippey, TA (2004). "Light-elves, Dark-elves, and Others: Tolkien's Elvish Problem". Tolkien Studies. 1: 1–15. doi:10.1353/tks.2004.0015. Simek, Rudolf (1984). Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie. Stuttgart: A. Kröner. ISBN 3520368013. —— (2007). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Angela Hall (trans.). D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85991-513-7. Talbot, Annelise (1982). "The withdrawal of the fertility god". Folklore. 93 (1): 31–46. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1982.9716218. Wilkin, Peter (2006), "Norse Influences on Tolkien's Elves and Dwarves", in Di Lauro, Frances (ed.), Through a Glass Darkly: Collected Research, Sydney University Press, pp. 61–, ISBN 1920898549 —— (2008). "Norse Influences on Tolkien's Elves and Dwarves". Sydney Studies in Religion. vteElvesNorse mythologyand Germanic folklore Types of elves Alp Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar Huldufólk Svartálfar Notable elves Elegast Erlking Queen of Elphame Völundr Figures associated with Alberich Freyr Helgi Högni Skuld Locations Álfheimr Niðavellir Svartálfaheimr Phenomena Álfablót Álfröðull Elf-arrow Elf-locks Elfshot Half-elf Tolkien's Middle-earth Sundering of the Elves Noldor Celebrimbor Fëanor Finwë and Míriel Glorfindel Maedhros Half-elves Arwen Eärendil Elrond Fingolfin Finrod Galadriel Gil-galad Idril Legolas Lúthien Thingol Thranduil Other modern Elves in fiction Christmas elf Icelandic Elf School Machine elf See also Dwarf Fairy Rå Hulder Witte Wieven Dames blanches Weiße Frauen vteOld Norse religion and mythologyMythological Norse people, items and placesDeities, dwarfs, jötnar,and other figuresÆsir Almáttki áss Baldr Bragi Dellingr Forseti Heimdall Hermóðr Höðr Hœnir Ítreksjóð Lóðurr Loki Máni Meili Mímir Móði and Magni Odin Óðr Thor Týr Ullr Váli (son of Odin) Víðarr Vili and Vé Ásynjur Bil Eir Frigg Fulla Gefjon Gerðr Gná Hlín Iðunn Ilmr Irpa Lofn Nanna Njörun Rán Rindr Sága Sif Sigyn Sjöfn Skaði Snotra Sól Syn Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr Þrúðr Vár Vör Vanir Freyja Freyr Ingunar-Freyr Yngvi Gersemi Gullveig Hnoss Kvasir Njörðr Sister-wife of Njörðr Jötnar Ægir Alvaldi Angrboða Aurboða Baugi Beli Bergelmir Bestla Bölþorn Býleistr Eggþér Fárbauti Fjölvar Fornjót Gangr Geirröðr Gillingr Gjálp and Greip Gríðr Gunnlöð Gymir Harðgreipr Helblindi Helreginn Hljod Hræsvelgr Hrímgerðr Hrímgrímnir Hrímnir Hroðr Hrungnir Hrymr Hymir Hyrrokkin Iði Ím Járnsaxa Laufey Leikn Litr Logi Mögþrasir Narfi (father of Nott) Sökkmímir Surtr Suttungr Þjazi Þökk Þrívaldi Þrúðgelmir Þrymr Útgarða-Loki Vafþrúðnir Víðblindi Vosud Vörnir Ymir Dwarfs Alvíss Andvari Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri Billingr Dáinn Durinn Dúrnir Dvalinn Fáfnir Fjalar and Galar Gandalf Hreiðmarr Litr Mótsognir Ótr Regin Sons of Ivaldi Brokkr Eitri Heroes List of figures in Germanic heroic legend A B–C D–E F–G H–He Hi–Hy I–O P–S T–Y people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend named animals and plants named weapons, armour and treasures Others Ask and Embla Auðr Auðumbla Aurvandill Beyla Borr Búri Byggvir Dísir Landdísir Dragons Draugs Einherjar Eldir Elves Dark elves (Dökkálfar) Light elves (Ljósálfar) Black elves (Svartálfar) Fimafeng Fjalar (rooster) Fenrir Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn Fylgja Garmr Gullinbursti Hati Hróðvitnisson Hel Hildisvíni Hjúki Horses of the Æsir Árvakr and Alsviðr Blóðughófi Falhófnir Gísl Glaðr Glær Glenr Grani Gullfaxi Gulltoppr Gyllir Hamskerpir and Garðrofa Hófvarpnir Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi Sleipnir Svaðilfari Jörð Jörmungandr Líf and Lífthrasir Loddfáfnir Móðguðr Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán Nine Mothers of Heimdallr Narfi (son of Loki) Níðhöggr Norns Personifications Dagr Elli Nótt Sumarr and Vetr Sæhrímnir Skírnir Sköll Shield-maiden Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr Troll Þjálfi and Röskva Vættir Landvættir Váli (son of Loki) Valkyries Völundr Vörðr LocationsUnderworld Hel Éljúðnir Gjallarbrú Náströnd Niflhel Niðafjöll Rivers Élivágar Gjöll Ífingr Kerlaugar Körmt and Örmt Slidr River Vadgelmir Vimur River Other locations Asgard Amsvartnir Andlang Barri Bifröst Bilskirnir Brávellir Brimir Fensalir Fólkvangr Fornsigtuna Fyrisvellir Gálgviðr Gandvik Gastropnir Gimlé Ginnungagap Glaðsheimr Glæsisvellir Glitnir Gnipahellir Grove of fetters Heiðr Himinbjörg Hindarfjall Hlidskjalf Hnitbjorg Hoddmímis holt Iðavöllr Járnviðr Jötunheimr Mímameiðr Myrkviðr Munarvágr Nóatún Okolnir Sessrúmnir Sindri Singasteinn Þrúðheimr Þrúðvangr Þrymheimr Uppsala Útgarðar Valaskjálf Valhalla Vanaheimr Víðbláinn Vígríðr Vingólf Wells Hvergelmir Mímisbrunnr Urðarbrunnr Ýdalir Yggdrasil Events Æsir–Vanir War Fimbulvetr Fróði's Peace Hjaðningavíg Ragnarök Sources Gesta Danorum Edda Poetic Edda Prose Edda Runestones Sagas Jómsvíkinga Legendary Tyrfing Cycle Völsung Cycle Old Norse language Orthography Later influence SocietyReligious practice Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe Blót Hof Heitstrenging Horses Hörgr Worship Öndvegissúlur Reginnaglar Sacred trees and groves Sonargöltr Temple at Uppsala Vé Wetlands and islands Festivals and holy periods Álfablót Dísablót Germanic calendar Þorrablót Vetrnætr Yule Other Death Ergi Félag Galdr Goði Hamingja Heiti Kenning Mead hall Nīþ Norse cosmology Numbers Philosophy Rings Runes Seiðr Skald Viking Age Völva See also Germanic paganism Heathenry (new religious movement) Nordic Bronze Age vteFairies in folkloreClassifications of fairiesRelated articles Celtic sacred trees Changeling Elfshot Fairy godmother Fairy-lock Fairy painting Fairy riding Fairy tale List Familiar Genius loci Household deity Hungry grass Nature spirit Tutelary deity Water spirit Abodes and structures Fairy fort Fairyland Fairy path Fairy ring Attested fairiesA–E Adhene Aibell Anjana Aos Sí (Aes Sídhe) Arkan sonney Asrai Baobhan sith Banshee Barghest Bean-nighe Billy Blind Biróg Bloody Bones Bluecap Blue men of the Minch Bodach Boggart Bogle Boobrie Brag Brownie Kilmoulis Maggy Moulach Brown Man of the Muirs Bucca Buggane Bugul Noz Caoineag Cat-sìth Cù-sìth Ceffyl Dŵr Clíodhna Clurichaun Coblyn Colt pixie Cyhyraeth Drude Duergar Dullahan Dunnie Each-uisge Elf Alp Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar Elegast Erlking Huldufólk Queen of Elphame Svartálfar F–L Fachan Fairy Queen Fear dearg Fear gorta Fenodyree Finfolk Finvarra Fuath Gancanagh Ghillie Dhu Glaistig Glashtyn Groac'h Grindylow Gwragedd Annwn Gwyllion Gwyn ap Nudd Habetrot Hag Haltija The Hedley Kow Heinzelmännchen Hinzelmann Hob Hobbididance Hobgoblin Bugbear Lutin Hödekin Iannic-ann-ôd Jack-o'-lantern Jack o' the bowl Jenny Greenteeth Joan the Wad Joint-eater Kelpie Knocker Knucker Kobold Klabautermann Korrigan Lady of the Lake Lazy Laurence Leanan sídhe Leprechaun Lubber fiend Ly Erg M–Z Mare Margot the fairy Melusine Merrow Mooinjer veggey Morgen Morvarc'h Moss people Nain Rouge Nelly Longarms Nicnevin/Gyre-Carling Nisse Nixie Nuckelavee Nuggle Oberon Peg Powler Pillywiggin Pixie Púca/Pwca Puck Rå Bergsrå Hulder Rådande Sjörå Skogsrå Redcap Sebile Selkie Seonaidh Shellycoat Sleih beggey Sluagh Spriggan Sprite/Water sprite Sylph Tooth fairy Trow Tylwyth Teg Water bull Water horse Wicked fairy Will-o'-the-wisp Wirry-cow Xana Yallery Brown Fairy-like beings worldwideWorldwide Bogeyman Incubus/Succubus Little people Merfolk Mermaid Merman Africa Abatwa Asanbosam Aziza Bultungin Eloko Jengu Kishi Mami Wata Obayifo Rompo Simbi Tikoloshe Yumboes Americas Alux Anchimayen Caipora Canotila Chaneque Christmas elf Curupira Encantado Fearsome critters Grey alien Hopkinsville Goblins Ishigaq Jogah Little green men Muki Nimerigar Nordic alien Nûñnë'hï Pombero Pukwudgie Saci Trauco Yunwi Tsunsdi Asia Diwata Dokkaebi Fallen angel Fox spirit Hồ ly tinh Huli jing Huxian Inari Ōkami Kitsune Kumiho Hyang Irshi Jinn Kijimuna Korpokkur Mazzikin Mogwai Mrenh kongveal Orang bunian Peri Preta Hungry ghost Tennin Yaksha/Yakshini Yōkai Yōsei Oceania Bunyip Manaia Menehune Mimis Muldjewangk Nawao Patupaiarehe Taniwha Tipua Wandjina Yara-ma-yha-who EuropeEastern Bannik Căpcăun Domovoy Iele Karzełek Kikimora Leshy Lidérc Likho Ovinnik Polevik Psotnik Rusalka Sânziană Spiriduș Ursitory Vadleany Vâlvă Vântoase Vodyanoy Zână Northern Aitvaras Ajatar Badb Black dog Gabija Gremlin Haltija Headless Horseman Hiisi Jimmy Squarefoot Lauma Menninkäinen Morgan Le Fay Pictish Beast Troll Tuatha Dé Danann Southern Basajaun Centaur Cercopes Circe Dionysus Doñas de fuera Duende Farfadet Faun Hecate Hippocampus Kallikantzaros Kobalos Lamina Mairu Mouro Enchanted Moura Nymph List Pan Satyr Silenus Siren Squasc Thiasus Trenti Vila Western Dames blanches Dusios Dwarf Alberich King Goldemar Imp Lorelei Perchta Vittra Wight Witte Wieven/Weiße Frauen Cross-regional Christmas gift-bringer Santa Claus Companions of Elemental Fates Goblin Gnome Salamander Sandman Undine Wild man See also Category List of beings referred to as fairies	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%84lvalek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Älvalek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Fairies"},{"link_name":"August Malmström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Malmstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Norse mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"elves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf"},{"link_name":"Álfheimr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr"},{"link_name":"sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(sun)"},{"link_name":"Prose Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda"},{"link_name":"Snorri Sturluson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson"},{"link_name":"Hrafnagaldr Óðins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrafnagaldr_%C3%93%C3%B0ins"}],"text":"Älvalek (Elfplay or Dancing Fairies) (1866) by August MalmströmIn Norse mythology, Dökkálfar (\"Dark Elves\")[a] and Ljósálfar (\"Light Elves\")[b] are two contrasting types of elves; the dark elves dwell within the earth and have a dark complexion, while the light elves live in Álfheimr, and are \"fairer than the sun to look at\". The Ljósálfar and the Dökkálfar are attested in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the late Old Norse poem Hrafnagaldr Óðins. Scholars have produced theories about the origin and implications of the dualistic concept.","title":"Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gylfaginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gylfaginning"},{"link_name":"Gangleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gylfi"},{"link_name":"Gylfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gylfi"},{"link_name":"High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High,_Just-As-High,_and_Third"},{"link_name":"Urðarbrunnr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199519%E2%80%9320-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigur%C3%B0sson184878,_80-4"},{"link_name":"Gimlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giml%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Surtr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtr"},{"link_name":"Ragnarök","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k"},{"link_name":"Andlàngr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andlang"},{"link_name":"Víðbláinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADdbl%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigur%C3%B0sson184878,_80-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199520-5"}],"sub_title":"Prose Edda","text":"In the Prose Edda, the Dökkálfar and the Ljósálfar are described in chapter 17 of the book Gylfaginning. In the chapter, Gangleri (the king Gylfi in disguise) asks the enthroned figure of High what other \"chief centres\" there are in the heavens outside of the spring Urðarbrunnr. Gangleri responds that there are many fine places in heaven, including a place called Álfheimr (Old Norse 'Elf Home' or 'Elf World'). High says that the Ljósálfar live in Álfheimr, while the Dökkálfar dwell underground and look—and particularly behave—quite unlike the Ljósálfar. High describes the Ljósálfar as \"fairer than the sun to look at\", while the Dökkálfar are \"blacker than pitch\".[1][2]As chapter 17 continues, Gangleri asks what will protect the beautiful hall of Gimlé, previously described as \"the southernmost end of heaven\", when the fires of Surtr \"burn heaven and earth\" (Ragnarök). High responds that there are in fact other heavens. The first called Andlàngr, he says, is \"south of and above this heaven of ours\" and \"we believe\" Gimlé is located in the third heaven \"still further above that one\", Víðbláinn. High adds that \"we believe it is only light-elves who inhabit these places for the time being\".[2][3]","title":"Attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hrafnagaldr Óðins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrafnagaldr_%C3%93%C3%B0ins"},{"link_name":"galdr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdr"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELassen201194-6"}],"sub_title":"Hrafnagaldr Óðins","text":"There occurs an additional mention of the dökkálfar in the late Old Norse poem Hrafnagaldr Óðins (\"Odin's Raven-galdr\"), stanza 25.[4]","title":"Attestations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As the concept is only recorded in Gylfaginning and the late poem Hrafnagaldr Óðins, it is unclear whether the distinction between the two types of elves originated with Snorri, or if he was merely recounting a concept already developed.","title":"Theories and interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"good and evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil"},{"link_name":"angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels"},{"link_name":"Anne Holtsmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Holtsmark"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Víðbláinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADdbl%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Elucidarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elucidarius"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200432%E2%80%9333-13"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Simek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Simek"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Turville-Petre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Turville-Petre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Question of Christian influence","text":"The sub-classification perhaps resulted from Christian influence, by way of importation of the concept of good and evil and angels of light and darkness. Anne Holtsmark aired this view,[c] though with some reservation, since \"good vs. evil\" dualism is not confined to Christian thinking.[d] Aside from some additional observations to encourage the hypothesis,[e] Holtsmark has been credited with demonstrating that Snorri borrowed from Christian writings, specifically that \"Snorri’s description of Víðbláinn [the third heaven populated by light-elves] was almost certainly influenced by (and possibly based on) the account of the angels in the Elucidarius.\"[8][f]Dissenters of the view that the dark and light elves were a later invention, such as Rudolf Simek and Gabriel Turville-Petre, feel rather that \"dark\" and \"light\" aspects of the same beings not inherently unlikely, death and fertility cults often being closely related.[9][10]","title":"Theories and interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subterranean"},{"link_name":"dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(Germanic_mythology)"},{"link_name":"John Lindow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindow"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001110-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELassen2011105%E2%80%936-18"},{"link_name":"svartálfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELassen2011105%E2%80%936-18"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Lotte Motz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Motz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotz1973-22"}],"sub_title":"Dwarfs","text":"Since the Prose Edda describes the dökkálfar as being subterranean dwellers, they may be dwarfs under another name, in the opinion of a number of scholars such as John Lindow.[11][12]The Prose Edda also uniquely mentions the svartálfar ('black elves'),[12] but there are reasons to believe these also refer to merely dwarfs.[g]Consequently, Lindow and other commentators have remarked that there may not have been any distinction intended between dark-elves and black-elves by those who coined and used those terms.[h] Lotte Motz's paper on elves commingles, and hence equates \"dark-elves\" and \"black-elves\" from the outset.[14]","title":"Theories and interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacob Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Grimm"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shippey-grimm-23"},{"link_name":"ursprünglich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urspr%C3%BCnglich"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimm-eng2-444-25"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shippey-grimm-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimm-eng2-445-28"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimm-eng2-446-29"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimm-eng2-446-29"},{"link_name":"Solomon and Marcolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_and_Marcolf"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimm-eng2-446-29"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Grimm's trinity","text":"Jacob Grimm[15] surmised that the proto-elf (ursprünglich) was probably a \"light-colored, white, good spirit\" while the dwarfs may have been conceived as \"black spirits\" by relative comparison. But the \"two classes of creatures were getting confounded\", and there arose a need to coin the term \"light-elf\" (ljósálfar, or hvítálfar—\"white elves\")[16] to refer to the \"elves proper\". This was counterpart to the \"dark-elf\" (dökkálfar, or svartálfar—\"black elves\").[17][i]Preferring it over duality, Grimm postulated three kinds of elves (ljósálfar, dökkálfar, svartálfar) present in Norse mythology.[18]But Grimm's \"tripartite division\" (as Shippey calls it) faced \"trouble\" in Snorri's statement that dark-elves were pitch-black, as this would lead to the \"first reduction\" that \"dark-elves = black-elves\". As a solution, Grimm \"pronounce[es] Snorri's statement fallacious\", and hypothesizes that \"dark elves\" were not really 'dark' but rather 'dingy' or 'pale'.[15][19] And while conceding that \"such a Trilogy still [lacks] decisive proof,\"[20] draws parallels from the white, brown and black subterranean in Pomeranian legend,[20] and the white, pale, and black troops of spirits come to claim souls in the tale of Solomon and Marcolf.[20][21]","title":"Theories and interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot198238-7"},{"link_name":"Satanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanel"},{"link_name":"Elucidarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elucidarius"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltsmark196438-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"andi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/andi#Icelandic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltsmark196437-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Andlangr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andlang"},{"link_name":"Falk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Falk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltsmark196437-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gleipnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleipnir"},{"link_name":"Gylfaginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gylfaginning"},{"link_name":"Skáldskaparmál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Faulkes 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFaulkes1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001110-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELassen2011105%E2%80%936-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Grimm 1844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrimm1844"},{"link_name":"1: 413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FnQTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA413"}],"sub_title":"Explanatory notes","text":"^ Old Norse: Dǫkkálfar, singular Dǫkkálfr\n\n^ Singular Ljósálfr\n\n^ \"Anne Holtsmark has pointed out that he probably got his idea of light and dark elves from the Christian teaching of 'white' and 'black' angels\",[5] \"Men ikke alle alver er gode, fra synonymet andi, Lat. spiritus, har begrepet overtatt en tvedeling i «gode og onde ånder», Snorre kalle dem liósálfar og dokkálfar. Samme tvedeling er gjennomført i den kristne lære når det gjelder englene. Guds engler er i himmelen og djevelens i helvete, d.e. den flokken av tilhengere Satael førte med seg da han ble styrtet i avgrunnen, Elucidarius 1869, s. 12 \"; translation: But not all elves are good, and from synonyms [Icel.] andi, Lat. spiritus, it has acquired the sense of the dichotomy of \"good and evil spirits,\" Snorri calls them liósálfar and dokkálfar. The same dichotomy is implemented in the Christian doctrine regarding angels: the angels of God in heaven and the angels of the devil in hell, i.e., the flock of followers whom Satanel brought with him when he was plunged into the abyss, Elucidarius, 1869, p.12\"[6]\n\n^ Thus Grimm and Holtsmark described \"angels\" as a parallel phenomenon, at least in their preliminary thesis, Grimm allowing that \"other mythologies have set up\" this dualism also, and Holtsmark suggesting that the dichotomy inherent in similar Icelandic (andi) and Latin terms (spiritus) may have rubbed off onto \"elves\".\n\n^ Such as: \"Begge slags vesener blir beskrevet i ordlag som ellers blir brukt om engler og djevler,\" translation: Both types of beings [liósalfar and døkkalfar] are described in language otherwise used for angels and devils.[7]\n\n^ By her own admission Holtsmark regarded the explanation of the third heaven as more challenging than the second heaven Andlangr, crediting Falk for the insight for connecting it to andlegr or \"spiritual\" heaven of the Elucidarius. \"Falk har sikkert rett i at Andlangr er laget av andlegr himinn; det andre navnet er ikke så let å forstå, det tør også være laget for anledningen.\"[7]\n\n^ Since Snorri says twice over that the World of Black Elves (Svartálfaheimr) are inhabited by certain dwarfs.[13] The dwarfs that crafted Gleipnir in Gylfaginning 34 and the dwarf Andvari in Skáldskaparmál 39 (Faulkes 1995, pp. 28, 100) are said by Snorri to live in the World of the Black Elves.\n\n^ Lindow: \"whether he [Snorri] intended a distinction between the dark-elves and black-elves is unknown.\"[11] Lassen: \"Both these kinds of dwarfs (if they were different)\"[12]\n\n^ Stallybrass's actual phrasing in his translation was \"recourse was had to composition, and the elves proper were named liosâlfar\" (2: 444) for Grimm's \"half man durch zusammen-setzung und nannte die eigentlichen âlfar liosâlfar.\" Grimm 1844, 1: 413","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199519%E2%80%9320_3-0"},{"link_name":"Faulkes 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFaulkes1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigur%C3%B0sson184878,_80_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigur%C3%B0sson184878,_80_4-1"},{"link_name":"Sigurðsson 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSigur%C3%B0sson1848"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199520_5-0"},{"link_name":"Faulkes 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFaulkes1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELassen201194_6-0"},{"link_name":"Lassen 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLassen2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot198238_7-0"},{"link_name":"Talbot 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTalbot1982"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltsmark196438_8-0"},{"link_name":"Holtsmark 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoltsmark1964"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltsmark196437_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltsmark196437_11-1"},{"link_name":"Holtsmark 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoltsmark1964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200432%E2%80%9333_13-0"},{"link_name":"Hall 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Simek 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSimek1984"},{"link_name":"Simek 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSimek2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Turville-Peter, Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Turville-Petre"},{"link_name":"Wilkin 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilkin2006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2001110_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2001110_17-1"},{"link_name":"Lindow 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLindow2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELassen2011105%E2%80%936_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELassen2011105%E2%80%936_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELassen2011105%E2%80%936_18-2"},{"link_name":"Lassen 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLassen2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=A5sml5DtK4kC&pg=PT392"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0547504711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547504711"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotz1973_22-0"},{"link_name":"Motz 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMotz1973"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shippey-grimm_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shippey-grimm_23-1"},{"link_name":"Shippey 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShippey2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grimm-eng2-444_25-0"},{"link_name":"Grimm 1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrimm1883"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Grimm 1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrimm1883"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grimm-eng2-445_28-0"},{"link_name":"Grimm 1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrimm1883"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grimm-eng2-446_29-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grimm-eng2-446_29-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grimm-eng2-446_29-2"},{"link_name":"Grimm 1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrimm1883"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Salomon un Morolf\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SdwGAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PR1"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Faulkes 1995, pp. 19–20.\n\n^ a b Sigurðsson 1848, pp. 78, 80.\n\n^ Faulkes 1995, p. 20.\n\n^ Lassen 2011, p. 94.\n\n^ Talbot 1982, p. 38.\n\n^ Holtsmark 1964, p. 38.\n\n^ a b Holtsmark 1964, p. 37.\n\n^ Hall 2004, pp. 32–33.\n\n^ Simek 1984; Simek 2007, p. 56\n\n^ Turville-Peter, Gabriel, Myth and Religion of the North (1964), p. 231 apud Wilkin 2006, pp. 66–67\n\n^ a b Lindow 2001, p. 110.\n\n^ a b c Lassen 2011, pp. 105–6.\n\n^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (2012). The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0547504711.\n\n^ Motz 1973.\n\n^ a b Shippey 2004, pp. 6–8 presents an extract of Grimm's view on the classes of elves, with German text and Stallybrass's translation in parallel\n\n^ Grimm (1883), Vol. 2, p. 445, \"Thorlac. spec. 7, p. 160, gives the liosalfar another name hvítálfar (white elves) ; I have not found the word in the old writings.\"\n\n^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, 2: 444\n\n^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, 2: 444, \"Some have seen, in this antithesis of light and black elves, the same Dualism that other mythologies have set up between spirits good and bad, friendly and hostile, heavenly and hellish, between angels of light and of darkness. But ought we not rather to assume three kinds of Norse genii, liosâlfar, dockâlfar, svartâlfar?\"\n\n^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, 2: 445\n\n^ a b c (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, 2: 446\n\n^ Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der; Büsching, Johann Gustav, eds. (1808), \"Salomon un Morolf\", Deutsche Gedichte des Mittelalters, vol. 1, Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung, p. 28","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Älvalek (Elfplay or Dancing Fairies) (1866) by August Malmström","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%C3%84lvalek.jpg/250px-%C3%84lvalek.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Classifications of fairies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifications_of_fairies"},{"title":"Sundering of the Elves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves"},{"title":"Svartálfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar"}]	[{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (2012). The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0547504711.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A5sml5DtK4kC&pg=PT392","url_text":"The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547504711","url_text":"978-0547504711"}]},{"reference":"Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der; Büsching, Johann Gustav, eds. (1808), \"Salomon un Morolf\", Deutsche Gedichte des Mittelalters, vol. 1, Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung, p. 28","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SdwGAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PR1","url_text":"\"Salomon un Morolf\""}]},{"reference":"Edda: Snorri Sturluson. Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. Everyman. 1995. ISBN 0-460-87616-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Faulkes&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Faulkes, Anthony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library","url_text":"Everyman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3","url_text":"0-460-87616-3"}]},{"reference":"Grimm, Jacob (1844). \"XVII. Wichte und Elbe\". Teutonic mythology. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Göttingen: Dieterich. pp. 408–440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Grimm","url_text":"Grimm, Jacob"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FnQTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA408","url_text":"\"XVII. Wichte und Elbe\""}]},{"reference":"—— (1883). \"XVII. Wights and Elves\". Teutonic mythology. Vol. 2. Translated by Stallybrass, James Steven. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. pp. 439–517.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ektAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA439","url_text":"\"XVII. Wights and Elves\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Alaric (2004), The Meanings of Elf and Elves in Medieval England (PDF)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaric_Hall","url_text":"Hall, Alaric"},{"url":"http://www.alarichall.org.uk/ahphdful.pdf","url_text":"The Meanings of Elf and Elves in Medieval England"}]},{"reference":"Holtsmark, Anne (1964). \"Studier i Snorres mytologi\". Skrifter Utgift av Det Norske Videnskaps-akademi I Oslo. Hist.-filos. klasse, ny serie, 4 (in Norwegian). II. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Holtsmark","url_text":"Holtsmark, Anne"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KeYIAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Studier i Snorres mytologi\""}]},{"reference":"Lassen, Annette (2011). Hrafnagaldur Óðinns (PDF). Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. Viking Society for Northern Research. p. 94. ISBN 978-0903521819.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/Hrafnagaldur%20Odins.pdf","url_text":"Hrafnagaldur Óðinns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Faulkes&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Faulkes, Anthony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0903521819","url_text":"978-0903521819"}]},{"reference":"Lindow, John (2001). Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515382-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindow","url_text":"Lindow, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC","url_text":"Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515382-0","url_text":"0-19-515382-0"}]},{"reference":"Motz, Lotte (1973). \"Of Elves and Dwarves\". Arv: Tidskrift för Nordisk Folkminnesforskning. 29–30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/296212127/235640711-1973-of-Elves-and-Dwarves-Motz","url_text":"\"Of Elves and Dwarves\""}]},{"reference":"Sigurðsson, Jón, ed. (1848). Edda Snorra Sturlusonar. sumptibus Legati Arnamagnæani. pp. 78, 80.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Sigur%C3%B0sson","url_text":"Sigurðsson, Jón"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/eddasnorrasturl00jngoog","url_text":"Edda Snorra Sturlusonar"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/eddasnorrasturl00jngoog/page/n94","url_text":"78"}]},{"reference":"Shippey, TA (2004). \"Light-elves, Dark-elves, and Others: Tolkien's Elvish Problem\". Tolkien Studies. 1: 1–15. doi:10.1353/tks.2004.0015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey","url_text":"Shippey, TA"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.2004.0015","url_text":"\"Light-elves, Dark-elves, and Others: Tolkien's Elvish Problem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.2004.0015","url_text":"10.1353/tks.2004.0015"}]},{"reference":"Simek, Rudolf (1984). Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie. Stuttgart: A. Kröner. ISBN 3520368013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Simek","url_text":"Simek, Rudolf"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lexikondergerman0000sime","url_text":"Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3520368013","url_text":"3520368013"}]},{"reference":"—— (2007). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Angela Hall (trans.). D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85991-513-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer","url_text":"D.S. Brewer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7","url_text":"978-0-85991-513-7"}]},{"reference":"Talbot, Annelise (1982). \"The withdrawal of the fertility god\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capel_Island	Capel Island	["1 Features","2 References"]	Coordinates: 51°52′57.36″N 7°51′11.88″W / 51.8826000°N 7.8533000°W / 51.8826000; -7.8533000Small island in County Cork, Ireland Capel IslandNative name: Oileán an CháplaighView from the seaCapel IslandGeographyLocationAtlantic OceanCoordinates51°52′57.36″N 7°51′11.88″W / 51.8826000°N 7.8533000°W / 51.8826000; -7.8533000AdministrationIrelandProvinceMunsterCountyCorkDemographicsPopulation0 Capel Island (Gaeilge: Oileán an Cháplaigh) is a small island in County Cork, Ireland located a short distance from Knockadoon Head, near Youghal. Features Capel Island and Knockadoon Head were legally protected as a national nature reserve by the Irish government in 1985. Most of the reserve, 314 acres (1.27 km2), is owned by the state, with a small part in private ownership 40 acres (0.16 km2). The reserve includes Capel Island, Knockadoon Head and the area of sea between. The tower on the island is an incomplete 19th century lighthouse. The island is home to a herd of goats. A story is told of how the island got its name. There was a swimming race to reach the island for ownership. As one man was about to touch land the other reached forth his sword and pipped him at the post. A name associated with this story is De Capel Brookes. Permission from BirdWatch Ireland is required in order to land on the island. References ^ Logainm.ie ^ "S.I. No. 381/1985 - Nature Reserve (Capel Island and Knockadoon Head) Establishment Order, 1985". electronic Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ "Capel Island and Knockadoon Head Nature Reserve". National Parks & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ a b MacCarthy, Dan (11 September 2017). "Discover the lighthouse that never was". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ "Knockadoon Slip". eoceanic.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2020. vtePlaces in County CorkCounty town: CorkTowns Ballincollig Bandon Bantry Buttevant Carrigaline Charleville Clonakilty Cobh Cork Fermoy Kanturk Kinsale Macroom Mallow Midleton Millstreet Passage West Skibbereen Youghal Villages and Townlands Adrigole Aghabullogue Aghada Ahakista Aherla Ahiohill Allihies Ardfield Ardgroom Ballinacurra Ballinadee Ballinagree Ballinascarty Ballineen Ballingeary Ballinhassig Ballinora Ballinspittle Ballintemple Ballycotton Ballydehob Ballydesmond Ballygarvan Ballylickey Ballymakeera Ballymore Ballyvourney Baltimore Banteer Béal na Bláth Belgooly Belvelly Blarney Boherbue Bridebridge Bweeng Canovee Carrigadrohid Carriganimmy Carrigtwohill Castlehaven Castlelyons Castlemagner Castlemartyr Castletown-Kinneigh Castletownbere Castletownroche Castletownshend Churchtown Cloghroe Clondulane Cloughduv Cloyne Coachford Conna Coolea Courtmacsherry Crookhaven Crookstown Crossbarry Crosshaven Cullen Doneraile Douglas Drimoleague Dripsey Dromahane Dungourney Dunmanway Durrus Enniskean Eyeries Farran Fermoy Fountainstown Freemount Glandore Glanmire Glantane Glanworth Glasheen Glenbrook Glengarriff Glenville Glounthaune Goleen Gougane Barra Halfway Innishannon Kilbrin Kilbrittain Kilmichael Kilnamartyra Killumney Kilworth Kiskeam Knockavilla Knocknagree Knockraha Ladysbridge Leap Liscarroll Lisgoold Lismire Lombardstown Lyre Mayfield Meelin Milford Minane Bridge Mitchelstown Monard Monkstown Montenotte Mourneabbey Nad Newcestown Newmarket Newtwopothouse Nohoval Ovens Rathbarry Rathcormac Riverstick Roberts Cove Rockchapel Rosscarbery Rylane Sallybrook Schull Shanagarry Shanbally Shanballymore Timoleague Togher Tower Union Hall Upton Waterfall Watergrasshill Whitegate Landforms Mountains Ballyhoura Mountains Boggeragh Mountains Caha Mountains Derrynasaggart Mountains Galtee Mountains Mullaghareirk Mountains Shehy Mountains Slieve Miskish Mountains Rivers River Bandon River Blackwater River Lee Heads Brow Head Mizen Head Sheep's Head Islands Ballycotton Island Bere Island Cape Clear Island Capel Island Carbery's Hundred Isles Fastnet Rock Dursey Island Garinish Great Island Heir Island Haulbowline Island Inishfarnard Long Island Sherkin Island Spike Island Whiddy Island Lists of townlands of County Cork Mountains and hills of County Cork Rivers of County Cork Geography of County Cork	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaeilge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeilge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Knockadoon Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockadoon_Head"},{"link_name":"Youghal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youghal"}],"text":"Small island in County Cork, IrelandCapel Island (Gaeilge: Oileán an Cháplaigh[1]) is a small island in County Cork, Ireland located a short distance from Knockadoon Head, near Youghal.","title":"Capel Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPWS-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BirdWatch Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdWatch_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Capel Island and Knockadoon Head were legally protected as a national nature reserve by the Irish government in 1985.[2] Most of the reserve, 314 acres (1.27 km2), is owned by the state, with a small part in private ownership 40 acres (0.16 km2). The reserve includes Capel Island, Knockadoon Head and the area of sea between.[3]The tower on the island is an incomplete 19th century lighthouse. The island is home to a herd of goats.[4][5]A story is told of how the island got its name. There was a swimming race to reach the island for ownership. As one man was about to touch land the other reached forth his sword and pipped him at the post. A name associated with this story is De Capel Brookes.[citation needed]Permission from BirdWatch Ireland is required in order to land on the island.[4]","title":"Features"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"S.I. No. 381/1985 - Nature Reserve (Capel Island and Knockadoon Head) Establishment Order, 1985\". electronic Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1985/si/381/made/en/print","url_text":"\"S.I. No. 381/1985 - Nature Reserve (Capel Island and Knockadoon Head) Establishment Order, 1985\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201074839/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1985/si/381/made/en/print","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Capel Island and Knockadoon Head Nature Reserve\". National Parks & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npws.ie/nature-reserves/cork/capel-island-and-knockadoon-head-nature-reserve","url_text":"\"Capel Island and Knockadoon Head Nature Reserve\""}]},{"reference":"MacCarthy, Dan (11 September 2017). \"Discover the lighthouse that never was\". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/homeandoutdoors/arid-20458702.html","url_text":"\"Discover the lighthouse that never was\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111224916/https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/homeandoutdoors/arid-20458702.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Knockadoon Slip\". eoceanic.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eoceanic.com/sailing/harbours/365/knockadoon_harbour","url_text":"\"Knockadoon Slip\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170915142545/http://eoceanic.com:80/sailing/harbours/365/knockadoon_harbour","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Capel_Island&params=51_52_57.36_N_7_51_11.88_W_region:IE_type:isle","external_links_name":"51°52′57.36″N 7°51′11.88″W / 51.8826000°N 7.8533000°W / 51.8826000; -7.8533000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Capel_Island&params=51_52_57.36_N_7_51_11.88_W_region:IE_type:isle","external_links_name":"51°52′57.36″N 7°51′11.88″W / 51.8826000°N 7.8533000°W / 51.8826000; -7.8533000"},{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/en/13672","external_links_name":"Logainm.ie"},{"Link":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1985/si/381/made/en/print","external_links_name":"\"S.I. No. 381/1985 - Nature Reserve (Capel Island and Knockadoon Head) Establishment Order, 1985\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201074839/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1985/si/381/made/en/print","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.npws.ie/nature-reserves/cork/capel-island-and-knockadoon-head-nature-reserve","external_links_name":"\"Capel Island and Knockadoon Head Nature Reserve\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/homeandoutdoors/arid-20458702.html","external_links_name":"\"Discover the lighthouse that never was\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111224916/https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/homeandoutdoors/arid-20458702.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eoceanic.com/sailing/harbours/365/knockadoon_harbour","external_links_name":"\"Knockadoon Slip\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170915142545/http://eoceanic.com:80/sailing/harbours/365/knockadoon_harbour","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tiensten	Paul Tiensten	["1 Political career","2 Controversy","2.1 Taiwan diplomatic scandal","2.2 Kikori misappropriation controversy","2.3 Tiensten’s arrest amid corruption claims","3 References"]	Paul Tiensten (born 1966) is a former Papua New Guinean politician and former National Alliance Member of Parliament for Pomio Open. Tiensten is currently serving a nine-year sentence for corruption. Tiensten holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Papua New Guinea and a Masters in Resources Law at the Center for Energy, Petroleum, Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee, Scotland. He served as a Director of Petroleum at the Department of Petroleum and Energy for the government of Papua New Guinea and was also a Project Manager for the World Bank funded Gas Development and Utilization Technical Assistance Project. Political career Tiensten was first elected to parliament in 2002 and was appointed as the Chairman of the Special Parliamentary Committee on Gas and Energy Development. He was later appointed Trade and Industry Minister on 12 November 2003 and served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2007 under then Prime Minister Michael Somare. He was re-elected in 2007 for a second term of Parliament as Minister for National Planning and District Development, but lost his portfolio in August 2011 when a defection of MPs saw the government of Michael Somare disbanded. Controversy Taiwan diplomatic scandal In 2008, Singaporean businessman Wu Shih-tsa alleged in a Taiwanese court that six Papua New Guinea officials, including Paul Tiensten, personally profited from a payment of A$19 million from Taiwan in a bid to strengthen diplomatic relations with Papua New Guinea. Tiensten admitted to meeting the Taiwanese officials, but denied the allegations of corruption. Sam Koim, the chairman of the anti-corruption investigation team Task Force Sweep, announced in December 2011 that he may be investigating the Taiwan diplomatic scandal in early 2012. Kikori misappropriation controversy In January 2010 Minister for Labour and Industrial Relations, Mark Maipakai, who is the member of parliament for Kikori, alleged that the Office of the Minister for National Planning and District Development had been involved in a 220 million kina (US$81.4 million) fraud, together with four landowner associations in Kikori, Gulf Province. The funds were intended for infrastructure projects in Kikori, including roads, houses and a hospital, but were never used for this purpose. Maipakai called on Paul Tiensten to explain why the funds were released by his office without proper project submission, status report, accounting or acquittals. Tiensten denied the allegations of fraud, explaining that the four landowner associations had signed the Benefits Sharing Agreement for the Liquefied Natural Gas project, and so the Government, in return, made the commitment to facilitate the release of infrastructure funds to them. Subsequently the chairman of one of the four landowner associations, the Kikori Gas Pipeline Landowner Association (KGPLA), Mark Sarong, was arrested and charged with ten counts of misappropriation and ten counts of conspiracy. Sarong allegedly went behind the board of directors of the KGPLA and changed the signatories so that he could sign cashable cheques worth substantial amounts, including one cheque for K4 million. Tiensten, with the Minister of Finance, had authorised the release of 17.6 million kina to the KGPLA. The case against Sarong was struck out by the Waigani Committal Court in August 2010 due to a lack of a police brief. Tiensten’s arrest amid corruption claims In early November 2011, Tiensten was arrested by the government’s Investigation Task Force Sweep, a corruption investigation task force established by Prime Minister Peter O'Neill. The charges against Tiensten related to the misappropriation of funds, conspiracy to defraud the state and abuse of office, for his part in approving a PGK 10 million payment of air subsidies to the airline company Travel Air. It was alleged that Tiensten conspired with Travel Air's owner, businessman Eremas Wartoto, to make the payment while he was National Planning Minister, despite being aware that the company was inactive. Tiensten had initially fled to Australia in September 2011 when summoned for questioning by the Investigation Task Force Sweep, but was arrested in Papua New Guinea upon his return in November. Tiensten was later arrested in November 2011 by the Investigation Task Force Sweep on three further charges for diverting PGK 3.4 million of government funding to Tolpot Services Ltd, of which he was both a shareholder and a director. In March 2014, he was convicted of misappropriation over 10 million kina, and sentenced to nine years of hard labour. References ^ a b c Business for Millennium Development (2008). "Speakers for Summit '08". Business for Millennium Development. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. {{cite web}}: \|author= has generic name (help) ^ a b Liam Fox (22 November 2011). "Embattled MP kicked out of PNG parliament". ABC News. Retrieved 15 November 2018. ^ "PNG Increases Funding for Corruption Task Force". Pacific Islands Report. 27 December 2011. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. ^ a b Isaac Nicholas (2010). "PNG Minister Claims to Have Uncovered Massive Fraud". Pacific Islands Report. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ a b Joshua Arlo (4 August 2010). "Fraud case struck out". Post Courier. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. ^ AAP (15 September 2011). "Papua New Guinea minister flees to Australia over corruption allegations". The Australian. ^ a b Samuel Raitano (17 November 2011). "Tiensten faces three charges". Malum Nalu. ^ Eoin Blackwell (1 December 2011). "PNG corruption force creates watch list". The Age. Retrieved 30 December 2014. ^ Post-Courier Online (18 November 2011). "Tiensten in custody on second charge". Post-Courier Online. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. ^ "Former PNG minister gets 3 more years in jail". Radio New Zealand. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2018.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"University of Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dundee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summit08speaker-1"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summit08speaker-1"}],"text":"Tiensten holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Papua New Guinea and a Masters in Resources Law at the Center for Energy, Petroleum, Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee, Scotland.[1]He served as a Director of Petroleum at the Department of Petroleum and Energy for the government of Papua New Guinea and was also a Project Manager for the World Bank funded Gas Development and Utilization Technical Assistance Project.[1]","title":"Paul Tiensten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trade and Industry Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_and_Industry_Minister&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Papua_New_Guinea)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Michael Somare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summit08speaker-1"},{"link_name":"Minister for National Planning and District Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_National_Planning_and_District_Development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Somare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministerflees-2"}],"text":"Tiensten was first elected to parliament in 2002 and was appointed as the Chairman of the Special Parliamentary Committee on Gas and Energy Development. He was later appointed Trade and Industry Minister on 12 November 2003 and served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2007 under then Prime Minister Michael Somare.[1]He was re-elected in 2007 for a second term of Parliament as Minister for National Planning and District Development, but lost his portfolio in August 2011 when a defection of MPs saw the government of Michael Somare disbanded.[2]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministerflees-2"},{"link_name":"Sam Koim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Koim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Task Force Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Papua_New_Guinea#Task_Force_Sweep"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Taiwan diplomatic scandal","text":"In 2008, Singaporean businessman Wu Shih-tsa alleged in a Taiwanese court that six Papua New Guinea officials, including Paul Tiensten, personally profited from a payment of A$19 million from Taiwan in a bid to strengthen diplomatic relations with Papua New Guinea. Tiensten admitted to meeting the Taiwanese officials, but denied the allegations of corruption.[2]Sam Koim, the chairman of the anti-corruption investigation team Task Force Sweep, announced in December 2011 that he may be investigating the Taiwan diplomatic scandal in early 2012.[3]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Maipakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Maipakai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kikori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikori"},{"link_name":"Kikori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikori"},{"link_name":"Gulf Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Province"},{"link_name":"Kikori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikori"},{"link_name":"Liquefied Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG_LNG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MinFraud-4"},{"link_name":"Kikori Gas Pipeline Landowner Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikori_Gas_Pipeline_Landowner_Association"},{"link_name":"KGPLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGPLA"},{"link_name":"Mark Sarong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sarong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StruckOut-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MinFraud-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StruckOut-5"}],"sub_title":"Kikori misappropriation controversy","text":"In January 2010 Minister for Labour and Industrial Relations, Mark Maipakai, who is the member of parliament for Kikori, alleged that the Office of the Minister for National Planning and District Development had been involved in a 220 million kina (US$81.4 million) fraud, together with four landowner associations in Kikori, Gulf Province. The funds were intended for infrastructure projects in Kikori, including roads, houses and a hospital, but were never used for this purpose. Maipakai called on Paul Tiensten to explain why the funds were released by his office without proper project submission, status report, accounting or acquittals. Tiensten denied the allegations of fraud, explaining that the four landowner associations had signed the Benefits Sharing Agreement for the Liquefied Natural Gas project, and so the Government, in return, made the commitment to facilitate the release of infrastructure funds to them.[4]Subsequently the chairman of one of the four landowner associations, the Kikori Gas Pipeline Landowner Association (KGPLA), Mark Sarong, was arrested and charged with ten counts of misappropriation and ten counts of conspiracy. Sarong allegedly went behind the board of directors of the KGPLA and changed the signatories so that he could sign cashable cheques worth substantial amounts, including one cheque for K4 million.[5] Tiensten, with the Minister of Finance, had authorised the release of 17.6 million kina [US$6.6 million] to the KGPLA.[4] The case against Sarong was struck out by the Waigani Committal Court in August 2010 due to a lack of a police brief.[5]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Investigation Task Force Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_Task_Force_Sweep"},{"link_name":"Peter O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Eremas Wartoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremas_Wartoto"},{"link_name":"Investigation Task Force Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_Task_Force_Sweep"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charges-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Investigation Task Force Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_Task_Force_Sweep"},{"link_name":"Tolpot Services Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolpot_Services_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charges-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"kina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_kina"},{"link_name":"hard labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_labour"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Tiensten’s arrest amid corruption claims","text":"In early November 2011, Tiensten was arrested by the government’s Investigation Task Force Sweep, a corruption investigation task force established by Prime Minister Peter O'Neill. The charges against Tiensten related to the misappropriation of funds, conspiracy to defraud the state and abuse of office, for his part in approving a PGK 10 million payment of air subsidies to the airline company Travel Air. It was alleged that Tiensten conspired with Travel Air's owner, businessman Eremas Wartoto, to make the payment while he was National Planning Minister, despite being aware that the company was inactive. Tiensten had initially fled to Australia in September 2011 when summoned for questioning by the Investigation Task Force Sweep, but was arrested in Papua New Guinea upon his return in November.[6][7][8]Tiensten was later arrested in November 2011 by the Investigation Task Force Sweep on three further charges for diverting PGK 3.4 million of government funding to Tolpot Services Ltd, of which he was both a shareholder and a director.[7][9]In March 2014, he was convicted of misappropriation over 10 million kina, and sentenced to nine years of hard labour.[10]","title":"Controversy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Business for Millennium Development (2008). \"Speakers for Summit '08\". Business for Millennium Development. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321064935/http://b4md.com.au/sum_spk_27.php","url_text":"\"Speakers for Summit '08\""},{"url":"http://www.b4md.com.au/sum_spk_27.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Liam Fox (22 November 2011). \"Embattled MP kicked out of PNG parliament\". ABC News. Retrieved 15 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-22/png-mp-disqualified-from-parliament/3687224","url_text":"\"Embattled MP kicked out of PNG parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"PNG Increases Funding for Corruption Task Force\". Pacific Islands Report. 27 December 2011. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141231003123/http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/2011/December/12-28-11.htm","url_text":"\"PNG Increases Funding for Corruption Task Force\""},{"url":"http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/2011/December/12-28-11.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Isaac Nicholas (2010). \"PNG Minister Claims to Have Uncovered Massive Fraud\". Pacific Islands Report. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022559/http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2010/january/01-07-22.htm","url_text":"\"PNG Minister Claims to Have Uncovered Massive Fraud\""},{"url":"http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2010/january/01-07-22.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joshua Arlo (4 August 2010). \"Fraud case struck out\". Post Courier. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130416200124/http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20100804/news12.htm","url_text":"\"Fraud case struck out\""},{"url":"http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20100804/news12.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"AAP (15 September 2011). \"Papua New Guinea minister flees to Australia over corruption allegations\". The Australian.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/papua-new-guinea-minister-flees-to-australia-over-corruption-allegations/story-e6frg6nf-1226137899684","url_text":"\"Papua New Guinea minister flees to Australia over corruption allegations\""}]},{"reference":"Samuel Raitano (17 November 2011). \"Tiensten faces three charges\". Malum Nalu.","urls":[{"url":"http://malumnalu.blogspot.com/2011/11/tiensten-faces-three-charges.html","url_text":"\"Tiensten faces three charges\""}]},{"reference":"Eoin Blackwell (1 December 2011). \"PNG corruption force creates watch list\". The Age. Retrieved 30 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/png-corruption-force-creates-watch-list-20111201-1o88d.html","url_text":"\"PNG corruption force creates watch list\""}]},{"reference":"Post-Courier Online (18 November 2011). \"Tiensten in custody on second charge\". Post-Courier Online. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120911103504/http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20111118/news03.htm","url_text":"\"Tiensten in custody on second charge\""},{"url":"http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20111118/news03.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Former PNG minister gets 3 more years in jail\". Radio New Zealand. 17 April 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronwyn_Eagles	Bronwyn Eagles	["1 Achievements","2 National championships","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Australian hammer thrower Bronwyn EaglesPersonal informationNationality AustraliaBorn (1980-08-23) 23 August 1980 (age 43)Camden, New South WalesHeight1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight100 kg (220 lb)SportSportAthletics Medal record Women's athletics Representing Australia World Championships 2001 Edmonton Hammer throw Commonwealth Games 2002 Manchester Hammer throw Oceania Championships 2010 Cairns Hammer throw Updated on 24 April 2013 Bronwyn Eagles (born 23 August 1980) is an Australian Olympic athlete who competes in the hammer throw. Eagles won one junior and six Australian Championships in the women's hammer throw event in her career. Other career highlights include a bronze medal at the World Championships and a silver medal at the Commonwealth Games. In 2008, two years after her retirement, Eagles resumed competition and went on to win her sixth national title at the Australian Championships. Achievements Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes Representing Australia 1998 World Junior Championships Annecy, France 8th Hammer 56.77 m 2001 World Championships Edmonton, Canada 3rd Hammer throw 68.87 m 2002 Commonwealth Games Manchester, United Kingdom 2nd Hammer throw 65.24 m 2003 World Championships Paris, France 15th Hammer throw 64.97 m 2004 Olympic Games Athens, Greece 32nd Hammer throw 64.09 m 2010 Oceania Championships Cairns, Australia 1st Hammer throw 62.99 m CR National championships Hammer throw: 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 (6) See also Australian athletics champions (Women) References ^ Athletics Australia profile - Bronwyn Eagles Archived 20 July 2012 at archive.today ^ Athletics Australia - Eagles retires. External links Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Bronwyn Eagles". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. vteAustralian National Champions in Women's Hammer Throw 1987 – 1988: Bernadette Serone 1989: Jo-Anne Capper 1990 – 1991: Bernadette Serone 1992: Aya Suzuki (JPN) 1993 – 1995: Deborah Sosimenko 1996: Olga Kuzenkova (RUS) 1997 – 1999: Deborah Sosimenko 2000: Lisa Misipeka (ASA) 2001 – 2002: Bronwyn Eagles 2003: Brooke Krueger-Billett 2004 – 2005: Bronwyn Eagles 2006: Brooke Krueger-Billett 2007: Karyne Di Marco 2008 – 2009: Bronwyn Eagles 2010 – 2012: Gabrielle Neighbour 2013 – 2015: Lara Nielsen Authority control databases: People World Athletics This biographical article relating to Australian athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"hammer throw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_throw"},{"link_name":"Australian Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bronwyn Eagles (born 23 August 1980) is an Australian Olympic athlete who competes in the hammer throw.Eagles won one junior and six Australian Championships in the women's hammer throw event in her career. Other career highlights include a bronze medal at the World Championships and a silver medal at the Commonwealth Games.[1]In 2008, two years after her retirement,[2] Eagles resumed competition and went on to win her sixth national title at the Australian Championships.","title":"Bronwyn Eagles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hammer throw: 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 (6)","title":"National championships"}]	[]	[{"title":"Australian athletics champions (Women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_athletics_champions_(Women)"}]	[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Bronwyn Eagles\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevn_Thomas	Sevn Thomas	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Discography","3.1 EPs","3.2 Singles","3.3 Remixes","3.4 Songwriting and production","4 References","5 External links"]	Canadian record producer, songwriter and singer Sevn ThomasBirth nameRupert Thomas Jr.Also known asSuga PrinceBorn (1991-07-07) July 7, 1991 (age 32)Toronto, Ontario, CanadaGenres Hip hop trap R&B dancehall reggae Occupation(s) Record producer songwriter singer Instrument(s)FL StudioVocalsYears active2002–presentLabelsNot So FastMusical artist Rupert "Sevn" Thomas Jr. (born July 7, 1991) is a Canadian record producer, songwriter and singer. He has produced and written numerous hit songs including Rihanna's "Work", Drake's "Pop Style" and "Chicago Freestyle," Travis Scott's "Wake Up", Nicki Minaj's "Run & Hide", Giveon's "Heartbreak Anniversary", and numerous others. He also released a 2014 instrumental EP entitled Hidden Hand. As a youth, he performed as a singer under the stage name Suga Prince. Early life Rupert Thomas Jr. was born and raised in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario. His parents were born in Jamaica. They both had their own sound systems (Lover's Choice and Love Choice International) and would often hold parties in their basement. Dancehall artist, Rappa Robert, is Thomas' uncle who would take him to studio sessions in Jamaica, including at UB40's studio. In grade 5, Thomas began making beats on a Korg Triton and in 2002, at ten years old, he released a single called "Too Young for Love" featuring Master T under the stage name, Suga Prince. The music video for that song featured a 12-year-old Ayesha Curry. Thomas signed to Sony BMG around that time but eventually put his music career on hold after the label folded. He first met producer Boi-1da while working with Sony. During high school, Thomas continued making beats often at Sunny Diamonds' studio in Toronto. It was there that he reconnected with Boi-1da, who would become his mentor and frequent collaborator. In 2012, Thomas faced off against WondaGurl (another Boi-1da protege) at the Battle of the Beat Makers. The judges were unable to choose a winner. Career In 2013, Thomas began accruing production and songwriting credits including on Kelly Rowland's "Love Me Til I Die", Skeme's "No Time", and Ben Stevenson's "Opposites Attract". In 2014, Thomas produced Mobb Deep's "Low" before releasing his own instrumental EP, Hidden Hand, in April of that year. The EP featured co-production from Jordan Evans and Prezident Jeff. In 2015 and 2016, Thomas co-produced (with Boi-1da and others) a series of songs that appeared on the Billboard Hot 100, including Drake's "10 Bands" (number 58) and "Pop Style" (number 16), and Rihanna's "Work" (number 1). Billboard credited him as one of seven producers "who brought dancehall back to the charts in 2016". That year, he also co-produced PartyNextDoor's "Don't Run", which reached number 22 on the Billboard Hot R&B Songs chart. In April 2016, he released the single "Can't Sleep Alone" featuring Australian singer, NYNE. He continued producing records in 2017 including Travis Scott's "Green & Purple", Kehlani's "Get Like", and GoldLink's "Pray Everyday". In 2018, he produced tracks on numerous notable albums including Travis Scott's Astroworld ("Wake Up" and "Houstonfornication"), Nicki Minaj's Queen ("Run & Hide"), Lil Wayne's Tha Carter V ("Let It Fly"), and The Carters' Everything Is Love ("Friends"). Discography EPs List of EPs with selected album details Title Details Hidden Hand Released: April 18, 2014 (US) Label: Boi-1da Productions Formats: Digital download Singles List of singles showing year released and album name Title Year Album "Can't Sleep Alone" (feat. Nyne) 2016 Non-album single Remixes List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists Title Artist Year Album "After You Left" (feat. Nyne) GoldLink 2016 And After That, We Didn't Talk - The Remixes Songwriting and production Selected songs with production and songwriting credits Song name Year Primary artist(s) Album Role Notes "Love Me Til I Die" 2013 Kelly Rowland Talk a Good Game Co-writer Bonus track "No Time" Skeme Ingleworld Co-producer "Opposites Attract" Ben Stevenson Non-album single Co-producer "Low" 2014 Mobb Deep (feat. Mack Wilds) The Infamous Mobb Deep Co-producer "Love for the 6" Tre Capital Gundam Pt. 1 Producer "10 Bands" 2015 Drake If You're Reading This It's Too Late Co-producer, co-writer US No. 58 "In The Bag" Mac Miller GO:OD AM Producer "Work" 2016 Rihanna (feat. Drake) Anti Co-producer US No. 1 "Pop Style" Drake (feat. Jay-Z and Kanye West) Views Co-producer US No. 16 "Don't Run" PartyNextDoor PartyNextDoor 3 Co-producer, co-writer US R&B No. 22 "Green & Purple" 2017 Travis Scott (feat. Playboi Carti) Non-album single Co-producer "Get Like" Kehlani SweetSexySavage Co-producer, co-writer "Pray Everyday" GoldLink At What Cost Co-producer, co-writer "We Will Never Die" GoldLink (feat. Lil Dude) Co-producer, co-writer "Keep Me" Khalid American Teen Co-producer, co-writer "Wake Up" 2018 Travis Scott (feat. The Weeknd) Astroworld Co-producer, co-writer US No. 30 "Houstonfornication" Travis Scott Co-producer, co-writer US No. 53 "Run & Hide" Nicki Minaj Queen Co-producer, co-writer "Friends" The Carters Everything Is Love Co-producer "Let It Fly" Lil Wayne (feat. Travis Scott) Tha Carter V Producer US No. 10 "Chicago Freestyle" 2020 Drake (featuring Giveon) Dark Lane Demo Tapea Co-producer, co-writer "Heartbreak Anniversary" Giveon Take Time References ^ a b c Serwer, Jesse (December 13, 2016). "Meet the Producers Who Brought Dancehall Back to the Charts in 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ a b c d e Elibert, Mark (October 5, 2018). "From Travis Scott to Lil Wayne, Producer Sevn Thomas Breaks Down His Biggest Records of 2018". Billboard. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ a b c Dandridge-Lemco, Ben (October 28, 2016). "Meet Sevn Thomas, The Toronto producer on Astroworld and Queen". The FADER. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ a b c Bliss, Karen (January 21, 2016). "Toronto: Beat-making capital of the world?". SOCAN Magazine. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k James, Andy (July 26, 2017). "Beat Break: Sevn Thomas Shares the Story Behind His 5 Biggest Songs". DJ Booth. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ Ender, Elena (July 21, 2017). "What You Need to Know About Ayesha Curry". Entity Magazine. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ a b c d Jenkins, Craig (August 26, 2014). "15 New Producers to Watch for in 2014". Complex. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ a b Kramer, Kyle (December 4, 2013). "Listen to Skeme's New Single "Different," Off His Upcoming Album "Ingleworld"". Complex. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ a b Spadine, Richard (August 13, 2013). "Ben Stevenson – Opposites Attract". DJ Booth. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ a b X, Dharmic (April 18, 2014). "Listen to Sevn Thomas' "Hidden Hand" Instrumental EP". Complex. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ a b "People don't understand the lyrics of Rihanna's new single, called Work". BBC. January 27, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ a b c d "Drake – Chart History – Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ a b "PartyNextDoor – Chart History – Hot R&B Songs". Billboard. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ a b c Mistry, Anupa (April 28, 2016). "Sevn Thomas And NYNE Contemplate Solitude On "Can't Sleep Alone"". The FADER. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ Chesman, Donna-Claire (August 16, 2018). "Producer Sevn Thomas Breaks Down Working on 'ASTROWORLD' and 'Queen'". DJ Booth. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "Sevn Thomas – Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ Phillips, Yoh (September 14, 2015). "Mac Miller "GO:OD AM" \| 1 Listen Album Review". DJ Booth. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ Berry, Peter A. (March 24, 2017). "Stream GoldLink's New Project 'At What Cost'". XXL. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "Khalid liberates debut album 'American Teen'". Hamada Mania. March 4, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ a b c "Travis Scott – Chart History – Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ Cowen, Trace William (August 10, 2018). "Here Are the Credits for Nicki Minaj's 'Queen' Album". Complex. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ Barner, Katherine (June 16, 2018). "Who's Who on Beyoncé and JAY-Z's 'Everything Is Love'". Complex. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ Renshaw, David (September 28, 2018). "Here are the full album credits for Lil Wayne's Tha Carter V". The FADER. Retrieved December 30, 2018. External links Sevn Thomas on SoundCloud	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(Rihanna_song)"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Pop Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Style"},{"link_name":"Chicago Freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Freestyle"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Wake Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Up_(Travis_Scott_song)"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Giveon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giveon"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak Anniversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_Anniversary"}],"text":"Musical artistRupert \"Sevn\" Thomas Jr. (born July 7, 1991) is a Canadian record producer, songwriter and singer. He has produced and written numerous hit songs including Rihanna's \"Work\", Drake's \"Pop Style\" and \"Chicago Freestyle,\" Travis Scott's \"Wake Up\", Nicki Minaj's \"Run & Hide\", Giveon's \"Heartbreak Anniversary\", and numerous others. He also released a 2014 instrumental EP entitled Hidden Hand. As a youth, he performed as a singer under the stage name Suga Prince.","title":"Sevn Thomas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill2016-1"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillNew-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FaderMeet-3"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"sound systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill2016-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillNew-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOCAN-4"},{"link_name":"Dancehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancehall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJB2017-5"},{"link_name":"UB40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB40"},{"link_name":"Korg Triton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg_Triton"},{"link_name":"Master T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_T"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FaderMeet-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOCAN-4"},{"link_name":"Ayesha Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_Curry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entity-6"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Boi-1da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi-1da"},{"link_name":"WondaGurl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WondaGurl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FaderMeet-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOCAN-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJB2017-5"}],"text":"Rupert Thomas Jr.[1] was born and raised in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario.[2][3] His parents were born in Jamaica. They both had their own sound systems (Lover's Choice and Love Choice International) and would often hold parties in their basement.[1][2][4] Dancehall artist, Rappa Robert, is Thomas' uncle[5] who would take him to studio sessions in Jamaica, including at UB40's studio. In grade 5, Thomas began making beats on a Korg Triton and in 2002, at ten years old, he released a single called \"Too Young for Love\" featuring Master T under the stage name, Suga Prince.[3][4] The music video for that song featured a 12-year-old Ayesha Curry.[6]Thomas signed to Sony BMG around that time but eventually put his music career on hold after the label folded. He first met producer Boi-1da while working with Sony. During high school, Thomas continued making beats often at Sunny Diamonds' studio in Toronto. It was there that he reconnected with Boi-1da, who would become his mentor and frequent collaborator. In 2012, Thomas faced off against WondaGurl (another Boi-1da protege) at the Battle of the Beat Makers. The judges were unable to choose a winner.[3][4][5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelly Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Rowland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Complex2014-7"},{"link_name":"Skeme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeme"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComplexSkeme-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJBStevenson-9"},{"link_name":"Mobb Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobb_Deep"},{"link_name":"Jordan Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Evans_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComplexHidden-10"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJB2017-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drake100-12"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill2016-1"},{"link_name":"PartyNextDoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PartyNextDoor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJB2017-5"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B_Songs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNDRB-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FaderSleep-14"},{"link_name":"Kehlani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehlani"},{"link_name":"GoldLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoldLink"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJB2017-5"},{"link_name":"Astroworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroworld_(album)"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(Nicki_Minaj_album)"},{"link_name":"Lil Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Tha Carter V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Carter_V"},{"link_name":"The Carters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carters"},{"link_name":"Everything Is Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Is_Love"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillNew-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJB2018-15"}],"text":"In 2013, Thomas began accruing production and songwriting credits including on Kelly Rowland's \"Love Me Til I Die\",[7] Skeme's \"No Time\",[8] and Ben Stevenson's \"Opposites Attract\".[9] In 2014, Thomas produced Mobb Deep's \"Low\" before releasing his own instrumental EP, Hidden Hand, in April of that year. The EP featured co-production from Jordan Evans and Prezident Jeff.[10]In 2015 and 2016, Thomas co-produced (with Boi-1da and others) a series of songs that appeared on the Billboard Hot 100, including Drake's \"10 Bands\" (number 58) and \"Pop Style\" (number 16), and Rihanna's \"Work\" (number 1).[5][11][12] Billboard credited him as one of seven producers \"who brought dancehall back to the charts in 2016\".[1] That year, he also co-produced PartyNextDoor's \"Don't Run\",[5] which reached number 22 on the Billboard Hot R&B Songs chart.[13] In April 2016, he released the single \"Can't Sleep Alone\" featuring Australian singer, NYNE.[14] He continued producing records in 2017 including Travis Scott's \"Green & Purple\", Kehlani's \"Get Like\", and GoldLink's \"Pray Everyday\".[5]In 2018, he produced tracks on numerous notable albums including Travis Scott's Astroworld (\"Wake Up\" and \"Houstonfornication\"), Nicki Minaj's Queen (\"Run & Hide\"), Lil Wayne's Tha Carter V (\"Let It Fly\"), and The Carters' Everything Is Love (\"Friends\").[2][15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Remixes","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Songwriting and production","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Serwer, Jesse (December 13, 2016). \"Meet the Producers Who Brought Dancehall Back to the Charts in 2016\". Billboard. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7616664/dancehall-charts-producers","url_text":"\"Meet the Producers Who Brought Dancehall Back to the Charts in 2016\""}]},{"reference":"Elibert, Mark (October 5, 2018). \"From Travis Scott to Lil Wayne, Producer Sevn Thomas Breaks Down His Biggest Records of 2018\". Billboard. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8478333/sevn-thomas-producer-travis-scott-lil-wayne-nicki-minaj-interview","url_text":"\"From Travis Scott to Lil Wayne, Producer Sevn Thomas Breaks Down His Biggest Records of 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Dandridge-Lemco, Ben (October 28, 2016). \"Meet Sevn Thomas, The Toronto producer on Astroworld and Queen\". The FADER. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefader.com/2016/10/28/sevn-thomas-producer-interview-rihanna-drake-work-beat-construction","url_text":"\"Meet Sevn Thomas, The Toronto producer on Astroworld and Queen\""}]},{"reference":"Bliss, Karen (January 21, 2016). \"Toronto: Beat-making capital of the world?\". SOCAN Magazine. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.socanmagazine.ca/features/toronto-beat-making-capital-of-the-world/","url_text":"\"Toronto: Beat-making capital of the world?\""}]},{"reference":"James, Andy (July 26, 2017). \"Beat Break: Sevn Thomas Shares the Story Behind His 5 Biggest Songs\". DJ Booth. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://djbooth.net/features/2017-07-26-sevn-thomas-interview-beat-break","url_text":"\"Beat Break: Sevn Thomas Shares the Story Behind His 5 Biggest Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Ender, Elena (July 21, 2017). \"What You Need to Know About Ayesha Curry\". Entity Magazine. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.entitymag.com/who-is-stephen-curry-wife-ayesha/","url_text":"\"What You Need to Know About Ayesha Curry\""}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Craig (August 26, 2014). \"15 New Producers to Watch for in 2014\". Complex. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2014/08/best-new-producers-to-watch-for/","url_text":"\"15 New Producers to Watch for in 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Kyle (December 4, 2013). \"Listen to Skeme's New Single \"Different,\" Off His Upcoming Album \"Ingleworld\"\". Complex. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2013/12/skeme-different","url_text":"\"Listen to Skeme's New Single \"Different,\" Off His Upcoming Album \"Ingleworld\"\""}]},{"reference":"Spadine, Richard (August 13, 2013). \"Ben Stevenson – Opposites Attract\". DJ Booth. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://djbooth.net/songs/ben-stevenson-opposites-attract","url_text":"\"Ben Stevenson – Opposites Attract\""}]},{"reference":"X, Dharmic (April 18, 2014). \"Listen to Sevn Thomas' \"Hidden Hand\" Instrumental EP\". Complex. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2014/04/sevn-thomas-hidden-hand-ep-stream","url_text":"\"Listen to Sevn Thomas' \"Hidden Hand\" Instrumental EP\""}]},{"reference":"\"People don't understand the lyrics of Rihanna's new single, called Work\". BBC. January 27, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/35419487/people-dont-understand-the-lyrics-of-rihannas-new-single-called-work","url_text":"\"People don't understand the lyrics of Rihanna's new single, called Work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drake – Chart History – Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/drake/chart-history/hsi/","url_text":"\"Drake – Chart History – Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"PartyNextDoor – Chart History – Hot R&B Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/partynextdoor/chart-history/bst/","url_text":"\"PartyNextDoor – Chart History – Hot R&B Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Mistry, Anupa (April 28, 2016). \"Sevn Thomas And NYNE Contemplate Solitude On \"Can't Sleep Alone\"\". The FADER. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2016/04/28/sevn-thomas-and-nyne-contemplate-solitude-on-cant-sleep-alone","url_text":"\"Sevn Thomas And NYNE Contemplate Solitude On \"Can't Sleep Alone\"\""}]},{"reference":"Chesman, Donna-Claire (August 16, 2018). \"Producer Sevn Thomas Breaks Down Working on 'ASTROWORLD' and 'Queen'\". DJ Booth. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://djbooth.net/features/2018-08-16-sevn-thomas-interview","url_text":"\"Producer Sevn Thomas Breaks Down Working on 'ASTROWORLD' and 'Queen'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sevn Thomas – Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sevn-thomas-mn0003437417","url_text":"\"Sevn Thomas – Credits\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Yoh (September 14, 2015). \"Mac Miller \"GO:OD AM\" \| 1 Listen Album Review\". DJ Booth. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://djbooth.net/features/2015-09-14-mac-miller-good-am-album-review","url_text":"\"Mac Miller \"GO:OD AM\" \| 1 Listen Album Review\""}]},{"reference":"Berry, Peter A. (March 24, 2017). \"Stream GoldLink's New Project 'At What Cost'\". XXL. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/new-music/2017/03/stream-goldlink-debut-album-at-what-cost/","url_text":"\"Stream GoldLink's New Project 'At What Cost'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khalid liberates debut album 'American Teen'\". Hamada Mania. March 4, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hamadamania.com/2017/03/04/khalid-liberates-debut-album-american-teen/","url_text":"\"Khalid liberates debut album 'American Teen'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travis Scott – Chart History – Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/travis-scott/chart-history/hsi/","url_text":"\"Travis Scott – Chart History – Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Cowen, Trace William (August 10, 2018). \"Here Are the Credits for Nicki Minaj's 'Queen' Album\". Complex. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2018/08/nicki-minaj-queen-album-credits","url_text":"\"Here Are the Credits for Nicki Minaj's 'Queen' Album\""}]},{"reference":"Barner, Katherine (June 16, 2018). \"Who's Who on Beyoncé and JAY-Z's 'Everything Is Love'\". Complex. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2018/06/production-credits-beyonce-and-jay-zs-everything-is-love","url_text":"\"Who's Who on Beyoncé and JAY-Z's 'Everything Is Love'\""}]},{"reference":"Renshaw, David (September 28, 2018). \"Here are the full album credits for Lil Wayne's Tha Carter V\". The FADER. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2018/09/28/full-album-credits-lil-wayne-tha-carter-v","url_text":"\"Here are the full album credits for Lil Wayne's Tha Carter V\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7616664/dancehall-charts-producers","external_links_name":"\"Meet the Producers Who Brought Dancehall Back to the Charts in 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8478333/sevn-thomas-producer-travis-scott-lil-wayne-nicki-minaj-interview","external_links_name":"\"From Travis Scott to Lil Wayne, Producer Sevn Thomas Breaks Down His Biggest Records of 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefader.com/2016/10/28/sevn-thomas-producer-interview-rihanna-drake-work-beat-construction","external_links_name":"\"Meet Sevn Thomas, The Toronto producer on Astroworld and Queen\""},{"Link":"https://www.socanmagazine.ca/features/toronto-beat-making-capital-of-the-world/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto: Beat-making capital of the world?\""},{"Link":"https://djbooth.net/features/2017-07-26-sevn-thomas-interview-beat-break","external_links_name":"\"Beat Break: Sevn Thomas Shares the Story Behind His 5 Biggest Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.entitymag.com/who-is-stephen-curry-wife-ayesha/","external_links_name":"\"What You Need to Know About Ayesha Curry\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/2014/08/best-new-producers-to-watch-for/","external_links_name":"\"15 New Producers to Watch for in 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/2013/12/skeme-different","external_links_name":"\"Listen to Skeme's New Single \"Different,\" Off His Upcoming Album \"Ingleworld\"\""},{"Link":"https://djbooth.net/songs/ben-stevenson-opposites-attract","external_links_name":"\"Ben Stevenson – Opposites Attract\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/2014/04/sevn-thomas-hidden-hand-ep-stream","external_links_name":"\"Listen to Sevn Thomas' \"Hidden Hand\" Instrumental EP\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/35419487/people-dont-understand-the-lyrics-of-rihannas-new-single-called-work","external_links_name":"\"People don't understand the lyrics of Rihanna's new single, called Work\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/drake/chart-history/hsi/","external_links_name":"\"Drake – Chart History – Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/partynextdoor/chart-history/bst/","external_links_name":"\"PartyNextDoor – Chart History – Hot R&B Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefader.com/2016/04/28/sevn-thomas-and-nyne-contemplate-solitude-on-cant-sleep-alone","external_links_name":"\"Sevn Thomas And NYNE Contemplate Solitude On \"Can't Sleep Alone\"\""},{"Link":"https://djbooth.net/features/2018-08-16-sevn-thomas-interview","external_links_name":"\"Producer Sevn Thomas Breaks Down Working on 'ASTROWORLD' and 'Queen'\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sevn-thomas-mn0003437417","external_links_name":"\"Sevn Thomas – Credits\""},{"Link":"https://djbooth.net/features/2015-09-14-mac-miller-good-am-album-review","external_links_name":"\"Mac Miller \"GO:OD AM\" \| 1 Listen Album Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/new-music/2017/03/stream-goldlink-debut-album-at-what-cost/","external_links_name":"\"Stream GoldLink's New Project 'At What Cost'\""},{"Link":"https://hamadamania.com/2017/03/04/khalid-liberates-debut-album-american-teen/","external_links_name":"\"Khalid liberates debut album 'American Teen'\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/travis-scott/chart-history/hsi/","external_links_name":"\"Travis Scott – Chart History – Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/2018/08/nicki-minaj-queen-album-credits","external_links_name":"\"Here Are the Credits for Nicki Minaj's 'Queen' Album\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/2018/06/production-credits-beyonce-and-jay-zs-everything-is-love","external_links_name":"\"Who's Who on Beyoncé and JAY-Z's 'Everything Is Love'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefader.com/2018/09/28/full-album-credits-lil-wayne-tha-carter-v","external_links_name":"\"Here are the full album credits for Lil Wayne's Tha Carter V\""},{"Link":"https://soundcloud.com/sevnthomas","external_links_name":"Sevn Thomas on SoundCloud"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_Hall	Nazareth Hall	["1 History","2 Lore","3 Leadership","4 Legacy","5 Students","6 Today","7 Looking Back","8 References","9 External links"]	Not to be confused with Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary. Nazareth Hall (1752–1929) was a school in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. It was built by master mason Melchior Rasp, in 1754, in hopes that Count Nikolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf would return from Europe and settle permanently in the community and send his sons to the school. He never did come back to America, however. It is located in the Nazareth Hall Tract, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. In 1759 Nazareth Hall became the central boarding school for sons of Moravian parents. Later it attained wide fame as a "classical academy." This eventually led to the founding, in 1807, of Moravian College and Theological Seminary now at Bethlehem. Nazareth Hall developed into a first-class academy during the Civil War era. Under the guidance of Edward H. Reichel, the school was enlarged and attained a notable scholastic standing. Under the military influences of the Civil War, this school adopted a program of military drill for exercise, but it never was a regular ‘military academy’ as it was sometimes called. Toward the close of the century its methods and discipline were considerably altered. Laboratories were set up, a regular program of athletics was introduced, and the handsome old Moravian church building on its campus was converted into a gymnasium. The long and valued service of Nazareth Hall came at last to an end in 1928–1929. History The Bethlehem Digital History Project notes that, "In the interval between 1754 and 1767, the only set of trombones(2) in the Moravian Church (North) was the one at Bethlehem; and so it came to pass, that the "Bethlehem Trombonists" were frequently called from home to discourse music on their instruments in other Churches. They were present for instance, and performed at the laying of the corner-stone of Nazareth Hall, in May 1755; on the anniversary of the birth of King George II, (October 30, 1754,) that fair complexioned but to art indifferent Hanoverian, who was more than once heard to growl in his German accent, that he saw no good in "bainting and boetry"; at the dedication of the second grave-yard on the Nazareth Tract, in February 1756" Nazareth Hall advertised nationwide, copy of an advertisement from Harper's Weekly, August 31, 1861, read: Nazareth Hall. Boarding School for Boys. Nazareth, Northampton Co., Pa. Easy of access from New York by Central R.R. of New Jersey to Easton, and thence seven miles by stages. Terms, payable quarterly in advance. Board, and Tuition in the English branches and the German language, per quarter ...............$50.00 Lessons on the Piano Forte, Violin, Flute, and Organ, with use of Instrument, each, per quarter ................$6.00 Lessons in Drawing, Painting, French, Latin, and Greek, each, per quarter ...............$5.00 Agents in New York, Messrs. A. BININGER & CO., Nos. 92 and 94 Liberty Street. REV. EDWARD H. REICHEL, Principal. Lore Also found in the Bethlehem Digital History Project is the following story: Now once upon a time it happened that there lay an inmate of the Single Sisters' House, (the present " Castle " of Nazareth Hall) sick unto death, and it was positively asserted that she was past recovery. Hereupon, our young disciples of Jubal, the son of Lamech, (as they were not in practice) set about preparing themselves to make proclamation of her decease, when she should be deceased, by rehearsing the trio of Chorals prescribed for blowing on the death of an unmarried female. They did this in their room in Nazareth Hall. But it being Summer, as to the season of the year, the windows of their room were open, out of which and over the way into the apartment of the bed-ridden sister were borne the impressive strains of Chorals 151 and 37. Whereupon, rising on her bed, "Die Schlingel!" she exclaimed, "Die Schlingel! die denken dass ich am sterben bin! Aber," she proceeded with emphasis, as she rose higher on her couch, "Aber aus Speit werde ich nicht sterben !" Here was an illustration of the power of the will, for the resolute woman recovered. As to our trombonists, having thus unwittingly scandalized the congregation, they rendered themselves obnoxious, lost favor and ere long were relieved. Over the remains of three of these once juvenile trombonists, those heart-rending instruments have sounded their woeful tones, and the grass grows green over their graves. The two who are still tabernacling in the flesh, may tell you again, if you ask them, this tale of youthful indiscretion. Leadership BECHLER, Johann Christian, principal at Nazareth Hall, married May 1, born January 7, 1784, in Koropoe on the Island of Oesel, now in Estonia, the first s. of Johann Gottlieb end Martha, mn. Land (who d 1790); called for service in the Philadelphia congregation; remained there until 1813, when he was appointed to the station at Staten Island, N.Y.; from 1817 to 1822; later pastor in Lititz; consecrated a bishop; d Aug.(? Apr. 18), 1857 in Herrnhut, Saxony. Married to CUNOW, Augusta Henriette, b May 13, 1792 in Berthelsdorf, the third dau. of Johann Gerhard and Benigna Sophia, mn. Reichel. By Brother Reichel. Reichel, Charles Gotthold - was born in Germany on July 14, 1751, Reichel came in 1784 to America to open a boarding school for boys at Nazareth, which became Nazareth Hall and is still in existence as Moravian College. As pastor at Nazareth he presided as its first principal for sixteen years. He was made bishop in 1801. Bishop Reichel also served as pastor in Salem (now Winston-Salem) N.C. and Bethelehem, PA before returning to Niesky, Germany in retirement. He died there in 1825. Reichel, Levin Theodore, Bishop Reichel's son, wrote many works including "History of Nazareth Hall, at Nazareth, Pennsylvania" (Philadelphia, 1855). Levin was born in Bethlehem, PA, March 4, 1812. In the Bethlehem Digital History Project is his marriage announcement: May 28, REICHEL Levine Theodore, b Mar .4,1812 in Bethlehem, a s.of Carl Gotthold and second wife, Catharina, mn. Fetter, and grandson of Rev. Charles G; moved to Germany with parents, and educated in Niesky Theological Seminary; in 1834 returned to America principal of Nazareth Hall; later served in the ministry; ordained a deacon in 1837 and presbyter in 1849; consecrated a bishop in 1869 at Herrnhut; he was the author of a number of valuable his historical works; d May 23, 1878 in Germany. References have been found for both Levin Theodore and William Cornelins as being the author of the "History of Nazareth Hall" book published in 1855. TIERSCH, Paulus, the first co-director of Nazareth Hall school; born May 14, 1771, from Dinz near Gera, the only s. of Johann Christoph and Catharina; ordained a minister in 1771; d Oct. 16, 1774 in North Carolina. Married to PRICE, Maria, b 1740 in Philadelphia, the second dau.of William and Anna Elisabeth; d 1783 in Bethlehem. She m. secondly, May 17, 1780, Immanuel Nitschmann, who d 1790 in Bethlehem. By Brother Am. Paul Thrane Legacy This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) Students Bahnson, Henry Theodore 1845–1917) - The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has papers belonging to Bahnson, who served in the Civil War and was captured. His biographical sketch includes the comment, "transferring, in 1858, to Nazareth Hall in Pennsylvania, a prominent Moravian institution." Extended information is available at UNC here. Ross, John Jr. - son of Cherokee Nation Chief John Ross, Ross Jr. was attending Nazareth Hall by September 1863 after transferring from the Lawrenceville School in New Jersey. Henry, Matthew S. - Henry was a descendant of William Henry, the older, who founded his Gun Factory in Lancaster, and the younger, who moved it to Nazareth (as he refers them in the work). Matthew built the first iron furnace in Northampton County at Jacobsburg in 1824. Married July 16, 1833, HENRY, Matthew schropp (second marriage), b Aug. 10, 1790 in Nazareth, one of nine children of William and Sabina, mn. Schropp; widower, to BERG, Esther Tynel (?)‚ b Dec .27,1809 in England, a dau. of the missionary Christian Friedrich Berg and Hannah, mn. Tempest, by Brother Seidel. Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson - Head of the Army Corps of Engineers during the Civil War, A.A. Humphreys was both an influential hydraulic engineer and military commander. Reichel, William Cornelius, Charles Gotthold's grandson, was born in Salem, North Carolina, May 9, 1824. He entered Nazareth Hall in 1834, and attended the Moravian theological seminary from 1839 to 1844. He is considered to be the most significant and comprehensive author of early Moravian history in America. Today Today, the Whitfield House Museum has some uniforms from the Nazareth Hall in its Clothing and Textile Exhibit Looking Back A wonderful remembrance of life as a student at Nazareth Hall is from the History of Northampton County by Mathew S. Henry, 1851, Presented by Mrs. John McGrath. The original document is in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Matthew Henry was a descendant of William Henry, the older, who founded his Gun Factory in Lancaster, and the younger, who moved it to Nazareth (as he refers them in the work). Matthew built the first iron furnace in Northampton County at Jacobsburg in 1824. While his time as a student is not known, it can be inferred from his writing that it occurred long before this volume was written: Schoolmates! will you accompany me to the Garden or pleasure grounds near the Hall? Do you recollect assisting in the planting of those Trees in the lower parts of this Garden, those yet remaining mementos of our toils, now are grown a size that would defy our remaining strength to displace, our arms cannot encircle them; whilst our Shrubbery such as the Rose bushes Sweetbrior, our tulips narcissus and other tender plant have disappeared long time ago. Who of you would not find pleasure in a visit to our bathing place at the Bushkill Creek (three miles north from the Hall) which we called "Klines" our Skaing Ponds in the long Meadow, our ball playing grounds in the woods beyond the Grave Yard. Our Sleigh rides from the upper end of the Grave yard down the hill there towards the Hall. Our excursions to Burrow's (Smith Gap of the Blue Mountain) our hunting the flying Squirrels in the neighboring forests, our taking the black Snakes captive, putting them into our pockets & bosoms in their full vigor, our gathering the hazel nuts Hickory nut Walnut & Chesnut & in these excursions occasionally infringing on the rights of others. Our innocent, gambols diversions of many kind, our likes, our dislikes our quarrels, our fights as miniature men, tell me! my now old & grey headed Men doth not the blood that now usually courses so Sluggishly through our veins, receive an impetus by recurring to those pleasant youthful years of our lives, spent at Nazareth Hall, & that the training then received will not fail to open unto us a blissful eternity, if properly adhered to the maxims then impressed upon our Notice. And in History of the Moravian Church by Joseph Edmond Hutton (born 1868), it is written: At Nazareth the Brethren had a school for boys, known as "Nazareth Hall." If this school never served any other purpose, it certainly taught some rising Americans the value of order and discipline. At meals the boys had to sit in perfect silence; and when they wished to indicate their wants, they did so, not by using their tongues, but by holding up the hand or so many fingers. The school was divided into "rooms"; each "room" contained only fifteen or eighteen pupils; these pupils were under the constant supervision of a master; and this master, who was generally a theological scholar, was the companion and spiritual adviser of his charges. He joined in all their games, heard them sing their hymns, and was with them when they swam in the "Deep Hole" in the Bushkill River on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons, when they gathered nuts in the forests, and when they sledged in winter in the surrounding country." References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ Something About Trombones The Bethlehem Digital History Project ^ Henry_T.html Henry T. Bahnson Papers, 1890s, 1917 Southern Historical Collection ^ J. E. Hutton History of the Moravian Church 1909 External links The Winterthur Library Overview of an archival collection on Nazareth Hall. vteMoravian ChurchProvinces Alaska America (North) America (South) British Congo Costa Rica Czech Republic Eastern West Indies European Continental Guyana Honduras Jamaica Labrador Nicaragua South Africa Suriname Tanzania (Rukwa) Tanzania (Southern) Tanzania (South Western) Tanzania (Western) Zambia Other work Eastern Tanzania and Zanzibar Malawi Northern Tanzania Peru South Asia Star Mountain Rehabilitation Centre Congregations by Province Educational institutions Fulneck School Moravian Academy Moravian College & Theological Seminary Ockbrook School Salem Academy Salem College Other institutions Unitas Fratrum Moravian Church Foundation Settlements Bethabara Fairfield Fulneck Herrnhaag Herrnhut Königsfeld Ockbrook Old Salem Traditions Christingle Christmas village Daily Watchwords God's Acre Lovefeast Moravian Advent star Music Spice Cookies (USA) History History of the Moravian Church by Province Mission ships Moravian Indians Moraviantown Quakers and Moravians Act 1838 Moravian slaves People Bishops Missionaries Writers Artists Other Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_Hall_Preparatory_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Nazareth, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Melchior Rasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_Rasp"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Ludwig_Zinzendorf"},{"link_name":"Nazareth Hall Tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_Hall_Tract"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"Moravian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_College"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary.Nazareth Hall (1752–1929) was a school in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. It was built by master mason Melchior Rasp, in 1754, in hopes that Count Nikolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf would return from Europe and settle permanently in the community and send his sons to the school. He never did come back to America, however. It is located in the Nazareth Hall Tract, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[1]In 1759 Nazareth Hall became the central boarding school for sons of Moravian parents. Later it attained wide fame as a \"classical academy.\" This eventually led to the founding, in 1807, of Moravian College and Theological Seminary now at Bethlehem.Nazareth Hall developed into a first-class academy during the Civil War era. Under the guidance of Edward H. Reichel, the school was enlarged and attained a notable scholastic standing. Under the military influences of the Civil War, this school adopted a program of military drill for exercise, but it never was a regular ‘military academy’ as it was sometimes called.Toward the close of the century its methods and discipline were considerably altered. Laboratories were set up, a regular program of athletics was introduced, and the handsome old Moravian church building on its campus was converted into a gymnasium. The long and valued service of Nazareth Hall came at last to an end in 1928–1929.","title":"Nazareth Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Bethlehem Digital History Project notes that, \"In the interval between 1754 and 1767, the only set of trombones(2) in the Moravian Church (North) was the one at Bethlehem; and so it came to pass, that the \"Bethlehem Trombonists\" were frequently called from home to discourse music on their instruments in other Churches. They were present for instance, and performed at the laying of the corner-stone of Nazareth Hall, in May 1755; on the anniversary of the birth of King George II, (October 30, 1754,) that fair complexioned but to art indifferent Hanoverian, who was more than once heard to growl in his German accent, that he saw no good in \"bainting and boetry\"; at the dedication of the second grave-yard on the Nazareth Tract, in February 1756\"[2]Nazareth Hall advertised nationwide, copy of an advertisement from Harper's Weekly, August 31, 1861, read:Nazareth Hall. Boarding School for Boys.\nNazareth, Northampton Co., Pa.Easy of access from New York by Central R.R. of New Jersey to Easton, and thence seven miles by stages. Terms, payable quarterly in advance.\nBoard, and Tuition in the English branches and the German language, per quarter ...............$50.00 \nLessons on the Piano Forte, Violin, Flute, and Organ, with use of Instrument, each, per quarter ................$6.00 \nLessons in Drawing, Painting, French, Latin, and Greek, each, per quarter ...............$5.00Agents in New York, Messrs. A. BININGER & CO., Nos. 92 and 94 Liberty Street. REV. EDWARD H. REICHEL, Principal.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Also found in the Bethlehem Digital History Project is the following story:Now once upon a time it happened that there lay an inmate of the Single Sisters' House, (the present \" Castle \" of Nazareth Hall) sick unto death, and it was positively asserted that she was past recovery. Hereupon, our young disciples of Jubal, the son of Lamech, (as they were not in practice) set about preparing themselves to make proclamation of her decease, when she should be deceased, by rehearsing the trio of Chorals prescribed for blowing on the death of an unmarried female. They did this in their room in Nazareth Hall. But it being Summer, as to the season of the year, the windows of their room were open, out of which and over the way into the apartment of the bed-ridden sister were borne the impressive strains of Chorals 151 and 37. Whereupon, rising on her bed, \"Die Schlingel!\" she exclaimed, \"Die Schlingel! die denken dass ich am sterben bin! Aber,\" she proceeded with emphasis, as she rose higher on her couch, \"Aber aus Speit werde ich nicht sterben !\" Here was an illustration of the power of the will, for the resolute woman recovered. As to our trombonists, having thus unwittingly scandalized the congregation, they rendered themselves obnoxious, lost favor and ere long were relieved.Over the remains of three of these once juvenile trombonists, those heart-rending instruments have sounded their woeful tones, and the grass grows green over their graves. The two who are still tabernacling in the flesh, may tell you again, if you ask them, this tale of youthful indiscretion.","title":"Lore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reichel, Charles Gotthold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gotthold_Reichel"},{"link_name":"Moravian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_College"}],"text":"BECHLER, Johann Christian, principal at Nazareth Hall, married May 1, born January 7, 1784, in Koropoe on the Island of Oesel, now in Estonia, the first s. of Johann Gottlieb end Martha, mn. Land (who d 1790); called for service in the Philadelphia congregation; remained there until 1813, when he was appointed to the station at Staten Island, N.Y.; from 1817 to 1822; later pastor in Lititz; consecrated a bishop; d Aug.(? Apr. 18), 1857 in Herrnhut, Saxony. Married to CUNOW, Augusta Henriette, b May 13, 1792 in Berthelsdorf, the third dau. of Johann Gerhard and Benigna Sophia, mn. Reichel.\nBy Brother Reichel.Reichel, Charles Gotthold - was born in Germany on July 14, 1751, Reichel came in 1784 to America to open a boarding school for boys at Nazareth, which became Nazareth Hall and is still in existence as Moravian College. As pastor at Nazareth he presided as its first principal for sixteen years. He was made bishop in 1801. Bishop Reichel also served as pastor in Salem (now Winston-Salem) N.C. and Bethelehem, PA before returning to Niesky, Germany in retirement. He died there in 1825.Reichel, Levin Theodore, Bishop Reichel's son, wrote many works including \"History of Nazareth Hall, at Nazareth, Pennsylvania\" (Philadelphia, 1855). Levin was born in Bethlehem, PA, March 4, 1812. In the Bethlehem Digital History Project is his marriage announcement: May 28, REICHEL Levine Theodore, b Mar .4,1812 in Bethlehem, a s.of Carl Gotthold and second wife, Catharina, mn. Fetter, and grandson of Rev. Charles G; moved to Germany with parents, and educated in Niesky Theological Seminary; in 1834 returned to America principal of Nazareth Hall; later served in the ministry; ordained a deacon in 1837 and presbyter in 1849; consecrated a bishop in 1869 at Herrnhut; he was the author of a number of valuable his historical works; d May 23, 1878 in Germany. References have been found for both Levin Theodore and William Cornelins as being the author of the \"History of Nazareth Hall\" book published in 1855.TIERSCH, Paulus, the first co-director of Nazareth Hall school; born May 14, 1771, from Dinz near Gera, the only s. of Johann Christoph and Catharina; ordained a minister in 1771; d Oct. 16, 1774 in North Carolina. Married to PRICE, Maria, b 1740 in Philadelphia, the second dau.of William and Anna Elisabeth; d 1783 in Bethlehem. She m. secondly, May 17, 1780, Immanuel Nitschmann, who d 1790 in Bethlehem. By Brother Am. Paul Thrane","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)"},{"link_name":"Lawrenceville School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrenceville_School"},{"link_name":"Reichel, William Cornelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cornelius_Reichel"}],"text":"Bahnson, Henry Theodore 1845–1917) - The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has papers belonging to Bahnson, who served in the Civil War and was captured. His biographical sketch includes the comment, \"transferring, in 1858, to Nazareth Hall in Pennsylvania, a prominent Moravian institution.\" Extended information is available at UNC here.[3]Ross, John Jr. - son of Cherokee Nation Chief John Ross, Ross Jr. was attending Nazareth Hall by September 1863 after transferring from the Lawrenceville School in New Jersey.Henry, Matthew S. - Henry was a descendant of William Henry, the older, who founded his Gun Factory in Lancaster, and the younger, who moved it to Nazareth (as he refers them in the work). Matthew built the first iron furnace in Northampton County at Jacobsburg in 1824. Married July 16, 1833, HENRY, Matthew schropp (second marriage), b Aug. 10, 1790 in Nazareth, one of nine children of William and Sabina, mn. Schropp; widower, to BERG, Esther Tynel (?)‚ b Dec .27,1809 in England, a dau. of the missionary Christian Friedrich Berg and Hannah, mn. Tempest, by Brother Seidel.Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson - Head of the Army Corps of Engineers during the Civil War, A.A. Humphreys was both an influential hydraulic engineer and military commander.Reichel, William Cornelius, Charles Gotthold's grandson, was born in Salem, North Carolina, May 9, 1824. He entered Nazareth Hall in 1834, and attended the Moravian theological seminary from 1839 to 1844. He is considered to be the most significant and comprehensive author of early Moravian history in America.","title":"Students"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Today, the Whitfield House Museum has some uniforms from the Nazareth Hall in its Clothing and Textile Exhibit","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A wonderful remembrance of life as a student at Nazareth Hall is from the History of Northampton County by Mathew S. Henry, 1851, Presented by Mrs. John McGrath. The original document is in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Matthew Henry was a descendant of William Henry, the older, who founded his Gun Factory in Lancaster, and the younger, who moved it to Nazareth (as he refers them in the work). Matthew built the first iron furnace in Northampton County at Jacobsburg in 1824. While his time as a student is not known, it can be inferred from his writing that it occurred long before this volume was written:Schoolmates! will you accompany me to the Garden or pleasure grounds near the Hall? Do you recollect assisting in the planting of those Trees in the lower parts of this Garden, those yet remaining mementos of our toils, now are grown a size that would defy our remaining strength to displace, our arms cannot encircle them; whilst our Shrubbery such as the Rose bushes Sweetbrior, our tulips narcissus and other tender plant have disappeared long time ago. Who of you would not find pleasure in a visit to our bathing place at the Bushkill Creek (three miles north from the Hall) which we called \"Klines\" our Skaing Ponds in the long Meadow, our ball playing grounds in the woods beyond the Grave Yard. Our Sleigh rides from the upper end of the Grave yard down the hill there towards the Hall. Our excursions to Burrow's (Smith Gap of the Blue Mountain) our hunting the flying Squirrels in the neighboring forests, our taking the black Snakes captive, putting them into our pockets & bosoms in their full vigor, our gathering the hazel nuts Hickory nut Walnut & Chesnut & in these excursions occasionally infringing on the rights of others. Our innocent, gambols diversions of many kind, our likes, our dislikes our quarrels, our fights as miniature men, tell me! my now old & grey headed Men doth not the blood that now usually courses so Sluggishly through our veins, receive an impetus by recurring to those pleasant youthful years of our lives, spent at Nazareth Hall, & that the training then received will not fail to open unto us a blissful eternity, if properly adhered to the maxims then impressed upon our Notice.And in History of the Moravian Church by Joseph Edmond Hutton (born 1868), it is written:At Nazareth the Brethren had a school for boys, known as \"Nazareth Hall.\" If this school never served any other purpose, it certainly taught some rising Americans the value of order and discipline. At meals the boys had to sit in perfect silence; and when they wished to indicate their wants, they did so, not by using their tongues, but by holding up the hand or so many fingers. The school was divided into \"rooms\"; each \"room\" contained only fifteen or eighteen pupils; these pupils were under the constant supervision of a master; and this master, who was generally a theological scholar, was the companion and spiritual adviser of his charges. He joined in all their games, heard them sing their hymns, and was with them when they swam in the \"Deep Hole\" in the Bushkill River on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons, when they gathered nuts in the forests, and when they sledged in winter in the surrounding country.\"[4]","title":"Looking Back"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazareth_Hall&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://bdhp.moravian.edu/music/trombones.html","external_links_name":"Something About Trombones"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/b/Bahnson,","external_links_name":"Henry_T.html Henry T. Bahnson Papers, 1890s, 1917"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext00/hotmc10.zip","external_links_name":"History of the Moravian Church"},{"Link":"http://findingaid.winterthur.org/html/HTML_Finding_Aids/COL0212.htm","external_links_name":"The Winterthur Library"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126773257","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88111067","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheba_Palace	Saba' Palace	[]	not to be confused with the Queen of Sheba's Palace in Axum or the Queen of Sheba's Palace (Sumharam) near Salalah, Oman. Building in Aden, YemenSheba PalaceLocation within AdenGeneral informationTown or cityAdenCountryYemenCoordinates12°48′1″N 45°2′22″E / 12.80028°N 45.03944°E / 12.80028; 45.03944 Saba' Palace is a palace in Aden, Yemen. It overlooks the Arabian Sea. vte Tourist attractions in YemenWorldHeritageSitesListed Historic Town of Zabid Old City of Sanaa Old Walled City of Shibam Socotra Archipelago Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba Tentative list Archaeological Site of Marib Historic City of Saada The Historic City of Thula The Madrasa Amiriya of Rada Jibla and its surroundings Jabal Haraz Jabal Bura Balhaf/Burum coastal area The Hawf Area Sharma/Jethmun coastal area Yemen portalArchaeological sites Al Hajjarah Awwam Baraqish Baynun Cisterns of Tawila Haram Kaminahu Ma'rib Marib Dam Maṣna'at Māriya Nahom Nashan Nashaq Sanaa Shabwa Shaharah Shibam Sirwah Timna Zabid Zafar Museums House of Folklore National Museum of Yemen Yemen Military Museum PalacesCastles Aljabowbi Castle Cairo Castle Dar al-Bashair Dar al-Hajar Dar al-Shukr Dar as-Sa'd Fort Al-Ghwayzi Ghumdan Palace Palace of Queen Arwa Sultan Al-Qu'aiti Palace Citadel of Rada'a Seiyun Palace Sheba Palace Places of worship Aidrus Mosque Al-Asha'ir Mosque Al-Bakiriyya Mosque Al-Hadi Mosque Al-Mahdi Mosque Al-Muhdhar Mosque Al-Qalis Church Al Shohada Mosque Al Tawheed Mosque Alansar Mosque Albolaily Mosque Alemaan Mosque Ashrafiya Mosque Barran Temple Great Mosque of Sanaa Grand Synagogue of Aden Hanthel Mosque Jennad Mosque Mudhaffar Mosque Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum Mosque Queen Arwa Mosque Saleh Mosque St. Francis of Assisi Church St. Mary Help of Christians Church Talha Mosque Temple of Awwam Protected area Bura Community Protected Area Dhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park Ras Isa Marine Park Socotra Island Protected Area Zuqur Islands Marine National Park Others Amiriya Madrasa Yemen Gate Big Ben Aden Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery Shaharah Bridge Sira Fortress This article about a location in Yemen is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tourist_attractions_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Yemen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Tourist attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"WorldHeritageSites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Historic Town of Zabid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabid"},{"link_name":"Old City of Sanaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa"},{"link_name":"Old Walled City of Shibam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam"},{"link_name":"Socotra Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra"},{"link_name":"Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmarks_of_the_Ancient_Kingdom_of_Saba,_Marib"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Site of Marib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27rib"},{"link_name":"Historic City of Saada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27dah"},{"link_name":"The Historic City of Thula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thula"},{"link_name":"The Madrasa Amiriya of Rada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiriya_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Jibla and its surroundings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibla,_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Jabal Haraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_Haraz"},{"link_name":"Jabal Bura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_Bura"},{"link_name":"Balhaf/Burum coastal area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balhaf"},{"link_name":"The Hawf Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawf_District"},{"link_name":"Sharma/Jethmun coastal area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharma_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Yemen portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Yemen"},{"link_name":"Al Hajjarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hajjarah"},{"link_name":"Awwam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awwam"},{"link_name":"Baraqish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraqish"},{"link_name":"Baynun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baynun"},{"link_name":"Cisterns of Tawila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterns_of_Tawila"},{"link_name":"Haram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haram_(Yemen)"},{"link_name":"Kaminahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaminahu"},{"link_name":"Ma'rib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27rib"},{"link_name":"Marib Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marib_Dam"},{"link_name":"Maṣna'at Māriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%A3na%27at_M%C4%81riya"},{"link_name":"Nahom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahom"},{"link_name":"Nashan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashan"},{"link_name":"Nashaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashaq"},{"link_name":"Sanaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa"},{"link_name":"Shabwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabwa"},{"link_name":"Shaharah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaharah"},{"link_name":"Shibam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam"},{"link_name":"Sirwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirwah"},{"link_name":"Timna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timna"},{"link_name":"Zabid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabid"},{"link_name":"Zafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafar,_Yemen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dar_al_hajar_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"House of Folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Folklore"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Yemen Military Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Military_Museum"},{"link_name":"Castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Aljabowbi Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljabowbi_Castle"},{"link_name":"Cairo Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Castle"},{"link_name":"Dar al-Bashair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Bashair"},{"link_name":"Dar al-Hajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Hajar"},{"link_name":"Dar al-Shukr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Shukr"},{"link_name":"Dar as-Sa'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_as-Sa%27d"},{"link_name":"Fort Al-Ghwayzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Al-Ghwayzi"},{"link_name":"Ghumdan Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghumdan_Palace"},{"link_name":"Palace of Queen Arwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Queen_Arwa"},{"link_name":"Sultan Al-Qu'aiti Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Al-Qu%27aiti_Palace"},{"link_name":"Citadel of Rada'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Rada%27a"},{"link_name":"Seiyun Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiyun_Palace"},{"link_name":"Sheba Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheba_Palace"},{"link_name":"Aidrus Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidrus_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Al-Asha'ir Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Asha%27ir_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Al-Bakiriyya Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bakiriyya_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Al-Hadi Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadi_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Al-Mahdi Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Mosque,_Sanaa"},{"link_name":"Al-Muhdhar Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhdhar_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Al-Qalis Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%E2%80%93Qalis_Church,_Sanaa"},{"link_name":"Al Shohada Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Shohada_Mosque_(Sanaa)"},{"link_name":"Al Tawheed Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Tawheed_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Alansar Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alansar_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Albolaily Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albolaily_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Alemaan Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaan_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Ashrafiya Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashrafiya_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Barran Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barran_Temple"},{"link_name":"Great Mosque of Sanaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sanaa"},{"link_name":"Grand Synagogue of Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Synagogue_of_Aden"},{"link_name":"Hanthel Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanthel_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Jennad Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennad_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Mudhaffar Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhaffar_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Mosque,_Sanaa"},{"link_name":"Queen Arwa Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Arwa_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Saleh Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Mosque"},{"link_name":"St. Francis of Assisi Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_of_Assisi_Church,_Aden"},{"link_name":"St. Mary Help of Christians Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary_Help_of_Christians_Church,_Sanaa"},{"link_name":"Talha Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talha_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Temple of Awwam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awwam"},{"link_name":"Bura Community Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bura_Community_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhamar_Montane_Plains_Mahjur_Traditional_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jabal_Bura_Valley_Forest_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ras Isa Marine Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ras_Isa_Marine_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Socotra Island Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra"},{"link_name":"Zuqur Islands Marine National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zuqur_Islands_Marine_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amiriya Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiriya_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Yemen Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Gate"},{"link_name":"Big Ben Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben_Aden"},{"link_name":"Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa_Turkish_Memorial_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Shaharah Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaharah"},{"link_name":"Sira Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira_Fortress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Yemen.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saba%27_Palace&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Yemen-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Yemen-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yemen-geo-stub"}],"text":"Building in Aden, YemenSaba' Palace is a palace in Aden, Yemen. It overlooks the Arabian Sea.vte Tourist attractions in YemenWorldHeritageSitesListed\nHistoric Town of Zabid\nOld City of Sanaa\nOld Walled City of Shibam\nSocotra Archipelago\nLandmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba\nTentative list\nArchaeological Site of Marib\nHistoric City of Saada\nThe Historic City of Thula\nThe Madrasa Amiriya of Rada\nJibla and its surroundings\nJabal Haraz\nJabal Bura\nBalhaf/Burum coastal area\nThe Hawf Area\nSharma/Jethmun coastal area\n\nYemen portalArchaeological sites\nAl Hajjarah\nAwwam\nBaraqish\nBaynun\nCisterns of Tawila\nHaram\nKaminahu\nMa'rib\nMarib Dam\nMaṣna'at Māriya\nNahom\nNashan\nNashaq\nSanaa\nShabwa\nShaharah\nShibam\nSirwah\nTimna\nZabid\nZafar\nMuseums\nHouse of Folklore\nNational Museum of Yemen\nYemen Military Museum\nPalacesCastles\nAljabowbi Castle\nCairo Castle\nDar al-Bashair\nDar al-Hajar\nDar al-Shukr\nDar as-Sa'd\nFort Al-Ghwayzi\nGhumdan Palace\nPalace of Queen Arwa\nSultan Al-Qu'aiti Palace\nCitadel of Rada'a\nSeiyun Palace\nSheba Palace\nPlaces of worship\nAidrus Mosque\nAl-Asha'ir Mosque\nAl-Bakiriyya Mosque\nAl-Hadi Mosque\nAl-Mahdi Mosque\nAl-Muhdhar Mosque\nAl-Qalis Church\nAl Shohada Mosque\nAl Tawheed Mosque\nAlansar Mosque\nAlbolaily Mosque\nAlemaan Mosque\nAshrafiya Mosque\nBarran Temple\nGreat Mosque of Sanaa\nGrand Synagogue of Aden\nHanthel Mosque\nJennad Mosque\nMudhaffar Mosque\nQubbat Bayt Az-Zum Mosque\nQueen Arwa Mosque\nSaleh Mosque\nSt. Francis of Assisi Church\nSt. Mary Help of Christians Church\nTalha Mosque\nTemple of Awwam\nProtected area\nBura Community Protected Area\nDhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve\nJabal Bura Valley Forest National Park\nRas Isa Marine Park\nSocotra Island Protected Area\nZuqur Islands Marine National Park\nOthers\nAmiriya Madrasa\nYemen Gate\nBig Ben Aden\nSanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery\nShaharah Bridge\nSira FortressThis article about a location in Yemen is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Saba' Palace"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saba%27_Palace&params=12_48_1_N_45_2_22_E_type:landmark_region:YE","external_links_name":"12°48′1″N 45°2′22″E / 12.80028°N 45.03944°E / 12.80028; 45.03944"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saba%27_Palace&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuselah_(cellular_automaton)	Methuselah (cellular automaton)	["1 In Conway's Game of Life","2 References","3 External links"]	Type of pattern that takes many generations to stabilize The die hard Methuselah lives for 130 generations before all cells die. In cellular automata, a methuselah is a small "seed" pattern of initial live cells that take a large number of generations in order to stabilize. More specifically, Martin Gardner defines them as patterns of fewer than ten live cells which take longer than 50 generations to stabilize, although some patterns that are larger than ten cells have also been called methuselahs. Patterns must eventually stabilize to be considered methuselahs. The term comes from the Biblical Methuselah, who lived for 969 years. In Conway's Game of Life R-pentomino to stability in 1103 generations In Conway's Game of Life, one of the smallest methuselahs is the R-pentomino, a pattern of five cells first considered by Conway himself, that takes 1103 generations before stabilizing with 116 cells. The acorn, a pattern of only seven live cells developed by Charles Corderman, takes 5206 generations to stabilize and produce a 633-cell pattern referred to as its "oak". Some other examples of methuselahs are called bunnies and rabbits. References ^ Gardner, M. (1983). "The Game of Life, Part III". Wheels, Life and Other Mathematical Amusements. W.H. Freeman. p. 246. ^ Silver, Stephen (28 February 2006). "R-pentomino". Life Lexicon. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-24. ^ Gardner, M. (1983). "The Game of Life, Part III". Wheels, Life and Other Mathematical Amusements. W.H. Freeman. pp. 219, 223. ^ Silver, Stephen (28 February 2006). "Acorn". Life Lexicon. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-24. ^ Silver, Stephen (28 February 2006). "Bunnies". Life Lexicon. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-24. ^ Silver, Stephen (28 February 2006). "Rabbits". Life Lexicon. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-24. External links List of longest-lived methuselahs at LifeWiki vteConway's Game of Life and related cellular automataStructures Breeder Garden of Eden Glider Gun Methuselah Oscillator Puffer train Rake Reflector Replicator Sawtooth Spacefiller Spaceship Spark Still life Life variants Day and Night Highlife Lenia Life without Death Seeds Concepts Moore neighborhood Speed of light Von Neumann neighborhood Implementations Golly Life Genesis Video Life Anonymous;Code Key people John Conway Martin Gardner Bill Gosper Richard Guy Websites LifeWiki Popular culture Bloom Wake	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Die_hard.gif"},{"link_name":"cellular automata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automata"},{"link_name":"Martin Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Methuselah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuselah"}],"text":"The die hard Methuselah lives for 130 generations before all cells die.In cellular automata, a methuselah is a small \"seed\" pattern of initial live cells that take a large number of generations in order to stabilize. More specifically, Martin Gardner defines them as patterns of fewer than ten live cells which take longer than 50 generations to stabilize,[1] although some patterns that are larger than ten cells have also been called methuselahs. Patterns must eventually stabilize to be considered methuselahs. The term comes from the Biblical Methuselah, who lived for 969 years.","title":"Methuselah (cellular automaton)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentomino_animation_1_minute_small.gif"},{"link_name":"Conway's Game of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life"},{"link_name":"pentomino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentomino"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horton_Conway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"R-pentomino to stability in 1103 generationsIn Conway's Game of Life, one of the smallest methuselahs is the R-pentomino,[2] a pattern of five cells first considered by Conway himself,[3] that takes 1103 generations before stabilizing with 116 cells. The acorn,[4] a pattern of only seven live cells developed by Charles Corderman, takes 5206 generations to stabilize and produce a 633-cell pattern referred to as its \"oak\". Some other examples of methuselahs are called bunnies[5] and rabbits.[6]","title":"In Conway's Game of Life"}]	[{"image_text":"The die hard Methuselah lives for 130 generations before all cells die.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Die_hard.gif/200px-Die_hard.gif"},{"image_text":"R-pentomino to stability in 1103 generations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Pentomino_animation_1_minute_small.gif"}]	null	[{"reference":"Gardner, M. (1983). \"The Game of Life, Part III\". Wheels, Life and Other Mathematical Amusements. W.H. Freeman. p. 246.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner","url_text":"Gardner, M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels,_Life_and_Other_Mathematical_Amusements","url_text":"Wheels, Life and Other Mathematical Amusements"}]},{"reference":"Silver, Stephen (28 February 2006). \"R-pentomino\". Life Lexicon. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081221152607/http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_r.htm#rpentomino","url_text":"\"R-pentomino\""},{"url":"http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_r.htm#rpentomino","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, M. (1983). \"The Game of Life, Part III\". Wheels, Life and Other Mathematical Amusements. W.H. Freeman. pp. 219, 223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner","url_text":"Gardner, M."}]},{"reference":"Silver, Stephen (28 February 2006). \"Acorn\". Life Lexicon. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090419222520/http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_a.htm#acorn","url_text":"\"Acorn\""},{"url":"http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_a.htm#acorn","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Silver, Stephen (28 February 2006). \"Bunnies\". Life Lexicon. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090422161702/http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_b.htm#bunnies","url_text":"\"Bunnies\""},{"url":"http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_b.htm#bunnies","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Silver, Stephen (28 February 2006). \"Rabbits\". Life Lexicon. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081221152607/http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_r.htm#rabbits","url_text":"\"Rabbits\""},{"url":"http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_r.htm#rabbits","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081221152607/http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_r.htm#rpentomino","external_links_name":"\"R-pentomino\""},{"Link":"http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_r.htm#rpentomino","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090419222520/http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_a.htm#acorn","external_links_name":"\"Acorn\""},{"Link":"http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_a.htm#acorn","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090422161702/http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_b.htm#bunnies","external_links_name":"\"Bunnies\""},{"Link":"http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_b.htm#bunnies","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081221152607/http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_r.htm#rabbits","external_links_name":"\"Rabbits\""},{"Link":"http://www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk/lex_r.htm#rabbits","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://conwaylife.com/wiki/List_of_long-lived_methuselahs","external_links_name":"List of longest-lived methuselahs"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofqual_exam_results_algorithm	Ofqual exam results algorithm	["1 History","1.1 Vocational qualifications","2 The algorithm","3 Effects of the algorithm","4 Side-effects of the algorithm","5 Legal opinion","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Education results algorithm used during the Covid-19 pandemic in England Part of a series onAlgocracy Examples AI in government COMPAS Cybersyn DAO Dutch childcare benefits scandal IT-backed authoritarianism OGAS Ofqual exam results algorithm OIA PMPs Predictive policing Robodebt scheme Smart city SyRI vte See also: 2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy In 2020, Ofqual, the regulator of qualifications, exams and tests in England, produced a grades standardisation algorithm to combat grade inflation and moderate the teacher-predicted grades for A level and GCSE qualifications in that year, after examinations were cancelled as part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. History In late March 2020, Gavin Williamson, the secretary of state for education in Boris Johnson's Conservative government, instructed the head of Ofqual, Sally Collier, to "ensure, as far as is possible, that qualification standards are maintained and the distribution of grades follows a similar profile to that in previous years". On 31 March, he issued a ministerial direction under the Children and Learning Act 2009. Then, in August, 82% of 'A level' grades were computed using an algorithm devised by Ofqual. More than 4.6 million GCSEs in England – about 97% of the total – were assigned solely by the algorithm. Teacher rankings were taken into consideration, but not the teacher-assessed grades submitted by schools and colleges. On 25 August, Collier, who oversaw the development of Williamson's algorithm calculation, resigned from the post of chief regulator of Ofqual following mounting pressure. Vocational qualifications The algorithm was not applied to vocational and technical qualifications (VTQs), such as BTECs, which are assessed on coursework or as short modules are completed, and in some cases adapted assessments were held. Nevertheless, because of the high level of grade inflation resulting from Ofqual's decision not to apply the algorithm to A levels and GCSEs, Pearson Edexcel, the BTEC examiner, decided to cancel the release of BTEC results on 19 August, the day before they were due to be released, to allow them to be re-moderated in line with Ofqual's grade inflation. The algorithm Ofqual's Direct Centre Performance model is based on the record of each centre (school or college) in the subject being assessed. Details of the algorithm were not released until after the results of its first use in August 2020, and then only in part. Synopsis The examination centre provided a list of teacher predicted grades, called 'centre assessed grades' (CAGs) The students were listed in rank order with no ties. For large cohorts (over 15) With exams with a large cohort; the previous results of the centre were consulted. For each of the three previous years, the number of students getting each grade (A* to U) is noted. A percentage average is taken. This distribution is then applied to the current years students-irrespective of their individual CAG. A further standardisation adjustment could be made on the basis of previous personal historic data: at A level this could be a GCSE result, at GCSE this could be a Key Stage 2 SAT. For small cohorts, and minority interest exams (under 15). The individual CAG is used unchanged The formulas for large schools with n ≥ 15 {\displaystyle n\geq 15} P k j = ( 1 − r j ) C k j + r j ( C k j + q k j − p k j ) {\displaystyle P_{kj}=(1-r_{j})C_{kj}+r_{j}(C_{kj}+q_{kj}-p_{kj})} for small schools with n < 15 {\displaystyle n<15} P k j = CAG {\displaystyle P_{kj}={\text{CAG}}} The variables n {\displaystyle n} is the number of pupils in the subject being assessed k {\displaystyle k} is a specific grade j {\displaystyle j} indicates the school C k j {\displaystyle C_{kj}} is the historical grade distribution of grade at the school (centre) over the last three years, 2017-19. q k j {\displaystyle q_{kj}} is the predicted grade distribution based on the class’s prior attainment at GCSEs. A class with mostly 9s (the top grade) at GCSE will get a lot of predicted A*s; a class with mostly 1s at GCSEs will get a lot of predicted Us. p k j {\displaystyle p_{kj}} is the predicted grade distribution of the previous years, based on their GCSEs. You need to know that because, if previous years were predicted to do poorly and did well, then this year might do the same. r j {\displaystyle r_{j}} is the fraction of pupils in the class where historical data is available. If you can perfectly track down every GCSE result, then it is 1; if you cannot track down any, it is 0. CAG is the centre assessed grade. P k j {\displaystyle P_{kj}} is the result, which is the grade distribution for each grade k {\displaystyle k} at each school j {\displaystyle j} . Schools were not only asked to make a fair and objective judgement of the grade they believed a student would have achieved, but also to rank the students within each grade. This was because the statistical standardisation process required more granular information than the grade alone. Some examining boards issued guidance on the process of forming the judgement to be used within centres, where several teachers taught a subject. This was to be submitted 29 May 2020. For A-level students, their school had already included a predicted grade as part of the UCAS university application reference. This was submitted by 15 January (15 October 2019 for Oxbridge and medicine) and had been shared with the students. This UCAS predicted grade is not the same as the Ofqual predicted grade. The normal way to test a predictive algorithm is to run it against the previous year's data: this was not possible as the teacher rank order was not collected in previous years. Instead, tests used the rank order that had emerged from the 2019 final results. Effects of the algorithm The A-level grades were announced in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on 13 August 2020. Nearly 36% were lower than teachers' assessments (the CAG) and 3% were down two grades. Side-effects of the algorithm Students at small schools or taking minority subjects, such as are offered at small private schools (which are also more likely to have fewer students even in popular subjects), could see their grades being higher than their teacher predictions, especially when falling into the small class/minority interest bracket. Such students traditionally have a narrower range of marks, the weaker students having been invited to leave. Students at large state schools, sixth-form colleges and FE colleges who have open access policies and historically have educated BAME students or vulnerable students saw their results plummet, in order to fit the historic distribution curve. Students found the system unfair, and pressure was applied on Williamson to explain the results and to reverse his decision to use the algorithm that he had commissioned and Ofqual had implemented. On 12 August Williamson announced 'a triple lock' that let students appeal the result using an undefined valid mock result. But on 15 August, the advice was published with eight conditions set which differed from the minister's statement. Hours after the announcement, Ofqual suspended the system. On 17 August, Ofqual accepted that students should be awarded the CAG grade, instead of the grade predicted by the algorithm. UCAS said on 19 August that 15,000 pupils were rejected by their first-choice university on the algorithm-generated grades. After the Ofqual decision to use unmoderated teacher predictions, many affected students had grades to meet their offer, and reapplied. 90% of them said they aimed to study at top-tier universities. The effect was that top-tier universities appeared to have a capacity problem. The Royal Statistical Society said they had offered to help with the construction of the algorithm, but withdrew that offer when they saw the nature of the non-disclosure agreement they would have been required to sign. Ofqual was not prepared to discuss it and delayed replying by 55 days. Legal opinion Lord Falconer, a former attorney general, opined that three laws had been broken, and gave an example of where Ofqual had ignored a direct instruction of the Secretary of State for Education. Falconer said the formula for standardising grades was in breach of the overarching objectives under which Ofqual was established by the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009. The objectives require that the grading system gives a reliable indication of the knowledge, skills and understanding of the student, and that it allows for reliable comparisons to be made with students taking exams graded by other boards and to be made with students who took comparable exams in previous years. The Labour Party suggested that the process was unlawful in that the students were given no appeal mechanism, stating: "There will be a mass of discriminatory impacts by operating the process on the basis of reflecting the previous years' results from their institutions", and "It is bound to disadvantage a whole range of groups with protected characteristics, in breach of a range of anti-discrimination legislation." See also 2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy References ^ a b Adams, Richard; Elgot, Jessica; Stewart, Heather; Proctor, Kate (19 August 2020). "Ofqual ignored exams warning a month ago amid ministers' pressure". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2020. ^ a b c Ferguson, Donna; Savage, Michael (15 August 2020). "Controversial exams algorithm to set 97% of GCSE results". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2020. ^ Richardson, Hannah (25 August 2020). "Ofqual chief resigns after exams chaos". BBC News. Retrieved 25 August 2020. ^ "Ofqual head Sally Collier resigns over exams fiasco". the Guardian. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020. ^ "Ofqual statement on grading of VTQs". GOV.UK. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020. ^ Richardson, Hannah (19 August 2020). "Fresh exam results chaos as BTec grades pulled". BBC News. Retrieved 20 August 2020. ^ a b c d Harkness, Timandra (17 August 2020). "How OfQual failed the algorithm test". UnHerd. Retrieved 20 August 2020. ^ "Requirements for the calculation of results in summer 2020" (PDF). /assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/. Retrieved 20 August 2020. ^ "Summer_2020_grades_for_GCSE_AS_and_A_level" (PDF). gov.uk. p. 6. Retrieved 28 August 2020. ^ "Preparing centre assessment grades and rank order" (PDF). qualifications.pearson.com. Retrieved 28 August 2020. ^ "Predicted grades – what you need to know for 2021 entry". UCAS. 3 January 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2020. ^ "A-levels and GCSEs: How did the exam algorithm work?". BBC News. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020. ^ a b c Anonymous (21 August 2020). "'We're picking up the pieces': a university vice-chancellor's diary of A-level chaos". the Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "Triple lock for students ahead of A level and GCSE results". Press Release. GOV.UK. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ Walawalkar, Aaron (15 August 2020). "Students in England must meet eight criteria to appeal exam results". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ P. A. Media (15 August 2020). "Ofqual suspends A-level appeal criteria hours after announcing them". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ Murray, Jessica (24 August 2020). "Royal Statistical Society hits back at Ofqual in exams algorithm row". the Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2020. ^ a b c d Elgot, Jessica; Adams, Richard (19 August 2020). "Ofqual exam results algorithm was unlawful, says Labour". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2020. External links Requirements for the calculation of results in summer 2020 – Ofqual, 7 July 2020, updated 20 August Student guide to post-16 qualification results: summer 2020 – Ofqual, 27 July 2020, updated 19 August Taking exams during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak – guidance from the Department for Education, published 20 March 2020, updated 27 August Higher Education Policy Institute algorithm discussion, May 2020 Education Committee Oral evidence: The Impact of Covid-19 on education and children’s services, HC 254 Wednesday 2 September 2020	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy"},{"link_name":"Ofqual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofqual"},{"link_name":"grade inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_inflation"},{"link_name":"A level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_level"},{"link_name":"GCSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England"}],"text":"See also: 2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversyIn 2020, Ofqual, the regulator of qualifications, exams and tests in England, produced a grades standardisation algorithm to combat grade inflation and moderate the teacher-predicted grades for A level and GCSE qualifications in that year, after examinations were cancelled as part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Ofqual exam results algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gavin Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Williamson"},{"link_name":"secretary of state for education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Sally Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Collier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignored-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obs-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In late March 2020, Gavin Williamson, the secretary of state for education in Boris Johnson's Conservative government, instructed the head of Ofqual, Sally Collier, to \"ensure, as far as is possible, that qualification standards are maintained and the distribution of grades follows a similar profile to that in previous years\". On 31 March, he issued a ministerial direction under the Children and Learning Act 2009.[1]Then, in August, 82% of 'A level' grades were computed using an algorithm devised by Ofqual. More than 4.6 million GCSEs in England – about 97% of the total – were assigned solely by the algorithm. Teacher rankings were taken into consideration, but not the teacher-assessed grades submitted by schools and colleges.[2]On 25 August, Collier, who oversaw the development of Williamson's algorithm calculation, resigned from the post of chief regulator of Ofqual following mounting pressure.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BTECs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pearson Edexcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Edexcel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Vocational qualifications","text":"The algorithm was not applied to vocational and technical qualifications (VTQs), such as BTECs, which are assessed on coursework or as short modules are completed, and in some cases adapted assessments were held.[5] Nevertheless, because of the high level of grade inflation resulting from Ofqual's decision not to apply the algorithm to A levels and GCSEs, Pearson Edexcel, the BTEC examiner, decided to cancel the release of BTEC results on 19 August, the day before they were due to be released, to allow them to be re-moderated in line with Ofqual's grade inflation.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harkness-7"},{"link_name":"Key Stage 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Stage_2"},{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_assessment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harkness-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFQUAL-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPCAG-10"},{"link_name":"UCAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCAS"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harkness-7"}],"text":"Ofqual's Direct Centre Performance model is based on the record of each centre (school or college) in the subject being assessed. Details of the algorithm were not released until after the results of its first use in August 2020, and then only in part.[7]Synopsis\nThe examination centre provided a list of teacher predicted grades, called 'centre assessed grades' (CAGs)\nThe students were listed in rank order with no ties.\nFor large cohorts (over 15)\nWith exams with a large cohort; the previous results of the centre were consulted. For each of the three previous years, the number of students getting each grade (A* to U) is noted. A percentage average is taken.\nThis distribution is then applied to the current years students-irrespective of their individual CAG.\nA further standardisation adjustment could be made on the basis of previous personal historic data: at A level this could be a GCSE result, at GCSE this could be a Key Stage 2 SAT.[8]\nFor small cohorts, and minority interest exams (under 15).\nThe individual CAG is used unchanged [7]\n\n\n\nThe formulas\n\nfor large schools with \n \n \n \n n\n ≥\n 15\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq 15}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n k\n j\n \n \n =\n (\n 1\n −\n \n r\n \n j\n \n \n )\n \n C\n \n k\n j\n \n \n +\n \n r\n \n j\n \n \n (\n \n C\n \n k\n j\n \n \n +\n \n q\n \n k\n j\n \n \n −\n \n p\n \n k\n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{kj}=(1-r_{j})C_{kj}+r_{j}(C_{kj}+q_{kj}-p_{kj})}\n \n\nfor small schools with \n \n \n \n n\n <\n 15\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n<15}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n k\n j\n \n \n =\n \n CAG\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{kj}={\\text{CAG}}}\n \n\nThe variables\n\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is the number of pupils in the subject being assessed\n\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is a specific grade\n\n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n indicates the school\n\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n k\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{kj}}\n \n is the historical grade distribution of grade at the school (centre) over the last three years, 2017-19.\n\n \n \n \n \n q\n \n k\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{kj}}\n \n is the predicted grade distribution based on the class’s prior attainment at GCSEs. A class with mostly 9s (the top grade) at GCSE will get a lot of predicted A*s; a class with mostly 1s at GCSEs will get a lot of predicted Us.\n\n \n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{kj}}\n \n is the predicted grade distribution of the previous years, based on their GCSEs. You need to know that because, if previous years were predicted to do poorly and did well, then this year might do the same.\n\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r_{j}}\n \n is the fraction of pupils in the class where historical data is available. If you can perfectly track down every GCSE result, then it is 1; if you cannot track down any, it is 0.\nCAG is the centre assessed grade.\n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n k\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{kj}}\n \n is the result, which is the grade distribution for each grade \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n at each school \n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n.Schools were not only asked to make a fair and objective judgement of the grade they believed a student would have achieved, but also to rank the students within each grade. This was because the statistical standardisation process required more granular information than the grade alone.[9] Some examining boards issued guidance on the process of forming the judgement to be used within centres, where several teachers taught a subject.[10] This was to be submitted 29 May 2020.For A-level students, their school had already included a predicted grade as part of the UCAS university application reference.[11] This was submitted by 15 January (15 October 2019 for Oxbridge and medicine) and had been shared with the students. This UCAS predicted grade is not the same as the Ofqual predicted grade.The normal way to test a predictive algorithm is to run it against the previous year's data: this was not possible as the teacher rank order was not collected in previous years. Instead, tests used the rank order that had emerged from the 2019 final results.[7]","title":"The algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The A-level grades were announced in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on 13 August 2020. Nearly 36% were lower than teachers' assessments (the CAG) and 3% were down two grades.[12]","title":"Effects of the algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black,_Asian_and_minority_ethnic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harkness-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VC_reaction-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triple-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VC_reaction-13"},{"link_name":"UCAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCAS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignored-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VC_reaction-13"},{"link_name":"Royal Statistical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society"},{"link_name":"non-disclosure agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSS-17"}],"text":"Students at small schools or taking minority subjects, such as are offered at small private schools (which are also more likely to have fewer students even in popular subjects), could see their grades being higher than their teacher predictions, especially when falling into the small class/minority interest bracket. Such students traditionally have a narrower range of marks, the weaker students having been invited to leave. Students at large state schools, sixth-form colleges and FE colleges who have open access policies and historically have educated BAME students or vulnerable students saw their results plummet, in order to fit the historic distribution curve.[7]Students found the system unfair, and pressure was applied on Williamson to explain the results and to reverse his decision to use the algorithm that he had commissioned and Ofqual had implemented.[13] On 12 August Williamson announced 'a triple lock' that let students appeal the result using an undefined valid mock result.[14] But on 15 August, the advice was published with eight conditions set which differed from the minister's statement.[15] Hours after the announcement, Ofqual suspended the system.[16] On 17 August, Ofqual accepted that students should be awarded the CAG grade, instead of the grade predicted by the algorithm.[13]UCAS said on 19 August that 15,000 pupils were rejected by their first-choice university on the algorithm-generated grades. After the Ofqual decision to use unmoderated teacher predictions, many affected students had grades to meet their offer, and reapplied. 90% of them said they aimed to study at top-tier universities. The effect was that top-tier universities appeared to have a capacity problem.[1][13]The Royal Statistical Society said they had offered to help with the construction of the algorithm, but withdrew that offer when they saw the nature of the non-disclosure agreement they would have been required to sign. Ofqual was not prepared to discuss it and delayed replying by 55 days.[17]","title":"Side-effects of the algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Falconer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Falconer,_Baron_Falconer_of_Thoroton"},{"link_name":"attorney general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_general"},{"link_name":"Ofqual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofqual"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illegal-18"},{"link_name":"Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeships,_Skills,_Children_and_Learning_Act_2009"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obs-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illegal-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illegal-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obs-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illegal-18"}],"text":"Lord Falconer, a former attorney general, opined that three laws had been broken, and gave an example of where Ofqual had ignored a direct instruction of the Secretary of State for Education.[18]Falconer said the formula for standardising grades was in breach of the overarching objectives under which Ofqual was established by the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009. The objectives require that the grading system gives a reliable indication of the knowledge, skills and understanding of the student, and that it allows for reliable comparisons to be made with students taking exams graded by other boards and to be made with students who took comparable exams in previous years.[2][18]The Labour Party suggested that the process was unlawful in that the students were given no appeal mechanism,[18][2] stating: \"There will be a mass of discriminatory impacts by operating the process on the basis of reflecting the previous years' results from their institutions\", and \"It is bound to disadvantage a whole range of groups with protected characteristics, in breach of a range of anti-discrimination legislation.\"[18]","title":"Legal opinion"}]	[]	[{"title":"2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy"}]	[{"reference":"Adams, Richard; Elgot, Jessica; Stewart, Heather; Proctor, Kate (19 August 2020). \"Ofqual ignored exams warning a month ago amid ministers' pressure\". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/aug/19/ofqual-was-warned-a-month-ago-that-exams-algorithm-was-volatile","url_text":"\"Ofqual ignored exams warning a month ago amid ministers' pressure\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Donna; Savage, Michael (15 August 2020). \"Controversial exams algorithm to set 97% of GCSE results\". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/15/controversial-exams-algorithm-to-set-97-of-gcse-results","url_text":"\"Controversial exams algorithm to set 97% of GCSE results\""}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Hannah (25 August 2020). \"Ofqual chief resigns after exams chaos\". BBC News. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/education-53909487","url_text":"\"Ofqual chief resigns after exams chaos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Ofqual head Sally Collier resigns over exams fiasco\". the Guardian. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/25/ofqual-head-sally-collier-resigns-over-exams-fiasco","url_text":"\"Ofqual head Sally Collier resigns over exams fiasco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ofqual statement on grading of VTQs\". GOV.UK. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ofqual-statement-on-grading-of-vtqs-18-august-2020","url_text":"\"Ofqual statement on grading of VTQs\""}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Hannah (19 August 2020). \"Fresh exam results chaos as BTec grades pulled\". BBC News. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/education-53843148","url_text":"\"Fresh exam results chaos as BTec grades pulled\""}]},{"reference":"Harkness, Timandra (17 August 2020). \"How OfQual failed the algorithm test\". UnHerd. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://unherd.com/2020/08/how-ofqual-failed-the-algorithm-test/","url_text":"\"How OfQual failed the algorithm test\""}]},{"reference":"\"Requirements for the calculation of results in summer 2020\" (PDF). /assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/910614/6674_Requirements_for_the_calculation_of_results_in_summer_2020_inc._Annex_G.pdf","url_text":"\"Requirements for the calculation of results in summer 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summer_2020_grades_for_GCSE_AS_and_A_level\" (PDF). gov.uk. p. 6. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/908368/Summer_2020_grades_for_GCSE_AS_and_A_level_110820.pdf","url_text":"\"Summer_2020_grades_for_GCSE_AS_and_A_level\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preparing centre assessment grades and rank order\" (PDF). qualifications.pearson.com. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/Support/Preparing%20centre%20assessment%20grades%20and%20rank%20order%20infographic.pdf","url_text":"\"Preparing centre assessment grades and rank order\""}]},{"reference":"\"Predicted grades – what you need to know for 2021 entry\". UCAS. 3 January 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucas.com/advisers/managing-applications/predicted-grades-what-you-need-know-2021-entry#what","url_text":"\"Predicted grades – what you need to know for 2021 entry\""}]},{"reference":"\"A-levels and GCSEs: How did the exam algorithm work?\". BBC News. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/explainers-53807730","url_text":"\"A-levels and GCSEs: How did the exam algorithm work?\""}]},{"reference":"Anonymous (21 August 2020). \"'We're picking up the pieces': a university vice-chancellor's diary of A-level chaos\". the Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/21/picking-up-the-pieces-university-vice-chancellor-diary-a-level-chaos","url_text":"\"'We're picking up the pieces': a university vice-chancellor's diary of A-level chaos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Triple lock for students ahead of A level and GCSE results\". Press Release. GOV.UK. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/triple-lock-for-students-ahead-of-a-level-and-gcse-results","url_text":"\"Triple lock for students ahead of A level and GCSE results\""}]},{"reference":"Walawalkar, Aaron (15 August 2020). \"Students in England must meet eight criteria to appeal exam results\". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/15/english-students-must-meet-eight-criteria-to-appeal-exam-results","url_text":"\"Students in England must meet eight criteria to appeal exam results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"P. A. Media (15 August 2020). \"Ofqual suspends A-level appeal criteria hours after announcing them\". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/15/ofqual-suspends-a-level-appeal-criteria-hours-after-announcing-them","url_text":"\"Ofqual suspends A-level appeal criteria hours after announcing them\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Jessica (24 August 2020). \"Royal Statistical Society hits back at Ofqual in exams algorithm row\". the Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/24/royal-statistical-society-hits-back-at-ofqual-in-exams-algorithm-row","url_text":"\"Royal Statistical Society hits back at Ofqual in exams algorithm row\""}]},{"reference":"Elgot, Jessica; Adams, Richard (19 August 2020). \"Ofqual exam results algorithm was unlawful, says Labour\". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/19/ofqual-exam-results-algorithm-was-unlawful-says-labour","url_text":"\"Ofqual exam results algorithm was unlawful, says Labour\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/aug/19/ofqual-was-warned-a-month-ago-that-exams-algorithm-was-volatile","external_links_name":"\"Ofqual ignored exams warning a month ago amid ministers' pressure\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/15/controversial-exams-algorithm-to-set-97-of-gcse-results","external_links_name":"\"Controversial exams algorithm to set 97% of GCSE results\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/education-53909487","external_links_name":"\"Ofqual chief resigns after exams chaos\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/25/ofqual-head-sally-collier-resigns-over-exams-fiasco","external_links_name":"\"Ofqual head Sally Collier resigns over exams fiasco\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ofqual-statement-on-grading-of-vtqs-18-august-2020","external_links_name":"\"Ofqual statement on grading of VTQs\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/education-53843148","external_links_name":"\"Fresh exam results chaos as BTec grades pulled\""},{"Link":"https://unherd.com/2020/08/how-ofqual-failed-the-algorithm-test/","external_links_name":"\"How OfQual failed the algorithm test\""},{"Link":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/910614/6674_Requirements_for_the_calculation_of_results_in_summer_2020_inc._Annex_G.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Requirements for the calculation of results in summer 2020\""},{"Link":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/908368/Summer_2020_grades_for_GCSE_AS_and_A_level_110820.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Summer_2020_grades_for_GCSE_AS_and_A_level\""},{"Link":"https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/Support/Preparing%20centre%20assessment%20grades%20and%20rank%20order%20infographic.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Preparing centre assessment grades and rank order\""},{"Link":"https://www.ucas.com/advisers/managing-applications/predicted-grades-what-you-need-know-2021-entry#what","external_links_name":"\"Predicted grades – what you need to know for 2021 entry\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/explainers-53807730","external_links_name":"\"A-levels and GCSEs: How did the exam algorithm work?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/21/picking-up-the-pieces-university-vice-chancellor-diary-a-level-chaos","external_links_name":"\"'We're picking up the pieces': a university vice-chancellor's diary of A-level chaos\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/triple-lock-for-students-ahead-of-a-level-and-gcse-results","external_links_name":"\"Triple lock for students ahead of A level and GCSE results\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/15/english-students-must-meet-eight-criteria-to-appeal-exam-results","external_links_name":"\"Students in England must meet eight criteria to appeal exam results\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/15/ofqual-suspends-a-level-appeal-criteria-hours-after-announcing-them","external_links_name":"\"Ofqual suspends A-level appeal criteria hours after announcing them\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/24/royal-statistical-society-hits-back-at-ofqual-in-exams-algorithm-row","external_links_name":"\"Royal Statistical Society hits back at Ofqual in exams algorithm row\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/aug/19/ofqual-exam-results-algorithm-was-unlawful-says-labour","external_links_name":"\"Ofqual exam results algorithm was unlawful, says Labour\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/requirements-for-the-calculation-of-results-in-summer-2020","external_links_name":"Requirements for the calculation of results in summer 2020"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/student-guide-to-post-16-qualification-results-summer-2020","external_links_name":"Student guide to post-16 qualification results: summer 2020"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-cancellation-of-gcses-as-and-a-levels-in-2020/coronavirus-covid-19-cancellation-of-gcses-as-and-a-levels-in-2020","external_links_name":"Taking exams during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak"},{"Link":"https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2020/05/18/two-and-a-half-cheers-for-ofquals-standardisation-model-just-so-long-as-schools-comply/","external_links_name":"Higher Education Policy Institute algorithm discussion, May 2020"},{"Link":"https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/790/pdf/","external_links_name":"Education Committee Oral evidence: The Impact of Covid-19 on education and children’s services, HC 254 Wednesday 2 September 2020"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Livio_Bianco	Dante Livio Bianco	["1 Biography","1.1 Provenance and early years","1.2 Student years","1.3 Lawyer","1.4 Wartime resistance","1.5 After the war","1.6 Death and celebration","2 References"]	Italian partisan and lawyer Dante Livio Bianco1944/45BornDante Livio Marcel Angelo Nikin Robert André Bianco(1909-05-19)19 May 1909Cannes, Alpes-Maritimes (06), FranceDied12 July 1953(1953-07-12) (aged 44)Valle Gesso (”Alpi Maritimi”), Piedmont, ItalyOccupation(s)Civil lawyerWar-time partisan leader(more briefly) PoliticianPolitical party"Justice and Liberty" / "Giustizia e Libertà""Action Party" / "Partito d'Azione"SpouseGiuseppina Felicita Maria "Pinella" Ventre (1910-1959)ParentsGioachino Filippo Bianco (1859-1918) (father)Prospera "Rina" Sartore (1885-1969) (mother)AwardsSilver Medal of Military Valor (twice) Dante Livio Bianco (19 May 1909 – 12 July 1953) achieved early distinction among legal professionals as an exceptionally able Italian civil lawyer, and then came to wider prominence as a wartime partisan leader. He was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor twice. He survived the war but nevertheless died at a relatively young age due to a climbing accident. Biography Provenance and early years Dante Livio Marcel Angelo Nikin Robert André Bianco was born at Cannes on the southern coast of France, a short distance to the west of Nice. He was the first-born of his parents’ three recorded children, but in 1914 his sister Lydia died in infancy through suffocating on a bean, so that from 1914 until the birth of his brother Alberto in 1917 (1917-1997) he was his parents’ only child. Cannes had grown rapidly in extent and wealth during the final decades of the nineteenth century, largely on account of the European tourism boom triggered by industrialisation and the resulting increase in leisure spending. Gioachino Bianco (1859-1918), his father, had moved to Cannes from the family’s home base at Valdieri, a small town set in the mountains on the western edge of Piedmont. Like many of his family Gioachino Bianco was skilled in the craft of tailoring, and he arrived in Cannes equipped both with his tailoring skills and with significant entrepreneurial flair, which would enable him to become a leading member of the town’s business community and the proprietor of several retail outlets. Livio’s mother, Prospera "Rina" Sartore (1885-1969), is celebrated by admirers for the fortitude she displayed in bringing up her sons after she was widowed in 1918. In material terms, she was left well provided for, and there were also a number of supportive relatives in Italy. Two decades earlier Gioachino Bianco had arranged for the construction of a large villa in his home town of Valdieri, to which Rina Sartore now moved with her sons, and it was here that Livio Bianco spent the second half of his childhood and attended elementary school. When the time came to move on to secondary school he was sent to a boarding school in Cuneo. The boarding arrangement soon gave way to an arrangement that involved living during school days with the family of Giovanni Quaranta, who had been a friend of his father’s and who in 1908 had married Domenica Sartore, who was sister to Livio’s mother. The Quaranta sons, who attended the same school as Livio Bianco, were therefore first cousins to the Bianco brothers. Student years On completing his schooling he enrolled at the University of Turin, where he studied for a degree in Jurisprudence. Mussolini had taken power when Livio Bianco was 13, and during his teenage years in the 1920s the institutionalised brutality of Fascist tyranny had become progressively more apparent. At the Law faculty in Turin he was taught and powerfully influenced by men such as Francesco Ruffini, Luigi Einaudi and Gioele Solari. Long before he received his degree in 1930 Bianco had, like many of his student contemporaries at Turin, become committed to the Gobetti legacy and thereby a staunch antifascist. A feature of life in Mussolini’s Italy was the pervasive application by the government and its agencies if street violence as a tool of social control. Some of it was organised from the top: some of it was more quietly “accepted” by the state. In 1928 Bianco was one of a small group of students caught up in trying to defend the Senator (and former University of Turin Law Professor ) Francesco Ruffini when he faced a serious physical assault from the Turin University Fascist Group. Ruffini was targeted because he had opposed the government in the senate over the ticklish business of reforming the electoral system. Bianco was badly injured in the attack. Some sources indicate that his injuries took him close to death. The experience was important in hardening his anti-fascist convictions. One of the few fellow students who joined him in attempting to defend the senator from the fascist students thugs was Alessandro Galante Garrone: Galante Garrone and Livio Bianco later became lifelong friends and allies. Lawyer After graduating under the tutorial supervision of Gioele Solari, Livio Bianco embarked on a legal career, working initially in Cuneo. From 1932/33, having evidently completed any necessary apprenticeship qualification, he worked and exercised his advocacy skills in the district at Turin, while employed at the legal practice run by the youthful Manlio Brosio. Brosio would subsequently make a considerable mark in the world international politics, notably as Secretary General of NATO between 1964 and 1971. He had also been a close friend of Piero Gobetti, a government opponent whose death in 1926 following a fascist beating had been widely reported at the time. The spirit of the firm, and indeed across much of the Turin middle class establishment, was antifascist. Wartime resistance In a frequently referenced speech which he delivered during 1948 in the presence of President Einaudi, Livio Bianco sought to summarize, in the rhetorical style of his profession and of the postwar optimism of those times, how the spirit of antifascist resistance had underpinned partisan opposition to fascism and, after 1943, to German occupation between 1943 and 1945. ’Mr.President, through your own intimate knowledge of the history of Piedmont you will recall the defiant reply that King Victor Amadeo gave when emissaries from Louis XIV who tried to persuade him that the state of his army would deprive him of any chance of resisting the powerful armies from beyond the Alps. ”I will need only to stamp my foot on the soil, and soldiers of every class will appear”. So it was on 8 September and the days that followed in Cuneo and the surrounding district, just like that: soldiers, that is to say partisan fighters, appeared from every side, because someone or something had stamped with a foot on then soil. But this was not the foot of any ruler, king or prince: rather a higher and more potent force was on play. I refer to what can be termed civil conscience, the national call, and the sense of higher values: in short, I mean that sense of supreme virtues which may linger underground and invisible for a long time, but still breaks through at decisive moments, and propel an entire people into not falling short when the hour of historical duty arrives’. Dante Livio Bianco, 18 September 1948 "Signor Presidente, Lei che tanto bene conosce la storia del Piemonte, ricorderà la fiera risposta data da Vittorio Amedeo II agli emissari di Luigi XIV i quali gli spiegavano come le condizioni del suo esercito gli togliessero ogni possibilità di resistere alle potenti armate d'oltralpe: «Batterò col piede la terra, e n'usciran soldati d'ogni banda». Ebbene, l'8 settembre, e in seguito, a Cuneo e intorno a Cuneo avvenne proprio così: i soldati, cioè i partigiani uscivano da ogni parte, perché qualcuno aveva battuto col piede la terra; ma non era stato un sovrano, re o principe che fosse, bensì una forza più alta e maestosa, quella che si chiama la coscienza civile, la vocazione nazionale, il senso dei valori supremi, quella essenziale virtù insomma, che, magari sotterranea ed invisibile per lungo volgere di anni, erompe nei momenti decisivi, e spinge un popolo a non mancare nell'ora del dovere storico. Dante Livio Bianco, 18 September 1948 When war broke out north of the Alps in September 1939, the Italian government avoided military involvement just as it had done in 1914. As in 1914, however, the country came under intense international pressure to participate. In June 1940 a short-lived Italian invasion of France, though militarily inconsequential in itself, marked the beginning of military engagement, this time alongside Germany. In July 1942, when the so-called Action Party was formed, Livio Bianco joined it. According to some sources, he was among its founders in the important Turin region. The party was created by men of the intellectual centre-left who saw themselves an heirs to the political legacy of Carlo Rosselli and Piero Gobetti. It was both a reaction against fascism among men who would never have supported Mussolini and a response to a growing feeling across society more generally that the leader’s increasingly personalised alliance with Germany had placed the nation on the road to disaster. As the military situation deteriorated, towards the end of July 1943 the king had Mussolini arrested. Seven weeks later, on 8 September 1943, news emerged of an armistice signed between the new Italian government and Major General Walter Bedell Smith on behalf of the Anglo-American armies advancing from the south. Central and northern Italy remained under German military control. Four days after the news of the armistice surfaced, German forces rescued Mussolini from the mountain-top hotel in which he was being detained and installed him as the “ruler” in a puppet state corresponding, for the most part, with those parts of Italy still under German military control. In Cuneo these were trigger events for Livio Bianco and his called Action Party comrade, Duccio Galimberti. On 11 September 1943 there took place the first recorded meeting of a partisan group in Italy. The location for the meeting was Livio Bianco’s family home in the remote border town of Valdieri. The men present were Livio Bianco, Duccio Galimberti and ten of their friends. The group took the name "Italia Libera" (‘’”Free Italy”’’) for their group of fighting men, and made their way into the mountains above Cuneo. Livio Bianco had become an enthusiastic recreational mountaineer whole working as a lawyer in Turin, and was already familiar with the terrain. Initially travelling on horseback they made their way to the first secret base of what became the Cuneo “Justice and Liberty” Alpine Division. Their chosen location was marked by the little Madonna del Colletto sanctuary, between the Valle Gesso and the Valle Stura, high mountain valleys, positioned approximately halfway between Cuneo and the French frontier. The base was suitably inaccessible to motorised transport, especially during the winter months. They moved on a week later to Paral(o)up, further up the Valle Stura, later to San Matteo on the Valle Grana. Numbers quickly increased as new volunteers joined and other partisan teams emerged in the area, accompanied by a coming together of the groupings. They were engaged in harsh warfare against German troops and Italian fascist forces, roundups and arrests, capture and, as the Germans progressively withdrew, retention of some valleys, but also at other times temporary withdrawals across to the Langhe hills beyond Cuneo to the north, or indeed in the other direction, across the border into France. By the end of 1944 the partisans were holding a large number of German prisoners in their mountain retreats. From the launch of the operation, Livio Bianco stood out as one of the principal drivers and organisers of the expanding network of Alpine partisans units. Despite a total absence of previous military experience, after m1945 he was commended by admirers for the formidable military efficiency he was able to instil and the passionate regional loyalties which he was able to access and enhance from then ingrained instincts of comrades. Among those under his command he also acquired a reputation as an uncompromising disciplinarian, determined that adventurers and profiteers should not be numbered among his men. There are reports that he did not hesitate to order the shooting of any thieves who might otherwise compromise the reputational integrity of the partisan brigades. During the spring of 1944, he was placed in charge of the “Carlo Roselli” partisan brigade, operating as before in the Cuneese Mountains. Another member of the brigade was Nuto Revelli. Something of Livio Bianco’s attitude at this time can be inferred from the title of an article he contributed to a partisan newspaper, “Aria, luce, pulizia”. He was appalled that the possibility that the Otalian Social Republic, dominated by a Hitlerite Germany might become a permanent fixture with all the dark fascist inhumanity that had become the underlying context for life in post-democratic Vichy France since 1940. In his article he warned of Italy becoming permanently “flaccid, sluggish, and without confidence or legitimacy” ("fiacca, lenta e dubitosa") as the price to be paid if the war were to end with anything less than a total decisive defeat for fascism, whether home grown or imposed from Berlin. Livio Bianco was also among those taking a lead in pushing for contacts between antifascist partisan fighters in Italy and Résistance groups across the border in France. These culminated in a meeting between representatives of the two organisations at Barcelonette on 22 May 1944 at which Livio Bianco and Galimberto led the Italian delegation: Livio Bianco led the negotiations. The French side was led by Jacques Lécuyer. The process culminated in the signing on 30/31 May 1944 of the Saretto Agreements (“Patti di Saretto"), committing the parties to support continuing solidarity between the French and Italian people, politically and in the fight against Nazism. In December 1944, following the betrayal and killing of Duccio Galimberti, Livio Bianco came down from the mountains and replaced his dead comrade as regional commander of the “Justice and Liberty” brigade for the entire Piedmontese region. (There were by this time “Justice and Liberty” brigades, battling what remained of the fascist state structures and the slowly diminishing military effectiveness of Mussolini’s German backers, across most of occupied Italy.) After the war War ended, formally, with the German Surrender of Caserta at the end of April 1945, by which time remaining German military units in the north had already been cut off from their ammunition and other supplies for some weeks. Further to the south, in Rome politician in the (previously secret) National Liberation Committee had been working on Italy’s post-war future since the liberation of Rome in June 1944. Livio Bianco had never shown much appetite for political involvement, but his wartime fame led to calls by Action Party comrades for him to accept a seat as a party nominee to the National Council, a provisional legislature which remained in existence till elections could be called: that happened in June 1946. He agreed to serve in the National Council, but did not pursue a political career after 1946, instead rebuilding his career, based in Turin, as one of the top civil lawyers in Italy. He sustained a public profile, however, keen to preserve and share the idealism that had inspired him as an antifascist resistance leader during the 1940s (and not infrequently critical of developments in national politics during the 1950s). In 1953 Livio Bianco campaigned in support of "Unità Popolare" (UA), a short lived political party of the centre-left created by the former prime minister Ferruccio Parri with support from members of the old wartime Action Party. In the immediate term, "Unità Popolare" represented a response to government efforts to build permanent electoral distortions (by means of the so-called "legge truffa" / “scam law”) into the electoral system that would have disproportionately favoured the Christian Democratic party. These threats to electoral fairness triggered such widespread outrage within the political class that it was never implemented, but the "Unità Popolare" party failed dismally to gain traction with voters, gaining less than 1% of the votes cast in the 1953 general election. But according to some commentators, both in parliament and in the media, support for and pressure from the UA nevertheless contributed powerfully to terminally discrediting the “scam law” before it could be implemented. Death and celebration A passionate mountaineer from an early age, on 12 July 1953 Dante Livio Bianco was killed in a climbing accident while ascending the “Cima di Saint Robert” from the Valle Gesso in the ”Alpi Maritimi”, south-west of Cuneo and on the Italian side of the Franco-Italian frontier. Following his death, tributes to his memory flowed: a main street in Valdierei was renamed in celebration of his life, and in Turin, close to the city’s iconic Fiat factory a wide avenue with a shopping parade on one side and ample space for car parking was renamed “Piazza Dante Livio Bianco”. The body was returned to Valdieri where it was buried with appropriate quiet pomp in the local cemetery: Ferruccio Parri delivered a eulogy on behalf of his partisan comrades, many of whom attended the ceremony. The memorial that might have pleased him most, however, was constructed only in 1963, ten years after his death, and has renovated on a number of occasions since. This is a simple but robust refuge hut, located close to the mountain on which Livio Bianco died, slightly less than two kilometers above sea level, and able to accommodate approximately fifty mountaineers in a combination of dormitories and rooms. There are toilets – both indoor and outdoor – along with provision for room heating, hot water and a land-line telephone. During the closed season it is still possible to access basic accommodation for up to fourteen people. After his death, Livio Bianco’s Turin legal practice was taken over by Carlo Galante Garrone, the younger brother of Livio Bianco’s friend and, back in the 1920s, student contemporary. References ^ a b "Dante Livio Bianco". Nato a Cannes (Francia) il 19 maggio 1909, morto a Punta Saint-Robert, valle Gesso (Cuneo) il 2 luglio 1953, avvocato, Medaglia d'argento al valor militare. Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia (ANPI), Roma. 25 July 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2022. ^ a b c Michele Calandri; Paola Agosti (September 2007). "I capicordata" (PDF). L’edera e l’olmo: Storia di Livio, Pinella, Alda e Alberto Bianco. Istituto storico della Resistenza e della società contemporanea in provincia di Cuneo. pp. 17–49. ISBN 978-8890299711. Retrieved 20 August 2022. ^ a b "Bianco, Dante Livio (1909–1953)". Studienkreis Deutscher Widerstand 1933 - 1945. Studienkreis Deutscher Widerstand 1933–1945 e.V., Frankfurt am Main. Retrieved 20 August 2022. ^ a b c d e Alessandro Galante Garrone (1968). "Bianco, Dante Livio". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Treccani, Roma. Retrieved 20 August 2022. ^ a b "Chi è Dante Livio Bianco?". Istituto storico della Resistenza e della Società contemporanea in provincia di Cuneo. Retrieved 20 August 2022. ^ Luisa Passerini; Alessandro Galante Garrone (January 1991). "Guerra civile "in interiore homine"" (PDF). II Libro del Mese (book review): Giorgio Agosti, Livio Bianco, Un'amicizia partigiana. Lettere 1943-1945, a cura di Giovanni De Luna, Albert Meynier, Torino 1990, pp.494, Lit 40.000. L'Indice dei libri del mese, Torino. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 20 August 2022. ^ "Bianco, Dante Livio: Birth Certificate". Registre de l'état civil. Claude Bianco & Geneanet. 19 May 1909. Retrieved 20 August 2022. ^ a b c d e Chiara Colombini (28 November 2010). "Profilo biografico: Dante Livio Bianco". Archivi della Resistenza e del '900 …. Archos Biografie. Istituto piemontese per la storia della Resistenza e della società contemporanea "Giorgio Agosti". Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ a b c d "Motivazione dell'intestazione". Istituto storico della Resistenza e della Società contemporanea in provincia di Cuneo. Retrieved 20 August 2022. ^ a b Vittorio Cimiotta. "19 maggio 1909 nasce Dante Livio Bianco". Archiva Lettera ai compagno: Ricorrenza biografica. Fondata da Ferruccio Parri nel 1969 ... , Roma & Milano. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ a b Giorgio Bocca (6 June 2007). "Partigiani amici e nemici". la Repubblica, Roma. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ Corrado Malandrini (2001). "Gobetti, Piero". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Treccani, Roma. Retrieved 20 August 2022. ^ a b Dante Livio Bianco (18 September 1948). "Dante Livio Bianco, da un discorso del 18 settembre 1948, alla presenza del Presidente della Repubblica Luigi Einaudi". Citazioni e frasi celebri. Martin Svoboda, Jablonec nad Nisou. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ "Dante Livio Bianco". Chi era costui?. Liceo "Beccaria" di Milano. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ "Brigata GL "Italia Libera"". Canzoni contro la guerra …. Canzone di Paraloup (Canson ‘d Paralup). Bernart Bartleby. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ a b c d e "In Memoria di Dante Livio Bianco" (PDF). Necrologio. Tipografia Monzese & Istituto nazionale Ferruccio Parri. 15 September 1953. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ Giuseppe Mendicino (25 April 2019). "Tra ferite senza rimedio e speranze di un'Italia migliore / L'ultimo anno di guerra di Nuto Revelli". Associazone Culturale Doppiozero, Milano. ISSN 2239-6004. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ Aldo Alessandro Mola (1996). "I "patti" di Saretto 31 maggio 1944 ed i loro reflessi militari". Cahiers de la Méditerranée. pp. 59–84. ISSN 1773-0201. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ a b "Commemorazione di Dante Livio Bianco" (PDF). Atti Pnrlamentnri - Camera dei Deputati. Parlamento Italiano. 23 July 1953. pp. 124–125. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "Corso Dante Livio Bianco, 15, 12010 Valdieri CN, Italia". Tutti i CAP italiani con ricerca per Indirizzo, ocalità, strada, posto, comune, provincia, regione. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ Laura Zanlungo; Leonardo Gambino. "AQuMe - Associazione "il Quartiere e la Memoria"". Progetto: “C’era una volta Mirafiori”, Torino, Circoscrizione. Diazilla. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "Rifugio Dante Livio Bianco". Piemonte - Alpi Marittime - Valle Gesso - Valle della Meris - Lago Sottano della Sella …. 1910 mt slm. CAI - Club Alpino Italiano: Sezione di Cuneo. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "The firm … History". Grande Stevens, Studio Legale, Torino. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "Carlo Galante Garrone (Vercelli 1910- Torino 1997)". Federazione Italiana Associazioni Partigiane, Milano. Retrieved 25 August 2022. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy United States Australia Netherlands People Italian People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"civil lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)"},{"link_name":"wartime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"partisan leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(military)"},{"link_name":"Silver Medal of Military Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor"},{"link_name":"the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoANPI-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoMC01-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBlautSDW-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoAGG-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoInstStorResi01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LettreGAeDLB-6"}],"text":"Dante Livio Bianco (19 May 1909 – 12 July 1953) achieved early distinction among legal professionals as an exceptionally able Italian civil lawyer, and then came to wider prominence as a wartime partisan leader. He was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor twice. He survived the war but nevertheless died at a relatively young age due to a climbing accident.[1][2][3][4][5][6]","title":"Dante Livio Bianco"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBBirthCert-7"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_France"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"increase in leisure spending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque"},{"link_name":"Valdieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdieri"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Valdieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdieri"},{"link_name":"Cuneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoMC01-2"}],"sub_title":"Provenance and early years","text":"Dante Livio Marcel Angelo Nikin Robert André Bianco was born at Cannes on the southern coast of France, [7] a short distance to the west of Nice. He was the first-born of his parents’ three recorded children, but in 1914 his sister Lydia died in infancy through suffocating on a bean, so that from 1914 until the birth of his brother Alberto in 1917 (1917-1997) he was his parents’ only child. Cannes had grown rapidly in extent and wealth during the final decades of the nineteenth century, largely on account of the European tourism boom triggered by industrialisation and the resulting increase in leisure spending. Gioachino Bianco (1859-1918), his father, had moved to Cannes from the family’s home base at Valdieri, a small town set in the mountains on the western edge of Piedmont. Like many of his family Gioachino Bianco was skilled in the craft of tailoring, and he arrived in Cannes equipped both with his tailoring skills and with significant entrepreneurial flair, which would enable him to become a leading member of the town’s business community and the proprietor of several retail outlets. Livio’s mother, Prospera \"Rina\" Sartore (1885-1969), is celebrated by admirers for the fortitude she displayed in bringing up her sons after she was widowed in 1918. In material terms, she was left well provided for, and there were also a number of supportive relatives in Italy. Two decades earlier Gioachino Bianco had arranged for the construction of a large villa in his home town of Valdieri, to which Rina Sartore now moved with her sons, and it was here that Livio Bianco spent the second half of his childhood and attended elementary school. When the time came to move on to secondary school he was sent to a boarding school in Cuneo. The boarding arrangement soon gave way to an arrangement that involved living during school days with the family of Giovanni Quaranta, who had been a friend of his father’s and who in 1908 had married Domenica Sartore, who was sister to Livio’s mother. The Quaranta sons, who attended the same school as Livio Bianco, were therefore first cousins to the Bianco brothers.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"Jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoCC-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoInstStorResi02-9"},{"link_name":"Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"taken power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Rome"},{"link_name":"institutionalised brutality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism"},{"link_name":"Fascist tyranny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Francesco Ruffini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Ruffini"},{"link_name":"Luigi Einaudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi"},{"link_name":"Gioele Solari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioele_Solari"},{"link_name":"Gobetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Gobetti"},{"link_name":"antifascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismo_in_Italia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoAGG-4"},{"link_name":"Mussolini’s Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"University of Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"Francesco Ruffini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Ruffini"},{"link_name":"University Fascist Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppi_Universitari_Fascisti"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Galante Garrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Galante_Garrone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoAGG-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoInstStorResi02-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoStichtingFP-10"}],"sub_title":"Student years","text":"On completing his schooling he enrolled at the University of Turin, where he studied for a degree in Jurisprudence.[8][9] Mussolini had taken power when Livio Bianco was 13, and during his teenage years in the 1920s the institutionalised brutality of Fascist tyranny had become progressively more apparent. At the Law faculty in Turin he was taught and powerfully influenced by men such as Francesco Ruffini, Luigi Einaudi and Gioele Solari. Long before he received his degree in 1930 Bianco had, like many of his student contemporaries at Turin, become committed to the Gobetti legacy and thereby a staunch antifascist.[4] A feature of life in Mussolini’s Italy was the pervasive application by the government and its agencies if street violence as a tool of social control. Some of it was organised from the top: some of it was more quietly “accepted” by the state. In 1928 Bianco was one of a small group of students caught up in trying to defend the Senator (and former University of Turin Law Professor ) Francesco Ruffini when he faced a serious physical assault from the Turin University Fascist Group. Ruffini was targeted because he had opposed the government in the senate over the ticklish business of reforming the electoral system. Bianco was badly injured in the attack. Some sources indicate that his injuries took him close to death. The experience was important in hardening his anti-fascist convictions. One of the few fellow students who joined him in attempting to defend the senator from the fascist students thugs was Alessandro Galante Garrone: Galante Garrone and Livio Bianco later became lifelong friends and allies.[4][9][10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gioele Solari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioele_Solari"},{"link_name":"Cuneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneo"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Manlio Brosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlio_Brosio"},{"link_name":"Secretary General of NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO"},{"link_name":"Piero Gobetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Gobetti"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoCC-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoInstStorResi02-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLVsecondoGB-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGsecondoCM-12"}],"sub_title":"Lawyer","text":"After graduating under the tutorial supervision of Gioele Solari, Livio Bianco embarked on a legal career, working initially in Cuneo. From 1932/33, having evidently completed any necessary apprenticeship qualification, he worked and exercised his advocacy skills in the district at Turin, while employed at the legal practice run by the youthful Manlio Brosio. Brosio would subsequently make a considerable mark in the world international politics, notably as Secretary General of NATO between 1964 and 1971. He had also been a close friend of Piero Gobetti, a government opponent whose death in 1926 following a fascist beating had been widely reported at the time. The spirit of the firm, and indeed across much of the Turin middle class establishment, was antifascist.[8][9][11][12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President Einaudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"German occupation between 1943 and 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"King Victor Amadeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Cuneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneo"},{"link_name":"the surrounding district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Cuneo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLB&LE-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLB&LE-13"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"broke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Italian invasion of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoInstStorResi01-5"},{"link_name":"Carlo Rosselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli"},{"link_name":"Piero Gobetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Gobetti"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"the leader’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"alliance with Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"had Mussolini arrested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"an armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile"},{"link_name":"the new Italian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badoglio_I_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Major General Walter Bedell Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith"},{"link_name":"German military control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Achse"},{"link_name":"German forces rescued Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid"},{"link_name":"the mountain-top hotel in which he was being detained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Campo_Imperatore"},{"link_name":"a puppet state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cuneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneo"},{"link_name":"Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Duccio Galimberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duccio_Galimberti"},{"link_name":"Valdieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdieri"},{"link_name":"Duccio Galimberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duccio_Galimberti"},{"link_name":"Cuneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneo"},{"link_name":"“Justice and Liberty”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Valle Gesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_Gesso"},{"link_name":"Valle Stura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_Stura"},{"link_name":"Cuneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneo"},{"link_name":"Valle Stura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_Stura"},{"link_name":"Valle Grana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_Grana"},{"link_name":"German troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Langhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langhe"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoAGG-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChieraDLB-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChansondeParaloupvolgensBB-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InMemDLBsett1953-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoAGG-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InMemDLBsett1953-16"},{"link_name":"Cuneese Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Cuneo"},{"link_name":"Nuto Revelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuto_Revelli"},{"link_name":"Otalian Social Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"Vichy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoInstStorResi02-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBeNRsecondoGM-17"},{"link_name":"Résistance groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Barcelonette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonette"},{"link_name":"Galimberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duccio_Galimberti"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lécuyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_L%C3%A9cuyer"},{"link_name":"Saretto Agreements (“Patti di Saretto\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incontri_di_Saretto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBlautSDW-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PatSar-18"},{"link_name":"Duccio Galimberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duccio_Galimberti"},{"link_name":"“Justice and Liberty” brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigate_Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Piedmontese region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoCC-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InMemDLBsett1953-16"},{"link_name":"“Justice and Liberty” brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"battling what remained of the fascist state structures and the slowly diminishing military effectiveness of Mussolini’s German backers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"occupied Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"}],"sub_title":"Wartime resistance","text":"In a frequently referenced speech which he delivered during 1948 in the presence of President Einaudi, Livio Bianco sought to summarize, in the rhetorical style of his profession and of the postwar optimism of those times, how the spirit of antifascist resistance had underpinned partisan opposition to fascism and, after 1943, to German occupation between 1943 and 1945.\n\n’Mr.President, through your own intimate knowledge of the history of Piedmont you will recall the defiant reply that King Victor Amadeo gave when emissaries from [the French king] Louis XIV who tried to persuade him that the state of his army would deprive him of any chance of resisting the powerful [French] armies from beyond the Alps. ”I will need only to stamp my foot on the soil, and soldiers of every class will appear”. So it was on 8 September [1943] and the days that followed in Cuneo and the surrounding district, just like that: soldiers, that is to say partisan fighters, appeared from every side, because someone or something had stamped with a foot on then soil. But this was not the foot of any ruler, king or prince: rather a higher and more potent force was on play. I refer to what can be termed civil conscience, the national call, and the sense of higher values: in short, I mean that sense of supreme virtues which may linger underground and invisible for a long time, but still breaks through at decisive moments, and propel an entire people into not falling short when the hour of historical duty arrives’.[13]\nDante Livio Bianco, 18 September 1948\n\"Signor Presidente, Lei che tanto bene conosce la storia del Piemonte, ricorderà la fiera risposta data da Vittorio Amedeo II agli emissari di Luigi XIV i quali gli spiegavano come le condizioni del suo esercito gli togliessero ogni possibilità di resistere alle potenti armate d'oltralpe: «Batterò col piede la terra, e n'usciran soldati d'ogni banda». Ebbene, l'8 settembre, e in seguito, a Cuneo e intorno a Cuneo avvenne proprio così: i soldati, cioè i partigiani uscivano da ogni parte, perché qualcuno aveva battuto col piede la terra; ma non era stato un sovrano, re o principe che fosse, bensì una forza più alta e maestosa, quella che si chiama la coscienza civile, la vocazione nazionale, il senso dei valori supremi, quella essenziale virtù insomma, che, magari sotterranea ed invisibile per lungo volgere di anni, erompe nei momenti decisivi, e spinge un popolo a non mancare nell'ora del dovere storico. [13]\nDante Livio Bianco, 18 September 1948When war broke out north of the Alps in September 1939, the Italian government avoided military involvement just as it had done in 1914. As in 1914, however, the country came under intense international pressure to participate. In June 1940 a short-lived Italian invasion of France, though militarily inconsequential in itself, marked the beginning of military engagement, this time alongside Germany. In July 1942, when the so-called Action Party was formed, Livio Bianco joined it. According to some sources, he was among its founders in the important Turin region.[5] The party was created by men of the intellectual centre-left who saw themselves an heirs to the political legacy of Carlo Rosselli and Piero Gobetti. It was both a reaction against fascism among men who would never have supported Mussolini and a response to a growing feeling across society more generally that the leader’s increasingly personalised alliance with Germany had placed the nation on the road to disaster. As the military situation deteriorated, towards the end of July 1943 the king had Mussolini arrested. Seven weeks later, on 8 September 1943, news emerged of an armistice signed between the new Italian government and Major General Walter Bedell Smith on behalf of the Anglo-American armies advancing from the south. Central and northern Italy remained under German military control. Four days after the news of the armistice surfaced, German forces rescued Mussolini from the mountain-top hotel in which he was being detained and installed him as the “ruler” in a puppet state corresponding, for the most part, with those parts of Italy still under German military control. In Cuneo these were trigger events for Livio Bianco and his called Action Party comrade, Duccio Galimberti. On 11 September 1943 there took place the first recorded meeting of a partisan group in Italy. The location for the meeting was Livio Bianco’s family home in the remote border town of Valdieri. The men present were Livio Bianco, Duccio Galimberti and ten of their friends. The group took the name \"Italia Libera\" (‘’”Free Italy”’’) for their group of fighting men, and made their way into the mountains above Cuneo. Livio Bianco had become an enthusiastic recreational mountaineer whole working as a lawyer in Turin, and was already familiar with the terrain. Initially travelling on horseback they made their way to the first secret base of what became the Cuneo “Justice and Liberty” Alpine Division. Their chosen location was marked by the little Madonna del Colletto sanctuary, between the Valle Gesso and the Valle Stura, high mountain valleys, positioned approximately halfway between Cuneo and the French frontier. The base was suitably inaccessible to motorised transport, especially during the winter months. They moved on a week later to Paral(o)up, further up the Valle Stura, later to San Matteo on the Valle Grana. Numbers quickly increased as new volunteers joined and other partisan teams emerged in the area, accompanied by a coming together of the groupings. They were engaged in harsh warfare against German troops and Italian fascist forces, roundups and arrests, capture and, as the Germans progressively withdrew, retention of some valleys, but also at other times temporary withdrawals across to the Langhe hills beyond Cuneo to the north, or indeed in the other direction, across the border into France. By the end of 1944 the partisans were holding a large number of German prisoners in their mountain retreats.[4][14][15][16]From the launch of the operation, Livio Bianco stood out as one of the principal drivers and organisers of the expanding network of Alpine partisans units. Despite a total absence of previous military experience, after m1945 he was commended by admirers for the formidable military efficiency he was able to instil and the passionate regional loyalties which he was able to access and enhance from then ingrained instincts of comrades. Among those under his command he also acquired a reputation as an uncompromising disciplinarian, determined that adventurers and profiteers should not be numbered among his men. There are reports that he did not hesitate to order the shooting of any thieves who might otherwise compromise the reputational integrity of the partisan brigades.[4][16] During the spring of 1944, he was placed in charge of the “Carlo Roselli” partisan brigade, operating as before in the Cuneese Mountains. Another member of the brigade was Nuto Revelli. Something of Livio Bianco’s attitude at this time can be inferred from the title of an article he contributed to a partisan newspaper, “Aria, luce, pulizia”. He was appalled that the possibility that the Otalian Social Republic, dominated by a Hitlerite Germany might become a permanent fixture with all the dark fascist inhumanity that had become the underlying context for life in post-democratic Vichy France since 1940. In his article he warned of Italy becoming permanently “flaccid, sluggish, and without confidence or legitimacy” (\"fiacca, lenta e dubitosa\") as the price to be paid if the war were to end with anything less than a total decisive defeat for fascism, whether home grown or imposed from Berlin.[9][17]Livio Bianco was also among those taking a lead in pushing for contacts between antifascist partisan fighters in Italy and Résistance groups across the border in France. These culminated in a meeting between representatives of the two organisations at Barcelonette on 22 May 1944 at which Livio Bianco and Galimberto led the Italian delegation: Livio Bianco led the negotiations. The French side was led by Jacques Lécuyer. The process culminated in the signing on 30/31 May 1944 of the Saretto Agreements (“Patti di Saretto\"), committing the parties to support continuing solidarity between the French and Italian people, politically and in the fight against Nazism.[3][18]In December 1944, following the betrayal and killing of Duccio Galimberti, Livio Bianco came down from the mountains and replaced his dead comrade as regional commander of the “Justice and Liberty” brigade for the entire Piedmontese region.[8][16] (There were by this time “Justice and Liberty” brigades, battling what remained of the fascist state structures and the slowly diminishing military effectiveness of Mussolini’s German backers, across most of occupied Italy.)","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surrender of Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Caserta"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee"},{"link_name":"the liberation of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberazione_di_Roma"},{"link_name":"Action Party comrades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"June 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoCC-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLVsecondoGB-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InMemDLBsett1953-16"},{"link_name":"\"Unità Popolare\" (UA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Unity_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Ferruccio Parri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri"},{"link_name":"Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"permanent electoral distortions (by means of the so-called \"legge truffa\" / “scam law”)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_31_marzo_1953,_n._148"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"\"Unità Popolare\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Unity_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"1953 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"the UA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Unity_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoCC-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoStichtingFP-10"}],"sub_title":"After the war","text":"War ended, formally, with the German Surrender of Caserta at the end of April 1945, by which time remaining German military units in the north had already been cut off from their ammunition and other supplies for some weeks. Further to the south, in Rome politician in the (previously secret) National Liberation Committee had been working on Italy’s post-war future since the liberation of Rome in June 1944. Livio Bianco had never shown much appetite for political involvement, but his wartime fame led to calls by Action Party comrades for him to accept a seat as a party nominee to the National Council, a provisional legislature which remained in existence till elections could be called: that happened in June 1946. He agreed to serve in the National Council, but did not pursue a political career after 1946, instead rebuilding his career, based in Turin, as one of the top civil lawyers in Italy. He sustained a public profile, however, keen to preserve and share the idealism that had inspired him as an antifascist resistance leader during the 1940s (and not infrequently critical of developments in national politics during the 1950s).[8][11][16]In 1953 Livio Bianco campaigned in support of \"Unità Popolare\" (UA), a short lived political party of the centre-left created by the former prime minister Ferruccio Parri with support from members of the old wartime Action Party. In the immediate term, \"Unità Popolare\" represented a response to government efforts to build permanent electoral distortions (by means of the so-called \"legge truffa\" / “scam law”) into the electoral system that would have disproportionately favoured the Christian Democratic party. These threats to electoral fairness triggered such widespread outrage within the political class that it was never implemented, but the \"Unità Popolare\" party failed dismally to gain traction with voters, gaining less than 1% of the votes cast in the 1953 general election. But according to some commentators, both in parliament and in the media, support for and pressure from the UA nevertheless contributed powerfully to terminally discrediting the “scam law” before it could be implemented.[8][10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valle Gesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_Gesso"},{"link_name":"”Alpi Maritimi”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Alps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoMC01-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InMemDLBsett1953-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLBseconfoCamDep-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrosoDLBValdieriCN-20"},{"link_name":"iconic Fiat factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Mirafiori"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBsecondoANPI-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PzaDLBTO-21"},{"link_name":"Valdieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdieri"},{"link_name":"Ferruccio Parri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLBseconfoCamDep-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RifugioDLB-22"},{"link_name":"Carlo Galante Garrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Galante_Garrone"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLBeCGGsecondoGrStTO-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGGsecondoFIAP-24"}],"sub_title":"Death and celebration","text":"A passionate mountaineer from an early age, on 12 July 1953 Dante Livio Bianco was killed in a climbing accident while ascending the “Cima di Saint Robert” from the Valle Gesso in the ”Alpi Maritimi”, south-west of Cuneo and on the Italian side of the Franco-Italian frontier. Following his death, tributes to his memory flowed: [2][16][19] a main street in Valdierei was renamed in celebration of his life,[20] and in Turin, close to the city’s iconic Fiat factory a wide avenue with a shopping parade on one side and ample space for car parking was renamed “Piazza Dante Livio Bianco”. [1][21] The body was returned to Valdieri where it was buried with appropriate quiet pomp in the local cemetery: Ferruccio Parri delivered a eulogy on behalf of his partisan comrades, many of whom attended the ceremony.[19] The memorial that might have pleased him most, however, was constructed only in 1963, ten years after his death, and has renovated on a number of occasions since. This is a simple but robust refuge hut, located close to the mountain on which Livio Bianco died, slightly less than two kilometers above sea level, and able to accommodate approximately fifty mountaineers in a combination of dormitories and rooms. There are toilets – both indoor and outdoor – along with provision for room heating, hot water and a land-line telephone. During the closed season it is still possible to access basic accommodation for up to fourteen people.[22]After his death, Livio Bianco’s Turin legal practice was taken over by Carlo Galante Garrone, the younger brother of Livio Bianco’s friend and, back in the 1920s, student contemporary.[23][24]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dante Livio Bianco\". Nato a Cannes (Francia) il 19 maggio 1909, morto a Punta Saint-Robert, valle Gesso (Cuneo) il 2 luglio 1953, avvocato, Medaglia d'argento al valor militare. Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia (ANPI), Roma. 25 July 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/1613/dante-livio-bianco","url_text":"\"Dante Livio Bianco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANPI","url_text":"Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia (ANPI)"}]},{"reference":"Michele Calandri; Paola Agosti (September 2007). \"I capicordata\" (PDF). L’edera e l’olmo: Storia di Livio, Pinella, Alda e Alberto Bianco. Istituto storico della Resistenza e della società contemporanea in provincia di Cuneo. pp. 17–49. ISBN 978-8890299711. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.piueventi.it/assets/var/estratto-guide/L%27edera%20e%20l%27olmo%20anteprima.pdf","url_text":"\"I capicordata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8890299711","url_text":"978-8890299711"}]},{"reference":"\"Bianco, Dante Livio (1909–1953)\". Studienkreis Deutscher Widerstand 1933 - 1945. Studienkreis Deutscher Widerstand 1933–1945 e.V., Frankfurt am Main. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gedenkorte-europa.eu/de_de/article-bianco-dante-livio-1909-ndash-1953.html","url_text":"\"Bianco, Dante Livio (1909–1953)\""}]},{"reference":"Alessandro Galante Garrone (1968). \"Bianco, Dante Livio\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Treccani, Roma. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-livio-bianco_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/","url_text":"\"Bianco, Dante Livio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treccani","url_text":"Treccani"}]},{"reference":"\"Chi è Dante Livio Bianco?\". Istituto storico della Resistenza e della Società contemporanea in provincia di Cuneo. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.istitutoresistenzacuneo.it/4?testo=20","url_text":"\"Chi è Dante Livio Bianco?\""}]},{"reference":"Luisa Passerini; Alessandro Galante Garrone [in Italian] (January 1991). \"Guerra civile \"in interiore homine\"\" (PDF). II Libro del Mese (book review): Giorgio Agosti, Livio Bianco, Un'amicizia partigiana. Lettere 1943-1945, a cura di Giovanni De Luna, Albert Meynier, Torino 1990, pp.494, Lit 40.000. L'Indice dei libri del mese, Torino. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Galante_Garrone","url_text":"Alessandro Galante Garrone"},{"url":"https://www.byterfly.eu/islandora/object/librib:555865/datastream/PDF/content/librib_555865.pdf","url_text":"\"Guerra civile \"in interiore homine\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Indice_dei_libri_del_mese","url_text":"L'Indice dei libri del mese"}]},{"reference":"\"Bianco, Dante Livio: Birth Certificate\". Registre de l'état civil. Claude Bianco & Geneanet. 19 May 1909. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.geneanet.org/archives/actes/actesenligne/810851?p=2","url_text":"\"Bianco, Dante Livio: Birth Certificate\""}]},{"reference":"Chiara Colombini (28 November 2010). \"Profilo biografico: Dante Livio Bianco\". Archivi della Resistenza e del '900 …. Archos Biografie. Istituto piemontese per la storia della Resistenza e della società contemporanea \"Giorgio Agosti\". Retrieved 21 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metarchivi.it/biografie/p_bio_vis.asp?id=616","url_text":"\"Profilo biografico: Dante Livio Bianco\""},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_piemontese_per_la_storia_della_Resistenza_e_della_societ%C3%A0_contemporanea_%22Giorgio_Agosti%22","url_text":"Istituto piemontese per la storia della Resistenza e della società contemporanea \"Giorgio Agosti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Motivazione dell'intestazione\". Istituto storico della Resistenza e della Società contemporanea in provincia di Cuneo. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.istitutoresistenzacuneo.it/4?testo=21","url_text":"\"Motivazione dell'intestazione\""}]},{"reference":"Vittorio Cimiotta. \"19 maggio 1909 nasce Dante Livio Bianco\". Archiva Lettera ai compagno: Ricorrenza biografica. Fondata da Ferruccio Parri nel 1969 ... , Roma & Milano. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.letteraicompagnirivista.com/events/19-maggio-1909-nasce-dante-livio-bianco/","url_text":"\"19 maggio 1909 nasce Dante Livio Bianco\""}]},{"reference":"Giorgio Bocca (6 June 2007). \"Partigiani amici e nemici\". la Repubblica, Roma. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Bocca","url_text":"Giorgio Bocca"},{"url":"https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2007/06/06/partigiani-amici-nemici.html","url_text":"\"Partigiani amici e nemici\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica","url_text":"la Repubblica"}]},{"reference":"Corrado Malandrini (2001). \"Gobetti, Piero\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Treccani, Roma. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/piero-gobetti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/","url_text":"\"Gobetti, Piero\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treccani","url_text":"Treccani"}]},{"reference":"Dante Livio Bianco (18 September 1948). \"Dante Livio Bianco, da un discorso del 18 settembre 1948, alla presenza del Presidente della Repubblica Luigi Einaudi\". Citazioni e frasi celebri. Martin Svoboda, Jablonec nad Nisou. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://le-citazioni.it/frasi/208815-dante-livio-bianco-signor-presidente-lei-che-tanto-bene-conosce-la-s/","url_text":"\"Dante Livio Bianco, da un discorso del 18 settembre 1948, alla presenza del Presidente della Repubblica Luigi Einaudi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dante Livio Bianco\". Chi era costui?. Liceo \"Beccaria\" di Milano. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chieracostui.com/costui/docs/search/schedaoltre.asp?ID=28040","url_text":"\"Dante Livio Bianco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brigata GL \"Italia Libera\"\". Canzoni contro la guerra …. Canzone di Paraloup (Canson ‘d Paralup). Bernart Bartleby. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antiwarsongs.org/canzone.php?id=48288&lang=en","url_text":"\"Brigata GL \"Italia Libera\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoria di Dante Livio Bianco\" (PDF). Necrologio. Tipografia Monzese & Istituto nazionale Ferruccio Parri. 15 September 1953. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reteparri.it/wp-content/uploads/ic/RAV0068570_1953_22-27_40.pdf","url_text":"\"In Memoria di Dante Livio Bianco\""},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_nazionale_Ferruccio_Parri","url_text":"Istituto nazionale Ferruccio Parri"}]},{"reference":"Giuseppe Mendicino (25 April 2019). \"Tra ferite senza rimedio e speranze di un'Italia migliore / L'ultimo anno di guerra di Nuto Revelli\". Associazone Culturale Doppiozero, Milano. ISSN 2239-6004. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.doppiozero.com/lultimo-anno-di-guerra-di-nuto-revelli","url_text":"\"Tra ferite senza rimedio e speranze di un'Italia migliore / L'ultimo anno di guerra di Nuto Revelli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2239-6004","url_text":"2239-6004"}]},{"reference":"Aldo Alessandro Mola [in Italian] (1996). \"I \"patti\" di Saretto 31 maggio 1944 ed i loro reflessi militari\". Cahiers de la Méditerranée. pp. 59–84. ISSN 1773-0201. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Alessandro_Mola","url_text":"Aldo Alessandro Mola"},{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/camed_0395-9317_1996_num_52_1_1159","url_text":"\"I \"patti\" di Saretto 31 maggio 1944 ed i loro reflessi militari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0201","url_text":"1773-0201"}]},{"reference":"\"Commemorazione di Dante Livio Bianco\" (PDF). Atti Pnrlamentnri - Camera dei Deputati. Parlamento Italiano. 23 July 1953. pp. 124–125. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg02/lavori/stenografici/sed0007/sed0007.pdf","url_text":"\"Commemorazione di Dante Livio Bianco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corso Dante Livio Bianco, 15, 12010 Valdieri CN, Italia\". Tutti i CAP italiani con ricerca per Indirizzo, ocalità, strada, posto, comune, provincia, regione. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tutticap.com/i-15-corso-dante-livio-bianco-valdieri-valdieri-cuneo-piemonte-12010/","url_text":"\"Corso Dante Livio Bianco, 15, 12010 Valdieri CN, Italia\""}]},{"reference":"Laura Zanlungo; Leonardo Gambino. \"AQuMe - Associazione \"il Quartiere e la Memoria\"\". Progetto: “C’era una volta Mirafiori”, Torino, Circoscrizione. Diazilla. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://diazilla.com/doc/848125/aqume---associazione-%E2%80%9Cil-quartiere-e-la-memoria%E2%80%9D-progetto...","url_text":"\"AQuMe - Associazione \"il Quartiere e la Memoria\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rifugio Dante Livio Bianco\". Piemonte - Alpi Marittime - Valle Gesso - Valle della Meris - Lago Sottano della Sella …. 1910 mt slm. CAI - Club Alpino Italiano: Sezione di Cuneo. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caicuneo.it/rifugi_e_bivacchi/rifugio-dante-livio-bianco/","url_text":"\"Rifugio Dante Livio Bianco\""}]},{"reference":"\"The firm … History\". Grande Stevens, Studio Legale, Torino. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grandestevens.it/eng/storia.php","url_text":"\"The firm … History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carlo Galante Garrone (Vercelli 1910- Torino 1997)\". Federazione Italiana Associazioni Partigiane, Milano. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiapitalia.it/presidenti-e-protagonisti/galante-garrone-carlo","url_text":"\"Carlo Galante Garrone (Vercelli 1910- Torino 1997)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/1613/dante-livio-bianco","external_links_name":"\"Dante Livio Bianco\""},{"Link":"https://www.piueventi.it/assets/var/estratto-guide/L%27edera%20e%20l%27olmo%20anteprima.pdf","external_links_name":"\"I capicordata\""},{"Link":"https://www.gedenkorte-europa.eu/de_de/article-bianco-dante-livio-1909-ndash-1953.html","external_links_name":"\"Bianco, Dante Livio (1909–1953)\""},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-livio-bianco_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/","external_links_name":"\"Bianco, Dante Livio\""},{"Link":"http://www.istitutoresistenzacuneo.it/4?testo=20","external_links_name":"\"Chi è Dante Livio Bianco?\""},{"Link":"https://www.byterfly.eu/islandora/object/librib:555865/datastream/PDF/content/librib_555865.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guerra civile \"in interiore homine\"\""},{"Link":"https://en.geneanet.org/archives/actes/actesenligne/810851?p=2","external_links_name":"\"Bianco, Dante Livio: Birth Certificate\""},{"Link":"http://www.metarchivi.it/biografie/p_bio_vis.asp?id=616","external_links_name":"\"Profilo biografico: Dante Livio Bianco\""},{"Link":"http://www.istitutoresistenzacuneo.it/4?testo=21","external_links_name":"\"Motivazione dell'intestazione\""},{"Link":"https://www.letteraicompagnirivista.com/events/19-maggio-1909-nasce-dante-livio-bianco/","external_links_name":"\"19 maggio 1909 nasce Dante Livio Bianco\""},{"Link":"https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2007/06/06/partigiani-amici-nemici.html","external_links_name":"\"Partigiani amici e nemici\""},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/piero-gobetti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/","external_links_name":"\"Gobetti, Piero\""},{"Link":"https://le-citazioni.it/frasi/208815-dante-livio-bianco-signor-presidente-lei-che-tanto-bene-conosce-la-s/","external_links_name":"\"Dante Livio Bianco, da un discorso del 18 settembre 1948, alla presenza del Presidente della Repubblica Luigi Einaudi\""},{"Link":"http://www.chieracostui.com/costui/docs/search/schedaoltre.asp?ID=28040","external_links_name":"\"Dante Livio Bianco\""},{"Link":"https://www.antiwarsongs.org/canzone.php?id=48288&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Brigata GL \"Italia Libera\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.reteparri.it/wp-content/uploads/ic/RAV0068570_1953_22-27_40.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In Memoria di Dante Livio Bianco\""},{"Link":"https://www.doppiozero.com/lultimo-anno-di-guerra-di-nuto-revelli","external_links_name":"\"Tra ferite senza rimedio e speranze di un'Italia migliore / L'ultimo anno di guerra di Nuto Revelli\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2239-6004","external_links_name":"2239-6004"},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/camed_0395-9317_1996_num_52_1_1159","external_links_name":"\"I \"patti\" di Saretto 31 maggio 1944 ed i loro reflessi militari\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0201","external_links_name":"1773-0201"},{"Link":"https://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg02/lavori/stenografici/sed0007/sed0007.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Commemorazione di Dante Livio Bianco\""},{"Link":"https://www.tutticap.com/i-15-corso-dante-livio-bianco-valdieri-valdieri-cuneo-piemonte-12010/","external_links_name":"\"Corso Dante Livio Bianco, 15, 12010 Valdieri CN, Italia\""},{"Link":"https://diazilla.com/doc/848125/aqume---associazione-%E2%80%9Cil-quartiere-e-la-memoria%E2%80%9D-progetto...","external_links_name":"\"AQuMe - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Ko%C5%A1ice	Gyula Kosice	["1 Personal life","2 Early career – 1940s","3 Late career and death (1950s–2016)","4 Legacy","5 Artwork","6 Monuments","7 Small list of exhibitions","8 Published books","9 References","10 External links"]	Czechoslovakian-born Argentine artist and poet This article is about the Argentine artist. For other uses, see Kosice (disambiguation). Gyula KosiceKosice in 2015BornFerdinand Fallik(1924-04-26)26 April 1924Košice, CzechoslovakiaDied25 May 2016(2016-05-25) (aged 92)Buenos Aires, ArgentinaNationalityArgentineNotable workRoyi, Ciudad HidroespacialMovementConcrete Art, Kinetic Art Gyula Kosice (Hungarian: Falk Gyula; 26 April 1924 – 25 May 2016), born as Ferdinand Fallik, was a Czechoslovakian-born and naturalized Argentine sculptor, plastic artist, theorist, and poet. He played a pivotal role in defining the concrete and non-figurative art movements in Argentina and was one of the precursors of kinetic, luminal, and hyrdokinetic avant-garde art. His work was revolutionary in that it used, for the first time in international art scene, water and neon gas as part of the artwork. He created monumental sculptures, hydrospatial walks, hydrowalls, etc. Kosice is also known for his involvement in founding the Association Arte Concreteo – Invacion (AACI) and Grupo Madí. He made more than 40 personal and 500 collective exhibitions all over the world. Personal life Ferdinand Fallik, who later adopted the stage name Gyula Kosice as a tribute to his hometown, was born into an ethnic Hungarian family in Košice, Czechoslovakia on 26 April 1924. He lived there with his parents and two brothers until he was 4 years, at which time his family emigrated to Argentina aboard the Royal Mail Lines (RMS) Alcanatara steamship in 1928. In 1932, at the age of 8, Kosice was orphaned and he and his two brothers were taken in by an immigrant companion of his father. As a child and a young adult, Kosice was an avid reader and frequently visited popular libraries where he discovered the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci. He also began to write poetry, which he continued doing for the rest of his life. Kosice's artistic career began in the 1940s as he started to collaborate and work alongside other ambitious artists who shared similar ideas about what art should be. He was involved in the formation of Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención (AACI) and Grupo Madí. For the remainder of his life, he remained a prominent figure in Arte Madí, continuing to contribute to magazine publications. He continued to create Madí paintings and sculptures, experimenting with new materials including stainless steel, aluminum, bronze, and plexiglass. One of his most notable works, Hydrospatial City, was created to propose an antigravity solution to Earth's large and growing human population and is the subject of many of his publications. Kosice continued to participate in exhibitions and in the creation of monumental works all around the world. In 1945, he met his wife and life-long companion Diyi Laãn. Laãn also was an artist and poet of the Arte Madí group but later gave up her own career to support Kosice and his artistic career In 2005, he turned is workshop in Buenos Aires into a museum. Kosice died in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 25 May 2016. Early career – 1940s In the early 1940s, Kosice started his first non-figurative drawings, paintings, and sculptures. He was inspired by Leonardo da Vinici's to use science and invention to think to the future rather than focusing only on the present. He also wrote texts and poems about interdisciplinary art at this time. Gyula Kosice's art career really started in 1944. In the early 1940s Kosice started going to the Buenos Aires cafes where he met other poets and art enthusiasts. He debated poetry with Alberto Hidalgo and was introduced to Constructivism, the Bauhaus style, and European avant-garde art. It was there that he met the other concrete artists with whom he would later publish the Arturo magazine and form the AACI. The focus in his early art career was about concrete, nonobjective art and how it could radically change society for the better. He worked alongside many other Argentine artists who all shared the same idea that art should reference only itself and should only be made for its own sake. In 1944, he published the journal Arturo with Carmelo Arden Quin, Rhod Rothfuss, Joaquín Torres-García, Tomás Maldonado, and Lidy Prati. The journal had poems, artworks, and articles containing the artists' responses to constructivist art. That same year, he went with this group of artists to host Art concret invention and El movimiento de arte concreto-invención, a couple of private exhibitions on constructivist art in private homes. One of these private exhibitions was in the home of photographer Grete Stern. In 1945, the same group of artists split into two separate groups in Buenos Aires. The first was known as the Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención, which was led by Tomás Maldonado, and consisted of Manuel Espinosa, Lidy Prati, Enio Iommi, Alfredo Hilto and Raúl Lozza along with four of his brothers. The other group was called Grupo Madí, which was founded by Kosice alongside Quin, Ruthfuss and Martín Blaszco. Grupo Madí was unique from AACI in that they wanted to include sculpture, design motifs, and architecture. This gave Kosice a venue to experiment with plastics, water, and neon in his works. The meaning of the group has been called into question many times, but Kosice claimed that the word "Madí" was made-up by the group and carried no meaning whatsoever. The main concern of this group was to reach out beyond the art community and to encourage people in all creative disciplines (such as dancers, architects, and actors) to carry the "Madí spirit". They did this by including articles in their published journals on poems written by others, general art theories, reports on musical events, photos of other exhibitions, and a "Madí Dictionary". Over the next few years, Kosice hosted many international exhibitions with this group of artists. In the Madí Manifesto that Kosice wrote, alongside the other group members, Kosice explained that Madí art is the "absolute value" of the presence and theme of the work, and that it was only to be expressed by nothing more than the unique formal characteristics of the creative discipline that it was made in. His examples were painting with color on a two-dimensional surface, or creating a sculpture that has "movement" but not adding or changing color. Several of Kosice's early works embodied the very principles that helped define the AACI and Madí's artistic goals. Royï (1944): Kosice created this piece during the time of the Arturo art group's first exhibitions in 1944. One of the first artworks to depend on the viewer's participation, Kosice created this wooden structure using hinges and wing nuts. The viewer is encouraged to move parts of the structure to position it as they want to, making this piece one of the first to rely on viewer participation. This artwork was made under the same ideas that define the Kinetic Art movement of the 1960s. Another artwork call Una gota de aqua acunada a todad velocité (1948) was the first artwork to incorporate water and contains a small, motored device that moves an acrylic box filled with water and air. In 1947, Kosice hosted his first personal exhibition of Madí Art at the Bohemien Club in Galerías Pacífico (Buenos Aires, Argentina), which was the first totally non-figurative exhibition in Latin-America. In 1948, he was involved in a Madí exhibition at Réalités Nouvelles, Paris. He was invited by Del Morle and the governing board. He received the collaboration of the France Cultural Attach in Buenos Aires, M. Weibel Reichard. In the late 1940s, Kosice was the first to use neon lighting in his artwork, using them to create non-representational patterns in what he called "Hydrokinetism". Late career and death (1950s–2016) In the late 1950s, Gyula Kosice started to create his motorized "hydrokinetic" sculptures that incorporated the use of neon light, plexiglas, aluminum, and water. These sculptures were Kosice's experimentations with the perception of color, its motion, and how it can make the viewer feel visually unstable. The use of constantly shifting water combined with moving light was what created the feeling of instability as these elements were always in perpetual motion. These "hydrokinetic" sculptures had their roots in the concrete art movement, however they truly fit and thrived in the kinetic art movement. These artworks were exhibited in 1958 at the Galeria Densie René in Paris. In 1965, Kosice made Columnas Hidroluz. Translated as "Hydrolight Columns", this work was made of plastic hemispherical containers that held cycling water inside. This work focused on the effects of light in shifting water on the viewer. As the water and air bubbles constantly moved, this work (and others like it) appeared to "defy the laws of gravity", which made the viewer feel unstable. In the 1970s, Kosice started the Ciudad Hidroespacial project that proposed creating a classless society by building an entirely new city. For many years, he worked on this project. Kosice started this large and radical project out of his interest for space travel. He felt that contemporary architecture was centered around functionality for the powerful people in society more than anything else, and that this focus made the oppression of the lower class in Argentina much worse. He also wanted to model a futuristic urban habitat, which he envisioned spatial architecture that flowed without boundaries like water. Ciudad Hidroespacial consisted of many plexiglass models for architects to create a new large, self-sustaining cosmic city. It was also made of plastic, metal, and many other materials that were collaged onto pictures of cloudy skies. Kosice was granted the Trajectory in Plastics Arts award by the Fondo Nacional de las Artes (National Arts Fund) in 1994. Also was granted the Platinum Konex Award in 1982, the Konex Merit Diploma in 2002, and the Konex Special Mention in 2012 (posthumous). Kosice passed away in 2016 at 92 years of age. Legacy Throughout his lifetime, Gyula Kosice hosted more than 40 personal exhibitions and participated in 500 collective exhibitions all over the world. He is remembered for his innovative contributions to the kinetic art movement in Argentina. He was the first to use neon light and gas, creating nonrepresentational patterns in his sculptures. He created many monumental sculptures, hydrospatial walks, and hydrowalls using these elements. Artwork Röyi, 1944 Esculatra Articulada, 1946 Estructura Lumínica Madí 6, 1946 Una Gota de Agua Acundada a Toda Velocidad, 1948 Talla Directa "C", 1953 Círculos Lumínicos y Llíea de Agua Móvil, 1968 Aerolite, 1970 Viviendas Hidroespaciales en la Constelación de Yael, 1970 Constelaciones No.1 – No.6, 1970–1972 Gota de Agua Móvil, 1980 Cilindro Luminoso y Esfera, 1989 Indermitencia Lumínica, 2010 Monuments Tiempo Para Hidroespaciar, Caracas, Venezuela. 1968 Faro de la cultura, Centenary of the founding of La Plata, Argentina. 1982 El Vuelo de la Paloma, La Paloma, Uruguay. 1985 Homenaje a la Democracia, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2000 Corazón Planetario, Favaloro Foundation, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2000 Tríada – Fuente del Milenio, Junín, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2000 Röyi, Museum of the Park, Portofino, Italy. 2009 Röyi, Museum of Underwater Art (MUMART), Golfo Aranci, Sardinia, Italy. 2010 Júblio, Kunsthalle, Košice, Slovakia. 2014 Small list of exhibitions 1947 Galerías Pacífico, Buenos Aires. (First all non figurative, abstract and kinetic exhibition in Latin America). 1953 Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires. 1960 Kosice, Galerie Denise René, Paris. Exhibition of spatial constructions and first hydraulic sculpture, Drian Gallery, London. 1963 Galerie L'Oeil, Paris. 1964 Galerie La Hune, Paris. 1965 Terry Dintenfass Gallery, New York. 1966 Galería de Arte Moderno, Córdoba, Argentina. 1967 Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires. Kosice, Sculpture: water, light, movement. Galería Bonino, New York. 1968 "100 obras de Kosice, un precursor", Centro de Artes Visuales, Instituto Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires. Kosice, Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires. 150 meters of rain, Florida street, Buenos Aires. 1969 Bijoux et sculptures d'eau, Galerie Lacloche, Paris. 1970 Galería Estudio Actual, Caracas, Venezuela. 1971 "La Ciudad Hidroespacial", Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires. 1972 Galería de Arte del Banco Continental, Lima, Peru. G.K., Foyer del Teatro Municipal General San Martín, Buenos Aires. Exhibition organized by Museo de Arte Moderno de Buenos Aires. 1973 Luis Arango Library, Bogotá, Colombia. 1974 Kosice, Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Kosice bijoux hydrospatial, Espace Cardin, Paris. 1975 La cite' hydrospatial. Espace Cardin, Paris, France. Kosice Works, Galería Pozzi, Buenos Aires. 1977 Exhibition Kosice, aluminum relieves. 1945 – 50. Documents about Madí art. Departamento Cultural Librería de la Ciudad, Galería del Este, Buenos Aires. Hydrospatial Exhibition organized by Argentine "Confagua" and the ONU for the "Water World Conference", Mar del Plata, Argentina. 1979 "Esculturas insólitas, pequeño formato, piezas únicas" Galería Birger, Buenos Aires. Hydrokinetic works, Galería Unika, Punta del Este, Uruguay. Hydrospatial City, City of Buenos Aires Galileo Galilei planetary. 1982 Kosice, Hakone Open Air Museum, Tokyo, Japan. 1985 Kosice's Monumental Works, Centro Cultural de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. 1991 Retrospective Exhibition, 1944 – 1990. Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires. 1999 Anticipations, more than 80 works. Centro Cultural Recoleta, Buenos Aires. 2003 "Homenaje a un creador multifacético. 62 años de trayectoria. Obras Digitales." Centro Cultural Recoleta, Buenos Aires, 2003. 2005 Little Kosice Room. Latin-American Art Museum, Austin, Texas, United States. Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes Rosa Galisteo de Rodríguez – 82nd Annual in Santa Fe, Argentina. Special Guest. 2006 Madí Walk, at Florida Street (Buenos Aires). Tribute to Master Gyula Kosice in Culture and Art, Nation's Senate, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2007 Merryl Lynch Arteaméricas, G. Kosice special guest representing Latin America. Miami, United States. Published books Invención (1945) Golsé-se (1952) Peso y medida de Alberto Hidalgo (1953) Antología madí (1955) Geocultura de la Europa de hoy (1959) Poème hydraulique (1960) Arte hidrocinético (1968) La ciudad hidroespacial (1972) Arte y arquitectura del agua (1974) Arte madí (1982) Del Arte Madí a la Ciudad hidroespacial (1983) Obra poética (1984) Entrevisiones (1985) Teoría sobre el arte (1987) Kosice (1990) Arte y filosofía porvenirista (1996) Madigrafías y otros textos (2006) References ^ Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina . "Gyula Kosice: "El arte es la moneda de lo absoluto"" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015. ^ Official webpage of Gyula Kosice ^ Kosice, Gyula; Rexer, Lyle; RAY, MONTANA (2013). "Gyula Kosice". BOMB (124): 58–64. ISSN 0743-3204. JSTOR 24365444. ^ Rasmussen, Waldo; Bercht, Fatima; Ferrer, Elizabeth (1993). Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Museum of Modern Art. p. 97. ISBN 9780810961210. ^ a b Sullivan, Edward J. (2018). Making the Americas modern : hemispheric art, 1910-1960. London. ISBN 978-1-78627-155-6. OCLC 993420136.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Rasmussen, Waldo; Bercht, Fatima; Ferrer, Elizabeth (1993). Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Museum of Modern Art. p. 87. ISBN 9780810961210. ^ a b Barnitz, Jacqueline; Frank, Patrick (2001). Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 148. ISBN 9781477308042. ^ The American Abstract Artists, ed. (1956). The World of Abstract Art. Great Britain: George Wittenborn Inc. p. 78. ^ a b c Barnitz, Jacqueline; Frank, Patrick (2001). Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 9781477308042. ^ Rasmussen, Waldo; Bercht, Fatima; Ferrer, Elizabeth (1993). Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Museum of Modern Art. p. 88. ISBN 9780810961210. ^ Barnitz, Jacqueline; Frank, Patrick (2001). Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 151. ISBN 9781477308042. ^ a b c "Gyula Kosice. Röyi, 1944 \| Daros Latinamerica Collection". www.daros-latinamerica.net. Retrieved 21 November 2021. ^ a b "Gyula Kósice. Biography". www.cvaa.com.ar. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ a b Barnitz, Jacqueline; Frank, Patrick (2001). Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. Austin, TX: University of Texas. p. 228. ISBN 9781477308042. ^ "The Madí Movement Explained: Connecting Art and Geometry". TheCollector. 16 May 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021. External links Media related to Gyula Kosice at Wikimedia Commons Gyula Kosice’s personal page Kosice’s Blog, both Spanish and English Gyula Kosice at inIVA Gyula Kosice at ArtFact 2013 Bomb Magazine interview of Gyula Kosice by Lyle Rexer and Gabriel Pérez-Barreiro Archived 3 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Argentina Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Academics CiNii Artists Museum of Modern Art RKD Artists ULAN Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kosice (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosice_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"kinetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_art"},{"link_name":"neon gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon"},{"link_name":"monumental sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumental_sculpture"}],"text":"This article is about the Argentine artist. For other uses, see Kosice (disambiguation).Gyula Kosice (Hungarian: Falk Gyula; 26 April 1924 – 25 May 2016), born as Ferdinand Fallik, was a Czechoslovakian-born and naturalized Argentine sculptor, plastic artist, theorist, and poet. He played a pivotal role in defining the concrete and non-figurative art movements in Argentina and was one of the precursors of kinetic, luminal, and hyrdokinetic avant-garde art. His work was revolutionary in that it used, for the first time in international art scene, water and neon gas as part of the artwork.He created monumental sculptures, hydrospatial walks, hydrowalls, etc. Kosice is also known for his involvement in founding the Association Arte Concreteo – Invacion (AACI) and Grupo Madí. He made more than 40 personal and 500 collective exhibitions all over the world.","title":"Gyula Kosice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethnic Hungarian family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Royal Mail Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mail_Steam_Packet_Company"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Arte_Concreto-Invenci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Grupo Madí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Mad%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Diyi Laãn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diyi_La%C3%A3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ferdinand Fallik, who later adopted the stage name Gyula Kosice as a tribute to his hometown, was born into an ethnic Hungarian family in Košice, Czechoslovakia on 26 April 1924. He lived there with his parents and two brothers until he was 4 years, at which time his family emigrated to Argentina aboard the Royal Mail Lines (RMS) Alcanatara steamship in 1928.In 1932, at the age of 8, Kosice was orphaned and he and his two brothers were taken in by an immigrant companion of his father. As a child and a young adult, Kosice was an avid reader and frequently visited popular libraries where he discovered the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci. He also began to write poetry, which he continued doing for the rest of his life.Kosice's artistic career began in the 1940s as he started to collaborate and work alongside other ambitious artists who shared similar ideas about what art should be. He was involved in the formation of Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención (AACI) and Grupo Madí. For the remainder of his life, he remained a prominent figure in Arte Madí, continuing to contribute to magazine publications. He continued to create Madí paintings and sculptures, experimenting with new materials including stainless steel, aluminum, bronze, and plexiglass. One of his most notable works, Hydrospatial City, was created to propose an antigravity solution to Earth's large and growing human population and is the subject of many of his publications. Kosice continued to participate in exhibitions and in the creation of monumental works all around the world.In 1945, he met his wife and life-long companion Diyi Laãn. Laãn also was an artist and poet of the Arte Madí group but later gave up her own career to support Kosice and his artistic careerIn 2005, he turned is workshop in Buenos Aires into a museum.Kosice died in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 25 May 2016.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Constructivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"Carmelo Arden Quin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelo_Arden_Quin"},{"link_name":"Rhod Rothfuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhod_Rothfuss"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Torres-García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Torres-Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Tomás Maldonado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Maldonado"},{"link_name":"Lidy Prati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidy_Prati"},{"link_name":"Grete Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Stern"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tomás Maldonado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Maldonado"},{"link_name":"Manuel Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Espinosa"},{"link_name":"Lidy Prati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidy_Prati"},{"link_name":"Enio Iommi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enio_Iommi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Grupo Madí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Mad%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"Madí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"Galerías Pacífico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galer%C3%ADas_Pac%C3%ADfico"},{"link_name":"neon lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lighting"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"In the early 1940s, Kosice started his first non-figurative drawings, paintings, and sculptures. He was inspired by Leonardo da Vinici's to use science and invention to think to the future rather than focusing only on the present.[3] He also wrote texts and poems about interdisciplinary art at this time.Gyula Kosice's art career really started in 1944. In the early 1940s Kosice started going to the Buenos Aires cafes where he met other poets and art enthusiasts. He debated poetry with Alberto Hidalgo and was introduced to Constructivism, the Bauhaus style, and European avant-garde art. It was there that he met the other concrete artists with whom he would later publish the Arturo magazine and form the AACI. The focus in his early art career was about concrete, nonobjective art and how it could radically change society for the better.[4] He worked alongside many other Argentine artists who all shared the same idea that art should reference only itself and should only be made for its own sake.[5] In 1944, he published the journal Arturo with Carmelo Arden Quin, Rhod Rothfuss, Joaquín Torres-García, Tomás Maldonado, and Lidy Prati. The journal had poems, artworks, and articles containing the artists' responses to constructivist art. That same year, he went with this group of artists to host Art concret invention and El movimiento de arte concreto-invención, a couple of private exhibitions on constructivist art in private homes. One of these private exhibitions was in the home of photographer Grete Stern.[6]In 1945, the same group of artists split into two separate groups in Buenos Aires. The first was known as the Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención, which was led by Tomás Maldonado, and consisted of Manuel Espinosa, Lidy Prati, Enio Iommi, Alfredo Hilto and Raúl Lozza along with four of his brothers.[7] The other group was called Grupo Madí, which was founded by Kosice alongside Quin, Ruthfuss and Martín Blaszco. Grupo Madí was unique from AACI in that they wanted to include sculpture, design motifs, and architecture.[5] This gave Kosice a venue to experiment with plastics, water, and neon in his works.The meaning of the group has been called into question many times, but Kosice claimed that the word \"Madí\" was made-up by the group and carried no meaning whatsoever. The main concern of this group was to reach out beyond the art community and to encourage people in all creative disciplines (such as dancers, architects, and actors) to carry the \"Madí spirit\".[8] They did this by including articles in their published journals on poems written by others, general art theories, reports on musical events, photos of other exhibitions, and a \"Madí Dictionary\".Over the next few years, Kosice hosted many international exhibitions with this group of artists.[9] In the Madí Manifesto that Kosice wrote, alongside the other group members, Kosice explained that Madí art is the \"absolute value\" of the presence and theme of the work, and that it was only to be expressed by nothing more than the unique formal characteristics of the creative discipline that it was made in. His examples were painting with color on a two-dimensional surface, or creating a sculpture that has \"movement\" but not adding or changing color.[10]Several of Kosice's early works embodied the very principles that helped define the AACI and Madí's artistic goals. Royï (1944): Kosice created this piece during the time of the Arturo art group's first exhibitions in 1944. One of the first artworks to depend on the viewer's participation, Kosice created this wooden structure using hinges and wing nuts. The viewer is encouraged to move parts of the structure to position it as they want to, making this piece one of the first to rely on viewer participation.[11] This artwork was made under the same ideas that define the Kinetic Art movement of the 1960s. Another artwork call Una gota de aqua acunada a todad velocité (1948) was the first artwork to incorporate water and contains a small, motored device that moves an acrylic box filled with water and air.[12]In 1947, Kosice hosted his first personal exhibition of Madí Art at the Bohemien Club in Galerías Pacífico (Buenos Aires, Argentina), which was the first totally non-figurative exhibition in Latin-America.In 1948, he was involved in a Madí exhibition at Réalités Nouvelles, Paris. He was invited by Del Morle and the governing board. He received the collaboration of the France Cultural Attach in Buenos Aires, M. Weibel Reichard.In the late 1940s, Kosice was the first to use neon lighting in his artwork, using them to create non-representational patterns in what he called \"Hydrokinetism\".[7]","title":"Early career – 1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neon light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lighting"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"Fondo Nacional de las Artes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_Nacional_de_las_Artes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"Konex Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konex_Award"}],"text":"In the late 1950s, Gyula Kosice started to create his motorized \"hydrokinetic\" sculptures that incorporated the use of neon light, plexiglas, aluminum, and water. These sculptures were Kosice's experimentations with the perception of color, its motion, and how it can make the viewer feel visually unstable. The use of constantly shifting water combined with moving light was what created the feeling of instability as these elements were always in perpetual motion. These \"hydrokinetic\" sculptures had their roots in the concrete art movement, however they truly fit and thrived in the kinetic art movement.[9] These artworks were exhibited in 1958 at the Galeria Densie René in Paris.[13]In 1965, Kosice made Columnas Hidroluz. Translated as \"Hydrolight Columns\", this work was made of plastic hemispherical containers that held cycling water inside. This work focused on the effects of light in shifting water on the viewer. As the water and air bubbles constantly moved, this work (and others like it) appeared to \"defy the laws of gravity\", which made the viewer feel unstable.[14]In the 1970s, Kosice started the Ciudad Hidroespacial project that proposed creating a classless society by building an entirely new city. For many years, he worked on this project. Kosice started this large and radical project out of his interest for space travel. He felt that contemporary architecture was centered around functionality for the powerful people in society more than anything else, and that this focus made the oppression of the lower class in Argentina much worse. He also wanted to model a futuristic urban habitat, which he envisioned spatial architecture that flowed without boundaries like water.[15] Ciudad Hidroespacial consisted of many plexiglass models for architects to create a new large, self-sustaining cosmic city. It was also made of plastic, metal, and many other materials that were collaged onto pictures of cloudy skies.[14]Kosice was granted the Trajectory in Plastics Arts award by the Fondo Nacional de las Artes (National Arts Fund) in 1994.[13] Also was granted the Platinum Konex Award in 1982, the Konex Merit Diploma in 2002, and the Konex Special Mention in 2012 (posthumous).Kosice passed away in 2016 at 92 years of age.","title":"Late career and death (1950s–2016)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"text":"Throughout his lifetime, Gyula Kosice hosted more than 40 personal exhibitions and participated in 500 collective exhibitions all over the world.He is remembered for his innovative contributions to the kinetic art movement in Argentina. He was the first to use neon light and gas, creating nonrepresentational patterns in his sculptures. He created many monumental sculptures, hydrospatial walks, and hydrowalls using these elements.[9]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"}],"text":"Röyi, 1944[12]\nEsculatra Articulada, 1946\nEstructura Lumínica Madí 6, 1946\nUna Gota de Agua Acundada a Toda Velocidad, 1948[12]\nTalla Directa \"C\", 1953\nCírculos Lumínicos y Llíea de Agua Móvil, 1968\nAerolite, 1970\nViviendas Hidroespaciales en la Constelación de Yael, 1970\nConstelaciones No.1 – No.6, 1970–1972\nGota de Agua Móvil, 1980\nCilindro Luminoso y Esfera, 1989\nIndermitencia Lumínica, 2010","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tiempo Para Hidroespaciar, Caracas, Venezuela. 1968\nFaro de la cultura, Centenary of the founding of La Plata, Argentina. 1982\nEl Vuelo de la Paloma, La Paloma, Uruguay. 1985\nHomenaje a la Democracia, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2000\nCorazón Planetario, Favaloro Foundation, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2000\nTríada – Fuente del Milenio, Junín, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2000\nRöyi, Museum of the Park, Portofino, Italy. 2009\nRöyi, Museum of Underwater Art (MUMART), Golfo Aranci, Sardinia, Italy. 2010\nJúblio, Kunsthalle, Košice, Slovakia. 2014","title":"Monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galerías Pacífico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galer%C3%ADas_Pac%C3%ADfico"},{"link_name":"Terry Dintenfass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Dintenfass"},{"link_name":"ONU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes_(Buenos_Aires)"},{"link_name":"Centro Cultural Recoleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Cultural_Recoleta"},{"link_name":"Centro Cultural Recoleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Cultural_Recoleta"}],"text":"1947Galerías Pacífico, Buenos Aires. (First all non figurative, abstract and kinetic exhibition in Latin America).1953Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires.1960Kosice, Galerie Denise René, Paris.\nExhibition of spatial constructions and first hydraulic sculpture, Drian Gallery, London.1963Galerie L'Oeil, Paris.1964Galerie La Hune, Paris.1965Terry Dintenfass Gallery, New York.1966Galería de Arte Moderno, Córdoba, Argentina.1967Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires.\nKosice, Sculpture: water, light, movement. Galería Bonino, New York.1968\"100 obras de Kosice, un precursor\", Centro de Artes Visuales, Instituto Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires.\nKosice, Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires.\n150 meters of rain, Florida street, Buenos Aires.1969Bijoux et sculptures d'eau, Galerie Lacloche, Paris.1970Galería Estudio Actual, Caracas, Venezuela.1971\"La Ciudad Hidroespacial\", Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires.1972Galería de Arte del Banco Continental, Lima, Peru.\nG.K., Foyer del Teatro Municipal General San Martín, Buenos Aires.\nExhibition organized by Museo de Arte Moderno de Buenos Aires.1973Luis Arango Library, Bogotá, Colombia.1974Kosice, Israel Museum, Jerusalem.\nKosice bijoux hydrospatial, Espace Cardin, Paris.1975La cite' hydrospatial. Espace Cardin, Paris, France.\nKosice Works, Galería Pozzi, Buenos Aires.1977Exhibition Kosice, aluminum relieves. 1945 – 50. Documents about Madí art. Departamento Cultural Librería de la Ciudad, Galería del Este, Buenos Aires.\nHydrospatial Exhibition organized by Argentine \"Confagua\" and the ONU for the \"Water World Conference\", Mar del Plata, Argentina.1979\"Esculturas insólitas, pequeño formato, piezas únicas\" Galería Birger, Buenos Aires.\nHydrokinetic works, Galería Unika, Punta del Este, Uruguay.\nHydrospatial City, City of Buenos Aires Galileo Galilei planetary.1982Kosice, Hakone Open Air Museum, Tokyo, Japan.1985Kosice's Monumental Works, Centro Cultural de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.1991Retrospective Exhibition, 1944 – 1990. Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires.1999Anticipations, more than 80 works. Centro Cultural Recoleta, Buenos Aires.2003\"Homenaje a un creador multifacético. 62 años de trayectoria. Obras Digitales.\" Centro Cultural Recoleta, Buenos Aires, 2003.2005Little Kosice Room. Latin-American Art Museum, Austin, Texas, United States.\nMuseo Provincial de Bellas Artes Rosa Galisteo de Rodríguez – 82nd Annual in Santa Fe, Argentina. Special Guest.2006Madí Walk, at Florida Street (Buenos Aires).\nTribute to Master Gyula Kosice in Culture and Art, Nation's Senate, Buenos Aires, Argentina.2007Merryl Lynch Arteaméricas, G. Kosice special guest representing Latin America. Miami, United States.","title":"Small list of exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Invención (1945)\nGolsé-se (1952)\nPeso y medida de Alberto Hidalgo (1953)\nAntología madí (1955)\nGeocultura de la Europa de hoy (1959)\nPoème hydraulique (1960)\nArte hidrocinético (1968)\nLa ciudad hidroespacial (1972)\nArte y arquitectura del agua (1974)\nArte madí (1982)\nDel Arte Madí a la Ciudad hidroespacial (1983)\nObra poética (1984)\nEntrevisiones (1985)\nTeoría sobre el arte (1987)\nKosice (1990)\nArte y filosofía porvenirista (1996)\nMadigrafías y otros textos (2006)","title":"Published books"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina [AMIA]. \"Gyula Kosice: \"El arte es la moneda de lo absoluto\"\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mutual_Israelita_Argentina","url_text":"Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150106050158/http://www.amia.org.ar/index.php/news/default/show/news/118","url_text":"\"Gyula Kosice: \"El arte es la moneda de lo absoluto\"\""},{"url":"http://www.amia.org.ar/index.php/news/default/show/news/118","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kosice, Gyula; Rexer, Lyle; RAY, MONTANA (2013). \"Gyula Kosice\". BOMB (124): 58–64. ISSN 0743-3204. JSTOR 24365444.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24365444","url_text":"\"Gyula Kosice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0743-3204","url_text":"0743-3204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24365444","url_text":"24365444"}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen, Waldo; Bercht, Fatima; Ferrer, Elizabeth (1993). Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Museum of Modern Art. p. 97. ISBN 9780810961210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810961210","url_text":"9780810961210"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Edward J. (2018). Making the Americas modern : hemispheric art, 1910-1960. London. ISBN 978-1-78627-155-6. OCLC 993420136.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993420136","url_text":"Making the Americas modern : hemispheric art, 1910-1960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78627-155-6","url_text":"978-1-78627-155-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993420136","url_text":"993420136"}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen, Waldo; Bercht, Fatima; Ferrer, Elizabeth (1993). Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Museum of Modern Art. p. 87. ISBN 9780810961210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810961210","url_text":"9780810961210"}]},{"reference":"Barnitz, Jacqueline; Frank, Patrick (2001). Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 148. ISBN 9781477308042.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477308042","url_text":"9781477308042"}]},{"reference":"The American Abstract Artists, ed. (1956). The World of Abstract Art. Great Britain: George Wittenborn Inc. p. 78.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barnitz, Jacqueline; Frank, Patrick (2001). Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 9781477308042.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477308042","url_text":"9781477308042"}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen, Waldo; Bercht, Fatima; Ferrer, Elizabeth (1993). Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Museum of Modern Art. p. 88. ISBN 9780810961210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810961210","url_text":"9780810961210"}]},{"reference":"Barnitz, Jacqueline; Frank, Patrick (2001). Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 151. ISBN 9781477308042.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477308042","url_text":"9781477308042"}]},{"reference":"\"Gyula Kosice. Röyi, 1944 \| Daros Latinamerica Collection\". www.daros-latinamerica.net. Retrieved 21 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daros-latinamerica.net/essay/gyula-kosice-r%C3%B6yi-1944","url_text":"\"Gyula Kosice. Röyi, 1944 \| Daros Latinamerica Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gyula Kósice. Biography\". www.cvaa.com.ar. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/04biografias_en/kosice_en.php","url_text":"\"Gyula Kósice. Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Barnitz, Jacqueline; Frank, Patrick (2001). Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. Austin, TX: University of Texas. p. 228. ISBN 9781477308042.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477308042","url_text":"9781477308042"}]},{"reference":"\"The Madí Movement Explained: Connecting Art and Geometry\". TheCollector. 16 May 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecollector.com/madi-movement-explained/","url_text":"\"The Madí Movement Explained: Connecting Art and Geometry\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150106050158/http://www.amia.org.ar/index.php/news/default/show/news/118","external_links_name":"\"Gyula Kosice: \"El arte es la moneda de lo absoluto\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.amia.org.ar/index.php/news/default/show/news/118","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806013737/http://www.kosice.com.ar/eng/sintesis-biografica.php","external_links_name":"Official webpage of Gyula Kosice"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24365444","external_links_name":"\"Gyula Kosice\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0743-3204","external_links_name":"0743-3204"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24365444","external_links_name":"24365444"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993420136","external_links_name":"Making the Americas modern : hemispheric art, 1910-1960"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993420136","external_links_name":"993420136"},{"Link":"https://www.daros-latinamerica.net/essay/gyula-kosice-r%C3%B6yi-1944","external_links_name":"\"Gyula Kosice. Röyi, 1944 \| Daros Latinamerica Collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/04biografias_en/kosice_en.php","external_links_name":"\"Gyula Kósice. Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecollector.com/madi-movement-explained/","external_links_name":"\"The Madí Movement Explained: Connecting Art and Geometry\""},{"Link":"http://www.kosice.com.ar/","external_links_name":"Gyula Kosice’s personal page"},{"Link":"http://gyulakosice.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Kosice’s Blog"},{"Link":"http://www.iniva.org/archive/person/167","external_links_name":"Gyula Kosice at inIVA"},{"Link":"http://www.artfact.com/features/viewArtist.cfm?artistRef=6T57A47K4R","external_links_name":"Gyula Kosice at ArtFact"},{"Link":"http://bombmagazine.org/article/7205/gyula-kosice","external_links_name":"2013 Bomb Magazine interview of Gyula Kosice by Lyle Rexer and Gabriel Pérez-Barreiro"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150703131303/http://bombmagazine.org/article/7205/gyula-kosice","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/110749/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000106537376","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000368532954","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/34469625","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpPHfHkKjdDpxfc8qwcT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/14017454","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1136233","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12023514n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12023514n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000044196","external_links_name":"Argentina"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521196706706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/137921608","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273949205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83043524","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20101104006&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1859462X?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/artists/27446","external_links_name":"Museum of Modern Art"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/258528","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500117884","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nw09gp","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/083742425","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_XV_(disambiguation)	Mark XV	["1 Technology","2 Other uses"]	Mark XV or Mark 15 often refers to the 15th version of a product, frequently military hardware. "Mark", meaning "model" or "variant", can be abbreviated "Mk." Mark XV or Mark 15 may refer to: Technology Mark 15 torpedo, 1930 US Navy weapon plagued with development problems in World War II Supermarine Spitfire XV; a designation reserved for use with the Supermarine Seafire Mark 15 nuclear bomb; 1950s American thermonuclear bomb Mark 15 Phalanx CIWS; automated anti-missile gatling gun, entered US Navy service in 1980 Mark 15, a variant of the 8-inch/55-caliber gun MK 15, the US military designation for the McMillan TAC-50 Other uses Mark 15 and Mark XV, the fifteenth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible International Watch Company Mark XV; pilot watch produced from 1999 to 2006 Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mark XV.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mark XV or Mark 15 may refer to:","title":"Mark XV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark 15 torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_15_torpedo"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfire XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire_variants_part_two#Mk_XV_and_Mk_17"},{"link_name":"Mark 15 nuclear bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_15_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"Mark 15 Phalanx CIWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS"},{"link_name":"8-inch/55-caliber gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-inch/55-caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"McMillan TAC-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_TAC-50"}],"text":"Mark 15 torpedo, 1930 US Navy weapon plagued with development problems in World War II\nSupermarine Spitfire XV; a designation reserved for use with the Supermarine Seafire\nMark 15 nuclear bomb; 1950s American thermonuclear bomb\nMark 15 Phalanx CIWS; automated anti-missile gatling gun, entered US Navy service in 1980\nMark 15, a variant of the 8-inch/55-caliber gun\nMK 15, the US military designation for the McMillan TAC-50","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_15"},{"link_name":"International Watch Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Watch_Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mark_XV&namespace=0"}],"text":"Mark 15 and Mark XV, the fifteenth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible\nInternational Watch Company Mark XV; pilot watch produced from 1999 to 2006Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mark XV.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Other uses"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mark_XV&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruswami_Ravichandran	Guruswami Ravichandran	["1 Education","2 References"]	Guruswami RavichandranBorn (1959-05-08) 8 May 1959 (age 65)Kurichikottai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaCitizenshipUnited States (Naturalized)Education National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, BE Brown University, MS, PhD AwardsEringen Medal (2013)Scientific careerFieldsMechanical engineeringInstitutionsCalifornia Institute of TechnologyThesis Dynamic Fracture under Plane Wave Loading (1986)Doctoral advisorRodney CliftonDoctoral studentsSamantha Daly Guruswami Ravichandran (born 8 May 1959) is a professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at California Institute of Technology. He is also serving as the Otis Booth Leadership Chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at Caltech. He served as the director of Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory (GALCIT) at California Institute of Technology from 2009 to 2015. He was named Fellow of the Society for Experimental Mechanics in 2010 and served as the President of the Society for Experimental Mechanics from 2015 to 2016. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2015 for contributions to mechanics of dynamic deformation, damage, and failure of engineering materials. Education Guruswami Ravichandran received his Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) in mechanical engineering from Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli (now known as National Institute of Technology,Tiruchirappalli), formerly affiliated to University of Madras in 1981. He received Master of Science (M.S.) in Solid Mechanics and Structures in 1983, Applied Mathematics in 1984 and Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) in Solid Mechanics and Structures in 1986, all from Brown University. National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli awarded him Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2008. References ^ "Guruswami Ravichandran" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ "G. Ravichandran - Home". ravi.caltech.edu. Retrieved 24 March 2017. ^ "Caltech Aerospace (GALCIT) \| Director". www.galcit.caltech.edu. Retrieved 26 March 2017. ^ "Guruswami Profile" (PDF). Caltech. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2017. ^ "Society for Experimental Mechanics". sem.org. Retrieved 22 December 2021. ^ "Caltech Division of Engineering and Applied Science". www.eas.caltech.edu. Retrieved 24 March 2017. ^ "DAA 2008". NITT.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Aeronautical_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Society for Experimental Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Society_for_Experimental_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Society for Experimental Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Experimental_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"}],"text":"Guruswami Ravichandran (born 8 May 1959) is a professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at California Institute of Technology.[2] He is also serving as the Otis Booth Leadership Chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at Caltech. He served as the director of Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory (GALCIT) at California Institute of Technology from 2009 to 2015.[3][4] He was named Fellow of the Society for Experimental Mechanics in 2010[5] and served as the President of the Society for Experimental Mechanics from 2015 to 2016.He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2015 for contributions to mechanics of dynamic deformation, damage, and failure of engineering materials.","title":"Guruswami Ravichandran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Engineering_College,_Tiruchirappalli"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Technology,Tiruchirappalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Tiruchirappalli"},{"link_name":"University of Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Madras"},{"link_name":"Solid Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Applied Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Tiruchirappalli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Guruswami Ravichandran received his Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) in mechanical engineering from Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli (now known as National Institute of Technology,Tiruchirappalli), formerly affiliated to University of Madras in 1981. He received Master of Science (M.S.) in Solid Mechanics and Structures in 1983, Applied Mathematics in 1984 and Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) in Solid Mechanics and Structures in 1986, all from Brown University.[6] National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli awarded him Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2008.[7]","title":"Education"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Guruswami Ravichandran\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050745/http://ravi.caltech.edu/documents/Ravi_CV.pdf","url_text":"\"Guruswami Ravichandran\""},{"url":"http://ravi.caltech.edu/documents/Ravi_CV.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"G. Ravichandran - Home\". ravi.caltech.edu. Retrieved 24 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ravi.caltech.edu/","url_text":"\"G. Ravichandran - Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caltech Aerospace (GALCIT) \| Director\". www.galcit.caltech.edu. Retrieved 26 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galcit.caltech.edu/people/director","url_text":"\"Caltech Aerospace (GALCIT) \| Director\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guruswami Profile\" (PDF). Caltech. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150714131201/http://ravi.caltech.edu/documents/CV%20for%20Website.pdf","url_text":"\"Guruswami Profile\""},{"url":"http://ravi.caltech.edu/documents/CV%20for%20Website.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Society for Experimental Mechanics\". sem.org. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sem.org/awardsfellow","url_text":"\"Society for Experimental Mechanics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caltech Division of Engineering and Applied Science\". www.eas.caltech.edu. Retrieved 24 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eas.caltech.edu/people/3170/profile","url_text":"\"Caltech Division of Engineering and Applied Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAA 2008\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_swallowing	Sword swallowing	["1 History","2 Anatomy and method","3 Physical consequences","3.1 Medical case reports","4 Contributions to medicine","5 Known sword swallowers","6 Guinness World Records","7 References"]	Performance skill Johnny Fox sword swallowing at Maryland Renaissance Festival. Sword swallowing is a skill in which the performer passes a sword through the mouth and down the esophagus to the stomach. This feat is not swallowing in the traditional sense. The natural processes that constitute swallowing do not take place, but are repressed to keep the passage from the mouth to the stomach open for the sword. The practice is dangerous and there is risk of injury or death. History "The Great Victorina Troupe: originators and presenters of the most marvelous sword swallowing act on earth" Street performer Sword swallowing spread to Greece and Rome in the 1st century AD and to China in the 8th century. In Japan, it became a part of the Japanese acrobatic theatre, Sangaku, which included fire eating, tightrope walking, juggling and early illusion. In Europe, it developed into yet a third distinct type of performance associated with the medieval jongleurs, that of the street performance. Sword swallowing was performed during the Middle Ages as part of street theatre and was popular at festivals and other large gatherings. It began to die out in the mid-19th century and was outlawed in Scandinavia in 1893. Prolific swallower Teodor Olsen famously made an appeal to Haakon VII of Norway, who was not swayed by his performance enough to rescind the ban. According to an early 19th-century English magazine article the abilities of sword-swallowers in India were considered incredible when first reported in England. In 1813 'swallowing the sword' was advertised as among the new and astonishing feats performed by the Indian Jugglers then appearing in London. The troupe was led by the famous juggler and sword swallower Ramo Samee, who continued to perform until his death in London in August 1850, having at times also toured Europe and America. From 1850 to the 1890s a small number of sword swallowers performed in the UK, such as Martha Mitchell (c. 1855) and Benedetti (1863–1895), and in the US, including Lawson Peck (c. 1850s), Ling Look (c. 1872), Wandana (d. 1875), and Harry Parsons (d. 1880). The best-known North American sword swallower of this time was Fred McLone, better known to the public as "Chevalier Cliquot", who performed from 1878 to the early 20th century. In 1893, sword swallowing was featured at the World Columbian Exposition at the Chicago World's Fair. In the early 1900s, traveling circuses and sideshows featured sword swallowers. In Europe performers tried to swallow large numbers of swords; in America there was a focus on the novel and bizarre. Some tried to swallow longer swords, many swords, hot swords, bayonets or glowing neon tubes. Sword swallowers appeared on the same bill as magicians, such as Houdini. Western Europe and England also saw an increase in sword swallowing interest during this period, with many cross-Atlantic influences. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, traveling magic shows from the Orient toured Europe and America; some included sword swallowing. The middle of the 20th century saw a demise in circuses in general and sideshows in particular. Anatomy and method Cross section of the head and inner neck, including the pharynx Position of swallowed sword within swallower The performer must first lean the head back, hyper-extending the neck, and relax the upper esophageal sphincter (a generally involuntary muscle that contracts the top of the esophagus). Retching must be controlled while the sword, lubricated by saliva, is inserted through the mouth and past the pharynx. According to a study on 8 "normal subjects", the transverse diameter of the pharynx at its smallest point is on average 1.7±0.5 cm. Once past the pharynx and esophageal sphincter, the sword passes swiftly, assisted by gravity, straightening the flexible esophagus. The stomach, at an angle to the esophagus, is brought into line as the sword enters through the cardiac opening. Some swallowers consume a large meal or drink water before performing to give the stomach a more vertical orientation, allowing for easier passage of the sword. Careful focus is required to complete the process without injury, as the sword passes within millimetres of vital body parts such as the aorta, heart and lungs. Physical consequences Most serious sword swallowing injuries and fatalities occur after minor injuries or while attempting a feat beyond that of a normal sword swallow. The most common injury is a sore throat when first learning, after frequent consecutive performances, or after swallowing curved swords or several swords at once. Swallowing multiple swords simultaneously over time can also lead to distension of the esophagus. A minor injury may predispose the performer to sustaining a more major one, including perforation of the esophagus, stomach, heart, lungs, and other organs in proximity to the path of the sword, or intestinal bleeding. Twenty-nine deaths have been reported as a result of sword swallowing injuries since 1880. Medical case reports A 59-year-old man experienced chest pain and severe dysphagia following practice for his sword swallowing act. An esophageal perforation was found and surgically repaired; 19 days later a leak at the site required a transhiatal esophagectomy with a left cervical esophagogastrostomy. The patient recovered normally, but ceased the practice of sword swallowing. A 27-year-old woman reported neck pain and a single episode of hematemesis (vomiting blood) after pricking her throat while practicing her sword swallowing act with a sharp dagger. The injury was found to be immediately below the esophageal sphincter, and the patient was admitted to intensive care and placed on intravenous antibiotics and a proton-pump inhibitor. She recovered well and returned to all previous activities with the exception of sword swallowing. Contributions to medicine Hans Rosling of Gapminder Foundation swallows a bayonet during his TED talkThe abilities of sword-swallowers have proven useful to the progress of medical knowledge, specifically in the development and advancement of upper endoscopy. In 1868, Adolf Kussmaul of Freiburg, Germany, performed an esophagoscopy on a sword-swallower using a rigid 47 cm tube, mirrors, and a gasoline lamp. The apparatus, an early endoscope, allowed him to examine the esophagus and the fundus of the stomach. In 1897, a Scottish physician named Stevens performed digestive experiments with a sword swallower assistant. Small metal tubes, pierced with holes and filled with meat, were swallowed and after a time regurgitated, allowing Stevens to examine the extent of the digestion that had taken place. In 1906, a doctor named Cremer performed an electrocardiogram by passing an electrode down the esophagus of a sword swallower. This approach has since been proven useful by numerous studies; esophageal recording at a location in proximity to the heart improves signal detection. From 2003 to 2006, a research study on the effects of sword swallowing was conducted by Dan Meyer of the Sword Swallowers Association International and Dr. Brian Witcombe, consultant radiologist at the Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in Gloucester, England. The results of their research were published in "Sword swallowing and its side effects"' in the December 23, 2006 issue of the British Medical Journal. The paper won the team the 2007 Ig Nobel Prize in Medicine at Harvard. In January 2006, Dan Meyer worked with physicians and researchers in swallowing disorders at Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee to explore whether the techniques involved in sword swallowing could be used to help patients who suffer from swallowing disorders such as dysphagia or achalasia. In 2007, Dai Andrews worked with Dr. Sharon Caplan at Johns Hopkins University on a study to determine whether sword swallowing could be used to help patients who suffer from achalasia, or those who had suffered severe throat trauma. Known sword swallowers Space Cowboy swallowing a sword attached to a metal bar from which weights are suspended Modern sword swallowers include: Aerial Manx Brad Byers Chayne Hultgren - The Space Cowboy Dai Andrews Dan Meyer David Blaine Erik Sprague - The Lizardman (performer) Franz Huber - The Bavarian Daredevil George McArthur - known professionally as "George the Giant (the world's tallest sword swallower)", who played Colossus on the film Big Fish Gregory Paul Mclaren - Lucky Diamond Rich Johnny Strange Josh Routh Matt the Knife Ryan Stock Guinness World Records In 2009, the Guinness World Record for longest sword swallowed was achieved by Natasha Veruschka with a 58 cm (22.83 in) long sword. The Guinness World Record for 'Most swords swallowed underwater' is 5 and was achieved at the Aquarium of the Smokies on February 13, 2016 by Chris Steele. He was also the first person to swallow a sword underwater on May 9, 2006 at Manly Ocean World Aquarium in Sydney Australia. He performed this underwater feat in a tank of live sharks. Chayne Hultgren (a.k.a. The Space Cowboy) also holds the most official 'Guinness World Record' for sword swallowing including 'Most swords swallowed at once' (24 swords), 'Most swords swallowed while juggling' (18 swords), 'Most swords swallowed while riding a unicycle' (3 swords swallowed on a 3m tall unicycle) and 'Longest lightning bolt to strike swallowed sword'. The measured distance the stream of electrical discharge traveled from Australia's largest Tesla Coil, owned and operated by Peter Terren (AKA: Dr Electric), to the handle of Chayne's swallowed sword was 3 feet 10 inches. The sword blade measured 62 cm and was swallowed all the way to the hilt on April 20, 2013, at Perth, WA, Australia. As of July 2016 The Space Cowboy currently holds 44 official Guinness World Records. He is Australia's most prolific record breaker. In 2017, the Guinness World Record for "Largest Curve in a Sword Swallowed" was achieved by Franz Huber with a 133 degree curved sword. Brad Byers holds the Guinness World Record for "The Most Swords Swallowed and Twisted at One Time" by swallowing ten 27 inch swords one at a time and then twisting all ten swords 180 degrees in his throat. Thomas Blackthorne made the sword known as "The Sword of Swords". It holds the Guinness World Record for the most swallowed sword and has been swallowed by 40 of the world's most known sword swallowers. Wang Lei from Dezhou, China holds the Guinness World Record for most swords swallowed in three minutes (27). In 2023, Heather Holliday became the first person to hold a title for swallowing a neon tube. References ^ Hartzman, Marc (2006). American sideshow: an encyclopedia of history's most wondrous and curiously strange performers (First trade paperback ed.). New York. ISBN 1-58542-530-3. OCLC 71843379.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ 'Jugglers in India, from a late narrative', quoted in Select Reviews and Spirit of Foreign Magazines, ed. Enos Bronson, Philadelphia, 1810: p. 124 ^ 'The swallowing of the sword, and the novelty of the other performances, have attracted the attention of the public beyond any thing that has appeared in the metropolis for many years past.' The Times(London, England), 27 July 1813, p. 2 ^ 'The Indian Jugglers surprised the town by swallowing a sword...' The Times,(London, England), 30 September 1820, p. 3 ^ Article from the Salem Gazette, 5 October 1819 ^ Rodenstein, D. O.; Dooms, G.; Thomas, Y.; Liistro, G.; Stanescu, D. C.; Culee, C.; Aubert-Tulkens, G. (1990). "Pharyngeal shape and dimensions in healthy subjects, snorers, and patients with obstructive sleep apnoea". Thorax. 45 (10): 722–727. doi:10.1136/thx.45.10.722. PMC 462713. PMID 2247861. ^ a b Witcombe, Brian. "Sword swallowing uncertainties." British Medical Journal. 5 Nov 2005. Retrieved 16 Sept. 2009 ^ a b c d e f Witcombe, Brian and Meyer, Dan. ' 'Sword swallowing and its side effects.' ' British Medical Journal. 23 Dec. 2006. Retrieved 16 Sept. 2009 ^ "Sword Diet Did Not Agree: M'Lone's Exhibition Had Rather Serious Results." New York Times. 21 Jan. 1894. Retrieved 29 Sept. 2009 ^ a b c Scheinin, Scott A., MD, and Patrick R. Wells, MD. "Esophageal Perforation in a Sword Swallower." Texas Heart Institute Journal. 28(2001): 65-68. PMC 101136. 17 Sept. 2009 ^ Martin, Matthew MD, Scott Steele, MD, Philip Mullenix, MD, William Long, MD, and Seth Izenberg, MD. "Management of Esophageal Perforation in a Sword Swallower: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." The Journal of Trauma, Injury Infection, and Critical Care. 59.1(2005): 233-235. ^ Hopkins, Albert A. Magic, Stage Illusions, and Scientific Diversions, Including Trick Photography. New York: Munn & Co., Inc., 1911. ^ Machler, Heinrich E. et al. "A New High-Resolution Esophageal Electrocardiography Recording Technique: An Experimental Approach for the Detection of Myocardial lschemia." Anesthesia & Analgesia. 86.1 (1998): 34-39. 21 November 2009 ^ "Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Center". Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Center. Archived from the original on 2014-03-25. Retrieved 2013-01-01. ^ Amy Kraft (25 February 2014). "How to swallow a sword". The Week. Retrieved 24 March 2014. ^ "Longest Sword Swallowed". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 25 March 2014. ^ "Most swords swallowed underwater". ^ Chayne Hultgren TheSpaceCowboy (26 April 2013). "Shocking World Record by The Space Cowboy!!! (Electric sword swallow)". Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube. ^ "The Space Cowboy: Chayne Hultgren – Record Holder Profile video". 4 September 2012. ^ "Largest Curve in a Sword Swallowed". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 25 March 2014. ^ "Most Swords Swallowed and Twisted". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 25 March 2014. ^ "Most Swallowed Sword". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 25 March 2014. ^ "Longest neon tube swallowed". Guinness World Records. 2023-02-23. Retrieved 2024-01-16. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sword swallowing. Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sword-Swallower_Johnny_Fox.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johnny Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Fox_(performer)"},{"link_name":"Maryland Renaissance Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Renaissance_Festival"},{"link_name":"sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"swallowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallowing"},{"link_name":"mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mouth"}],"text":"Johnny Fox sword swallowing at Maryland Renaissance Festival.Sword swallowing is a skill in which the performer passes a sword through the mouth and down the esophagus to the stomach. This feat is not swallowing in the traditional sense. The natural processes that constitute swallowing do not take place, but are repressed to keep the passage from the mouth to the stomach open for the sword. The practice is dangerous and there is risk of injury or death.","title":"Sword swallowing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_great_Victorina_Troupe.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sword_swallower_in_1980.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Sangaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarugaku"},{"link_name":"fire eating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_eating"},{"link_name":"tightrope walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tightrope_walking"},{"link_name":"juggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling"},{"link_name":"illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"jongleurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongleur"},{"link_name":"street performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busking"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"street theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_theatre"},{"link_name":"Haakon VII of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"World Columbian Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Columbian_Exposition"},{"link_name":"circuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"},{"link_name":"sideshows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideshow"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"bayonets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet"},{"link_name":"neon tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_sign"},{"link_name":"Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"sideshows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideshow"}],"text":"\"The Great Victorina Troupe: originators and presenters of the most marvelous sword swallowing act on earth\"Street performerSword swallowing spread to Greece and Rome in the 1st century AD and to China in the 8th century. In Japan, it became a part of the Japanese acrobatic theatre, Sangaku, which included fire eating, tightrope walking, juggling and early illusion. In Europe, it developed into yet a third distinct type of performance associated with the medieval jongleurs, that of the street performance.Sword swallowing was performed during the Middle Ages as part of street theatre and was popular at festivals and other large gatherings. It began to die out in the mid-19th century and was outlawed in Scandinavia in 1893. Prolific swallower Teodor Olsen famously made an appeal to Haakon VII of Norway, who was not swayed by his performance enough to rescind the ban.[1]According to an early 19th-century English magazine article[2] the abilities of sword-swallowers in India were considered incredible when first reported in England. In 1813 'swallowing the sword' was advertised as among the new and astonishing feats[3][4] performed by the Indian Jugglers then appearing in London. The troupe was led by the famous juggler and sword swallower Ramo Samee, who continued to perform until his death in London in August 1850, having at times also toured Europe and America.[5] From 1850 to the 1890s a small number of sword swallowers performed in the UK, such as Martha Mitchell (c. 1855) and Benedetti (1863–1895), and in the US, including Lawson Peck (c. 1850s), Ling Look (c. 1872), Wandana (d. 1875), and Harry Parsons (d. 1880). The best-known North American sword swallower of this time was Fred McLone, better known to the public as \"Chevalier Cliquot\", who performed from 1878 to the early 20th century.In 1893, sword swallowing was featured at the World Columbian Exposition at the Chicago World's Fair.In the early 1900s, traveling circuses and sideshows featured sword swallowers. In Europe performers tried to swallow large numbers of swords; in America there was a focus on the novel and bizarre.[clarification needed] Some tried to swallow longer swords, many swords, hot swords, bayonets or glowing neon tubes. Sword swallowers appeared on the same bill as magicians, such as Houdini. Western Europe and England also saw an increase in sword swallowing interest during this period, with many cross-Atlantic influences. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, traveling magic shows from the Orient toured Europe and America; some included sword swallowing. The middle of the 20th century saw a demise in circuses in general and sideshows in particular.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu01_head_neck.jpg"},{"link_name":"pharynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gould_Pyle_221.jpg"},{"link_name":"esophageal sphincter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_sphincter"},{"link_name":"esophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus"},{"link_name":"Retching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retching"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"pharynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx"},{"link_name":"esophageal sphincter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_sphincter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSU-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSU-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM-8"}],"text":"Cross section of the head and inner neck, including the pharynxPosition of swallowed sword within swallowerThe performer must first lean the head back, hyper-extending the neck, and relax the upper esophageal sphincter (a generally involuntary muscle that contracts the top of the esophagus). Retching must be controlled while the sword, lubricated by saliva, is inserted through the mouth and past the pharynx.According to a study on 8 \"normal subjects\", the transverse diameter of the pharynx at its smallest point is on average 1.7±0.5 cm.[6]Once past the pharynx and esophageal sphincter, the sword passes swiftly, assisted by gravity, straightening the flexible esophagus. The stomach, at an angle to the esophagus, is brought into line as the sword enters through the cardiac opening.[7] Some swallowers consume a large meal or drink water before performing to give the stomach a more vertical orientation, allowing for easier passage of the sword.[7] Careful focus is required to complete the process without injury, as the sword passes within millimetres of vital body parts such as the aorta, heart and lungs.[8]","title":"Anatomy and method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM-8"}],"text":"Most serious sword swallowing injuries and fatalities occur after minor injuries or while attempting a feat beyond that of a normal sword swallow.[8] The most common injury is a sore throat when first learning, after frequent consecutive performances, or after swallowing curved swords or several swords at once.[8] Swallowing multiple swords simultaneously over time can also lead to distension of the esophagus.[9] A minor injury may predispose the performer to sustaining a more major one, including perforation of the esophagus, stomach, heart, lungs, and other organs in proximity to the path of the sword, or intestinal bleeding. Twenty-nine deaths have been reported as a result of sword swallowing injuries since 1880.[8]","title":"Physical consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPSS-10"},{"link_name":"proton-pump inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Medical case reports","text":"A 59-year-old man experienced chest pain and severe dysphagia following practice for his sword swallowing act. An esophageal perforation was found and surgically repaired; 19 days later a leak at the site required a transhiatal esophagectomy with a left cervical esophagogastrostomy. The patient recovered normally, but ceased the practice of sword swallowing.[10]\nA 27-year-old woman reported neck pain and a single episode of hematemesis (vomiting blood) after pricking her throat while practicing her sword swallowing act with a sharp dagger. The injury was found to be immediately below the esophageal sphincter, and the patient was admitted to intensive care and placed on intravenous antibiotics and a proton-pump inhibitor. She recovered well and returned to all previous activities with the exception of sword swallowing.[11]","title":"Physical consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Rosling_swallows_sword.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans Rosling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Rosling"},{"link_name":"bayonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet"},{"link_name":"TED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPSS-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPSS-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dan Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Meyer_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire Royal Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Royal_Hospital"},{"link_name":"British Medical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Journal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM-8"},{"link_name":"Ig Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Dan Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Meyer_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"dysphagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia"},{"link_name":"achalasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achalasia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dai Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"achalasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achalasia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Hans Rosling of Gapminder Foundation swallows a bayonet during his TED talkThe abilities of sword-swallowers have proven useful to the progress of medical knowledge, specifically in the development and advancement of upper endoscopy.[10]In 1868, Adolf Kussmaul of Freiburg, Germany, performed an esophagoscopy on a sword-swallower using a rigid 47 cm tube, mirrors, and a gasoline lamp.[8] The apparatus, an early endoscope, allowed him to examine the esophagus and the fundus of the stomach.[10]In 1897, a Scottish physician named Stevens performed digestive experiments with a sword swallower assistant. Small metal tubes, pierced with holes and filled with meat, were swallowed and after a time regurgitated, allowing Stevens to examine the extent of the digestion that had taken place.[12]In 1906, a doctor named Cremer performed an electrocardiogram by passing an electrode down the esophagus of a sword swallower.[citation needed] This approach has since been proven useful by numerous studies; esophageal recording at a location in proximity to the heart improves signal detection.[13]From 2003 to 2006, a research study on the effects of sword swallowing was conducted by Dan Meyer of the Sword Swallowers Association International and Dr. Brian Witcombe, consultant radiologist at the Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in Gloucester, England. The results of their research were published in \"Sword swallowing and its side effects\"' in the December 23, 2006 issue of the British Medical Journal.[8] The paper won the team the 2007 Ig Nobel Prize in Medicine at Harvard.In January 2006, Dan Meyer worked with physicians and researchers in swallowing disorders at Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee to explore whether the techniques involved in sword swallowing could be used to help patients who suffer from swallowing disorders such as dysphagia or achalasia.[14]In 2007, Dai Andrews worked with Dr. Sharon Caplan at Johns Hopkins University on a study to determine whether sword swallowing could be used to help patients who suffer from achalasia, or those who had suffered severe throat trauma.[15]","title":"Contributions to medicine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Space_Cowboy_sword_swallowing.JPG"},{"link_name":"Space Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Cowboy_(performer)"},{"link_name":"Aerial Manx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_Manx"},{"link_name":"Brad Byers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Byers"},{"link_name":"Space Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Cowboy_(performer)"},{"link_name":"Dai Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Dan Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Meyer_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"David Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blaine"},{"link_name":"The Lizardman (performer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizardman_(performer)"},{"link_name":"The Bavarian Daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bavarian_Daredevil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Big Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Fish"},{"link_name":"Lucky Diamond Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Diamond_Rich"},{"link_name":"Johnny Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Strange"},{"link_name":"Josh Routh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Routh"},{"link_name":"Matt the Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_the_Knife"},{"link_name":"Ryan Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Stock"}],"text":"Space Cowboy swallowing a sword attached to a metal bar from which weights are suspendedModern sword swallowers include:Aerial Manx\nBrad Byers\nChayne Hultgren - The Space Cowboy\nDai Andrews\nDan Meyer\nDavid Blaine\nErik Sprague - The Lizardman (performer)\nFranz Huber - The Bavarian Daredevil\nGeorge McArthur - known professionally as \"George the Giant (the world's tallest sword swallower)\", who played Colossus on the film Big Fish\nGregory Paul Mclaren - Lucky Diamond Rich\nJohnny Strange\nJosh Routh\nMatt the Knife\nRyan Stock","title":"Known sword swallowers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Brad Byers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Byers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/95297-most-swords-swallowed-in-3-minutes#:~:text=The%20most%20swords%20swallowed%20in,record%20from%2022%20to%2027."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In 2009, the Guinness World Record for longest sword swallowed was achieved by Natasha Veruschka with a 58 cm (22.83 in) long sword.[16]The Guinness World Record for 'Most swords swallowed underwater' is 5 and was achieved at the Aquarium of the Smokies on February 13, 2016 by Chris Steele. He was also the first person to swallow a sword underwater on May 9, 2006 at Manly Ocean World Aquarium in Sydney Australia. He performed this underwater feat in a tank of live sharks.[17]Chayne Hultgren (a.k.a. The Space Cowboy) also holds the most official 'Guinness World Record' for sword swallowing including 'Most swords swallowed at once' (24 swords), 'Most swords swallowed while juggling' (18 swords), 'Most swords swallowed while riding a unicycle' (3 swords swallowed on a 3m tall unicycle) and 'Longest lightning bolt to strike swallowed sword'. The measured distance the stream of electrical discharge traveled from Australia's largest Tesla Coil, owned and operated by Peter Terren (AKA: Dr Electric), to the handle of Chayne's swallowed sword was 3 feet 10 inches. The sword blade measured 62 cm and was swallowed all the way to the hilt on April 20, 2013, at Perth, WA, Australia.[18][19]\nAs of July 2016 The Space Cowboy currently holds 44 official Guinness World Records. He is Australia's most prolific record breaker.In 2017, the Guinness World Record for \"Largest Curve in a Sword Swallowed\" was achieved by Franz Huber with a 133 degree curved sword.[20]Brad Byers holds the Guinness World Record for \"The Most Swords Swallowed and Twisted at One Time\" by swallowing ten 27 inch swords one at a time and then twisting all ten swords 180 degrees in his throat.[21]Thomas Blackthorne made the sword known as \"The Sword of Swords\". It holds the Guinness World Record for the most swallowed sword and has been swallowed by 40 of the world's most known sword swallowers.[22]Wang Lei from Dezhou, China holds the Guinness World Record for most swords swallowed in three minutes (27). [2]In 2023, Heather Holliday became the first person to hold a title for swallowing a neon tube. [23]","title":"Guinness World Records"}]	[{"image_text":"Johnny Fox sword swallowing at Maryland Renaissance Festival.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sword-Swallower_Johnny_Fox.jpg/400px-Sword-Swallower_Johnny_Fox.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Great Victorina Troupe: originators and presenters of the most marvelous sword swallowing act on earth\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_great_Victorina_Troupe.jpg/220px-The_great_Victorina_Troupe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Street performer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sword_swallower_in_1980.jpg/220px-Sword_swallower_in_1980.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cross section of the head and inner neck, including the pharynx","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/198px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Position of swallowed sword within swallower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gould_Pyle_221.jpg/220px-Gould_Pyle_221.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hans Rosling of Gapminder Foundation swallows a bayonet during his TED talk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hans_Rosling_swallows_sword.jpg/220px-Hans_Rosling_swallows_sword.jpg"},{"image_text":"Space Cowboy swallowing a sword attached to a metal bar from which weights are suspended","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Space_Cowboy_sword_swallowing.JPG/220px-Space_Cowboy_sword_swallowing.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hartzman, Marc (2006). American sideshow: an encyclopedia of history's most wondrous and curiously strange performers (First trade paperback ed.). New York. ISBN 1-58542-530-3. OCLC 71843379.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58542-530-3","url_text":"1-58542-530-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71843379","url_text":"71843379"}]},{"reference":"Rodenstein, D. O.; Dooms, G.; Thomas, Y.; Liistro, G.; Stanescu, D. C.; Culee, C.; Aubert-Tulkens, G. (1990). \"Pharyngeal shape and dimensions in healthy subjects, snorers, and patients with obstructive sleep apnoea\". Thorax. 45 (10): 722–727. doi:10.1136/thx.45.10.722. PMC 462713. PMID 2247861.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC462713","url_text":"\"Pharyngeal shape and dimensions in healthy subjects, snorers, and patients with obstructive sleep apnoea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.45.10.722","url_text":"10.1136/thx.45.10.722"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC462713","url_text":"462713"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2247861","url_text":"2247861"}]},{"reference":"\"Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Center\". Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Center. Archived from the original on 2014-03-25. Retrieved 2013-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140325013416/http://www.vanderbiltstallworthrehab.com/en/healthcare-professionals/leading-technologies/vitastim-therapy","url_text":"\"Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Center\""},{"url":"http://www.vanderbiltstallworthrehab.com/en/healthcare-professionals/leading-technologies/vitastim-therapy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amy Kraft (25 February 2014). \"How to swallow a sword\". The Week. Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://theweek.com/article/index/256861/how-to-swallow-a-sword","url_text":"\"How to swallow a sword\""}]},{"reference":"\"Longest Sword Swallowed\". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 25 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/longest-sword-swallowed/","url_text":"\"Longest Sword Swallowed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most swords swallowed underwater\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-swords-swallowed-underwater","url_text":"\"Most swords swallowed underwater\""}]},{"reference":"Chayne Hultgren TheSpaceCowboy (26 April 2013). \"Shocking World Record by The Space Cowboy!!! (Electric sword swallow)\". Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UMclIYkApM","url_text":"\"Shocking World Record by The Space Cowboy!!! (Electric sword swallow)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/9UMclIYkApM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Space Cowboy: Chayne Hultgren – Record Holder Profile video\". 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/9/the-space-cowboy-chayne-hultgren-record-holder-profile-video-44570","url_text":"\"The Space Cowboy: Chayne Hultgren – Record Holder Profile video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Largest Curve in a Sword Swallowed\". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 25 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-7000/largest-curve-in-a-sword-swallowed/","url_text":"\"Largest Curve in a Sword Swallowed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most Swords Swallowed and Twisted\". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 25 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-11000/most-swords-swallowed-and-twisted/","url_text":"\"Most Swords Swallowed and Twisted\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most Swallowed Sword\". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 25 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/most-swallowed-sword/","url_text":"\"Most Swallowed Sword\""}]},{"reference":"\"Longest neon tube swallowed\". Guinness World Records. 2023-02-23. Retrieved 2024-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/739024-longest-neon-tube-swallowed","url_text":"\"Longest neon tube swallowed\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/95297-most-swords-swallowed-in-3-minutes#:~:text=The%20most%20swords%20swallowed%20in,record%20from%2022%20to%2027.","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71843379","external_links_name":"71843379"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AvQ0AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22jugglers+in+india%2C+from+a+late+narrative%22&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC462713","external_links_name":"\"Pharyngeal shape and dimensions in healthy subjects, snorers, and patients with obstructive sleep apnoea\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.45.10.722","external_links_name":"10.1136/thx.45.10.722"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC462713","external_links_name":"462713"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2247861","external_links_name":"2247861"},{"Link":"http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7524/1080??","external_links_name":"\"Sword swallowing uncertainties.\""},{"Link":"http://www.bmj.com/content/333/7582/1285.full","external_links_name":"' 'Sword swallowing and its side effects.' '"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/","external_links_name":"\"Sword Diet Did Not Agree: M'Lone's Exhibition Had Rather Serious Results.\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC101136/","external_links_name":"\"Esophageal Perforation in a Sword Swallower.\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC101136/","external_links_name":"101136"},{"Link":"http://www.anesthanalg.com/content/86/1/34.full.pdf+html","external_links_name":"\"A New High-Resolution Esophageal Electrocardiography Recording Technique: An Experimental Approach for the Detection of Myocardial lschemia.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140325013416/http://www.vanderbiltstallworthrehab.com/en/healthcare-professionals/leading-technologies/vitastim-therapy","external_links_name":"\"Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.vanderbiltstallworthrehab.com/en/healthcare-professionals/leading-technologies/vitastim-therapy","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://theweek.com/article/index/256861/how-to-swallow-a-sword","external_links_name":"\"How to swallow a sword\""},{"Link":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/longest-sword-swallowed/","external_links_name":"\"Longest Sword Swallowed\""},{"Link":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-swords-swallowed-underwater","external_links_name":"\"Most swords swallowed underwater\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UMclIYkApM","external_links_name":"\"Shocking World Record by The Space Cowboy!!! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Kurtulu%C5%9F	Yusuf Kurtuluş	["1 Club career","2 References"]	Turkish footballer Yusuf KurtuluşPersonal informationFull name Yusuf KurtuluşDate of birth (1986-09-15) September 15, 1986 (age 37)Place of birth Trabzon, TurkeyHeight 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career2002–2004 Trabzonspor A2Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2004–2008 Trabzonspor 2005–2007 → Darıca Gençlerbirliği (loan) 2008 → Konyaspor (loan) 2008–2009 Denizlispor 10 (1)2009 Giresunspor 2009–2010 Konyaspor 25 (2)2010–2011 Kayseri Erciyesspor 15 (0)2011–2012 Elazığspor 2012–2013 Adana Demirspor 2013-2014 Ankaraspur 2014 Altay SK 2014-2015 Orduspor 2015 Tepikspur 2015-2016 Bayrampaşa 2016 Bayburt Grup Ol 2017 Orhangazispor 2019-2020 K. Yelken 2020 Inkilap SK Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14:37, 17 December 2010 (UTC) Yusuf Kurtuluş (born 15 September 1986 in Of) is a former Turkish footballer. He last played for Inkilap SK. Club career Kurtuluş began playing football in Trabzonspor's famous youth academy and was a vital member in Trabzonspor's 2003-2004 PAF (reserves) championship side. He went on loan for 2 seasons at TFF Second League side Darica Genclerbirligi to gain experience. Yusuf was called back to Trabzonspor in the 2007–08 pre-season camp where he caught the attention of the coaching staff with his talent. His talent was shown in the UEFA Intertoto Cup where he thrilled the fans and media, with his playmaking abilities and by scoring a goal. Kurtuluş made only one appearance for Trabzonspor in the Süper Lig before he went on loan to Konyaspor in February 2008, and left Trabzonspor on a permanent transfer to Denizlispor in August 2008. References ^ "Stats Centre: Yusuf Kurtuluş Facts". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-04-03. This biographical article related to a Turkish association football midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"Yusuf Kurtuluş (born 15 September 1986 in Of) is a former Turkish footballer. He last played for Inkilap SK.","title":"Yusuf Kurtuluş"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trabzonspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzonspor"},{"link_name":"TFF Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_Second_League"},{"link_name":"Darica Genclerbirligi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darica_Genclerbirligi"},{"link_name":"UEFA Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"Trabzonspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzonspor"},{"link_name":"Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"Konyaspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konyaspor"},{"link_name":"Denizlispor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizlispor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kurtuluş began playing football in Trabzonspor's famous youth academy and was a vital member in Trabzonspor's 2003-2004 PAF (reserves) championship side. He went on loan for 2 seasons at TFF Second League side Darica Genclerbirligi to gain experience. Yusuf was called back to Trabzonspor in the 2007–08 pre-season camp where he caught the attention of the coaching staff with his talent. His talent was shown in the UEFA Intertoto Cup where he thrilled the fans and media, with his playmaking abilities and by scoring a goal.Kurtuluş made only one appearance for Trabzonspor in the Süper Lig before he went on loan to Konyaspor in February 2008, and left Trabzonspor on a permanent transfer to Denizlispor in August 2008.[1]","title":"Club career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Stats Centre: Yusuf Kurtuluş Facts\". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?Lang=0&CTID=26&CPID=66&pStr=Player&PLID=205034&TEID=1033","url_text":"\"Stats Centre: Yusuf Kurtuluş Facts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian.co.uk","url_text":"Guardian.co.uk"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?Lang=0&CTID=26&CPID=66&pStr=Player&PLID=205034&TEID=1033","external_links_name":"\"Stats Centre: Yusuf Kurtuluş Facts\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_Kurtulu%C5%9F&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Theatre_of_the_Hermitage	Hermitage Theatre	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 59°56′33″N 30°19′04″E / 59.942614°N 30.317794°E / 59.942614; 30.317794Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Interior of the Hermitage Theatre Hemitage Theatre on the Palace Embankment of Neva River Hermitage Bridge in front of the theatre The Hermitage Theatre (Russian: Эрмитажный Театр, romanized: Èrmitážnyj Teátr, IPA: ) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of five Hermitage buildings lining the Palace Embankment of the Neva River. The Hermitage Theatre was the second theatre of the Winter Palace. It replaced the Russian Imperial Theater, which operated from 1764 until 1783. The Hermitage Theatre was built between 1783 and 1787 at the behest of Catherine the Great to a Palladian design by Giacomo Quarenghi. The crumbling Third Winter Palace of Peter the Great was demolished to make room for the new structure, although its old foundations are still visible in the ground floor. Quarenghi's designs for the theatre were engraved and published in 1787, earning him a European reputation. The semicircular auditorium is decorated with color marble and surrounded with ten niches for statues of Apollo and the muses. As the interior has never been overhauled, the original stage machinery remains in situ, but the elaborate sets, an acclaimed work of the Italian artist Pietro Gonzaga (1751-1831), were lost during the years of Soviet neglect. The ceremonial opening of the theatre took place on 22 November 1785. Though the auditorium could seat no more than 250 spectators, it was often overcrowded. Usually, the performance would be attended by several dozen aristocratic spectators, all invited by the monarch herself. As a sign of gratitude, a separate loge was reserved for the architect Quarenghi and his family. In the 19th century, selected members of the diplomatic corps were admitted to the theatre as well. Although the building was used to entertain the imperial family until the Russian Revolution, it came to be viewed as a rare monument to Catherine's personal tastes and affections. The empress brought out several comedies specifically to be staged in this theatre, which also saw the premieres of Domenico Cimarosa's operas composed to her own librettos. As for the costumes, they were chosen from a 15,000-dress personal wardrobe of the late Empress Elizabeth. Mathilde Kschessinska, Anna Pavlova, and Fyodor Chaliapin were among the great artists who performed at the Hermitage Theatre for the last Russian tsar. Among the ballets performed there was the premiere of Marius Petipa's Harlequinade, in 1900. The Bolsheviks closed the theatre and utilised the building for administrative purposes. It was not until 1991 that performances were resumed on this stage, with the likes of Svyatoslav Richter, Mstislav Rostropovich and Yelena Obraztsova appearing as guest stars. vteWinter Canal Legend Moyka Second Winter Bridge Moika river embankment Military archive First Winter Bridge Millionnaya Street Descent to W. Canal Noviy Hermitage General Staff Building Descent to W. Canal Hermitage Arch Hermitage theatre Bolshoy Hermitage Hermitage Bridge Palace Embankment Descent to Neva Neva References Avramenko S.I. Воспоминания об Эрмитажном театре. SPb, 1992. External links Website of the Hermitage Theatre Website of the Hermitage Museum Historical outline 59°56′33″N 30°19′04″E / 59.942614°N 30.317794°E / 59.942614; 30.317794 vteLocations of the State Hermitage MuseumWinter Palace and Hermitage Alexander Hall Arabian Hall Armorial Hall Field Marshals' Hall Gardens Gold Drawing Room Grand Church Jordan Staircase Malachite Room Military Gallery Neva Enfilade Private Apartments Rotunda Small Throne Room St George's Hall and Apollo Room Theatre White Hall Elsewhere in Saint Petersburg General Staff Building Menshikov Palace Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange OverseasActive Hermitage-Vyborg Center Defunct Guggenheim Hermitage Museum Hermitage Rooms Vilnius Guggenheim Hermitage Museum vteSaint Petersburg Districts Federal City Leningrad Oblast General topics Architecture Climate Floods Demographics Economy Flag History Timeline Peter the Great Siege of Leningrad Landmarks People Geography Baltic Sea Gulf of Finland Central Saint Petersburg 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Theatre was the second theatre of the Winter Palace. It replaced the Russian Imperial Theater, which operated from 1764 until 1783. The Hermitage Theatre was built between 1783 and 1787 at the behest of Catherine the Great to a Palladian[citation needed] design by Giacomo Quarenghi. The crumbling Third Winter Palace of Peter the Great was demolished to make room for the new structure, although its old foundations are still visible in the ground floor. Quarenghi's designs for the theatre were engraved and published in 1787, earning him a European reputation.The semicircular auditorium is decorated with color marble and surrounded with ten niches for statues of Apollo and the muses. As the interior has never been overhauled, the original stage machinery remains in situ, but the elaborate sets, an acclaimed work of the Italian artist Pietro Gonzaga (1751-1831), were lost during the years of Soviet neglect.The ceremonial opening of the theatre took place on 22 November 1785. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grayson	William Grayson	["1 Early and family life","2 Return to the Virginia colony","3 American revolutionary","4 Post-War career","5 United States Senate","6 Death and legacy","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	American politician (1742–1790) For other people named William Grayson, see William Grayson (disambiguation). William GraysonUnited States Senatorfrom VirginiaIn officeMarch 4, 1789 – March 12, 1790Preceded byConstituency EstablishedSucceeded byJohn WalkerMember of the Virginia House of Delegates for Prince William CountyIn office1788–1789Serving with Cuthbert BullittPreceded byDaniel Carroll BrentSucceeded byHenry WashingtonMember of the Continental Congress from VirginiaIn office1785–1787Member of the Virginia House of Delegates for Prince William CountyIn office1784–1785Serving with Alexander Scott BullittPreceded byArthur LeeSucceeded byArthur Lee Personal detailsBorn1742Prince William County, VirginiaDiedMarch 12, 1790 (aged 47–48)Dumfries, VirginiaPolitical partyAnti-AdministrationSpouseEleanor SmallwoodRelationsWilliam Grayson Carter (grandson)John B. Grayson (grandson)Alexander D. Orr (nephew)Alma materUniversity of PennsylvaniaMilitary serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch Continental ArmyYears of service1776-1779RankColonelCommandsGrayson's Additional Continental RegimentBattles/warsAmerican Revolutionary War Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Winter at Valley Forge 1777-78 Battle of Monmouth William Grayson (1742 – March 12, 1790) was a planter, lawyer and statesman from Virginia. After leading a Virginia regiment in the Continental Army, Grayson served in the Virginia House of Delegates before becoming one of the first two U.S. Senators from Virginia, as well as a leader of the Anti-Federalist faction. Grayson became the first member of the United States Congress to die while holding office. Early and family life Grayson was born in 1742 to Benjamin and Susannah (Monroe) Grayson at Belle Aire Plantation. in what is now Woodbridge, Virginia. His father had emigrated from Scotland to the confluence of the Potomac River and Quantico Creek which became Dumfries, Virginia. Benjamin Grayson Sr. became a successful merchant and planter, as well as militia officer and (by 1731) one of the justices of the peace (who jointly governed the vast county of that day, in addition to their judicial duties). Their mother, twice-widowed, had been born to an important family upriver in Westmoreland County and had children by her previous marriages to Charles Tyler and William Linton (also a Scottish-born merchant). One of her nephews, James Monroe, would later serve in the Continental Army, succeed this man as U.S. Senator from Virginia and became President of the United States. Susanna Grayson bore three sons (Spence, Benjamin Jr. and William) and a daughter (also Susanna) in this marriage before she died in 1752, when this boy was ten. His father remarried, to another widow, Sarah Ball Ewell, who also had children by prior marriage, but none in this marriage before her husband died in 1757. William was sixteen when his father died, so his eldest brother (Benjamin Grayson Jr.) became his legal guardian until he reached 21 years. Benjamin Grayson Jr. and Spence Grayson, being the elder brothers, inherited their father's business and plantations approximating 2,800 acres in Prince William County, by a will drafted in 1753 which was admitted to probate in 1758 but no longer exists. However, William was well-provided for from the personal estate (which required a 10,000 bond), especially compared to his future commander, George Washington (whose far smaller inheritance caused him to earn a living by surveying beginning as a teenager). One of the Grayson plantations included a house on a hill above Dumfries that became known as "Grayson's Hill" and later "Battery Hill" (for a Confederate battery during the American Civil War). The other, Belle Aire (often confused with a plantation about five miles inland with the same pronunciation but the name Bel Air which was owned and operated by the Ewell family) was between the Occoquan River and Neabsco Creek near the ferry (later bridge) conducting the King's Highway across the Occoquan River and which became Woodbridge, Virginia. It had been the property of William Linton a previous husband of this man's mother, Susan, who married Benjamin Grayson by 1732. William Grayson received his first schooling locally under Charles Tyler, and later became known for familiarity with Latin and Greek as well as English history. His guardian allowed his education in Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania, and (after graduating) William Grayson sailed to England. Although some family sources claim he studied law for two and a half years, and received his degree from the University of Oxford, neither university nor Inns of Court documentation exists to support that tradition, so he was likely apprenticed to British merchant bankers like William Lee. When his brother and guardian Benjamin faced financial troubles in 1762 (so that he mortgaged his entire estate to his brother Spence), William returned home and as his need for a guardian ended, found that his spending abroad had also diminished the capital he had inherited. Grayson married Eleanor Smallwood, a sister of Maryland Governor William Smallwood, who survived him. They had four sons (Frederick, George, Robert and Alfred) and a daughter (Hebe). Return to the Virginia colony About three years after returning to Virginia (probably at the conclusion of a clerkship with a local lawyer), Grayson began practicing law in Prince William County and three nearby counties. The county seat was at Dumfries, Virginia, a port town (now the oldest in the state) not far from Grayson's home as well as Belle Aire Plantation, which his brother Spence Monroe Grayson (1737–1798) inherited in 1757. On the other side of the Occoquan River lay Fairfax County, Virginia, which had split from Prince William County when Grayson was a boy. The wealthiest planter families (who could hire lawyers to protect their interests) owned land in both counties, and often held positions on church vestries, responsible for social welfare activities, including caring for orphans and the poor. Thus Grayson was familiar with local leaders, especially George Mason and George Washington, who served on the vestry of Pohick Church. Furthermore, after his brother Spence Grayson was ordained an Anglican priest in England in 1771, he served as rector of Cameron and Dettingen parishes in Prince William County, so both brothers socialized with Rev. Scott of Pohick Church both vestries. American revolutionary Grayson became involved in the political prelude to the Revolution in Virginia. He was on various Committees of Correspondence and military preparedness, as did nearby planters, including Richard Henry Lee with whom he would serve as the inaugural U.S. Senators from Virginia. In June 1776 he became an assistant secretary to George Washington, and was promoted as an aide-de-camp to Washington in August, which came with the rank of lieutenant colonel. In January 1777, William Grayson recruited a regiment for the Continental Army known as Grayson's Additional Continental Regiment, and served as its colonel (and Spence as its fighting chaplain). The Regiment was attached to General Charles Scott's Brigade and saw frequent action in late 1777 in the Philadelphia Campaign, notably in the delaying skirmishes in Northern New Jersey, the Battle of Brandywine and the Defense of Philadelphia. In the winter of 1777-78, he led his troops to Valley Forge, where they suffered privations, and emerged in the spring with considerably fewer men fit for service. On June 28, 1778, Grayson was central to the Battle of Monmouth. In Scott's absence, Colonel Grayson took temporary command of the brigade, which was in the vanguard of an assault as part of Charles Lee's Advance Guard. Grayson and the brigade were in the center of the battle in 100 degree heat, and held a far superior force to a stalemate, when Lee took personal command of all of his forces, while Grayson himself returned to Washington's field command. General Lee badly misunderstood intelligence he was receiving, and the line broke into a disorganized retreat. Subsequently, Lee was court-marshalled by Washington, and Grayson, as one of the key officers at Monmouth, had to testify at the proceedings. In 1778, William Grayson served on a commission dealing with war prisoners. In 1779, he resigned his military commission to serve on the Congressional Board of War. Post-War career In 1781 Grayson returned to Dumfries and his legal practice. Like many Continental Army officers, he was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He was also elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1780. Like his brothers, Grayson owned slaves. In the 1787 Virginia tax census, by which time his eldest brother Benjamin Jr. had died, William Grayson owned eight enslaved adults in Prince William County, as well as four enslaved teenagers, two horses and eighteen cattle, compared to Rev. Spence Grayson, who owned fourteen enslaved adults, 21 enslaved teenagers, ten horses and 17 cattle. Grayson's political career began in 1784, when he won election as one of Prince William County's two delegates (part time) in the Virginia House of Delegates. He replaced Arthur Lee and the following year would be replaced by the same man, who was then removed from office as disqualified by his federal office. Grayson had not stood for re-election because he was a delegate to the Confederation Congress from 1785 to 1787. While in that office, he helped to pass the Northwest Ordinance, including a provision that forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory. As an Anti-Federalist, he joined George Mason, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry in opposing ratification of the proposed new United States Constitution at the Virginia Ratification Convention in 1788. In that Convention, Grayson argued that the proposed constitution was neither fish nor fowl—neither strong enough for a national government nor decentralized enough for a federal one — and thus eventually would either degenerate into a despotism or result in the dissolution of the Union. Grayson experienced the inflation caused by Virginia and other states issuing paper fiat currency during the Revolutionary War. He later wrote to James Madison that: The Ancients were surely men of more candor than We are; they contended openly for an abolition of debts in so many Words, while we strive as hard for the same thing under the decent and specious pretense of a circulating medium. Montesquieu was not wrong when he said the democratical might be as tyrannical as the despotic, for where is there greater act of despotism than that of issuing paper to depreciate for the paying debts, on easy terms. United States Senate Although the Anti-Federalists lost the battle in opposition of the new Constitution, Patrick Henry, Virginia's leading Anti-Federalist, rewarded Grayson by arranging his election to the first United States Senate. Grayson served from March 4, 1789, until his death on March 12, 1790. He and Richard Henry Lee were the only members of the first Senate who had opposed ratification, and so they were unhappy when the Bill of Rights omitted any provisions making serious corrections to the division of powers between the central government and the states. Grayson continued to believe that the Philadelphia Convention had struck precisely the wrong balance. Death and legacy Grayson and his family had moved to Frederick County, Virginia (where his widow ultimately died), but he died at the home of his brother Rev. Spence Grayson on March 12, 1790. He hand wrote a will shortly before his death which appointed executors and charged them to make "all my slaves born since Independance of America Free", which will was admitted to probate in Frederick County, despite some difficulties with the court clerk, on December 7, 1790. He was the first member of the United States Congress to die in office. Rev. Spence Grayson survived another eight years, and both are interred in the Grayson family vault, with the current address (pathway and historical marker) at 2338 W. Longview Drive, Woodbridge. However, the house long out of family hands was used as a field hospital during the Civil War and the vault tomb dynamited. The estate of Richard Stonnell (who had owned the property and died in 1857) was finally settled though special chancery commissioner Eppa Hunton Jr. in 1887, with S.B. Stonnell receiving a deed and erecting a frame house atop the remaining foundation. The tomb's restoration was opposed by the property owner in 1975, but the Daughters of the American Revolution restored it in 1981 and further restoration occurred in 2005, and 2014, despite the remainder of the property being in private hands. A grandson, William Grayson Carter, became a Kentucky state senator; another grandson was Confederate General John Breckinridge Grayson. Spence Grayson's son John Robinson Grayson (born in 1779 at Belle Aire), was captured near the Occoquan River from the brig Polly, operated by Lund Washington. Impressed into the British Navy, upon his release in 1800, John Grayson became a captain in the United States Navy. During the War of 1812, Capt. Grayson commanded a squadron of gunboats off Georgia, where he settled. The original Belle Aire house, as well as mortuary vault, were destroyed during the American Civil War. The mortuary vault was rebuilt, encased in concrete and buried by the Daughters of the American Revolution in the early 20th century. Grayson County, Kentucky, the city of Grayson, Kentucky, and Grayson County, Virginia, were all named for the senator. in 1976, Prince William County erected a gazebo in Merchant Park beside the Weems-Botts Museum to honor William Grayson, and Virginia also erected a highway marker on Route 1 to commemorate him. See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899) References ^ Joseph Horrell, New Light on William Grayson, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography vol. 92 (1984) ^ Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (1915) vol. 2, p. 10, digitally available at Hathi Trust ^ John T. Phillips, William Grayson of Virginia: The Making of a Revolutionary, Loudoun County Historical Society 1997 p. 1, available at https://diversityandequalityfairsofvirginia.files.wordpress.com/2021/01/1997_william-grayson.pdf ^ Tyler (and other early sources as well as recent sources which rely on him), gives his birth date as 1736 or 1740, which would have made the guardianship unnecessary, although the papers survive ^ Horrell pp. 424-425 ^ Horrell pp. 425-6 ^ Horrell p. 428 ^ Baker, Lucy. "William Grayson and the Constitution." American Spirit Daughters of the American Revolution May–June 2010: 45. Print. ^ Tyler ^ Horrell pp. 429-430 ^ a b Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission file no. 76-259 continuation sheet ^ Horrell pp. 442-443 ^ a b "Prince William Co VA Genealogy: Belle Aire Plantation". ancestry.com. Retrieved January 23, 2015. ^ Sinks, John D. (November 12, 1995). "The Contributions of the Grayson Family to the American Revolution". Retrieved April 18, 2021. ^ a b c Sinks 1995. ^ Heitman (1914), 11 ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved March 31, 2021. ^ Netti Schreiner Yantis and Florene Speakman Love, The 1787 Census of Virginia (Springfield, Virginia; Genealogical Books in PRint, vol. 2, p. 902 ^ Cynthis Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly 1619-1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library 1978) p. 154. ^ McCarthy, Daniel (2010-03-04) A Weekend With Douglass Adair, The American Conservative ^ Grayson, William (June 11, 1788). "We have been told of Phantoms". www.infoplease.com. Retrieved December 11, 2022. ^ Will Book 5, p. 295, available through FHL film #007644644, image 643 of 666, plus email correspondence with Prince William County employee shareable with the public. ^ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Survey form, added to National Registers of Historic Places as 76-259. ^ "William Grayson's Grave Marker". hmdb.org. Retrieved January 23, 2015. ^ email correspondence from Prince William County employee Donald L. Wilson dated June 24, 2007, in library clipping file ^ "Plan to Restore Patriot's Grave Stirs Opposition", Washington Post November 2, 1975, available through Proquest ^ "Tomb of Virginia's first senator restored", Prince William Times September 24–30, 2014 p. A8 ^ "Grayson Family Tomb Stabilization Project" (PDF). Prince William County, Virginia. Retrieved December 11, 2022. ^ The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1. Kentucky State Historical Society. 1903. p. 35. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 142. ^ Washington Post February 27, 2005 (Prince William Extra section, p. 1) Bibliography Heitman, Francis Bernard (1914). Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution. Washington, D.C.: Rare Book Shop Publishing Company. Further reading Kevin R. Constantine Gutzman. "Grayson, William". American National Biography Online, February 2000. External links United States Congress. "William Grayson (id: G000403)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. "The Continental Army Bibliography: Additional Regiments". United States Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. - bibliography for Grayson's Regiment in the Continental Army The Society of the Cincinnati The American Revolution Institute U.S. Senate Preceded byNone U.S. senator (Class 1) from Virginia March 4, 1789 – March 12, 1790 Served alongside: Richard H. Lee Succeeded byJohn Walker vteUnited States senators from VirginiaClass 1 Grayson Walker Monroe S. Mason Taylor Venable Giles Moore Brent J. Barbour Randolph Tyler Rives Pennybacker J. Mason Willey Bowden Lewis Withers Mahone Daniel Swanson Byrd Sr. Byrd Jr. Trible Robb Allen Webb Kaine Class 2 Lee Taylor H. Tazewell Nicholas Moore Giles A. Mason Eppes Pleasants Taylor L. Tazewell Rives Leigh Parker Roane Archer Hunter Carlile Johnston Riddleberger J. S. Barbour Hunton Martin Glass Burch Robertson Spong Scott J. Warner M. Warner Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Grayson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grayson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Anti-Federalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other people named William Grayson, see William Grayson (disambiguation).William Grayson (1742[1] – March 12, 1790) was a planter, lawyer and statesman from Virginia. After leading a Virginia regiment in the Continental Army, Grayson served in the Virginia House of Delegates before becoming one of the first two U.S. Senators from Virginia, as well as a leader of the Anti-Federalist faction.[2] Grayson became the first member of the United States Congress to die while holding office.","title":"William Grayson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"Quantico Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantico_Creek"},{"link_name":"Dumfries, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Westmoreland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bel Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_Air_(Minnieville,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Occoquan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occoquan_River"},{"link_name":"King's Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(Charleston_to_Boston)"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"William Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lee_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Maryland Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"William Smallwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smallwood"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"}],"text":"Grayson was born in 1742 to Benjamin and Susannah (Monroe) Grayson at Belle Aire Plantation.[3][4] in what is now Woodbridge, Virginia. His father had emigrated from Scotland to the confluence of the Potomac River and Quantico Creek which became Dumfries, Virginia. Benjamin Grayson Sr. became a successful merchant and planter, as well as militia officer and (by 1731) one of the justices of the peace (who jointly governed the vast county of that day, in addition to their judicial duties). Their mother, twice-widowed, had been born to an important family upriver in Westmoreland County and had children by her previous marriages to Charles Tyler and William Linton (also a Scottish-born merchant). One of her nephews, James Monroe, would later serve in the Continental Army, succeed this man as U.S. Senator from Virginia and became President of the United States. Susanna Grayson bore three sons (Spence, Benjamin Jr. and William) and a daughter (also Susanna) in this marriage before she died in 1752, when this boy was ten. His father remarried, to another widow, Sarah Ball Ewell, who also had children by prior marriage, but none in this marriage before her husband died in 1757.William was sixteen when his father died, so his eldest brother (Benjamin Grayson Jr.) became his legal guardian until he reached 21 years.[5] Benjamin Grayson Jr. and Spence Grayson, being the elder brothers, inherited their father's business and plantations approximating 2,800 acres in Prince William County, by a will drafted in 1753 which was admitted to probate in 1758 but no longer exists. However, William was well-provided for from the personal estate (which required a 10,000 bond), especially compared to his future commander, George Washington (whose far smaller inheritance caused him to earn a living by surveying beginning as a teenager).[6] One of the Grayson plantations included a house on a hill above Dumfries that became known as \"Grayson's Hill\" and later \"Battery Hill\" (for a Confederate battery during the American Civil War). The other, Belle Aire (often confused with a plantation about five miles inland with the same pronunciation but the name Bel Air which was owned and operated by the Ewell family) was between the Occoquan River and Neabsco Creek near the ferry (later bridge) conducting the King's Highway across the Occoquan River and which became Woodbridge, Virginia. It had been the property of William Linton a previous husband of this man's mother, Susan, who married Benjamin Grayson by 1732.\nWilliam Grayson received his first schooling locally under Charles Tyler,[7] and later became known for familiarity with Latin and Greek as well as English history. His guardian allowed his education in Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania, and (after graduating) William Grayson sailed to England. Although some family sources claim he studied law for two and a half years, and received his degree from the University of Oxford,[8][9] neither university nor Inns of Court documentation exists to support that tradition, so he was likely apprenticed to British merchant bankers like William Lee. When his brother and guardian Benjamin faced financial troubles in 1762 (so that he mortgaged his entire estate to his brother Spence), William returned home and as his need for a guardian ended, found that his spending abroad had also diminished the capital he had inherited.[10]\nGrayson married Eleanor Smallwood, a sister of Maryland Governor William Smallwood, who survived him. They had four sons (Frederick, George, Robert and Alfred) and a daughter (Hebe).[11]","title":"Early and family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince William County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dumfries, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancestry.com-13"},{"link_name":"Occoquan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occoquan_River"},{"link_name":"Fairfax County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"George Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Pohick Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohick_Church"},{"link_name":"Pohick Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohick_Church"}],"text":"About three years after returning to Virginia (probably at the conclusion of a clerkship with a local lawyer), Grayson began practicing law in Prince William County and three nearby counties.[12] The county seat was at Dumfries, Virginia, a port town (now the oldest in the state) not far from Grayson's home as well as Belle Aire Plantation, which his brother Spence Monroe Grayson (1737–1798) inherited in 1757.[13] On the other side of the Occoquan River lay Fairfax County, Virginia, which had split from Prince William County when Grayson was a boy. The wealthiest planter families (who could hire lawyers to protect their interests) owned land in both counties, and often held positions on church vestries, responsible for social welfare activities, including caring for orphans and the poor. Thus Grayson was familiar with local leaders, especially George Mason and George Washington, who served on the vestry of Pohick Church. Furthermore, after his brother Spence Grayson was ordained an Anglican priest in England in 1771, he served as rector of Cameron and Dettingen parishes in Prince William County, so both brothers socialized with Rev. Scott of Pohick Church both vestries.","title":"Return to the Virginia colony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Henry Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fairfaxresolvessar.com-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinks1995-15"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Grayson's Additional Continental Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson%27s_Additional_Continental_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Brandywine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinks1995-15"},{"link_name":"Valley Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinks1995-15"},{"link_name":"Board of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_War"}],"text":"Grayson became involved in the political prelude to the Revolution in Virginia. He was on various Committees of Correspondence and military preparedness, as did nearby planters, including Richard Henry Lee with whom he would serve as the inaugural U.S. Senators from Virginia.[14]In June 1776 he became an assistant secretary to George Washington, and was promoted as an aide-de-camp to Washington in August,[15] which came with the rank of lieutenant colonel. In January 1777, William Grayson recruited a regiment for the Continental Army known as Grayson's Additional Continental Regiment, and served as its colonel (and Spence as its fighting chaplain). The Regiment was attached to General Charles Scott's Brigade and saw frequent action in late 1777 in the Philadelphia Campaign, notably in the delaying skirmishes in Northern New Jersey, the Battle of Brandywine and the Defense of Philadelphia.[15] In the winter of 1777-78, he led his troops to Valley Forge,[16] where they suffered privations, and emerged in the spring with considerably fewer men fit for service. On June 28, 1778, Grayson was central to the Battle of Monmouth. In Scott's absence, Colonel Grayson took temporary command of the brigade, which was in the vanguard of an assault as part of Charles Lee's Advance Guard. Grayson and the brigade were in the center of the battle in 100 degree heat, and held a far superior force to a stalemate, when Lee took personal command of all of his forces, while Grayson himself returned to Washington's field command. General Lee badly misunderstood intelligence he was receiving, and the line broke into a disorganized retreat. Subsequently, Lee was court-marshalled by Washington, and Grayson, as one of the key officers at Monmouth, had to testify at the proceedings.[15] In 1778, William Grayson served on a commission dealing with war prisoners. In 1779, he resigned his military commission to serve on the Congressional Board of War.","title":"American revolutionary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of the Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Confederation Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_Congress"},{"link_name":"Northwest Ordinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"George Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Patrick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Virginia Ratification Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Ratification_Convention"},{"link_name":"fiat currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_currency"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"Montesquieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In 1781 Grayson returned to Dumfries and his legal practice. Like many Continental Army officers, he was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He was also elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1780.[17]Like his brothers, Grayson owned slaves. In the 1787 Virginia tax census, by which time his eldest brother Benjamin Jr. had died, William Grayson owned eight enslaved adults in Prince William County, as well as four enslaved teenagers, two horses and eighteen cattle, compared to Rev. Spence Grayson, who owned fourteen enslaved adults, 21 enslaved teenagers, ten horses and 17 cattle.[18]\nGrayson's political career began in 1784, when he won election as one of Prince William County's two delegates (part time) in the Virginia House of Delegates. He replaced Arthur Lee and the following year would be replaced by the same man, who was then removed from office as disqualified by his federal office.[19] Grayson had not stood for re-election because he was a delegate to the Confederation Congress from 1785 to 1787. While in that office, he helped to pass the Northwest Ordinance, including a provision that forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory.As an Anti-Federalist, he joined George Mason, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry in opposing ratification of the proposed new United States Constitution at the Virginia Ratification Convention in 1788. In that Convention, Grayson argued that the proposed constitution was neither fish nor fowl—neither strong enough for a national government nor decentralized enough for a federal one — and thus eventually would either degenerate into a despotism or result in the dissolution of the Union.Grayson experienced the inflation caused by Virginia and other states issuing paper fiat currency during the Revolutionary War. He later wrote to James Madison that:The Ancients were surely men of more candor than We are; they contended openly for an abolition of debts in so many Words, while we strive as hard for the same thing under the decent and specious pretense of a circulating medium. Montesquieu was not wrong when he said the democratical might be as tyrannical as the despotic, for where is there greater act of despotism than that of issuing paper to depreciate for the paying debts, on easy terms.[20]","title":"Post-War career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Richard Henry Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Although the Anti-Federalists lost the battle in opposition of the new Constitution, Patrick Henry, Virginia's leading Anti-Federalist, rewarded Grayson by arranging his election to the first United States Senate. Grayson served from March 4, 1789, until his death on March 12, 1790. He and Richard Henry Lee were the only members of the first Senate who had opposed ratification, and so they were unhappy when the Bill of Rights omitted any provisions making serious corrections to the division of powers between the central government and the states. Grayson continued to believe that the Philadelphia Convention had struck precisely the wrong balance.[21]","title":"United States Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"William Grayson Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grayson_Carter"},{"link_name":"John Breckinridge Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Breckinridge_Grayson"},{"link_name":"John Robinson Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Robinson_Grayson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lund Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_Washington"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancestry.com-13"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Grayson County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Grayson, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Grayson County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Weems-Botts Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weems-Botts_Museum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Grayson and his family had moved to Frederick County, Virginia (where his widow ultimately died), but he died at the home of his brother Rev. Spence Grayson on March 12, 1790. He hand wrote a will shortly before his death which appointed executors and charged them to make \"all my slaves born since Independance [sic] of America Free\", which will was admitted to probate in Frederick County, despite some difficulties with the court clerk, on December 7, 1790.[22] He was the first member of the United States Congress to die in office.Rev. Spence Grayson survived another eight years, and both are interred in the Grayson family vault, with the current address (pathway and historical marker) at 2338 W. Longview Drive, Woodbridge.[23][24] However, the house long out of family hands was used as a field hospital during the Civil War and the vault tomb dynamited. The estate of Richard Stonnell (who had owned the property and died in 1857) was finally settled though special chancery commissioner Eppa Hunton Jr. in 1887, with S.B. Stonnell receiving a deed and erecting a frame house atop the remaining foundation.[25] The tomb's restoration was opposed by the property owner in 1975,[26] but the Daughters of the American Revolution restored it in 1981 and further restoration occurred in 2005, and 2014, despite the remainder of the property being in private hands.[27]A grandson, William Grayson Carter, became a Kentucky state senator; another grandson was Confederate General John Breckinridge Grayson.Spence Grayson's son John Robinson Grayson (born in 1779 at Belle Aire), was captured near the Occoquan River from the brig Polly, operated by Lund Washington. Impressed into the British Navy, upon his release in 1800, John Grayson became a captain in the United States Navy. During the War of 1812, Capt. Grayson commanded a squadron of gunboats off Georgia, where he settled.[13] The original Belle Aire house, as well as mortuary vault, were destroyed during the American Civil War. The mortuary vault was rebuilt, encased in concrete and buried by the Daughters of the American Revolution in the early 20th century.[28] Grayson County, Kentucky, the city of Grayson, Kentucky, and Grayson County, Virginia, were all named for the senator.[29][30] in 1976, Prince William County erected a gazebo in Merchant Park beside the Weems-Botts Museum to honor William Grayson, and Virginia also erected a highway marker on Route 1 to commemorate him.[11][31]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American National Biography Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Biography_Online"}],"text":"Kevin R. Constantine Gutzman. \"Grayson, William\". American National Biography Online, February 2000.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Prince William Co VA Genealogy: Belle Aire Plantation\". ancestry.com. Retrieved January 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~vapwilli/history/grayson.shtml","url_text":"\"Prince William Co VA Genealogy: Belle Aire Plantation\""}]},{"reference":"Sinks, John D. (November 12, 1995). \"The Contributions of the Grayson Family to the American Revolution\". Retrieved April 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairfaxresolvessar.org/content/ffx_patriotic_patriotgravemarking/william_grayson.html","url_text":"\"The Contributions of the Grayson Family to the American Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=William+Grayson&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Grayson, William (June 11, 1788). \"We have been told of Phantoms\". www.infoplease.com. Retrieved December 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infoplease.com/primary-sources/government/anti-federalist-papers/william-grayson-we-have-been-told-phantoms","url_text":"\"We have been told of Phantoms\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Grayson's Grave Marker\". hmdb.org. Retrieved January 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=770","url_text":"\"William Grayson's Grave Marker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grayson Family Tomb Stabilization Project\" (PDF). Prince William County, Virginia. Retrieved December 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eservice.pwcgov.org/planning/documents/archaeology/GraysonTombProject.pdf","url_text":"\"Grayson Family Tomb Stabilization Project\""}]},{"reference":"The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1. Kentucky State Historical Society. 1903. p. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_luoxAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_luoxAQAAMAAJ/page/n116","url_text":"35"}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 142.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n141","url_text":"142"}]},{"reference":"Heitman, Francis Bernard (1914). Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution. Washington, D.C.: Rare Book Shop Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicalregis02heitgoog","url_text":"Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"William Grayson (id: G000403)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000403","url_text":"\"William Grayson (id: G000403)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"The Continental Army Bibliography: Additional Regiments\". United States Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100608052749/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/addit.htm","url_text":"\"The Continental Army Bibliography: Additional Regiments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/addit.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://diversityandequalityfairsofvirginia.files.wordpress.com/2021/01/1997_william-grayson.pdf","external_links_name":"https://diversityandequalityfairsofvirginia.files.wordpress.com/2021/01/1997_william-grayson.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~vapwilli/history/grayson.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Prince William Co VA Genealogy: Belle Aire Plantation\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairfaxresolvessar.org/content/ffx_patriotic_patriotgravemarking/william_grayson.html","external_links_name":"\"The Contributions of the Grayson Family to the American Revolution\""},{"Link":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=William+Grayson&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","external_links_name":"\"APS Member History\""},{"Link":"http://www.amconmag.com/mccarthy/2010/03/04/a-weekend-with-douglass-adair/","external_links_name":"A Weekend With Douglass Adair"},{"Link":"https://www.infoplease.com/primary-sources/government/anti-federalist-papers/william-grayson-we-have-been-told-phantoms","external_links_name":"\"We have been told of Phantoms\""},{"Link":"http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=770","external_links_name":"\"William Grayson's Grave Marker\""},{"Link":"https://eservice.pwcgov.org/planning/documents/archaeology/GraysonTombProject.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Grayson Family Tomb Stabilization Project\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_luoxAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_luoxAQAAMAAJ/page/n116","external_links_name":"35"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n141","external_links_name":"142"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicalregis02heitgoog","external_links_name":"Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000403","external_links_name":"\"William Grayson (id: G000403)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100608052749/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/addit.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Continental Army Bibliography: Additional Regiments\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/addit.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/","external_links_name":"The Society of the Cincinnati"},{"Link":"https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/","external_links_name":"The American Revolution Institute"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/21178/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/48011337","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp64WFh7bMbxRh86tYwYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n77015008","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000403","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gr7nwx","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuck_Everlasting_(1981_film)	Tuck Everlasting (1981 film)	["1 Background","2 Plot","3 Cast","4 Filming","5 Reception","6 Other adaptations","7 References","8 External links"]	1981 film by Frederick King Keller This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tuck Everlasting" 1981 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tuck EverlastingDirected byFrederick King KellerWritten byNatalie Babbitt (novel)Fred A. KellerFrederick King KellerProduced byHoward KlingFrederick King KellerStarringMargaret ChamberlainPaul FleesaFred A. KellerJames McGuireSonia RaimiCinematographyMichael MathewsMusic byMalcolm DalglishGrey LarsenDistributed byOne Pass MediaRelease date June 5, 1981 (1981-06-05) Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$150,000 Tuck Everlasting is an American television film based on Natalie Babbitt's 1975 book of the same title. The film premiered in 1980 on Channel 4 in New York. Background After Frederick King Keller made the TV movie Skeleton Key, he met Natalie Babbitt at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. He liked her novel Tuck Everlasting and decided to produce and direct a film based on it. The film was produced with a budget of $150,000 in Buffalo, New York, in association with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo. Production ran from 1977 to 1980 and was stalled three times due to budget issues. Plot This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The story involves the Tucks, a family who drank from a magic spring from the Fosters' little forest and became immortal (hence the name "Tuck Everlasting"). Cast Margaret Chamberlain – Winnie Foster Paul Flessa – Jesse Tuck Fred A. Keller – Angus Tuck James McGuire – Man in the Yellow Suit Sonia Raimi – Mae Tuck Marvin Macnow – Mr. Foster Bruce D'Auria – Miles Tuck Patricia Roth – Script Supervior Joel Chaney - Boy #2 Filming Much of the film was shot in Western New York, including the opening scene which was shot at the Grape Festival in Silver Creek. Filming also took place in Adirondack for one year. Filming was completed at the start of 1980. Reception The film received generally positive reviews from St. Petersburg Times' Robert Alan Ross and Tampa Times' Steve Otto; the latter called the film "a finely crafted, intelligent and completely enjoyable picture." Buffalo Evening News' Mary Ann Lauricella thought the cinematography was "a treat for the eye" that made up for the film's occasional slow pacing. Other adaptations Tuck Everlasting (2002 film) References ^ a b c d "Substantial Fare For Young Audience". The Newspaper. Park City, Utah. January 8, 1981. p. 12. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Lauricella, Mary Ann (September 23, 1980). "Gem of a TV Film To Shine on Ch. 4". Buffalo Evening News. p. 20. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Lauricella, Mary Ann (June 3, 1981). "'Tuck': Local Roots, Wide Appeal". Buffalo Evening News. p. 34. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Rossell, Deac (June 28, 1981). "Off-Hollywood films more personal". The Boston Globe. p. A19. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Lauricella, Mary Ann (January 17, 1980). "Scenic Riches Here Subsidized Low-Budget Filming of 'Tuck'". Buffalo Evening News. p. 32. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Schlaerth, J. Don (September 21, 1980). "WNY Takes a Bow In Keller's New Film". The Buffalo News. p. 3. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Ross, Robert Alan (August 28, 1981). "'Tuck Everlasting' is long on adventure". St. Petersburg Times. p. 14D. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Otto, Steve (August 28, 1981). "Children's film rates a 'G' for 'gem'". Tampa Times. p. 5B. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. External links Tuck Everlasting (1981) at IMDb Tuck Everlasting (1981 film) at AllMovie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"Natalie Babbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Babbitt"},{"link_name":"1975 book of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuck_Everlasting"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lauricellareview-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lauricella-3"}],"text":"Tuck Everlasting is an American television film based on Natalie Babbitt's 1975 book of the same title. The film premiered in 1980 on Channel 4 in New York.[2][3]","title":"Tuck Everlasting (1981 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick King Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_King_Keller"},{"link_name":"Natalie Babbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Babbitt"},{"link_name":"Smith College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College"},{"link_name":"Northampton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Tuck Everlasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuck_Everlasting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parkcity-1"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lauricella-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parkcity-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rossell-4"}],"text":"After Frederick King Keller made the TV movie Skeleton Key, he met Natalie Babbitt at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. He liked her novel Tuck Everlasting and decided to produce and direct a film based on it.The film was produced with a budget of $150,000[1] in Buffalo, New York, in association with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo.[3] Production ran from 1977 to 1980[1] and was stalled three times due to budget issues.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The story involves the Tucks, a family who drank from a magic spring from the Fosters' little forest and became immortal (hence the name \"Tuck Everlasting\").","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Margaret Chamberlain – Winnie Foster\nPaul Flessa – Jesse Tuck\nFred A. Keller – Angus Tuck\nJames McGuire – Man in the Yellow Suit\nSonia Raimi – Mae Tuck\nMarvin Macnow – Mr. Foster\nBruce D'Auria – Miles Tuck\nPatricia Roth – Script Supervior\nJoel Chaney - Boy #2","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_York"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lauricella2-5"},{"link_name":"Silver Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Creek,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schlaerth-6"},{"link_name":"Adirondack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parkcity-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lauricella2-5"}],"text":"Much of the film was shot in Western New York,[5] including the opening scene which was shot at the Grape Festival in Silver Creek.[6]\nFilming also took place in Adirondack for one year.[1] Filming was completed at the start of 1980.[5]","title":"Filming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Petersburg Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times"},{"link_name":"Tampa Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ross-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otto-8"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Evening News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Evening_News"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lauricellareview-2"}],"text":"The film received generally positive reviews from St. Petersburg Times' Robert Alan Ross and Tampa Times' Steve Otto; the latter called the film \"a finely crafted, intelligent and completely enjoyable picture.\"[7][8] Buffalo Evening News' Mary Ann Lauricella thought the cinematography was \"a treat for the eye\" that made up for the film's occasional slow pacing.[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuck_Everlasting_(2002_film)"}],"text":"Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)","title":"Other adaptations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Substantial Fare For Young Audience\". The Newspaper. Park City, Utah. January 8, 1981. p. 12. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-newspaper/148482238/","url_text":"\"Substantial Fare For Young Audience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_City,_Utah","url_text":"Park City, Utah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Lauricella, Mary Ann (September 23, 1980). \"Gem of a TV Film To Shine on Ch. 4\". Buffalo Evening News. p. 20. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news/148482727/","url_text":"\"Gem of a TV Film To Shine on Ch. 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Evening_News","url_text":"Buffalo Evening News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Lauricella, Mary Ann (June 3, 1981). \"'Tuck': Local Roots, Wide Appeal\". Buffalo Evening News. p. 34. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news/148481982/","url_text":"\"'Tuck': Local Roots, Wide Appeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Evening_News","url_text":"Buffalo Evening News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Rossell, Deac (June 28, 1981). \"Off-Hollywood films more personal\". The Boston Globe. p. A19. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe/148482472/","url_text":"\"Off-Hollywood films more personal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Lauricella, Mary Ann (January 17, 1980). \"Scenic Riches Here Subsidized Low-Budget Filming of 'Tuck'\". Buffalo Evening News. p. 32. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news/148482644/","url_text":"\"Scenic Riches Here Subsidized Low-Budget Filming of 'Tuck'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Evening_News","url_text":"Buffalo Evening News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Schlaerth, J. Don (September 21, 1980). \"WNY Takes a Bow In Keller's New Film\". The Buffalo News. p. 3. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news/148482922/","url_text":"\"WNY Takes a Bow In Keller's New Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buffalo_News","url_text":"The Buffalo News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Robert Alan (August 28, 1981). \"'Tuck Everlasting' is long on adventure\". St. Petersburg Times. p. 14D. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times/148482146/","url_text":"\"'Tuck Everlasting' is long on adventure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times","url_text":"St. Petersburg Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Otto, Steve (August 28, 1981). \"Children's film rates a 'G' for 'gem'\". Tampa Times. p. 5B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfino_Ca%C3%B1ete	Adolfino Cañete	["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]	Paraguayan footballer (born 1956) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cañete and the second or maternal family name is Azcurra. Adolfino CañetePersonal informationFull name Adolfino Cañete AzcurraDate of birth (1956-09-13) 13 September 1956 (age 67)Place of birth Asunción, ParaguayHeight 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s) MidfielderSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls) General Caballero River Plate Asunción Sol de América 1980–1984 Ferrocarril Oeste 211 (31)1984–1986 Cruz Azul 38 (2)1987 Unión Magdalena 7 (0)1987–1988 Textil Mandiyú 34 (3)1988–1990 Talleres de Córdoba 62 (13)1990 Cobreloa 1991 Lanús 15 (2)1991–1993 Colón de Santa Fe 82 (14)International career1985–1989 Paraguay 29 (3) Club domestic league appearances and goals Adolfino Cañete Azcurra (born 13 September 1956) is a retired professional Paraguayan footballer. He was part of the 1986 Paraguay national team that played in the World Cup that year at Mexico. Cañete was credited with three assists during that World Cup. Career Cañete played for many clubs during his career, including Mexican side Cruz Azul and in Argentina, Ferro Carril Oeste, Talleres de Córdoba and Club Atlético Lanús. Cañete played in the central midfield for Ferro during the early 1980s, helping the club win its first two Argentine Primera División titles: the Torneo Nacional in 1982 and 1984. Cañete made 29 appearances for the Paraguay national football team from 1985 to 1989. References ^ "El gran Adolfino del Oeste". El Gráfico (in Spanish). 22 July 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ Mamrud, Roberto (29 February 2012). "Paraguay - Record International Players". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. External links Adolfino Cañete – FIFA competition record (archived) Adolfino Cañete – Liga MX stats at MedioTiempo.com (archived) (in Spanish) Adolfino Cañete at BDFA (in Spanish) Paraguay squads vteParaguay squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Fernández 2 Torales 3 Zabala 4 Schettina 5 Delgado (c) 6 Nunes 7 Ferreira 8 Romerito 9 Cabañas 10 Cañete 11 Mendoza 12 Battaglia 13 Cáceres 14 Caballero 15 Cabral 16 Guasch 17 Alcaraz 18 Isasi 19 Chilavert 20 Hicks 21 Alonso 22 Coronel Coach: Ré vteParaguay squad – 1987 Copa América 1 Fernández 2 Torales 3 Delgado 4 Jacquet 5 Zabala 6 Guasch 7 Romerito 8 Benítez 9 Cabañas 10 Cañete 11 Hicks 12 Navarro 13 Cáceres 14 Rodríguez 15 Blanco 16 Palacios 17 Ferreira 18 Torres 19 González 20 Nunes 21 Bobadilla 22 Colarte Coach: Parodi vteParaguay squad – 1989 Copa América fourth place 1 Caballero 2 Chamorro 3 Cáceres 4 Cañete 5 Espínola 6 Delgado 7 Fernández 8 Ferreira 9 Franco 10 Guasch 11 Jacquet 12 Mendoza 13 Neffa 14 Palacios 15 Rivarola 16 Brítez Román 17 Ruiz Díaz 18 Sanabria 19 Torales 20 Zabala 21 Escobar 22 Guirland 23 Torres Coach: Manera This biographical article related to a football midfielder from Paraguay is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Paraguay national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cañete and the second or maternal family name is Azcurra.Adolfino Cañete Azcurra (born 13 September 1956) is a retired professional Paraguayan footballer. He was part of the 1986 Paraguay national team that played in the World Cup that year at Mexico. 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Cañete played in the central midfield for Ferro during the early 1980s, helping the club win its first two Argentine Primera División titles: the Torneo Nacional in 1982 and 1984.[1]Cañete made 29 appearances for the Paraguay national football team from 1985 to 1989.[2]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"El gran Adolfino del Oeste\". El Gráfico (in Spanish). 22 July 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1056/32180/el-gran-adolfino-del-oeste","url_text":"\"El gran Adolfino del Oeste\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gr%C3%A1fico_(Argentina)","url_text":"El Gráfico"}]},{"reference":"Mamrud, Roberto (29 February 2012). \"Paraguay - Record International Players\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau_Municipality	Baucau Municipality	["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 Administrative posts","4 Demographics","5 Economy","6 Infrastructure","7 Notable people","8 References","8.1 Notes","8.2 Bibliography","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 8°35′S 126°30′E / 8.583°S 126.500°E / -8.583; 126.500Municipality of East Timor This article is about the municipality. For the city, see Baucau. For the administrative post, see Baucau Administrative Post. For other uses, see Baucau (disambiguation). You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (July 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|de\|Baucau (Gemeinde)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Municipality of East TimorBaucauMunicipality of East TimorMunicípio Baucau (Portuguese)Munisípiu Baukau (Tetum)Osolata beach FlagCoat of arms Baucau in East TimorOpenStreetMapCoordinates: 8°35′S 126°30′E / 8.583°S 126.500°E / -8.583; 126.500Country East TimorCapitalBaucauAdministrative PostsBaguiaBaucauLagaQuelicaiVemasseVenilaleArea • Total1,504.2 km2 (580.8 sq mi) • Rank4thPopulation (2015 census) • Total123,203 • Rank3rd • Density82/km2 (210/sq mi) • Rank5thHouseholds (2015 census) • Total22,976 • Rank3rdTime zoneUTC+09:00 (TLT)ISO 3166 codeTL-BAHDI (2017)0.602medium · 9thWebsiteBaucau Municipality Baucau (Portuguese: Município Baucau, Tetum: Munisípiu Baukau) is a municipality, and was formerly a district, of East Timor, on the northern coast in the eastern part of the country. The capital is also called Baucau (formerly Vila Salazar). The population of the municipality is 111,694 (census 2010) and it has an area of 1,506 km2. Etymology The word Baucau is derived from the word "Akau", which means "pig" in the local Waimoa language. During the Portuguese colonial era, the name of the district was transformed, first into Macau and finally into Baucau. An alternative name for the Baucau community is Wailia-Wailewa, meaning the "great water spring of Wai Lia". In the Wai Lia area (part of the suco of Bahu ), a large spring is located under large trees; it is both an animist and a Christian holy place. In 1936, the Portuguese colonial authorities renamed what was then the district of Baucau as "São Domingos". However, that name, like other imperial-sounding names adopted in the colony at about that time, did not catch on, and a few years after World War II it was quietly abandoned. Geography Official map The borders of the District of Baucau during the colonial era were the same as they are now. The north edge of the municipality is to the Wetar Strait; it also borders the municipalities of Lautém to the east, Viqueque to the south, and Manatuto to the west. Baucau also has a wide coastline with sandy beaches, ideal for swimming and other watersports. In the administrative post of Venilale are tunnels that the Japanese built during their occupation during the Second World War. Also in this administrative post is an ongoing project to reconstruct and renovate the Escola do Reino de Venilale (School of the Kingdom of Venilale). Administrative posts The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are: Baguia Baucau Laga Quelicai Vemasse Venilale (formerly known as Vila Viçosa). Demographics Besides the national official languages of Tetum and Portuguese, most of the inhabitants speak the Papuan language Makasae. While most of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, a few Muslims also live there. Economy Baucau has the most highly developed agriculture in East Timor. Besides the staples rice and corn, Baucau produces beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, copra, candlenut and manioc. It also raises buffalo and goats. A shortage of transportation links and the unpredictability of energy availability stymie the development of emerging industries. Infrastructure Baucau has the country's longest airport runway, in Cakung Airport, as currently, Dili's Nicolau Lobato International Airport can only serve small airliners like the Boeing 737. The airport is located six km from the city of Baucau. It served as the country's principal airport before the Indonesian invasion in 1975, when it was taken over by the Indonesian military. Bucoli, a village with symbolic role in the East Timorese resistance movement, is located in the subdistrict of Baucau. Notable people Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo Mário Viegas Carrascalão Aurélio Sérgio Cristóvão Guterres Olinda Guterres Vicente Guterres Maria Fernanda Lay Adaljiza Magno Mauk Moruk Taur Matan Ruak Aurora Ximenes Mariana Diaz Ximenez References Notes ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ James Norman (11 February 2017). "Environmental concerns for Timor-Leste cement project". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ a b "Perfil: 2. Toponímia" . Baucau Municipality (in Tetum). Retrieved 18 July 2022. ^ McWilliam, A.; Palmer, L.; Shepherd, C. (2014). "Lulik encounters and cultural frictions in East Timor: Past and present". The Australian Journal of Anthropology. 25 (3): 304–320, at 315. doi:10.1111/taja.12101. Retrieved 25 April 2022. ^ "Diploma Legislativo N°85". Boletim Oficial. XXXVII Ano (Numero 21). Govêrno Colonial. 27 May 1936. ^ Hull, Geoffrey (June 2006). "The placenames of East Timor" (PDF). Placenames Australia: Newsletter of the Australian National Placenames Survey: 6–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2022. ^ "Escola do Reino de Venilale". GERTiL. 2004. Archived from the original on 3 May 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ Gunn, Geoffrey C (2011). Historical Dictionary of East Timor. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780810867543. ^ Joanna Podgórska (10 April 2010). "Trzy katastrofy - trzy zamachy? Nr 3: Smoleńsk Siewiernyj, 10.04.2010". na:Temat. Retrieved 22 February 2017. Bibliography Guterres, Modesta Soares; Lopes, Silvino; Mendes, Helder Henriques; Pinheiro, Mateus, eds. (2019). Baucau Em Números 2019 (PDF) (in Portuguese) (7th ed.). Baucau: Direcção Geral de Estatística / Estatística Município de Baucau. OCLC 1319823828. Soares, Rosália E M (2016). Tais Husi Baucau, Timor-Leste / Os Têxteis de Baucau, Timor-Leste / The Textiles of Baucau, Timor-Leste (in Tetum, Portuguese, and English). Dili: Governo de Timor-Leste. Retrieved 4 May 2023. Baucau District Profile (PDF) (Report). April 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2022. Munisipio Baucau: Planu Estartejiku Desenvolvimentu Munisipal (Report) (in Tetum). Ministry of State Administration (East Timor) / Administration of Baucau Municipality. 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2022. Perfil Distritu Baucau (PDF) (Report) (in Tetum). 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2022. External links Media related to Baucau (Municipality) at Wikimedia Commons Baucau Municipality – official site (in Tetum with some content in English) Baucau Municipality – information page on Ministry of State Administration site (in Portuguese and Tetum) Portals: Asia Geography vteMunicipalities of East Timor Aileu Ainaro Atauro Baucau Bobonaro Cova Lima Dili Ermera Lautém Liquiçá Manatuto Manufahi Oecusse (SAR) Viqueque	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau"},{"link_name":"administrative post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_posts_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Baucau Administrative Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau_Administrative_Post"},{"link_name":"Baucau (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau"}],"text":"Municipality of East TimorThis article is about the municipality. For the city, see Baucau. For the administrative post, see Baucau Administrative Post. For other uses, see Baucau (disambiguation).Municipality of East TimorBaucau (Portuguese: Município Baucau, Tetum: Munisípiu Baukau) is a municipality, and was formerly a district, of East Timor,[2] on the northern coast in the eastern part of the country. The capital is also called Baucau (formerly Vila Salazar). The population of the municipality is 111,694 (census 2010) and it has an area of 1,506 km2.","title":"Baucau Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waimoa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimoa_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese colonial era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Timor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba_toponymy-3"},{"link_name":"Wai Lia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wai_Lia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"suco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucos_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Bahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahu"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba_toponymy-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcwilliam_2014-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bo_1936-05-27-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hull_2006-06-6"}],"text":"The word Baucau is derived from the word \"Akau\", which means \"pig\" in the local Waimoa language. During the Portuguese colonial era, the name of the district was transformed, first into Macau and finally into Baucau. An alternative name for the Baucau community is Wailia-Wailewa, meaning the \"great water spring of Wai Lia\".[3] In the Wai Lia area (part of the suco of Bahu [de]), a large spring is located under large trees;[3] it is both an animist and a Christian holy place.[4]In 1936, the Portuguese colonial authorities renamed what was then the district of Baucau as \"São Domingos\".[5] However, that name, like other imperial-sounding names adopted in the colony at about that time, did not catch on, and a few years after World War II it was quietly abandoned.[6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baucau_municipio.png"},{"link_name":"Wetar Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetar_Strait"},{"link_name":"Lautém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut%C3%A9m_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Viqueque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viqueque_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Manatuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatuto_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Official mapThe borders of the District of Baucau during the colonial era were the same as they are now. The north edge of the municipality is to the Wetar Strait; it also borders the municipalities of Lautém to the east, Viqueque to the south, and Manatuto to the west.Baucau also has a wide coastline with sandy beaches, ideal for swimming and other watersports.In the administrative post of Venilale are tunnels that the Japanese built during their occupation during the Second World War. Also in this administrative post is an ongoing project to reconstruct and renovate the Escola do Reino de Venilale (School of the Kingdom of Venilale).[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Baguia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguia_Administrative_Post"},{"link_name":"Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau"},{"link_name":"Laga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laga_Administrative_Post"},{"link_name":"Quelicai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelicai_Administrative_Post"},{"link_name":"Vemasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemasse_Administrative_Post"},{"link_name":"Venilale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venilale_Administrative_Post"}],"text":"The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:[8]Baguia\nBaucau\nLaga\nQuelicai\nVemasse\nVenilale (formerly known as Vila Viçosa).","title":"Administrative posts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"Papuan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_language"},{"link_name":"Makasae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasae"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholics"}],"text":"Besides the national official languages of Tetum and Portuguese, most of the inhabitants speak the Papuan language Makasae. While most of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, a few Muslims also live there.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean"},{"link_name":"peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"},{"link_name":"sweet potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato"},{"link_name":"copra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copra"},{"link_name":"candlenut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlenut"},{"link_name":"manioc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioc"},{"link_name":"buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_buffalo"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goats"}],"text":"Baucau has the most highly developed agriculture in East Timor. Besides the staples rice and corn, Baucau produces beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, copra, candlenut and manioc. It also raises buffalo and goats. A shortage of transportation links and the unpredictability of energy availability stymie the development of emerging industries.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cakung Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakung_Airport"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"},{"link_name":"Nicolau Lobato International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_Nicolau_Lobato_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"Indonesian invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Bucoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucoli"}],"text":"Baucau has the country's longest airport runway, in Cakung Airport,[9] as currently, Dili's Nicolau Lobato International Airport can only serve small airliners like the Boeing 737. The airport is located six km from the city of Baucau. It served as the country's principal airport before the Indonesian invasion in 1975, when it was taken over by the Indonesian military. Bucoli, a village with symbolic role in the East Timorese resistance movement, is located in the subdistrict of Baucau.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo"},{"link_name":"Mário Viegas Carrascalão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Viegas_Carrascal%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Aurélio Sérgio Cristóvão Guterres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_S%C3%A9rgio_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Guterres"},{"link_name":"Olinda Guterres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olinda_Guterres"},{"link_name":"Vicente Guterres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Guterres"},{"link_name":"Maria Fernanda Lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Fernanda_Lay"},{"link_name":"Adaljiza Magno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaljiza_Magno"},{"link_name":"Mauk Moruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauk_Moruk"},{"link_name":"Taur Matan Ruak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taur_Matan_Ruak"},{"link_name":"Aurora Ximenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Ximenes"},{"link_name":"Mariana Diaz Ximenez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Diaz_Ximenez"}],"text":"Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo\nMário Viegas Carrascalão\nAurélio Sérgio Cristóvão Guterres\nOlinda Guterres\nVicente Guterres\nMaria Fernanda Lay\nAdaljiza Magno\nMauk Moruk\nTaur Matan Ruak\nAurora Ximenes\nMariana Diaz Ximenez","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Official map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Baucau_municipio.png/220px-Baucau_municipio.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""}]},{"reference":"James Norman (11 February 2017). \"Environmental concerns for Timor-Leste cement project\". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/politics/2017/02/11/environmental-concerns-timor-leste-cement-project/14867316004216","url_text":"\"Environmental concerns for Timor-Leste cement project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perfil: 2. Toponímia\" [Profile: 2. Toponymy]. Baucau Municipality (in Tetum). Retrieved 18 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://baucau.gov.tl/","url_text":"\"Perfil: 2. Toponímia\""}]},{"reference":"McWilliam, A.; Palmer, L.; Shepherd, C. (2014). \"Lulik encounters and cultural frictions in East Timor: Past and present\". The Australian Journal of Anthropology. 25 (3): 304–320, at 315. doi:10.1111/taja.12101. Retrieved 25 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/taja.12101/full","url_text":"\"Lulik encounters and cultural frictions in East Timor: Past and present\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Journal_of_Anthropology","url_text":"The Australian Journal of Anthropology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftaja.12101","url_text":"10.1111/taja.12101"}]},{"reference":"\"Diploma Legislativo N°85\". Boletim Oficial. XXXVII Ano (Numero 21). Govêrno Colonial. 27 May 1936.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hull, Geoffrey (June 2006). \"The placenames of East Timor\" (PDF). Placenames Australia: Newsletter of the Australian National Placenames Survey: 6–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hull","url_text":"Hull, Geoffrey"},{"url":"http://www.anps.org.au/upload/June_2006.pdf","url_text":"\"The placenames of East Timor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180713140153/http://www.anps.org.au/upload/June_2006.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Escola do Reino de Venilale\". GERTiL. 2004. Archived from the original on 3 May 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060503064022/http://gertil.fa.utl.pt/projectos/SW-A00-13/","url_text":"\"Escola do Reino de Venilale\""},{"url":"http://gertil.fa.utl.pt/projectos/SW-A00-13/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gunn, Geoffrey C (2011). Historical Dictionary of East Timor. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780810867543.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810867543","url_text":"9780810867543"}]},{"reference":"Joanna Podgórska (10 April 2010). \"Trzy katastrofy - trzy zamachy? Nr 3: Smoleńsk Siewiernyj, 10.04.2010\". na:Temat. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pawelartymowicz.natemat.pl/176091,trzy-katastrofy-trzy-zamachy-nr-3-smolensk-siewiernyj-10-04-2010","url_text":"\"Trzy katastrofy - trzy zamachy? Nr 3: Smoleńsk Siewiernyj, 10.04.2010\""}]},{"reference":"Guterres, Modesta Soares; Lopes, Silvino; Mendes, Helder Henriques; Pinheiro, Mateus, eds. (2019). Baucau Em Números 2019 [Baucau in Numbers 2019] (PDF) (in Portuguese) (7th ed.). Baucau: Direcção Geral de Estatística / Estatística Município de Baucau. OCLC 1319823828.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laohamutuk.org/DVD/DGS/Figs2019/Draft-Final-Baucau-em-Numeros-2019.pdf","url_text":"Baucau Em Números 2019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1319823828","url_text":"1319823828"}]},{"reference":"Soares, Rosália E M (2016). Tais Husi Baucau, Timor-Leste / Os Têxteis de Baucau, Timor-Leste / The Textiles of Baucau, Timor-Leste (in Tetum, Portuguese, and English). Dili: Governo de Timor-Leste. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/incidentaldoc/docs/baucau_textiles__low_res_","url_text":"Tais Husi Baucau, Timor-Leste / Os Têxteis de Baucau, Timor-Leste / The Textiles of Baucau, Timor-Leste"}]},{"reference":"Baucau District Profile (PDF) (Report). April 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090328062006/http://www.estatal.gov.tl/Documents/District%20Development%20Plans%20and%20Profiles/Baucau/Baucau%20district%20profile_eng.pdf","url_text":"Baucau District Profile"},{"url":"http://www.estatal.gov.tl/Documents/District_Development_Plans_and_Profiles/Baucau/Baucau_district_profile_eng.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Munisipio Baucau: Planu Estartejiku Desenvolvimentu Munisipal [Baucau Municipality: Municipal Strategic Development Plan] (Report) (in Tetum). Ministry of State Administration (East Timor) / Administration of Baucau Municipality. 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/desentralizasaun/docs/pedm_baucau","url_text":"Munisipio Baucau: Planu Estartejiku Desenvolvimentu Munisipal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Administration_(East_Timor)","url_text":"Ministry of State Administration (East Timor)"}]},{"reference":"Perfil Distritu Baucau [Baucau District Profile] (PDF) (Report) (in Tetum). 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulceby_railway_station	Ulceby railway station	["1 Services","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°37′09″N 0°18′03″W / 53.61930°N 0.30079°W / 53.61930; -0.30079Railway station in North Lincolnshire, England UlcebyGeneral informationLocationUlceby, North LincolnshireEnglandCoordinates53°37′09″N 0°18′03″W / 53.61930°N 0.30079°W / 53.61930; -0.30079Grid referenceTA124149Managed byEast Midlands RailwayPlatforms1Other informationStation codeULCClassificationDfT category F2HistoryOriginal companyGreat Grimsby and Sheffield Junction RailwayPre-groupingGreat Central RailwayPost-groupingLNERKey dates1 March 1848openedPassengers2018/19 7,3202019/20 7,1902020/21 1,0962021/22 2,7202022/23 2,860 NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road vtePassenger lines ofNorth East Lincolnshire Legend Hull Corporation Pier Barton-on-Humber Humber Ferry Barrow Haven New Holland Pier New Hollandengine shed New Holland Town New Holland Goxhill East Halton KillingholmeAdmiralty Platform Thornton Abbey Killingholme Thornton Curtis Immingham West Jn Humber Road Jn ImminghamWestern Jetty UlcebyAerodrome Platform Eastfield Road Ulceby North Jn Immingham Dock Ulceby Dock Entrance Imminghamengine shed ImminghamEastern Jetty ImminghamQueens Road Immingham Dock Immingham Town Eastern Entrance toImmingham Dock Sheffield–Lincoln line & South HumbersideMain Line Immingham Halt Habrough Kiln Lane Stallingborough Marsh Road LC Healing No.5 Passing Place Great Coates Great Coates LC PyewipeDepot Halt Pyewipe car sheds Cleveland Bridge GrimsbyPyewipe Road West Marsh Jn East Marsh Jn Cleveland Street Stortford Street Grimsby Town BoulevardRecreation Ground East Lincolnshire Rlwyto Boston Jackson Street Grimsbyengine shed Yarborough Street Grimsby Docks Corporation Bridge Grimsby Pier Riby StreetPlatform New Clee Cleethorpes Kingsway (CCLR) Discovery Lakeside Central North Sea Lane HumberstonNorth Sea Lane Beach South Sea Lane Lincolnshire Coast Lt Rly1960–1985 Ulceby railway station serves the village of Ulceby in North East Lincolnshire, England. It was built by the Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Railway in 1848 and is located at Ulceby Skitter. It is managed by East Midlands Railway and served by its trains on the Barton line between Cleethorpes and Barton-on-Humber. The station layout is somewhat unusual in that all passenger trains use a single platform, even though the station is located on a double track line. There are junctions at either end of the station, as the branch line from Habrough to Barton-on-Humber meets and then diverges from the busy freight-only line from Brocklesby to Immingham Dock. These junctions, and the adjacent level crossing were controlled from Ulceby Junction signal box at the southern end of the station, however this was demolished in January 2016 when the crossing and signals were automated. The station originally had two platforms, but this was reduced to a single wooden platform when the line was resignalled in the 1980s. Services All services at Ulceby are operated by East Midlands Railway using Class 170 DMUs. The typical off-peak service is one train every two hours in each direction between Cleethorpes and Barton-on-Humber. On Sundays, the station is served by four trains per day in each direction during the summer months only. No services call at the station on Sundays during the winter months. Preceding station National Rail Following station Thornton Abbey East Midlands Railway Barton Line Habrough Historical railways BrocklesbyLine open, station closedGreat Central RailwayBarton and Immingham Light RailwayImmingham DockLine open, station closed References References ^ Table 28 National Rail timetable, June 2024 Sources King, Paul (2019). The Railways of North-east Lincolnshire, Part 2: Stations. Grimsby: Pyewipe Publications. ISBN 978-1-9164603-1-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ulceby railway station. Train times and station information for Ulceby railway station from National Rail vteRailway stations in LincolnshireBarton line from Barton-on-Humber Barrow Haven New Holland Goxhill Thornton Abbey Ulceby Habrough Stallingborough Healing Great Coates Grimsby Town Grimsby Docks New Clee Cleethorpes Birmingham–Peterborough line from Birmingham New Street Stamford to Peterborough Doncaster–Lincoln line from Doncaster Gainsborough Lea Road Saxilby Lincoln Newark–Grimsby line from Newark North Gate Swinderby Hykeham Lincoln Market Rasen Habrough Grimsby Town Nottingham–Grantham line from Nottingham Grantham Nottingham–Lincoln line Lincoln Hykeham Swinderby to Nottingham Peterborough–Lincoln line Lincoln Metheringham Ruskington Sleaford Spalding to Peterborough Poacher Line Grantham Ancaster Rauceby Sleaford Heckington Swineshead Hubberts Bridge Boston Thorpe Culvert Wainfleet Havenhouse Skegness South Humberside Main Line from Cleethorpes branch to Scunthorpe via Thorne South Crowle and Althorpe Sheffield–Lincoln line from Sheffield branch to Lincoln via Gainsborough Lea Road and Saxilby Gainsborough Central Kirton Lindsey Brigg Barnetby Habrough Grimsby Town Cleethorpes Heritage railwaysLincolnshire Wolds Railway Holton-le-Clay (Proposed) Ludborough North Thoresby Fotherby (Proposed) Louth (Proposed)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulceby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulceby,_North_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"North East Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Grimsby_and_Sheffield_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ulceby Skitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulceby_Skitter"},{"link_name":"East Midlands Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway"},{"link_name":"Barton line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_line"},{"link_name":"Cleethorpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleethorpes_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Barton-on-Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton-on-Humber_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Habrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habrough_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Brocklesby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocklesby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Immingham Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immingham_Dock"},{"link_name":"level crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing"},{"link_name":"signal box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_box"}],"text":"Railway station in North Lincolnshire, EnglandUlceby railway station serves the village of Ulceby in North East Lincolnshire, England. It was built by the Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Railway in 1848 and is located at Ulceby Skitter.It is managed by East Midlands Railway and served by its trains on the Barton line between Cleethorpes and Barton-on-Humber.The station layout is somewhat unusual in that all passenger trains use a single platform, even though the station is located on a double track line. There are junctions at either end of the station, as the branch line from Habrough to Barton-on-Humber meets and then diverges from the busy freight-only line from Brocklesby to Immingham Dock. These junctions, and the adjacent level crossing were controlled from Ulceby Junction signal box at the southern end of the station, however this was demolished in January 2016 when the crossing and signals were automated. The station originally had two platforms, but this was reduced to a single wooden platform when the line was resignalled in the 1980s.","title":"Ulceby railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Midlands Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway"},{"link_name":"Class 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_170"},{"link_name":"DMUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Cleethorpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleethorpes_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Barton-on-Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton-on-Humber_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"All services at Ulceby are operated by East Midlands Railway using Class 170 DMUs.The typical off-peak service is one train every two hours in each direction between Cleethorpes and Barton-on-Humber.[1]On Sundays, the station is served by four trains per day in each direction during the summer months only. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gilman	Billy Gilman	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 The Voice","3.1 Performances on The Voice","4 Charities and activism","5 In popular culture","6 Personal life","7 Discography","8 Awards","8.1 Grammy Awards","8.2 American Music Awards","8.3 TNN and CMT Country Weekly Music Awards","8.4 Academy of Country Music Awards","9 References","10 External links"]	American singer (born 1988) Billy GilmanBilly Gilman at Wildhorse Saloon, 2023.Background informationBirth nameWilliam Wendell Gilman IIIBorn (1988-05-24) May 24, 1988 (age 36)Westerly, Rhode Island, U.S.OriginRichmond, Rhode Island, U.S.GenresCountrypopInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1999–presentWebsitewww.billygilman.com Musical artist William Wendell Gilman III (born May 24, 1988), known professionally as Billy Gilman, is an American country music singer. Starting as a young country artist, he is known for his debut single "One Voice", a top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and a top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 2000. He has released five albums, including three for Epic Nashville. In 2016, Gilman auditioned for season 11 of the US edition of The Voice and competed as part of Team Adam Levine, finishing as runner-up for the season. Early life William Wendell Gilman was born on May 24, 1988, in Westerly, Rhode Island. He was raised in Hope Valley, Rhode Island, in the town of Richmond. He is the son of Frances "Fran" (Woodmansee) and William Wendell "Bill" Gilman, Jr., who works in maintenance. Gilman began singing before he was in school, and gave his first public performance at the age of seven. At the age of nine, Gilman was discovered by Ray Benson of Asleep at the Wheel, who helped him record demos. Gilman was then signed to Epic Records Nashville in 2000. Career Gilman in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2000. Gilman's debut single "One Voice", became a top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 peaking at number 38. It also became a top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 2000. 11 years old at the time, he became the youngest artist to ever have a top 40 single on the country chart. His debut album, also called One Voice was released on June 20, 2000, on Epic Records, and was certified double platinum in the United States. The album included the title track "One Voice" and the follow-up singles "Oklahoma" and "There's a Hero". The single "Oklahoma" was released on October 9, 2000, making it to the Billboard Hot Country Songs top 40 peaking at number 33. It also cracked the main Hot 100 chart peaking at number 63. Gilman was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance for his debut single "One Voice" and was nominated for Best Country Song for the songwriters, Don Cook and David Malloy. Gilman released a Christmas album in 2000 titled Classic Christmas which went gold, followed on May 8, 2001, by his second album Dare to Dream, which was certified gold, although its singles "Elisabeth" and "She's My Girl" both fell short of top 40 on the Billboard country singles charts peaking at numbers 50 and 56 respectively. After Dare to Dream, Gilman's voice began to noticeably change because of the onset of puberty, forcing him temporarily to withdraw from singing. His final album for Epic was released on April 15, 2003, and was entitled Music Through Heartsongs: Songs Based on the Poems of Mattie J.T. Stepanek. The tracks were based on poems written by the child poet Mattie Stepanek, a poet with muscular dystrophy who died in 2004, almost one year after the album's release. Gilman signed to Image Entertainment in 2005 for the release of his fifth album, Everything and More. A self-titled album Billy Gilman followed in 2006. The Voice Main article: The Voice (U.S. season 11) In 2016, Gilman auditioned for season 11 of the US edition of The Voice. The emotional introduction piece showed him with his supportive parents clearly introducing him as a child star and the fact that he had come out as gay in 2014. He was shown declaring to The Voice host Carson Daly backstage: "I had to come to grips with being gay... I took a long time to rebuild vocally, but it was coming back, and then coming to grips with who I was personally, I also came to grips with who I was as a singer. You know, I love my country music roots, but deep down, I really always wanted to be a pop singer. It's actually nerve-racking to stand here and just be 100 percent me. There's only one shot to reinvent myself." In the blind audition broadcast on September 20, 2016, Gilman sang Adele's song "When We Were Young". Gilman impressed all four judges, Adam Levine, Miley Cyrus, Alicia Keys and Blake Shelton with his performance. Adam Levine was the first to turn his chair around soon after Gilman started singing, with Miley Cyrus following shortly thereafter. Blake Shelton and Alicia Keys turned around at the very end of the performance. Once Gilman introduced himself to the coaches, both Shelton and Cyrus said they recognized him from his childhood career with Shelton mentioning Gilman's hit "One Voice". Gilman chose to continue the competition as part of Team Adam Levine. In the battle round, Levine matched Gilman with teammate Andrew DeMuro both performing Michael Jackson's "Man in the Mirror" and opted for Gilman to stay for the knockouts round where he confronted teammate Ponciano Seoane singing "Fight Song". Levine opted to pick him for the live rounds. In the inaugural live playoffs broadcast, he sang "Crying" from Roy Orbison and was one of two contestants from Team Adam to be saved by the public vote the other being his teammate Josh Gallagher. Based on this vote, he moved to the top 12 live stage of the competition. In the first live show, he sang Queen's "The Show Must Go On". followed in week two of live shows by "All I Ask" from Adele and in week three by "Anyway" from Martina McBride all three with a standing ovation from the public and from all four judges. "Anyway" reached number four on iTunes allowing Gilman the advantage of multiplying the vote (sales) totals he got on the iTunes chart published immediately after the broadcast by five. In the semi-final, he performed "I Surrender" from Celine Dion, again with standing ovation from all four judges. For a second week in a row, Gilman's performance, this time for "I Surrender" featured at number one on iTunes allowing him to benefit from the five times multipliers vote totals again. On December 6, 2016, Gilman qualified to the final of season 11 of The Voice. In the final four broadcast on December 12, 2016, Gilman performed "My Way", a cover of Frank Sinatra, then performed "Bye Bye Love" from The Everly Brothers as a duet with his coach and mentor Adam Levine, to finish with his original, "Because of Me", which was originally going to be a Maroon 5 track, but Levine decided it would be an appropriate winner's song for Gilman. Closing the finale broadcast on December 13, Gilman became the season 11 runner-up when Sundance Head was declared the winner. Performances on The Voice – Studio version of performance reached the top 10 on iTunes. Show Order Song Original artist Result Blind Audition 2.6 "When We Were Young" Adele All judges, Adam Levine, Miley Cyrus, Alicia Keys and Blake Shelton turned Billy joined Adam Levine's Team Battle Rounds (Top 48) 7.5 "Man in the Mirror" (vs. Andrew DeMuro) Michael Jackson Saved by coach Knockout Rounds (Top 32) 12.2 "Fight Song" (vs. Ponciano Seoane) Rachel Platten Saved by coach. Qualified to the live shows Live Playoffs (Top 20) 15.20 "Crying" Roy Orbison Saved by public vote. Qualified to Top 12 Live Show (Top 12) 16.5 "The Show Must Go On" Queen Saved by public vote. Qualified to Top 11. Live Show (Top 11) 18.6 "All I Ask" Adele Saved by public vote. Qualified to Top 10. Live Show (Top 10) 20.1 "Anyway" Martina McBride Saved by public vote. Qualified to Top 8 (Semi-final). Live Show (Top 8 – Semi-final) 22.8 "I Surrender" Celine Dion Saved by public vote. Qualified to Top 4 (Final). Live Show (Top 4 – Final) 24.1 "My Way" Frank Sinatra Runner-up 24.5 "Bye Bye Love" (duet with coach Adam Levine) The Everly Brothers 24.11 "Because of Me" Billy Gilman (original) Non-competition performances Order Collaborator(s) Song Original artist 17.1 Adam Levine, Brendan Fletcher, and Josh Gallagher "For What It's Worth" Buffalo Springfield 22.3 Christian Cuevas "Unsteady" X Ambassadors 25.4 Billy Gilman with Christian Cuevas, Ali Caldwell, Courtney Harrell and Sa'Rayah "Proud Mary" Creedence Clearwater Revival 25.9 Billy Gilman with Kelly Clarkson "It's Quiet Uptown" Hamilton musical Charities and activism The first time Billy appeared on the Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon was in September 2001. Two years later, in 2003, he began serving as the Muscular Dystrophy Association's National Youth chairman. He served six terms, from 2003 to 2008. As of 2017, he is still a celebrity ambassador for MDA and continues to perform on many of their charity drives. In April 2012, Gilman collaborated with other country artists and released a charity single, "The Choice", for Soles4Souls, a shoe charity with proceeds going for purchase of shoes for needy children worldwide. In addition for Gilman as spokesman for the charity song and lead singer on it, 18 top country singers also took part in support. The track features vocals from Alan Jackson, Reba McEntire, Craig Morgan, Josh Turner, Kenny Rogers, LeAnn Rimes, Steve Holy, Kellie Pickler, Keith Urban, Wynonna Judd, Rodney Atkins, Amy Grant, Montgomery Gentry, Diamond Rio, Vince Gill, Richie McDonald, Ronnie Milsap and Randy Travis. Gilman was the host of the 2014 Artists Music Guild's AMG Heritage Awards. His co-host for the event was Mallory Lewis and the puppet Lamb Chop. Gilman also took home the statue for the 2014 AMG Heritage Mainstream Artist of the Year. In popular culture In 2000, Gilman appeared on the tribute album Country Goes Raffi, performing the Raffi song "Baby Beluga". In 2000, he also appeared on the television special Twas the Night Before Christmas singing seasonal songs. On September 7 and September 10, 2001, Gilman performed the song "Ben" (although he misspoke the first phrase of the song by changing "need look no more" to "we live no more") at Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration in New York which was later televised. It was originally sung by Jackson himself in 1972. Gilman was also on the album Dream A Dream by Welsh soprano Charlotte Church, singing the title track as a featured vocalist with her. The song is for voice and orchestra based on Fauré's Pavane Op. 50 ("Elysium"). In 2002, Gilman took part in a reading for the then Broadway-bound musical A Tale of Two Cities, in which he played "The Young Man", who is Madame DeFarge's brother. In 2003, he appeared in the short documentary Our Country; and in 2005, he released the promotional documentary Billy Gilman: The Making of Everything and More, produced by Al Gomes of Big Noise, through Image Entertainment. Personal life Gilman originated from Hope Valley, Rhode Island where he lived with his parents and his younger brother Colin as a young singer. He was also interviewed on Entertainment Tonight about his coming out on November 21, 2014, just one day after Ty Herndon had appeared on the same program. In a video posted on November 20, 2014, Gilman came out as gay. He released his video titled "My Story by Billy Gilman" on One Voice Productions YouTube page only hours after another country singer Ty Herndon had come out. Gilman said in the video that Herndon's public acknowledgement inspired him to do the same. On March 16, 2017, he was honored in two separate ceremonies in the Rhode Island Senate and the House of Representatives for his successes and for representing Rhode Island as an artist. Discography Main article: Billy Gilman discography Studio albums One Voice (2000) Classic Christmas (2000) Dare to Dream (2001) Music Through Heartsongs (2003) Everything and More (2005) Billy Gilman (2006) Compilation albums My Time On Earth (2006) Awards Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Gilman received one nomination. Year Nominee / work Award Result 2001 "One Voice" Best Male Country Vocal Performance Nominated American Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2001 Billy Gilman Favorite Country New Artist Won TNN and CMT Country Weekly Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2001 Billy Gilman Discovery Award Won Academy of Country Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2001 Billy Gilman Top New Male Vocalist Nominated One Voice Album of the Year Nominated "One Voice" Song of the Year Nominated References ^ a b c d e Huey, Steve. "Billy Gilman biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-03-26. ^ "Billy Gilman: Wonder Boy (2001)". Country Weekly. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. ^ "William W. Gilman Sr". The Westerly Sun. ^ "Virginia W. 'Ginger' Woodmansee". The Westerly Sun. ^ a b "Billboard - Hot 100 - Billy Gilman chart history". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-17. ^ a b "Billboard - Hot Country Songs - Billy Gilman". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-17. ^ a b "Billy Gilman: The Voice Contestant - NBC.com". NBC. ^ Longeretta, Emily (September 20, 2016). "Billy Gilman Reintroduced On 'The Voice' — 5 Things To Know About Former Child Star". ^ a b Gil Kaufman (September 21, 2016). "Former Child Star Billy Gilman's Emotional Return on 'The Voice' Sparks Adam Levine/Miley Cyrus Bidding War". Billboard. Retrieved November 17, 2016. ^ MTV News Staff. "43rd Annual Grammy Award Nominees". MTV News. ^ "Billy Gilman \| News, New Music, Songs, and Videos". Cmt.com. ^ Jessica Molinari (September 20, 2016). "Grammy Nominee Billy Gilman Auditions For 'The Voice' Season 11 And Proves That He's Ready For A Comeback". Bustle.com. Retrieved November 17, 2016. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Everything and More - Billy Gilman". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ Collar, Mat. "Billy Gilman - Billy Gilman". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved November 12, 2011. ^ "Openly Gay Former Country Child Star Billy Gilman Seeks Another Chance on 'The Voice'". Yahoo.com. 21 September 2016. ^ Stefano, Angela (21 September 2016). "Billy Gilman Sings Adele for 'The Voice' Blind Audition ". The Boot. ^ Annie Reuter (October 11, 2016). "Billy Gilman Wins 'The Voice' Battle With 'Man in the Mirror'". Retrieved November 16, 2016. ^ Annie Reuter (October 26, 2016). "Billy Gilman Knocks Out 'The Voice' Judges With 'Fight Song'". Taste of Country.com. Retrieved November 16, 2016. ^ Annie Reuter (November 8, 2016). "Billy Gilman's Cover of 'Crying' Garners Him Top 12 Spot on 'The Voice'". Taste of Country.com. Retrieved November 16, 2016. ^ Maria Sciullo (November 7, 2016). "Cambria County native Josh Gallagher advances on 'The Voice'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved November 16, 2016. ^ Billy Dukes (November 15, 2016). "Billy Gilman's Queen Cover Brings 'The Voice' Judges to Their Feet". Taste of Country.com. Retrieved November 16, 2016. ^ Perri O. Blumberg (November 22, 2016). "Billy Gilman's Vulnerable Adele Cover on 'The Voice' Singer scales back for poignant rendition of "All I Ask"". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 30, 2016. ^ Allison Sadlier (November 29, 2016). "The Voice: Billy Gilman wows with 'Anyway' cover, Martina McBride responds". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 30, 2016. ^ a b Michael Slezak (November 29, 2016). "The Voice Predictions: Who's at Risk on Top 10 Results Night?". TVLine. Retrieved November 30, 2016. ^ Cillea Houghton (December 5, 2016). "Billy Gilman Wows With Celine Dion's 'I Surrender' on 'The Voice'". TasteofCountry.com. Retrieved December 6, 2016. ^ a b Brian Cantor (December 6, 2016). "The Voice's Billy Gilman, Sundance Head, Josh Gallagher and Christian Cuevas win Top 10 iTunes Chart Bonuses". HeadlinePlanet. Retrieved December 6, 2016. ^ Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya (December 6, 2016). "'The Voice': Season 11's Final Four Revealed". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 6, 2016. ^ Alyssa Norwin (December 12, 2016). "'The Voice' Recap: Top 4 Sing Their Hearts Out To Be Named Season 11 Winner". Hollywood Life. Retrieved December 12, 2016. ^ Sterling Whitaker (December 13, 2016). "Billy Gilman Is 'The Voice' Season 11 Runner-Up". Taste of Country. Retrieved December 14, 2016. ^ "Quest Magazine". Muscular Dystrophy Association. January 23, 2016. ^ "Turn shoes and clothing into opportunity". Soles4Souls.org. ^ "Soles4Souls". YouTube. ^ Gilman, Billy. "Gilman wins AMG Heritage Mainstream Artist of the Year". Artistsmusicguild.com. Artists Music Guild. Archived from the original on November 20, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014. ^ Gilman, Billy. "Gilman hosts the 2014 AMG Heritage Awards". Anna News. Archived from the original on November 21, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014. ^ "RaffiNews.com \| Store \| Country-goes-raffi". Raffinews.com. ^ Jay Bobbin (December 24, 2000). "The Night Before Christmas - Disney Parks Host Holiday Celebrations". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 15, 2016. ^ Stephen L. Betts (November 21, 2014). "Flashback: Billy Gilman Performs Pitch-Perfect Cover of Michael Jackson's 'Ben'". Retrieved November 15, 2016. ^ "Dream a Dream - Charlotte Church \| Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. ^ Jones, Kenneth (August 14, 2004). "Fans Offered a Chance to See NYC Industry Reading of A Tale of Two Cities Musical". Playbill.com. ^ ^ Patinkin, Mark (August 24, 2014). "For former child star Billy Gilman, intermission is over". Providence Journal. Retrieved November 15, 2016. ^ Sophie Schillaci (November 21, 2014). "Billy Gilman Talks Coming Out in Country Music, Support from LeAnn Rimes and Lucy Hale". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved November 16, 2016. ^ Campbell, Nigel (November 20, 2014). "Country Singer Billy Gilman Comes Out As Gay". Instinct. United States: instinctmagazine.com. Instinct Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2014. ^ "One Voice Productions YouTube page: My Story by Billy Gilman". YouTube. ^ "Billy Gilman is honored at the Rhode Island Senate, March 16, 2017". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. ^ "Senator Morgan to welcome Billy Gilman to Senate chamber". Rilin.state.ri.us. ^ "Billy Gilman blog: Billy Gilman sings the National Anthem & is honored at R.I. House of Representatives, March 16, 2017". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. ^ "Singer Billy Gilman honored by Rhode Island House". The Washington Times. External links Official website vteBilly GilmanDiscographyStudio albums One Voice Dare to Dream Music Through Heartsongs Everything and More Billy Gilman Christmas albums Classic Christmas Singles "One Voice" "Oklahoma" "Crying" "Because of Me" vteThe Voice (U.S.)Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Chloe Kohanski Brynn Cartelli Chevel Shepherd Maelyn Jarmon Jake Hoot Todd Tilghman Carter Rubin Cam Anthony Girl Named Tom Bryce Leatherwood Gina Miles Huntley Asher HaVon Winner's singles "Stitch by Stitch" "I Believe I Can Fly" "Cry" "Born to Fly" "Tumbling Down" "Set Fire to the Rain" "My Baby's Got a Smile on Her Face" "Please" "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" "Down That Road" "Darlin' Don't Go" "Money on You" "Wish I Didn't Love You" "Walk My Way" "Broken Hearts" "Better Off Without You" "Wanted Dead or Alive" "The Chain" Runners-up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Billy Gilman Chris Kroeze Ricky Duran Wendy Moten Other alumni Tarralyn Ramsey Vicci Martinez Elenowen Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan Lily Elise Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Elley Duhé Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Winter Rae Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Anthony Evans Nicolle Galyon Jordan Rager Mathai David Dunn Cheesa Preston Shannon Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez Bryan Keith Loren Allred MacKenzie Bourg Avery Wilson Joe Kirkland Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Lelia Broussard Jordan Pruitt Ben Taub Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Garrett Gardner Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Sam Alves Will Champlin Matthew Schuler James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Caroline Pennell Josh Logan Briana Cuoco E. G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Kristen Merlin Kat Perkins Sisaundra Lewis Morgan Wallen Dawn and Hawkes Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Anita Antoinette Bryana Salaz Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Corey Kent Quincy Mumford Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Darius Scott Viktor Király Keith Semple Amanda Ayala Tyler Dickerson Caleb Lee Hutchinson Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Katherine Ho Támar Davis Maddie Poppe Chase Walker Brennley Brown Josh Hoyer Brooke Simpson Esera Tuaolo Stephan Marcellus Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Myles Frost Spensha Baker WILKES Megan Lee Shana Halligan Reagan Strange Kameron Marlowe Fousheé Hannah Blaylock Dexter Roberts Andrew Jannakos Jae Jin Zan Fiskum Todd Michael Hall John Holiday Jeremy Rosado Libianca Fonji Crystal Nicole Bryan Olesen Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice: Neon Dreams Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"One Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Voice_(Billy_Gilman_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Epic Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"season 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S._season_11)"},{"link_name":"The Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Team Adam Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Levine"}],"text":"Musical artistWilliam Wendell Gilman III (born May 24, 1988), known professionally as Billy Gilman, is an American country music singer. Starting as a young country artist, he is known for his debut single \"One Voice\", a top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and a top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 2000. He has released five albums, including three for Epic Nashville. In 2016, Gilman auditioned for season 11 of the US edition of The Voice and competed as part of Team Adam Levine, finishing as runner-up for the season.","title":"Billy Gilman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westerly, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerly,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Hope Valley, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Valley,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ray Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Benson"},{"link_name":"Asleep at the Wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asleep_at_the_Wheel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"}],"text":"William Wendell Gilman was born on May 24, 1988, in Westerly, Rhode Island. He was raised in Hope Valley, Rhode Island, in the town of Richmond.[1] He is the son of Frances \"Fran\" (Woodmansee) and William Wendell \"Bill\" Gilman, Jr., who works in maintenance.[2][3][4] Gilman began singing before he was in school, and gave his first public performance at the age of seven. At the age of nine, Gilman was discovered by Ray Benson of Asleep at the Wheel, who helped him record demos.[1] Gilman was then signed to Epic Records Nashville in 2000.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billy_Gilman_2000_in_Boston.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"One Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Voice_(Billy_Gilman_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbhot100chart-5"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardhotcountrysongs-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcsite-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"One Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Voice_(Billy_Gilman_album)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-article-9"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_(Billy_Gilman_song)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbhot100chart-5"},{"link_name":"Best Male Country Vocal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Male_Country_Vocal_Performance"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcsite-7"},{"link_name":"Best Country Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Country_Song"},{"link_name":"David Malloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malloy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Classic Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Christmas_(Billy_Gilman_album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dare to Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare_to_Dream_(Billy_Gilman_album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardhotcountrysongs-6"},{"link_name":"puberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-article-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bustle-12"},{"link_name":"Music Through Heartsongs: Songs Based on the Poems of Mattie J.T. Stepanek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Through_Heartsongs:_Songs_Based_on_the_Poems_of_Mattie_J.T._Stepanek"},{"link_name":"Mattie Stepanek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattie_Stepanek"},{"link_name":"muscular dystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"Image Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Everything and More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_and_More_(Billy_Gilman_album)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Billy Gilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gilman_(album)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Gilman in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2000.Gilman's debut single \"One Voice\", became a top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 peaking at number 38.[5] It also became a top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 2000.[6] 11 years old at the time, he became the youngest artist to ever have a top 40 single on the country chart.[7][8]His debut album, also called One Voice was released on June 20, 2000, on Epic Records, and was certified double platinum in the United States.[9] The album included the title track \"One Voice\" and the follow-up singles \"Oklahoma\" and \"There's a Hero\". The single \"Oklahoma\" was released on October 9, 2000, making it to the Billboard Hot Country Songs top 40 peaking at number 33. It also cracked the main Hot 100 chart peaking at number 63.[5]Gilman was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance for his debut single \"One Voice\"[7] and was nominated for Best Country Song for the songwriters, Don Cook and David Malloy.[10]Gilman released a Christmas album in 2000 titled Classic Christmas which went gold,[11] followed on May 8, 2001, by his second album Dare to Dream,[1] which was certified gold, although its singles \"Elisabeth\" and \"She's My Girl\" both fell short of top 40 on the Billboard country singles charts peaking at numbers 50 and 56 respectively.[6] After Dare to Dream, Gilman's voice began to noticeably change because of the onset of puberty, forcing him temporarily to withdraw from singing.[9][12]His final album for Epic was released on April 15, 2003, and was entitled Music Through Heartsongs: Songs Based on the Poems of Mattie J.T. Stepanek. The tracks were based on poems written by the child poet Mattie Stepanek, a poet with muscular dystrophy who died in 2004,[1] almost one year after the album's release.Gilman signed to Image Entertainment in 2005 for the release of his fifth album, Everything and More.[13] A self-titled album Billy Gilman followed in 2006.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"season 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S._season_11)"},{"link_name":"The Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Carson Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Daly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"When We Were Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_We_Were_Young_(Adele_song)"},{"link_name":"Adam Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Levine"},{"link_name":"Miley Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miley_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"Blake Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Shelton"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Man in the Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tasteofcountry-17"},{"link_name":"Fight Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Song_(Rachel_Platten_song)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tasteofcountry2-18"},{"link_name":"Crying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crying_(Roy_Orbison_song)"},{"link_name":"Roy Orbison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Orbison"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tasteofcountry3-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-gazette-20"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Show Must Go On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Show_Must_Go_On_(Queen_song)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tasteofcountry4-21"},{"link_name":"All I Ask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Ask"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs-bgilman-adele-22"},{"link_name":"Anyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyway_(Martina_McBride_song)"},{"link_name":"Martina McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_McBride"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-ew-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvline-24"},{"link_name":"I Surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Surrender_(Celine_Dion_song)"},{"link_name":"Celine Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isurrender-tasteofcountry-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-headlineplanet-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holreporter-27"},{"link_name":"My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Way"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Bye Bye Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_Bye_Love_(The_Everly_Brothers_song)"},{"link_name":"The Everly Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Adam Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Levine"},{"link_name":"Because of Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Because_of_Me"},{"link_name":"Maroon 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_5"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollywoodlife-28"},{"link_name":"Sundance Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Head"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-runnerup-29"}],"text":"In 2016, Gilman auditioned for season 11 of the US edition of The Voice. The emotional introduction piece showed him with his supportive parents clearly introducing him as a child star and the fact that he had come out as gay in 2014. He was shown declaring to The Voice host Carson Daly backstage: \"I had to come to grips with being gay... I took a long time to rebuild vocally, but it was coming back, and then coming to grips with who I was personally, I also came to grips with who I was as a singer. You know, I love my country music roots, but deep down, I really always wanted to be a pop singer. It's actually nerve-racking to stand here and just be 100 percent me. There's only one shot to reinvent myself.\"[15]In the blind audition broadcast on September 20, 2016, Gilman sang Adele's song \"When We Were Young\". Gilman impressed all four judges, Adam Levine, Miley Cyrus, Alicia Keys and Blake Shelton with his performance. Adam Levine was the first to turn his chair around soon after Gilman started singing, with Miley Cyrus following shortly thereafter. Blake Shelton and Alicia Keys turned around at the very end of the performance. Once Gilman introduced himself to the coaches, both Shelton and Cyrus said they recognized him from his childhood career with Shelton mentioning Gilman's hit \"One Voice\". Gilman chose to continue the competition as part of Team Adam Levine.[16]In the battle round, Levine matched Gilman with teammate Andrew DeMuro both performing Michael Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\" and opted for Gilman to stay for the knockouts round[17] where he confronted teammate Ponciano Seoane singing \"Fight Song\". Levine opted to pick him for the live rounds.[18] In the inaugural live playoffs broadcast, he sang \"Crying\" from Roy Orbison and was one of two contestants from Team Adam to be saved by the public vote[19] the other being his teammate Josh Gallagher. Based on this vote, he moved to the top 12 live stage of the competition.[20]In the first live show, he sang Queen's \"The Show Must Go On\".[21] followed in week two of live shows by \"All I Ask\" from Adele[22] and in week three by \"Anyway\" from Martina McBride all three with a standing ovation from the public and from all four judges.[23] \"Anyway\" reached number four on iTunes allowing Gilman the advantage of multiplying the vote (sales) totals he got on the iTunes chart published immediately after the broadcast by five.[24] In the semi-final, he performed \"I Surrender\" from Celine Dion, again with standing ovation from all four judges.[25] For a second week in a row, Gilman's performance, this time for \"I Surrender\" featured at number one on iTunes allowing him to benefit from the five times multipliers vote totals again.[26] On December 6, 2016, Gilman qualified to the final of season 11 of The Voice.[27]In the final four broadcast on December 12, 2016, Gilman performed \"My Way\", a cover of Frank Sinatra, then performed \"Bye Bye Love\" from The Everly Brothers as a duet with his coach and mentor Adam Levine, to finish with his original, \"Because of Me\", which was originally going to be a Maroon 5 track, but Levine decided it would be an appropriate winner's song for Gilman.[28] Closing the finale broadcast on December 13, Gilman became the season 11 runner-up when Sundance Head was declared the winner.[29]","title":"The Voice"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Performances on The Voice","text":"– Studio version of performance reached the top 10 on iTunes.","title":"The Voice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Alan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"Craig Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Josh Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Turner"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"},{"link_name":"LeAnn Rimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeAnn_Rimes"},{"link_name":"Steve Holy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Holy"},{"link_name":"Kellie Pickler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellie_Pickler"},{"link_name":"Keith Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Urban"},{"link_name":"Wynonna Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynonna_Judd"},{"link_name":"Rodney Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Amy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Grant"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Gentry"},{"link_name":"Diamond Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Rio"},{"link_name":"Vince Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gill"},{"link_name":"Richie McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Milsap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap"},{"link_name":"Randy Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Travis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Mallory Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Lamb Chop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_Chop_(puppet)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilman_wins_AMG_Heritage_Mainstream_Artist_of_the_Year-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilman_hosts_the_2014_AMG_Heritage_Awards-34"}],"text":"The first time Billy appeared on the Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon was in September 2001. Two years later, in 2003, he began serving as the Muscular Dystrophy Association's National Youth chairman. He served six terms, from 2003 to 2008. As of 2017, he is still a celebrity ambassador for MDA and continues to perform on many of their charity drives.[30]In April 2012, Gilman collaborated with other country artists and released a charity single, \"The Choice\", for Soles4Souls, a shoe charity with proceeds going for purchase of shoes for needy children worldwide.[31] In addition for Gilman as spokesman for the charity song and lead singer on it, 18 top country singers also took part in support. The track features vocals from Alan Jackson, Reba McEntire, Craig Morgan, Josh Turner, Kenny Rogers, LeAnn Rimes, Steve Holy, Kellie Pickler, Keith Urban, Wynonna Judd, Rodney Atkins, Amy Grant, Montgomery Gentry, Diamond Rio, Vince Gill, Richie McDonald, Ronnie Milsap and Randy Travis.[32]Gilman was the host of the 2014 Artists Music Guild's AMG Heritage Awards. His co-host for the event was Mallory Lewis and the puppet Lamb Chop. Gilman also took home the statue for the 2014 AMG Heritage Mainstream Artist of the Year.[33][34]","title":"Charities and activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Country Goes Raffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Goes_Raffi"},{"link_name":"Raffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffi_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Baby Beluga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Beluga"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-36"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_(song)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Celebration"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone-37"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Church"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Al Gomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gomes"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"In 2000, Gilman appeared on the tribute album Country Goes Raffi, performing the Raffi song \"Baby Beluga\".[35] In 2000, he also appeared on the television special Twas the Night Before Christmas singing seasonal songs.[36]On September 7 and September 10, 2001, Gilman performed the song \"Ben\"\n(although he misspoke the first phrase of the song by changing \"need look no more\" to \"we live no more\") at Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration in New York which was later televised. It was originally sung by Jackson himself in 1972.[37]Gilman was also on the album Dream A Dream by Welsh soprano Charlotte Church, singing the title track as a featured vocalist with her. The song is for voice and orchestra based on Fauré's Pavane Op. 50 (\"Elysium\").[38]In 2002, Gilman took part in a reading for the then Broadway-bound musical A Tale of Two Cities, in which he played \"The Young Man\", who is Madame DeFarge's brother.[39]In 2003, he appeared in the short documentary Our Country; and in 2005, he released the promotional documentary Billy Gilman: The Making of Everything and More, produced by Al Gomes of Big Noise, through Image Entertainment.[40]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hope Valley, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Valley,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etonline-42"},{"link_name":"came out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Ty Herndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Herndon"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Gilman originated from Hope Valley, Rhode Island where he lived with his parents and his younger brother Colin as a young singer.[41] He was also interviewed on Entertainment Tonight about his coming out on November 21, 2014, just one day after Ty Herndon had appeared on the same program.[42]In a video posted on November 20, 2014, Gilman came out as gay.[43] He released his video titled \"My Story by Billy Gilman\" on One Voice Productions YouTube page only hours after another country singer Ty Herndon had come out. Gilman said in the video that Herndon's public acknowledgement inspired him to do the same.[44]On March 16, 2017, he was honored in two separate ceremonies in the Rhode Island Senate[45][46] and the House of Representatives[47][48] for his successes and for representing Rhode Island as an artist.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Voice_(Billy_Gilman_album)"},{"link_name":"Classic Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Christmas_(Billy_Gilman_album)"},{"link_name":"Dare to Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare_to_Dream_(Billy_Gilman_album)"},{"link_name":"Music Through Heartsongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Through_Heartsongs:_Songs_Based_on_the_Poems_of_Mattie_J.T._Stepanek"},{"link_name":"Everything and More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_and_More_(Billy_Gilman_album)"},{"link_name":"Billy Gilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gilman_(album)"},{"link_name":"My Time On Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Time_On_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Studio albumsOne Voice (2000)\nClassic Christmas (2000)\nDare to Dream (2001)\nMusic Through Heartsongs (2003)\nEverything and More (2005)\nBilly Gilman (2006)Compilation albumsMy Time On Earth (2006)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences"}],"sub_title":"Grammy Awards","text":"The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Gilman received one nomination.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"American Music Awards","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TNN and CMT Country Weekly Music Awards","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Academy of Country Music Awards","title":"Awards"}]	[{"image_text":"Gilman in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2000.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Billy_Gilman_2000_in_Boston.jpg/200px-Billy_Gilman_2000_in_Boston.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Huey, Steve. \"Billy Gilman biography\". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p425379/biography","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Gilman: Wonder Boy (2001)\". Country Weekly. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044821/http://www.countryweekly.com/magazine/vault/billy-gilman-wonder-boy-2001","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman: Wonder Boy (2001)\""},{"url":"http://www.countryweekly.com/magazine/vault/billy-gilman-wonder-boy-2001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"William W. Gilman Sr\". The Westerly Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thewesterlysun/obituary.aspx?pid=142468344","url_text":"\"William W. Gilman Sr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia W. 'Ginger' Woodmansee\". The Westerly Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thewesterlysun/obituary.aspx?n=virginia-w-ginger-woodmansee&pid=127740880","url_text":"\"Virginia W. 'Ginger' Woodmansee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard - Hot 100 - Billy Gilman chart history\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161201065250/http://www.billboard.com/artist/283762/Billy+Gilman/chart?f=379","url_text":"\"Billboard - Hot 100 - Billy Gilman chart history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/283762/Billy+Gilman/chart?f=379","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard - Hot Country Songs - Billy Gilman\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161201065332/http://www.billboard.com/artist/283762/Billy%20Gilman/chart?f=357","url_text":"\"Billboard - Hot Country Songs - Billy Gilman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/283762/Billy%20Gilman/chart?f=357","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Gilman: The Voice Contestant - NBC.com\". NBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbc.com/the-voice/credits/credit/season-11/billy-gilman","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman: The Voice Contestant - NBC.com\""}]},{"reference":"Longeretta, Emily (September 20, 2016). \"Billy Gilman Reintroduced On 'The Voice' — 5 Things To Know About Former Child Star\".","urls":[{"url":"https://hollywoodlife.com/2016/09/20/who-is-billy-gilman-the-voice-audition-one-voice/","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman Reintroduced On 'The Voice' — 5 Things To Know About Former Child Star\""}]},{"reference":"Gil Kaufman (September 21, 2016). \"Former Child Star Billy Gilman's Emotional Return on 'The Voice' Sparks Adam Levine/Miley Cyrus Bidding War\". Billboard. Retrieved November 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/7517986/billy-gilman-emotional-return-on-the-voice-cyrus-levine","url_text":"\"Former Child Star Billy Gilman's Emotional Return on 'The Voice' Sparks Adam Levine/Miley Cyrus Bidding War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"MTV News Staff. \"43rd Annual Grammy Award Nominees\". MTV News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1435904/43rd-annual-grammy-award-nominees/","url_text":"\"43rd Annual Grammy Award Nominees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Gilman \| News, New Music, Songs, and Videos\". Cmt.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/artists/billy-gilman","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman \| News, New Music, Songs, and Videos\""}]},{"reference":"Jessica Molinari (September 20, 2016). \"Grammy Nominee Billy Gilman Auditions For 'The Voice' Season 11 And Proves That He's Ready For A Comeback\". Bustle.com. Retrieved November 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bustle.com/articles/185167-grammy-nominee-billy-gilman-auditions-for-the-voice-season-11-and-proves-that-hes-ready-for","url_text":"\"Grammy Nominee Billy Gilman Auditions For 'The Voice' Season 11 And Proves That He's Ready For A Comeback\""}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Everything and More - Billy Gilman\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved November 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r734329","url_text":"\"Everything and More - Billy Gilman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"}]},{"reference":"Collar, Mat. \"Billy Gilman - Billy Gilman\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved November 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r838640","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman - Billy Gilman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Openly Gay Former Country Child Star Billy Gilman Seeks Another Chance on 'The Voice'\". Yahoo.com. 21 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/openly-gay-former-country-child-star-billy-gilman-seeks-another-chance-on-the-voice-013103021.html","url_text":"\"Openly Gay Former Country Child Star Billy Gilman Seeks Another Chance on 'The Voice'\""}]},{"reference":"Stefano, Angela (21 September 2016). \"Billy Gilman Sings Adele for 'The Voice' Blind Audition [WATCH]\". The Boot.","urls":[{"url":"https://theboot.com/billy-gilman-the-voice-blind-audition/","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman Sings Adele for 'The Voice' Blind Audition [WATCH]\""}]},{"reference":"Annie Reuter (October 11, 2016). \"Billy Gilman Wins 'The Voice' Battle With 'Man in the Mirror'\". Retrieved November 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/billy-gilman-the-voice-battle-man-in-the-mirror/","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman Wins 'The Voice' Battle With 'Man in the Mirror'\""}]},{"reference":"Annie Reuter (October 26, 2016). \"Billy Gilman Knocks Out 'The Voice' Judges With 'Fight Song'\". Taste of Country.com. Retrieved November 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/billy-gilman-the-voice-fight-song/","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman Knocks Out 'The Voice' Judges With 'Fight Song'\""}]},{"reference":"Annie Reuter (November 8, 2016). \"Billy Gilman's Cover of 'Crying' Garners Him Top 12 Spot on 'The Voice'\". Taste of Country.com. Retrieved November 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/billy-gilman-crying-the-voice/","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman's Cover of 'Crying' Garners Him Top 12 Spot on 'The Voice'\""}]},{"reference":"Maria Sciullo (November 7, 2016). \"Cambria County native Josh Gallagher advances on 'The Voice'\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved November 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2016/11/07/Cambria-County-native-Josh-Gallagher-advances-on-NBC-The-Voice/stories/201611070174","url_text":"\"Cambria County native Josh Gallagher advances on 'The Voice'\""}]},{"reference":"Billy Dukes (November 15, 2016). \"Billy Gilman's Queen Cover Brings 'The Voice' Judges to Their Feet\". Taste of Country.com. Retrieved November 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/billy-gilman-queen-the-show-must-go-on-the-voice/","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman's Queen Cover Brings 'The Voice' Judges to Their Feet\""}]},{"reference":"Perri O. Blumberg (November 22, 2016). \"Billy Gilman's Vulnerable Adele Cover on 'The Voice' Singer scales back for poignant rendition of \"All I Ask\"\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/country/videos/see-billy-gilmans-vulnerable-adele-cover-on-the-voice-w451962","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman's Vulnerable Adele Cover on 'The Voice' Singer scales back for poignant rendition of \"All I Ask\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Allison Sadlier (November 29, 2016). \"The Voice: Billy Gilman wows with 'Anyway' cover, Martina McBride responds\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2016/11/29/martina-mcbride-billy-gilman-anyway-voice","url_text":"\"The Voice: Billy Gilman wows with 'Anyway' cover, Martina McBride responds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Michael Slezak (November 29, 2016). \"The Voice Predictions: Who's at Risk on Top 10 Results Night?\". TVLine. Retrieved November 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvline.com/2016/11/29/the-voice-predictions-top-10-itunes-rankings-elimination-season-11/","url_text":"\"The Voice Predictions: Who's at Risk on Top 10 Results Night?\""}]},{"reference":"Cillea Houghton (December 5, 2016). \"Billy Gilman Wows With Celine Dion's 'I Surrender' on 'The Voice'\". TasteofCountry.com. Retrieved December 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/billy-gilman-i-surrender-the-voice/","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman Wows With Celine Dion's 'I Surrender' on 'The Voice'\""}]},{"reference":"Brian Cantor (December 6, 2016). \"The Voice's Billy Gilman, Sundance Head, Josh Gallagher and Christian Cuevas win Top 10 iTunes Chart Bonuses\". HeadlinePlanet. Retrieved December 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://headlineplanet.com/home/2016/12/06/voices-billy-gilman-reaches-1-itunes-chart-sundance-head-christian-cuevas-josh-gallagher-also-top-10/","url_text":"\"The Voice's Billy Gilman, Sundance Head, Josh Gallagher and Christian Cuevas win Top 10 iTunes Chart Bonuses\""}]},{"reference":"Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya (December 6, 2016). \"'The Voice': Season 11's Final Four Revealed\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/voice-season-11s-final-four-revealed-953622","url_text":"\"'The Voice': Season 11's Final Four Revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Alyssa Norwin (December 12, 2016). \"'The Voice' Recap: Top 4 Sing Their Hearts Out To Be Named Season 11 Winner\". Hollywood Life. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hollywoodlife.com/2016/12/12/the-voice-finals-season-11-performances-recap/","url_text":"\"'The Voice' Recap: Top 4 Sing Their Hearts Out To Be Named Season 11 Winner\""}]},{"reference":"Sterling Whitaker (December 13, 2016). \"Billy Gilman Is 'The Voice' Season 11 Runner-Up\". Taste of Country. Retrieved December 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/billy-gilman-the-voice-season-11-runner-up/","url_text":"\"Billy Gilman Is 'The Voice' Season 11 Runner-Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quest Magazine\". Muscular Dystrophy Association. January 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mda.org/quest","url_text":"\"Quest Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turn shoes and clothing into opportunity\". Soles4Souls.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soles4souls.org/","url_text":"\"Turn shoes and clothing into opportunity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soles4Souls\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE-nOUhHeOlq94j0VmquM1Q","url_text":"\"Soles4Souls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, Billy. \"Gilman wins AMG Heritage Mainstream Artist of the Year\". Artistsmusicguild.com. Artists Music Guild. Archived from the original on November 20, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141120074737/http://artistsmusicguild.com/content/2014-amg-heritage-award-recipients","url_text":"\"Gilman wins AMG Heritage Mainstream Artist of the Year\""},{"url":"http://artistsmusicguild.com/content/2014-amg-heritage-award-recipients","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, Billy. \"Gilman hosts the 2014 AMG Heritage Awards\". Anna News. Archived from the original on November 21, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20141121031745/http://www.annanews.com/news/article_cc9c003a-2489-11e4-8e12-0019bb2963f4.html","url_text":"\"Gilman hosts the 2014 AMG Heritage Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.annanews.com/news/article_cc9c003a-2489-11e4-8e12-0019bb2963f4.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RaffiNews.com \| Store \| Country-goes-raffi\". Raffinews.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.raffinews.com/store/childrens-music/country-goes-raffi#.WCuXNxorIdU","url_text":"\"RaffiNews.com \| Store \| Country-goes-raffi\""}]},{"reference":"Jay Bobbin (December 24, 2000). \"The Night Before Christmas - Disney Parks Host Holiday Celebrations\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-12-24/entertainment/0012240365_1_disney-show-christmas-day-disney-channel-movie","url_text":"\"The Night Before Christmas - Disney Parks Host Holiday Celebrations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Stephen L. Betts (November 21, 2014). \"Flashback: Billy Gilman Performs Pitch-Perfect Cover of Michael Jackson's 'Ben'\". Retrieved November 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/flashback-billy-gilman-performs-pitch-perfect-cover-of-michael-jacksons-ben-20141121","url_text":"\"Flashback: Billy Gilman Performs Pitch-Perfect Cover of Michael Jackson's 'Ben'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dream a Dream - Charlotte Church \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/dream-a-dream-mw0000015314","url_text":"\"Dream a Dream - Charlotte Church \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kenneth (August 14, 2004). \"Fans Offered a Chance to See NYC Industry Reading of A Tale of Two Cities Musical\". Playbill.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/fans-offered-a-chance-to-see-nyc-industry-reading-of-a-tale-of-two-cities-musical-com-121407","url_text":"\"Fans Offered a Chance to See NYC Industry Reading of A Tale of Two Cities Musical\""}]},{"reference":"Patinkin, Mark (August 24, 2014). \"For former child star Billy Gilman, intermission is over\". Providence Journal. Retrieved November 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.providencejournal.com/entertainment/20140824/mark-patinkin-for-former-child-star-billy-gilman-intermission-is-over","url_text":"\"For former child star Billy Gilman, intermission is over\""}]},{"reference":"Sophie Schillaci (November 21, 2014). \"Billy Gilman Talks Coming Out in Country Music, Support from LeAnn Rimes and Lucy Hale\". Entertainment Tonight. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e	Fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's épée	["1 Draw","1.1 Finals","1.2 Section 1","1.3 Section 2","1.4 Section 3","1.5 Section 4","2 Results","3 References"]	Fencing at the Olympics Women's épéeat the Games of the XXVI OlympiadVenueGeorgia World Congress CenterDates21 July 1996Competitors48 from 24 nationsMedalists Laura Flessel-Colovic France Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux France Gyöngyi Szalay-Horváth Hungary2000 → Fencing at the1996 Summer OlympicsÉpéemenwomenTeam épéemenwomenFoilmenwomenTeam foilmenwomenSabremenTeam sabremenvte The women's épée was one of ten fencing events on the fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of the event. The competition was held on 21 July 1996. 48 fencers from 24 nations competed. Draw Finals SemifinalsFinal Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux (FRA) 15 Margherita Zalaffi (ITA) 6 Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux (FRA) 12 Laura Flessel-Colovic (FRA) 15 Laura Flessel-Colovic (FRA) 15 Gyöngyi Szalay-Horváth (HUN) 10 Bronze medal match Gyöngyi Szalay-Horváth (HUN) 15 Margherita Zalaffi (ITA) 13 Section 1 Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Tímea Nagy (HUN) 15 Kim Hui-Jeong (KOR) 15 Kim Hui-Jeong (KOR) 5 Nhi Lan Le (USA) 13 Tímea Nagy (HUN) 15 Mariya Mazina (RUS) 15 Elisa Uga (ITA) 9 Mitch Escanellas (PUR) 11 Mariya Mazina (RUS) 15 Elisa Uga (ITA) 9 Tímea Nagy (HUN) 9 Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux (FRA) 15 Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux (FRA) 15 Helena Elinder (SWE) 15 Helena Elinder (SWE) 3 Minna Lehtola (FIN) 8 Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux (FRA) 15 Mirayda García (CUB) 15 Gianna Hablützel-Bürki (SUI) 14 Yuko Arai (JPN) 13 Mirayda García (CUB) 11 Gianna Hablützel-Bürki (SUI) 15 Section 2 Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Sophie Moressée-Pichot (FRA) 15 Yan Jing (CHN) 15 Yan Jing (CHN) 14 Noriko Kubo (JPN) 10 Sophie Moressée-Pichot (FRA) 10 Yeva Vybornova (UKR) 15 Eva-Maria Ittner (GER) 15 Mariette Schmit (LUX) 8 Yeva Vybornova (UKR) 7 Eva-Maria Ittner (GER) 15 Eva-Maria Ittner (GER) 10 Margherita Zalaffi (ITA) 15 Margherita Zalaffi (ITA) 15 Karina Aznavuryan (RUS) 15 Karina Aznavuryan (RUS) 12 Nanae Tanaka (JPN) 5 Margherita Zalaffi (ITA) 15 Niki-Katerina Sidiropoulou (GRE) 15 Claudia Bokel (GER) 8 Sarah Osvath (AUS) 8 Niki-Katerina Sidiropoulou (GRE) 10 Claudia Bokel (GER) 15 Section 3 Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Laura Flessel-Colovic (FRA) 15 Laura Chiesa (ITA) 15 Laura Chiesa (ITA) 10 Elaine Cheris (USA) 13 Laura Flessel-Colovic (FRA) 15 Joanna Jakimiuk (POL) 15 Viktoriya Titova (UKR) 11 Henda Zaouali (TUN) 7 Joanna Jakimiuk (POL) 4 Viktoriya Titova (UKR) 15 Laura Flessel-Colovic (FRA) 15 Adrienn Hormay (HUN) 12 Katja Nass (GER) 15 Heidi Rohi (EST) 15 Heidi Rohi (EST) 12 Sandra Kenel (SUI) 14 Katja Nass (GER) 9 Lee Geum-Nam (KOR) 15 Adrienn Hormay (HUN) 15 Milagros Palma (CUB) 12 Lee Geum-Nam (KOR) 9 Adrienn Hormay (HUN) 15 Section 4 Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Taymi Chappé (ESP) 12 Go Jeong-Jeon (KOR) 15 Go Jeong-Jeon (KOR) 15 Tamara Esteri (CUB) 12 Go Jeong-Jeon (KOR) 15 Leslie Marx (USA) 15 Leslie Marx (USA) 12 Michèle Wolf (SUI) 14 Leslie Marx (USA) 15 Maarika Võsu (EST) 13 Go Jeong-Jeon (KOR) 5 Gyöngyi Szalay-Horváth (HUN) 15 Oksana Yermakova (EST) 15 Eva Fjellerup (DEN) 15 Eva Fjellerup (DEN) 14 Rosa María Castillejo (ESP) 13 Oksana Yermakova (EST) 6 Yuliya Garayeva (RUS) 15 Gyöngyi Szalay-Horváth (HUN) 15 Tamara Savić-Šotra (SCG) 7 Yuliya Garayeva (RUS) 14 Gyöngyi Szalay-Horváth (HUN) 15 Results Rank Fencer Country Laura Flessel-Colovic France Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux France Gyöngyi Szalay-Horváth Hungary 4 Margherita Zalaffi Italy 5 Tímea Nagy Hungary 6 Adrienn Hormay Hungary 7 Eva-Maria Ittner Germany 8 Go Jeong-Jeon South Korea 9 Claudia Bokel Germany 10 Sophie Moressée-Pichot France 11 Gianna Hablützel-Bürki Switzerland 12 Katja Nass Germany 13 Viktoriya Titova Ukraine 14 Elisa Uga Italy 15 Oksana Yermakova Estonia 16 Leslie Marx United States 17 Taymi Chappé Spain 18 Maarika Võsu Estonia 19 Mariya Mazina Russia 20 Karina Aznavuryan Russia 21 Joanna Jakimiuk Poland 22 Heidi Rohi Estonia 23 Yeva Vybornova Ukraine 24 Mirayda García Cuba 25 Yan Jing China 26 Laura Chiesa Italy 27 Niki-Katerina Sidiropoulou Greece 28 Kim Hui-Jeong South Korea 29 Yuliya Garayeva Russia 30 Lee Geum-Nam South Korea 31 Helena Elinder Sweden 32 Eva Fjellerup Denmark 33 Rosa María Castillejo Spain 34 Minna Lehtola Finland 35 Milagros Palma Cuba 36 Tamara Savić-Šotra FR Yugoslavia 37 Nhi Lan Le United States 38 Sarah Osvath Australia 39 Elaine Cheris United States 40 Noriko Kubo Japan 41 Tamara Esteri Cuba 42 Yuko Arai Japan 43 Michèle Wolf Switzerland 44 Mariette Schmit Luxembourg 45 Sandra Kenel Switzerland 46 Nanae Tanaka Japan 47 Mitch Escanellas Puerto Rico 48 Henda Zaouali Tunisia References ^ "Fencing: 1996 Olympic Results - Women's épée". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2012. vteOlympic Fencing Champions in Women's Individual Épée 1996: Laura Flessel (FRA) 2000: Tímea Nagy (HUN) 2004: Tímea Nagy (HUN) 2008: Britta Heidemann (GER) 2012: Yana Shemyakina (UKR) 2016: Emese Szász (HUN) 2020: Sun Yiwen (CHN)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-1"}],"text":"The women's épée was one of ten fencing events on the fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of the event. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_cuneonavicular_ligament	Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments	[]	Dorsal cuneonavicular ligamentDetailsFromcuneiformTonavicularIdentifiersLatinligamenta navicularicuneiformia dorsaliaTA98A03.6.10.514TA21942FMA44239Anatomical terminology The dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments consist of fibrous bands that join the dorsal surface of the navicular bone to the dorsal surfaces of the three cuneiform bones. vteJoints and ligaments of the human legHip femoral (iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral) head of femur transverse acetabular acetabular labrum capsule zona orbicularis KneeTibiofemoral Capsule Anterior meniscofemoral ligament Posterior meniscofemoral ligament extracapsular: popliteal oblique arcuate collateral medial/tibial fibular/lateral intracapsular: cruciate anterior posterior menisci medial lateral transverse anterolateral Patellofemoral Patellar tendon Infrapatellar fat pad TibiofibularSuperior tibiofibular anterior of the head of the fibula posterior of the head of the fibula Inferior tibiofibular Anterior tibiofibular Posterior tibiofibular Interosseous membrane of leg FootTalocrural and ankle medial: medial of talocrural joint/deltoid anterior tibiotalar posterior tibiotalar tibiocalcaneal tibionavicular lateral: lateral collateral of ankle joint anterior talofibular posterior talofibular calcaneofibular Subtalar/talocalcaneal anterior/posterior lateral/medial interosseous Transverse tarsalTalocalcaneonavicular dorsal talonavicular plantar calcaneonavicular/spring bifurcated (calcaneonavicular) Calcaneocuboid dorsal calcaneocuboid long plantar plantar calcaneocuboid bifurcated (calcaneocuboid) Distal intertarsalCuneonavicular plantar dorsal Cuboideonavicular plantar dorsal Intercuneiform plantar dorsal interosseous intercuneiform interosseous cuneometatarsal OtherTarsometatarsal/Lisfranc plantar dorsal Intermetatarsal/metatarsal plantar dorsal interosseous superficial transverse deep transverse Metatarsophalangeal plantar collateral Interphalangeal plantar collateral Arches Longitudinal Transverse Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Ankle joint. Deep dissection. This ligament-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"navicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Joints_of_lower_limbs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Joints_of_lower_limbs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joints_of_lower_limbs"},{"link_name":"Joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint"},{"link_name":"ligaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligament"},{"link_name":"human leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leg"},{"link_name":"Hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip"},{"link_name":"iliofemoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliofemoral_ligament"},{"link_name":"pubofemoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubofemoral_ligament"},{"link_name":"ischiofemoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischiofemoral_ligament"},{"link_name":"head of femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligament_of_head_of_femur"},{"link_name":"transverse acetabular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_acetabular_ligament"},{"link_name":"acetabular labrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabular_labrum"},{"link_name":"capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_of_hip_joint"},{"link_name":"zona orbicularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_orbicularis"},{"link_name":"Knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee"},{"link_name":"Tibiofemoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee"},{"link_name":"Capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_knee_joint"},{"link_name":"Anterior meniscofemoral ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_meniscofemoral_ligament"},{"link_name":"Posterior meniscofemoral ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_meniscofemoral_ligament"},{"link_name":"oblique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_popliteal_ligament"},{"link_name":"arcuate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate_popliteal_ligament"},{"link_name":"medial/tibial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament"},{"link_name":"fibular/lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibular_collateral_ligament"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament"},{"link_name":"posterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cruciate_ligament"},{"link_name":"menisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"medial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_meniscus"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_meniscus"},{"link_name":"transverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_ligament_of_knee"},{"link_name":"anterolateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterolateral_ligament"},{"link_name":"Patellofemoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee"},{"link_name":"Patellar tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patellar_tendon"},{"link_name":"Infrapatellar fat pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrapatellar_fat_pad"},{"link_name":"Superior tibiofibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_tibiofibular_joint"},{"link_name":"anterior of the head of the fibula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_ligament_of_the_head_of_the_fibula"},{"link_name":"posterior of the head of the fibula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_ligament_of_the_head_of_the_fibula"},{"link_name":"Inferior tibiofibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_tibiofibular_joint"},{"link_name":"Anterior tibiofibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_tibiofibular_ligament"},{"link_name":"Posterior tibiofibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_tibiofibular_ligament"},{"link_name":"Interosseous membrane of leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_leg"},{"link_name":"Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot"},{"link_name":"Talocrural and ankle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankle"},{"link_name":"medial of talocrural joint/deltoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_ligament"},{"link_name":"anterior tibiotalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_ligament"},{"link_name":"posterior tibiotalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_ligament"},{"link_name":"tibiocalcaneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_ligament"},{"link_name":"tibionavicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_ligament"},{"link_name":"lateral collateral of ankle joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_collateral_ligament_of_ankle_joint"},{"link_name":"anterior talofibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_talofibular_ligament"},{"link_name":"posterior talofibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_talofibular_ligament"},{"link_name":"calcaneofibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneofibular_ligament"},{"link_name":"Subtalar/talocalcaneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtalar_joint"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_talocalcaneal_ligament"},{"link_name":"posterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_talocalcaneal_ligament"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_talocalcaneal_ligament"},{"link_name":"medial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_talocalcaneal_ligament"},{"link_name":"interosseous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous_talocalcaneal_ligament"},{"link_name":"Transverse tarsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_tarsal_joint"},{"link_name":"Talocalcaneonavicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talocalcaneonavicular_joint"},{"link_name":"dorsal talonavicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_talonavicular_ligament"},{"link_name":"plantar calcaneonavicular/spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_calcaneonavicular_ligament"},{"link_name":"bifurcated (calcaneonavicular)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcated_ligament"},{"link_name":"Calcaneocuboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneocuboid_joint"},{"link_name":"dorsal calcaneocuboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_calcaneocuboid_ligament"},{"link_name":"long plantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_plantar_ligament"},{"link_name":"plantar calcaneocuboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_calcaneocuboid_ligament"},{"link_name":"bifurcated (calcaneocuboid)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcated_ligament"},{"link_name":"intertarsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertarsal_joints"},{"link_name":"Cuneonavicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneonavicular_joint"},{"link_name":"plantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_cuneonavicular_ligaments"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cuboideonavicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboideonavicular_joint"},{"link_name":"plantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_cuboideonavicular_ligament"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_cuboideonavicular_ligament"},{"link_name":"Intercuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercuneiform_joints"},{"link_name":"plantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_intercuneiform_ligaments"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_intercuneiform_ligaments"},{"link_name":"interosseous intercuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous_intercuneiform_ligaments"},{"link_name":"interosseous cuneometatarsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous_cuneometatarsal_ligaments"},{"link_name":"Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_joints"},{"link_name":"plantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_tarsometatarsal_ligaments"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_tarsometatarsal_ligaments"},{"link_name":"Intermetatarsal/metatarsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermetatarsal_joints"},{"link_name":"plantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_metatarsal_ligaments"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_metatarsal_ligaments"},{"link_name":"interosseous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous_metatarsal_ligaments"},{"link_name":"superficial transverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_metatarsal_ligament"},{"link_name":"deep transverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_metatarsal_ligament"},{"link_name":"Metatarsophalangeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_joints"},{"link_name":"plantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plantar_ligaments_of_metatarsophalangeal_joints&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"collateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_ligaments_of_metatarsophalangeal_joints"},{"link_name":"Interphalangeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphalangeal_joints_of_foot"},{"link_name":"plantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plantar_ligaments_of_interphalangeal_joints_of_foot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"collateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_ligaments_of_interphalangeal_joints_of_foot"},{"link_name":"Arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot"},{"link_name":"Longitudinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot"},{"link_name":"Transverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5298774#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Terminologia Anatomica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A03.6.10.514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide1CECU.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide2CEC1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray298.png"},{"link_name":"ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligament"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding 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cruciate\nanterior\nposterior\nmenisci\nmedial\nlateral\ntransverse\nanterolateral\nPatellofemoral\nPatellar tendon\nInfrapatellar fat pad\nTibiofibularSuperior tibiofibular\nanterior of the head of the fibula\nposterior of the head of the fibula\nInferior tibiofibular\nAnterior tibiofibular\nPosterior tibiofibular\nInterosseous membrane of leg\nFootTalocrural and ankle\nmedial: medial of talocrural joint/deltoid\nanterior tibiotalar\nposterior tibiotalar\ntibiocalcaneal\ntibionavicular\nlateral: lateral collateral of ankle joint\nanterior talofibular\nposterior talofibular\ncalcaneofibular\nSubtalar/talocalcaneal\nanterior/posterior\nlateral/medial\ninterosseous\nTransverse tarsalTalocalcaneonavicular\ndorsal talonavicular\nplantar calcaneonavicular/spring\nbifurcated (calcaneonavicular)\nCalcaneocuboid\ndorsal calcaneocuboid\nlong plantar\nplantar calcaneocuboid\nbifurcated (calcaneocuboid)\nDistal intertarsalCuneonavicular\nplantar\ndorsal\nCuboideonavicular\nplantar\ndorsal\nIntercuneiform\nplantar\ndorsal\ninterosseous intercuneiform\ninterosseous cuneometatarsal\nOtherTarsometatarsal/Lisfranc\nplantar\ndorsal\nIntermetatarsal/metatarsal\nplantar\ndorsal\ninterosseous\nsuperficial transverse\ndeep transverse\nMetatarsophalangeal\nplantar\ncollateral\nInterphalangeal\nplantar\ncollateral\nArches\nLongitudinal\nTransverseAuthority control databases \nTerminologia AnatomicaAnkle joint. Deep dissection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnkle joint. Deep dissection.This ligament-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/03.6.10.514%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A03.6.10.514"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1942","external_links_name":"1942"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma44239","external_links_name":"44239"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A03.6.10.514","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_cuneonavicular_ligaments&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Milner	Angela Milner	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Publications","5 References"]	British paleontologist (1947–2021) Angela Cheryl MilnerAngela Milner (right) with Baryonyx walkeri (left)BornAngela Girven(1947-10-03)3 October 1947Gosforth, EnglandDied13 August 2021(2021-08-13) (aged 73)NationalityBritishAlma materNewcastle UniversitySpouseAndrew MilnerScientific careerFieldsVertebrate paleontologyInstitutionsNatural History Museum, London, UKDoctoral advisorAlec Panchen Angela Cheryl Milner (3 October 1947 – 13 August 2021) was a British paleontologist who, in 1986 alongside Alan Charig, described the dinosaur Baryonyx. Early life Milner was born Angela Girven in Gosforth, daughter of Cyril and Lucia Girven. Her father was the county engineer for Northumberland. She attended Newcastle upon Tyne Church High School. She initially planned to focus on microbiology for her university degree, but inspiring lectures from Alec Panchen made her change to palaeontology. She gained a BSc in zoology at Newcastle University and stayed there in 1969 to take a PhD in palaeontology supervised by Panchen focusing on the nectrideans, a group of Paleozoic tetrapods. Career Milner was first employed at the Natural History Museum in London in 1976. Her unusual career path led her to reach a management as well as scientific role, finally being promoted to Assistant Keeper of Palaeontology as well as being a senior scientist. She was Head of the Fossil Vertebrates Division in the Department of Palaeontology and was scientific leader behind the new Dinosaur Gallery at the museum that opened in 1992. She retired in 2009. Her primary work was early tetrapods, the subject of her doctorate. Her most significant scientific work was on description of the fossilised remains of Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur. This was found in a clay-pit in Surrey and was the most complete dinosaur skeleton identified in the UK to that date. It provided the key to interpretation of further dinosaur fragments discovered around the world to start a new research area in palaeontology. She continued to work on meat-eating dinosaurs, and the earliest birds that had descended from them, for the rest of her career. In 2004 she led a study of the brain of Archaeopteryx, providing evidence to suggest the species was a bird. She also studied bird species from the Eocene period which are found in the southern England. She appreciated how the new technology of CT-scanning could be used to visualise the interior of fossils in details, which led to the installation of a suitable machine at the museum. In addition, she began to collaborate with others to isolate proteins from fossil in the new field of molecular palaeontology. Milner undertook field work in the UK and abroad in several locations including the US, the Sahara desert and, from the 1980s, China. The dinosaurs Veterupristisaurus milneri, Riparovenator milnerae and Pendraig milnerae have been named after her. Personal life She married Andrew Milner in 1972 whilst they were postgraduate students. Milner died on the morning of 13 August 2021, at the age of 73, following a short illness. Publications Milner is the author or co-author of over 60 scientific publications. She continued to publish after her retirement and up to her death. Her publications include: Walsh, Stig A, Iwaniuk, Andrew N, Knoll, Monja A, Bourdon, Estelle, Barrett, Paul M, Milner, Angela C, Nudds, Robert L, Abel, Richard L and Patricia Dello Sterpaio (2013) Avian cerebellar floccular fossa size is not a proxy for flying ability in birds. PLOS ONE 8 e67176 Archibald, J David, Clemens, WA, Padian, Kevin and 20 other authors including Angela C. Milner. (2010) Cretaceous extinctions: multiple causes. Science 328 973–973 Alonso, PD, Milner, AC, Ketcham, RA, Cookson, MJ and Rowe, TB (2004) The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx. Nature 430 666–66 Macleod, N, Rawson, PF, Forey, PL, and 19 other authors including Milner, AC (1997) The Cretaceous-Tertiary biotic transition. Journal of the Geological Society 154 265–292 AJ Charig and AC Milner (1986) Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur. Nature 324 359–361 She was co-author of The Natural History Museum Book of Dinosaurs. References ^ a b c d Navanayagam, Datshiane. "Last Word: Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, Jean-Paul Belmondo (pictured), Angela Milner, Inge Ginsberg". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 18 September 2021. ^ a b c d e f g Barrett, Paul (26 August 2021). "Angela Milner obituary". the Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2021. ^ "Angela Milner discusses the fossil record". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2013. ^ Barker, C.T.; Hone, D.; Naish, D.; Cau, A.; Lockwood, J.; Foster, B.; Clarkin, C.; Schneider, P.; Gostling, N. (2021). "New spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, UK) and the European origins of Spinosauridae". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 19340. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8. PMC 8481559. PMID 34588472. ^ Spiekman SN, Ezcurra MD, Butler RJ, Fraser NC, Maidment SC (2021). "Pendraig milnerae, a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (10): Article ID 210915. doi:10.1098/rsos.210915. PMC 8493203. ^ Norman, David; Milner, Angela (August 2004). Dinosaur - Eyewitness Books. DK Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 0-7566-0647-0. ^ @ThePalAss (13 August 2021). "We're very sorry to hear that esteemed palaeontologist Dr Angela Milner passed away this morning following a short illness. Our thoughts are with her family and friends at this sad time" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Angela Milner: a life in science". Blogs from the Natural History Museum. 19 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021. ^ Comfort, Edem (13 August 2021). "Angela Milner Death – Obituary Dr. Angela Milner Has Died". Inside Eko. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021. ^ "Dr Angela Milner and the Discovery of Baryonyx". Tetrapod Zoology. Retrieved 15 August 2021. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paleontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Alan Charig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Charig"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx"}],"text":"Angela Cheryl Milner (3 October 1947 – 13 August 2021) was a British paleontologist who, in 1986 alongside Alan Charig, described the dinosaur Baryonyx.","title":"Angela Milner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gosforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosforth"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne Church High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_Church_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-obit-1"},{"link_name":"BSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"nectrideans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectridea"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapods"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-obit-2"}],"text":"Milner was born Angela Girven in Gosforth, daughter of Cyril and Lucia Girven. Her father was the county engineer for Northumberland. She attended Newcastle upon Tyne Church High School. She initially planned to focus on microbiology for her university degree, but inspiring lectures from Alec Panchen made her change to palaeontology.[1] She gained a BSc in zoology at Newcastle University and stayed there in 1969 to take a PhD in palaeontology supervised by Panchen focusing on the nectrideans, a group of Paleozoic tetrapods.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natural History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx walkeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx_walkeri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Archaeopteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-obit-2"},{"link_name":"CT-scanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT-scan"},{"link_name":"molecular palaeontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_palaeontology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Veterupristisaurus milneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterupristisaurus_milneri"},{"link_name":"Riparovenator milnerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparovenator_milnerae"},{"link_name":"Pendraig milnerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendraig_milnerae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barker2021-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Milner was first employed at the Natural History Museum in London in 1976. Her unusual career path led her to reach a management as well as scientific role, finally being promoted to Assistant Keeper of Palaeontology as well as being a senior scientist.[1] She was Head of the Fossil Vertebrates Division in the Department of Palaeontology and was scientific leader behind the new Dinosaur Gallery at the museum that opened in 1992.[1] She retired in 2009.Her primary work was early tetrapods, the subject of her doctorate. Her most significant scientific work was on description of the fossilised remains of Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur.[2] This was found in a clay-pit in Surrey and was the most complete dinosaur skeleton identified in the UK to that date. It provided the key to interpretation of further dinosaur fragments discovered around the world to start a new research area in palaeontology.[1] She continued to work on meat-eating dinosaurs, and the earliest birds that had descended from them, for the rest of her career. In 2004 she led a study of the brain of Archaeopteryx, providing evidence to suggest the species was a bird. She also studied bird species from the Eocene period which are found in the southern England.[3][2] She appreciated how the new technology of CT-scanning could be used to visualise the interior of fossils in details, which led to the installation of a suitable machine at the museum. In addition, she began to collaborate with others to isolate proteins from fossil in the new field of molecular palaeontology.[2] Milner undertook field work in the UK and abroad in several locations including the US, the Sahara desert and, from the 1980s, China.[2]The dinosaurs Veterupristisaurus milneri, Riparovenator milnerae and Pendraig milnerae have been named after her.[2][4][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"She married Andrew Milner in 1972 whilst they were postgraduate students.[2][6] Milner died on the morning of 13 August 2021, at the age of 73, following a short illness.[7][8][9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avian cerebellar floccular fossa size is not a proxy for flying ability in birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067176"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous extinctions: multiple causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1126/science.328.5981.973-a"},{"link_name":"The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1038/nature02706"},{"link_name":"The Cretaceous-Tertiary biotic transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1038/324359a0"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Milner is the author or co-author of over 60 scientific publications. She continued to publish after her retirement and up to her death. Her publications include:Walsh, Stig A, Iwaniuk, Andrew N, Knoll, Monja A, Bourdon, Estelle, Barrett, Paul M, Milner, Angela C, Nudds, Robert L, Abel, Richard L and Patricia Dello Sterpaio (2013) Avian cerebellar floccular fossa size is not a proxy for flying ability in birds. PLOS ONE 8 e67176\nArchibald, J David, Clemens, WA, Padian, Kevin and 20 other authors including Angela C. Milner. (2010) Cretaceous extinctions: multiple causes. Science 328 973–973\nAlonso, PD, Milner, AC, Ketcham, RA, Cookson, MJ and Rowe, TB (2004) The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx. Nature 430 666–66\nMacleod, N, Rawson, PF, Forey, PL, and 19 other authors including Milner, AC (1997) The Cretaceous-Tertiary biotic transition. Journal of the Geological Society 154 265–292\nAJ Charig and AC Milner (1986) Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur. Nature 324 359–361She was co-author of The Natural History Museum Book of Dinosaurs.[10]","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Navanayagam, Datshiane. \"Last Word: Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, Jean-Paul Belmondo (pictured), Angela Milner, Inge Ginsberg\". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000zkzn","url_text":"\"Last Word: Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, Jean-Paul Belmondo (pictured), Angela Milner, Inge Ginsberg\""}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Paul (26 August 2021). \"Angela Milner obituary\". the Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/aug/26/angela-milner-obituary","url_text":"\"Angela Milner obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Angela Milner discusses the fossil record\". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/dinosaurs-other-extinct-creatures/darwinius-masillae/angela-milner-on-ida/","url_text":"\"Angela Milner discusses the fossil record\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140504041205/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/dinosaurs-other-extinct-creatures/darwinius-masillae/angela-milner-on-ida/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barker, C.T.; Hone, D.; Naish, D.; Cau, A.; Lockwood, J.; Foster, B.; Clarkin, C.; Schneider, P.; Gostling, N. (2021). \"New spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, UK) and the European origins of Spinosauridae\". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 19340. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8. PMC 8481559. PMID 34588472.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8481559","url_text":"\"New spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, UK) and the European origins of Spinosauridae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-97870-8","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8481559","url_text":"8481559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34588472","url_text":"34588472"}]},{"reference":"Spiekman SN, Ezcurra MD, Butler RJ, Fraser NC, Maidment SC (2021). \"Pendraig milnerae, a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales\". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (10): Article ID 210915. doi:10.1098/rsos.210915. PMC 8493203.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8493203","url_text":"\"Pendraig milnerae, a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.210915","url_text":"10.1098/rsos.210915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8493203","url_text":"8493203"}]},{"reference":"Norman, David; Milner, Angela (August 2004). Dinosaur - Eyewitness Books. DK Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 0-7566-0647-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-0647-0","url_text":"0-7566-0647-0"}]},{"reference":"@ThePalAss (13 August 2021). \"We're very sorry to hear that esteemed palaeontologist Dr Angela Milner passed away this morning following a short illness. Our thoughts are with her family and friends at this sad time\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/ThePalAss/status/1426199785632043010","url_text":"\"We're very sorry to hear that esteemed palaeontologist Dr Angela Milner passed away this morning following a short illness. Our thoughts are with her family and friends at this sad time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Angela Milner: a life in science\". Blogs from the Natural History Museum. 19 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://naturalhistorymuseum.blog/2021/08/19/angela-milner-remembered/","url_text":"\"Angela Milner: a life in science\""}]},{"reference":"Comfort, Edem (13 August 2021). \"Angela Milner Death – Obituary Dr. Angela Milner Has Died\". Inside Eko. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210824141558/https://insideeko.com/angela-milner-death-obituary-dr-angela-milner-has-died/","url_text":"\"Angela Milner Death – Obituary Dr. Angela Milner Has Died\""},{"url":"https://insideeko.com/angela-milner-death-obituary-dr-angela-milner-has-died/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Angela Milner and the Discovery of Baryonyx\". Tetrapod Zoology. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tetzoo.com/blog/2021/8/13/dr-angela-milner-and-the-discovery-of-baryonyx","url_text":"\"Dr Angela Milner and the Discovery of Baryonyx\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000zkzn","external_links_name":"\"Last Word: Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, Jean-Paul Belmondo (pictured), Angela Milner, Inge Ginsberg\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/aug/26/angela-milner-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Angela Milner obituary\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/dinosaurs-other-extinct-creatures/darwinius-masillae/angela-milner-on-ida/","external_links_name":"\"Angela Milner discusses the fossil record\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140504041205/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/dinosaurs-other-extinct-creatures/darwinius-masillae/angela-milner-on-ida/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8481559","external_links_name":"\"New spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, UK) and the European origins of Spinosauridae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-97870-8","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8481559","external_links_name":"8481559"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34588472","external_links_name":"34588472"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8493203","external_links_name":"\"Pendraig milnerae, a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.210915","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsos.210915"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8493203","external_links_name":"8493203"},{"Link":"https://x.com/ThePalAss/status/1426199785632043010","external_links_name":"\"We're very sorry to hear that esteemed palaeontologist Dr Angela Milner passed away this morning following a short illness. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horkstow_Roman_villa	Horkstow Roman villa	["1 Mosaic","2 References"]	Coordinates: 53°39′34″N 0°30′40″W / 53.659484°N 0.51107872°W / 53.659484; -0.51107872Building in grid reference , United KingdomHorkstow Roman villaThe 'chariot race' mosaic from Horkstow villaLocation within LincolnshireGeneral informationArchitectural styleRomano-British VillaLocationHorkstow, North Lincolnshiregrid reference SE98491914CountryUnited KingdomCoordinates53°39′34″N 0°30′40″W / 53.659484°N 0.51107872°W / 53.659484; -0.51107872Construction startedc.4th century Horkstow Roman villa is a Roman villa and scheduled monument in Horkstow, North Lincolnshire. It was discovered in 1797 when labourers found a large floor mosaic. A geophysical survey of the site in 1987 identified structural features between the site of the mosaic and the nearby Horkstow Hall, though the full layout of the villa has not yet been discovered. Mosaic The mosaics were retained in situ until 1927 when they were moved to the British Museum. They were transferred to Hull and East Riding Museum in 1976. The mosaic consists of three panels. The first depicts Orpheus, the second is known as the 'painted ceiling' and includes several scenes from classical mythology, and the third depicts a chariot race. The Orpheus mosaic is one of thirteen examples of this subject from Roman Britain and is one of the two most northerly examples; the other being at the nearby Winterton Roman villa. References ^ a b Historic England. "Monument no. 63618 (63618)". Research records (formerly PastScape). ^ Historic England. "Roman villa immediately west of Horkstow Hall (1017553)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 October 2020. ^ "The Horkstow Mosaic". Hull and East Riding Museum. Retrieved 5 October 2020. ^ Sarah Scott (1995). "Symbols of Power and Nature: The Orpheus Mosaics of Fourth Century Britain and Their Architectural Contexts". In Rush, P. (ed.). Theoretical Roman Archaeology. Second Conference Proceedings, Bradford, 28th and 29th March 1992. pp. 105–123. doi:10.16995/TRAC1992_105_123. vteVillas in Roman Britain Aiskew Bancroft Beadlam Bignor Borough Hill Boxmoor Brading Brantingham Bucknowle Carsington Chedworth Crofton Dalton Parlours Fishbourne Folkestone Gadebridge Park Great Witcombe Horkstow Keston Rutland Kings Weston Littlecote Llantwit Major Lopen Low Ham Lullingstone Newport North Leigh Piddington Rockbourne Rudston Sparsholt Spoonley Wood Totternhoe Welwyn (Dicket Mead) Welwyn (Lockleys) Woodchester Winterton See also: List of Roman villas in England and List of Roman villas in Wales	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_villa"},{"link_name":"scheduled monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"Horkstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horkstow"},{"link_name":"North Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS-1"},{"link_name":"geophysical survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical_survey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Building in grid reference , United KingdomHorkstow Roman villa is a Roman villa and scheduled monument in Horkstow, North Lincolnshire. It was discovered in 1797 when labourers found a large floor mosaic.[1] A geophysical survey of the site in 1987 identified structural features between the site of the mosaic and the nearby Horkstow Hall, though the full layout of the villa has not yet been discovered.[2]","title":"Horkstow Roman villa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hull and East Riding Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_and_East_Riding_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS-1"},{"link_name":"Orpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus"},{"link_name":"chariot race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_racing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Orpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus"},{"link_name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Winterton Roman villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterton_Roman_villa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The mosaics were retained in situ until 1927 when they were moved to the British Museum. They were transferred to Hull and East Riding Museum in 1976.[1] The mosaic consists of three panels. The first depicts Orpheus, the second is known as the 'painted ceiling' and includes several scenes from classical mythology, and the third depicts a chariot race.[3] The Orpheus mosaic is one of thirteen examples of this subject from Roman Britain and is one of the two most northerly examples; the other being at the nearby Winterton Roman villa.[4]","title":"Mosaic"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Monument no. 63618 (63618)\". Research records (formerly PastScape).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=63618&resourceID=19191","url_text":"\"Monument no. 63618 (63618)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Roman villa immediately west of Horkstow Hall (1017553)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1017553","url_text":"\"Roman villa immediately west of Horkstow Hall (1017553)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"The Horkstow Mosaic\". Hull and East Riding Museum. Retrieved 5 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://museumcollections.hullcc.gov.uk/collections/storydetail.php?colours=bw","url_text":"\"The Horkstow Mosaic\""}]},{"reference":"Sarah Scott (1995). \"Symbols of Power and Nature: The Orpheus Mosaics of Fourth Century Britain and Their Architectural Contexts\". In Rush, P. (ed.). Theoretical Roman Archaeology. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiina_Intelmann	Tiina Intelmann	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"]	Estonian diplomat (born 1963) Tiina IntelmannIntelmann in 2011Born (1963-08-25) August 25, 1963 (age 60)Tallinn, EstoniaNationalityEstonianOccupationDiplomatOfficeAmbassador of the European Union to the United SomaliaPredecessorDavid O'Sullivan Tiina Intelmann (born 25 August 1963) is an Estonian diplomat; she was the Permanent Representative of Estonia to the United Nations in New York from 2005 to 2011 and was the President of the Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court from December 2011 until December 2014. Since then, she is the Head of the Delegation of the European Union to Liberia. Since 2017 she is the Estonian ambassador to the United Kingdom. Early life and education Born in Tallinn, Intelmann was graduated from Leningrad State University in 1987 with a Master of Arts degree in Italian language and literature. Career In 1991, Intelmann became a diplomat with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia. From 1999 to 2002, she was Estonia's Permanent Representative to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. From 2002 to 2005 Intelmann was the Foreign Ministry's Undersecretary for Political Affairs and Relations with the Press. She became the Permanent Representative to the United Nations on 30 March 2005. In 2011, her term at the UN ended and she became Estonia's ambassador to Israel and Estonia's non-resident ambassador to Montenegro. On 12 December 2011, Intelmann was elected to succeed Christian Wenaweser as the President of the Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court. She is the first woman to have headed the ICC's Assembly of States Parties. Tiina Intelmann was succeeded as President of the Assembly by Sidiki Kaba, Minister of Justice of Senegal. On 4 August 2021, the European Union External Action Service announced that Intelmann was appointed as the Head of Delegation of the European Union to Somalia. Intelmann's duties in this capacity began on 1 September 2021. References ^ Kossar, Kristel (19 January 2013). "Tiina Intelmann: inimesed on väsinud olemast tublid" (in Estonian). naine24. Retrieved 24 November 2013. ^ a b c d e "Her Excellency Tiina Intelmann", The Washington Diplomat, 2010-11-11. ^ a b "Former UN Ambassador To Be Nominated for ICC Assembly Presidency", Estonian Public Broadcasting, 2011-07-29. ^ "Tiina Intelmann Becomes President of the Assembly of ICC", Estonian Public Broadcasting, 2011-12-12. ^ "Minister of Justice of Senegal, H.E. Mr. Sidiki Kaba, endorsed for the position of President of the Assembly, meets with States Parties in New York", Assembly of States Parties", 2014-10-02. ^ "EEAS: High Representative Josep Borrell announces senior appointments". European Union External Action Service. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021. External links "Tiina Intelmann of Estonia Chair of Second Committee", UN Doc BIO/3802, GA/EF/3142, 2006-09-12 "The Bureau recommends Ambassador Tiina Intelmann (Estonia) for President of the Assembly for the next triennium", Assembly of States Parties, 2011-07-28 Diplomatic posts Preceded byJaak Jõerüüt Permanent Representative of Estonia to the United Nations 2004–2010 Succeeded byMargus Kolga Preceded byAino Lepik von Wiren(resided in Tallinn) Ambassador of Estonia to Israel 2011 Succeeded byMalle Talvet-Mustonen Preceded byChristian Wenaweser(Liechtenstein) President of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 2011-2014 Succeeded bySidiki Kaba(Senegal) Preceded byAttilio Pacifici (Italy) Head of the Delegation of the European Union in Liberia 2014–present Succeeded by Preceded byLauri Bambus Ambassador of Estonia to the United Kingdom 2017–present Succeeded by	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Permanent Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representative"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_and_Vice-Presidents_of_the_Assembly_of_States_Parties_of_the_International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"Assembly of States Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_States_Parties_of_the_International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"}],"text":"Tiina Intelmann (born 25 August 1963)[1] is an Estonian diplomat; she was the Permanent Representative of Estonia to the United Nations in New York from 2005 to 2011 and was the President of the Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court from December 2011 until December 2014. Since then, she is the Head of the Delegation of the European Union to Liberia. Since 2017 she is the Estonian ambassador to the United Kingdom.","title":"Tiina Intelmann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Leningrad State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtondiplomat-2"}],"text":"Born in Tallinn, Intelmann was graduated from Leningrad State University in 1987 with a Master of Arts degree in Italian language and literature.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtondiplomat-2"},{"link_name":"Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtondiplomat-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtondiplomat-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtondiplomat-2"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nominated-3"},{"link_name":"Christian Wenaweser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wenaweser"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_and_Vice-Presidents_of_the_Assembly_of_States_Parties_of_the_International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"Assembly of States Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_States_Parties_of_the_International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nominated-3"},{"link_name":"Sidiki Kaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidiki_Kaba"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"European Union External Action Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_External_Action_Service"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Somalia-6"}],"text":"In 1991, Intelmann became a diplomat with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia.[2] From 1999 to 2002, she was Estonia's Permanent Representative to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.[2] From 2002 to 2005 Intelmann was the Foreign Ministry's Undersecretary for Political Affairs and Relations with the Press.[2] She became the Permanent Representative to the United Nations on 30 March 2005.[2] In 2011, her term at the UN ended and she became Estonia's ambassador to Israel and Estonia's non-resident ambassador to Montenegro.[3]On 12 December 2011, Intelmann was elected to succeed Christian Wenaweser as the President of the Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court.[4] She is the first woman to have headed the ICC's Assembly of States Parties.[3] Tiina Intelmann was succeeded as President of the Assembly by Sidiki Kaba, Minister of Justice of Senegal.[5]On 4 August 2021, the European Union External Action Service announced that Intelmann was appointed as the Head of Delegation of the European Union to Somalia. Intelmann's duties in this capacity began on 1 September 2021.[6]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kossar, Kristel (19 January 2013). \"Tiina Intelmann: inimesed on väsinud olemast tublid\" (in Estonian). naine24. Retrieved 24 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naine24.ee/1107844/tiina-intelmann-inimesed-on-vasinud-olemast-tublid","url_text":"\"Tiina Intelmann: inimesed on väsinud olemast tublid\""}]},{"reference":"\"EEAS: High Representative Josep Borrell announces senior appointments\". European Union External Action Service. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/102731/eeas-high-representative-josep-borrell-announces-senior-appointments_en","url_text":"\"EEAS: High Representative Josep Borrell announces senior appointments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_External_Action_Service","url_text":"European Union External Action Service"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.naine24.ee/1107844/tiina-intelmann-inimesed-on-vasinud-olemast-tublid","external_links_name":"\"Tiina Intelmann: inimesed on väsinud olemast tublid\""},{"Link":"http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2677:her-excellency-tiina-intelmann&catid=196:profiles&Itemid=229","external_links_name":"\"Her Excellency Tiina Intelmann\""},{"Link":"http://news.err.ee/politics/15d4d7a6-00e0-4cf1-9f1f-d2357a1a1483","external_links_name":"\"Former UN Ambassador To Be Nominated for ICC Assembly Presidency\""},{"Link":"http://news.err.ee/politics/370f691a-4dd1-4dae-968d-5fc2ccfad37c","external_links_name":"\"Tiina Intelmann Becomes President of the Assembly of ICC\""},{"Link":"http://icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/PR1047.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Minister of Justice of Senegal, H.E. Mr. Sidiki Kaba, endorsed for the position of President of the Assembly, meets with States Parties in New York\""},{"Link":"https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/102731/eeas-high-representative-josep-borrell-announces-senior-appointments_en","external_links_name":"\"EEAS: High Representative Josep Borrell announces senior appointments\""},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/bio3802.doc.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tiina Intelmann of Estonia Chair of Second Committee\""},{"Link":"http://icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/press%20releases%20(2011)/Pages/asp-20110728-pr704.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Bureau recommends Ambassador Tiina Intelmann (Estonia) for President of the Assembly for the next triennium\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Larson	Greg Larson	["1 References"]	American football player (born 1939) Greg LarsonDate of birth (1939-11-15) November 15, 1939 (age 84)Place of birthMinneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.Career informationPosition(s)CenterUS collegeMinnesotaAFL draft1961 / Round: 11 / Pick: 87(By the San Diego Chargers)NFL draft1961 / Round: 6 / Pick: 81Career historyAs player1961–1973New York Giants Career highlights and awards National champion (1960) First-team All-Big Ten (1960) Pro Bowls1 (1968)Career statsPlaying stats at NFL.comPlaying stats at DatabaseFootball.com Gregory Kenneth Larson (born November 15, 1939) is an American former professional football player who was a center in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants. He played college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers and was selected in the sixth round of the 1961 NFL Draft. Larson was also selected in the eleventh round of the 1961 AFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers. A three-year letterman, he was a team captain and All-Big Ten selection when the Golden Gophers won the national championship in 1960. He was inducted into the university's M Club Hall of Fame in 2010. Larson announced his retirement as an active player on May 17, 1974 after 13 seasons as the Giants' starting center. He played in 179 games which at the time was second in team history to Joe Morrison. He missed only three games despite seven football-related operations, including two on each knee. References ^ Greg Larson, M Club Hall of Fame – University of Minnesota Athletics. Retrieved November 24, 2022. ^ Amdur, Neil. "Larson, Giants’ Center, Quits Football," The New York Times, Saturday, May 18, 1974. Retrieved November 24, 2022. vteSan Diego Chargers 1961 AFL draft selections Earl Faison Keith Lincoln Marlin McKeever Jimmy Johnson Billy Kilmer Calvin Bird Cliff Roberts Claude Gibson Charley Johnson Jeff Novak Willie Hector Greg Larson Hezekiah Braxton Dale Messer Billy Wilson Ernie Ladd Bud Whitehead Reggie Carolan Ed Dyas Jack Espenship Mike Lucci Gene Gaines John Brown Glenn Bass Ben Balme Donald Coffey Bill Kunnune Luther Hayes Chuck Allen Dan Ficca Mike McKeever vteNew York Giants 1961 NFL draft selections Bob Gaiters Bruce Tarbox Ben Davidson Jerry Daniels Greg Larson Jim Collier Allen Green Moses Gray Glen Knight Bob Benton Jack Moynihan Jerry Fields Gene White Cody Binkley Bernie Vishneski Sylvester Cooper Ken DesMarais Bob Reublin Don McKeta vte1960 Minnesota Golden Gophers football—AP & UPI national champions Bobby Bell Tom Brown John Campbell Roger Hagberg Tom Hall Greg Larson Sandy Stephens Head coach: Murray Warmath Assistant coach: Dick Borstad Jim Camp Wally Johnson This biographical article relating to an American football offensive lineman born in the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Golden Gophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football"},{"link_name":"1961 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"1961 AFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_American_Football_League_Draft"},{"link_name":"San Diego Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers"},{"link_name":"letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterman_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Big Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team"},{"link_name":"M Club Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Joe Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Morrison"},{"link_name":"knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Gregory Kenneth Larson (born November 15, 1939) is an American former professional football player who was a center in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants. He played college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers and was selected in the sixth round of the 1961 NFL Draft. Larson was also selected in the eleventh round of the 1961 AFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers.A three-year letterman, he was a team captain and All-Big Ten selection when the Golden Gophers won the national championship in 1960. He was inducted into the university's M Club Hall of Fame in 2010.[1]Larson announced his retirement as an active player on May 17, 1974 after 13 seasons as the Giants' starting center. He played in 179 games which at the time was second in team history to Joe Morrison. He missed only three games despite seven football-related operations, including two on each knee.[2]","title":"Greg Larson"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/players/profile?id=LAR474612","external_links_name":"NFL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LARSOGRE01","external_links_name":"DatabaseFootball.com"},{"Link":"https://gophersports.com/sports/2018/5/21/sports-m-club-spec-rel-hof-grlarson-html","external_links_name":"Greg Larson, M Club Hall of Fame – University of Minnesota Athletics."},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/18/archives/larson-giants-center-quits-footbali.html","external_links_name":"Amdur, Neil. \"Larson, Giants’ Center, Quits Football,\" The New York Times, Saturday, May 18, 1974."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Larson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Helmly	James R. Helmly	["1 References","2 Further reading"]	United States Army general Official portrait James Ronald "Ron" Helmly (born September 25, 1947) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Army, and, until May 2006, was the commander of the United States Army Reserve. Helmly was raised in Savannah, Georgia and graduated from Robert W. Groves High School in 1965. He dropped out of Armstrong State College and joined the Army in August 1966. After completing Officer Candidate School, Helmly was commissioned on August 24, 1967. He served two combat tours in Vietnam and later completed a B.A. degree in liberal studies at the State University of New York in Albany. Lieutenant General James R. Helmly (center), chief of the Army Reserve, has his three-star rank pinned on by Army Chief of Staff General Eric K. Shinseki and Maria Helmly, May 29, 2002, at the Pentagon. On December 20, 2004, Helmly authored a memo in which he described the policies for mobilizing the Reserve "dysfunctional." He reportedly believes that members of the Army Reserve are being treated too delicately, and states that the current state of affairs "threatens to unhinge an already precariously balanced situation in which we are losing as many soldiers through no use as we are through the fear of overuse." References ^ The Nineteen Sixty-Five Sentinel. Savannah, Georgia: Robert W. Groves High School. 1965. p. 149. Washington Post article National Guard: leadership reserve Further reading Hilkert, David E. (2004). Chiefs of the Army Reserve: Biographical Sketches of the United States Army Reserve's Senior Officers. Fort McPherson, GA: Office of Army Reserve History, U.S. Army Reserve Command. "Link" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. (23 MB) Military offices Preceded byThomas J. Plewes Commanding General, United States Army Reserve May 25, 2002 - May 25, 2006 Succeeded byJack C. Stultz This biographical article related to the United States Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lt._Gen._James_R._Helmly.jpg"},{"link_name":"lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Groves High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groves_High_School_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Armstrong State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Southern_University%E2%80%93Armstrong_Campus"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"State University of New York in Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Albany,_SUNY"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lt._Gen._James_R._Helmly_promotion.png"}],"text":"Official portraitJames Ronald \"Ron\" Helmly (born September 25, 1947) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Army, and, until May 2006, was the commander of the United States Army Reserve.Helmly was raised in Savannah, Georgia and graduated from Robert W. Groves High School in 1965.[1] He dropped out of Armstrong State College and joined the Army in August 1966. After completing Officer Candidate School, Helmly was commissioned on August 24, 1967. He served two combat tours in Vietnam and later completed a B.A. degree in liberal studies at the State University of New York in Albany.Lieutenant General James R. Helmly (center), chief of the Army Reserve, has his three-star rank pinned on by Army Chief of Staff General Eric K. Shinseki and Maria Helmly, May 29, 2002, at the Pentagon.On December 20, 2004, Helmly authored a memo in which he described the policies for mobilizing the Reserve \"dysfunctional.\" He reportedly believes that members of the Army Reserve are being treated too delicately, and states that the current state of affairs \"threatens to unhinge an already precariously balanced situation in which we are losing as many soldiers through no use as we are through the fear of overuse.\"","title":"James R. Helmly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiefs of the Army Reserve: Biographical Sketches of the United States Army Reserve's Senior Officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/chiefsofarmyrese00fort"},{"link_name":"Fort McPherson, GA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McPherson,_GA"},{"link_name":"\"Link\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110727072021/http://www.usar.army.mil/arweb/History/Documents/Chiefs%20of%20the%20Army%20Reserve.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usar.army.mil/arweb/History/Documents/Chiefs%20of%20the%20Army%20Reserve.pdf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army-personnel-icon.png"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_R._Helmly&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-army-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-army-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-army-bio-stub"}],"text":"Hilkert, David E. (2004). Chiefs of the Army Reserve: Biographical Sketches of the United States Army Reserve's Senior Officers. Fort McPherson, GA: Office of Army Reserve History, U.S. Army Reserve Command. \"Link\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. (23 MB)This biographical article related to the United States Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Official portrait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lt._Gen._James_R._Helmly.jpg/220px-Lt._Gen._James_R._Helmly.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lieutenant General James R. Helmly (center), chief of the Army Reserve, has his three-star rank pinned on by Army Chief of Staff General Eric K. Shinseki and Maria Helmly, May 29, 2002, at the Pentagon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lt._Gen._James_R._Helmly_promotion.png/220px-Lt._Gen._James_R._Helmly_promotion.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"The Nineteen Sixty-Five Sentinel. Savannah, Georgia: Robert W. Groves High School. 1965. p. 149.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hilkert, David E. (2004). Chiefs of the Army Reserve: Biographical Sketches of the United States Army Reserve's Senior Officers. Fort McPherson, GA: Office of Army Reserve History, U.S. Army Reserve Command.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chiefsofarmyrese00fort","url_text":"Chiefs of the Army Reserve: Biographical Sketches of the United States Army Reserve's Senior Officers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McPherson,_GA","url_text":"Fort McPherson, GA"}]},{"reference":"\"Link\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727072021/http://www.usar.army.mil/arweb/History/Documents/Chiefs%20of%20the%20Army%20Reserve.pdf","url_text":"\"Link\""},{"url":"http://www.usar.army.mil/arweb/History/Documents/Chiefs%20of%20the%20Army%20Reserve.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A51687-2005Jan5.html","external_links_name":"Washington Post article"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalguard.com/homefrontheroes/leadership_reserve.php?p=helmly","external_links_name":"National Guard: leadership reserve"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/chiefsofarmyrese00fort","external_links_name":"Chiefs of the Army Reserve: Biographical Sketches of the United States Army Reserve's Senior Officers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727072021/http://www.usar.army.mil/arweb/History/Documents/Chiefs%20of%20the%20Army%20Reserve.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Link\""},{"Link":"http://www.usar.army.mil/arweb/History/Documents/Chiefs%20of%20the%20Army%20Reserve.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_R._Helmly&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Park_(provincial_electoral_district)	High Park (provincial electoral district)	["1 Members of Provincial Parliament","2 Election results","2.1 1926 Boundaries","2.2 1934 Boundaries","2.3 1943 Boundaries","2.4 1951 Boundaries","2.5 1955 Boundaries","2.6 1963 Boundaries","2.7 1967 boundaries","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Citations"]	For the federal electoral district, see High Park (federal electoral district). Provincial electoral district in Ontario, CanadaHigh Park Ontario electoral districtHigh Park, in relation to the other Toronto ridings, after the 1926 redistribution.Defunct provincial electoral districtLegislatureLegislative Assembly of OntarioDistrict created1925District abolished1975First contested1926Last contested1971DemographicsCensus division(s)Toronto, OntarioCensus subdivision(s)Toronto, Ontario High Park was a provincial electoral district in the west-end of the old City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1926 to 1975. It was mostly redistributed into the High Park—Swansea electoral district for the 1975 Ontario general election. The High Park provincial electoral district was notable for its electors defeating the incumbent Premier, and their Member of Provincial Parliament, George Drew, in the 1948 provincial election. He lost his seat over the issue of temperance; even though his Conservatives were returned with a majority government. The old City of West Toronto Junction had been an alcohol-free area since even before it was annexed by Toronto back in 1909, and those "dry-laws" were still current at the time of the 1948 election. So when Drew's government passed a new law that allowed "cocktail bars" to open in the province, his local constituents were not pleased, allowing the aptly named temperance candidate, "Temperance Bill" Temple of the Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation to win. The provincial riding had a number of colourful Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) including Drew, and his successor William Horace Temple as well as the district's final representative, Doctor Morton Shulman. The district was abolished during the 1975 redistribution, placing most of it in the new High Park—Swansea district. As of 2013, the territory it represented belongs in the current Parkdale—High Park, York South—Weston and Davenport districts. Members of Provincial Parliament High Park Assembly Years Member Party Prior to 1926 part of York West constituency 17th 1926–1929 William Baird Conservative 18th 1929–1934 19th 1934–1937 20th 1937–1943 21st 1943–1945 George Drew Conservative 22nd 1945–1948 23rd 1948–1951 William Temple Co-operative Commonwealth 24th 1951–1955 Alf Cowling Progressive Conservative 25th 1955–1959 26th 1959–1963 27th 1963–1967 28th 1967–1971 Morton Shulman New Democratic 29th 1971–1975 Sourced from the Ontario Legislative Assembly Merged into High Park—Swansea and Parkdale constituencies after 1975 Election results 1926 Boundaries 1926 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative William A. Baird 10,563 60.8 Prohibitionist W.A. MacMaster 6,809 39.2 Total 17,372 1929 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative William A. Baird 8,448 64.5 Prohibitionist Minerva Reid 4,653 35.5 Total 13,101 1934 Boundaries Toronto riding boundaries after 1934 redistribution 1934 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative William A. Baird 8,742 41.8 Liberal J.O. Culnan 7,908 37.8 Co-operative Commonwealth D.M. LeBourdais 4,251 20.3 Total 20,901 1937 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative William A. Baird 9,442 47.2 Liberal B.A. Ritchie 7,270 36.3 Co-operative Commonwealth Carroll Coburn 3,305 16.5 Total 20,840 1943 Boundaries 1943 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative George A. Drew 7,729 41.9 Co-operative Commonwealth W.H. Temple 7,210 39.1 Liberal L.A. Leslie 3,366 18.2 Socialist Labour W.E Hendry 151 0.8 Total 18,456 1945 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative George A. Drew 12,349 57.3 Co-operative Commonwealth Lewis Duncan 9,212 42.7 Total 21,561 1948 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Co-operative Commonwealth W.H. Temple 11,561 42.1 Conservative George A. Drew 10,546 38.4 Liberal H. Stephens 5,358 19.5 Total 27,465 1951 Boundaries 1951 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative Alfred Cowling 10,318 44.2 Co-operative Commonwealth William H. Temple 7,947 34.1 Liberal Earl Selkirk 5,056 21.7 Total 23,321 1955 Boundaries 1955 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative Alfred Cowling 7,743 42.6 Co-operative Commonwealth William H. Temple 5,573 30.6 Liberal Herbert W. Powell 4,438 24.4 Labor–Progressive Helen Weir 430 2.4 Total 18,184 1959 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative Alfred Cowling 6,587 40.4 Liberal Paul Staniszewski 5,056 31.0 Co-operative Commonwealth William H. Temple 4,257 26.1 Labor–Progressive John Weir 390 2.4 Total 16,290 1963 Boundaries 1963 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative Alfred Cowling 7,684 42.8 Liberal Paul Staniszewski 6,743 37.6 New Democratic Andy Mays 3,415 19.0 Social Credit R.A. Reesor 114 0.6 Total 17,956 1967 boundaries 1967 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % New Democrat Morton Shulman 12,888 49.6 Liberal Paul Staniszewski 6,614 25.5 Conservative Alfred Cowling 6,475 24.9 Total 25,977 1971 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % New Democratic Morton Shulman 16,509 54.6 Conservative (historical) Yuri Shymko 9,228 30.5 Liberal Laima Svegeda 4,284 14.2 Social Credit Geza Matrai 230 0.8 Total 30,251 References Notes ^ In 1938, the title of Member of the Legislative Assembly was changed to Member of Provincial Parliament. ^ Baird died in 1940. The seat remained vacant until 1943. ^ 117 out of 130 polls reporting. Citations ^ "Campaign spending restricted, Legislature to gain 8 seats". The Toronto Star. Toronto. 1975-05-02. p. A3. ^ Potter, Kent (1975-09-17). "Shadow of Sulman looms large in High Park". The Toronto Star. Toronto. p. A11. ^ "Premier Loses in High Park, CCF Wins 11 City Area Seats". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 1948-06-08. p. 1. ^ McMonagle, Duncan (1987-06-26). "Spirited fight against alcohol still heady work for Temple". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. A2. ^ "Toronto Ridings As They Are Now–How Ten Seats Are Distributed". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. 1914-06-12. p. 5. ^ For a listing of each MPP's Queen's Park curriculum vitae see below: For William Baird's Legislative Assembly information see "William Alexander Baird, MPP". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-11. For George Drew's Legislative Assembly information see "George Alexander Drew, MPP". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-11. For William Temple's Legislative Assembly information see "William Horace Temple, MPP". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-11. For Alfred Cowling's Legislative Assembly information see "Alfred Hozack Cowling, MPP". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-11. For Morton Shulman's Legislative Assembly information see "Morton Shulman, MPP". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-11. ^ "Result of ballot in the 112 Ontario constituencies". Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa. 1926-12-02. p. 15. Retrieved 2011-12-13. ^ "Vote Cast and Personnel of the New Ontario Legislature". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. 1929-10-31. p. 43. ^ "Detailed Election Results". The Globe. Toronto. 1934-06-21. p. 3. ^ "Ontario Voted By Ridings". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. 1937-10-07. p. 5. ^ Canadian Press (1943-08-05). "Ontario Election Results". The Gazette. Montreal. p. 12. ^ Canadian Press (1945-06-05). "How Ontario Electors Voted in all 90 Ridings". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. p. 5. Retrieved 2012-03-03. ^ Canadian Press (1948-06-08). "How Ontario Electors Voted in all 90 Ridings". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. p. 24. ^ Canadian Press (1951-11-23). "How Ontario Electors Voted in all 90 Ridings". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. p. 10. ^ Canadian Press (1955-06-10). "Latest Ontario Election Results". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. 2. ^ Canadian Press (1959-06-12). "Riding by Riding Results of Ontario Election". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. 8. ^ Canadian Press (1963-09-26). "Who Won Which Seats In P.C.s Ontario Sweep". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. p. 20. ^ Canadian Press (1967-10-18). "Provincial election results in Metro ridings". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. p. 66. ^ Canadian Press (1971-10-22). "Here's who won on the Metro ridings". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. p. 12.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Park (federal electoral district)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Park_(federal_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"City of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"High Park—Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Park%E2%80%94Swansea"},{"link_name":"1975 Ontario general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Ontario_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOStar_19750502-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOStar_19750917-2"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"George Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Drew"},{"link_name":"1948 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Ontario_general_election"},{"link_name":"temperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"majority government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globe_19480608-3"},{"link_name":"City of West Toronto Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Junction"},{"link_name":"\"Temperance Bill\" Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horace_Temple"},{"link_name":"Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation_(Ontario_Section)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globe_19870626-4"},{"link_name":"William Horace Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horace_Temple"},{"link_name":"Morton Shulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Shulman"},{"link_name":"Parkdale—High Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkdale%E2%80%94High_Park_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"York South—Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_South%E2%80%94Weston_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport_(provincial_electoral_district)"}],"text":"For the federal electoral district, see High Park (federal electoral district).Provincial electoral district in Ontario, CanadaHigh Park was a provincial electoral district in the west-end of the old City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1926 to 1975. It was mostly redistributed into the High Park—Swansea electoral district for the 1975 Ontario general election.[1][2]The High Park provincial electoral district was notable for its electors defeating the incumbent Premier, and their Member of Provincial Parliament, George Drew, in the 1948 provincial election. He lost his seat over the issue of temperance; even though his Conservatives were returned with a majority government.[3] The old City of West Toronto Junction had been an alcohol-free area since even before it was annexed by Toronto back in 1909, and those \"dry-laws\" were still current at the time of the 1948 election. So when Drew's government passed a new law that allowed \"cocktail bars\" to open in the province, his local constituents were not pleased, allowing the aptly named temperance candidate, \"Temperance Bill\" Temple of the Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation to win.[4]The provincial riding had a number of colourful Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) including Drew, and his successor William Horace Temple as well as the district's final representative, Doctor Morton Shulman. The district was abolished during the 1975 redistribution, placing most of it in the new High Park—Swansea district. As of 2013, the territory it represented belongs in the current Parkdale—High Park, York South—Weston and Davenport districts.","title":"High Park (provincial electoral district)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Provincial Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1926 Boundaries","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1934TorontoRidings.jpg"}],"sub_title":"1934 Boundaries","text":"Toronto riding boundaries after 1934 redistribution","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1943 Boundaries","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1951 Boundaries","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1955 Boundaries","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1963 Boundaries","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1967 boundaries","title":"Election results"}]	[{"image_text":"Toronto riding boundaries after 1934 redistribution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1934TorontoRidings.jpg/220px-1934TorontoRidings.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Campaign spending restricted, Legislature to gain 8 seats\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferlin_family	Ferlins	["1 Discovery","2 Evolution","3 Structure","4 Function","5 Disease association","6 References"]	Protein family Schematic structures of dysferlin, myoferlin, and otoferlin; three ferlin proteins that are associated with human diseases. Lack of functional dysferlin can cause a group of muscular dystrophies knows as dysferlinopathies. Myoferlin is highly expressed in several types of cancer, and mutations in otoferlin can cause deafness. Ferlins are an ancient protein family involved in vesicle fusion and membrane trafficking. Ferlins are distinguished by their multiple tandem C2 domains, and sometimes a FerA and a DysF domain. Mutations in ferlins can cause human diseases such as muscular dystrophy and deafness. Abnormalities in expression of myoferlin, a human ferlin protein, is also directly associated with higher mortality rate and tumor recurrence in several types of cancer, including pancreatic, colorectal, breast, cervical, stomach, ovarian, cervical, thyroid, endometrial, and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In other animals, ferlin mutations can cause infertility. Ferlins are type II transmembrane proteins (N-terminus on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane) and contain five to seven C2 domains linked in tandem and have a single-pass transmembrane domain located at the C-terminus. The C2 domains are denoted in order from amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus as C2A to C2G. C2 domains are essentially calcium and phospholipid binding domains, evolved for cell membrane interactions. In fact, many proteins involved in signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and membrane fusion employ C2 domains to target the cell membrane. However, ferlins are unique for containing more C2 domains than any other proteins (between five and seven). FerA and DysF are two intermediate domains that are unique to ferlins. There is less known about FerA and DysF domains, however, mutations of these domains in dysferlin can also lead to muscular dystrophy. As in other mammals, there are six ferlin genes in humans (Fer1L1-Fer1L6). Among them, Fer1L1-Fer1L3 have known disease relevance. Therefore, Fer1L1-Fer1L3 are better characterized compare to Fer1L4-Fer1L6 with unknown function and tissue localization. Fer1L1-Fer1L3 proteins each has a unique name and they correspond to dysferlin, myoferlin, and otoferlin accordingly. Discovery The first member of ferlin protein family, fer-1, was discovered in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Fer-1 gene was first described in 1997 by Achanzar and Ward. Fer-1 is required for reproduction in C. elegans and was therefore named Fer-1 because of its involvement in fertility. The name is an abbreviation for “fertilization factor 1”. The nomenclature in other ferlins in humans is Fer1Lx, where x is a number from 1-6, each identifying one of the six Fer1-like ferlins in humans. Evolution Ferlins are ancient proteins and they have been identified in protists and metazoans, and are known to exist in a range of organisms from unicellular eukaryotes to humans, suggesting primordial functions for ferlins. More specifically, DysF domain and the last two C-terminal C2 domains followed by the C-terminal transmembrane domain (C2E-C2F-TM, containing approximately 489 amino acids) show a high degree of conservation. All ferlins contain several C2 domains. However, C2A may be missing in some ferlins. More specifically, from six human ferlins, three of them do not contain C2A domains. Another highly conserved domain is the N-terminal C2-FerI-C2 sequence. FerI is a motif detected by Pfam, however, the function of this conserved motif is currently unknown. Ferlins have been evolved into two groups, DysF-containing and non-DysF ferlins. Most invertebrates possess two ferlin proteins, one from each class. Most vertebrate however, have six ferlin genes, three of which DysF containing and the other three non-DysF ferlins, indicating that vertebrate ferlins are evolved and originated from the two ferlins in early metazoans. Both subgroups have been identified in early metazoans, suggesting the fundamental role associated to these proteins. Structure Dysferlin DysFCrystal structure of the inner human DysF domain of dysferlinIdentifiersSymbol4CAHSMARTSM00694 Ferlins are large proteins and currently the full length structure of ferlins is unknown. In order to understand their structural aspects, ferlin domains have been studied individually: C2A domains are calcium and lipid binding domains made from 8 β-strands forming 2 sheets. The loops connecting the sheets form the calcium binding site. The β-sheet structure is conserved among C2 domains, however, the loops may have different features. Depending on the amino acids located at the calcium binding site and the loops, C2 domains can have different specificities for calcium and lipid binding, suggesting that they are evolved to function in different environments. The DysF domain exists as an internal duplication where an inner DysF domain is surrounded by an outer DysF domain. Such structure is a result of gene duplication and both inner and outer DysF domains have adopted the same fold. The structure of DysF is mainly consist of two antiparallel long β-strands. To date, the crystallographic structure of human dysferlin and solution NMR structure of myoferlin DysF have been obtained by Altin Sula et al. and PryankPatel et al. accordingly. Myoferlin and dysferlin DysF domains show 61% sequence identity. A unique feature of DysF domains in both dysferlin and myoferlin is that these domains are held together by arginine/aromatic sidechain (specially tryptophan) stacking. FerA had been predicted using Pfam and SMART and remained uncharacterized both structurally and functionally until recently. It had been determined by secondary structure prediction however, that FerA domain contains several helices. Recently, a model of FerA structure obtained by homology models have been confirmed by fitting the calculated model into the FerA structure obtained by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. These structural models provided evidence that FerA contains four helices, which fold to form a four-helix bundle. Function Superposition of dysferlin FerA structural model obtained by Robetta and ab initio bead model obtained by experimental Small Angel X-Ray Scattering experiments. Topologies of ferlin domains. Labels A-F indicate: A: ferlin topology containing all seven C2 domains; B: (-)C2DE; C: (-)C2A; D: (-)C2A, (-)C2DE; E: (-)C2A, (-)C2DE, (-)FerB; F: (-)C2A, (-)C2 D, (-)C2E, (-)C2DE,(-)C2F. Different C2 domains are also labeled as C2A-C2F. In other studies, C2DE, C2E, and C2F are denoted as C2E, C2F, and C2G. In this figure, C2, DysF, and transmembrane are an amalgamation of SMART results, and FerA, FerB and FerI are an amalgamation of PFAM results. Ferlins play roles in vesicle fusion and membrane trafficking. Different ferlins are found in various organs and they play specific roles. Fer-1 is a member of ferlin protein family, and a fertilization factor involved in fusion of vesicles called membraneous organelles with the sperm plasma membrane during spermatogenesis in C. elegans. In C. elegans spermatids are immobile and during sperm maturation mobility is gained after fusion of membraneous organelles with the plasma membrane. At this point, spermatids extend their pseudopod and become mobile. This process is calcium-dependent and a normal progression of this step requires ferlin's involvement. Dysferlin is highly expressed in skeletal muscles, but is also found in heart, placenta, liver, lung, kidney and pancreas. Dysferlin is essential for membrane repair mechanism in muscle cells. Dysferlin in sea stars is 46.9% identical to human dysferlin, and is critical for normal endocytosis during oogenesis and embryogenesis. In humans, dysferlin's primary function is believed to be involvement in muscle membrane repair mechanism. Skeletal muscles experience micro-damages during exercising and daily activities. When muscles are damaged, dysferlin containing vesicles accumulate at the site of injury, and by fusing together and to the membrane, they patch the leakage. In dysferlin-null muscles, these vesicles still accumulate at the damage site, but they cannot fuse and therefore, are unable to repair the damaged muscle cells. Otoferlin is another ferlin member in humans and it plays a role in exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the auditory inner hair cell ribbon synapse. In adult fruit flies, a ferlin member called misfire is expressed in testis and ovaries. Mutations in misfire and Fer-1, ferlins in flies and C. elegans, cause male sterility because of defects in fertilization. Function of ferlin proteins involves employing multiple domains. C2A domains are specialized in lipid binding. The phospholipid interaction is often calcium dependent as C2 domains have evolved to respond to increase in calcium concentration. A sudden increase in calcium concentration is observed in synaptic vesicles or inside muscle cells after membrane damage. Therefore, C2 domains are often referred to as the calcium sensor of C2 domain-containing proteins. The function and mechanism of function of C2 domains is well-characterized, although it may vary between different C2 domains. In general, C2 domains interact with the membrane via electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions. It has been proposed that FerA may be involved in membrane interaction as well. It can in fact interact with neutral or negatively charged phospholipids and the interaction is enhanced in the presence of calcium ions. The molecular mechanism by which FerA interacts with the membrane or calcium ions however, is currently unknown. Disease association The most important disease relevance of ferlins in humans is related to mutations in dysferlin. In humans, disease causing mutations in dysferlin have been identified in all C2 domains, FerA domain, DysF domain, and even linker segments. Lack of functional dysferlin causes a group of muscular dystrophies called dysferlinopathies. Dysferlinopathies include limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) 2B, Miyoshi myopathy (MM) and distal myopathy of the anterior tibialis. C2A mutations which affect its calcium binding or lipid binding can often cause muscular dystrophy. Interestingly, dysferlin C2B does not bind calcium, however, mutations in this domain can still cause muscular dystrophy. Some mutations in C2A can disrupt dysferlin interaction with other important proteins involved in membrane repair process (such as MG53) which can also lead to muscular dystrophy. Many mutations in dysferlin occur in DysF domain which often disrupt Arginine/Tryptophan stacks of this domain. This leads to a less stable and possibly unfolded protein which may result in the degradation of the entire dysferlin. Several FerA mutations have been also identified. These mutations have been shown to lower the stability of FerA domains which may explain the pathogenicity of these mutations. Otoferlin has been shown to interact with SNAREs and play a role in a calcium-dependent exocytosis in the hair cells in the inner ear. Mutations in otoferlin can cause mild to profound non-syndromic recessive hearing loss in humans. Currently, there is no association between myoferlin mutations and human diseases. However, it has been shown experimentally that loss of myoferlin results in reduced myoblast fusion and muscle size. There is also a correlation between myoferlin overexpression and several types of cancers such as lung cancer and breast cancer. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) myoferlin increases cell proliferation and promotes tumorigenesis and its expression negatively correlates with tumor size. Breast cancer patients with overexpressed myoferlin have a lower survival rate. Although it is not yet clear how myoferlin contributes in cancer pathology in a molecular level, there are scientific evidences that myoferlin overexpression is associated with tumor growth and metastasis. In fact, myoferlin depletion in cancer cell lines can result in reduced tumor size and metastasis rate. References ^ Eisenberg MC, Kim Y, Li R, Ackerman WE, Kniss DA, Friedman A (December 2011). "Mechanistic modeling of the effects of myoferlin on tumor cell invasion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (50): 20078–83. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10820078E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1116327108. PMC 3250187. PMID 22135466. ^ Kumar B, Brown NV, Swanson BJ, Schmitt AC, Old M, Ozer E, Agrawal A, Schuller DE, Teknos TN, Kumar P (April 2016). "High expression of myoferlin is associated with poor outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients and is inversely associated with HPV-status". Oncotarget. 7 (14): 18665–77. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7625. PMC 4951318. PMID 26919244. ^ Bansal D, Campbell KP (April 2004). "Dysferlin and the plasma membrane repair in muscular dystrophy". Trends in Cell Biology. 14 (4): 206–13. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.03.001. PMID 15066638. ^ a b Coleman BI, Saha S, Sato S, Engelberg K, Ferguson DJ, Coppens I, Lodoen MB, Gubbels MJ (October 2018). "A Member of the Ferlin Calcium Sensor Family Is Essential for Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Secretion". mBio. 9 (5). doi:10.1128/mBio.01510-18. PMC 6168857. PMID 30279285. ^ a b Patel P, Harris R, Geddes SM, Strehle EM, Watson JD, Bashir R, Bushby K, Driscoll PC, Keep NH (June 2008). "Solution structure of the inner DysF domain of myoferlin and implications for limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2b" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Biology. 379 (5): 981–90. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.046. PMID 18495154. ^ a b c Harsini FM, Chebrolu S, Fuson KL, White MA, Rice AM, Sutton RB (July 2018). "FerA is a Membrane-Associating Four-Helix Bundle Domain in the Ferlin Family of Membrane-Fusion Proteins". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 10949. Bibcode:2018NatSR...810949H. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29184-1. PMC 6053371. PMID 30026467. ^ a b c d e f Lek A, Lek M, North KN, Cooper ST (July 2010). "Phylogenetic analysis of ferlin genes reveals ancient eukaryotic origins". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 231. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-231. PMC 2923515. PMID 20667140. ^ a b Achanzar WE, Ward S (May 1997). "A nematode gene required for sperm vesicle fusion". Journal of Cell Science. 110 (Pt 9) (9): 1073–81. doi:10.1242/jcs.110.9.1073. PMID 9175703. ^ "Which Ferlin protein was discovered first? \| Jain Foundation". www.jain-foundation.org. Retrieved 2018-11-18. ^ Staub E, Fiziev P, Rosenthal A, Hinzmann B (May 2004). "Insights into the evolution of the nucleolus by an analysis of its protein domain repertoire". BioEssays. 26 (5): 567–81. doi:10.1002/bies.20032. PMID 15112237. ^ a b Rizo J, Südhof TC (June 1998). "C2-domains, structure and function of a universal Ca2+-binding domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (26): 15879–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.15879. PMID 9632630. ^ Nalefski EA, Wisner MA, Chen JZ, Sprang SR, Fukuda M, Mikoshiba K, Falke JJ (March 2001). "C2 domains from different Ca2+ signaling pathways display functional and mechanistic diversity". Biochemistry. 40 (10): 3089–100. doi:10.1021/bi001968a. PMC 3862187. PMID 11258923. ^ a b Sula A, Cole AR, Yeats C, Orengo C, Keep NH (January 2014). "Crystal structures of the human Dysferlin inner DysF domain". BMC Structural Biology. 14: 3. doi:10.1186/1472-6807-14-3. PMC 3898210. PMID 24438169. ^ "SMART: FerA domain annotation". smart.embl-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 2018-11-17. ^ "Family: FerA (PF08165)". Retrieved 2018-11-17. ^ a b Lek A, Evesson FJ, Sutton RB, North KN, Cooper ST (February 2012). "Ferlins: regulators of vesicle fusion for auditory neurotransmission, receptor trafficking and membrane repair". Traffic. 13 (2): 185–94. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01267.x. PMID 21838746. S2CID 25445442. ^ a b Washington NL, Ward S (June 2006). "FER-1 regulates Ca2+ -mediated membrane fusion during C. elegans spermatogenesis". Journal of Cell Science. 119 (Pt 12): 2552–62. doi:10.1242/jcs.02980. PMID 16735442. ^ Riddle DL, Blumenthal T, Meyer BJ, Priess JR (1997). Organelle Morphogenesis During Spermatogenesis. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ^ Oulhen N, Onorato TM, Ramos I, Wessel GM (April 2014). "Dysferlin is essential for endocytosis in the sea star oocyte". Developmental Biology. 388 (1): 94–102. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.018. PMC 3982204. PMID 24368072. ^ a b Cooper ST, Head SI (December 2015). "Membrane Injury and Repair in the Muscular Dystrophies". The Neuroscientist. 21 (6): 653–68. doi:10.1177/1073858414558336. PMID 25406223. S2CID 29751207. ^ Demonbreun AR, Quattrocelli M, Barefield DY, Allen MV, Swanson KE, McNally EM (June 2016). "An actin-dependent annexin complex mediates plasma membrane repair in muscle". The Journal of Cell Biology. 213 (6): 705–18. doi:10.1083/jcb.201512022. PMC 4915191. PMID 27298325. ^ Pangršič T, Reisinger E, Moser T (November 2012). "Otoferlin: a multi-C2 domain protein essential for hearing". Trends in Neurosciences. 35 (11): 671–80. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.08.002. PMID 22959777. S2CID 12329992. ^ a b Smith MK, Wakimoto BT (March 2007). "Complex regulation and multiple developmental functions of misfire, the Drosophila melanogaster ferlin gene". BMC Developmental Biology. 7: 21. doi:10.1186/1471-213X-7-21. PMC 1853072. PMID 17386097. ^ Urtizberea JA, Bassez G, Leturcq F, Nguyen K, Krahn M, Levy N (2008). "Dysferlinopathies". Neurology India. 56 (3): 289–97. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.43447. PMID 18974555. ^ Cacciottolo M, Numitone G, Aurino S, Caserta IR, Fanin M, Politano L, Minetti C, Ricci E, Piluso G, Angelini C, Nigro V (September 2011). "Muscular dystrophy with marked Dysferlin deficiency is consistently caused by primary dysferlin gene mutations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 974–80. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.70. PMC 3179367. PMID 21522182. ^ Jin SQ, Yu M, Zhang W, Lyu H, Yuan Y, Wang ZX (October 2016). "Dysferlin Gene Mutation Spectrum in a Large Cohort of Chinese Patients with Dysferlinopathy". Chinese Medical Journal. 129 (19): 2287–93. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.190671. PMC 5040013. PMID 27647186. ^ Matsuda C, Miyake K, Kameyama K, Keduka E, Takeshima H, Imamura T, Araki N, Nishino I, Hayashi Y (November 2012). "The C2A domain in dysferlin is important for association with MG53 (TRIM72)". PLOS Currents. 4: e5035add8caff4. doi:10.1371/5035add8caff4. PMC 3493068. PMID 23145354. ^ Ramakrishnan NA, Drescher MJ, Morley BJ, Kelley PM, Drescher DG (March 2014). "Calcium regulates molecular interactions of otoferlin with soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins required for hair cell exocytosis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (13): 8750–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.480533. PMC 3979417. PMID 24478316. ^ Choi BY, Ahmed ZM, Riazuddin S, Bhinder MA, Shahzad M, Husnain T, Riazuddin S, Griffith AJ, Friedman TB (March 2009). "Identities and frequencies of mutations of the otoferlin gene (OTOF) causing DFNB9 deafness in Pakistan". Clinical Genetics. 75 (3): 237–43. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01128.x. PMC 3461579. PMID 19250381. ^ Varga R, Avenarius MR, Kelley PM, Keats BJ, Berlin CI, Hood LJ, Morlet TG, Brashears SM, Starr A, Cohn ES, Smith RJ, Kimberling WJ (July 2006). "OTOF mutations revealed by genetic analysis of hearing loss families including a potential temperature sensitive auditory neuropathy allele". Journal of Medical Genetics. 43 (7): 576–81. doi:10.1136/jmg.2005.038612. PMC 2593030. PMID 16371502. ^ Doherty KR, Cave A, Davis DB, Delmonte AJ, Posey A, Earley JU, Hadhazy M, McNally EM (December 2005). "Normal myoblast fusion requires myoferlin". Development. 132 (24): 5565–75. doi:10.1242/dev.02155. PMC 4066872. PMID 16280346. ^ Song DH, Ko GH, Lee JH, Lee JS, Lee GW, Kim HC, Yang JW, Heo RW, Roh GS, Han SY, Kim DC (February 2016). "Myoferlin expression in non-small cell lung cancer: Prognostic role and correlation with VEGFR-2 expression". Oncology Letters. 11 (2): 998–1006. doi:10.3892/ol.2015.3988. PMC 4734036. PMID 26893682. ^ Turtoi A, Blomme A, Bellahcène A, Gilles C, Hennequière V, Peixoto P, Bianchi E, Noel A, De Pauw E, Lifrange E, Delvenne P, Castronovo V (September 2013). "Myoferlin is a key regulator of EGFR activity in breast cancer" (PDF). Cancer Research. 73 (17): 5438–48. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1142. PMID 23864327. ^ Rademaker G, Hennequière V, Brohée L, Nokin MJ, Lovinfosse P, Durieux F, Gofflot S, Bellier J, Costanza B, Herfs M, Peiffer R, Bettendorff L, Deroanne C, Thiry M, Delvenne P, Hustinx R, Bellahcène A, Castronovo V, Peulen O (August 2018). "Myoferlin controls mitochondrial structure and activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and affects tumor aggressiveness". Oncogene. 37 (32): 4398–4412. doi:10.1038/s41388-018-0287-z. PMC 6085282. PMID 29720728. ^ Li R, Ackerman WE, Mihai C, Volakis LI, Ghadiali S, Kniss DA (2012). "Myoferlin depletion in breast cancer cells promotes mesenchymal to epithelial shape change and stalls invasion". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39766. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739766L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039766. PMC 3384637. PMID 22761893.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schematic_of_dysferlin,_myoferlin,_and_otoferlin.png"},{"link_name":"protein family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_family"},{"link_name":"vesicle fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_fusion"},{"link_name":"membrane trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_trafficking"},{"link_name":"C2 domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2_domain"},{"link_name":"DysF domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysferlin"},{"link_name":"muscular dystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy"},{"link_name":"deafness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deafness"},{"link_name":"myoferlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoferlin"},{"link_name":"pancreatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"colorectal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal"},{"link_name":"breast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast"},{"link_name":"cervical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer"},{"link_name":"ovarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian"},{"link_name":"cervical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer"},{"link_name":"thyroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormones"},{"link_name":"endometrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial_cancer"},{"link_name":"oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_cancer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"transmembrane proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman_2018-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patel_2008-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harsini_2018-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lek_2010-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman_2018-4"}],"text":"Schematic structures of dysferlin, myoferlin, and otoferlin; three ferlin proteins that are associated with human diseases. Lack of functional dysferlin can cause a group of muscular dystrophies knows as dysferlinopathies. Myoferlin is highly expressed in several types of cancer, and mutations in otoferlin can cause deafness.Ferlins are an ancient protein family involved in vesicle fusion and membrane trafficking. Ferlins are distinguished by their multiple tandem C2 domains, and sometimes a FerA and a DysF domain. Mutations in ferlins can cause human diseases such as muscular dystrophy and deafness. Abnormalities in expression of myoferlin, a human ferlin protein, is also directly associated with higher mortality rate and tumor recurrence in several types of cancer, including pancreatic, colorectal, breast, cervical, stomach, ovarian, cervical, thyroid, endometrial, and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.[1][2] In other animals, ferlin mutations can cause infertility.Ferlins are type II transmembrane proteins (N-terminus on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane) and contain five to seven C2 domains linked in tandem and have a single-pass transmembrane domain located at the C-terminus.[3] The C2 domains are denoted in order from amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus as C2A to C2G. C2 domains are essentially calcium and phospholipid binding domains, evolved for cell membrane interactions. In fact, many proteins involved in signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and membrane fusion employ C2 domains to target the cell membrane. However, ferlins are unique for containing more C2 domains than any other proteins (between five and seven).[4] FerA and DysF are two intermediate domains that are unique to ferlins. There is less known about FerA and DysF domains, however, mutations of these domains in dysferlin can also lead to muscular dystrophy.[5][6]As in other mammals, there are six ferlin genes in humans (Fer1L1-Fer1L6). Among them, Fer1L1-Fer1L3 have known disease relevance. Therefore, Fer1L1-Fer1L3 are better characterized compare to Fer1L4-Fer1L6 with unknown function and tissue localization.[7] Fer1L1-Fer1L3 proteins each has a unique name and they correspond to dysferlin, myoferlin, and otoferlin accordingly.[4]","title":"Ferlins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Achanzar_1997-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The first member of ferlin protein family, fer-1, was discovered in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Fer-1 gene was first described in 1997 by Achanzar and Ward.[8] Fer-1 is required for reproduction in C. elegans and was therefore named Fer-1 because of its involvement in fertility. The name is an abbreviation for “fertilization factor 1”. The nomenclature in other ferlins in humans is Fer1Lx, where x is a number from 1-6, each identifying one of the six Fer1-like ferlins in humans.[9]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lek_2010-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lek_2010-7"},{"link_name":"Pfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lek_2010-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lek_2010-7"}],"text":"Ferlins are ancient proteins and they have been identified in protists and metazoans, and are known to exist in a range of organisms from unicellular eukaryotes to humans, suggesting primordial functions for ferlins.[7] More specifically, DysF domain and the last two C-terminal C2 domains followed by the C-terminal transmembrane domain (C2E-C2F-TM, containing approximately 489 amino acids) show a high degree of conservation. All ferlins contain several C2 domains. However, C2A may be missing in some ferlins.[7] More specifically, from six human ferlins, three of them do not contain C2A domains. Another highly conserved domain is the N-terminal C2-FerI-C2 sequence. FerI is a motif detected by Pfam, however, the function of this conserved motif is currently unknown.[7][10] Ferlins have been evolved into two groups, DysF-containing and non-DysF ferlins. Most invertebrates possess two ferlin proteins, one from each class. Most vertebrate however, have six ferlin genes, three of which DysF containing and the other three non-DysF ferlins, indicating that vertebrate ferlins are evolved and originated from the two ferlins in early metazoans. Both subgroups have been identified in early metazoans, suggesting the fundamental role associated to these proteins.[7]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rizo_1998-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"gene duplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_duplication"},{"link_name":"crystallographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography"},{"link_name":"NMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patel_2008-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sula_2014-13"},{"link_name":"Pfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam"},{"link_name":"SMART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Modular_Architecture_Research_Tool"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lek_2010-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"small-angle X-ray scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-angle_X-ray_scattering"}],"text":"Ferlins are large proteins and currently the full length structure of ferlins is unknown. In order to understand their structural aspects, ferlin domains have been studied individually:C2A domains are calcium and lipid binding domains made from 8 β-strands forming 2 sheets. The loops connecting the sheets form the calcium binding site. The β-sheet structure is conserved among C2 domains, however, the loops may have different features.[11] Depending on the amino acids located at the calcium binding site and the loops, C2 domains can have different specificities for calcium and lipid binding, suggesting that they are evolved to function in different environments.[12]The DysF domain exists as an internal duplication where an inner DysF domain is surrounded by an outer DysF domain. Such structure is a result of gene duplication and both inner and outer DysF domains have adopted the same fold. The structure of DysF is mainly consist of two antiparallel long β-strands. To date, the crystallographic structure of human dysferlin and solution NMR structure of myoferlin DysF have been obtained by Altin Sula et al. and PryankPatel et al. accordingly. Myoferlin and dysferlin DysF domains show 61% sequence identity. A unique feature of DysF domains in both dysferlin and myoferlin is that these domains are held together by arginine/aromatic sidechain (specially tryptophan) stacking.[5][13]FerA had been predicted using Pfam and SMART and remained uncharacterized both structurally and functionally until recently.[7][14][15] It had been determined by secondary structure prediction however, that FerA domain contains several helices. Recently, a model of FerA structure obtained by homology models have been confirmed by fitting the calculated model into the FerA structure obtained by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. These structural models provided evidence that FerA contains four helices, which fold to form a four-helix bundle.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dysferlin_FerA_structural_model.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferlins_Map_by_Cooper.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lek_2012-16"},{"link_name":"spermatogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesis"},{"link_name":"spermatids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatid"},{"link_name":"pseudopod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopodia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington_2006-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Achanzar_1997-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"oogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis"},{"link_name":"embryogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryogenesis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper_2015-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_2007-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington_2006-17"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_2007-23"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rizo_1998-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harsini_2018-6"}],"text":"Superposition of dysferlin FerA structural model obtained by Robetta and ab initio bead model obtained by experimental Small Angel X-Ray Scattering experiments.Topologies of ferlin domains. Labels A-F indicate: A: ferlin topology containing all seven C2 domains; B: (-)C2DE; C: (-)C2A; D: (-)C2A, (-)C2DE; E: (-)C2A, (-)C2DE, (-)FerB; F: (-)C2A, (-)C2 D, (-)C2E, (-)C2DE,(-)C2F. Different C2 domains are also labeled as C2A-C2F. In other studies, C2DE, C2E, and C2F are denoted as C2E, C2F, and C2G. In this figure, C2, DysF, and transmembrane are an amalgamation of SMART results, and FerA, FerB and FerI are an amalgamation of PFAM results.Ferlins play roles in vesicle fusion and membrane trafficking. Different ferlins are found in various organs and they play specific roles.[16] Fer-1 is a member of ferlin protein family, and a fertilization factor involved in fusion of vesicles called membraneous organelles with the sperm plasma membrane during spermatogenesis in C. elegans. In C. elegans spermatids are immobile and during sperm maturation mobility is gained after fusion of membraneous organelles with the plasma membrane. At this point, spermatids extend their pseudopod and become mobile. This process is calcium-dependent and a normal progression of this step requires ferlin's involvement.[17][8][18]Dysferlin is highly expressed in skeletal muscles, but is also found in heart, placenta, liver, lung, kidney and pancreas. Dysferlin is essential for membrane repair mechanism in muscle cells. Dysferlin in sea stars is 46.9% identical to human dysferlin, and is critical for normal endocytosis during oogenesis and embryogenesis.[19] In humans, dysferlin's primary function is believed to be involvement in muscle membrane repair mechanism. Skeletal muscles experience micro-damages during exercising and daily activities. When muscles are damaged, dysferlin containing vesicles accumulate at the site of injury, and by fusing together and to the membrane, they patch the leakage. In dysferlin-null muscles, these vesicles still accumulate at the damage site, but they cannot fuse and therefore, are unable to repair the damaged muscle cells.[20][21] Otoferlin is another ferlin member in humans and it plays a role in exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the auditory inner hair cell ribbon synapse.[22] In adult fruit flies, a ferlin member called misfire is expressed in testis and ovaries.[23] Mutations in misfire and Fer-1, ferlins in flies and C. elegans, cause male sterility because of defects in fertilization.[17][23]Function of ferlin proteins involves employing multiple domains. C2A domains are specialized in lipid binding. The phospholipid interaction is often calcium dependent as C2 domains have evolved to respond to increase in calcium concentration. A sudden increase in calcium concentration is observed in synaptic vesicles or inside muscle cells after membrane damage. Therefore, C2 domains are often referred to as the calcium sensor of C2 domain-containing proteins. The function and mechanism of function of C2 domains is well-characterized, although it may vary between different C2 domains. In general, C2 domains interact with the membrane via electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions.[11] It has been proposed that FerA may be involved in membrane interaction as well. It can in fact interact with neutral or negatively charged phospholipids and the interaction is enhanced in the presence of calcium ions.[6] The molecular mechanism by which FerA interacts with the membrane or calcium ions however, is currently unknown.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper_2015-20"},{"link_name":"muscular dystrophies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"limb-girdle muscular dystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb-girdle_muscular_dystrophy"},{"link_name":"distal myopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_muscular_dystrophy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sula_2014-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harsini_2018-6"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lek_2012-16"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"tumorigenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorigenesis"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The most important disease relevance of ferlins in humans is related to mutations in dysferlin. In humans, disease causing mutations in dysferlin have been identified in all C2 domains, FerA domain, DysF domain, and even linker segments.[20] Lack of functional dysferlin causes a group of muscular dystrophies called dysferlinopathies.[24] Dysferlinopathies include limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) 2B, Miyoshi myopathy (MM) and distal myopathy of the anterior tibialis.[25] C2A mutations which affect its calcium binding or lipid binding can often cause muscular dystrophy. Interestingly, dysferlin C2B does not bind calcium, however, mutations in this domain can still cause muscular dystrophy.[26] Some mutations in C2A can disrupt dysferlin interaction with other important proteins involved in membrane repair process (such as MG53) which can also lead to muscular dystrophy.[27] Many mutations in dysferlin occur in DysF domain which often disrupt Arginine/Tryptophan stacks of this domain. This leads to a less stable and possibly unfolded protein which may result in the degradation of the entire dysferlin.[13] Several FerA mutations have been also identified. These mutations have been shown to lower the stability of FerA domains which may explain the pathogenicity of these mutations.[6]Otoferlin has been shown to interact with SNAREs and play a role in a calcium-dependent exocytosis in the hair cells in the inner ear.[28] Mutations in otoferlin can cause mild to profound non-syndromic recessive hearing loss in humans.[16][29][30]Currently, there is no association between myoferlin mutations and human diseases. However, it has been shown experimentally that loss of myoferlin results in reduced myoblast fusion and muscle size.[31] There is also a correlation between myoferlin overexpression and several types of cancers such as lung cancer and breast cancer.[32][33] In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) myoferlin increases cell proliferation and promotes tumorigenesis and its expression negatively correlates with tumor size.[34] Breast cancer patients with overexpressed myoferlin have a lower survival rate. Although it is not yet clear how myoferlin contributes in cancer pathology in a molecular level, there are scientific evidences that myoferlin overexpression is associated with tumor growth and metastasis. In fact, myoferlin depletion in cancer cell lines can result in reduced tumor size and metastasis rate.[35]","title":"Disease association"}]	[{"image_text":"Schematic structures of dysferlin, myoferlin, and otoferlin; three ferlin proteins that are associated with human diseases. Lack of functional dysferlin can cause a group of muscular dystrophies knows as dysferlinopathies. Myoferlin is highly expressed in several types of cancer, and mutations in otoferlin can cause deafness.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Schematic_of_dysferlin%2C_myoferlin%2C_and_otoferlin.png/492px-Schematic_of_dysferlin%2C_myoferlin%2C_and_otoferlin.png"},{"image_text":"Superposition of dysferlin FerA structural model obtained by Robetta and ab initio bead model obtained by experimental Small Angel X-Ray Scattering experiments.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dysferlin_FerA_structural_model.jpg/300px-Dysferlin_FerA_structural_model.jpg"},{"image_text":"Topologies of ferlin domains. Labels A-F indicate: A: ferlin topology containing all seven C2 domains; B: (-)C2DE; C: (-)C2A; D: (-)C2A, (-)C2DE; E: (-)C2A, (-)C2DE, (-)FerB; F: (-)C2A, (-)C2 D, (-)C2E, (-)C2DE,(-)C2F. Different C2 domains are also labeled as C2A-C2F. In other studies, C2DE, C2E, and C2F are denoted as C2E, C2F, and C2G. In this figure, C2, DysF, and transmembrane are an amalgamation of SMART results, and FerA, FerB and FerI are an amalgamation of PFAM results.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ferlins_Map_by_Cooper.jpg/200px-Ferlins_Map_by_Cooper.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Eisenberg MC, Kim Y, Li R, Ackerman WE, Kniss DA, Friedman A (December 2011). \"Mechanistic modeling of the effects of myoferlin on tumor cell invasion\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (50): 20078–83. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10820078E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1116327108. PMC 3250187. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_H._Fuller	Reginald H. Fuller	["1 Life events","2 Honours","3 The Foundations of New Testament Christology","4 Selected publications","4.1 Books","4.2 Chapters or entries","4.3 Journal articles","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]	English-American Anglican priest and theologian (1915–2007) For the Roman Catholic biblical scholar, see Reginald C. Fuller. The ReverendReginald H. FullerBornReginald Horace Fuller(1915-03-24)24 March 1915Horsham, EnglandDied4 April 2007(2007-04-04) (aged 92)Richmond, Virginia, USNationalityEnglishAmerican (after 1995)Spouse Ilse Barda Fuller (m. 1942)Ecclesiastical careerReligionChristianity (Anglican)ChurchChurch of EnglandEpiscopal Church (United States)Ordained1940 (deacon)1941 (priest) Academic backgroundAlma materPeterhouse, CambridgeQueen's College, BirminghamInfluencesFerdinand Hahn Academic workDisciplineBiblical studiestheologySub-disciplineChristologyNew Testament studiesSchool or traditionNeo-orthodoxyInstitutionsQueen's College, BirminghamSt David's CollegeSeabury-Western Theological SeminaryUnion Theological SeminaryVirginia Theological Seminary Reginald Horace Fuller (24 March 1915 – 4 April 2007) was an English-American biblical scholar, ecumenist, and Anglican priest. His works are recognized for their consequential analysis of New Testament Christology. One aspect of his work is on the relation of Jesus to the early church and the church today. For this, his analysis, which uses the historical-critical method, has been described as neo-orthodox. Life events Reginald Fuller was born on 24 March 1915. An obituary from the University of Wales Trinity Saint David noted that "Fuller was the son of Horace Fuller, an agricultural engineer, and his wife Cora Lottie née Heath. He came from Horsham in West Sussex, where he attended Collyer’s School. He was a choir boy in his local parish church between the ages of nine and fifteen." Fuller subsequently attended Peterhouse, Cambridge, graduating with first-class honours in the Classical Tripos (Part I) and Theological Tripos (Part II) in 1937. He studied at the University of Tübingen, Germany, in 1938–1939. He prepared for ministry in the Church of England at the Queen's College, Birmingham (1939–1940), and was ordained a deacon in 1940 and a priest in 1941. He met Ilse Barda in 1940 at a wedding. They married in 1942. Fuller was a curate in England from 1940 to 1950 and lectured in theology at the Queen's College, 1946–1950. He was professor of theology and Hebrew at St David's College, Lampeter, Wales (1950–1955). He also assisted in raising three daughters. Fuller became a US resident in 1955. He was professor of New Testament at Seabury-Western Theological Seminary, Evanston, Ill., languages and literature (1955–1966), Union Theological Seminary and Columbia (adj.), NYC (1966–1972), and Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria (1972–1985; adj., 1994–2002). Fuller was also visiting professor at nine other seminaries or colleges in the United States, Canada, and Australia: University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn. (1960, ..., 1988, 7 terms), Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, Ca. (1975), College of Emmanuel and St. Chad Archived 21 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada (1978), Union Theological Seminary, Richmond, Va. (1985), Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest, Austin, Tx. (1986), Nashotah House, Wis. (1986, ..., 2004, 7 terms), St. Mark's College of Ministry, Canberra, Australia (1987), and Wesley Theological Seminary, Washington, DC (1990). Fuller was a member of World Council of Churches study commissions (1957–1961), Episcopal–Lutheran Conversations (1969–1972, 1977–1980), Anglican–Lutheran Conversations (1970–1972), and Lutheran–Catholic (US) Dialogue Task Force (1971–1973), and the New Revised Standard Version Bible Translation Committee (1981–2006). Fuller authored some twenty books and over 100 journal articles or book chapters. He also translated such works as Bonhoeffer's The Cost of Discipleship (1948) and Letters and Papers from Prison (1953), Jeremias's Unknown Sayings of Jesus (1957), Bultmann's Kerygma and Myth, 2 v. (1953 & 1962) and Primitive Christianity (1956), Schweitzer's Reverence for Life (with Ilse Fuller) (1969), and Bornkamm's The New Testament: A Guide to Its Writings (1973). Fuller died on 4 April 2007 in Richmond, Virginia, one day before his 92nd birthday. Honours Fuller was a fellow of the American Association of Theological Schools, 1961–1962. He was president of Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas, 1983-84 He was recipient of the first annual Ecumenism Award from the Washington Theological Consortium (2001) and of honorary degrees from among others General Theological Seminary (STD), Philadelphia Divinity School (STD), and Seabury-Western Theological Seminary (DD). Fuller became Professor Emeritus at Virginia Theological Seminary in 1985. In 1990, his former students presented a festschrift in his honour. Fuller became an American citizen in 1995. He was an honorary canon of Cathedral Church of St. Paul in Burlington, Vermont, and Priest in Residence at Emmanuel Church at Brook Hill, Richmond, Va. Fuller was survived by his wife Ilse Barda Fuller, his daughters, Caroline Sloat and Sally Fuller, four grandchildren; and five great-grandsons. The New York Times obituary recorded Fuller's belief that the Bible must be proclaimed every Sunday. It closed by noting that, "On March 25, the day he suffered the fall that eventually led to his death, he taught a Sunday school class on the Resurrection." The Foundations of New Testament Christology Reginald H. Fuller's treatise, The Foundations of New Testament Christology (1965), illustrates aspects of his scholarly publications. The book defines key terms, states assumptions, describes the method used, and develops implications in cumulative fashion. Thus, 'Christology' (the doctrine of Jesus Christ's person) refers to a response to a particular history, not the action of God in Jesus as such nor the history itself. Analysis of New Testament Christology begins with the disciples' belief in the resurrection. It is concerned with "what can be known of the words and works of Jesus" and how these were interpreted. 'Foundations of New Testament Christology' is foundational in referring to presuppositions of NT writers rather than to the theology of their finished product (pp. 15–17). The book considers the response of the early church as to conceptual tools available in successive environments of Palestinian Judaism, Hellenistic Judaism, and the Graeco-Roman gentile world. "What can be known" of the historical Jesus and the early church's mission depends on critical methods and tests applied to documents from the gentile mission. Such methods and tests distinguish the knowledge of early writers about Jesus, their own theology, and other traditions to which they responded (pp. 17–20). The book makes explicit which elements of sources are accepted as going back to each stratum of the early church. It accepts assignment of a tradition to a specific stratum with: elaboration in case of wide acceptance a summary of the argument in case wide acceptance is lacking elaboration in case a common assignment is rejected or a new assignment is proposed (p. 21). With the emergence of a post-Bultmann school of "historical-traditio criticism", the concern of the book is "to establish a continuity of the historical Jesus and the christological kerygma of the post-resurrection church." The real continuity, Fuller felt, "was obscured, if not actually denied, by Bultmann's own work", to the disadvantage of the church's proclamation (p. 11). The book concludes that the christological foundations of the early church (as recoverable from the New Testament and formulations of church fathers) "are also the foundations of Christology today" (p. 257). Selected publications Books Fuller, Reginald H.; Hanson, Richard P. C. (1948). The Church of Rome: A Dissuasive. London: SCM Press. OCLC 560315647. - 1960, 2nd ed. ——— (1954). The Mission and Achievement of Jesus: An Examination of the Presuppositions of New Testament Theology. Studies in Biblical theology. Vol. 12. London: SCM Press. OCLC 2560151. ———; Wright, G. Ernest (1957). The Book of the Acts of God: Christian Scholarship Interprets the Bible. Christian faith series. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. OCLC 530493. Fuller, Reginald H. (1962). The New Testament in Current Study. Scribner studies in biblical interpretation. New York: Scribners. OCLC 8003601. ——— (1963). Interpreting the Miracles. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster. ISBN 978-0-334-00681-7. OCLC 383436. ______ (1964). The New Testament in Current Study. SCM Press. Reviewed by Burton H. Throckmorton Jr. (1964). "The New Testament in Current Study by Reginald H. Fuller," The Journal of Religion 44(1}, p. 79. ——— (1965). The Foundations of New Testament Christology. New York: Scribners. ISBN 9780684155326. OCLC 383751. ——— (1966). A Critical Introduction to the New Testament. Studies in Theology series. Vol. 55. London: G. Duckworth. OCLC 339842. ——— (1971). The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives. London: Macmillan. OCLC 313093002. ———; Wuellner, Wilhelm H. (1976). Longer Mark: forgery, interpolation, or old tradition?. Colloquy (Center for Hermeneutical Studies in Hellenistic and Modern Culture), December 7, 1975. Vol. 18. Berkeley, CA: Center for Hermeneutical Studies. ISBN 9780892420179. OCLC 854089196. ———; Perkins, Pheme (1983). Who Is This Christ?: Gospel Christology and Contemporary Faith. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press. ISBN 9780800617066. OCLC 8846197. ——— (1984). Preaching the New Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church of Today. Collegeville, MI: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814608470. OCLC 1161560. ——— (1990). He That Cometh: The Birth of Jesus in the New Testament. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publisher. ISBN 9780819215444. OCLC 21677534. ——— (1994). Christ and Christianity: Studies in the Formation of Christology. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International. ISBN 9781563380761. OCLC 30359043. ——— (1974). Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814613511. OCLC 11114298. ———; Westberg, Daniel (1984). Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today (2nd ed.). Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814613511. OCLC 11114298. ———; Westberg, Daniel (2006). Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today (3rd ed.). Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814613511. OCLC 11114298. Chapters or entries ——— (1993). "New Testament (under Biblical Theology)". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–91. ISBN 9780195046458. OCLC 802755374. ——— (1993). "Jesus Christ". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 356–66. ISBN 9780195046458. OCLC 802755374. ——— (1993). "Resurrection of Christ". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 647–49. ISBN 9780195046458. OCLC 802755374. ——— (1988). "Scripture". In Sykes, Stephen; Booty, John E. (eds.). The Study of Anglicanism. Philadelphia, PA: SPCK/Fortress Press. pp. 86–100. ISBN 9780800620875. OCLC 17353342. ——— (1996). "Christology". In Bram, Leon L. (ed.). Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 9780834301030. OCLC 34513534. ——— (2008). "Christology". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Journal articles ——— (1964). "Untitled review (of Historical Tradition in the Fourth Gospel by C. H. Dodd)". Journal of Bible and Religion. 32 (3): 270–271. ——— (1967). "Review of Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus by Norman Perrin". Theology Today. 24 (3): 412–14. doi:10.1177/004057366702400325. S2CID 170738002. ——— (1978). "The Conception/Birth of Jesus as a Christological Moment". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 1 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1177/0142064X7800100105. S2CID 170233233. See also The Myth of God Incarnate Notes ^ a b c Higgins, A. J. B. (1966). "Review of The Foundations of New Testament Christology, by Reginald H. Fuller". Journal of Biblical Literature. 85 (3): 360–362. doi:10.2307/3264254. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3264254. ^ Raymond E. Brown, 1990. "Christology" and "The Resurrection of Jesus," in Raymond E. Brown et al., ed., The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Prentice Hall, pp. 1354–1359, 1373–1377. ^ a b c Douglas Martin, 2007. "Reginald H. Fuller, 92, New Testament Scholar, Dies," The New York Times, April 14. ^ University of Wales Trinity Saint David ( 2022). "Professor Reginald Horace Fuller". Retrieved 18 October 2022. ^ Who's Who in America 2006, p. 1596. ^ Arland J. Hultgren and Barbara Hall, ed., 1990. Christ and His Communities: Essays in Honor of Reginald H. Fuller, Forward Movement. ISBN 0-88028-104-9 ^ Ellen Robertson, 2007. "The Rev. R.H. Fuller, 92, Dies After a Fall", Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 6. ^ Reginald H. Fuller, 1965. The Foundations of New Testament Christology, Scribners. ISBN 0-684-15532-X. ^ a b Filson, Floyd V. (1966). "The Foundations of New Testament Christology, by Reginald H. Fuller. 268 pp. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965. $5.95". Theology Today. 23 (2): 317–319. doi:10.1177/004057366602300226. S2CID 170670501. ^ Hanson, Richard Patrick Crosland; Fuller, Reginald Horace (1960). "The Church of Rome: A Dissuasive (snippet view)". Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ "The Mission and Achievement of Jesus - Table of Contents". 1954. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ "The Book of the Acts of God: Christian Scholarship Interprets the Bible (full text)". 1957. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ Hutchison, Russell S. (1963). "Review". Journal of Bible and Religion. 33 (1): 72–73. JSTOR 1460476. ^ Rollins, Wayne G.; Fuller, Reginald H. (1966). "Review of A Critical Introduction to the New Testament". Journal of Biblical Literature. 86 (2): 229. doi:10.2307/3263285. JSTOR 3263285. ^ "The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives review from Theology Today". 1971. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ "Who Is This Christ?: Gospel Christology and Contemporary Faith - Summary from Theology Today". 1983. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ "Christ and Christianity - Table of contents from Amazon". Amazon UK. 1994. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ "Preaching the Lectionary - Description". 1974. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ "Preaching the Lectionary - Description" (2nd ed.). 1984. Retrieved 18 December 2021. ^ "Preaching the Lectionary - Description". 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2021. ^ Booty, John E.; Sykes, Stephen; Knight, Jonathan (1988). The Study of Anglicanism. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451411188. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ "Review of Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus". 1967. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ "The Conception/Birth of Jesus as a Christological Moment - Abstract". 1978. Retrieved 19 February 2019. References Arland J. Hultgren and Barbara Hall, ed., 1990. Christ and His Communities: Essays in Honor of Reginald H. Fuller, Forward Movement. ISBN 0-88028-104-9 (Also contains CV, publications list through 1989, & an intimate introductory essay by Ilse Fuller on R.H.F.: the man, churchman, & scholar.) Who's Who in America 2006, p. 1596. Raymond E. Brown, 1990. "Christology" and "The Resurrection of Jesus," in Raymond E. Brown et al., ed., The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Prentice Hall, pp. 1354–1359, 1373–1377. The Rev. Steve Schlossberg, 2007. "To Evensong: Reginald Horace Fuller+, 1915–2007," The Missioner. Michaelmas, pp.7-9 (numbered). A remembrance. Douglas Martin, 2007. "Reginald H. Fuller, 92, New Testament Scholar, Dies," The New York Times, April 14. Ellen Robertson, 2007. "The Rev. R.H. Fuller, 92, Dies After a Fall," Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 6. Mary Rourke, 2007. "Reginald Fuller, 92; Biblical Scholar," Los Angeles Times, April 18. 2007. "Reginald H. Fuller, Former VTS Professor, Dies at 92", Episcopal Life Online, April 18. Jeremy Davies, 2007. "Reginald Fuller - A Theologian of Stature," The Salisbury Journal, May 24.* Jeremy Davies, 2007. "Reginald Fuller - A Theologian of Stature," The Salisbury Journal, May 24. 2007. "Reginald H. Fuller 1915–2007," SBL Forum, April. 2007. "Canon Reginald Horace Fuller," Church Times, May 11. Portals: Christianity Bible Biography Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reginald C. 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His works are recognized for their consequential analysis of New Testament Christology.[2] One aspect of his work is on the relation of Jesus to the early church and the church today. For this, his analysis, which uses the historical-critical method, has been described as neo-orthodox.[3]","title":"Reginald H. Fuller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Wales Trinity Saint David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales_Trinity_Saint_David"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UW-4"},{"link_name":"Horsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham,_England"},{"link_name":"Collyer’s School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_of_Richard_Collyer"},{"link_name":"Peterhouse, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"first-class honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification"},{"link_name":"Classical Tripos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Tripos"},{"link_name":"Theological Tripos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripos"},{"link_name":"University of Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Queen's College, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Edgbaston"},{"link_name":"curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"St David's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Lampeter"},{"link_name":"Seabury-Western Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabury-Western_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Union Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_in_the_City_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Virginia Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"University of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Graduate Theological Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Theological_Union"},{"link_name":"College of Emmanuel and St. Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usask.ca/stu/emmanuel/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170821050647/http://www.usask.ca/stu/emmanuel/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Union Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_%26_Presbyterian_School_of_Christian_Education"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Theological_Seminary_of_the_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Nashotah House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashotah_House"},{"link_name":"St. Mark's College of Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stmarksntc.org.au/"},{"link_name":"Wesley Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"World Council of Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches"},{"link_name":"New Revised Standard Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version"},{"link_name":"Bonhoeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonhoeffer"},{"link_name":"The Cost of Discipleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cost_of_Discipleship"},{"link_name":"Jeremias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Jeremias"},{"link_name":"Bultmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann"},{"link_name":"Schweitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweitzer"},{"link_name":"Bornkamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_Bornkamm"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"}],"text":"Reginald Fuller was born on 24 March 1915. An obituary from the University of Wales Trinity Saint David[4] noted that \"Fuller was the son of Horace Fuller, an agricultural engineer, and his wife Cora Lottie née Heath. He came from Horsham in West Sussex, where he attended Collyer’s School. He was a choir boy in his local parish church between the ages of nine and fifteen.\"Fuller subsequently attended Peterhouse, Cambridge, graduating with first-class honours in the Classical Tripos (Part I) and Theological Tripos (Part II) in 1937. He studied at the University of Tübingen, Germany, in 1938–1939. He prepared for ministry in the Church of England at the Queen's College, Birmingham (1939–1940), and was ordained a deacon in 1940 and a priest in 1941. He met Ilse Barda in 1940 at a wedding. They married in 1942. Fuller was a curate in England from 1940 to 1950 and lectured in theology at the Queen's College, 1946–1950. He was professor of theology and Hebrew at St David's College, Lampeter, Wales (1950–1955). He also assisted in raising three daughters.Fuller became a US resident in 1955. He was professor of New Testament at Seabury-Western Theological Seminary, Evanston, Ill., languages and literature (1955–1966), Union Theological Seminary and Columbia (adj.), NYC (1966–1972), and Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria (1972–1985; adj., 1994–2002). Fuller was also visiting professor at nine other seminaries or colleges in the United States, Canada, and Australia: University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn. (1960, ..., 1988, 7 terms), Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, Ca. (1975), College of Emmanuel and St. Chad Archived 21 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada (1978), Union Theological Seminary, Richmond, Va. (1985), Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest, Austin, Tx. (1986), Nashotah House, Wis. (1986, ..., 2004, 7 terms), St. Mark's College of Ministry, Canberra, Australia (1987), and Wesley Theological Seminary, Washington, DC (1990).[5]Fuller was a member of World Council of Churches study commissions (1957–1961), Episcopal–Lutheran Conversations (1969–1972, 1977–1980), Anglican–Lutheran Conversations (1970–1972), and Lutheran–Catholic (US) Dialogue Task Force (1971–1973), and the New Revised Standard Version Bible Translation Committee (1981–2006).Fuller authored some twenty books and over 100 journal articles or book chapters. He also translated such works as Bonhoeffer's The Cost of Discipleship (1948) and Letters and Papers from Prison (1953), Jeremias's Unknown Sayings of Jesus (1957), Bultmann's Kerygma and Myth, 2 v. (1953 & 1962) and Primitive Christianity (1956), Schweitzer's Reverence for Life (with Ilse Fuller) (1969), and Bornkamm's The New Testament: A Guide to Its Writings (1973).Fuller died on 4 April 2007 in Richmond, Virginia, one day before his 92nd birthday.","title":"Life events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Association of Theological Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Theological_Schools_in_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studiorum_Novi_Testamenti_Societas"},{"link_name":"1983-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.th.vu.nl/deboer/snts/gmp.html"},{"link_name":"Washington Theological Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Theological_Consortium"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.washtheocon.org/September2001.html"},{"link_name":"General Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Divinity_School"},{"link_name":"Professor Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Emeritus"},{"link_name":"festschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festschrift"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Church of St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_St._Paul_(Burlington,_Vermont)"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Church at Brook Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Church_at_Brook_Hill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DM-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DM-3"}],"text":"Fuller was a fellow of the American Association of Theological Schools, 1961–1962. He was president of Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas, 1983-84 He was recipient of the first annual Ecumenism Award from the Washington Theological Consortium (2001) and of honorary degrees from among others General Theological Seminary (STD), Philadelphia Divinity School (STD), and Seabury-Western Theological Seminary (DD).Fuller became Professor Emeritus at Virginia Theological Seminary in 1985.In 1990, his former students presented a festschrift in his honour.[6]Fuller became an American citizen in 1995. He was an honorary canon of Cathedral Church of St. Paul in Burlington, Vermont, and Priest in Residence at Emmanuel Church at Brook Hill, Richmond, Va.Fuller was survived by his wife Ilse Barda Fuller, his daughters, Caroline Sloat and Sally Fuller, four grandchildren; and five great-grandsons.[3][7]The New York Times obituary recorded Fuller's belief that the Bible must be proclaimed every Sunday. It closed by noting that, \"On March 25, the day he suffered the fall that eventually led to his death, he taught a Sunday school class on the Resurrection.\"[3]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"treatise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller1965-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller1965a-9"},{"link_name":"resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Theology"},{"link_name":"gentile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile#In_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"critical methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical-critical_method"},{"link_name":"Bultmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann"},{"link_name":"kerygma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerygma"},{"link_name":"church fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_fathers"}],"text":"Reginald H. Fuller's treatise, The Foundations of New Testament Christology (1965),[8][1][9] illustrates aspects of his scholarly publications. The book defines key terms, states assumptions, describes the method used, and develops implications in cumulative fashion. Thus, 'Christology' (the doctrine of Jesus Christ's person) refers to a response to a particular history, not the action of God in Jesus as such nor the history itself. Analysis of New Testament Christology begins with the disciples' belief in the resurrection. It is concerned with \"what can be known of the words and works of Jesus\" and how these were interpreted. 'Foundations of New Testament Christology' is foundational in referring to presuppositions of NT writers rather than to the theology of their finished product (pp. 15–17). The book considers the response of the early church as to conceptual tools available in successive environments of Palestinian Judaism, Hellenistic Judaism, and the Graeco-Roman gentile world. \"What can be known\" of the historical Jesus and the early church's mission depends on critical methods and tests applied to documents from the gentile mission. Such methods and tests distinguish the knowledge of early writers about Jesus, their own theology, and other traditions to which they responded (pp. 17–20). The book makes explicit which elements of sources are accepted as going back to each stratum of the early church. It accepts assignment of a tradition to a specific stratum with:elaboration in case of wide acceptance\na summary of the argument in case wide acceptance is lacking\nelaboration in case a common assignment is rejected or a new assignment is proposed (p. 21).With the emergence of a post-Bultmann school of \"historical-traditio criticism\", the concern of the book is \"to establish a continuity of the historical Jesus and the christological kerygma of the post-resurrection church.\" The real continuity, Fuller felt, \"was obscured, if not actually denied, by Bultmann's own work\", to the disadvantage of the church's proclamation (p. 11).The book concludes that the christological foundations of the early church (as recoverable from the New Testament and formulations of church fathers) \"are also the foundations of Christology today\" (p. 257).","title":"The Foundations of New Testament Christology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanson, Richard P. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"560315647","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/560315647"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2560151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2560151"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wright, G. Ernest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Ernest_Wright"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"530493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/530493"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8003601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/8003601"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-334-00681-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-00681-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"383436","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/383436"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Burton H. Throckmorton Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_H._Throckmorton_Jr."},{"link_name":"p. 79.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1199652?refreqid=excelsior%3A3255a30e925946fdc223a877a0e57283&seq=1#metadata_info_tab"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780684155326","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684155326"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"383751","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/383751"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller1965-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller1965a-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"339842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/339842"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"313093002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/313093002"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wuellner, Wilhelm H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_H._Wuellner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780892420179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892420179"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"854089196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/854089196"},{"link_name":"Perkins, Pheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheme_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Who Is This Christ?: Gospel Christology and Contemporary Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/whoisthischristg0000full"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780800617066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800617066"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8846197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/8846197"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Preaching the New Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church of Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/preachingnewlect00full"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780814608470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814608470"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1161560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1161560"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780819215444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819215444"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21677534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/21677534"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781563380761","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563380761"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30359043","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/30359043"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/preachinglection00full"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780814613511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814613511"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11114298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11114298"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Westberg, Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Westberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/preachinglection00full"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780814613511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814613511"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11114298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11114298"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Westberg, Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Westberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/preachinglection00full"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780814613511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814613511"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11114298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11114298"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Fuller, Reginald H.; Hanson, Richard P. C. (1948). The Church of Rome: A Dissuasive. London: SCM Press. OCLC 560315647.[10] - 1960, 2nd ed.\n——— (1954). The Mission and Achievement of Jesus: An Examination of the Presuppositions of New Testament Theology. Studies in Biblical theology. Vol. 12. London: SCM Press. OCLC 2560151.[11]\n———; Wright, G. Ernest (1957). The Book of the Acts of God: Christian Scholarship Interprets the Bible. Christian faith series. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. OCLC 530493.[12]\nFuller, Reginald H. (1962). The New Testament in Current Study. Scribner studies in biblical interpretation. New York: Scribners. OCLC 8003601.\n——— (1963). Interpreting the Miracles. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster. ISBN 978-0-334-00681-7. OCLC 383436.[13]\n______ (1964). The New Testament in Current Study. SCM Press. Reviewed by Burton H. Throckmorton Jr. (1964). [Review untitled] \"The New Testament in Current Study by Reginald H. Fuller,\" The Journal of Religion 44(1}, p. 79.\n——— (1965). The Foundations of New Testament Christology. New York: Scribners. ISBN 9780684155326. OCLC 383751.[1][9]\n——— (1966). A Critical Introduction to the New Testament. Studies in Theology series. Vol. 55. London: G. Duckworth. OCLC 339842.[14]\n——— (1971). The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives. London: Macmillan. OCLC 313093002.[15]\n———; Wuellner, Wilhelm H. (1976). Longer Mark: forgery, interpolation, or old tradition?. Colloquy (Center for Hermeneutical Studies in Hellenistic and Modern Culture), December 7, 1975. Vol. 18. Berkeley, CA: Center for Hermeneutical Studies. ISBN 9780892420179. OCLC 854089196.\n———; Perkins, Pheme (1983). Who Is This Christ?: Gospel Christology and Contemporary Faith. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press. ISBN 9780800617066. OCLC 8846197.[16]\n——— (1984). Preaching the New Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church of Today. Collegeville, MI: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814608470. OCLC 1161560.\n——— (1990). He That Cometh: The Birth of Jesus in the New Testament. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publisher. ISBN 9780819215444. OCLC 21677534.\n——— (1994). Christ and Christianity: Studies in the Formation of Christology. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International. ISBN 9781563380761. OCLC 30359043.[17]\n——— (1974). Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814613511. OCLC 11114298.[18]\n———; Westberg, Daniel (1984). Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today (2nd ed.). Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814613511. OCLC 11114298.[19]\n———; Westberg, Daniel (2006). Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today (3rd ed.). Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814613511. OCLC 11114298.[20]","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"New Testament (under Biblical Theology)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/det1984ails/isbn_9780195046458/page/87"},{"link_name":"Metzger, Bruce M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger"},{"link_name":"Coogan, Michael D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coogan"},{"link_name":"87–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/87"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195046458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195046458"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"802755374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/802755374"},{"link_name":"Metzger, Bruce M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger"},{"link_name":"Coogan, Michael D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coogan"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Companion to the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/356"},{"link_name":"356–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/356"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195046458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195046458"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"802755374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/802755374"},{"link_name":"Metzger, Bruce M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger"},{"link_name":"Coogan, Michael D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coogan"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Companion to the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/647"},{"link_name":"647–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/647"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195046458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195046458"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"802755374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/802755374"},{"link_name":"Sykes, Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sykes"},{"link_name":"Booty, John E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_E._Booty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780800620875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800620875"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17353342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17353342"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bram, Leon L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_L._Bram&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls_New_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780834301030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780834301030"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"34513534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/34513534"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Encarta_Online_Encyclopedia"}],"sub_title":"Chapters or entries","text":"——— (1993). \"New Testament (under Biblical Theology)\". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–91. ISBN 9780195046458. OCLC 802755374.\n——— (1993). \"Jesus Christ\". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 356–66. ISBN 9780195046458. OCLC 802755374.\n——— (1993). \"Resurrection of Christ\". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 647–49. ISBN 9780195046458. OCLC 802755374.\n——— (1988). \"Scripture\". In Sykes, Stephen; Booty, John E. (eds.). The Study of Anglicanism. Philadelphia, PA: SPCK/Fortress Press. pp. 86–100. ISBN 9780800620875. OCLC 17353342.[21]\n——— (1996). \"Christology\". In Bram, Leon L. (ed.). Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 9780834301030. OCLC 34513534.\n——— (2008). \"Christology\". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Bible and Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Bible_and_Religion"},{"link_name":"Theology Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_Today"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/004057366702400325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F004057366702400325"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"170738002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170738002"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Journal for the Study of the New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0142064X7800100105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X7800100105"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"170233233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170233233"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Journal articles","text":"——— (1964). \"Untitled review (of Historical Tradition in the Fourth Gospel by C. H. Dodd)\". Journal of Bible and Religion. 32 (3): 270–271.\n——— (1967). \"Review of Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus by Norman Perrin\". Theology Today. 24 (3): 412–14. doi:10.1177/004057366702400325. S2CID 170738002.[22]\n——— (1978). \"The Conception/Birth of Jesus as a Christological Moment\". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 1 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1177/0142064X7800100105. S2CID 170233233.[23]","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fuller1965_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fuller1965_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fuller1965_1-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3264254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3264254"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0021-9231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3264254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3264254"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Raymond E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DM_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DM_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DM_3-2"},{"link_name":"\"Reginald H. Fuller, 92, New Testament Scholar, Dies,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2007/04/14/obituaries/14fuller.html?ex=1334203200&en=dcf5b488707831cd&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UW_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Professor Reginald Horace Fuller\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uwtsd.ac.uk/library/special-collections/200-biographies-celebrating-lampeters-bicentenary/academia/professor-reginald-horace-fuller/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88028-104-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88028-104-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Rev. R.H. Fuller, 92, Dies After a Fall\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.timesdispatch.com/entertainment-life/the-rev-r-h-fuller-dies-after-a-fall/article_80a2e601-0063-551b-a93f-178059bcb305.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-15532-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15532-X"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fuller1965a_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fuller1965a_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Foundations of New Testament Christology, by Reginald H. Fuller. 268 pp. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965. $5.95\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/004057366602300226"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/004057366602300226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F004057366602300226"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"170670501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170670501"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"The Church of Rome: A Dissuasive (snippet view)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jA5rnyMXXmoC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"The Mission and Achievement of Jesus - Table of Contents\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.questia.com/library/book/the-mission-and-achievement-of-jesus-an-examination-of-the-presuppositions-of-new-testament-theology-by-reginald-h-fuller.jsp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"The Book of the Acts of God: Christian Scholarship Interprets the Bible (full text)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/bookoftheactsofg012808mbp/bookoftheactsofg012808mbp_djvu.txt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1460476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1460476"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3263285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3263285"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3263285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3263285"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives review from Theology Today\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1972/v29-3-bookreview8.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Who Is This Christ?: Gospel Christology and Contemporary Faith - Summary from Theology Today\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jan1984/v40-4-booknotes4.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Christ and Christianity - Table of contents from Amazon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/toc/1563380765"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.litpress.org/Detail.aspx?ISBN=0814627927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.litpress.org/Detail.aspx?ISBN=0814627927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.litpress.org/Detail.aspx?ISBN=0814627927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"The Study of Anglicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dYYMRIiI3n0C&pg=PR8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781451411188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451411188"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Review of Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1967/v24-3-bookreview10.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"The Conception/Birth of Jesus as a Christological Moment - Abstract\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jnt.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/1/37"}],"text":"^ a b c Higgins, A. J. B. (1966). \"Review of The Foundations of New Testament Christology, by Reginald H. Fuller\". Journal of Biblical Literature. 85 (3): 360–362. doi:10.2307/3264254. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3264254.\n\n^ Raymond E. Brown, 1990. \"Christology\" and \"The Resurrection of Jesus,\" in Raymond E. Brown et al., ed., The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Prentice Hall, pp. 1354–1359, 1373–1377.\n\n^ a b c Douglas Martin, 2007. \"Reginald H. Fuller, 92, New Testament Scholar, Dies,\" The New York Times, April 14.\n\n^ University of Wales Trinity Saint David ([2007] 2022). \"Professor Reginald Horace Fuller\". Retrieved 18 October 2022.\n\n^ Who's Who in America 2006, p. 1596.\n\n^ Arland J. Hultgren and Barbara Hall, ed., 1990. Christ and His Communities: Essays in Honor of Reginald H. Fuller, Forward Movement. ISBN 0-88028-104-9\n\n^ Ellen Robertson, 2007. \"The Rev. R.H. Fuller, 92, Dies After a Fall\", Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 6.\n\n^ Reginald H. Fuller, 1965. The Foundations of New Testament Christology, Scribners. ISBN 0-684-15532-X.\n\n^ a b Filson, Floyd V. (1966). \"The Foundations of New Testament Christology, by Reginald H. Fuller. 268 pp. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965. $5.95\". Theology Today. 23 (2): 317–319. doi:10.1177/004057366602300226. S2CID 170670501.\n\n^ Hanson, Richard Patrick Crosland; Fuller, Reginald Horace (1960). \"The Church of Rome: A Dissuasive (snippet view)\". Retrieved 19 February 2019.\n\n^ \"The Mission and Achievement of Jesus - Table of Contents\". 1954. Retrieved 19 February 2019.\n\n^ \"The Book of the Acts of God: Christian Scholarship Interprets the Bible (full text)\". 1957. Retrieved 19 February 2019.\n\n^ Hutchison, Russell S. (1963). \"Review\". Journal of Bible and Religion. 33 (1): 72–73. JSTOR 1460476.\n\n^ Rollins, Wayne G.; Fuller, Reginald H. (1966). \"Review of A Critical Introduction to the New Testament\". Journal of Biblical Literature. 86 (2): 229. doi:10.2307/3263285. JSTOR 3263285.\n\n^ \"The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives review from Theology Today\". 1971. Retrieved 19 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Who Is This Christ?: Gospel Christology and Contemporary Faith - Summary from Theology Today\". 1983. Retrieved 19 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Christ and Christianity - Table of contents from Amazon\". Amazon UK. 1994. Retrieved 19 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\". 1974. Retrieved 19 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\" (2nd ed.). 1984. Retrieved 18 December 2021.\n\n^ \"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\". 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2021.\n\n^ Booty, John E.; Sykes, Stephen; Knight, Jonathan (1988). The Study of Anglicanism. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451411188. Retrieved 19 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Review of Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus\". 1967. Retrieved 19 February 2019.\n\n^ \"The Conception/Birth of Jesus as a Christological Moment - Abstract\". 1978. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"The Myth of God Incarnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_God_Incarnate"}]	[{"reference":"Fuller, Reginald H.; Hanson, Richard P. C. (1948). The Church of Rome: A Dissuasive. London: SCM Press. OCLC 560315647.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(bishop)","url_text":"Hanson, Richard P. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/560315647","url_text":"560315647"}]},{"reference":"——— (1954). The Mission and Achievement of Jesus: An Examination of the Presuppositions of New Testament Theology. Studies in Biblical theology. Vol. 12. London: SCM Press. OCLC 2560151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2560151","url_text":"2560151"}]},{"reference":"———; Wright, G. Ernest (1957). The Book of the Acts of God: Christian Scholarship Interprets the Bible. Christian faith series. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. OCLC 530493.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Ernest_Wright","url_text":"Wright, G. Ernest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/530493","url_text":"530493"}]},{"reference":"Fuller, Reginald H. (1962). The New Testament in Current Study. Scribner studies in biblical interpretation. New York: Scribners. OCLC 8003601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8003601","url_text":"8003601"}]},{"reference":"——— (1963). Interpreting the Miracles. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster. ISBN 978-0-334-00681-7. OCLC 383436.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-00681-7","url_text":"978-0-334-00681-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/383436","url_text":"383436"}]},{"reference":"——— (1965). The Foundations of New Testament Christology. New York: Scribners. ISBN 9780684155326. OCLC 383751.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684155326","url_text":"9780684155326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/383751","url_text":"383751"}]},{"reference":"——— (1966). A Critical Introduction to the New Testament. Studies in Theology series. Vol. 55. London: G. Duckworth. OCLC 339842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/339842","url_text":"339842"}]},{"reference":"——— (1971). The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives. London: Macmillan. OCLC 313093002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/313093002","url_text":"313093002"}]},{"reference":"———; Wuellner, Wilhelm H. (1976). Longer Mark: forgery, interpolation, or old tradition?. Colloquy (Center for Hermeneutical Studies in Hellenistic and Modern Culture), December 7, 1975. Vol. 18. Berkeley, CA: Center for Hermeneutical Studies. ISBN 9780892420179. OCLC 854089196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_H._Wuellner&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Wuellner, Wilhelm H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892420179","url_text":"9780892420179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/854089196","url_text":"854089196"}]},{"reference":"———; Perkins, Pheme (1983). Who Is This Christ?: Gospel Christology and Contemporary Faith. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press. ISBN 9780800617066. OCLC 8846197.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheme_Perkins","url_text":"Perkins, Pheme"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whoisthischristg0000full","url_text":"Who Is This Christ?: Gospel Christology and Contemporary Faith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800617066","url_text":"9780800617066"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8846197","url_text":"8846197"}]},{"reference":"——— (1984). Preaching the New Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church of Today. Collegeville, MI: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814608470. OCLC 1161560.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/preachingnewlect00full","url_text":"Preaching the New Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church of Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814608470","url_text":"9780814608470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1161560","url_text":"1161560"}]},{"reference":"——— (1990). He That Cometh: The Birth of Jesus in the New Testament. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publisher. ISBN 9780819215444. OCLC 21677534.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819215444","url_text":"9780819215444"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21677534","url_text":"21677534"}]},{"reference":"——— (1994). Christ and Christianity: Studies in the Formation of Christology. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International. ISBN 9781563380761. OCLC 30359043.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563380761","url_text":"9781563380761"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30359043","url_text":"30359043"}]},{"reference":"——— (1974). Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814613511. OCLC 11114298.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/preachinglection00full","url_text":"Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814613511","url_text":"9780814613511"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11114298","url_text":"11114298"}]},{"reference":"———; Westberg, Daniel (1984). Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today (2nd ed.). Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814613511. OCLC 11114298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Westberg&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Westberg, Daniel"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/preachinglection00full","url_text":"Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814613511","url_text":"9780814613511"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11114298","url_text":"11114298"}]},{"reference":"———; Westberg, Daniel (2006). Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today (3rd ed.). Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814613511. OCLC 11114298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Westberg&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Westberg, Daniel"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/preachinglection00full","url_text":"Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814613511","url_text":"9780814613511"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11114298","url_text":"11114298"}]},{"reference":"——— (1993). \"New Testament (under Biblical Theology)\". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–91. ISBN 9780195046458. OCLC 802755374.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/det1984ails/isbn_9780195046458/page/87","url_text":"\"New Testament (under Biblical Theology)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger","url_text":"Metzger, Bruce M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coogan","url_text":"Coogan, Michael D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/87","url_text":"87–91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195046458","url_text":"9780195046458"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/802755374","url_text":"802755374"}]},{"reference":"——— (1993). \"Jesus Christ\". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 356–66. ISBN 9780195046458. OCLC 802755374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger","url_text":"Metzger, Bruce M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coogan","url_text":"Coogan, Michael D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/356","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to the Bible"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/356","url_text":"356–66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195046458","url_text":"9780195046458"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/802755374","url_text":"802755374"}]},{"reference":"——— (1993). \"Resurrection of Christ\". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 647–49. ISBN 9780195046458. OCLC 802755374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger","url_text":"Metzger, Bruce M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coogan","url_text":"Coogan, Michael D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/647","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to the Bible"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/647","url_text":"647–49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195046458","url_text":"9780195046458"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/802755374","url_text":"802755374"}]},{"reference":"——— (1988). \"Scripture\". In Sykes, Stephen; Booty, John E. (eds.). The Study of Anglicanism. Philadelphia, PA: SPCK/Fortress Press. pp. 86–100. ISBN 9780800620875. OCLC 17353342.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sykes","url_text":"Sykes, Stephen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_E._Booty&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Booty, John E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800620875","url_text":"9780800620875"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17353342","url_text":"17353342"}]},{"reference":"——— (1996). \"Christology\". In Bram, Leon L. (ed.). Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 9780834301030. OCLC 34513534.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_L._Bram&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Bram, Leon L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls_New_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780834301030","url_text":"9780834301030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34513534","url_text":"34513534"}]},{"reference":"——— (2008). \"Christology\". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Encarta_Online_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"——— (1964). \"Untitled review (of Historical Tradition in the Fourth Gospel by C. H. Dodd)\". Journal of Bible and Religion. 32 (3): 270–271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Bible_and_Religion","url_text":"Journal of Bible and Religion"}]},{"reference":"——— (1967). \"Review of Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus by Norman Perrin\". Theology Today. 24 (3): 412–14. doi:10.1177/004057366702400325. S2CID 170738002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_Today","url_text":"Theology Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004057366702400325","url_text":"10.1177/004057366702400325"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170738002","url_text":"170738002"}]},{"reference":"——— (1978). \"The Conception/Birth of Jesus as a Christological Moment\". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 1 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1177/0142064X7800100105. S2CID 170233233.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_New_Testament","url_text":"Journal for the Study of the New Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X7800100105","url_text":"10.1177/0142064X7800100105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170233233","url_text":"170233233"}]},{"reference":"Higgins, A. J. B. (1966). \"Review of The Foundations of New Testament Christology, by Reginald H. Fuller\". Journal of Biblical Literature. 85 (3): 360–362. doi:10.2307/3264254. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3264254.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3264254","url_text":"10.2307/3264254"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231","url_text":"0021-9231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3264254","url_text":"3264254"}]},{"reference":"Filson, Floyd V. (1966). \"The Foundations of New Testament Christology, by Reginald H. Fuller. 268 pp. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965. $5.95\". Theology Today. 23 (2): 317–319. doi:10.1177/004057366602300226. S2CID 170670501.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/004057366602300226","url_text":"\"The Foundations of New Testament Christology, by Reginald H. 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Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-mission-and-achievement-of-jesus-an-examination-of-the-presuppositions-of-new-testament-theology-by-reginald-h-fuller.jsp","url_text":"\"The Mission and Achievement of Jesus - Table of Contents\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Book of the Acts of God: Christian Scholarship Interprets the Bible (full text)\". 1957. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/bookoftheactsofg012808mbp/bookoftheactsofg012808mbp_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"The Book of the Acts of God: Christian Scholarship Interprets the Bible (full text)\""}]},{"reference":"Hutchison, Russell S. (1963). \"Review\". Journal of Bible and Religion. 33 (1): 72–73. JSTOR 1460476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1460476","url_text":"1460476"}]},{"reference":"Rollins, Wayne G.; Fuller, Reginald H. (1966). \"Review of A Critical Introduction to the New Testament\". Journal of Biblical Literature. 86 (2): 229. doi:10.2307/3263285. JSTOR 3263285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3263285","url_text":"10.2307/3263285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3263285","url_text":"3263285"}]},{"reference":"\"The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives review from Theology Today\". 1971. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1972/v29-3-bookreview8.htm","url_text":"\"The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives review from Theology Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who Is This Christ?: Gospel Christology and Contemporary Faith - Summary from Theology Today\". 1983. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jan1984/v40-4-booknotes4.htm","url_text":"\"Who Is This Christ?: Gospel Christology and Contemporary Faith - Summary from Theology Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christ and Christianity - Table of contents from Amazon\". Amazon UK. 1994. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/toc/1563380765","url_text":"\"Christ and Christianity - Table of contents from Amazon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\". 1974. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litpress.org/Detail.aspx?ISBN=0814627927","url_text":"\"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\" (2nd ed.). 1984. Retrieved 18 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litpress.org/Detail.aspx?ISBN=0814627927","url_text":"\"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\". 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litpress.org/Detail.aspx?ISBN=0814627927","url_text":"\"Preaching the Lectionary - Description\""}]},{"reference":"Booty, John E.; Sykes, Stephen; Knight, Jonathan (1988). The Study of Anglicanism. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451411188. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dYYMRIiI3n0C&pg=PR8","url_text":"The Study of Anglicanism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451411188","url_text":"9781451411188"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus\". 1967. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1967/v24-3-bookreview10.htm","url_text":"\"Review of Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Conception/Birth of Jesus as a Christological Moment - Abstract\". 1978. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._16_Squadron_PAF	No. 16 Squadron PAF	["1 History","1.1 JF-17C Block 3","1.2 2019 Jammu & Kashmir Airstrikes","2 Aircraft Flown","3 Gallery","4 Exercises","4.1 Regular","4.2 Annual and others","5 In Popular Media","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	No. 16 SquadronBlack Panthers Crest of the No.16 Squadron of Pakistan Air ForceActive1957 – PresentDisbanded1963-1971Country PakistanAllegiance Pakistan Armed ForcesBranch Pakistan Air ForceTypeFighter squadronRoleMulti-rolePart ofNorthern Air CommandAirbasePAF Base MinhasNickname(s)Black PanthersMotto(s)دلیر و درشت(Persian: Brave & Big)Mascot(s)A Black pantherAircraftJF-17 Thunder Block 3Engagements 1971 Indo-Pakistani War Operation Swift Retort InsigniaIdentificationsymbolA Black Panther decal on the tail.Aircraft flownAttackNanchang A-5C (1983–2011)FighterF-86F Sabre (1957–1972) Shenyang F-6 (1982–1983)JF-17A Thunder (2011–2023)JF-17C Thunder (2023–Present)TrainerJF-17B ThunderMilitary unit No. 16 Squadron, nicknamed the Black Panthers, is a multi-role squadron of the Pakistan Air Force's Northern Air Command. It is currently based at Minhas Airbase and operates the PAC JF-17 Thunder multi-role jets. History The squadron was established in 1957 under the command of Squadron Leader Imam-ul-Haq Khan, equipped with F-86F Sabre fighter aircraft and assigned the role of Tactical Attack. It was temporarily disbanded in 1963 and reestablished on 13 April 1970 at PAF Base Masroor, flying the F-86F Sabre and commanded by Wing Commander Sharbat Ali Changazi. In February 1971, as the Fighter Leaders School, the unit was assigned to train senior pilots in advanced tactics. Although the squadron was not employed in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, its pilots were transferred to PAF Base Peshawar, where they flew with the No. 26 Squadron. Changazi lead several strike missions into Indian territory and shot down an Indian Air Force Hawker Hunter. Squadron Leader Cecil Chaudhry, attached to No. 18 Squadron, was shot down by ground fire but ejected safely and later shot down an Indian Sukhoi Su-7. The squadron was disbanded in October 1972 and reestablished in 1982 at PAF Base Rafiqui, equipped with the Shenyang F-6. It was decided that the Panthers would be the first squadron to be reequipped with the Nanchang A-5C attack fighter, and personnel were sent to China to be trained on it. The first batch of A-5s was delivered to PAF Base Rafiqui on 12 February 1983, a reequipment ceremony was held on 21 March 1983, the squadron was assigned the role of tactical attack, and Wing Commander Hamid Saeed Khan was put in command. A Pakistan Day flypast on 23 March 1983 earned the squadron a "Best Fly-Past" award. The Panthers also converted pilots of the No. 7 ("Bandits") and No. 26 ("Black Spiders") squadrons to fly the Nanchang A-5C. In November 1985, the unit began practicing with live 750 lb bombs and extensive Dissimilar Air Combat Training (DACT) with the PAF's F-16 squadrons. In 1988, more DACT sorties were flown against the Chengdu F-7P. Five A-5Cs were added to the squadron's fleet in May 1989, and in mid-1990 Wing Commander Zafar evaluated the upgraded A-5M and A-5F attack fighters in China. In 1991, three Shenyang FT-6 dual-seat fighters with Martin-Baker ejection seats were inducted for training purposes. In November 1991 the unit was temporarily transferred to Multan and flew 115 sorties from there with 100% serviceability and reliability rates. In 1997 the squadron was again temporarily transferred to PAF Base Minhas and Murid during runway recarpeting at the unit's parent airbase. A deployment to PAF Base Chaklala for Air Defence Alert duties was also carried out. In 1998 an A-5's canopy jettisoned during an Exercise Wide Awake sortie, but the aircraft landed safely. JF-17C Block 3 Some reports on social media indicated that Pakistan’s most famous air squadron – 16 Squadron nicknamed ‘Black Panthers ’ had received the first batch of JF-17 Block III aircraft. A defense journalist from Pakistan who wished to remain anonymous told EurAsian Times that about 12 fighters were indeed inducted into service with the 16 Squadron in a very small-scale ceremony. The JF-17 is jointly developed by China and Pakistan. 2019 Jammu & Kashmir Airstrikes Main article: Operation Swift Retort Black Panther JF-17 with Tail Art In February 2019, 2 JF-17s from the No. 26 Squadron armed with Mark 83 REK bombs participated in the retaliatory airstrikes in Indian Administered Kashmir and dropped their bombs near Indian military installations. Aircraft Flown No. 16 Squadron Black Panthers Role Operational Aircraft Notes 1957–19631971–1972 F-86F Sabre 1982–1983 1991— ---- Shenyang F-6Shenyang FT-6 Tactical Attack 1983–2011 Nanchang A-5C The PAF's first A-5C squadron. Multi-role 2023–present JF-17 Thunder Block 3 The PAF's second JF-17 squadron, A-5C retirement and JF-17 reequipment ceremony held in April 2011. Gallery JF-17 Thunder from the No. 16 Squadron on display with the Squadron mascot "Black Panther" painted on its tail PAC JF-17 Thunders from No.16 and No.26 squadron escorting the Chinese Premier's Boeing 747 during his official visit to Pakistan Exercises Regular Exercise Flat Out 1988 1989 1991 1992 ×3 1996 ×3 1998 Exercise Wide Awake 1988 – ×2 1989 – ×3 1991 1992 – ×4 1996 – ×3 1998 DACT Camps (Dissimilar Air Combat Training) 1985 – extensive training sorties flown against the F-16. 1988 – 1v1 sorties evaluating F-7P against A-5C. 1992 1993 1998 – ×2, PAF Base Minhas Annual and others Jetstream 1983 High Mark 85 High Mark 86 – offensive sorties flown. Also participated in a live armament exercise at Thal Range. Long Shadow 88 – February 1988. Shako 88 High Mark 89 – deployed to PAF Base Farid. High Mark 93 – October High Mark 95 Saffron Bandit 95 Hit Hard-VI – April 88 Hit Hard-VII – June 88 Hit Hard-VIII – August 88 Fake-XIV (1988) Hit Hard (1989) Tondo-II, Tondo-III, Tondo-IV (1989) Combat VI (91) Sore Eyes-III (91) Condor-II (91) King Cobra 92 – 100% mission success rate achieved. Fire Fox 97 – March, an Air Defence exercise during which low level sorties were flown to train interceptor pilots. Zarb-e-Aahen 98 Saffron Bandit 98 – PAF Base Sargodha Armament exercises December 1988 – Matra Durandal firing, Somniani Range. 1996 – Air-to-air firing, PAF Base Masroor. Awards ACES 97 (Air Combat Evaluations) – received ACES Trophy for best performing tactical attack squadron. Inter-Squadron Dive Bombing Competition – No. 16 and 26 squadrons competed, No. 16 won. In Popular Media The Squadron was featured in the 2019 Pakistani Film Sherdil in which the protagonist Haris is deployed in the No. 16 Squadron and flies the PAC JF-17 Thunder & his grandfather too who flew North American F-86 Sabres of the No. 16 squadron during the 1965 Conflict with India. See also Pakistan portalAviation portal List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons No.17 Squadron PAF No.26 Squadron PAF References ^ "Pakistan Air Force Nanchang A-5C Fantan - Photo by SherDil Durrani". ^ "No. 16 & 17 Squadrons of PAF (Today in history)". Instagram (Press release). DGPR Pakistan Air Force. 1 April 2022. ^ "16 Squadron". ^ Tiwari, Sakshi (5 March 2023). "Pakistan Inducts JF-17 Block 3 Fighter Jets Into Its 'Black Panthers' Squadron After Acquiring 'Cutting-Edge' J-10C – Reports". Eurasian Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013. ^ "Pakistan's air Black Panthers received JF-17 Block 3 killers". 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2024-01-12. ^ Alan Warnes. "Operation Swift Retort one year on". KeyMilitary.com. ^ Kaiser Tufail (1 June 2019). "Pulwama - From Bluster to a Whimper". ^ "Pakistan Inducts JF-17 Block 3 Fighter Jets Into Its 'Black Panthers' Squadron After Acquiring 'Cutting-Edge' J-10C – Reports". 5 March 2023. External links PAF s' No. 16 'Black Panthers' Squadrons History: 1948–1988 PAF s' No. 16 'Black Panthers' Squadrons History: 1988–1998 vte Pakistan Air Force – list of aircraft squadronsCombat squadrons 2 5 7 8 9 11 14 15 16 17 25 26 27 28 50 Helicopter squadrons 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Command / transport 3 4 6 10 12 21 24 41 52 53 Unmanned 60 61 62 63 64 65 OCU 1 18 19 20 22 CCS 23 CCS F-7P CCS JF-17 CCS Mirage Other Aerobatics: Sherdils Aggressor emulation: 29 LIFT: Shooter Squadron Historical Paybills Rattlers Falcons Red Dragons Tigers CCS F-6 Squadron	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pakistan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Minhas Airbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Base_Minhas"},{"link_name":"PAC JF-17 Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAC_JF-17_Thunder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Military unitNo. 16 Squadron, nicknamed the Black Panthers, is a multi-role squadron of the Pakistan Air Force's Northern Air Command. It is currently based at Minhas Airbase and operates the PAC JF-17 Thunder multi-role jets.[2]","title":"No. 16 Squadron PAF"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Squadron Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_Leader"},{"link_name":"F-86F Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-86_Sabre"},{"link_name":"PAF Base Masroor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Base_Masroor"},{"link_name":"Wing Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_commander_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pakistani War of 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"PAF Base Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Base_Peshawar"},{"link_name":"No. 26 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._26_Squadron_(Pakistan_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-7"},{"link_name":"PAF Base Rafiqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Base_Rafiqui"},{"link_name":"Shenyang F-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_F-6"},{"link_name":"Nanchang A-5C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang_A-5"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Day"},{"link_name":"No. 7 (\"Bandits\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._7_Squadron_(Pakistan_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"No. 26 (\"Black Spiders\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._26_Squadron_(Pakistan_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"F-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chengdu F-7P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_F-7"},{"link_name":"Shenyang FT-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_F-6"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"link_name":"PAF Base Minhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Base_Minhas"},{"link_name":"PAF Base Chaklala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Base_Chaklala"}],"text":"The squadron was established in 1957 under the command of Squadron Leader Imam-ul-Haq Khan, equipped with F-86F Sabre fighter aircraft and assigned the role of Tactical Attack. It was temporarily disbanded in 1963 and reestablished on 13 April 1970 at PAF Base Masroor, flying the F-86F Sabre and commanded by Wing Commander Sharbat Ali Changazi. In February 1971, as the Fighter Leaders School, the unit was assigned to train senior pilots in advanced tactics. Although the squadron was not employed in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, its pilots were transferred to PAF Base Peshawar, where they flew with the No. 26 Squadron. Changazi lead several strike missions into Indian territory and shot down an Indian Air Force Hawker Hunter. Squadron Leader Cecil Chaudhry, attached to No. 18 Squadron, was shot down by ground fire but ejected safely and later shot down an Indian Sukhoi Su-7.The squadron was disbanded in October 1972 and reestablished in 1982 at PAF Base Rafiqui, equipped with the Shenyang F-6. It was decided that the Panthers would be the first squadron to be reequipped with the Nanchang A-5C attack fighter, and personnel were sent to China to be trained on it. The first batch of A-5s was delivered to PAF Base Rafiqui on 12 February 1983, a reequipment ceremony was held on 21 March 1983, the squadron was assigned the role of tactical attack, and Wing Commander Hamid Saeed Khan was put in command. A Pakistan Day flypast on 23 March 1983 earned the squadron a \"Best Fly-Past\" award. The Panthers also converted pilots of the No. 7 (\"Bandits\") and No. 26 (\"Black Spiders\") squadrons to fly the Nanchang A-5C. In November 1985, the unit began practicing with live 750 lb bombs and extensive Dissimilar Air Combat Training (DACT) with the PAF's F-16 squadrons.[3]In 1988, more DACT sorties were flown against the Chengdu F-7P. Five A-5Cs were added to the squadron's fleet in May 1989, and in mid-1990 Wing Commander Zafar evaluated the upgraded A-5M and A-5F attack fighters in China. In 1991, three Shenyang FT-6 dual-seat fighters with Martin-Baker ejection seats were inducted for training purposes. In November 1991 the unit was temporarily transferred to Multan and flew 115 sorties from there with 100% serviceability and reliability rates. In 1997 the squadron was again temporarily transferred to PAF Base Minhas and Murid during runway recarpeting at the unit's parent airbase. A deployment to PAF Base Chaklala for Air Defence Alert duties was also carried out. In 1998 an A-5's canopy jettisoned during an Exercise Wide Awake sortie, but the aircraft landed safely.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panthers"},{"link_name":"JF-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JF-17"},{"link_name":"JF-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JF-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"JF-17C Block 3","text":"Some reports on social media indicated that Pakistan’s most famous air squadron – 16 Squadron nicknamed ‘Black Panthers ’ had received the first batch of JF-17 Block III aircraft.\nA defense journalist from Pakistan who wished to remain anonymous told EurAsian Times that about 12 fighters were indeed inducted into service with the 16 Squadron in a very small-scale ceremony. The JF-17 is jointly developed by China and Pakistan.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Panther_JF-17.jpg"},{"link_name":"February 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_India_Pakistan_standoff"},{"link_name":"Mark 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_83"},{"link_name":"Indian Administered Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)"},{"link_name":"Indian military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_military"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"2019 Jammu & Kashmir Airstrikes","text":"Black Panther JF-17 with Tail ArtIn February 2019, 2 JF-17s from the No. 26 Squadron armed with Mark 83 REK bombs participated in the retaliatory airstrikes in Indian Administered Kashmir and dropped their bombs near Indian military installations.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aircraft Flown"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13-143_LBG_SIAE_2015_(18987371056).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eight_Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17s_escort_Air_China_Boeing_747-400.jpg"},{"link_name":"No.26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._26_Squadron_(Pakistan_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"}],"text":"JF-17 Thunder from the No. 16 Squadron on display with the Squadron mascot \"Black Panther\" painted on its tail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPAC JF-17 Thunders from No.16 and No.26 squadron escorting the Chinese Premier's Boeing 747 during his official visit to Pakistan","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exercises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16"},{"link_name":"F-7P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_F-7"},{"link_name":"A-5C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang_A-5"},{"link_name":"PAF Base Minhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Base_Minhas"}],"sub_title":"Regular","text":"Exercise Flat Out\n1988\n1989\n1991\n1992 ×3\n1996 ×3\n1998\n\n\nExercise Wide Awake\n1988 – ×2\n1989 – ×3\n1991\n1992 – ×4\n1996 – ×3\n1998\n\n\nDACT Camps (Dissimilar Air Combat Training)\n1985 – extensive training sorties flown against the F-16.\n1988 – 1v1 sorties evaluating F-7P against A-5C.\n1992\n1993\n1998 – ×2, PAF Base Minhas","title":"Exercises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PAF Base Sargodha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Base_Sargodha"},{"link_name":"Matra Durandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matra_Durandal"},{"link_name":"PAF Base Masroor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Base_Masroor"}],"sub_title":"Annual and others","text":"Jetstream 1983\nHigh Mark 85\nHigh Mark 86 – offensive sorties flown. Also participated in a live armament exercise at Thal Range.\nLong Shadow 88 – February 1988.\nShako 88\nHigh Mark 89 – deployed to PAF Base Farid.\nHigh Mark 93 – October\nHigh Mark 95\nSaffron Bandit 95\nHit Hard-VI – April 88\nHit Hard-VII – June 88\nHit Hard-VIII – August 88\n\n\nFake-XIV (1988)\nHit Hard (1989)\nTondo-II, Tondo-III, Tondo-IV (1989)\nCombat VI (91)\nSore Eyes-III (91)\nCondor-II (91)\nKing Cobra 92 – 100% mission success rate achieved.\nFire Fox 97 – March, an Air Defence exercise during which low level sorties were flown to train interceptor pilots.\nZarb-e-Aahen 98\nSaffron Bandit 98 – PAF Base SargodhaArmament exercises\nDecember 1988 – Matra Durandal firing, Somniani Range.\n1996 – Air-to-air firing, PAF Base Masroor.\nAwards\nACES 97 (Air Combat Evaluations) – received ACES Trophy for best performing tactical attack squadron.\nInter-Squadron Dive Bombing Competition – No. 16 and 26 squadrons competed, No. 16 won.","title":"Exercises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherdil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherdil"},{"link_name":"PAC JF-17 Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JF-17"},{"link_name":"North American F-86 Sabres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-86_Sabre"}],"text":"The Squadron was featured in the 2019 Pakistani Film Sherdil in which the protagonist Haris is deployed in the No. 16 Squadron and flies the PAC JF-17 Thunder & his grandfather too who flew North American F-86 Sabres of the No. 16 squadron during the 1965 Conflict with India.","title":"In Popular Media"}]	[{"image_text":"Black Panther JF-17 with Tail Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Black_Panther_JF-17.jpg/220px-Black_Panther_JF-17.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Pakistan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan"},{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistan_Air_Force_squadrons"},{"title":"No.17 Squadron PAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._17_Squadron_(Pakistan_Air_Force)"},{"title":"No.26 Squadron PAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._26_Squadron_(Pakistan_Air_Force)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Pakistan Air Force Nanchang A-5C Fantan - Photo by SherDil Durrani\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.falcons.pk/photo/Nanchang-A-5C-Fantan/2171","url_text":"\"Pakistan Air Force Nanchang A-5C Fantan - Photo by SherDil Durrani\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16 & 17 Squadrons of PAF (Today in history)\". Instagram (Press release). DGPR Pakistan Air Force. 1 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cb0KvgHhbO_/?igshid=YzA2ZDJiZGQ=","url_text":"\"No. 16 & 17 Squadrons of PAF (Today in history)\""}]},{"reference":"\"16 Squadron\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/16sqn.htm","url_text":"\"16 Squadron\""}]},{"reference":"Tiwari, Sakshi (5 March 2023). \"Pakistan Inducts JF-17 Block 3 Fighter Jets Into Its 'Black Panthers' Squadron After Acquiring 'Cutting-Edge' J-10C – Reports\". Eurasian Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp/","url_text":"\"Pakistan Inducts JF-17 Block 3 Fighter Jets Into Its 'Black Panthers' Squadron After Acquiring 'Cutting-Edge' J-10C – Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan's air Black Panthers received JF-17 Block 3 killers\". 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2024-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2023/03/01/pakistans-air-black-panthers-received-jf-17-block-iii-killers/","url_text":"\"Pakistan's air Black Panthers received JF-17 Block 3 killers\""}]},{"reference":"Alan Warnes. \"Operation Swift Retort one year on\". KeyMilitary.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year","url_text":"\"Operation Swift Retort one year on\""}]},{"reference":"Kaiser Tufail (1 June 2019). \"Pulwama - From Bluster to a Whimper\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Tufail","url_text":"Kaiser Tufail"},{"url":"http://kaiser-aeronaut.blogspot.com/2019/06/pulwama-from-bluster-to-whimper.html?m=1","url_text":"\"Pulwama - From Bluster to a Whimper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan Inducts JF-17 Block 3 Fighter Jets Into Its 'Black Panthers' Squadron After Acquiring 'Cutting-Edge' J-10C – Reports\". 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/","url_text":"\"Pakistan Inducts JF-17 Block 3 Fighter Jets Into Its 'Black Panthers' Squadron After Acquiring 'Cutting-Edge' J-10C – Reports\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.falcons.pk/photo/Nanchang-A-5C-Fantan/2171","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan Air Force Nanchang A-5C Fantan - Photo by SherDil Durrani\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cb0KvgHhbO_/?igshid=YzA2ZDJiZGQ=","external_links_name":"\"No. 16 & 17 Squadrons of PAF (Today in history)\""},{"Link":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/16sqn.htm","external_links_name":"\"16 Squadron\""},{"Link":"https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp/","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan Inducts JF-17 Block 3 Fighter Jets Into Its 'Black Panthers' Squadron After Acquiring 'Cutting-Edge' J-10C – Reports\""},{"Link":"https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2023/03/01/pakistans-air-black-panthers-received-jf-17-block-iii-killers/","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan's air Black Panthers received JF-17 Block 3 killers\""},{"Link":"https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year","external_links_name":"\"Operation Swift Retort one year on\""},{"Link":"http://kaiser-aeronaut.blogspot.com/2019/06/pulwama-from-bluster-to-whimper.html?m=1","external_links_name":"\"Pulwama - From Bluster to a Whimper\""},{"Link":"https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan Inducts JF-17 Block 3 Fighter Jets Into Its 'Black Panthers' Squadron After Acquiring 'Cutting-Edge' J-10C – Reports\""},{"Link":"http://paffalcons.com/squadrons/sqn16-1948-1988.php","external_links_name":"PAF s' No. 16 'Black Panthers' Squadrons History: 1948–1988"},{"Link":"http://paffalcons.com/squadrons/sqn16-1988-1998.php","external_links_name":"PAF s' No. 16 'Black Panthers' Squadrons History: 1988–1998"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptonema	Haptophyte	["1 Characteristics","2 Significance","3 Classification","4 References","5 External links"]	Type of algae Haptophytes Coccolithophore (Coccolithus pelagicus) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Diaphoretickes Phylum: Haptista Subphylum: HaptophytinaHibberd, 1976 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 2015 Classes & Orders Rappephyceae Pavlomulinales Pavlovophyceae Pavlovales Prymnesiophyceae s.s. (=Coccolithophyceae) †Discoasterales Phaeocystales Prymnesiales Isochrysidales Stephanolithiales Coccolithales †Eiffellithales Syracosphaerales †Arkhangelskiales †Podorhabdales Synonyms Prymnesiophyta Green & Jordan, 1994 Prymnesiophyceae s.l. Casper, 1972 ex Hibberd, 1976 Haptophyceae s.l. Christensen, 1962 ex Silva, 1980 Haptophyta Hibberd, 1976 The haptophytes, classified either as the Haptophyta, Haptophytina or Prymnesiophyta (named for Prymnesium), are a clade of algae. The names Haptophyceae or Prymnesiophyceae are sometimes used instead. This ending implies classification at the class rank rather than as a division. Although the phylogenetics of this group has become much better understood in recent years, there remains some dispute over which rank is most appropriate. Characteristics Cell scheme. 1-haptonema, 2-flagella, 3-mitochondrion, 4-Golgi apparatus, 5-nucleus, 6-scales, 7-chrysolaminarin vacuole, 8-plastid, 9-ribosomes, 10-stigma, 11-endoplasmic reticulum, 12-chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum, 13-pyrenoid, 14-thylakoids. The chloroplasts are pigmented similarly to those of the heterokonts, but the structure of the rest of the cell is different, so it may be that they are a separate line whose chloroplasts are derived from similar red algal endosymbionts. The cells typically have two slightly unequal flagella, both of which are smooth, and a unique organelle called a haptonema, which is superficially similar to a flagellum but differs in the arrangement of microtubules and in its use. The name comes from the Greek hapsis, touch, and nema, round thread. The mitochondria have tubular cristae. Significance The best-known haptophytes are coccolithophores, which make up 673 of the 762 described haptophyte species, and have an exoskeleton of calcareous plates called coccoliths. Coccolithophores are some of the most abundant marine phytoplankton, especially in the open ocean, and are extremely abundant as microfossils, forming chalk deposits. Other planktonic haptophytes of note include Chrysochromulina and Prymnesium, which periodically form toxic marine algal blooms, and Phaeocystis, blooms of which can produce unpleasant foam which often accumulates on beaches. Haptophytes are economically important, as species such as Pavlova lutheri and Isochrysis sp. are widely used in the aquaculture industry to feed oyster and shrimp larvae. They contain a large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), stearidonic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. Tisochrysis lutea contains betain lipids and phospholipids. Classification Further information: Wikispecies:Haptophyta The haptophytes were first placed in the class Chrysophyceae (golden algae), but ultrastructural data have provided evidence to classify them separately. Both molecular and morphological evidence supports their division into five orders; coccolithophores make up the Isochrysidales and Coccolithales. Very small (2-3μm) uncultured pico-prymnesiophytes are ecologically important. Haptophytes was discussed to be closely related to cryptomonads. Haptophytes are closely related to the SAR clade. Subphylum Haptophytina Cavalier-Smith 2015 Clade Rappemonada Kim et al. 2011 Class Rappephyceae Cavalier-Smith 2015 Order Rappemonadales Family Rappemonadaceae Clade Haptomonada (Margulis & Schwartz 1998) Class Pavlovophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1986 Order Pavlovales Green 1976 Family Pavlovaceae Green 1976 Class Prymnesiophyceae Christensen 1962 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996 Family †Eoconusphaeraceae Kristan-Tollmann 1988 Family †Goniolithaceae Deflandre 1957 Family †Lapideacassaceae Black, 1971 Family †Microrhabdulaceae Deflandre 1963 Family †Nannoconaceae Deflandre 1959 Family †Polycyclolithaceae Forchheimer 1972 emend Varol, 1992 Family †Lithostromationaceae Deflandre 1959 Family †Rhomboasteraceae Bown, 2005 Family Braarudosphaeraceae Deflandre 1947 Family Ceratolithaceae Norris 1965 emend Young & Bown 2014 Family Alisphaeraceae Young et al., 2003 Family Papposphaeraceae Jordan & Young 1990 emend Andruleit & Young 2010 Family Umbellosphaeraceae Young et al., 2003 Order †Discoasterales Hay 1977 Family †Discoasteraceae Tan 1927 Family †Heliolithaceae Hay & Mohler 1967 Family †Sphenolithaceae Deflandre 1952 Family †Fasciculithaceae Hay & Mohler 1967 Order Phaeocystales Medlin 2000 Family Phaeocystaceae Lagerheim 1896 Order Prymnesiales Papenfuss 1955 emend. Edvardsen and Eikrem 2000 Family Chrysochromulinaceae Edvardsen, Eikrem & Medlin 2011 Family Prymnesiaceae Conrad 1926 ex Schmidt 1931 Subclass Calcihaptophycidae Order Isochrysidales Pascher 1910 Family †Prinsiaceae Hay & Mohler 1967 emend. Young & Bown, 1997 Family Isochrysidaceae Parke 1949 Family Noëlaerhabdaceae Jerkovic 1970 emend. Young & Bown, 1997 Order †Eiffellithales Rood, Hay & Barnard 1971 (loxolith; imbricating murolith) Family †Chiastozygaceae Rood, Hay & Barnard 1973 Family †Eiffellithaceae Reinhardt 1965 Family †Rhagodiscaceae Hay 1977 Order Stephanolithiales Bown & Young 1997 (protolith; non-imbrication murolith) Family Parhabdolithaceae Bown 1987 Family †Stephanolithiaceae Black 1968 emend. Black 1973 Order Zygodiscales Young & Bown 1997 Family Helicosphaeraceae Black 1971 Family Pontosphaeraceae Lemmermann 1908 Family †Zygodiscaceae Hay & Mohler 1967 Order Syracosphaerales Ostenfeld 1899 emend. Young et al., 2003 Family Calciosoleniaceae Kamptner 1927 Family Syracosphaeraceae Lohmann, 1902 (caneolith & cyrtolith; murolith) Family Rhabdosphaeraceae Haeckel, 1894 (planolith) Order †Watznaueriales Bown 1987 (imbricating placolith) Family †Watznaueriaceae Rood, Hay & Barnard 1971 Order †Arkhangelskiales Bown & Hampton 1997 Family †Arkhangelskiellaceae Bukry 1969 Family †Kamptneriaceae Bown & Hampton 1997 Order †Podorhabdales Rood 1971 (non-imbricating or radial placolith) Family †Axopodorhabdaceae Wind & Wise 1977 Family †Biscutaceae Black, 1971 Family †Calyculaceae Noel 1973 Family †Cretarhabdaceae Thierstein 1973 Family †Mazaganellaceae Bown 1987 Family †Prediscosphaeraceae Rood et al., 1971 Family †Tubodiscaceae Bown & Rutledge 1997 Order Coccolithales Schwartz 1932 Family Reticulosphaeraceae Cavalier-Smith 1996 Family Calcidiscaceae Young & Bown 1997 Family Coccolithaceae Poche 1913 emend. Young & Bown, 1997 Family Pleurochrysidaceae Fresnel & Billard 1991 Family Hymenomonadaceae Senn 1900 References ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267. S2CID 19939172. ^ "Haptophyta". NCBI taxonomy database. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Satoh M, Iwamoto K, Suzuki I, Shiraiwa Y (2009). "Cold stress stimulates intracellular calcification by the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae) under phosphate-deficient conditions". Marine Biotechnology. 11 (3): 327–33. doi:10.1007/s10126-008-9147-0. hdl:2241/104412. PMID 18830665. S2CID 18014503. ^ "ITIS Standard Report". Retrieved 19 July 2014. ^ Andersen RA (October 2004). "Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1508–22. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1508. PMID 21652306. ^ "Haptophyta". Algaebase. ^ a b Cuvelier ML, Allen AE, Monier A, McCrow JP, Messié M, Tringe SG, et al. (August 2010). "Targeted metagenomics and ecology of globally important uncultured eukaryotic phytoplankton". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (33): 14679–84. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10714679C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001665107. PMC 2930470. PMID 20668244. ^ Renaud SM, Zhou HC, Parry DL, Thinh LV, Woo KC (1995). "Effect of temperature on the growth, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of recently isolated tropical microalgae Isochrysis sp., Nitzschia closterium, Nitzschia paleacea, and commercial species Isochrysis sp. (clone T.ISO)". Journal of Applied Phycology. 7 (6): 595–602. doi:10.1007/BF00003948. S2CID 206766536. ^ Kato M, Sakai M, Adachi K, Ikemoto H, Sano H (1996). "Distribution of betaine lipids in marine algae". Phytochemistry. 42 (5): 1341–5. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(96)00115-X. ^ Medlin LK (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (Haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids". Origins of Algae and their Plastids (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. Vol. 11. pp. 187–219. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6542-3_11. ISBN 978-3-211-83035-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-17. ^ Reeb VC, Peglar MT, Yoon HS, Bai JR, Wu M, Shiu P, et al. (October 2009). "Interrelationships of chromalveolates within a broadly sampled tree of photosynthetic protists". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (1): 202–11. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.012. PMID 19398025. ^ Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989. ^ Guiry MD (2016), AlgaeBase, World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway, retrieved 25 October 2016 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haptophyta. Wikispecies has information related to Haptophyta. vteEukaryote classification Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (major groups Excavata Diaphoretickes Hacrobia Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopiles Plants Amorphea Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animals Fungi) AmorpheaAmoebozoa Discosea Tubulinea Eumycetozoa Variosea Archamoebea Cutosea Obazoa Apusomonadida Breviatea OpisthokontaHolomycota Rotosphaerida Fungi¹ Holozoa Tunicaraptor †Bicellum Ichthyosporea Pluriformea Filozoa Filasterea Choanozoa Choanoflagellata Animalia¹ Diaphoretickes Provora Haptista Centroplasthelida Haptophyta TSAR Telonemia SAR Rhizaria Cercozoa Endomyxa Foraminifera Radiolaria Alveolata Colponemida* Ciliophora Myzozoa Apicomplexa Chrompodellida Dinoflagellata Perkinsozoa Stramenopiles Platysulcus Bigyra Bicosoecida Placidozoa Sagenista Gyrista Developea Pirsoniales Hyphochytriomycetes Ochrophyta Oomycetes Actinophryida CAM Pan-Cryptista Microheliella Cryptista Palpitomonas Cryptophyta Archaeplastida Glaucophyta Picozoa Rhodelphidia Rhodophyta Viridiplantae(Plants sensu lato) Prasinodermophyta Chlorophyta Streptophyta Chlorokybus Mesostigma Klebsormidiophyceae Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae Embryophyta¹ ExcavatesDiscoba Jakobida Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea Euglenozoa Metamonada Barthelona Anaeramoebae Anaeromonada Fornicata Parabasalia Malawimonada Malawimonadidae Imasidae Incertae sedis †Acritarchs †Grypania †Gunflint microbiota †Chitinozoan Meteora sporadica Hemimastigophora Spironematellidae Paramastigidae Ancyromonadida Ancyromonadidae Planomonadidae CRuMs Collodictyonidae Mantamonadida Rigifilida ¹traditional kingdoms excluded from protists paraphyletic groups bold denotes groups with over 1,000 species vteEukaryota: Hacrobia Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (major groups Excavata Diaphoretickes Hacrobia Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopiles Plants Amorphea Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animals Fungi) CryptobiontaAxomonadida Tetraheliidae MicroheliellidaMicrohelida Microheliellidae CryptistaPalpitophytaPalpiteaPalpitomonadida Palpitomonadidae KatablepharidophytaKatablepharideaKatablepharida Katablepharidae CryptophytaGoniomonadeaGoniomonadida Goniomonadidae Hemiarmida Hemiarmidae CryptophyceaeCryptomonadales Butschliellaceae Cryptomonadaceae Cyathomonadaceae Hilleaceae Pleuromastigaceae Pyrenomonadales Baffinellaceae Chroomonadaceae Falcomonadaceae Geminigeraceae Pyrenomonadaceae Tetragonidiales Tetragonidiaceae ProvoraNebulidiaNebulideaNebulidida Ancoracystidae NibbleridiaNibblerideaNibbleridida Nibbleridae HaptistaCentroheliozoaCentrohelea Spiculophryidae Chthonida Yogsothothidae Acanthocystida Acanthocystidae Marophryidae Raphidocystidae Pterocystida Choanocystidae Clypiferidae Heterophryidae Oxnerellidae Pterocystidae Raphidiophryidae HaptophytaRappephyceaePavlomulinales Pavlomulinaceae Rappemonadales Rappemonadaceae PavlovophyceaePavlovales Pavlovaceae Prymnesiophyceae Alisphaeraceae Braarudosphaeraceae Calyptrosphaeraceae Ceratolithaceae coccolithophores Papposphaeraceae Umbellosphaeraceae Phaeocystales Phaeocystaceae PrymnesiophycidaePrymnesiales Chrysoculteraceae Chrysochromulinaceae Prymnesiaceae CalcihaptophycidaeCoccolithales Calcidiscaceae Coccolithaceae Hymenomonadaceae Reticulosphaeraceae Pleurochrysidaceae Isochrysidales Isochrysidaceae Noelaerhabdaceae †Prinsiaceae Syracosphaerales Calciosoleniaceae Rhabdosphaeraceae Syracosphaeraceae Zygodiscales Helicosphaeraceae Pontosphaeraceae †Zygodiscaceae vteExtant life phyla/divisions by domainBacteria Acidobacteriota Actinomycetota Aquificota Armatimonadota Atribacterota Bacillota Bacteroidota Balneolota Bdellovibrionota Caldisericota Calditrichota Campylobacterota Chlamydiota Chlorobiota Chloroflexota Chrysiogenota Coprothermobacterota "Cyanobacteria" Deferribacterota Deinococcota Dictyoglomota Elusimicrobiota Fibrobacterota Fusobacteriota Gemmatimonadota Ignavibacteriota Kiritimatiellota Lentisphaerota Mycoplasmatota Myxococcota Nitrospinota Nitrospirota Planctomycetota Pseudomonadota Rhodothermota Spirochaetota Synergistota Thermodesulfobacteriota Thermomicrobiota Thermotogota Verrucomicrobiota Archaea "Euryarchaeota" "Korarchaeota" "Nanoarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota Thermoproteota Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms Eukaryote"Protist" Alveolata Amoebozoa Ancyromonadida Apusomonadida Breviatea CRuMs Cryptista Ciliophora Cercozoa Discoba Euglenozoa Jakobea Haptista Hemimastigophora Malawimonada Metamonada Provora Rhizaria Stramenopiles Telonemia Fungi Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Plant Glaucophyta Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Charophyta Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Moss Lycopodiophyta Pteridophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Flowering plant Animal Sponge Ctenophora Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Chordate Hemichordate Echinoderm Chaetognatha Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Flatworm Gastrotricha Orthonectida Dicyemida Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Nemertea Phoronid Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Incertae sedisParakaryon Taxon identifiersHaptophyta Wikidata: Q500531 Wikispecies: Haptophyta EoL: 3370 EPPO: 1HAPTP GBIF: 70 iNaturalist: 51845 IRMNG: 243 ITIS: 2134 NCBI: 2830 NZOR: d5aef5f4-3abd-4a21-b537-74f14b96a0c5 Open Tree of Life: 151014 Paleobiology Database: 87644 uBio: 427463 WoRMS: 369190	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prymnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prymnesium"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18830665-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank"},{"link_name":"phylogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics"}],"text":"The haptophytes, classified either as the Haptophyta, Haptophytina or Prymnesiophyta (named for Prymnesium), are a clade of algae.The names Haptophyceae or Prymnesiophyceae are sometimes used instead.[2][3][4] This ending implies classification at the class rank rather than as a division. Although the phylogenetics of this group has become much better understood in recent years, there remains some dispute over which rank is most appropriate.","title":"Haptophyte"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haptophyta_cell_scheme.svg"},{"link_name":"haptonema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptonema"},{"link_name":"flagella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagella"},{"link_name":"mitochondrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"},{"link_name":"Golgi apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus"},{"link_name":"nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"chrysolaminarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysolaminarin"},{"link_name":"vacuole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole"},{"link_name":"plastid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid"},{"link_name":"ribosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyespot_apparatus"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"pyrenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenoid"},{"link_name":"thylakoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylakoid"},{"link_name":"chloroplasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast"},{"link_name":"heterokonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokont"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"red algal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_algae"},{"link_name":"flagella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum"},{"link_name":"haptonema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptonema"},{"link_name":"microtubules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"},{"link_name":"cristae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crista"}],"text":"Cell scheme. 1-haptonema, 2-flagella, 3-mitochondrion, 4-Golgi apparatus, 5-nucleus, 6-scales, 7-chrysolaminarin vacuole, 8-plastid, 9-ribosomes, 10-stigma, 11-endoplasmic reticulum, 12-chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum, 13-pyrenoid, 14-thylakoids.The chloroplasts are pigmented similarly to those of the heterokonts,[5] but the structure of the rest of the cell is different, so it may be that they are a separate line whose chloroplasts are derived from similar red algal endosymbionts.The cells typically have two slightly unequal flagella, both of which are smooth, and a unique organelle called a haptonema, which is superficially similar to a flagellum but differs in the arrangement of microtubules and in its use. The name comes from the Greek hapsis, touch, and nema, round thread. The mitochondria have tubular cristae.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coccolithophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolithophore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"coccoliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolith"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk"},{"link_name":"Chrysochromulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysochromulina"},{"link_name":"Prymnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prymnesium"},{"link_name":"algal blooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom"},{"link_name":"Phaeocystis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeocystis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuvelier-7"},{"link_name":"Pavlova lutheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavlova_(algae)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isochrysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochrysis"},{"link_name":"aquaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"oyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp"},{"link_name":"polyunsaturated fatty acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"docosahexaenoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid"},{"link_name":"stearidonic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearidonic_acid"},{"link_name":"alpha-linolenic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"phospholipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The best-known haptophytes are coccolithophores, which make up 673 of the 762 described haptophyte species,[6] and have an exoskeleton of calcareous plates called coccoliths. Coccolithophores are some of the most abundant marine phytoplankton, especially in the open ocean, and are extremely abundant as microfossils, forming chalk deposits. Other planktonic haptophytes of note include Chrysochromulina and Prymnesium, which periodically form toxic marine algal blooms, and Phaeocystis, blooms of which can produce unpleasant foam which often accumulates on beaches.[7]Haptophytes are economically important, as species such as Pavlova lutheri and Isochrysis sp. are widely used in the aquaculture industry to feed oyster and shrimp larvae. They contain a large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), stearidonic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.[8] Tisochrysis lutea contains betain lipids and phospholipids.[9]","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikispecies:Haptophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Haptophyta"},{"link_name":"Chrysophyceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysophyceae"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuvelier-7"},{"link_name":"cryptomonads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptomonad"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19398025-11"},{"link_name":"SAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAR_supergroup"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21810989-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rappemonada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rappemonada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rappephyceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappephyceae"},{"link_name":"Rappemonadales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rappemonadales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rappemonadaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rappemonadaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haptomonada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haptomonada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavlovophyceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovophyceae"},{"link_name":"Pavlovales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovales"},{"link_name":"Pavlovaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovaceae"},{"link_name":"Prymnesiophyceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prymnesiophyceae"},{"link_name":"Eoconusphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eoconusphaeraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goniolithaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goniolithaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lapideacassaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapideacassaceae"},{"link_name":"Microrhabdulaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microrhabdulaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nannoconaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nannoconaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycyclolithaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycyclolithaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lithostromationaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithostromationaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhomboasteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhomboasteraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Braarudosphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braarudosphaeraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ceratolithaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceratolithaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alisphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alisphaeraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Papposphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papposphaeraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Umbellosphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umbellosphaeraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Discoasterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discoasterales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Discoasteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discoasteraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heliolithaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliolithaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sphenolithaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphenolithaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fasciculithaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasciculithaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phaeocystales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeocystales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phaeocystaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeocystaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prymnesiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prymnesiales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chrysochromulinaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysochromulinaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prymnesiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prymnesiaceae"},{"link_name":"Calcihaptophycidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcihaptophycidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isochrysidales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochrysidales"},{"link_name":"Prinsiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prinsiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isochrysidaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochrysidaceae"},{"link_name":"Noëlaerhabdaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABlaerhabdaceae"},{"link_name":"Eiffellithales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffellithales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chiastozygaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiastozygaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eiffellithaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffellithaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhagodiscaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhagodiscaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephanolithiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanolithiales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parhabdolithaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parhabdolithaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephanolithiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanolithiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zygodiscales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zygodiscales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helicosphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helicosphaeraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pontosphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontosphaeraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zygodiscaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zygodiscaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syracosphaerales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracosphaerales"},{"link_name":"Calciosoleniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calciosoleniaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syracosphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracosphaeraceae"},{"link_name":"Rhabdosphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdosphaeraceae"},{"link_name":"Watznaueriales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watznaueriales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Watznaueriaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watznaueriaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arkhangelskiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkhangelskiales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arkhangelskiellaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkhangelskiellaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kamptneriaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamptneriaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Podorhabdales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podorhabdales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Axopodorhabdaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axopodorhabdaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Biscutaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biscutaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calyculaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calyculaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cretarhabdaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cretarhabdaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mazaganellaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazaganellaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prediscosphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prediscosphaeraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tubodiscaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tubodiscaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coccolithales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolithales"},{"link_name":"Reticulosphaeraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reticulosphaeraceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calcidiscaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcidiscaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coccolithaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coccolithaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pleurochrysidaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleurochrysidaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hymenomonadaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hymenomonadaceae&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Further information: Wikispecies:HaptophytaThe haptophytes were first placed in the class Chrysophyceae (golden algae), but ultrastructural data have provided evidence to classify them separately.[10] Both molecular and morphological evidence supports their division into five orders; coccolithophores make up the Isochrysidales and Coccolithales. Very small (2-3μm) uncultured pico-prymnesiophytes are ecologically important.[7]Haptophytes was discussed to be closely related to cryptomonads.[11]Haptophytes are closely related to the SAR clade.[12]Subphylum Haptophytina Cavalier-Smith 2015 [Haptophyta Hibberd 1976 sensu Ruggerio et al. 2015][13]Clade Rappemonada Kim et al. 2011\nClass Rappephyceae Cavalier-Smith 2015\nOrder Rappemonadales\nFamily Rappemonadaceae\nClade Haptomonada (Margulis & Schwartz 1998) [Haptophyta Hibberd 1976 emend. Edvardsen & Eikrem 2000; Prymnesiophyta Green & Jordan, 1994; Prymnesiomonada; Prymnesiida Hibberd 1976; Haptophyceae Christensen 1962 ex Silva 1980; Haptomonadida; Patelliferea Cavalier-Smith 1993]\nClass Pavlovophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1986 [Pavlovophycidae Cavalier-Smith 1986]\nOrder Pavlovales Green 1976\nFamily Pavlovaceae Green 1976\nClass Prymnesiophyceae Christensen 1962 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996 [Haptophyceae s.s.; Prymnesiophycidae Cavalier-Smith 1986; Coccolithophyceae Casper 1972 ex Rothmaler 1951]\nFamily †Eoconusphaeraceae Kristan-Tollmann 1988 [Conusphaeraceae]\nFamily †Goniolithaceae Deflandre 1957\nFamily †Lapideacassaceae Black, 1971\nFamily †Microrhabdulaceae Deflandre 1963\nFamily †Nannoconaceae Deflandre 1959\nFamily †Polycyclolithaceae Forchheimer 1972 emend Varol, 1992\nFamily †Lithostromationaceae Deflandre 1959\nFamily †Rhomboasteraceae Bown, 2005\nFamily Braarudosphaeraceae Deflandre 1947\nFamily Ceratolithaceae Norris 1965 emend Young & Bown 2014 [Triquetrorhabdulaceae Lipps 1969 - cf Young & Bown 2014]\nFamily Alisphaeraceae Young et al., 2003\nFamily Papposphaeraceae Jordan & Young 1990 emend Andruleit & Young 2010\nFamily Umbellosphaeraceae Young et al., 2003 [Umbellosphaeroideae]\nOrder †Discoasterales Hay 1977\nFamily †Discoasteraceae Tan 1927\nFamily †Heliolithaceae Hay & Mohler 1967\nFamily †Sphenolithaceae Deflandre 1952\nFamily †Fasciculithaceae Hay & Mohler 1967\nOrder Phaeocystales Medlin 2000\nFamily Phaeocystaceae Lagerheim 1896\nOrder Prymnesiales Papenfuss 1955 emend. Edvardsen and Eikrem 2000\nFamily Chrysochromulinaceae Edvardsen, Eikrem & Medlin 2011\nFamily Prymnesiaceae Conrad 1926 ex Schmidt 1931\nSubclass Calcihaptophycidae\nOrder Isochrysidales Pascher 1910 [Prinsiales Young & Bown 1997]\nFamily †Prinsiaceae Hay & Mohler 1967 emend. Young & Bown, 1997\nFamily Isochrysidaceae Parke 1949 [Chrysotilaceae; Marthasteraceae Hay 1977]\nFamily Noëlaerhabdaceae Jerkovic 1970 emend. Young & Bown, 1997 [Gephyrocapsaceae Black 1971]\nOrder †Eiffellithales Rood, Hay & Barnard 1971 (loxolith; imbricating murolith)\nFamily †Chiastozygaceae Rood, Hay & Barnard 1973 [Ahmuellerellaceae Reinhardt, 1965]\nFamily †Eiffellithaceae Reinhardt 1965\nFamily †Rhagodiscaceae Hay 1977\nOrder Stephanolithiales Bown & Young 1997 (protolith; non-imbrication murolith)\nFamily Parhabdolithaceae Bown 1987\nFamily †Stephanolithiaceae Black 1968 emend. Black 1973\nOrder Zygodiscales Young & Bown 1997 [Crepidolithales]\nFamily Helicosphaeraceae Black 1971\nFamily Pontosphaeraceae Lemmermann 1908\nFamily †Zygodiscaceae Hay & Mohler 1967\nOrder Syracosphaerales Ostenfeld 1899 emend. Young et al., 2003 [Rhabdosphaerales Ostenfeld 1899]\nFamily Calciosoleniaceae Kamptner 1927\nFamily Syracosphaeraceae Lohmann, 1902 [Halopappiaceae Kamptner 1928] (caneolith & cyrtolith; murolith)\nFamily Rhabdosphaeraceae Haeckel, 1894 (planolith)\nOrder †Watznaueriales Bown 1987 (imbricating placolith)\nFamily †Watznaueriaceae Rood, Hay & Barnard 1971\nOrder †Arkhangelskiales Bown & Hampton 1997\nFamily †Arkhangelskiellaceae Bukry 1969\nFamily †Kamptneriaceae Bown & Hampton 1997\nOrder †Podorhabdales Rood 1971 [Biscutales Aubry 2009; Prediscosphaerales Aubry 2009] (non-imbricating or radial placolith)\nFamily †Axopodorhabdaceae Wind & Wise 1977 [Podorhabdaceae Noel 1965]\nFamily †Biscutaceae Black, 1971\nFamily †Calyculaceae Noel 1973\nFamily †Cretarhabdaceae Thierstein 1973\nFamily †Mazaganellaceae Bown 1987\nFamily †Prediscosphaeraceae Rood et al., 1971 [Deflandriaceae Black 1968]\nFamily †Tubodiscaceae Bown & Rutledge 1997\nOrder Coccolithales Schwartz 1932 [Coccolithophorales]\nFamily Reticulosphaeraceae Cavalier-Smith 1996 [Reticulosphaeridae]\nFamily Calcidiscaceae Young & Bown 1997\nFamily Coccolithaceae Poche 1913 emend. Young & Bown, 1997 [Coccolithophoraceae]\nFamily Pleurochrysidaceae Fresnel & Billard 1991\nFamily Hymenomonadaceae Senn 1900 [Ochrosphaeraceae Schussnig 1930]","title":"Classification"}]	[{"image_text":"Cell scheme. 1-haptonema, 2-flagella, 3-mitochondrion, 4-Golgi apparatus, 5-nucleus, 6-scales, 7-chrysolaminarin vacuole, 8-plastid, 9-ribosomes, 10-stigma, 11-endoplasmic reticulum, 12-chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum, 13-pyrenoid, 14-thylakoids.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Haptophyta_cell_scheme.svg/220px-Haptophyta_cell_scheme.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). \"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences\". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267. S2CID 19939172.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756292","url_text":"\"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00709-017-1147-3","url_text":"10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756292","url_text":"5756292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28875267","url_text":"28875267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19939172","url_text":"19939172"}]},{"reference":"\"Haptophyta\". NCBI taxonomy database. 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S2CID 18014503.","urls":[{"url":"https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=18688","url_text":"\"Cold stress stimulates intracellular calcification by the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae) under phosphate-deficient conditions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10126-008-9147-0","url_text":"10.1007/s10126-008-9147-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2241%2F104412","url_text":"2241/104412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18830665","url_text":"18830665"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18014503","url_text":"18014503"}]},{"reference":"\"ITIS Standard Report\". Retrieved 19 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=2136","url_text":"\"ITIS Standard Report\""}]},{"reference":"Andersen RA (October 2004). \"Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae\". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1508–22. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1508. PMID 21652306.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1508","url_text":"10.3732/ajb.91.10.1508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21652306","url_text":"21652306"}]},{"reference":"\"Haptophyta\". Algaebase.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.algaebase.org/pub_taxonomy/?id=97244","url_text":"\"Haptophyta\""}]},{"reference":"Cuvelier ML, Allen AE, Monier A, McCrow JP, Messié M, Tringe SG, et al. (August 2010). \"Targeted metagenomics and ecology of globally important uncultured eukaryotic phytoplankton\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (33): 14679–84. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10714679C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001665107. PMC 2930470. PMID 20668244.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930470","url_text":"\"Targeted metagenomics and ecology of globally important uncultured eukaryotic phytoplankton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..10714679C","url_text":"2010PNAS..10714679C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1001665107","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1001665107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930470","url_text":"2930470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20668244","url_text":"20668244"}]},{"reference":"Renaud SM, Zhou HC, Parry DL, Thinh LV, Woo KC (1995). \"Effect of temperature on the growth, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of recently isolated tropical microalgae Isochrysis sp., Nitzschia closterium, Nitzschia paleacea, and commercial species Isochrysis sp. (clone T.ISO)\". Journal of Applied Phycology. 7 (6): 595–602. doi:10.1007/BF00003948. S2CID 206766536.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00003948","url_text":"10.1007/BF00003948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206766536","url_text":"206766536"}]},{"reference":"Kato M, Sakai M, Adachi K, Ikemoto H, Sano H (1996). \"Distribution of betaine lipids in marine algae\". Phytochemistry. 42 (5): 1341–5. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(96)00115-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9422%2896%2900115-X","url_text":"10.1016/0031-9422(96)00115-X"}]},{"reference":"Medlin LK (1997). \"Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (Haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids\". Origins of Algae and their Plastids (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. Vol. 11. pp. 187–219. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6542-3_11. ISBN 978-3-211-83035-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf","url_text":"Origins of Algae and their Plastids"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-7091-6542-3_11","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6542-3_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-83035-2","url_text":"978-3-211-83035-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120317051946/http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reeb VC, Peglar MT, Yoon HS, Bai JR, Wu M, Shiu P, et al. (October 2009). \"Interrelationships of chromalveolates within a broadly sampled tree of photosynthetic protists\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (1): 202–11. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.012. PMID 19398025.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2009.04.012","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19398025","url_text":"19398025"}]},{"reference":"Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (August 2011). \"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158185","url_text":"\"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10813624P","url_text":"2011PNAS..10813624P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1110633108","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1110633108"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158185","url_text":"3158185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21810989","url_text":"21810989"}]},{"reference":"Guiry MD (2016), AlgaeBase, World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway, retrieved 25 October 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=97244","url_text":"AlgaeBase"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756292","external_links_name":"\"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00709-017-1147-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756292","external_links_name":"5756292"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28875267","external_links_name":"28875267"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19939172","external_links_name":"19939172"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2830&lvl=2","external_links_name":"\"Haptophyta\""},{"Link":"https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=18688","external_links_name":"\"Cold stress stimulates 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Zogu	Zog I	["1 Background and early political career","2 President of Albania","3 Albanian king","3.1 Life as king","4 Assassination attempts","5 Relations with Italy","6 Former heir presumptive","7 Life in exile and death","8 Political legacy","9 Repatriation to Albania","10 Honours and awards","11 Cultural references","12 See also","13 References","13.1 Notes","13.2 Bibliography","14 Further reading","15 External links"]	Leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939 Zog IZogu IZog I in 1939King of the AlbaniansReign1 September 1928 – 9 April 1939(formally deposed 2 January 1946)PredecessorHimself as PresidentSuccessorVictor Emmanuel IIIPresident of AlbaniaIn office31 January 1925 – 1 September 1928PredecessorOffice established (de facto) Vilhelm I (de jure, as Prince)SuccessorHimself as KingPrime Minister of AlbaniaFirst term26 December 1922 – 25 February 1924PredecessorXhafer bej YpiSuccessorShefqet VërlaciSecond term6 January 1925 – 1 September 1928PredecessorIlias VrioniSuccessorKoço KotaBornAhmed Muhtar Zogolli(1895-10-08)8 October 1895Burgajet Castle, Burrel, Ottoman EmpireDied9 April 1961(1961-04-09) (aged 65)Suresnes, Paris, FranceBurialCimetière parisien de Thiais (1961–2012)Mausoleum of the Albanian Royal Family (since 2012)SpouseGéraldine Apponyi de NagyapponyIssueLeka, Crown Prince of AlbaniaNamesAhmet Muhtar ZogolliHouseZoguFatherXhemal Pasha ZogolliMotherSadije ToptaniReligionSunni IslamSignature This article is part of a series aboutZog I King of Albania 1925 leader of Albania 1922-1939 Government Republic(1925–1928) Kingdom(1928–1939) Royal Albanian Army Zogist salute Franga Treaties of Tirana Albanian nationalism Creation of Bank of Albania 1928 parliamentary election 1932 1937 Battle World War II in Albania Italian invasion of Albania Life in exile and death Life in exile and death Legacy Legality Movement Zogu I Boulevard King Zog (statue) Family House of Zogu vte Zog I (Ahmed Muhtar Zogolli; 8 October 1895 – 9 April 1961) was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939. At age 27, he first served as Albania's youngest ever Prime Minister (1922–1924), then as president (1925–1928), and finally as king (1928–1939). Born to a beylik family in Ottoman Albania, Zog was active in Albanian politics from a young age and fought on the side of Austria-Hungary during the First World War. In 1922, he adopted the name Ahmed Zogu. He held various ministerial posts in the Albanian government before being driven into exile in June 1924, but returned later in the year with Yugoslav and White Russian military support and was subsequently elected prime minister. Zog was elected president in January 1925 and vested with dictatorial powers, with which he enacted major domestic reforms, suppressed civil liberties, and struck an alliance with Benito Mussolini's Italy. In September 1928, Albania was proclaimed a monarchy and he acceded to the throne as Zog I, King of the Albanians. He married Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony in 1938, and their only child Leka was born a year later. Albania fell further under Italian influence during Zog's reign, and by the end of the 1930s the country had become almost fully dependent on Italy despite Zog's resistance. In April 1939, Italy invaded Albania and the country was rapidly overrun. Mussolini declared Albania an Italian protectorate under King Victor Emmanuel III, forcing Zog into exile. He lived in England during the Second World War but was barred from returning to Albania by Enver Hoxha's communist regime. Zog spent the rest of his life in France and died in April 1961 at the age of 65. His remains were buried at the Thiais Cemetery near Paris, before being transferred to the royal mausoleum in Tirana in 2012. Background and early political career Zog was born as Ahmed Muhtar Zogolli in Burgajet Castle, near Burrel in northern Albania, third son to Xhemal Pasha Zogolli, and first son by his second wife Sadije Toptani in 1895. His family was a beylik family of landowners, with feudal authority over the region of Mati. His grandfather was Xhelal Pasha Zogolli. His mother's Toptani family claimed to be descended from the sister of Albania's greatest national hero, the 15th-century general Skanderbeg. He was educated at Galatasaray High School (French: Lycée Impérial de Galatasaray) in Beyoğlu, a district of the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Upon his father's death in 1911, Zogolli became governor of Mat, being appointed ahead of his elder half-brother, Xhelal Bey Zogolli. In 1912, he participated in the Albanian Declaration of Independence as the representative of the Mat District. As a young man during the First World War, Zogolli volunteered on the side of Austria-Hungary. He was detained at Vienna in 1917 and 1918 and in Rome in 1918 and 1919 before returning to Albania in 1919. During his time in Vienna, he grew to enjoy a Western European lifestyle. Upon his return, Zogolli became involved in the political life of the fledgling Albanian government that had been created in the wake of the First World War. His political supporters included many southern feudal landowners called beys, Turkish for "province chieftain" with title variations including Beyg, Begum, Bygjymi. The Bey title refers to the social group to which he belonged, which was also used by noble families in the north, along with merchants, industrialists, and intellectuals. During the early 1920s, Zogolli served as Governor of Shkodër (1920–1921), Minister of the Interior (March–November 1920, 1921–1924), and chief of the Albanian military (1921–1922). His primary rivals were Luigj Gurakuqi and Fan S. Noli. In 1922, Zogolli formally changed his surname from Zogolli to Zogu, which sounds more Albanian. In 1923, he was shot and wounded in Parliament. A crisis arose in 1924 after the assassination of one of Zogu's industrialist opponents, Avni Rustemi; in the aftermath, a leftist revolt forced Zogu, along with 600 of his allies, into exile in June 1924. He returned to Albania with the backing of Yugoslav forces and Yugoslavia-based General Pyotr Wrangel's White Russian troops led by Russian Gen Sergei Ulagay and became Prime Minister. President of Albania Standard used by Ahmet Zogu as President of the First Republic. Zogu was officially elected as the first President of Albania by the Constituent Assembly on 21 January 1925, taking office on 1 February for a seven-year term. A new constitution vested Zogu with sweeping executive and legislative powers, to the point that he was effectively a dictator. He had the right to appoint all major government personnel, as well as one-third of the lower house. Zogu's government followed the European model, though large parts of Albania still maintained a social structure unchanged from the days of Ottoman rule, and most villages were serf plantations run by the Beys. On 28 June 1925, Zogu ceded Sveti Naum to Yugoslavia in exchange for Peshkëpi (Pëshkupat) village and other concessions. Zogu enacted several major reforms. His principal ally during this period was the Kingdom of Italy, which lent his government funds in exchange for a greater role in Albania's fiscal policy. His administration was marred by disputes with Kosovo Albanian leaders, primarily Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri, among others. Royal sword commemorating the marriage of King Zog I On the debit side, Zogu's Albania was a police state in which civil liberties were all but nonexistent and the press was closely censored. Political opponents were imprisoned and often killed. For all intents and purposes, he held all governing power in the nation. Albanian king Ahmed Zogu Main articles: Royal Albanian Army and Zogist salute On 1 September 1928, Albania was transformed into a kingdom, and President Zogu declared himself to be Zog I, with the title King of the Albanians. He appointed as his advisor Mehmed Orhan Efendi, a prince of the recently-abolished Ottoman Empire. He took as his regnal name his surname rather than his forename since the Islamic name Ahmet might have had the effect of isolating him on the European stage. He also initially took the parallel name "Skanderbeg III" (Zogu claimed to be a successor of Skanderbeg through descent through Skanderbeg's sister; "Skanderbeg II" was taken to be Prince Wied, but this fell out of use). On the same day as he declared himself king (he was never technically crowned), he also declared himself Field Marshal of the Royal Albanian Army. He proclaimed a constitutional monarchy similar to the contemporary regime in Italy, created a strong police force, and instituted the Zogist salute (flat hand over the heart with palm facing downwards). Zog hoarded gold coins and precious stones, which were used to back Albania's first paper currency. Royal standard of Zog I and of the Army Zog's mother, Sadije, was declared Queen Mother of Albania, and Zog also gave his brother and sisters Royal status as Prince and Princesses Zogu. One of his sisters, Senije (c. 1897 – 1969), married Shehzade Mehmed Abid Efendi, another Ottoman prince and son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Zog's constitution forbade any Prince of the Royal House from serving as Prime Minister or a member of the Cabinet, and contained provisions for the potential extinction of the royal family. The constitution also forbade the union of the Albanian throne with that of any other country, a term which would later be violated with the Italian invasion. Under the Zogist constitution, the King of the Albanians, like the King of the Belgians, ascended the throne and exercised Royal powers only after taking an oath before Parliament; Zog himself swore an oath on the Bible and the Quran (the king being Muslim) in an attempt to unify the country. In 1929, King Zog abolished Islamic law in Albania, adopting in its place a civil code based on the Swiss one, as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had done in Turkey in the same decade. Royal monogram Although nominally a constitutional monarch, in practice Zog retained the dictatorial powers he had enjoyed as president. Thus, in effect, Albania remained a military dictatorship. In 1938, as a result of a request from his advisor and friend Constantino Spanchis, Zog opened the borders of Albania to Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Nazi Germany. Life as king Reverse and Obverse of a Zogian gold hundred-franc coin. 100-franc banknote of Zog's reign Although born as an aristocrat and hereditary Bey, King Zog was somewhat ignored by other monarchs in Europe because he was a self-proclaimed monarch who had no links to any other European royal families. Nonetheless, he did have strong connections with Muslim royal families in the Arab World, particularly Egypt, whose ruling dynasty had Albanian origins. As king, he was honoured by the governments of Italy, Luxembourg, Egypt, Yugoslavia, France, Romania, Greece, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria. Zog had been engaged to the daughter of Shefqet Bey Verlaci before he became king. Soon after he became king, however, he broke off the engagement. According to traditional customs of blood vengeance prevalent in Albania at the time, Verlaci had the right and obligation to kill Zog. The king frequently surrounded himself with a personal guard and avoided public appearances. He also feared that he might be poisoned, so the mother of the king assumed supervision of the royal kitchen. In April 1938, Zog married Countess Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony, a Roman Catholic aristocrat who was half-Hungarian and half-American. The ceremony was broadcast throughout Tirana via Radio Tirana that was officially launched by the monarch five months later. Their only child, Crown Prince Leka, was born in Albania on 5 April 1939. Assassination attempts About 600 blood feuds reportedly existed against Zog, and during his reign he reputedly survived more than 55 assassination attempts. One of these occurred inside the corridors of the Albanian Parliament premises on 23 February 1924. Beqir Valteri, originating from the same area as Zog, was waiting for him and opened fire suddenly. Zog was shot twice. Meanwhile, Valteri fled but, surrounded by the militia, took refuge in one of the bathrooms, refusing to surrender and singing patriotic songs. According to the memoirs of Ekrem Vlora, he surrendered after the intervention of Qazim Koculi and Ali Klissura. Zog stepped down briefly from political activity, but promised to forgive Valteri. Valteri, a member of the revolutionary Bashkimi ("The union") committee led by Avni Rustemi, was set free by the Court of Tirana after declaring that it was an individual act. Meanwhile, all rumors pointed to the opposition, specifically to Rustemi. Two weeks later Zog and Valteri would meet in private. Soon after, Rustemi would be shot. Another attempt occurred on 21 February 1931, while Zog was visiting the Vienna State Opera house for a performance of Pagliacci. The attackers (Aziz Çami and Ndok Gjeloshi) struck whilst Zog was getting into his car. The attempt was organized by "National Union" (Albanian: Bashkimi Kombëtar"), a union of Zog opponents in exile which was formed in Vienna (1925) with the initiative of Ali Këlcyra, Sejfi Vllamasi, Xhemal Bushati etc. Zog was in the company of Minister Eqrem Libohova who was wounded, while Zog's guard Llesh Topallaj was mistaken for Zog by Gjeloshi, who shot him three times in the back of the head. Çami's gun was stuck and did not fire. Zog came out of the event unharmed, thanks also to the prompt intervention of Albanian Consul Zef Serreqi and local police. The Austrian authorities arrested Çami, Gjeloshi, and later Qazim Mulleti, Rexhep Mitrovica, Menduh Angoni, Angjelin Suma, Luigj Shkurti, Sejfi Vllamasi, etc. All the Albanian political émigrés in Vienna were subsequently arrested, beside Hasan Prishtina. Most of them were quickly released and expelled from Austria. Gjeloshi was sentenced to 3 years and 6 months of jail, while Çami got 2 years and 6 months. Relations with Italy The fascist government of Benito Mussolini's Italy had supported Zog since early in his presidency; that support had led to increased Italian influence in Albanian affairs. The Italians compelled Zog to refuse to renew the First Treaty of Tirana (1926), although Zog still retained British officers in the Gendarmerie as a counterbalance against the Italians, who had pressured Zog to remove them. During the worldwide depression of the early 1930s, Zog's government became almost completely dependent on Mussolini, to the point that the Albanian national bank had its seat in Rome. Grain had to be imported, many Albanians emigrated, and Italians were allowed to settle in Albania. In 1932 and 1933, Albania could not pay the interest on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania, and the Italians used this as a pretext for further dominance. They demanded that Tirana put Italians in charge of the Gendarmerie, join Italy in a customs union, and grant the Italian Kingdom control of Albania's sugar, telegraph, and electrical monopolies. Finally, Italy called for the Albanian government to establish teaching of the Italian language in all Albanian schools, a demand that was swiftly refused by Zog. In defiance of Italian demands, he ordered the national budget to be slashed by 30 percent, dismissed all Italian military advisers, and nationalized Italian-run Roman Catholic schools in the north of Albania to decrease Italian influence on the population of Albania. In 1934, he tried without success to build ties with France, Germany, and the Balkan states. Albania then drifted back into the Italian orbit. Two days after the birth of Zog's son and heir apparent, on 7 April 1939 (Good Friday), Mussolini Italy invaded, facing no significant resistance. The Albanian army was ill-equipped to resist, as it was almost entirely dominated by Italian advisors and officers and was no match for the Italian Army. The Italians were, however, resisted by small elements in the gendarmerie and general population. The royal family, realising that their lives were in danger, fled into exile, taking with them a considerable amount of gold from the National Bank of Tirana and Durrës. Since the royal family had expected an Italian invasion, the gathering of gold had started in advance. "Oh God, it was so short" were King Zog's last words to Geraldine on Albanian soil. Mussolini declared Albania a protectorate under Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III. While some Albanians continued to resist, "a large part of the population ... welcomed the Italians with cheers", according to one contemporary account. Former heir presumptive Prior to the birth of Prince Leka, the position of heir presumptive was held by Tati Esad Murad Kryziu, Prince of Kosova, who was born 24 December 1923 in Tirana, and who was the son of the King's sister, Princess Nafije. He became an honorary General of the Royal Albanian Army in 1928, at age five. He was made Heir Presumptive with the style of His Highness and title of "Prince of Kosova" (Princ i Kosovës) in 1931. After the royal house's exile, he moved to France, where he died in August 1993, aged 69. Life in exile and death The royal family fled to Greece. Zog, speaking a few days after his arrival there, characterized Hitler and Mussolini as madmen facing "two fools who sleep": Chamberlain and Daladier. Zog went on to declare, "We prefer to die, from the littlest child to the oldest man, to show our independence is not for sale." The world, aware that Zog and his entourage had carried off most of the Albanian treasury's gold, was not impressed. After a short stay in Greece, the Zog party went to Istanbul in Turkey, then fled through Romania, Poland, Latvia, Sweden, Norway, Belgium to Paris. Zog and his family lived a time in France and fled when the Germans invaded. Their escape from France was helped by Prince Mehmed Orhan Osmanoğlu from the Ottoman Imperial Dynasty, who was aide-de-camp of Zog I. The royal family then settled in England. Their first residence was at The Ritz in London. This was followed in 1941 by a brief stay at Forest Ridge, a house in the South Ascot area of Sunninghill in Berkshire, near where Zog's nieces had been at school in Ascot. In 1941 they moved to Parmoor House, Parmoor, near Frieth in Buckinghamshire, with some staff of the court living in locations around Lane End. The grave of former King Zog I at the Cimetière de Thiais near Paris In 1946, Zog and most of his family left England and went to live in Egypt at the behest of King Farouk. In 1951, Zog bought the Knollwood estate in Muttontown, New York, Long Island but the sixty-room estate was never occupied; it quickly fell into ruin and Zog sold the estate in 1955. Farouk was overthrown in 1952, and the family left for France in 1955. He made his final home in France, where he died at the Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine on 9 April 1961, aged 65, of an undisclosed condition. Zog was said to have regularly smoked 200 cigarettes a day, giving him a possible claim to the dubious title of the world's heaviest smoker in 1929, but had been seriously ill for some time. He was survived by his wife and son, and was initially buried at the cimetière parisien de Thiais, near Paris. On his death, his son Leka was pronounced H. M. King Leka of the Albanians by the exiled Albanian community. His widow, Geraldine, died of natural causes in 2002 at the age of 87 in a military hospital in Tirana. Political legacy This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Statue of Zog on the eponymous Zogu I Boulevard in Tirana, Albania During World War II, three resistance groups were operating in Albania: the nationalists, the royalists and the communists. Some of the Albanian establishment opted for collaboration. The communist partisans refused to co-operate with the other resistance groups and eventually took control of the country. They were able to defeat the Nazi remnants and had full control of Albania in November 1944. Zog attempted to reclaim his throne after the war. However, when the new Communist-dominated government seized power, one of its first acts was to ban Zog from ever returning to Albania. It formally deposed him in 1946. In 1952, his representatives met with the representatives of the Yugoslavian government over possible collaboration. Sponsored by MI6 and the CIA, some forces loyal to Zog attempted to mount infiltrations into the country, but most were ambushed due to intelligence sent to the Soviet Union by spy Kim Philby. A referendum in 1997 – seven years after the end of Communist rule – proposed to restore the monarchy in the person of Zog's son Leka Zogu who, since 1961, had been styled "Leka I, King of the Albanians". The official but disputed results stated that about two-thirds of voters favoured a continued republican government. Leka, believing the result to be fraudulent, attempted an armed uprising: he was unsuccessful and was forced into exile, although he later returned and lived in Tirana until his death on 30 November 2011. A main street in Tirana was later renamed "Boulevard Zog I" by the Albanian government. Repatriation to Albania In October 2012, the government of Albania decided to bring back the remains of the former king from France, where he died in 1961. Zog's body was exhumed from the Thiais Cemetery, Paris on 15 November 2012. A guard of honour was provided by the French President, in the form of French Legionnaires in ceremonial dress. Zog's remains were returned in a state ceremony on 17 November 2012, coinciding with celebrations for Albania's independence centennial. The bodies of the king and his family members now lie in the reconstructed royal mausoleum in the capital Tirana. The interment was attended by the government of Albania, including the President and Prime Minister, and representatives of the former royal families of Romania, Montenegro, Russia and Albania. Honours and awards In Albania: Sovereign Head of the Royal Albanian Collar of Honour Sovereign Head of the Order of Fidelity Sovereign Head of the Order of Skanderbeg Sovereign Head of the Order of Bravery & Military Merit: First Class or Hero, breast star National Flag Order (posthumous) From other countries: Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph with Swords (Austrian Empire, January 1917) Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France, 1926) Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Kingdom of Italy, 16 December 1928 by Vittorio Emanuele III) Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Kingdom of Italy, 16 December 1928) Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (Kingdom of Italy, 16 December 1928) Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (Netherlands) Collar of the Order of Muhammad Ali (Kingdom of Egypt) Grand Collar of the Order of Carol I (Kingdom of Romania, 1928) Grand Cross of the Order of the Karađorđe's Star (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Kingdom of Greece) Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium, 4 November 1929) Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit of Bulgaria (Kingdom of Bulgaria) Order of the White Eagle (Poland) Collar First Class of the Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia) Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (Austria) Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (Luxembourg) Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary (Hungary, 1938) Cultural references Zog's name was in use by 1972 in the English language palaeontological mnemonic for the names of zonal index fossils in part of the Lower Carboniferous System of Great Britain (namely Cleistopora, which geologists decided to call 'zone k', Zaphrentis, Caninia, Seminula and Dibanophylum): "King Zog caught syphilis and died". In the James Bond novel The Man with the Golden Gun, Ian Fleming writes of the villainous Francisco Scaramanga telling his compatriots that the Rastafari of Jamaica "believes it owes allegiance" to the King of Ethiopia, this "King Zog or what-have-you." Fleming had been assigned with the task of escorting Zog when in exile after Albania was annexed by Italy. In Aria, a 1987 British anthology film, Zog was a character in the first of ten short self-contained segments, each by a different director and each featuring a different opera aria. This segment, entitled 'Un ballo in maschera' after the Giuseppe Verdi opera, was directed by Nicolas Roeg, with actor Theresa Russell playing King Zog during a fictionalized account of his visit to Vienna in 1931 and the assassination attempt on the steps of that city's opera house (as noted earlier, Zog had actually seen a performance of 'Pagliacci' before the real attack). In the "new" Doc Savage pulp fiction novel, The Whistling Wraith (July 1993, Bantam/Spectra), from the original notes of Lester Dent (primary writer of the sagas) but now completed as a novel by Will Murray, the life & person of Zog, as well as Albania's political problems and foreign policy issues with Mussolini's Italy are key to the plot. The story slots into the Doc Savage timeline in 1938 (a few weeks after The Motion Menace, per p. 61). Egil Goz the First is clearly standing in for King Zog I, for both are Muslims and both were first president before being the first king of their Balkan nation. (Italy is Santa Bellanca, which is behaving badly in Africa in the work, a tie to the invasion and conquest of Ethiopia.) In the animated series Disenchantment, King Zog is referenced as the first and only King of Albania. In episode 13 of Monty Python's Flying Circus he is mentioned as a reporter for made-up news show called ProbeAround but suddenly dies. See also House of Zogu Royal Albanian Army Zogist salute Legality Movement History of Albania Self-proclaimed monarchy European interwar dictatorships References Notes ^ Zog I, King of Albania ^ "BEG". Encyclopædia Iranica. 15 December 1989. Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ Balázs Trencsényi; Michal Kopeček (2006). Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries. Central European University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-9637326615. Ahmet Zogu (who had changed his name from the Turkish sounding 'Zogolli' to the more Albanian sounding 'Zogu') ^ ″Врангелове команде у Врању и Скопљу″. // Politika, 4 December 2017, p. 19. ^ Fischer, Bernd J.; Schmitt, Oliver Jens, eds. (2022), "Interwar Albania: The Rise of Authoritarianism, 1925–1939", A Concise History of Albania, Cambridge Concise Histories, Cambridge University Press, pp. 191–225, doi:10.1017/9781139084611.009, ISBN 978-1107017733 ^ a b c This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Charles Sudetic (April 1992). "Interwar Albania, 1918–41". In Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (eds.). Albania: A country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 93042885. ^ Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939. IB Tauris. p. 248. ISBN 978-1845110130. ^ Dashnor Kaloçi (5 August 2010). "Mehdi Bej Frashëri: "Pse ia dhashë Shën-Naumin Serbisë"" (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014. ...por kufini në vend që të vazhdonte që nga kodra e Zagoriçanit gjer te Qafa e Plloçit, ku ndodheshin dy versante: versanti i Maliqit dhe Liqeni i Ohrit, vija e kufinit të hidhej ke Mali i Thatë, e të përfshinte katundin shqiptaro-orthodoks Pëshkupat... ^ Michael Schmidt-Neke, Die Verfassungen Albaniens: mit einem Anhang: Die Verfassung der Republik Kosova von 1990. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009, p. 34 ^ Swiss Laws, Greek Patriarch, Time magazine, 15 April 1929 ^ Besa: The Promise > Bios ^ a b Shaw, Karl (2005) . Power Mad! (in Czech). Praha: Metafora. pp. 31–32. ISBN 8073590026. ^ Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. Harper & Brothers. p. 468. ^ a b c Vickers, Miranda (2001). The Albanians: a modern history. IB Tauris. p. 131. ISBN 1860645410. ^ Sejfi Vllamasi (2000), "IX", in Marenglen Verli (ed.), Ballafaqime politike në Shqipëri (1897–1942): kujtime dhe vlerësime historike, Shtëpia Botuese "Neraida, ISBN 9992771313, archived from the original on 20 February 2014, Ky i fundit paska qënë një djalosh 17-vjeçar, Beqir Valteri, nga fshati Vinjall i Matit, të cilin Zogu e paska ndihmuar duke e dërguar në Itali për të studjuar. ^ Ilir Ushtulenca (1997), Diplomacia e Mbretit Zogu I-rë (1912–1939), Shtëpia Botuese "Ermir", p. 45, OCLC 39444050, ...Beqir Valteri, student nga Mati... ^ Fan Noli (1968), Vepra të plota: Autobiografia, Rilindija, p. 91, OCLC 38785427 ^ a b Blendi Fevziu (30 October 2012), Si e pushkatuan komunistët atentatorin e Ahmet Zogut (in Albanian), Gazeta MAPO, archived from the original on 2 February 2014, retrieved 26 January 2014, Më 23 Shkurt 1924, gati të gjithë ne deputetët, thuajse kishim zënë vendet tona për seancën e pasdites të Asamblesë. Mungonte vetëm Qeveria, pra edhe Kryeministri Ahmet Zogu. Unë rrija si gjithmonë pranë metropolitit Fan Noli, në bankën e radhës së parë pranë hyrjes. Më ra në sy se atë ditë, grupi i Partisë Demokratike prapa meje po rrinte çuditërisht i heshtur dhe i merakosur. Befas ushtuan dy krisma në shkallët e ndërtesës, që u pasuan nga një qetësi e ngrirë. Pastaj u hapën me vrull dyert e sallës dhe brenda hyri Ahmet Zogu me revolver në dorë. Ai ishte prerë në fytyrë, por ecte me shtatin drejt dhe pas disa çastesh e mori veten, madje buzëqeshi dhe vajti me çap të sigurt tek bangoja e qeverisë, ku u ul në një vend të caktuar për sekretarët...Ahmet Zogu që ishte paralajmëruar për atentatin 2 javë më parë arriti të mësonte se Valteri ishte i shtyrë nga kundërshtarët e tij. Kujtimet e shumë protagonistëve të kohës, shënojnë faktin që ai u takua edhe vetë kokë më kokë me atentatorin. Në fakt atentati i Zogut përflitej në çdo kafene të Tiranës dhe njerëzit e tij, vunë gishtin mbi Avni Rustemin si organizator. ^ Linda Mëniku, Héctor Campos (2011), Discovering Albanian I Textbook, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 60, ISBN 978-0299250843 ^ Michael Schmidt-Neke (1987), Entstehung und Ausbau der Königsdiktatur in Albanien (1912–1939), Regierungsbildungen, Herrschaftsweise und Machteliten in einem jungen Balkanstaat, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, p. 114, ISBN 978-3486543216 ^ Dorothea Kiefer (1957), Untersuchungen zur Gegenwartskunde Südosteuropas, vol. 15–16, Oldenbourg, p. 358, ISBN 978-3486496017, ISSN 0566-2761, OCLC 1607360 ^ Ilir Ushtelenca (1997). Diplomacia e Mbretit Zogu I-rë (1912–1939). Shtëpia Botuese "Ermir". pp. 219–220. OCLC 39444050. ^ Ben Andoni (21 May 2012), Qazim Mulleti – Antizogisti që u shërbeu fashistëve (in Albanian), archived from the original on 1 January 2014, retrieved 31 December 2013 ^ Fatos Veliu (8 September 2012). "Tanush Mulleti: Qazimi ishte pjesëmarrës në atentatin kundër Zogut në Vjenë" (in Albanian). Gazeta Shqiptare. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013. ^ Sejfi Vllamasi (2000), "IX", in Marenglen Verli (ed.), Ballafaqime politike në Shqipëri (1897–1942): kujtime dhe vlerësime historike, Shtëpia Botuese "Neraida", ISBN 9992771313, archived from the original on 20 February 2014, Me gjithë këto fakte, hetuesia më 28 prill 1931 vendosi për ndalim gjyqi dhe na liroi, kurse në muajin korrik, liroi me po atë mënyrë Angjelin Sumën dhe Qazim Mulletin. Por, ndërkohë, policia na dëboi nga Vjena, me kusht që të mos kemi të drejtë edhe një herë të hyjmë në Austri. Për atë arësye, qeveria e Vjenës, për t'i bërë një kompliment Italisë, vendosi ta bëjë gjyqin në një vend të vogël, ku populli ka qënë katolik fetar, pasues i Partisë Popullore; nga ana tjetër, për t'u bërë qejfin emigrantëve politikë, neve na liroi, me ndalim gjyqi, Gjyqi Ndok Gjeloshin e dënoi me tre vjet e gjysmë privim lirie dhe Azis Çamin me dy vjet e gjysmë. ^ Alexander De Grand (September 2007), "The International History Review", Intellectual History Review, 29 (3), Taylor & Francis, Ltd: 655–657, ISSN 1749-6985, JSTOR 40110895, OCLC 123562997 ^ Royal Claimants, Life, 24 June 1957, p. 98, retrieved 11 October 2013 ^ Douglas Saltmarshe (2001), Identity in a Post-Communist Balkan State: An Albanian Village Study, Ashgate Pub Ltd, p. 56, ISBN 978-0754617273, retrieved 13 October 2011 ^ Ksenofon Krisafi (2008), Në kërkim të arit (in Albanian), Dita 2000, ISBN 978-9994357581, retrieved 11 October 2013 ^ "Fascist Soldiers Take over Tirana (...)". The New York Times. New York City. 9 April 1939. p. 33. Retrieved 14 July 2011. ^ "The comments of King Zog". The Montreal Gazette. 168 (87): 8. 12 April 1939 – via Google news. ^ Bardakçı, Murat (2006). Son Osmanlılar – Osmanlı Hanedanının Sürgün ve Miras Öyküsü (in Turkish). Istanbul: Hürriyet. p. 24. ISBN 978-6257231206. ^ "Oldest Ottoman to come home at last". The Independent. 22 October 2011. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2021. ^ "Naçi collection". AIM25, Archives in London and the M25 area. AIM25. January 2003. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2007. ^ "King Zog". Albanian Royal Family. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ a b "Queen Geraldine of Albania: Geraldine Apponyi, a queen for 354 days, died on October 22nd, aged 87". Obituary. The Economist. 7 November 2002. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ "Meeting of Representatives of King Zog and Marshall Tito" (PDF). CIA.gov. CIA Reading Room. Retrieved 25 September 2021. ^ Remains of King Zog repatriated from France to Albania. Retrieved 2012-11-16. ^ Albania to bring home exiled king's remains Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-10-18. ^ Royal Orders of the House of Zogu ^ Presidenti Nishani dekoron Naltmadhninë e Tij Zogun I, Mbretin e Shqiptarëve (Pas vdekjes) me "Urdhrin e Flamurit Kombëtar" Archived 7 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Presidenti.al, 2012-11-17 (in Albananin) ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 129. ^ A Dictionary of Mnemonics. Eyre Methuen, Psychology Library Editions. 1972. p. 32. ^ Disenchantment (TV Series 2018– ), retrieved 26 March 2020 – via IMDb Bibliography Fischer, Bernd. King Zog and the Struggle for Stability in Albania, (East European Monographs, Boulder, 1984). Pearson, O.S. Albania and King Zog I.B. Tauris. 2005 (ISBN 1-84511-013-7). Robyns, Gwen. Geraldine of the Albanians (ISBN 0-584-11133-9). Tomes, Jason. King Zog, Self-Made Monarch of Albania, 2003 (ISBN 0-7509-3077-2). Rees, Neil. A Royal Exile – King Zog & Queen Geraldine of Albania including their wartime exile in the Thames Valley and Chilterns, 2010 (ISBN 978-0-9550883-1-5). Patrice Najbor. "La dynastie des Zogu", 2002. Patrice Najbor. "Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale 1443–2007", 2008 (ISBN 978-2-9532382-1-1). Further reading Bobev, Bobi. "The Dictatorship of Ahmed Zogou." Etudes Balkaniques 29, no. 2 (1993): 16–33. Fischer, Bernd J. "Albanian Highland Tribal Society and Family Structure in the Process of Twentieth Century Transformation." East European Quarterly 33, no. 3 (1999): 281–301. Tomes, Jason. "The Throne of Zog." History Today 51, no. 9 (2001): 45–51. Patrice Najbor. "Les réalisations du roi Zog", "Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939", 2011, ISBN 978-9994317219. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zog I of Albania. Albanian Royal Court Official Site Maison Royale d'Albanie – Site officiel en français Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale 1443–2007 L'Albanie et le sauvetage des Juifs King Zog Archived 27 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine Newspaper clippings about Zog I in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Zog I House of ZoguBorn: 8 October 1895 Died: 9 April 1961 Political offices Preceded byXhafer Ypi Prime Minister of Albania 1922–1924 Succeeded byShefqet Bej Verlaci Preceded byIlias Bej Vrioni Prime Minister of Albania 1925 VacantTitle next held byKoço Kota New title President of Albania 1925–1928 VacantTitle next held byOmer Nishani Regnal titles VacantTitle last held byWilliam of Wied as Prince of Albania King of the Albanians 1928–1939 Succeeded byVictor Emmanuel III of Italy Preceded byXhemal Pasha Zogu Hereditary Governor of Mati 1911–1939 Succeeded byLeka Zogu Titles in pretence Loss of titleItalian invasion, communist regime — TITULAR — King of the Albanians 1939–1961 Succeeded byLeka Zogu vteHeads of state of AlbaniaIndependent Albania (1912–14)Provisional Government of Albania Kemal AlizotiPrincipality of Albania (1914–25)Principality of Albania Wilhelm Toptani none (1916–18) Përmeti Delvina High Council of Regency NoliAlbanian Republic (1925–28)Albanian Republic Zogu‡Albanian Kingdom (1928–39)Albanian Kingdom Zog I§Italian protectorate (1939–43)Italian-occupied Albania Victor Emmanuel IIIGerman occupation (1943–44)German-occupied Albania Biçakçiu FrashëriCommunist Albania (1944–91)People's Socialist Republic of Albania Nishani Lleshi AliaRepublic of Albania (since 1991)Republic of Albania Alia Islami* Arbnori* Berisha Gjinushi* Meidani Moisiu Topi Nishani Meta Begaj * Acting ‡ President § King vtePrime ministers of Albania Kemal Përmeti Toptani Përmeti Delvina Vrioni Evangjeli Koculi Prishtina Kosturi Ypi Zogu Vërlaci Vrioni Noli Zogu Kotta Evangjeli Frashëri Kotta Vërlaci Merlika-Kruja Libohova Bushati Libohova Mitrovica Dine Biçaku Hoxha Shehu Çarçani Nano Bufi Ahmeti Meksi Fino Nano Majko Meta Majko Nano Berisha Rama Category Royal Albanian ArmyLeadership King Zog Xhemal Aranitasi Gustav von Myrdacz Branches Royal Guard Royal Infantry Royal Artillery Royal Engineers Royal Air Corps Royal Border Guard Royal Gendarmerie Royal Navy Ranks Military ranks Category vtePretenders to the Albanian throne since 1939 King Zog I (1939–1961) Crown Prince Leka (1961–2011) Leka (since 2011) heir: Skënder Zogu See also House of Zogu Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"beylik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Albanian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"White Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_movement"},{"link_name":"civil liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini's Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Leka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leka,_Crown_Prince_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"invaded Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Italian protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Enver Hoxha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha"},{"link_name":"communist regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Thiais Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_parisien_de_Thiais"},{"link_name":"royal mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_Albanian_Royal_Family"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"}],"text":"Zog I (Ahmed Muhtar Zogolli; 8 October 1895 – 9 April 1961) was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939. At age 27, he first served as Albania's youngest ever Prime Minister (1922–1924), then as president (1925–1928), and finally as king (1928–1939).Born to a beylik family in Ottoman Albania, Zog was active in Albanian politics from a young age and fought on the side of Austria-Hungary during the First World War. In 1922, he adopted the name Ahmed Zogu. He held various ministerial posts in the Albanian government before being driven into exile in June 1924, but returned later in the year with Yugoslav and White Russian military support and was subsequently elected prime minister. Zog was elected president in January 1925 and vested with dictatorial powers, with which he enacted major domestic reforms, suppressed civil liberties, and struck an alliance with Benito Mussolini's Italy. In September 1928, Albania was proclaimed a monarchy and he acceded to the throne as Zog I, King of the Albanians. He married Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony in 1938, and their only child Leka was born a year later.Albania fell further under Italian influence during Zog's reign, and by the end of the 1930s the country had become almost fully dependent on Italy despite Zog's resistance. In April 1939, Italy invaded Albania and the country was rapidly overrun. Mussolini declared Albania an Italian protectorate under King Victor Emmanuel III, forcing Zog into exile. He lived in England during the Second World War but was barred from returning to Albania by Enver Hoxha's communist regime. Zog spent the rest of his life in France and died in April 1961 at the age of 65. His remains were buried at the Thiais Cemetery near Paris, before being transferred to the royal mausoleum in Tirana in 2012.","title":"Zog I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burgajet Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgajet_Castle"},{"link_name":"Burrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrel"},{"link_name":"Xhemal Pasha Zogolli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhemal_Pasha_Zogolli"},{"link_name":"Sadije Toptani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mother_Sadije"},{"link_name":"beylik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"landowners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landowner"},{"link_name":"Mati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_District"},{"link_name":"Xhelal Pasha Zogolli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhelal_Pasha_Zogolli"},{"link_name":"Toptani family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toptani_family"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_High_School"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Beyoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Xhelal Bey Zogolli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhelal_Bey_Zogu"},{"link_name":"Albanian Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"beys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-2"},{"link_name":"Shkodër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Luigj Gurakuqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigj_Gurakuqi"},{"link_name":"Fan S. Noli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_S._Noli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trencs%C3%A9nyiKope%C4%8Dek2006-3"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Avni Rustemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avni_Rustemi"},{"link_name":"leftist revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Wrangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel"},{"link_name":"Sergei Ulagay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Ulagay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politikaborder-4"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Albania"}],"text":"Zog was born as Ahmed Muhtar Zogolli in Burgajet Castle, near Burrel in northern Albania, third son to Xhemal Pasha Zogolli, and first son by his second wife Sadije Toptani in 1895. His family was a beylik family of landowners, with feudal authority over the region of Mati. His grandfather was Xhelal Pasha Zogolli. His mother's Toptani family claimed to be descended from the sister of Albania's greatest national hero, the 15th-century general Skanderbeg. He was educated at Galatasaray High School (French: Lycée Impérial de Galatasaray) in Beyoğlu, a district of the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Upon his father's death in 1911, Zogolli became governor of Mat, being appointed ahead of his elder half-brother, Xhelal Bey Zogolli.In 1912, he participated in the Albanian Declaration of Independence as the representative of the Mat District. As a young man during the First World War, Zogolli volunteered on the side of Austria-Hungary. He was detained at Vienna in 1917 and 1918 and in Rome in 1918 and 1919 before returning to Albania in 1919. During his time in Vienna, he grew to enjoy a Western European lifestyle. Upon his return, Zogolli became involved in the political life of the fledgling Albanian government that had been created in the wake of the First World War. His political supporters included many southern feudal landowners called beys, Turkish for \"province chieftain\" with title variations including Beyg, Begum, Bygjymi.[2] The Bey title refers to the social group to which he belonged, which was also used by noble families in the north, along with merchants, industrialists, and intellectuals. During the early 1920s, Zogolli served as Governor of Shkodër (1920–1921), Minister of the Interior (March–November 1920, 1921–1924), and chief of the Albanian military (1921–1922). His primary rivals were Luigj Gurakuqi and Fan S. Noli. In 1922, Zogolli formally changed his surname from Zogolli to Zogu, which sounds more Albanian.[3]In 1923, he was shot and wounded in Parliament. A crisis arose in 1924 after the assassination of one of Zogu's industrialist opponents, Avni Rustemi; in the aftermath, a leftist revolt forced Zogu, along with 600 of his allies, into exile in June 1924. He returned to Albania with the backing of Yugoslav forces and Yugoslavia-based General Pyotr Wrangel's White Russian troops led by Russian Gen Sergei Ulagay[4] and became Prime Minister.","title":"Background and early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flamuri_i_Kryetarit_t%C3%AB_Republik%C3%ABs_(1925%E2%80%931928).svg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-6"},{"link_name":"Sveti Naum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Naum"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Peshkëpi (Pëshkupat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%A7imas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians"},{"link_name":"Hasan Prishtina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Bej_Prishtina"},{"link_name":"Bajram Curri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajram_Curri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zog_I_of_Albania_Officer%27s_Sword.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-6"}],"text":"Standard used by Ahmet Zogu as President of the First Republic.Zogu was officially elected as the first President of Albania by the Constituent Assembly on 21 January 1925, taking office on 1 February for a seven-year term. A new constitution vested Zogu with sweeping executive and legislative powers, to the point that he was effectively a dictator.[5] He had the right to appoint all major government personnel, as well as one-third of the lower house.[6]Zogu's government followed the European model, though large parts of Albania still maintained a social structure unchanged from the days of Ottoman rule, and most villages were serf plantations run by the Beys. On 28 June 1925, Zogu ceded Sveti Naum to Yugoslavia in exchange for Peshkëpi (Pëshkupat) village and other concessions.[7][8]Zogu enacted several major reforms. His principal ally during this period was the Kingdom of Italy, which lent his government funds in exchange for a greater role in Albania's fiscal policy. His administration was marred by disputes with Kosovo Albanian leaders, primarily Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri, among others.Royal sword commemorating the marriage of King Zog IOn the debit side, Zogu's Albania was a police state in which civil liberties were all but nonexistent and the press was closely censored. Political opponents were imprisoned and often killed. For all intents and purposes, he held all governing power in the nation.[6]","title":"President of Albania"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Zog.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Orhan Efendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Orhan"},{"link_name":"prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"Prince Wied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wied,_Prince_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Royal Albanian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albanian_Army"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Zogist salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogist_salute"},{"link_name":"paper currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_currency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flamuri_i_N.M._s%C3%AB_Tij_dhe_i_Ushtris%C3%AB.svg"},{"link_name":"Senije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Senije_Zogu"},{"link_name":"Shehzade Mehmed Abid Efendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abid"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"},{"link_name":"Italian invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"King of the Belgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belgian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"civil code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"had done","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_King_Zog_I_of_Albania.svg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-6"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Ahmed ZoguOn 1 September 1928, Albania was transformed into a kingdom, and President Zogu declared himself to be Zog I, with the title King of the Albanians. He appointed as his advisor Mehmed Orhan Efendi, a prince of the recently-abolished Ottoman Empire. He took as his regnal name his surname rather than his forename since the Islamic name Ahmet might have had the effect of isolating him on the European stage. He also initially took the parallel name \"Skanderbeg III\" (Zogu claimed to be a successor of Skanderbeg through descent through Skanderbeg's sister; \"Skanderbeg II\" was taken to be Prince Wied, but this fell out of use).[9]On the same day as he declared himself king (he was never technically crowned), he also declared himself Field Marshal of the Royal Albanian Army. He proclaimed a constitutional monarchy similar to the contemporary regime in Italy, created a strong police force, and instituted the Zogist salute (flat hand over the heart with palm facing downwards). Zog hoarded gold coins and precious stones, which were used to back Albania's first paper currency.Royal standard of Zog I and of the ArmyZog's mother, Sadije, was declared Queen Mother of Albania, and Zog also gave his brother and sisters Royal status as Prince and Princesses Zogu. One of his sisters, Senije (c. 1897 – 1969), married Shehzade Mehmed Abid Efendi, another Ottoman prince and son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.Zog's constitution forbade any Prince of the Royal House from serving as Prime Minister or a member of the Cabinet, and contained provisions for the potential extinction of the royal family. The constitution also forbade the union of the Albanian throne with that of any other country, a term which would later be violated with the Italian invasion. Under the Zogist constitution, the King of the Albanians, like the King of the Belgians, ascended the throne and exercised Royal powers only after taking an oath before Parliament; Zog himself swore an oath on the Bible and the Quran (the king being Muslim) in an attempt to unify the country. In 1929, King Zog abolished Islamic law in Albania, adopting in its place a civil code based on the Swiss one, as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had done in Turkey in the same decade.[10]Royal monogramAlthough nominally a constitutional monarch, in practice Zog retained the dictatorial powers he had enjoyed as president. Thus, in effect, Albania remained a military dictatorship.[6]In 1938, as a result of a request from his advisor and friend Constantino Spanchis, Zog opened the borders of Albania to Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Nazi Germany.[11]","title":"Albanian king"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monedh%C3%AB_100_Franga_Ari,_1937_(pjesa_e_parme).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monedh%C3%AB_100_Franga_Ari,_1937_(pjesa_e_mbrapme).png"},{"link_name":"Zogian gold hundred-franc coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100_Franka_Albania_(1926).jpg"},{"link_name":"100-franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franga"},{"link_name":"aristocrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)"},{"link_name":"Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"royal families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_families"},{"link_name":"Arab World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"ruling dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shefqet Bey Verlaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shefqet_Verlaci"},{"link_name":"blood vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud#Albania"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw-12"},{"link_name":"Countess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Apponyi_de_Nagy-Appony"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"aristocrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"Radio Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Televizioni_Shqiptar#History"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Leka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leka,_Crown_Prince_of_Albania_(born_1939)"}],"sub_title":"Life as king","text":"Reverse and Obverse of a Zogian gold hundred-franc coin.100-franc banknote of Zog's reignAlthough born as an aristocrat and hereditary Bey, King Zog was somewhat ignored by other monarchs in Europe because he was a self-proclaimed monarch who had no links to any other European royal families. Nonetheless, he did have strong connections with Muslim royal families in the Arab World, particularly Egypt, whose ruling dynasty had Albanian origins. As king, he was honoured by the governments of Italy, Luxembourg, Egypt, Yugoslavia, France, Romania, Greece, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria.[citation needed]Zog had been engaged to the daughter of Shefqet Bey Verlaci before he became king. Soon after he became king, however, he broke off the engagement. According to traditional customs of blood vengeance prevalent in Albania at the time, Verlaci had the right and obligation to kill Zog. The king frequently surrounded himself with a personal guard and avoided public appearances. He also feared that he might be poisoned, so the mother of the king assumed supervision of the royal kitchen.[12]In April 1938, Zog married Countess Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony, a Roman Catholic aristocrat who was half-Hungarian and half-American. The ceremony was broadcast throughout Tirana via Radio Tirana that was officially launched by the monarch five months later. Their only child, Crown Prince Leka, was born in Albania on 5 April 1939.","title":"Albanian king"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blood feuds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjakmarrja"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunther1940-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vickers-14"},{"link_name":"Beqir Valteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beqir_Valteri"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vllamasi-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ekrem Vlora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekrem_Vlora"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAPO-18"},{"link_name":"Qazim Koculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazim_Koculi"},{"link_name":"Ali Klissura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Klissura"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Avni Rustemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avni_Rustemi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAPO-18"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Pagliacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagliacci"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw-12"},{"link_name":"Aziz Çami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_%C3%87ami"},{"link_name":"Ndok Gjeloshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndok_Gjeloshi"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ushtelenca-22"},{"link_name":"Ali Këlcyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_K%C3%ABlcyra"},{"link_name":"Sejfi Vllamasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejfi_Vllamasi"},{"link_name":"Xhemal Bushati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhemal_Bushati"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andoni-23"},{"link_name":"Eqrem Libohova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eqrem_Libohova"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vickers-14"},{"link_name":"Qazim Mulleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazim_Mulleti"},{"link_name":"Rexhep Mitrovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexhep_Mitrovica"},{"link_name":"Menduh Angoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menduh_Angoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angjelin Suma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angjelin_Suma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sejfi Vllamasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejfi_Vllamasi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vickers-14"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hasan Prishtina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Prishtina"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vllamasi2-25"}],"text":"About 600 blood feuds reportedly existed against Zog,[13] and during his reign he reputedly survived more than 55 assassination attempts.[14]\nOne of these occurred inside the corridors of the Albanian Parliament premises on 23 February 1924. Beqir Valteri, originating from the same area as Zog,[15][16] was waiting for him and opened fire suddenly.[17] Zog was shot twice. Meanwhile, Valteri fled but, surrounded by the militia, took refuge in one of the bathrooms, refusing to surrender and singing patriotic songs. According to the memoirs of Ekrem Vlora,[18] he surrendered after the intervention of Qazim Koculi and Ali Klissura. Zog stepped down briefly from political activity,[19] but promised to forgive Valteri. Valteri, a member of the revolutionary Bashkimi (\"The union\") committee led by Avni Rustemi,[20] was set free by the Court of Tirana after declaring that it was an individual act.[21] Meanwhile, all rumors pointed to the opposition, specifically to Rustemi. Two weeks later Zog and Valteri would meet in private. Soon after, Rustemi would be shot.[18]Another attempt occurred on 21 February 1931, while Zog was visiting the Vienna State Opera house for a performance of Pagliacci.[12] The attackers (Aziz Çami and Ndok Gjeloshi) struck whilst Zog was getting into his car. The attempt was organized by \"National Union\" (Albanian: Bashkimi Kombëtar\"),[22] a union of Zog opponents in exile which was formed in Vienna (1925) with the initiative of Ali Këlcyra, Sejfi Vllamasi, Xhemal Bushati etc.[23] Zog was in the company of Minister Eqrem Libohova who was wounded, while Zog's guard Llesh Topallaj was mistaken for Zog by Gjeloshi, who shot him three times in the back of the head. Çami's gun was stuck and did not fire. Zog came out of the event unharmed, thanks also to the prompt intervention of Albanian Consul Zef Serreqi and local police.[14] The Austrian authorities arrested Çami, Gjeloshi, and later Qazim Mulleti, Rexhep Mitrovica, Menduh Angoni, Angjelin Suma, Luigj Shkurti, Sejfi Vllamasi, etc.[14][24] All the Albanian political émigrés in Vienna were subsequently arrested, beside Hasan Prishtina. Most of them were quickly released and expelled from Austria. Gjeloshi was sentenced to 3 years and 6 months of jail, while Çami got 2 years and 6 months.[25]","title":"Assassination attempts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"First Treaty of Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Tirana"},{"link_name":"Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albanian_Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"worldwide depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Albanian national bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_national_bank"},{"link_name":"Italian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Balkan states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_states"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeGrand-26"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"Italy invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Durrës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saltmarshe-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Albania a protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The fascist government of Benito Mussolini's Italy had supported Zog since early in his presidency; that support had led to increased Italian influence in Albanian affairs. The Italians compelled Zog to refuse to renew the First Treaty of Tirana (1926), although Zog still retained British officers in the Gendarmerie as a counterbalance against the Italians, who had pressured Zog to remove them.During the worldwide depression of the early 1930s, Zog's government became almost completely dependent on Mussolini, to the point that the Albanian national bank had its seat in Rome. Grain had to be imported, many Albanians emigrated, and Italians were allowed to settle in Albania. In 1932 and 1933, Albania could not pay the interest on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania, and the Italians used this as a pretext for further dominance. They demanded that Tirana put Italians in charge of the Gendarmerie, join Italy in a customs union, and grant the Italian Kingdom control of Albania's sugar, telegraph, and electrical monopolies. Finally, Italy called for the Albanian government to establish teaching of the Italian language in all Albanian schools, a demand that was swiftly refused by Zog. In defiance of Italian demands, he ordered the national budget to be slashed by 30 percent, dismissed all Italian military advisers, and nationalized Italian-run Roman Catholic schools in the north of Albania to decrease Italian influence on the population of Albania. In 1934, he tried without success to build ties with France, Germany, and the Balkan states. Albania then drifted back into the Italian orbit.[26]Two days after the birth of Zog's son and heir apparent, on 7 April 1939 (Good Friday), Mussolini Italy invaded, facing no significant resistance. The Albanian army was ill-equipped to resist, as it was almost entirely dominated by Italian advisors and officers and was no match for the Italian Army. The Italians were, however, resisted by small elements in the gendarmerie and general population. The royal family, realising that their lives were in danger, fled into exile, taking with them a considerable amount of gold from the National Bank of Tirana and Durrës.[27][28] Since the royal family had expected an Italian invasion, the gathering of gold had started in advance.[29] \"Oh God, it was so short\" were King Zog's last words to Geraldine on Albanian soil. Mussolini declared Albania a protectorate under Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III. While some Albanians continued to resist, \"a large part of the population ... welcomed the Italians with cheers\", according to one contemporary account.[30]","title":"Relations with Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"},{"link_name":"Tati Esad Murad Kryziu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tati_Esad_Murad_Kryziu"},{"link_name":"Kosova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Royal Albanian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albanian_Army"}],"text":"Prior to the birth of Prince Leka, the position of heir presumptive was held by Tati Esad Murad Kryziu, Prince of Kosova, who was born 24 December 1923 in Tirana, and who was the son of the King's sister, Princess Nafije. He became an honorary General of the Royal Albanian Army in 1928, at age five. He was made Heir Presumptive with the style of His Highness and title of \"Prince of Kosova\" (Princ i Kosovës) in 1931. After the royal house's exile, he moved to France, where he died in August 1993, aged 69.","title":"Former heir presumptive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Daladier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Daladier"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Germans invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Prince Mehmed Orhan Osmanoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Orhan"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Imperial Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Ritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ritz_London_Hotel"},{"link_name":"South Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ascot"},{"link_name":"Sunninghill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunninghill,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Parmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmoor"},{"link_name":"Frieth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieth"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave-Zog.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cimetière de Thiais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Thiais"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"King Farouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Farouk"},{"link_name":"Knollwood estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knollwood_estate"},{"link_name":"Muttontown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttontown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"was overthrown in 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Foch Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foch_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Suresnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresnes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"cimetière parisien de Thiais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_parisien_de_Thiais"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geraldine-obit-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geraldine-obit-36"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"}],"text":"The royal family fled to Greece. Zog, speaking a few days after his arrival there, characterized Hitler and Mussolini as madmen facing \"two fools who sleep\": Chamberlain and Daladier. Zog went on to declare, \"We prefer to die, from the littlest child to the oldest man, to show our independence is not for sale.\" The world, aware that Zog and his entourage had carried off most of the Albanian treasury's gold, was not impressed.[31] After a short stay in Greece, the Zog party went to Istanbul in Turkey, then fled through Romania, Poland, Latvia, Sweden, Norway, Belgium to Paris. Zog and his family lived a time in France and fled when the Germans invaded. Their escape from France was helped by Prince Mehmed Orhan Osmanoğlu from the Ottoman Imperial Dynasty, who was aide-de-camp of Zog I.[32][33]The royal family then settled in England. Their first residence was at The Ritz in London. This was followed in 1941 by a brief stay at Forest Ridge, a house in the South Ascot area of Sunninghill in Berkshire, near where Zog's nieces had been at school in Ascot. In 1941 they moved to Parmoor House, Parmoor, near Frieth in Buckinghamshire, with some staff of the court living in locations around Lane End.[34]The grave of former King Zog I at the Cimetière de Thiais near ParisIn 1946, Zog and most of his family left England and went to live in Egypt at the behest of King Farouk. In 1951, Zog bought the Knollwood estate in Muttontown, New York, Long Island but the sixty-room estate was never occupied; it quickly fell into ruin and Zog sold the estate in 1955. Farouk was overthrown in 1952, and the family left for France in 1955.He made his final home in France, where he died at the Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine on 9 April 1961, aged 65, of an undisclosed condition.[citation needed] Zog was said to have regularly smoked 200 cigarettes a day, giving him a possible claim to the dubious title of the world's heaviest smoker in 1929,[35] but had been seriously ill for some time. He was survived by his wife and son, and was initially buried at the cimetière parisien de Thiais, near Paris. On his death, his son Leka was pronounced H. M. King Leka of the Albanians by the exiled Albanian community.[36]His widow, Geraldine, died of natural causes in 2002 at the age of 87[36] in a military hospital in Tirana.","title":"Life in exile and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zogu_I_Boulevard_(BLGU_Spring_School_2013).jpg"},{"link_name":"Zogu I Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogu_I_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"operating in Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar"},{"link_name":"royalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_Movement"},{"link_name":"communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)"},{"link_name":"collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"took control of the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Government_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Communist-dominated government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"MI6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"infiltrations into the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Subversion"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Kim Philby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby"},{"link_name":"Leka Zogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leka_Zogu"},{"link_name":"Boulevard Zog I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogu_I_Boulevard"}],"text":"Statue of Zog on the eponymous Zogu I Boulevard in Tirana, AlbaniaDuring World War II, three resistance groups were operating in Albania: the nationalists, the royalists and the communists. Some of the Albanian establishment opted for collaboration. The communist partisans refused to co-operate with the other resistance groups and eventually took control of the country. They were able to defeat the Nazi remnants and had full control of Albania in November 1944.Zog attempted to reclaim his throne after the war. However, when the new Communist-dominated government seized power, one of its first acts was to ban Zog from ever returning to Albania. It formally deposed him in 1946.In 1952, his representatives met with the representatives of the Yugoslavian government over possible collaboration.[37]\nSponsored by MI6 and the CIA, some forces loyal to Zog attempted to mount infiltrations into the country, but most were ambushed due to intelligence sent to the Soviet Union by spy Kim Philby.A referendum in 1997 – seven years after the end of Communist rule – proposed to restore the monarchy in the person of Zog's son Leka Zogu who, since 1961, had been styled \"Leka I, King of the Albanians\". The official but disputed results stated that about two-thirds of voters favoured a continued republican government. Leka, believing the result to be fraudulent, attempted an armed uprising: he was unsuccessful and was forced into exile, although he later returned and lived in Tirana until his death on 30 November 2011. A main street in Tirana was later renamed \"Boulevard Zog I\" by the Albanian government.","title":"Political legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thiais Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_parisien_de_Thiais"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"guard of honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_of_honour"},{"link_name":"French Legionnaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion"},{"link_name":"Albania's independence centennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Independence_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"royal mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_Albanian_Royal_Family"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"In October 2012, the government of Albania decided to bring back the remains of the former king from France, where he died in 1961. Zog's body was exhumed from the Thiais Cemetery, Paris on 15 November 2012.[38] A guard of honour was provided by the French President, in the form of French Legionnaires in ceremonial dress.Zog's remains were returned in a state ceremony on 17 November 2012, coinciding with celebrations for Albania's independence centennial. The bodies of the king and his family members now lie in the reconstructed royal mausoleum in the capital Tirana.[39] The interment was attended by the government of Albania, including the President and Prime Minister, and representatives of the former royal families of Romania, Montenegro, Russia and Albania.","title":"Repatriation to Albania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALB_Order_of_Fidelity_(1939)_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Fidelity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALB_Order_of_Skanderbeg_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Skanderbeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALB_Order_of_Fidelity_BAR.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALB_National_Flag_Order.png"},{"link_name":"National Flag Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flag_Order"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ord.Franz.Joseph-COM.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Franz Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Most Holy Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Emanuele III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_Regno_SSML_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Crown of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ordre_du_Lion_d%27Or_de_la_Maison_de_Nassau_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Gold_Lion_of_the_House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Muhammad_Ali_(Egipt)_-_ribbon_bar.gif"},{"link_name":"Order of Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OrderofCarolI.ribbon.gif"},{"link_name":"Order of Carol I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Carol_I"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SRB-SHS-YUG_Orden_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91eve_zvezde_VKrst_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Karađorđe's Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e%27s_Star"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Grand_Cordon_bar.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bg1ocm.png"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_3_tridy_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ordre_du_Lion_d%27Or_de_la_Maison_de_Nassau_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Gold_Lion_of_the_House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ord.S.Stef.Ungh._-_GC.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In Albania:[citation needed]Sovereign Head of the Royal Albanian Collar of Honour[40]\n Sovereign Head of the Order of Fidelity\n Sovereign Head of the Order of Skanderbeg\n Sovereign Head of the Order of Bravery & Military Merit: First Class or Hero, breast star\n National Flag Order (posthumous)[41]From other countries:Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph with Swords (Austrian Empire, January 1917)\n Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France, 1926)\n Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Kingdom of Italy, 16 December 1928 by Vittorio Emanuele III)\n Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Kingdom of Italy, 16 December 1928)\n Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (Kingdom of Italy, 16 December 1928)\n Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (Netherlands)\n Collar of the Order of Muhammad Ali (Kingdom of Egypt)\n Grand Collar of the Order of Carol I (Kingdom of Romania, 1928)\n Grand Cross of the Order of the Karađorđe's Star (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)[42]\n Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Kingdom of Greece)\n Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium, 4 November 1929)[citation needed]\n Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit of Bulgaria (Kingdom of Bulgaria)\n Order of the White Eagle (Poland)\n Collar First Class of the Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia)\n Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (Austria)\n Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (Luxembourg)\n Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary (Hungary, 1938)[citation needed]","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"palaeontological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeontological"},{"link_name":"mnemonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic"},{"link_name":"zonal index fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fossils"},{"link_name":"Lower Carboniferous System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous_System"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"The Man with the Golden Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Gun_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Francisco Scaramanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Scaramanga"},{"link_name":"Rastafari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Aria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Un ballo in maschera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0092580/"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Roeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Roeg"},{"link_name":"Theresa Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Russell"},{"link_name":"Doc Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Savage"},{"link_name":"Lester Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Dent"},{"link_name":"Disenchantment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenchantment_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Monty Python's Flying Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus"}],"text":"Zog's name was in use by 1972 in the English language palaeontological mnemonic for the names of zonal index fossils in part of the Lower Carboniferous System of Great Britain (namely Cleistopora, which geologists decided to call 'zone k', Zaphrentis, Caninia, Seminula and Dibanophylum): \"King Zog caught syphilis and died\".[43]In the James Bond novel The Man with the Golden Gun, Ian Fleming writes of the villainous Francisco Scaramanga telling his compatriots that the Rastafari of Jamaica \"believes it owes allegiance\" to the King of Ethiopia, this \"King Zog or what-have-you.\" Fleming had been assigned with the task of escorting Zog when in exile after Albania was annexed by Italy.[citation needed]In Aria, a 1987 British anthology film, Zog was a character in the first of ten short self-contained segments, each by a different director and each featuring a different opera aria. This segment, entitled 'Un ballo in maschera' after the Giuseppe Verdi opera, was directed by Nicolas Roeg, with actor Theresa Russell playing King Zog during a fictionalized account of his visit to Vienna in 1931 and the assassination attempt on the steps of that city's opera house (as noted earlier, Zog had actually seen a performance of 'Pagliacci' before the real attack).In the \"new\" Doc Savage pulp fiction novel, The Whistling Wraith (July 1993, Bantam/Spectra), from the original notes of Lester Dent (primary writer of the sagas) but now completed as a novel by Will Murray, the life & person of Zog, as well as Albania's political problems and foreign policy issues with Mussolini's Italy are key to the plot. The story slots into the Doc Savage timeline in 1938 (a few weeks after The Motion Menace, per p. 61). Egil Goz the First is clearly standing in for King Zog I, for both are Muslims and both were first president before being the first king of their Balkan nation. (Italy is Santa Bellanca, which is behaving badly in Africa in the work, a tie to the invasion and conquest of Ethiopia.)In the animated series Disenchantment, King Zog is referenced as the first and only King of Albania.[44]In episode 13 of Monty Python's Flying Circus he is mentioned as a reporter for made-up news show called ProbeAround but suddenly dies.","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9994317219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9994317219"}],"text":"Bobev, Bobi. \"The Dictatorship of Ahmed Zogou.\" Etudes Balkaniques 29, no. 2 (1993): 16–33.\nFischer, Bernd J. \"Albanian Highland Tribal Society and Family Structure in the Process of Twentieth Century Transformation.\" East European Quarterly 33, no. 3 (1999): 281–301.\nTomes, Jason. \"The Throne of Zog.\" History Today 51, no. 9 (2001): 45–51.\nPatrice Najbor. \"Les réalisations du roi Zog\", \"Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939\", 2011, ISBN 978-9994317219.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Standard used by Ahmet Zogu as President of the First Republic.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flamuri_i_Kryetarit_t%C3%AB_Republik%C3%ABs_%281925%E2%80%931928%29.svg/150px-Flamuri_i_Kryetarit_t%C3%AB_Republik%C3%ABs_%281925%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Royal sword commemorating the marriage of King Zog I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zog_I_of_Albania_Officer%27s_Sword.jpg/150px-Zog_I_of_Albania_Officer%27s_Sword.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ahmed Zogu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/King_Zog.jpg/150px-King_Zog.jpg"},{"image_text":"Royal standard of Zog I and of the Army","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flamuri_i_N.M._s%C3%AB_Tij_dhe_i_Ushtris%C3%AB.svg/150px-Flamuri_i_N.M._s%C3%AB_Tij_dhe_i_Ushtris%C3%AB.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Royal monogram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Zog_I_of_Albania.svg/100px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Zog_I_of_Albania.svg.png"},{"image_text":"100-franc banknote of Zog's reign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/100_Franka_Albania_%281926%29.jpg/206px-100_Franka_Albania_%281926%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The grave of former King Zog I at the Cimetière de Thiais near Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Grave-Zog.jpg/200px-Grave-Zog.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Zog on the eponymous Zogu I Boulevard in Tirana, Albania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Zogu_I_Boulevard_%28BLGU_Spring_School_2013%29.jpg/220px-Zogu_I_Boulevard_%28BLGU_Spring_School_2013%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Provisional Government of Albania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%281912-1914%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%281912-1914%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Principality of Albania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Albanian Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Albania_%281926%E2%80%931928%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Albania_%281926%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Albanian Kingdom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Albania_%281934%E2%80%931939%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Albania_%281934%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Italian-occupied Albania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"German-occupied Albania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"People's Socialist Republic of Albania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Republic of Albania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/25px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"House of Zogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Zogu"},{"title":"Royal Albanian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albanian_Army"},{"title":"Zogist salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogist_salute"},{"title":"Legality Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_Movement"},{"title":"History of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Albania"},{"title":"Self-proclaimed monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy"},{"title":"European interwar dictatorships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_interwar_dictatorships"}]	[{"reference":"\"BEG\". Encyclopædia Iranica. 15 December 1989. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers","url_text":"\"BEG\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"Balázs Trencsényi; Michal Kopeček (2006). Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries. Central European University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-9637326615. Ahmet Zogu (who had changed his name from the Turkish sounding 'Zogolli' to the more Albanian sounding 'Zogu')","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-L4qAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9637326615","url_text":"978-9637326615"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Bernd J.; Schmitt, Oliver Jens, eds. (2022), \"Interwar Albania: The Rise of Authoritarianism, 1925–1939\", A Concise History of Albania, Cambridge Concise Histories, Cambridge University Press, pp. 191–225, doi:10.1017/9781139084611.009, ISBN 978-1107017733","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/concise-history-of-albania/interwar-albania-the-rise-of-authoritarianism-19251939/5111DEDE9F2BCE551D621E4EEB09D6F2","url_text":"\"Interwar Albania: The Rise of Authoritarianism, 1925–1939\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139084611.009","url_text":"10.1017/9781139084611.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107017733","url_text":"978-1107017733"}]},{"reference":"Charles Sudetic (April 1992). \"Interwar Albania, 1918–41\". In Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (eds.). Albania: A country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 93042885.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division","url_text":"Federal Research Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/93042885","url_text":"93042885"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939. IB Tauris. p. 248. ISBN 978-1845110130.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3_Sh3y9IMZAC&q=Sh%C3%ABn+Naum&pg=PA248","url_text":"Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845110130","url_text":"978-1845110130"}]},{"reference":"Dashnor Kaloçi (5 August 2010). \"Mehdi Bej Frashëri: \"Pse ia dhashë Shën-Naumin Serbisë\"\" [Mehdi bey Frasheri: Why St Naum was given to Serbia] (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014. ...por kufini në vend që të vazhdonte që nga kodra e Zagoriçanit gjer te Qafa e Plloçit, ku ndodheshin dy versante: versanti i Maliqit dhe Liqeni i Ohrit, vija e kufinit të hidhej ke Mali i Thatë, e të përfshinte katundin shqiptaro-orthodoks Pëshkupat...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140110231300/http://www.yllpress.info/14392/mehdi-bej-frasheri-pse-ia-dhashe-shen-naumin-serbise-.html","url_text":"\"Mehdi Bej Frashëri: \"Pse ia dhashë Shën-Naumin Serbisë\"\""},{"url":"http://www.yllpress.info/14392/mehdi-bej-frasheri-pse-ia-dhashe-shen-naumin-serbise-.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Karl (2005) [2004]. Power Mad! [Šílenství mocných] (in Czech). Praha: Metafora. pp. 31–32. ISBN 8073590026.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8073590026","url_text":"8073590026"}]},{"reference":"Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. Harper & Brothers. p. 468.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n489/mode/2up","url_text":"Inside Europe"}]},{"reference":"Vickers, Miranda (2001). The Albanians: a modern history. IB Tauris. p. 131. ISBN 1860645410.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC&q=Aziz+Cami+1931&pg=PA131","url_text":"The Albanians: a modern history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860645410","url_text":"1860645410"}]},{"reference":"Sejfi Vllamasi (2000), \"IX\", in Marenglen Verli (ed.), Ballafaqime politike në Shqipëri (1897–1942): kujtime dhe vlerësime historike, Shtëpia Botuese \"Neraida, ISBN 9992771313, archived from the original on 20 February 2014, Ky i fundit paska qënë një djalosh 17-vjeçar, Beqir Valteri, nga fshati Vinjall i Matit, të cilin Zogu e paska ndihmuar duke e dërguar në Itali për të studjuar.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejfi_Vllamasi","url_text":"Sejfi Vllamasi"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140220101107/http://www.mnvr.org/ballafaqime-politike-ne-shqiperi-1897-1942-kapitulli-ix/","url_text":"\"IX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9992771313","url_text":"9992771313"},{"url":"http://www.mnvr.org/ballafaqime-politike-ne-shqiperi-1897-1942-kapitulli-ix/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ilir Ushtulenca (1997), Diplomacia e Mbretit Zogu I-rë (1912–1939), Shtëpia Botuese \"Ermir\", p. 45, OCLC 39444050, ...Beqir Valteri, student nga Mati...[Beqir Valteri, e student from Mat]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KJi4AAAAIAAJ&q=beqir+valteri","url_text":"Diplomacia e Mbretit Zogu I-rë (1912–1939)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39444050","url_text":"39444050"}]},{"reference":"Fan Noli (1968), Vepra të plota: Autobiografia, Rilindija, p. 91, OCLC 38785427","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8rFDAQAAIAAJ&q=king+zog++beqir+valteri","url_text":"Vepra të plota: Autobiografia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38785427","url_text":"38785427"}]},{"reference":"Blendi Fevziu (30 October 2012), Si e pushkatuan komunistët atentatorin e Ahmet Zogut [How the gunman who shot Ahmet Zogu was executed by the communists] (in Albanian), Gazeta MAPO, archived from the original on 2 February 2014, retrieved 26 January 2014, Më 23 Shkurt 1924, gati të gjithë ne deputetët, thuajse kishim zënë vendet tona për seancën e pasdites të Asamblesë. Mungonte vetëm Qeveria, pra edhe Kryeministri Ahmet Zogu. Unë rrija si gjithmonë pranë metropolitit Fan Noli, në bankën e radhës së parë pranë hyrjes. Më ra në sy se atë ditë, grupi i Partisë Demokratike prapa meje po rrinte çuditërisht i heshtur dhe i merakosur. Befas ushtuan dy krisma në shkallët e ndërtesës, që u pasuan nga një qetësi e ngrirë. Pastaj u hapën me vrull dyert e sallës dhe brenda hyri Ahmet Zogu me revolver në dorë. Ai ishte prerë në fytyrë, por ecte me shtatin drejt dhe pas disa çastesh e mori veten, madje buzëqeshi dhe vajti me çap të sigurt tek bangoja e qeverisë, ku u ul në një vend të caktuar për sekretarët...Ahmet Zogu që ishte paralajmëruar për atentatin 2 javë më parë arriti të mësonte se Valteri ishte i shtyrë nga kundërshtarët e tij. Kujtimet e shumë protagonistëve të kohës, shënojnë faktin që ai u takua edhe vetë kokë më kokë me atentatorin. Në fakt atentati i Zogut përflitej në çdo kafene të Tiranës dhe njerëzit e tij, vunë gishtin mbi Avni Rustemin si organizator.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202105806/http://mapo.al/2012/10/30/vjen-100-vjet-i-fevziut-si-e-pushkatuan-komunistet-atentatorin-e-ahmet-zogut/","url_text":"Si e pushkatuan komunistët atentatorin e Ahmet Zogut"},{"url":"http://mapo.al/2012/10/30/vjen-100-vjet-i-fevziut-si-e-pushkatuan-komunistet-atentatorin-e-ahmet-zogut/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Linda Mëniku, Héctor Campos (2011), Discovering Albanian I Textbook, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 60, ISBN 978-0299250843","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dxpS_k-QMd4C&q=ahmet+zogu+assassination+attempts&pg=PA60","url_text":"Discovering Albanian I Textbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299250843","url_text":"978-0299250843"}]},{"reference":"Michael Schmidt-Neke (1987), Entstehung und Ausbau der Königsdiktatur in Albanien (1912–1939), Regierungsbildungen, Herrschaftsweise und Machteliten in einem jungen Balkanstaat, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, p. 114, ISBN 978-3486543216","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vpIFsca3lKYC&q=beqir+valteri&pg=PA114","url_text":"Entstehung und Ausbau der Königsdiktatur in Albanien (1912–1939)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3486543216","url_text":"978-3486543216"}]},{"reference":"Dorothea Kiefer (1957), Untersuchungen zur Gegenwartskunde Südosteuropas, vol. 15–16, Oldenbourg, p. 358, ISBN 978-3486496017, ISSN 0566-2761, OCLC 1607360","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iY88AAAAIAAJ&q=beqir+valteri","url_text":"Untersuchungen zur Gegenwartskunde Südosteuropas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3486496017","url_text":"978-3486496017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0566-2761","url_text":"0566-2761"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1607360","url_text":"1607360"}]},{"reference":"Ilir Ushtelenca (1997). Diplomacia e Mbretit Zogu I-rë (1912–1939). Shtëpia Botuese \"Ermir\". pp. 219–220. OCLC 39444050.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KJi4AAAAIAAJ&q=qazim+mulleti","url_text":"Diplomacia e Mbretit Zogu I-rë (1912–1939)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39444050","url_text":"39444050"}]},{"reference":"Ben Andoni (21 May 2012), Qazim Mulleti – Antizogisti që u shërbeu fashistëve [Qazim Mulleti, the anti-Zogist who served the Fascists] (in Albanian), archived from the original on 1 January 2014, retrieved 31 December 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101072654/http://www.revistajava.al/dossier/2012521/qazim-mulleti-antizogisti-qe-u-sherbeu-fashisteve","url_text":"Qazim Mulleti – Antizogisti që u shërbeu fashistëve"},{"url":"http://www.revistajava.al/dossier/2012521/qazim-mulleti-antizogisti-qe-u-sherbeu-fashisteve","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fatos Veliu (8 September 2012). \"Tanush Mulleti: Qazimi ishte pjesëmarrës në atentatin kundër Zogut në Vjenë\" (in Albanian). Gazeta Shqiptare. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101233618/http://www.balkanweb.com/gazetav5/artikull.php?id=121221","url_text":"\"Tanush Mulleti: Qazimi ishte pjesëmarrës në atentatin kundër Zogut në Vjenë\""},{"url":"http://www.balkanweb.com/gazetav5/artikull.php?id=121221","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sejfi Vllamasi (2000), \"IX\", in Marenglen Verli (ed.), Ballafaqime politike në Shqipëri (1897–1942): kujtime dhe vlerësime historike, Shtëpia Botuese \"Neraida\", ISBN 9992771313, archived from the original on 20 February 2014, Me gjithë këto fakte, hetuesia më 28 prill 1931 vendosi për ndalim gjyqi dhe na liroi, kurse në muajin korrik, liroi me po atë mënyrë Angjelin Sumën dhe Qazim Mulletin. Por, ndërkohë, policia na dëboi nga Vjena, me kusht që të mos kemi të drejtë edhe një herë të hyjmë në Austri. Për atë arësye, qeveria e Vjenës, për t'i bërë një kompliment Italisë, vendosi ta bëjë gjyqin në një vend të vogël, ku populli ka qënë katolik fetar, pasues i Partisë Popullore; nga ana tjetër, për t'u bërë qejfin emigrantëve politikë, neve na liroi, me ndalim gjyqi, Gjyqi Ndok Gjeloshin e dënoi me tre vjet e gjysmë privim lirie dhe Azis Çamin me dy vjet e gjysmë.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejfi_Vllamasi","url_text":"Sejfi Vllamasi"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140220101107/http://www.mnvr.org/ballafaqime-politike-ne-shqiperi-1897-1942-kapitulli-ix/","url_text":"\"IX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9992771313","url_text":"9992771313"},{"url":"http://www.mnvr.org/ballafaqime-politike-ne-shqiperi-1897-1942-kapitulli-ix/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alexander De Grand (September 2007), \"The International History Review\", Intellectual History Review, 29 (3), Taylor & Francis, Ltd: 655–657, ISSN 1749-6985, JSTOR 40110895, OCLC 123562997","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-6985","url_text":"1749-6985"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40110895","url_text":"40110895"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123562997","url_text":"123562997"}]},{"reference":"Royal Claimants, Life, 24 June 1957, p. 98, retrieved 11 October 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IT8EAAAAMBAJ&q=king+zog+gold+took+money&pg=PA98","url_text":"Royal Claimants"}]},{"reference":"Douglas Saltmarshe (2001), Identity in a Post-Communist Balkan State: An Albanian Village Study, Ashgate Pub Ltd, p. 56, ISBN 978-0754617273, retrieved 13 October 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_9KFAAAAMAAJ&q=king+zog+gold+took+money","url_text":"Identity in a Post-Communist Balkan State: An Albanian Village Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754617273","url_text":"978-0754617273"}]},{"reference":"Ksenofon Krisafi (2008), Në kërkim të arit [In search of Gold] (in Albanian), Dita 2000, ISBN 978-9994357581, retrieved 11 October 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ylDAQAAIAAJ&q=mbreti+zog+franga+ar","url_text":"Në kërkim të arit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9994357581","url_text":"978-9994357581"}]},{"reference":"\"Fascist Soldiers Take over Tirana (...)\". The New York Times. New York City. 9 April 1939. p. 33. Retrieved 14 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1939/04/09/archives/fascist-soldiers-take-over-tirana-bersaglieri-on-motorcycles-are.html?sq=Fascist+Soldiers+Take+over+Tirana&scp=1&st=p","url_text":"\"Fascist Soldiers Take over Tirana (...)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"}]},{"reference":"\"The comments of King Zog\". The Montreal Gazette. 168 (87): 8. 12 April 1939 – via Google news.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&dat=19390412&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"The comments of King Zog\""}]},{"reference":"Bardakçı, Murat (2006). Son Osmanlılar – Osmanlı Hanedanının Sürgün ve Miras Öyküsü (in Turkish). Istanbul: Hürriyet. p. 24. ISBN 978-6257231206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6257231206","url_text":"978-6257231206"}]},{"reference":"\"Oldest Ottoman to come home at last\". The Independent. 22 October 2011. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/oldest-ottoman-to-come-home-at-last-1534796.html","url_text":"\"Oldest Ottoman to come home at last\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/oldest-ottoman-to-come-home-at-last-1534796.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Naçi collection\". AIM25, Archives in London and the M25 area. AIM25. January 2003. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. 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Eyre Methuen, Psychology Library Editions. 1972. p. 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Disenchantment (TV Series 2018– ), retrieved 26 March 2020 – via IMDb","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5363918/characters/nm0224007","url_text":"Disenchantment (TV Series 2018– )"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092580/","external_links_name":"Un ballo in maschera"},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG118033","external_links_name":"Zog I, King of Albania"},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers","external_links_name":"\"BEG\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-L4qAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/concise-history-of-albania/interwar-albania-the-rise-of-authoritarianism-19251939/5111DEDE9F2BCE551D621E4EEB09D6F2","external_links_name":"\"Interwar Albania: The Rise of Authoritarianism, 1925–1939\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139084611.009","external_links_name":"10.1017/9781139084611.009"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/93042885","external_links_name":"93042885"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3_Sh3y9IMZAC&q=Sh%C3%ABn+Naum&pg=PA248","external_links_name":"Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140110231300/http://www.yllpress.info/14392/mehdi-bej-frasheri-pse-ia-dhashe-shen-naumin-serbise-.html","external_links_name":"\"Mehdi Bej Frashëri: \"Pse ia dhashë Shën-Naumin Serbisë\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.yllpress.info/14392/mehdi-bej-frasheri-pse-ia-dhashe-shen-naumin-serbise-.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081203131358/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881789,00.html","external_links_name":"Swiss Laws, Greek Patriarch"},{"Link":"http://www.besathepromise.com/bios.html","external_links_name":"Besa: The Promise > Bios"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n489/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Inside Europe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC&q=Aziz+Cami+1931&pg=PA131","external_links_name":"The Albanians: a modern history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140220101107/http://www.mnvr.org/ballafaqime-politike-ne-shqiperi-1897-1942-kapitulli-ix/","external_links_name":"\"IX\""},{"Link":"http://www.mnvr.org/ballafaqime-politike-ne-shqiperi-1897-1942-kapitulli-ix/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KJi4AAAAIAAJ&q=beqir+valteri","external_links_name":"Diplomacia e Mbretit Zogu I-rë (1912–1939)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39444050","external_links_name":"39444050"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8rFDAQAAIAAJ&q=king+zog++beqir+valteri","external_links_name":"Vepra të plota: 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of King Zog and Marshall Tito\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20347253","external_links_name":"Remains of King Zog repatriated from France to Albania"},{"Link":"http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019449413_apeualbaniakingsremains.html","external_links_name":"Albania to bring home exiled king's remains"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203213022/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019449413_apeualbaniakingsremains.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://albanianroyalcourt.al/royal-orders-of-the-house-of-zogu/","external_links_name":"Royal Orders of the House of Zogu"},{"Link":"http://president.al/?p=3278","external_links_name":"Presidenti Nishani dekoron Naltmadhninë e Tij Zogun I, Mbretin e Shqiptarëve (Pas vdekjes) me \"Urdhrin e Flamurit 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data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/128420634","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007341683805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84214775","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/c9prt85w1xlfb36","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p268792178","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd128420634.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/079922163","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Robertson	Vivienne Robertson	["1 References","2 External links"]	New Zealand footballer Vivienne RobertsonPersonal informationFull name Vivienne RobertsonDate of birth (1955-06-18) 18 June 1955 (age 68)Place of birth New ZealandPosition(s) DefenderInternational career‡Years Team Apps (Gls)1989–1991 New Zealand 36 (8) ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 15 January 2009 Vivienne Robertson (born 18 June 1955) is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level. Robertson made her Football Ferns debut in a 2–1 loss to Australia on 4 October 1981 and ended her international career with 36 caps and 8 goals to her credit. Robertson was in the New Zealand squad for the Women's World Cup finals in China in 1991, but did not take the field at the finals tournament. References ^ "Football Ferns – Line-ups". The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website. Retrieved 20 February 2009. ^ "Caps 'n' Goals, New Zealand Women's national representatives". The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website. Retrieved 22 September 2008. ^ "FIFA Women's World Cup China PR 1991 – Team New Zealand". FIFA. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2009. External links Vivienne Robertson – FIFA competition record (archived) vteNew Zealand squad – 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup 1 King (c) 2 Parr 3 Chaney 4 Pedruco 5 Pullen 6 Taylor 7 Jacobson 8 Van de Elzen 9 Henderson 10 Baker 11 Crawford 12 Campbell 13 Nye 14 George 15 McCahill 16 Robertson 17 Warring 18 Smith Coach: Boardman This biographical article related to women's association football in New Zealand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Football Ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzflup-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-candg-2"},{"link_name":"Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wc1991nz-3"}],"text":"Vivienne Robertson (born 18 June 1955) is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.Robertson made her Football Ferns debut in a 2–1 loss to Australia on 4 October 1981[1] and ended her international career with 36 caps and 8 goals to her credit.[2]Robertson was in the New Zealand squad for the Women's World Cup finals in China in 1991, but did not take the field at the finals tournament.[3]","title":"Vivienne Robertson"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Football Ferns – Line-ups\". The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website. Retrieved 20 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id42.htm","url_text":"\"Football Ferns – Line-ups\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caps 'n' Goals, New Zealand Women's national representatives\". The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website. Retrieved 22 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id38.htm","url_text":"\"Caps 'n' Goals, New Zealand Women's national representatives\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIFA Women's World Cup China PR 1991 – Team New Zealand\". FIFA. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820010252/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=103/edition=3373/teams/team=1883725.html","url_text":"\"FIFA Women's World Cup China PR 1991 – Team New Zealand\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=103/edition=3373/teams/team=1883725.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id42.htm","external_links_name":"\"Football Ferns – Line-ups\""},{"Link":"http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id38.htm","external_links_name":"\"Caps 'n' Goals, New Zealand Women's national representatives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820010252/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=103/edition=3373/teams/team=1883725.html","external_links_name":"\"FIFA Women's World Cup China PR 1991 – Team New Zealand\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=103/edition=3373/teams/team=1883725.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=181249/index.html","external_links_name":"Vivienne Robertson"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivienne_Robertson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQMS	WQMS	["1 History","2 Translator","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 32°03′51″N 88°43′27″W / 32.06417°N 88.72417°W / 32.06417; -88.72417Radio station in Mississippi, United StatesWQMSQuitman, MississippiUnited StatesFrequency1500 kHzProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatSportsOwnershipOwnerAcme Broadcasting South, Inc.(Matadors, LLC)HistoryFirst air date1965Former call signsWBFN (1965-November 27, 2001)Call sign meaning"Quitman, MS"Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID54325ClassDPower1,000 watts (daytime only)Transmitter coordinates32°3′51″N 88°43′27″W / 32.06417°N 88.72417°W / 32.06417; -88.72417Translator(s)102.7 MHz W274CH (Meridian)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMS WQMS is an AM radio station licensed to Quitman, Mississippi. It operates with 1,000 watts during daytime hours only on 1500 kHz. As of July 12, 2019, the station is dark. History WQMS began in 1965 as WBFN. The station changed callsigns to WQMS on November 27, 2001. Translator WQMS is relayed on the FM band via translator W274CH, which transmits with 78 watts effective radiated power on 102.7 MHz. W274CH signed on on December 14, 2021. Broadcast translator for WQMS Call sign Frequency City of license FID ERP (W) HAAT Class Transmitter coordinates FCC info Notes W274CH 102.7 FM Meridian, Mississippi 202539 78 0 m (0 ft) D 32°19′33.7″N 88°41′12.8″W / 32.326028°N 88.686889°W / 32.326028; -88.686889 LMS Licensed to Matadors, LLC. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for WQMS". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ June 2, 2020 list of silent A.M. station from the Federal Communications Commission; retrieved June 3, 2020. External links WQMS in the FCC AM station database WQMS in Nielsen Audio's AM station database W274CH in the FCC FM station database W274CH at FCCdata.org vteSports Radio Stations in the state of MississippiStations: WAPF - McComb WFOR - Hattiesburg WJQS - Jackson WOEG - Hazlehurst WPMO - Pascagoula-Moss Point WRKN - Picayune WRKS - Pickens WQMS - Quitman WSSO - Starkville W274CH - Meridian See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Mississippi See also ESPN Radio Fox Sports Radio CBS Sports Radio NBC Sports Radio Sports Byline USA SportsMap Radio vteDaytime-only radio stations in MississippiStations WAPF - McComb WELZ - Belzoni WHJA - Laurel WIIN - Ridgeland WIZK - Bay Springs WKRA - Holly Springs WLRC - Walnut WMEJ - Bay St. Louis WQFX - Gulfport WQMS - Quitman WRPM - Poplarville WTYL - Tylertown WTWZ - Clinton WVGG - Lucedale WXTN - Benton Defunct WCSA - Ripley WEPA - Eupora WHLV - Hattiesburg WJNS - Yazoo City WKOR - Starkville WQMA - Marks WQST - Forest WSAO - Senatobia WSWG - Greenwood See also: Clear channel radio stations and Why AM Radio Stations Must Reduce Power, Change Operations, or Cease Operations at Night 32°03′51″N 88°43′27″W / 32.06417°N 88.72417°W / 32.06417; -88.72417 This article about a radio station in Mississippi is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Quitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitman,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Radio station in Mississippi, United StatesWQMS is an AM radio station licensed to Quitman, Mississippi. It operates with 1,000 watts during daytime hours only on 1500 kHz. As of July 12, 2019, the station is dark.[2]","title":"WQMS"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"WQMS began in 1965 as WBFN. The station changed callsigns to WQMS on November 27, 2001.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_band"}],"text":"WQMS is relayed on the FM band via translator W274CH, which transmits with 78 watts effective radiated power on 102.7 MHz. W274CH signed on on December 14, 2021.","title":"Translator"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WQMS\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=54325","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WQMS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WQMS&params=32_03_51_N_88_43_27_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"32°03′51″N 88°43′27″W / 32.06417°N 88.72417°W / 32.06417; -88.72417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WQMS&params=32_3_51_N_88_43_27_W_","external_links_name":"32°3′51″N 88°43′27″W / 32.06417°N 88.72417°W / 32.06417; -88.72417"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/am-profile/WQMS","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=54325","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WQMS&params=32_19_33.7_N_88_41_12.8_W_","external_links_name":"32°19′33.7″N 88°41′12.8″W / 32.326028°N 88.686889°W / 32.326028; -88.686889"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=202539","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=54325","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for WQMS\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/silent-am-list","external_links_name":"June 2, 2020 list of silent A.M. station from the Federal Communications Commission; retrieved June 3, 2020."},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WQMS","external_links_name":"WQMS"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WQMS","external_links_name":"WQMS"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=W274CH","external_links_name":"W274CH"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=W274CH&ccode=1&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&arn=&party=&lmspf=&lmspl=&party_type=LICEN&latd=&lond=&lang=en","external_links_name":"W274CH"},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/bickel/daytime.html","external_links_name":"Why AM Radio Stations Must Reduce Power, Change Operations, or Cease Operations at Night"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WQMS&params=32_03_51_N_88_43_27_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"32°03′51″N 88°43′27″W / 32.06417°N 88.72417°W / 32.06417; -88.72417"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WQMS&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Class_Afro_4000	South African Class Afro 4000	["1 Manufacturers","2 Swifambo Rail Leasing","3 Features","4 Service","5 Loading gauge controversy","5.1 Construction","5.2 Height constraint tests","5.3 Post-delivery testing","5.4 Contract collusion","6 Works numbers","7 Livery","8 References"]	Type of diesel-electric locomotive South African Class Afro 4000No. 4007 at Beaufort West, 15 September 2015Type and originPower typeDiesel-electricDesignerVossloh EspañaBuilderVossloh EspañaSerial number2781-2800ModelAfro 4000Build date2014-2015Total produced20SpecificationsConfiguration: • AARC-C • UICCo'Co' • CommonwealthCo-CoGauge3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gaugeWheel diameter1,067 mm (42.01 in) new991 mm (39.02 in) wornMinimum curve90 m (295.28 ft)Wheelbase: • Bogie3,600 mm (11 ft 9+3⁄4 in)Pivot centres14,600 mm (47 ft 10+3⁄4 in)Length: • Over couplers23,020 mm (75 ft 6+1⁄4 in) • Over beams22,800 mm (74 ft 9+5⁄8 in)Width2,850 mm (9 ft 4+1⁄4 in)Height4,140 mm (13 ft 7 in)Axle load20.5 t (20.2 long tons; 22.6 short tons) ± 2%Loco weight123 t (121 long tons; 136 short tons) ± 3%Fuel typeDieselFuel capacity6,693 litres (1,472 imp gal; 1,768 US gal)Lubricant cap.1,300 litres (290 imp gal; 340 US gal)Coolant cap.1,500 litres (330 imp gal; 400 US gal)Sandbox cap.480 litres (110 imp gal) in 8 sandboxesPower supplyMarathon 64V/L2V-420Ah batteryPrime moverGM-EMD 6-710G3B-T2RPM range200-904 • RPM low idle200 • Maximum RPM904Engine type2-stroke dieselAlternatorCA6 3 phase ACV 10 pole215 V between phases at 904 rpm120 Hz at 900 rpmGeneratorMain: AR20 V DCMax output current 8100 AMax output voltage 1465 V DCAuxiliary: Brushless typeOutput 74 V DCContinuous power 25 kW (34 hp)Traction motorsSix type D43-TR DC • Continuous950ACylinders16 V (45°)Cylinder size230.2 by 279 mm (9.06 by 10.98 in)Gear ratio67:18Loco brakeElectro-pneumatic, DynamicAir tank cap.800 litres (180 imp gal; 210 US gal)CompressorKnorr-Bremse - Max effort 91 kilonewtons (20,000 lbf)ExhausterGardner Denver WLSA9F - 117 cu ft/min (3.3 m3/min) ICFM @ 1050 rpm & 140 psi (9.7 bar; 970 kPa)Safety systemsOverspeed: Traction power cutout at 132 km/h (82 mph), emergency brake application at 136 km/h (85 mph)CouplersAAR knucklePerformance figuresMaximum speed130 km/h (81 mph)Power output3,178 kW (4,262 hp)Brakeforce1,500 kW (2,000 hp)Dynamic brake peak effort141 kilonewtons (32,000 lbf) @ 41 km/h (25 mph)50 kilonewtons (11,000 lbf) @ 120 km/h (75 mph)CareerOperatorsPRASAClassAfro 4000Number in class20Numbers4001-4020Delivered2014-2015First run2014 The Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa Class Afro 4000 of 2014 is a South African diesel-electric locomotive. In late November 2014, the first of an intended twenty new Class Afro 4000 diesel-electric locomotives for the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA) came ashore in Table Bay Harbour. The locomotive, the first new engine to be acquired by PRASA since its establishment, was officially unveiled at Cape Town Station on 1 December 2014. Manufacturers The South African Class Afro 4000 is a 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge version of the Euro 4000 which has been built since 2007 by Vossloh Rail Vehicles of Albuixech, Valencia for European 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge and 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) Iberian gauge railways. A number is also in use by Israel Railways. Swifambo Rail Leasing The intended twenty Afro 4000 diesel-electric locomotives, to be followed by fifty Vossloh-built AfroDual electro-diesel locomotives, were acquired by Swifambo Rail Leasing, a Black Economic Empowerment rolling stock company, and would be operated by PRASA on lease. Features The locomotive has a Co-Co axle configuration, two-cab design, DC main and auxiliary generators and an AC auxiliary alternator, with six DC traction motors. While the majority of South African mainline electric locomotives to date have been dual-cab units, the two-cab design is a new feature on South African mainline diesel-electric locomotives. It allows travel in both directions without the requirement for turning facilities at terminals. As a result of the narrow Cape Gauge, there was insufficient space on the axles to accommodate disk brakes. The locomotive is therefore equipped with the older design tread brakes. In addition, the locomotive's brake system was modified so that the driver can isolate the locomotive brakes from the train brakes in situations where it is not necessary to activate the whole train's brakes. Works plate on no. 4012 The locomotive is equipped with a state-of-the-art communications system and Global Positioning System (GPS) to permit the railway to keep track of each train at all times. A Groupe Spécial Mobile (Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM) data transmission system ensures that any maintenance and repair work required is immediately relayed to the maintenance depots, thereby minimising downtime. Minimum maintenance and repair costs are made possible by a modular design which permits easy assembly, disassembly and complete module replacements with easy access to components. The locomotive provides optimum driving conditions with a spacious cab which offers the driver unobstructed external vision. The cab is separately air-conditioned to assure agreeable conditions for the driver and features fire-protection. The windscreen is shock-resistant to further enhance the driver's safety and also ensures minimum noise levels in the cab. An integrated crash system ensures that both the driver and the locomotive are protected in the event of a collision. Like many contemporary European locomotives which only require one crew member driving from a central position, the Afro 4000 was originally designed with only one centrally positioned seat. As a result of trade union pressure, another seat had to be added at a late stage which resulted in a cab design which has both seats occupying not much more than half of the cab area. Service The Class Afro 4000 was the first new locomotive type to be acquired for PRASA since its establishment on 23 December 2008. It was officially unveiled at Cape Town Station on 1 December 2014. To date PRASA had been using electric and diesel-electric locomotives which had first entered service in the 1970s during the South African Railways era, and a number of Class 18E electric locomotives which had been rebuilt from older Class 6E1 units. Following testing, the first of the new locomotives entered trial service in April 2015, pending clearance for operational use by the Railway Safety Regulator. It was intended to employ ten of the Afro 4000 locomotives on commuter runs in the Eastern Cape working out of Port Elizabeth and East London, where PRASA had been dependent on diesel-electric locomotives hired from Transnet Freight Rail. The rest, along with the AfroDual electro-diesel locomotives, would be employed on six Shosholoza Meyl intercity passenger routes throughout the country. The new locomotive fleet was intended to help resurrect PRASA's mainline passenger services which had been steadily declining over several years as a result of poor management and infrastructure theft, which led to late departures and arrivals, trains cancelled without notice, breakdowns which left passengers stranded, poor rolling stock maintenance, lax and indifferent onboard service and torched trains. PRASA's decline has seen the total volumes carried by Shosholoza Meyl mainline passenger services drop from three million annually in 2009/10 to less than one million in 2014, while the number of trains operated was halved from 6,000 to 3,000 annually. Eight scheduled mainline train routes were discontinued by PRASA in the same week that the first Afro 4000 locomotive was unveiled, while another four mainline train routes were curtailed by discontinuing trains on certain weekdays. Some of these trains were reintroduced in April 2015. Loading gauge controversy Construction The Euro 4000 locomotive was designed to operate throughout Europe and is 4,264 millimetres (13 feet 11+7⁄8 inches) high above the railhead. During the tendering and negotiating process, PRASA submitted a loading gauge specification which called for a maximum height of 4,140 millimetres (13 feet 7 inches). Since the latter height was feasible by only modifying the detachable roof structures and some components without affecting the carbody structure or requiring major modifications, Vossloh España proceeded with the locomotive design once the contract was signed. The Transnet Freight Rail loading gauge specification which had been submitted during the tender phase when only the Euro Dual electro-diesel locomotive was being considered in the scope of the contract, was one which made special allowance for the pantographs on electric locomotives to exceed the actual maximum height of 3,965 millimetres (13 feet 1⁄8 inch). The loading gauge specification for diesel-electric locomotives and other rail vehicles, specifying a maximum height of 3,965 millimetres (13 feet 1⁄8 inch) above the railhead, was submitted to the manufacturer in October 2013 after the locomotive design was completed. The two loading gauge versions are identical in respect of roof profile and height, and differ only in respect of the special provision for the pantographs on electric locomotives to exceed the prescribed maximum height. Since reducing the locomotive height to 3,965 millimetres (13 feet 1⁄8 inch) would require a complete re-design of the vehicle equipment and the carbody structure and since the Afro 4000 locomotive, as already designed, would fit into the first submitted loading gauge for electric locomotive pantographs, PRASA accepted the locomotive design at the 4,140 millimetres (13 feet 7 inches) height. Height constraint tests In January and February 2014, PRASA conducted height verification at bridges with notable height constraints at Jeppe, Denver, Driehoek and New Era, towing Class 7E2 no. E7201 which is 4,190 millimetres (13 feet 9 inches) high with pantographs down and with a carbody height of 3,942 millimetres (12 feet 11+1⁄4 inches). Of these locations, the lowest measured height of the contact wire above the railhead was 4,150 millimetres (13 feet 7+3⁄8 inches) at Denver. The pantographs in the housed (lowered) position began to foul and lift the contact wire approximately 10 metres (32 feet 9+3⁄4 inches) from the bridges and at Denver and New Era stretched the cross spans. Similar tests were carried out between Beaufort West and Cape Town towing Class 7E no. E7058, which is 4,200 millimetres (13 feet 9+3⁄8 inches) high with pantographs down and with a carbody height of 3,942 millimetres (12 feet 11+1⁄4 inches). The resulting report concluded that the Afro 4000's loading gauge does not fit in the South African infrastructure clearance envelope. While the PRASA rolling stock, the Class 7E and 7E2 locomotives which were used during the tests, also do not comply with the structure gauge clearance under the bridge, there was no direct contact of the carbody with the overhead contact wire since the pantographs are insulated from the roof. The Afro 4000, however, has a minimum calculated roof clearance of only 10 millimetres (3⁄8 inch), which poses an operational electrical risk. Since it does not fit the designed earth clearances at bridges and tunnels and the height of the locomotive encroaches too close to the contact wire, the risk to the driver and the locomotive is high. One of the recommendations was that delivery of the Afro 4000 should be delayed, pending a suggested design review. Post-delivery testing In spite of the recommendations, the first locomotive was delivered in November 2014. On 13 July 2015, with thirteen locomotives already delivered and following a press report about the excessive height of the Afro 4000 locomotive, PRASA Chief Executive Officer Lucky Montana denied that the locomotive's height was excessive and insisted that PRASA had followed a strict design review process. Two days later, on 15 July, Montana was dismissed, followed on 17 July by the suspension of chief engineer and "designer" of the locomotive "Doctor" Daniel Mthimkhulu on account of his fictitious academic qualifications. No. 4010, derailed at Modderrivier on 19 August 2015 On 19 August 2015, during the locomotive's trial period pending clearance for operational use by the Railway Safety Regulator, one of the locomotives was involved in a passenger train derailment at Modderrivier south of Kimberley. The integrated crash system was severely put to the test during the derailment, since the locomotive struck a catenary mast while toppling over and suffered extreme damage to the cab which resulted in serious injury to the driver's assistant. Contract collusion With only thirteen of the twenty locomotives delivered, PRASA chairman Popo Molefe approached the High Court in Johannesburg in November 2015 in an attempt to have the R4,800,000,000 locomotive contract with Vossloh España cancelled on the grounds of blatant collusion during the tender process. In an affidavit, Molefe laid out details of how the tender was allegedly rigged and specifically designed to favour Swifambo Rail Leasing, a front company owned by Black Economic Empowerment beneficiary Auswell Mashaba which was allegedly formed specifically for the "joint venture" transaction with Vossloh España. On 2 July 2017 the High Court in Johannesburg struck down the contract, finding that the tender was rigged to favour Swifambo Rail Leasing who used its Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment rating to front for the Spanish manufacturer. With R2,600,000,000 already paid by Prasa to Swifambo for only thirteen unusable locomotives delivered, the process to recoup the money has yet to begin. Works numbers The locomotive unit numbers, works numbers and years of construction are listed in the table. Class Afro 4000 Loco no. Worksno. Year 4001 2781 2014 4002 2782 2014 4003 2783 2014 4004 2784 2015 4005 2785 2015 4006 2786 2015 4007 2787 2015 4008 2788 2015 4009 2789 2015 4010 2790 2015 (Wrecked 2015) 4011 2791 2015 4012 2792 2015 4013 2793 2015 4014 2794 2015 (Never delivered) 4015 2795 2015 (Never delivered) 4016 2796 2015 (Never delivered) 4017 2797 2015 (Never delivered) 4018 2798 2015 (Never delivered) 4019 2799 2015 (Never delivered) 4020 2800 2015 (Never delivered) Livery The Class Afro 4000 locomotives were delivered in the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa's blue livery. No. 4011, right side, Table Bay Yard, 2 April 2015 No. 4001, left side, Bloemfontein, 18 September 2015 No. 4012, no. 1 end, Table Bay Yard, 2 April 2015 No. 4010, no. 2 end, Table Bay Yard, 2 April 2015 References Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Class Afro 4000. ^ a b c d SA gets high powered locomotives - fin24, 1 December 2014 (Accessed 30 April 2015) ^ Vossloh Rail Vehicles Press Release, 10 October 2013 - Vossloh gains large order in South Africa Archived 26 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed 30 April 2015) ^ a b c d Railways Africa, 2 Dec 2014 - New PRASA Locos Arrive (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ a b c d Vossloh Rail Vehicles - The Euro 4000 (Accessed 30 April 2015) ^ "Vossloh Extends Israel Contract by €30 Million". El País (in Spanish). 10 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012. ^ Swifambo Holdings - Our Company's History Archived 8 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ PRASA Data Sheet on the Afro 4000 ^ Facebook Group Railways of the World - Comment by Jade Wilson (Accessed 7 July 2015) ^ SAR-L YahooGroup message 49144 of 18 May 2015 (Access date 20 May 2015) ^ Railways Africa, 21 Jan 2015 - Kiss For A Lady From Spain (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ Railways Africa, 9 Dec 2014 - SA Intercity Trains Cut Archived 10 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ Railways Africa, 9 Dec 2014 - PRASA Today. Well, Last Month… (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ Railways Africa, 27 Jan 2015 - Electric Train Running on Empty (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ Railways Africa, 17 Mar 2015 - Shosholoza Meyl JBG-CT (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ Railways Africa, 21 Oct 2014 - Disquieting MLPS Figures at PRASA’S AGM (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ Railways Africa, 9 Dec 2014 - PRASA "Profit" Questioned (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ PRASA Media Release, 27 November 2014 - Mainline Passenger Services Cancels Some Train Routes (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ Railways Africa, 7 Apr 2015 - Intercity Services Restored (Accessed 1 May 2015) ^ a b c Document: Vossloh Euro 4000 Locomotives/Swifambo Holdings Document: 20131113 PRASA E4000 Height Issue v2(1) - Locomotive Height: Euro 4000 Diesel Locomotive, 13 November 2013 ^ a b c d e f Só wou Prasa treine krimp - Rapport, Sondag 12 Julie 2015. ^ a b c d e f Prasa, Transnet had concerns over locomotive height - documents (Accessed 14 July 2015) ^ a b PRASA Report: Engineering Report Electrification Infrastructure - Bridge Height Constrained Clearances Verification Using a 7E Class Locomotive, 18 February 2014 ^ IOL News - Prasa unveils new modern locomotive. 2 December 2014 (Accessed 8 July 2015) ^ BusinessTech - Prasa CEO: Top engineer targeted because he is black. 6 July 2015 (Accessed 7 July 2015) ^ AFRO 4000 - Prasa sweer hoog en laag by loko's - Die Burger, Dinsdag 14 Julie 2015, p.2. ^ fin24 - Prasa CEO dismissal: Rapport editor reacts. 16 July 2015 (Accessed 16 July 2015) ^ fin24 - Prasa head engineer suspended. 17 July 2015 (Accessed 18 July 2015) ^ Netwerk24, 19 August 2015 - Kyk: Wiele, kabels afgeruk toe nuwe lokomotief, treinwaens ontspoor (Accessed 18 January 2016) ^ Netwerk24, 19 August 2015 - Nuwe Prasa-lokomotief, passasierstrein ontspoor in Noord-Kaap (Accessed 18 January 2016) ^ News24, 19 August 2015 - Construction, lack of communication likely caused derailment - Prasa (Accessed 18 January 2016) ^ Jika, Thanduxolo (29 November 2015). "Take back your trains: Prasa seeks refund in dodgy tender debacle". Sunday Times. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ Netwerk24 – ‘Dé, kom haal jul treine’. Netwerk24, 3 July 2017 (Accessed on 6 August 2017) ^ – Swifambo Rail Leasing ordered to pay back R2.5BN to Prasa. Eyewitness News, 3 July 2017 (Accessed on 6 August 2017) vte Locomotives of South AfricaSteam7' ¼" gauge East London 0-4-0VB Table Bay 0-4-0ST Table Bay 0-4-0T Table Bay 0-4-0WT Standard gauge Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance Cape gaugeTank engines CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST CGR 0-6-0T CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack 4-6-4RT CSAR Railmotor Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Railmotor SAR Dock 0-4-0ST SAR Dock 0-4-0T SWA 2-8-0T Cape gaugeTender engines CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 BP CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 Joy CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C 1st SAR Class 14C 2nd SAR Class 14C 3rd SAR Class 14C 4th SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA 1928 SAR Class 16DA 1930 SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 SAR Katanga SWA 2-8-0 Cape gaugeArticulatedengines CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U 2' 6" gauge Cape Copper John King & Miner Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Namaqua Copper Pioneer Walvis Bay 2-4-2T Hope 2' & 600mmgauges ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-4-0T CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR Dutton SAR NG 0-4-0T SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16 SWA Class Ha SWA Class Hb SWA Class Hc SWA Class Hd SWA Jung SWA Zwillinge Electric Amcoal Class E38 SAR Class ES SAR Class ES1 SAR Class Exp-AC SAR Class 1E SAR Class 2E SAR Class 3E SAR Class 4E SAR Class 5E s1 SAR Class 5E s2 SAR Class 5E s3 SAR Class 5E1 s1 SAR Class 5E1 s2 SAR Class 5E1 s3 SAR Class 5E1 s4 SAR Class 5E1 s5 SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6E1 s1 SAR Class 6E1 s2 SAR Class 6E1 s3 SAR Class 6E1 s4 SAR Class 6E1 s5 SAR Class 6E1 s6 SAR Class 6E1 s7 SAR Class 6E1 s8 SAR Class 6E1 s9 SAR Class 6E1 s10 SAR Class 6E1 s11 SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7E1 SAR Class 7E2 s1 SAR Class 7E2 s2 SAR Class 7E3 s1 SAR Class 7E3 s2 Spoornet Class 7E4 SAR Class 8E SAR Class 9E s1 SAR Class 9E s2 SAR Class 10E SAR Class 10E1 s1 Spoornet Class 10E1 s2 SAR Class 10E2 SAR Class 11E SAR Class 12E Spoornet Class 14E Spoornet Class 14E1 TFR Class 15E Spoornet Class 16E Spoornet Class 17E Spoornet Class 18E s1 TFR Class 18E s2 TFR Class 19E TFR Class 20E TFR Class 21E TFR Class 22E TFR Class 23E Gas-electric SAR Gas-electric DieselCape gaugeDiesel-electric PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 TFR Class 35-800 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000 TFR Class 45-000 2' gaugeDiesel-electric SAR Class 91-000 Cape gaugeDiesel-hydraulic SAR Class 61-000 Cape gaugeElectro-diesel Spoornet Class 38-000 List of South African locomotive classes South African locomotive numbering and classification	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_Rail_Agency_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fin24-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vossloh-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA2Dec14-3"}],"text":"The Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa Class Afro 4000 of 2014 is a South African diesel-electric locomotive.In late November 2014, the first of an intended twenty new Class Afro 4000 diesel-electric locomotives for the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA) came ashore in Table Bay Harbour. The locomotive, the first new engine to be acquired by PRASA since its establishment, was officially unveiled at Cape Town Station on 1 December 2014.[1][2][3]","title":"South African Class Afro 4000"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_gauge"},{"link_name":"Euro 4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vossloh_Euro"},{"link_name":"Albuixech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuixech"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Iberian gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_gauge"},{"link_name":"Israel Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Railways"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro_4000-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais12-5"}],"text":"The South African Class Afro 4000 is a 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge version of the Euro 4000 which has been built since 2007 by Vossloh Rail Vehicles of Albuixech, Valencia for European 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge and 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) Iberian gauge railways. A number is also in use by Israel Railways.[4][5]","title":"Manufacturers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Economic Empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment"},{"link_name":"rolling stock company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stock_company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA2Dec14-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swifambo-6"}],"text":"The intended twenty Afro 4000 diesel-electric locomotives, to be followed by fifty Vossloh-built AfroDual electro-diesel locomotives, were acquired by Swifambo Rail Leasing, a Black Economic Empowerment rolling stock company, and would be operated by PRASA on lease.[3][6]","title":"Swifambo Rail Leasing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Co-Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-Co_locomotives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fin24-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA2Dec14-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro_4000-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datasheet-7"},{"link_name":"Cape Gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Gauge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JadeWilson-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Class_Afro4000_4012_BP.jpg"},{"link_name":"Global Positioning System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"Groupe Spécial Mobile (Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fin24-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA2Dec14-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro_4000-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro_4000-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley-9"}],"text":"The locomotive has a Co-Co axle configuration, two-cab design, DC main and auxiliary generators and an AC auxiliary alternator, with six DC traction motors. While the majority of South African mainline electric locomotives to date have been dual-cab units, the two-cab design is a new feature on South African mainline diesel-electric locomotives. It allows travel in both directions without the requirement for turning facilities at terminals.[1][3][4][7]As a result of the narrow Cape Gauge, there was insufficient space on the axles to accommodate disk brakes. The locomotive is therefore equipped with the older design tread brakes. In addition, the locomotive's brake system was modified so that the driver can isolate the locomotive brakes from the train brakes in situations where it is not necessary to activate the whole train's brakes.[8]Works plate on no. 4012The locomotive is equipped with a state-of-the-art communications system and Global Positioning System (GPS) to permit the railway to keep track of each train at all times. A Groupe Spécial Mobile (Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM) data transmission system ensures that any maintenance and repair work required is immediately relayed to the maintenance depots, thereby minimising downtime. Minimum maintenance and repair costs are made possible by a modular design which permits easy assembly, disassembly and complete module replacements with easy access to components.[1][3][4]The locomotive provides optimum driving conditions with a spacious cab which offers the driver unobstructed external vision. The cab is separately air-conditioned to assure agreeable conditions for the driver and features fire-protection. The windscreen is shock-resistant to further enhance the driver's safety and also ensures minimum noise levels in the cab. An integrated crash system ensures that both the driver and the locomotive are protected in the event of a collision.[4]Like many contemporary European locomotives which only require one crew member driving from a central position, the Afro 4000 was originally designed with only one centrally positioned seat. As a result of trade union pressure, another seat had to be added at a late stage which resulted in a cab design which has both seats occupying not much more than half of the cab area.[9]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Class 18E electric locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Class_18E,_Series_1"},{"link_name":"Class 6E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Class_6E1,_Series_5"},{"link_name":"Railway Safety Regulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Safety_Regulator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fin24-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA21Jan15-10"},{"link_name":"Transnet Freight Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnet_Freight_Rail"},{"link_name":"Shosholoza Meyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shosholoza_Meyl"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA9Dec14c-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA9Dec14a-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA27Jan15-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA17Mar15-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA21Oct14-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA9Dec14b-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasa2014-11-27-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RA7Apr15-18"}],"text":"The Class Afro 4000 was the first new locomotive type to be acquired for PRASA since its establishment on 23 December 2008. It was officially unveiled at Cape Town Station on 1 December 2014. To date PRASA had been using electric and diesel-electric locomotives which had first entered service in the 1970s during the South African Railways era, and a number of Class 18E electric locomotives which had been rebuilt from older Class 6E1 units. Following testing, the first of the new locomotives entered trial service in April 2015, pending clearance for operational use by the Railway Safety Regulator.[1][10]It was intended to employ ten of the Afro 4000 locomotives on commuter runs in the Eastern Cape working out of Port Elizabeth and East London, where PRASA had been dependent on diesel-electric locomotives hired from Transnet Freight Rail. The rest, along with the AfroDual electro-diesel locomotives, would be employed on six Shosholoza Meyl intercity passenger routes throughout the country. The new locomotive fleet was intended to help resurrect PRASA's mainline passenger services which had been steadily declining over several years as a result of poor management and infrastructure theft, which led to late departures and arrivals, trains cancelled without notice, breakdowns which left passengers stranded, poor rolling stock maintenance, lax and indifferent onboard service and torched trains.[11][12][13][14]PRASA's decline has seen the total volumes carried by Shosholoza Meyl mainline passenger services drop from three million annually in 2009/10 to less than one million in 2014, while the number of trains operated was halved from 6,000 to 3,000 annually. Eight scheduled mainline train routes were discontinued by PRASA in the same week that the first Afro 4000 locomotive was unveiled, while another four mainline train routes were curtailed by discontinuing trains on certain weekdays. Some of these trains were reintroduced in April 2015.[15][16][17][18]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Loading gauge controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loading gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_gauge"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Height-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapport-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News24-21"},{"link_name":"electro-diesel locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"pantographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Height-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapport-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News24-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Height-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapport-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News24-21"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"The Euro 4000 locomotive was designed to operate throughout Europe and is 4,264 millimetres (13 feet 11+7⁄8 inches) high above the railhead. During the tendering and negotiating process, PRASA submitted a loading gauge specification which called for a maximum height of 4,140 millimetres (13 feet 7 inches). Since the latter height was feasible by only modifying the detachable roof structures and some components without affecting the carbody structure or requiring major modifications, Vossloh España proceeded with the locomotive design once the contract was signed.[19][20][21]The Transnet Freight Rail loading gauge specification which had been submitted during the tender phase when only the Euro Dual electro-diesel locomotive was being considered in the scope of the contract, was one which made special allowance for the pantographs on electric locomotives to exceed the actual maximum height of 3,965 millimetres (13 feet 1⁄8 inch). The loading gauge specification for diesel-electric locomotives and other rail vehicles, specifying a maximum height of 3,965 millimetres (13 feet 1⁄8 inch) above the railhead, was submitted to the manufacturer in October 2013 after the locomotive design was completed. The two loading gauge versions are identical in respect of roof profile and height, and differ only in respect of the special provision for the pantographs on electric locomotives to exceed the prescribed maximum height.[19][20][21]Since reducing the locomotive height to 3,965 millimetres (13 feet 1⁄8 inch) would require a complete re-design of the vehicle equipment and the carbody structure and since the Afro 4000 locomotive, as already designed, would fit into the first submitted loading gauge for electric locomotive pantographs, PRASA accepted the locomotive design at the 4,140 millimetres (13 feet 7 inches) height.[19][20][21]","title":"Loading gauge controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Class 7E2 no. E7201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Class_7E2,_Series_2"},{"link_name":"contact wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_line"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapport-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News24-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridges-22"},{"link_name":"Beaufort West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_West"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Class 7E no. E7058","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Class_7E"},{"link_name":"loading gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_gauge"},{"link_name":"infrastructure clearance envelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_gauge"},{"link_name":"structure gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_gauge"},{"link_name":"clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_tolerance"},{"link_name":"earth clearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthing_system"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapport-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News24-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridges-22"}],"sub_title":"Height constraint tests","text":"In January and February 2014, PRASA conducted height verification at bridges with notable height constraints at Jeppe, Denver, Driehoek and New Era, towing Class 7E2 no. E7201 which is 4,190 millimetres (13 feet 9 inches) high with pantographs down and with a carbody height of 3,942 millimetres (12 feet 11+1⁄4 inches). Of these locations, the lowest measured height of the contact wire above the railhead was 4,150 millimetres (13 feet 7+3⁄8 inches) at Denver. The pantographs in the housed (lowered) position began to foul and lift the contact wire approximately 10 metres (32 feet 9+3⁄4 inches) from the bridges and at Denver and New Era stretched the cross spans.[20][21][22]Similar tests were carried out between Beaufort West and Cape Town towing Class 7E no. E7058, which is 4,200 millimetres (13 feet 9+3⁄8 inches) high with pantographs down and with a carbody height of 3,942 millimetres (12 feet 11+1⁄4 inches).The resulting report concluded that the Afro 4000's loading gauge does not fit in the South African infrastructure clearance envelope. While the PRASA rolling stock, the Class 7E and 7E2 locomotives which were used during the tests, also do not comply with the structure gauge clearance under the bridge, there was no direct contact of the carbody with the overhead contact wire since the pantographs are insulated from the roof. The Afro 4000, however, has a minimum calculated roof clearance of only 10 millimetres (3⁄8 inch), which poses an operational electrical risk. Since it does not fit the designed earth clearances at bridges and tunnels and the height of the locomotive encroaches too close to the contact wire, the risk to the driver and the locomotive is high. One of the recommendations was that delivery of the Afro 4000 should be delayed, pending a suggested design review.[20][21][22]","title":"Loading gauge controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucky Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Montana"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapport-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News24-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mtimkulu-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Business-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burger-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montana-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mthimkhulu-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Class_Afro4000_4010_b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Modderrivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modder_River,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Modder1-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Modder2-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Modder3-30"}],"sub_title":"Post-delivery testing","text":"In spite of the recommendations, the first locomotive was delivered in November 2014. On 13 July 2015, with thirteen locomotives already delivered and following a press report about the excessive height of the Afro 4000 locomotive, PRASA Chief Executive Officer Lucky Montana denied that the locomotive's height was excessive and insisted that PRASA had followed a strict design review process. Two days later, on 15 July, Montana was dismissed, followed on 17 July by the suspension of chief engineer and \"designer\" of the locomotive \"Doctor\" Daniel Mthimkhulu on account of his fictitious academic qualifications.[20][21][23][24][25][26][27]No. 4010, derailed at Modderrivier on 19 August 2015On 19 August 2015, during the locomotive's trial period pending clearance for operational use by the Railway Safety Regulator, one of the locomotives was involved in a passenger train derailment at Modderrivier south of Kimberley. The integrated crash system was severely put to the test during the derailment, since the locomotive struck a catenary mast while toppling over and suffered extreme damage to the cab which resulted in serious injury to the driver's assistant.[28][29][30]","title":"Loading gauge controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popo Molefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popo_Molefe"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Swifambo Rail Leasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swifambo_Rail_Leasing"},{"link_name":"Black Economic Empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Netwerk24-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWN-33"}],"sub_title":"Contract collusion","text":"With only thirteen of the twenty locomotives delivered, PRASA chairman Popo Molefe approached the High Court in Johannesburg in November 2015 in an attempt to have the R4,800,000,000 locomotive contract with Vossloh España cancelled on the grounds of blatant collusion during the tender process. In an affidavit, Molefe laid out details of how the tender was allegedly rigged and specifically designed to favour Swifambo Rail Leasing, a front company owned by Black Economic Empowerment beneficiary Auswell Mashaba which was allegedly formed specifically for the \"joint venture\" transaction with Vossloh España.[31]On 2 July 2017 the High Court in Johannesburg struck down the contract, finding that the tender was rigged to favour Swifambo Rail Leasing who used its Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment rating to front for the Spanish manufacturer. With R2,600,000,000 already paid by Prasa to Swifambo for only thirteen unusable locomotives delivered, the process to recoup the money has yet to begin.[32][33]","title":"Loading gauge controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The locomotive unit numbers, works numbers and years of construction are listed in the table.","title":"Works numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_Rail_Agency_of_South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Class_Afro4000_4011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Class_Afro4000_4001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Class_Afro4000_4012.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Class_Afro4000_4010.jpg"}],"text":"The Class Afro 4000 locomotives were delivered in the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa's blue livery.No. 4011, right side, Table Bay Yard, 2 April 2015\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNo. 4001, left side, Bloemfontein, 18 September 2015\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNo. 4012, no. 1 end, Table Bay Yard, 2 April 2015\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNo. 4010, no. 2 end, Table Bay Yard, 2 April 2015","title":"Livery"}]	[{"image_text":"Works plate on no. 4012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Class_Afro4000_4012_BP.jpg/160px-Class_Afro4000_4012_BP.jpg"},{"image_text":"No. 4010, derailed at Modderrivier on 19 August 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Class_Afro4000_4010_b.jpg/300px-Class_Afro4000_4010_b.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Vossloh Extends Israel Contract by €30 Million\". El País (in Spanish). 10 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/09/10/valencia/1347269864_848844.html","url_text":"\"Vossloh Extends Israel Contract by €30 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"Jika, Thanduxolo (29 November 2015). \"Take back your trains: Prasa seeks refund in dodgy tender debacle\". Sunday Times. Retrieved 8 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/stnews/2015/11/29/Take-back-your-trains-Prasa-seeks-refund-in-dodgy-tender-debacle","url_text":"\"Take back your trains: Prasa seeks refund in dodgy tender debacle\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.fin24.com/Economy/SA-gets-high-powered-locomotives-20141201","external_links_name":"SA gets high powered locomotives - fin24, 1 December 2014"},{"Link":"http://www.vossloh-rail-vehicles.com/en/press/press_releases/press_release_details_2652.html","external_links_name":"Vossloh Rail Vehicles Press Release, 10 October 2013 - Vossloh gains large order in South Africa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160126173827/http://www.vossloh-rail-vehicles.com/en/press/press_releases/press_release_details_2652.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2014/12/02/new-prasa-locos-arrive/","external_links_name":"Railways Africa, 2 Dec 2014 - New PRASA Locos Arrive"},{"Link":"http://www.vossloh-rail-vehicles.com/en/products_1/locomotives/diesel_electric_locomotives_1/euro4000_1/euro4000_3.html","external_links_name":"Vossloh Rail Vehicles - The Euro 4000"},{"Link":"http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/09/10/valencia/1347269864_848844.html","external_links_name":"\"Vossloh Extends Israel Contract by €30 Million\""},{"Link":"http://www.swifamboholdings.co.za/about/","external_links_name":"Swifambo Holdings - Our Company's History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150708182911/http://www.swifamboholdings.co.za/about/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/groups/455554894509760/permalink/847782498620329/?comment_id=849255608473018&offset=0&total_comments=2&notif_t=group_comment_mention","external_links_name":"Facebook Group Railways of the World - Comment by Jade Wilson"},{"Link":"https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/sar-L/conversations/messages/49144","external_links_name":"SAR-L YahooGroup message 49144 of 18 May 2015"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2015/01/21/kiss-lady-spain/","external_links_name":"Railways Africa, 21 Jan 2015 - Kiss For A Lady From Spain"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2014/12/09/s-intercity-trains-cut/","external_links_name":"Railways Africa, 9 Dec 2014 - SA Intercity Trains Cut"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141210111145/http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2014/12/09/s-intercity-trains-cut/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2014/12/09/prasa-today-well-last-month/","external_links_name":"Railways Africa, 9 Dec 2014 - PRASA Today. Well, Last Month…"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2015/01/27/electric-train-running-empty/","external_links_name":"Railways Africa, 27 Jan 2015 - Electric Train Running on Empty"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2015/03/17/shosholoza-meyl-jbg-ct/","external_links_name":"Railways Africa, 17 Mar 2015 - Shosholoza Meyl JBG-CT"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2014/10/21/disquieting-mlps-figures-prasas-agm/","external_links_name":"Railways Africa, 21 Oct 2014 - Disquieting MLPS Figures at PRASA’S AGM"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2014/12/09/prasa-profit-questioned/","external_links_name":"Railways Africa, 9 Dec 2014 - PRASA \"Profit\" Questioned"},{"Link":"https://www.shosholozameyl.co.za/downloads/MEDIA%20RELEASE%20-%20MLPS%20cancels%20some%20train%20routes.pdf","external_links_name":"PRASA Media Release, 27 November 2014 - Mainline Passenger Services Cancels Some Train Routes"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2015/04/07/intercity-services-restored/","external_links_name":"Railways Africa, 7 Apr 2015 - Intercity Services Restored"},{"Link":"http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Prasa-Transnet-had-concerns-over-locomotive-height-documents-20150712","external_links_name":"Prasa, Transnet had concerns over locomotive height - documents"},{"Link":"http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/prasa-unveils-new-modern-locomotive-1.1789540#.VZ2Qq_mqpBe","external_links_name":"IOL News - Prasa unveils new modern locomotive. 2 December 2014"},{"Link":"http://businesstech.co.za/news/general/92468/prasa-ceo-top-engineer-targeted-because-he-is-black/","external_links_name":"BusinessTech - Prasa CEO: Top engineer targeted because he is black. 6 July 2015"},{"Link":"http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Lucky-Montana-fired-as-Prasa-CEO-20150716","external_links_name":"fin24 - Prasa CEO dismissal: Rapport editor reacts. 16 July 2015"},{"Link":"http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Prasa-head-engineer-suspended-20150717","external_links_name":"fin24 - Prasa head engineer suspended. 17 July 2015"},{"Link":"http://www.netwerk24.com/Nuus/Kyk-Wiele-kabels-afgeruk-toe-nuwe-lokomotief-treinwaens-ontspoor-20150819","external_links_name":"Netwerk24, 19 August 2015 - Kyk: Wiele, kabels afgeruk toe nuwe lokomotief, treinwaens ontspoor"},{"Link":"http://www.netwerk24.com/Nuus/Nuwe-Prasa-lokomotief-passasierstrein-ontspoor-in-Noord-Kaap-20150819","external_links_name":"Netwerk24, 19 August 2015 - Nuwe Prasa-lokomotief, passasierstrein ontspoor in Noord-Kaap"},{"Link":"http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Construction-lack-of-communication-likely-caused-derailment-Prasa-20150819","external_links_name":"News24, 19 August 2015 - Construction, lack of communication likely caused derailment - Prasa"},{"Link":"http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/stnews/2015/11/29/Take-back-your-trains-Prasa-seeks-refund-in-dodgy-tender-debacle","external_links_name":"\"Take back your trains: Prasa seeks refund in dodgy tender debacle\""},{"Link":"http://www.netwerk24.com/Nuus/Hof/de-kom-haal-al-jul-treine-20170703#","external_links_name":"Netwerk24 – ‘Dé, kom haal jul treine’. Netwerk24, 3 July 2017"},{"Link":"http://ewn.co.za/2017/07/04/swifambo-rail-leasing-ordered-to-pay-back-r2-6bn-to-prasa","external_links_name":"– Swifambo Rail Leasing ordered to pay back R2.5BN to Prasa. Eyewitness News, 3 July 2017"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_(Macedonia)	New Democracy (North Macedonia)	["1 References","2 External links"]	Macedonian political party New Democracy (Albanian: Demokracia e Re, Macedonian: Нова Демократија, Nova Demokratija) is a conservative political party of ethnic Albanians in North Macedonia. It was founded in 2008 by former members of the Democratic Party of Albanians, another ethnic Albanian party from North Macedonia. The president of the party is Imer Selmani, who was one of seven candidates for the 2009 Macedonian presidential election and won 146.795 votes (14,99%) and ended up third. In the 2011 parliamentary election, New Democracy lost all of its seats, receiving only 1.76% of the popular vote. References ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2011). "Macedonia". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "SEC: Ivanov and Frckoski to contest in runoff". Macedonian Information Agency. 23 March 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-28. ^ Večer Online - Election results (in Macedonian) ^ "Conservative Leader Claims 3rd Term In Macedonia". NPR. 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2011-06-06. External links Official website (in Albanian, Macedonian, and English) vtePolitical parties in North Macedonia Your Macedonia(58 seats)MPs VMRO-DPMNE (55) Socialist Party of Macedonia (2) Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia (1) Without MPs Dignity Macedonian Concept Democratic Union Macedonian Action Union of Tito's Left Forces New Liberal Party Workers-Peasant Party from Macedonia Democratic Bosniak Party Party of the Democratic Action of Macedonia Roma Democratic Forces Roma Integration Party Democratic Party of Roma Serbian Progressive Party in Macedonia Movement for National Unity of the Turks in Macedonia Party of the Vlachs of Macedonia Roma Alliance of Macedonia Party of United Democrats of Macedonia United for Macedonia Voice for Macedonia For a European Future(18 seats)MPs SDSM (15) New Social Democratic Party (2) Liberal Democratic Party (1) Without MPs Democratic Renewal of Macedonia Party for a European Future New Alternative Party for Economic Changes 21 Social and Economic Progress Party Party of Pensioners Party of Pensioners Serbian Party in Macedonia United Party for Roma Equality Party for Democratic Prosperity of the Roma Democratic Union of the Vlachs of Macedonia VMRO – People's Party European Front(18 seats)MPs Democratic Union for Integration (10) Alliance for Albanians-Sela (4) Democratic Party of Turks (1) Party for the Movement of the Turks in Macedonia (1) People's Movement (1) Democratic Party of Albanians (1) Without MPs Democratic European Party Union of Roma in Macedonia Bosniak Democratic VLEN(14 seats)MPs Alliance for Albanians (5) Democratic Movement (3) Alternative (2) Besa Movement (2) Self-determination Movement in North Macedonia (1) Other parties The Left (6) For Our Macedonia (ZNAM) (6) Without MPs Albanian Democratic Union Citizen Option for Macedonia Communist Party of Macedonia (within The Left) Democratic Alternative Democratic League of Bosniaks Green Humane City Homeland Macedonian Organization for Radical Reconstruction - Vardar - Aegean - Pirin National Democratic Party National Democratic Revival New Democracy Party for Democratic Prosperity Social Democratic Party United Party of Roma in Macedonia Integra-Macedonian Conservative Party Macedonian Renewal Reform Option – Workers' Party Party for the Full Emancipation of the Roma of Macedonia People's Movement for Macedonia – United Macedonia Permanent Macedonian Radical Unification (TMRO) Defunct Democratic Party Democratic Party of Macedonia Liberal Party of Macedonia Movement for All-Macedonian Action Party of Democratic Action–Islamic Path Party of Yugoslavs in Macedonia People's Democratic Party Radical Party of the Serbs in Macedonia Workers Party Young Democratic-Progressive Party Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of North Macedonia This article about a Macedonian political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"ethnic Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party of Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albanians"},{"link_name":"Imer Selmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imer_Selmani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2009 Macedonian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Macedonian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2011 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Macedonian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"New Democracy (Albanian: Demokracia e Re, Macedonian: Нова Демократија, Nova Demokratija) is a conservative political party of ethnic Albanians in North Macedonia.[1] It was founded in 2008 by former members of the Democratic Party of Albanians, another ethnic Albanian party from North Macedonia. The president of the party is Imer Selmani, who was one of seven candidates for the 2009 Macedonian presidential election and won 146.795 votes (14,99%) and ended up third.[2][3]In the 2011 parliamentary election, New Democracy lost all of its seats, receiving only 1.76% of the popular vote.[4]","title":"New Democracy (North Macedonia)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Nordsieck, Wolfram (2011). \"Macedonia\". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606111348/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/macedonia.html","url_text":"\"Macedonia\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEC: Ivanov and Frckoski to contest in runoff\". Macedonian Information Agency. 23 March 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090328170438/http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=63175765&lId=2","url_text":"\"SEC: Ivanov and Frckoski to contest in runoff\""},{"url":"http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=63175765&lId=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Conservative Leader Claims 3rd Term In Macedonia\". NPR. 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2011-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=136984879","url_text":"\"Conservative Leader Claims 3rd Term In Macedonia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606111348/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/macedonia.html","external_links_name":"\"Macedonia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090328170438/http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=63175765&lId=2","external_links_name":"\"SEC: Ivanov and Frckoski to contest in runoff\""},{"Link":"http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=63175765&lId=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vecer.com.mk/WBStorage/Articles/383E53025ED8794583A3EB88F5A85575.jpg","external_links_name":"Večer Online - Election results"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=136984879","external_links_name":"\"Conservative Leader Claims 3rd Term In Macedonia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226055327/http://www.demokraciaere.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Democracy_(North_Macedonia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_XB-36_Peacemaker	Convair B-36 Peacemaker	["1 Development","1.1 World War II and after","1.2 Experimentals and prototypes","2 Design","2.1 Addition of jet propulsion","2.2 Crew","2.3 Landing gear","2.4 Weaponry","2.5 Operating and financial problems","3 Operational history","3.1 Maintenance","3.2 Engine fires","3.3 Crew experience","3.4 Experiments","3.5 Strategic reconnaissance","3.6 Obsolescence","4 Variants","4.1 Related models","5 Operators","6 Surviving aircraft","7 Notable incidents and accidents","8 Specifications (B-36J-III)","9 Notable appearances in media","10 See also","11 References","11.1 Notes","11.2 Citations","11.3 Bibliography","12 External links"]	US Air Force strategic bomber (1949–1959) B-36 "Peacemaker" Beginning with the B-36D (B-36J shown), the Peacemaker used 6 radial piston engines and 4 jet engines. Role Strategic bomberType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Convair First flight 8 August 1946 Introduction 1948 Retired 12 February 1959 Primary user United States Air Force Produced 1946–1954 Number built 384 Variants Convair XC-99Convair NB-36HConvair X-6 Developed into Convair YB-60 The Convair B-36 "Peacemaker" is a strategic bomber that was built by Convair and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) from 1949 to 1959. The B-36 is the largest mass-produced piston-engined aircraft ever built. It has the longest wingspan of any combat aircraft ever built, at 230 ft (70 m). The B-36 was the first bomber capable of delivering any of the nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal from an internal bomb bay without aircraft modifications. With a range of 10,000 mi (16,000 km) and a maximum payload of 87,200 lb (39,600 kg), the B-36 is capable of intercontinental flight without refueling. Entering service in 1948, the B-36 was the primary nuclear weapons delivery vehicle of Strategic Air Command (SAC) until it was replaced by the jet-powered Boeing B-52 Stratofortress beginning in 1955. All but four aircraft have been scrapped. Development The prototype XB-36 The genesis of the B-36 can be traced to early 1941, prior to the entry of the United States into World War II. At the time, the threat existed that Britain might fall to the German "Blitz", making a strategic bombing effort by the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) against Germany impossible with the aircraft of the time. The United States would need a new class of bomber that would reach Europe and return to bases in North America, necessitating a combat range of at least 5,700 miles (9,200 km), the length of a Gander, Newfoundland–Berlin round trip. The USAAC therefore sought a bomber of truly intercontinental range, similar to the German Reichsluftfahrtministerium's (RLM) ultralong-range Amerikabomber program, the subject of a 33-page proposal submitted to Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring on 12 May 1942. The USAAC sent out the initial request on 11 April 1941, asking for a 450 mph (720 km/h) top speed, a 275 mph (443 km/h) cruising speed, a service ceiling of 45,000 ft (14,000 m)—beyond the range of ground-based anti-aircraft fire—and a maximum range of 12,000 miles (19,000 km) at 25,000 ft (7,600 m). These requirements proved too demanding for any short-term design, far exceeding the technology of the day, so on 19 August 1941, they were reduced to a maximum range of 10,000 mi (16,000 km), an effective combat radius of 4,000 mi (6,400 km) with a 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) bombload, a cruising speed between 240 and 300 mph (390 and 480 km/h), and a service ceiling of 40,000 ft (12,000 m)—above the maximum effective altitude of Nazi Germany's anti-aircraft guns, save for the rarely-deployed 12.8 cm FlaK 40 heavy flak cannon. World War II and after The XB-36 (right) alongside a Boeing B-29 Superfortress As the Pacific war progressed, the USAAF increasingly needed a bomber capable of reaching Japan from its bases in Hawaii, and the development of the B-36 resumed in earnest. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, in discussions with high-ranking officers of the USAAF, decided to waive normal army procurement procedures, and on 23 July 1943—some 15 months after the Germans' Amerikabomber proposal's submission made it to their RLM authority, and coincidentally, the same day that, in Germany, the RLM had ordered the Heinkel firm to design a six-engined version of their own, BMW 801E powered Amerikabomber design proposal—the USAAF submitted a "letter of intent" to Convair, ordering an initial production run of 100 B-36s before the completion and testing of the two prototypes.: 3−10 The first delivery was due in August 1945, and the last in October 1946, but Consolidated (by this time renamed Convair after its 1943 merger with Vultee Aircraft) delayed delivery. The aircraft was unveiled on 20 August 1945 (three months after V-E Day), and flew for the first time on 8 August 1946. After the establishment of an independent United States Air Force in 1947, the beginning in earnest of the Cold War with the 1948 Berlin Airlift, and the 1949 atmospheric test of the first Soviet atomic bomb, American military planners sought bombers capable of delivering the very large and heavy first-generation atomic bombs. The B-36 was the only American aircraft with the range and payload to carry such bombs from airfields on American soil to targets in the USSR. The modification to allow the use of larger atomic weapons on the B-36 was called the "Grand Slam Installation".: 24 The B-36 was arguably obsolete from the outset, being piston-powered, coupled with the widespread introduction of first-generation jet fighters in potential enemy air forces. However, its jet rival, the Boeing B-47 Stratojet, which did not become fully operational until 1953, lacked the range to attack the Soviet homeland from North America without aerial refueling and could not carry the huge first-generation Mark 16 hydrogen bomb. The other American piston bombers of the day, the B-29 and B-50, were also too limited in range to be part of America's developing nuclear arsenal.: 124–126 Intercontinental ballistic missiles did not become sufficiently reliable until the early 1960s. Until the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress became operational in 1955, the B-36, as the only truly intercontinental bomber, continued to be the primary nuclear weapons delivery vehicle of the SAC. Convair touted the B-36 as the "aluminum overcast", a so-called "long rifle" giving SAC truly global reach. During General Curtis LeMay's tenure as head of SAC (1949–57), the B-36, through intense crew training and development, formed the heart of the Strategic Air Command. Its maximum payload was more than four times that of the B-29, and exceeded that of the B-52. The B-36 was slow and could not refuel in midair, but could fly missions to targets 3,400 miles (5,500 km) away and stay aloft as long as 40 hours. Moreover, the B-36 was believed to have "an ace up its sleeve": a phenomenal cruising altitude for a piston-driven aircraft, made possible by its huge wing area and six 28-cylinder engines, putting it out of range of most of the interceptors of the day, as well as ground-based anti-aircraft guns. Experimentals and prototypes Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation (later Convair) and Boeing Aircraft Company took part in the competition, with Consolidated winning a tender on 16 October 1941. Consolidated asked for a $15 million contract with $800,000 for research and development, mockup, and tooling. Two experimental bombers were proposed, the first to be delivered in 30 months, and the second within another six months. Originally designated Model B-35, the name was changed to B-36 to avoid confusion with the Northrop YB-35 piston-engined flying-wing bomber,: 26–28 against which the B-36 was meant to compete for a production contract. Throughout its development, the B-36 program encountered delays. When the United States entered World War II, Consolidated was ordered to slow B-36 development and greatly increase Consolidated B-24 Liberator production. The first mockup was inspected on 20 July 1942, following six months of refinements. A month after the inspection, the project was moved from San Diego, California, to Fort Worth, Texas, which set back development several months. Consolidated changed the tail from a twin-tail to a single, thereby saving 3,850 pounds (1,750 kg), but this change delayed delivery by 120 days. Changes in the USAAF requirements did add back any weight saved in redesigns, and cost more time. A new antenna system needed to be designed to accommodate an ordered radio and radar system. The Pratt and Whitney engines were redesigned, adding another 1,000 pounds (450 kg).: 30 Design A B-36 airframe undergoing structural stability tests. Note for scale the three men in the balcony at the extreme right of the photograph. The B-36 took shape as an aircraft of immense proportions. It was two-thirds longer than the previous "superbomber", the B-29. The wingspan and tail height of the B-36 exceeded those of the 1960s Soviet Union's Antonov An-22, the largest ever turboprop-driven aircraft put into production. Only with the advent of the Boeing 747 and the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, both designed two decades later, did American aircraft capable of lifting a heavier payload become commonplace. The wings of the B-36 were large even when compared with present-day aircraft, exceeding, for example, those of the C-5 Galaxy, and enabled the B-36 to carry enough fuel to fly the intended long missions without refueling. The maximum thickness of the wing, measured perpendicular to the chord, was 7.5 feet (2.3 m), containing a crawlspace that allowed access to the engines. The wing area permitted cruising altitudes well above the operating ceiling of any 1940s-era operational piston and jet-turbine fighters. Most versions of the B-36 could cruise at over 40,000 feet (12,000 m). In 1954, the turrets and other nonessential equipment were removed (not unlike the earlier Silverplate program for the atomic bomb-carrying "specialist" B-29s), resulting in a "featherweight" configuration believed to have resulted in a top speed of 423 miles per hour (681 km/h), and cruise at 50,000 feet (15,000 m) and dash at over 55,000 feet (17,000 m), perhaps even higher.: 136–137 The large wing area and the option of starting the four jet engines supplementing the piston engines in later versions gave the B-36 a wide margin between stall speed (VS) and maximum speed (Vmax) at these altitudes. This made the B-36 more maneuverable at high altitude than the USAF jet interceptors of the day, which either could not fly above 40,000 ft (12,000 m), or if they did, were likely to stall out when trying to maneuver or fire their guns. However, the U.S. Navy argued that their McDonnell F2H Banshee fighter could intercept the B-36, thanks to its ability to operate at more than 50,000 feet (15,000 m). The USAF declined the invitation from the U.S. Navy for a fly-off between the Banshee and the B-36. Later, the new Secretary of Defense, Louis A. Johnson, who considered the U.S. Navy and naval aviation essentially obsolete in favor of the USAF and SAC, forbade putting the Navy's claim to the test. The propulsion system of the B-36 was unique, with six 28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radial engines mounted in an unusual pusher configuration, rather than the conventional four-engine, tractor propeller layout of other heavy bombers. The prototype R-4360s delivered a total of 18,000 hp (13,000 kW). While early B-36s required long takeoff runs, this situation was improved with later versions, delivering a significantly increased power output of 22,800 hp (17,000 kW) total.: 137–138 Each engine drove a three-bladed propeller, 19 feet (5.8 m) in diameter, mounted in the pusher configuration, thought to be the second-largest diameter propeller design ever used to power a piston-engined aircraft (after that of the Linke-Hofmann R.II). This unusual configuration prevented propeller turbulence from interfering with airflow over the wing, but could also lead to engine overheating due to insufficient airflow around the engines, resulting in inflight engine fires. The large, slow-turning propellers interacted with the high-pressure airflow behind the wings to produce an easily recognizable very-low-frequency pulse at ground level that betrayed approaching flights. Addition of jet propulsion Beginning with the B-36D, Convair added a pair of General Electric J47-19 jet engines suspended near the end of each wing; these were also retrofitted to all extant B-36Bs. Consequently, the B-36 was configured to have 10 engines, six radial propeller engines and four jet engines, leading to the B-36 slogan of "six turnin' and four burnin' ". The B-36 had more engines than any other mass-produced aircraft. The jet pods greatly improved takeoff performance and dash speed over the target. In normal cruising flight, the jet engines were shut down to conserve fuel. When the jet engines were shut down, louvers closed off the front of the pods to reduce drag and to prevent ingestion of sand and dirt. The jet engine louvers were opened and closed by the flight crew in the cockpit, whether the B-36 was on the ground or in the air. The two pods with four turbojets and the six piston engines combined gave the B-36 a total of 40,000 hp (30,000 kW) for short periods of time. Crew The B-36 had a crew of 15. As in the B-29 and B-50, the pressurized flight deck and crew compartment were linked to the rear compartment by a pressurized tunnel through the bomb bay. In the B-36, movement through the tunnel was on a wheeled trolley, pulling on a rope. The rear compartment featured six bunks and a dining galley and led to the tail turret. Landing gear The main landing gear evolved from a single-wheel design (top) to a 4-wheel bogie (bottom), but a tracked assembly (center) was also tested. The tricycle landing gear of the XB-36 featured a single-wheel main landing gear whose tires were the largest ever manufactured up to that time: 9 feet 2 inches (2.79 m) tall, 3 feet (91 cm) wide, and weighing 1,320 pounds (600 kg), with enough rubber for 60 automobile tires. These tires placed so much ground pressure on runways that the XB-36 was restricted to Carswell Field adjacent to the factory in Texas, Eglin Field in Florida, and Fairfield-Suisun Field in California.: 14–15 At the suggestion of General Henry H. Arnold, the single-wheel gear was soon replaced by a four-wheeled bogie.: 29 At one point, a tank-like tracked landing gear was also tried on the XB-36, but it proved heavy and noisy. The tracked landing gear was quickly abandoned. Weaponry This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Convair B-36 Peacemaker" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The four bomb bays could carry up to 87,200 pounds (39,600 kg) of bombs, more than 10 times the load carried by the World War II workhorse, the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, and substantially more than the entire B-17's gross weight of 54,000 pounds (24,000 kg). The B-36 was not designed with nuclear weapons in mind, because the mere existence of such weapons was top secret during the period when the B-36 was conceived and designed, and the initial B-36A was not capable of accommodating them. Nevertheless, the B-36 stepped into its nuclear delivery role immediately upon becoming operational. In all respects except speed, the B-36 could match what was arguably its approximate Soviet counterpart, the turboprop-powered Tu-95, which began production in January 1956 and is still in active service as of January 2023. Until the B-52 became operational, the B-36 was the only means of delivering the first generation Mark 17 hydrogen bomb, 25 ft (7.6 m) long, 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter, and weighing 42,000 lb (19,000 kg), the heaviest and bulkiest American aerial nuclear bomb ever. The massive Mark 17 took up the aircraft's two aft bomb bays, while the forward bay could hold a Mark 6 atomic weapon. The defensive armament consisted of six retractable gun turrets, with side-by-side turrets mounted in forward dorsal, aft dorsal and ventral positions, aft dorsal and non-retractable tail and nose turrets. Each turret was fitted with two 20 mm cannon, for a total of 16, and all turrets were remote controlled. Recoil vibration from gunnery practice often caused the aircraft's electrical wiring to jar loose or the vacuum tube electronics to malfunction, leading to failure of the aircraft controls and navigation equipment; this contributed to the crash of B-36B 44-92035 on 22 November 1950. B-36 upper or lower gun turret with two M24A1 20 mm cannon The Convair B-36 was the only aircraft designed to carry the T-12 Cloudmaker, a gravity bomb weighing 43,600 lb (19,800 kg) and designed to produce an earthquake bomb effect. Part of the testing process involved dropping two of the bombs on a single flight mission, one from 30,000 ft (9,100 m) and the second from 40,000 ft (12,000 m), for a total bomb load of 87,200 lb (39,600 kg). The first prototype XB-36 flew on 8 August 1946. The speed and range of the prototype failed to meet the standards set out by the USAAC in 1941. This was expected, as the Pratt & Whitney R-4360 engines required were not yet available, and the qualified workers and materials needed to install them were lacking.: 12−13 : 32 A second aircraft, the YB-36, flew on 4 December 1947. It had a redesigned, high-visibility, yet still "greenhouse-like" bubble canopy, heavily framed due to its substantial size, which was later adopted for production, and the engines used on the YB-36 were more powerful and more efficient. Altogether, the YB-36 was much closer to the production aircraft. The XB-36 on its first flight The first 21 B-36As were delivered in 1948. They were interim airframes, intended for crew training and later conversion. No defensive armament was fitted, since none was ready. Once later models were available, all B-36As were converted to RB-36E reconnaissance models. The first B-36 variant meant for normal operation was the B-36B, delivered beginning in November 1948. This aircraft met all the 1941 requirements, but had serious problems with engine reliability and maintenance (changing the 336 spark plugs was a task dreaded by ground crews) and with the availability of armaments and spare parts. Later models featured more powerful variants of the R-4360 engine, improved radar, and redesigned crew compartments. The four jet engines increased fuel consumption and reduced range. Gun turrets were already recognized as obsolete, and newer bombers had been limited to just a tail turret, or no gunners at all for several years but the development of several air-to-air missiles, including the Soviet K-5 which began test firings in 1951, eliminated the last justifications for keeping them. In February 1954, the USAF awarded Convair a contract for a new "Featherweight" design program, which significantly reduced weight and crew size. The three configurations were: Featherweight I removed defensive hardware, including the six gun turrets. Featherweight II removed the rear compartment crew comfort features, and all hardware accommodating the McDonnell XF-85 Goblin parasite fighter. Featherweight III incorporated both configurations I and II. The six turrets eliminated by Featherweight I reduced the aircraft's crew from 15 to 9. Featherweight III had a longer range and an operating ceiling of at least 47,000 feet (14,000 m), especially valuable for reconnaissance missions. The B-36J-III configuration (the last 14 made) had a single radar-aimed tail turret, extra fuel tanks in the outer wings, and landing gear allowing the maximum gross weight to rise to 410,000 pounds (190,000 kg). Production of the B-36 ceased in 1954. Operating and financial problems Due to problems that occurred with the B-36 in its early stages of testing, development, and later in service, some critics referred to the aircraft as a "billion-dollar blunder". In particular, the United States Navy saw it as a costly bungle, diverting congressional funding and interest from naval aviation and aircraft carriers in general, and carrier–based nuclear bombers in particular. In 1947, the Navy attacked congressional funding for the B-36, alleging it failed to meet Pentagon requirements. The Navy held to the pre-eminence of the aircraft carrier in the Pacific during World War II, presuming carrier-based aircraft would be decisive in future wars. To this end, the Navy designed USS United States, a "supercarrier" capable of launching huge fleets of tactical aircraft or nuclear bombers. It then pushed to have funding transferred from the B-36 to USS United States. The Air Force successfully defended the B-36 project, and United States was officially cancelled by Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson in a cost-cutting move over the objections of both Secretary of the Navy John L. Sullivan and the Navy's senior uniformed leadership. Sullivan resigned in protest and was replaced as Secretary of the Navy by Francis P. Matthews, who had limited familiarity with defense issues, but was a close friend of Johnson. Several high-level Navy officials questioned the government's decision in cancelling the United States to fund the B-36, alleging a conflict of interest because Johnson had once served on Convair's board of directors. The uproar following the cancellation of United States in 1949 was nicknamed the "Revolt of the Admirals", during which time Matthews dismissed and forced into retirement the serving Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), Admiral Louis E. Denfeld, following Denfeld's testimony before the House Armed Services Committee.: 42 The congressional and media furor over the firing of Admiral Denfeld, as well as the significant use of aircraft carriers in the Korean War, resulted in the Truman administration subsequently ousting both Johnson and Matthews in their respective secretary roles, and in the design and procurement of the subsequent Forrestal class of supercarriers, which were of comparable size to United States, but with a design geared towards greater multirole use with composite air wings of fighter, attack, reconnaissance, electronic warfare, early warning and antisubmarine-warfare aircraft. At the same time, heavy manned bombers for the SAC were also deemed crucial to national defense and, as a result, the two systems were never again in competition for the same budgetary resources. Operational history RB-36D The B-36, including its GRB-36, RB-36, and XC-99 variants, was in USAF service as part of the SAC from 1948 to 1959. The RB-36 variants of the B-36 were used for reconnaissance during the Cold War with the Soviet Union and the B-36 bomber variants conducted training and test operations and stood ground and airborne alert, but the latter variants were never used offensively as bombers against hostile forces; they never fired a shot in combat. Maintenance Personnel and equipment required to get and keep a B-36 aircraft in the air The Wasp Major engines had a prodigious appetite for lubricating oil; each engine required a dedicated 100-gal (380-l) tank. Normal maintenance consisted of tedious measures, such as changing the 56 spark plugs on each of the six engines; the plugs were often fouled by the lead in the 145 octane antiknock fuel required by the R-4360 engines. Thus, each service required changing 336 spark plugs. The B-36 was too large to fit in most hangars. Since even an aircraft with the range of the B-36 needed to be stationed as close to enemy targets as possible, this meant the plane was largely based in the extreme weather locations of the northern continental United States, Alaska, and the Arctic. Since the maintenance had to be performed outdoors, the crews were largely exposed to the elements, with temperatures of −60 °F (−51 °C) in winters and 100 °F (38 °C) in summers, depending on the airbase location. Special shelters were built so the maintenance crews could be given a modicum of protection. Ground crews were at risk of slipping and falling from icy wings, or being blown off the wings by propeller wash running in reverse pitch. The wing roots were thick enough, at 7 ft (2.1 m), to enable a flight engineer to access the engines and landing gear during flight by crawling through the wings. This was possible only at altitudes not requiring pressurization. In 1950, Convair (then still Consolidated-Vultee) developed streamlined pods, looking like oversize drop tanks, that were mounted on each side of the B-36's fuselage to carry spare engines between bases. Each pod could airlift two engines. When the pods were empty, they were removed and carried in the bomb bays. No record was made of the special engine pods ever being used. Engine fires B-36J (serial 52-2225) of the 11th Bombardment Wing in 1955 showing "six turning, four burning" As engine fires occurred with the B-36's radial engines, some crews humorously changed the aircraft's slogan from "six turning, four burning" into "two turning, two burning, two smoking, two choking and two more unaccounted for". This problem was exacerbated by the propellers' pusher configuration, which increased carburetor icing. The design of the R-4360 engine tacitly assumed that it would be mounted in the conventional tractor configuration—propeller/air intake/28 cylinders/carburetor—with air flowing in that order. In this configuration, the carburetor is bathed in warmed air flowing past the engine, so it is unlikely to ice up. However, the R-4360 engines in the B-36 were mounted backwards, in the pusher configuration—air intake/carburetor/28 cylinders/propeller. The carburetor was now in front of the engine, so it could not benefit from engine heat. This placement also made more traditional short-term carburetor heat systems unsuitable. Hence, when intake air was cold and humid, ice gradually obstructed the carburetor air intake, which in turn gradually increased the richness of the air/fuel mixture until the unburned fuel in the exhaust caught fire. Three engine fires of this nature led to the first loss of an American nuclear weapon when a B-36 crashed in February 1950. Crew experience RB-36s in production: Note the heavily framed "greenhouse" bubble canopy over the cockpit area, used for all production B-36 airframes. Training missions were typically in two parts, a 40-hour flight—followed by time on the ground for refueling and maintenance—and then a 24-hour second flight. With a sufficiently light load, the B-36 could fly at least 10,000 mi (16,000 km) nonstop, and the highest cruising speed of any version, the B-36J-III, was at 230 mph (380 km/h). Engaging the jet engines could raise the cruising speed to over 400 mph (650 km/h). Hence, a 40-hour mission, with the jets used only for takeoff and climbing, flew about 9,200 mi (15,000 km). Due to its massive size, the B-36 was never considered sprightly or agile; Lieutenant General James Edmundson likened it to "sitting on your front porch and flying your house around". Crew compartments were nonetheless cramped, especially when occupied for 24 hours by a crew of 15 in full flight kit. War missions would have been one-way, taking off from forward bases in Alaska or Greenland, overflying the USSR, and landing in Europe, Morocco, or the Middle East. Veteran crews recall feeling confident in their ability to fly the planned missions, but not to survive weapon delivery, as the aircraft may not have been fast enough to escape the blast. These concerns were borne out by the 1954 Operation Castle tests, in which B-36s were flown at the combat distance from the detonations of bombs in the 15-megaton range. At distances believed typical of wartime delivery, aircraft suffered extensive flash and blast damage. Experiments NB-36H nuclear reactor testbed GRB-36 carrying YRF-84F modified for FICON test The B-36 was employed in a variety of aeronautical experiments throughout its service life. Its immense size, range, and payload capacity lent itself to use in research and development programs. These included nuclear propulsion studies, and "parasite" programs in which the B-36 carried smaller interceptors or reconnaissance aircraft. In May 1946, the Air Force began the Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft project, which was followed in May 1951 by the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion (ANP) program. The ANP program used modified B-36s to study shielding requirements for an airborne reactor to determine whether a nuclear-powered aircraft was feasible. Convair modified two B-36s under the MX-1589 project. The Nuclear Test Aircraft was a B-36H-20-CF (serial number 51-5712) that had been damaged in a tornado at Carswell AFB on 1 September 1952. This aircraft, designated the XB-36H (and later NB-36H), was modified to carry a 1 MW, air-cooled nuclear reactor in the aft bomb bay, with a four-ton lead disc shield installed in the middle of the aircraft between the reactor and the cockpit. A number of large air intake and exhaust holes were installed in the sides and bottom of the aircraft's rear fuselage to cool the reactor in flight. On the ground, a crane would be used to remove the 35,000-pound (16,000 kg) reactor from the aircraft. To protect the crew, the highly modified cockpit was encased in lead and rubber, with a 1-foot-thick (30 cm) leaded glass windshield. The reactor was operational, but did not power the aircraft; its sole purpose was to investigate the effect of radiation on aircraft systems. Between 1955 and 1957, the NB-36H completed 47 test flights and 215 hours of flight time, during 89 of which the reactor was critical. Other experiments involved providing the B-36 with its own fighter defense in the form of parasite aircraft carried partially or wholly in a bomb bay. One parasite aircraft was the diminutive McDonnell XF-85 Goblin, which docked using a trapeze system. The concept was tested successfully using a B-29 carrier, but docking proved difficult even for experienced test pilots. Moreover, the XF-85 was seen as no match for contemporary foreign powers' newly developed interceptor aircraft in development and in service; consequently, the project was cancelled. More successful was the FICON project, involving a modified B-36 (called a GRB-36D "mothership") and the RF-84K, a fighter modified for reconnaissance, in a bomb bay. The GRB-36D would ferry the RF-84K to the vicinity of the objective, whereupon the RF-84K would disconnect and begin its mission. Ten GRB-36Ds and 25 RF-84Ks were built and had limited service in 1955–1956. Projects Tip Tow and Tom-Tom involved docking F-84s to the wingtips of B-29s and B-36s. The hope was that the increased aspect ratio of the combined aircraft would result in a greater range. Project Tip Tow was cancelled when an EF-84D and a specially modified test EB-29A crashed, killing everyone on both aircraft. This accident was attributed to the EF-84D flipping over onto the wing of the EB-29A. Project Tom-Tom, involving RF-84Fs and a GRB-36D from the FICON project (redesignated JRB-36F), continued for a few months after this crash, but was also cancelled due to the violent turbulence induced by the wingtip vortices of the B-36. Strategic reconnaissance In late 1952, six 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing RB-36Ds were deployed to the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group. This was the first RB-36 used in the Korean theater. While not employed in combat, these RB-36s conducted high-altitude aerial reconnaissance over Chinese Manchuria and Soviet East Asia. One of the SAC's initial missions was to plan strategic aerial reconnaissance on a global scale. The first efforts were in photo-reconnaissance and mapping. Along with the photo-reconnaissance mission, a small electronic intelligence cadre was operating. Weather reconnaissance was part of the effort, as was long-range detection, the search for Soviet atomic explosions. In the late 1940s, strategic intelligence on Soviet capabilities and intentions was scarce. Before the development of the Lockheed U-2 high-altitude spy plane and Corona orbital reconnaissance satellites, technology and politics limited American reconnaissance efforts to the borders, and not the heartland, of the Soviet Union. One of the essential criteria of the early postwar reconnaissance aircraft was the ability to cruise above 40,000 feet (12,000 m), a level determined by knowledge of the capability of Soviet air-defense radar. The main Soviet air-defense radar in the 1950s was the American-supplied SCR-270, or locally made copies, which were only effective up to 40,000 feet (12,000 m) – in theory, an aircraft cruising above this level would remain undetected. The first aircraft to put this theory to the test was the RB-36D specialized photo-reconnaissance version of the B-36D. It was outwardly identical to the standard B-36D, but carried a crew of 22 rather than 15, the additional crew members being needed to operate and maintain the photo-reconnaissance equipment that was carried. The forward bomb bay in the bomber was replaced by a pressurized, manned compartment that was filled with 14 cameras. This compartment included a small darkroom, where a photo technician could develop the film. The second bomb bay contained up to 80 T-86 photoflash bombs, while the third bay could carry an extra 11,000 litres (3,000 US gal), droppable fuel tank. The fourth bomb bay carried electronic countermeasure equipment. The defensive armament of 16 M-24A-1 20-mm cannons was retained. The extra fuel tanks increased the flight endurance to up to 50 hours. It had an operational ceiling of 50,000 feet (15,000 m). Later, a lightweight version of this aircraft, the RB-36-III, could even reach 58,000 ft (18,000 m). RB-36s were distinguished by the bright aluminum finish of the camera compartment (contrasting with the dull magnesium of the rest of the fuselage) and by a series of radar domes under the aft fuselage, varying in number and placement. When developed, it was the only American aircraft having enough range to fly over the Eurasian land mass from bases in the United States, and large enough to carry the bulky, high-resolution cameras of the day. "The Boston Camera" on display at the National Museum of the Air Force The standard RB-36D carried up to 23 cameras, primarily K-17C, K-22A, K-38, and K-40 cameras. A special 240-inch focal length camera (known as the Boston Camera after the university where it was designed) was tested on 44-92088, the aircraft being redesignated ERB-36D. The long focal length was achieved by using a two-mirror reflection system. The camera was capable of resolving a golf ball at an altitude and side range of 45,000 feet (14,000 m). That is a slant range over 63,600 feet (19,400 m). The camera and the contact print of this test can be seen at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright Patterson AFB. The first RB-36D (44-92088) made its initial flight on 18 December 1949, only six months after the first B-36D had flown. It initially flew without the turbojets. The 28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing based at Rapid City AFB (later renamed Ellsworth AFB), South Dakota, received its first RB-36D on 3 June 1950. Due to severe material shortages, the new RB-36Ds did not become operationally ready until June 1951. The 24th and last RB-36D was delivered in May 1951. A total of 24 RB-36Ds were built. Some RB-36Ds were later modified to the featherweight configuration, in which all but the tail guns were removed. The crew was reduced from 22 to 19. These aircraft were redesignated as RB-36D-III. Modifications were carried out by Convair from February to November 1954. With a range of 9,300 miles (15,000 km), RB-36Ds began probing the boundaries of the Soviet Arctic in 1951. Although on-board equipment indicated detection by Soviet radar, interceptions at the B-36's service ceiling would have remained difficult. RB-36 aircraft operating from RAF Sculthorpe in England made a number of overflights of Soviet Arctic bases, particularly the new nuclear weapons test complex at Novaya Zemlya. RB-36s performed a number of rarely acknowledged reconnaissance missions and are believed to have frequently penetrated Chinese (and Soviet) airspace under the direction of General Curtis LeMay. In early 1950, Convair began converting B-36As to a reconnaissance configuration; included in the conversions was the sole YB-36 (42-13571). These converted examples were all redesignated RB-36E. The six R-4360-25 engines were replaced by six R-4360-41s. They were also equipped with the four J-47 jet engines that were fitted to the RB-36D. Its normal crew was 22, which included five gunners to man the 16 M-24A-1 20-mm cannon. The last conversion was completed in July 1951. Later, the USAF also bought 73 long-range reconnaissance versions of the B-36H under the designation RB-36H; 23 were accepted during the first six months of 1952, and the last were delivered by September 1953. More than a third of all B-36s were reconnaissance models. Advances in Soviet air defense systems meant that the RB-36 became limited to flying outside the borders of the Soviet Union, as well as Eastern Europe. By the mid-1950s, the jet-powered Boeing RB-47E was able to pierce Soviet airspace and conduct a variety of spectacular overflights of the Soviet Union. Some of these flights probed deep into the heart of the Soviet Union, taking photographic and radar recordings of the route attacking SAC bombers would follow to reach their targets. Flights that involved penetrating mainland Russia were termed sensitive intelligence (SENSINT) missions. One RB-47 flew 450 miles (720 km) inland and photographed the city of Igarka in Siberia. As with the strategic bombardment versions, the RB-36 was phased out of the SAC inventory beginning in 1956, the last being sent to Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in January 1959. Obsolescence XB-52 prototype at Carswell AFB, 1955 shown with a 7th Bomb Wing B-36 With the appearance of the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 in combat over North Korea in 1950, USAF propeller-driven bombers were rendered obsolete as strategic offensive weapons. Both the B-36 and the B-29/B-50 Superfortresses were designed during World War II, prior to the jet age. A new generation of swept-wing jet bombers, able to fly higher and faster, was needed to effectively overcome the MiG-15 or subsequent Soviet interceptors if the Cold War escalated into armed conflict. In 1952, while the Korean War was still in full combat, the Convair YB-60, developed from the B-36, entered a design competition with the Boeing YB-52. By early 1953, the Boeing product had emerged as the preferred design. After fighting in Korea had ceased, President Eisenhower called for a "new look" at national defense. His administration chose to invest in the USAF, especially SAC, retiring nearly all of its B-29/B-50s in favour of the new B-47 Stratojet, introduced in 1951. By 1955, the B-52 Stratofortress was entering the inventory in substantial numbers, which replaced B-36s. Two major factors contributing to the obsolescence of the B-36 and its phaseout were a lack of aerial refueling capability (instead requiring intermediate refueling bases to reach planned targets deep in the Soviet Union) and its slow speed (making it vulnerable to jet interceptors and thus severely decreasing its likelihood of reaching targets in Soviet territory). Convair B-36s awaiting their fate at the 3040th Aircraft Storage Depot (now 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group) in Tucson in 1958 The scrapping of B-36s began in February 1956. Once replaced by B-52s, they were flown directly from operational squadrons to Davis–Monthan AFB, Arizona, where the Mar-Pak Corporation handled their reclamation and destruction. Defense cutbacks in FY 1958 compelled the B-52 procurement process to be stretched out and the B-36 service life to be extended. The B-36s remaining in service were supported with components scavenged from aircraft sent to Davis–Monthan. Further update work was undertaken by Convair at San Diego (Specialized Aircraft Maintenance, SAM-SAC) until 1957 to extend the life and capabilities of the B-36s. By December 1958, only 22 B-36Js were still operational. On 12 February 1959, the last B-36J built, AF Ser. No. 52-2827, left Biggs AFB, Texas, where it had been on duty with the 95th Heavy Bombardment Wing, and was flown to Amon Carter Field in Fort Worth, where it was put on display. Within two years, all B-36s, except five used for museum display, had been scrapped at Davis–Monthan AFB. Variants Main article: Convair B-36 Peacemaker variants Variant Built XB-36 1 YB-36 1 B-36A 22 XC-99 1 B-36B 62 B-36D 22 RB-36D 24 B-36F 34 RB-36F 24 B-36H 83 RB-36H 73 B-36J 33 YB-60 2 Total 385: 53 XB-36 Prototype powered by six 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) R-4360-25 engines and unarmed, one built. YB-36 Prototype, s/n 42-13571, with modified nose and raised cockpit roof, one built later converted to YB-36A. YB-36A Former YB-36 with modified four-wheel landing gear, later modified as a RB-36E. B-36A Production variant, unarmed, used for training, 22 built, all but one converted to RB-36E. XC-99 A cargo/transport version of the B-36. One built. B-36B Armed production variant with six 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) R-4360-41 engines, 73 built, later conversions to RB-36D and B-36D. RB-36B Designation for 39 B-36Bs temporarily fitted with a camera installation. YB-36C Projected variant of the B-36B with six 4,300 hp (3,200 kW) R-4360-51 engines driving tractor propellers, not built. B-36C Production version of the YB-36, completed as B-36Bs. B-36D Same as B-36B, but fitted with four J47-GE-19 engines, two each in two underwing pods, 22 built and 64 conversions from B-36B. RB-36D Strategic reconnaissance variant with two bomb bays fitted with camera installation, 17 built and seven conversions from B-36B. GRB-36D Same as RB-36D, but modified to carry a GRF-84F Thunderstreak on a ventral trapeze as part of the FICON program, 10 modified. RB-36E The YB-36A and 21 B-36As converted to RB-36D standards. B-36F Same as B-36D, but fitted with six 3,800 hp (2,800 kW) R-4360-53 engines and four J47-GE-19 engines, 34 built. RB-36F Strategic reconnaissance variant of the B-36F with additional fuel capacity, 24 built. YB-36G See YB-60. B-36H Same as B-36F with improved cockpit and equipment changes, 83 built. NB-36H One B-36H fitted with a nuclear reactor installation for trials, had a revised cockpit and raised nose. This was intended to evolve into the Convair X-6. RB-36H Strategic reconnaissance variant of the B-36H, 73 built. B-36J High altitude variant with strengthened landing gear, increased fuel capacity, armament reduced to tail guns only and reduced crew, 33 built. YB-60 Originally designated the YB-36G, s/n 49-2676 and 49-2684. Project for a jet-powered swept wing variant. Due to the differences from a standard B-36 its designation was changed to YB-60. Model 6 Proposed double-deck airliner marrying the fuselage of the B-36 with the wings and empennage of the YB-60; not built. Related models Convair YB-60-1-CF (49-2676) taking off on a test flight, 1952 Convair XC-99 (43-52436) being delivered to Kelly AFB, Texas, 23 November 1949 In 1951, the USAF asked Convair to build a prototype of an all-jet variant of the B-36. Convair complied by replacing the wings on a B-36F with swept wings, from which were suspended eight Pratt & Whitney XJ57-P-3 jet engines. The result was the B-36G, later renamed the Convair YB-60. The YB-60 was deemed inferior to Boeing's YB-52, and the project was terminated. Just as the C-97 was the transport variant of the B-50, the B-36 was the basis for the Convair XC-99, a double-decked military cargo plane that was the largest piston-engined, land-based aircraft ever built. Its length of 185 ft (56 m) made it the longest practical aircraft of its era. The sole example built was extensively employed for nearly 10 years, especially for cross-country cargo flights during the Korean War. In 2005, this XC-99 was dismantled in anticipation of its being moved from the former Kelly Air Force Base, now the Kelly Field Annex of Lackland AFB in San Antonio, Texas, where it had been retired since 1957. The XC-99 was subsequently relocated to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB for restoration, with C-5 Galaxy transports carrying pieces of the XC-99 to Wright-Patterson as space and schedule permitted. A commercial airliner derived from the XC-99, the Convair Model 37, never left the drawing board. It would have been the first "jumbo" airliner. Operators United States United States Air Force – Strategic Air Command 2d Air Force 72d Strategic Reconnaissance Wing – Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico (October 1952 – January 1959) 60th and 301st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadrons, Tail Code: Square F 8th Air Force 6th Bombardment Wing – Walker AFB, New Mexico (August 1952 – August 1957) 24th, 39th and 40th Bombardment Squadrons, Tail Code: Triangle R 7th Bombardment Wing – Carswell AFB, Texas (June 1948 – May 1958) 9th, 436th and 492d Bombardment Squadrons, Tail Code: Triangle J 11th Bombardment Wing – Carswell AFB, Texas (December 1948 – December 1957) 26th, 42d and 98th Bombardment Squadrons, Tail Code: Triangle U 28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing – Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota (May 1949 – April 1950) 77th, 717th and 718th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadrons, Tail Code: Circle X 42d Bombardment Wing, Loring AFB, Maine (April 1953 – September 1956) 69th, 70th and 75th Bombardment Squadrons 15th Air Force 92d Bombardment Wing – Fairchild AFB, Washington (July 1951 – March 1956) 325th, 326th and 327th Bombardment Squadrons, Tail Code: Circle W 95th Bombardment Wing – Biggs AFB, Texas (August 1953 – February 1959) 334th, 335th and 336th Bombardment Squadrons 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing – Fairfield-Suisun AFB (later Travis AFB), California (January 1951 – September 1958) 5th, 31st and 72d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadrons, Tail Code: Circle X 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing – Fairfield-Suisun AFB, California (May 1949 – April 1950) 1st Bombardment Squadron 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing – Fairchild AFB, Washington (August 1951 – September 1956) 346th, 347th and 348th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadrons, Tail Code: Circle I Note: SAC eliminated tail codes in 1953. Surviving aircraft As of 2022 only four complete B-36 type aircraft survive from the original 384 produced.: 149 RB-36H RB-36H 51-13730 at the Castle Air Museum. AF Ser. No. 51-13730 is at Castle Air Museum at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California. It was previously displayed at the former Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul, Illinois from 1957 to 1991. B-36J B-36J 52-2217 at the Strategic Air and Space Museum. B-36J 52-2220 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. B-36J 52-2827 at the Pima Air & Space Museum. AF Ser. No. 52-2217 is at the Strategic Air Command and Aerospace Museum, formerly located at Offutt Air Force Base, and now off-base near Ashland, Nebraska. AF Ser. No. 52-2220 is at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Its flight to the museum from Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona on 30 April 1959 was the last flight of a B-36. This B-36J replaced the former Air Force Museum's original YB-36, AF Serial Number 42-13571. This was also the first aircraft to be placed in the museum's new display hangar, and was not moved again until relocated to the museum's latest addition in 2003. It is displayed alongside the only surviving example of the massive 9 ft (2.7 m) lower main gear strut, single wheel and tire that was used on the original XB-36. AF Ser. No. 52-2827 is at the Pima Air and Space Museum, adjacent to Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona. This aircraft was the final B-36 built, named The City of Fort Worth, and lent to the city of Fort Worth on 12 February 1959. It sat on the field at the Greater Southwest International Airport until that airfield was closed and the property was redeveloped as a business park adjacent to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Some attempts were made to begin restoration at that location through the early 1970s. It then moved to the short-lived Southwest Aerospace Museum, which was located between the former Carswell Air Force Base (now Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth) and the former General Dynamics (now Lockheed Martin) assembly plant, where it was originally built; some restoration took place while at the plant. As Lockheed Martin had no place to display the finished aircraft, and local community efforts in Fort Worth to build a facility to house and maintain the massive aircraft fell short, the NMUSAF retook possession of the aircraft and it was transported to Tucson for loan to the Pima Air and Space Museum. It was fully restored and reassembled at that museum, just south of Davis–Monthan AFB, and is displayed at that location. Notable incidents and accidents Though the B-36 had a solid overall safety record, well above average for the class and time, 10 B-36s were involved in accidents between 1949 and 1954 (three B-36Bs, three B-36Ds, and four B-36Hs). A total of 32 B-36s were written off in accidents between 1949 and 1957 of 385 built.: 238 When a crash occurred, the magnesium-rich airframe burned easily. On 14 February 1950 off the northwest coast of British Columbia on Princess Royal Island, 17 crewmen parachuted from their blazing B-36B; 12 crewmen were found with one injured, and five were reported missing. On Labor Day, Monday, 1 September 1952, a tornado hit Carswell Air Force Base, Fort Worth, damaging aircraft of the 7th and 11th Bomber Wings' complement of B-36s. Some two-thirds of the USAF's entire B-36 fleet was affected, as well as six aircraft being built at that point at Convair's Fort Worth plant. The base was shut down and operations transferred to Meacham Field. Joint repairs by Convair and the USAF got 10 of the 61 B-36s running within two weeks and repaired the other 51 aircraft within five weeks; 18 of 19 heavily damaged aircraft (and the six damaged and unfinished aircraft at Convair) were repaired by May 1953. The 19th (#2051) had to be scrapped, and was used as a nuclear testing site ground target. One heavily damaged aircraft (#5712) was written off and rebuilt as the NB-36H Nuclear Reactor Testbed aircraft. B-36 wreckage site, Goose Bay, Labrador On February 2,1953 Convair B36-H Serial No 51-5729 crashed 16 miles southwest of CFB Goose Bay, Labrador, following a transatlantic flight from RAF Fairford. The aircraft was misaligned and crashed in a wooded and hilly terrain. It was determined that the accident was the consequence of a misguiding on part of the GCA in Labrador. 15 of the 17 crew members survived. On the night of 17 March 1953, aircraft RB-36H-25, 51-13721, took off from the Canary Islands on a mission to test North American air defenses. A change in weather conditions pushed the aircraft off course, and early in the morning on 18 March the aircraft crashed into a mountain on the western side of Trinity Bay (48°11′04″N 53°39′51″W / 48.184352°N 53.664271°W / 48.184352; -53.664271 (RB-36H-25)) just north of the community of Burgoyne's Cove, Newfoundland, Canada. All 23 crew members, including Brigadier General Richard Ellsworth, were killed. Official US Air Force accident incident photo of the 18 March 1953 crashB-36s were involved in two "Broken Arrow" incidents. On 13 February 1950, B-36 serial number 44-92075, crashed in an unpopulated region of British Columbia, resulting in the first loss of an American atom bomb. The bomb's plutonium core was dummy lead, but it did have TNT, and it detonated over the ocean before the crew bailed out. Locating the crash site took some effort. On 4 November 2016, however, an object similar to the bomb was reported to have been located by a diver near the archipelago of Haida Gwaii, 80 km (50 mi) off the coast of British Columbia; the Royal Canadian Navy said vessels would be deployed to investigate the object. After investigation, the Royal Canadian Navy determined that it was not the lost bomb. Later in 1954, the airframe, stripped of sensitive material, was substantially destroyed in situ by a U.S. military recovery team. On 22 May 1957, a B-36 accidentally dropped a Mark 17 thermonuclear bomb 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from the control tower while landing at Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The weapon had come loose from its mount and fell through the bomb bay doors, creating a large hole in the bottom of the aircraft, and sending the aircraft into an uncontrollable climb due to the sudden and unexpected loss of weight. Only the conventional explosives detonated, as the bomb was unarmed. The aircraft made a safe landing. These incidents were classified for decades. See list of military nuclear accidents. Specifications (B-36J-III) 3-view line drawing of the Convair B-36 Video clip of the construction and features of the B-36 bomber Data from National Museum of the U.S. Air ForceGeneral characteristics Crew: 13 Length: 162 ft 1 in (49.40 m) Wingspan: 230 ft 0 in (70.10 m) Height: 46 ft 9 in (14.25 m) Wing area: 4,772 sq ft (443.3 m2) : 54–55 Airfoil: root: NACA 63(420)-422; tip: NACA 63(420)-517 Empty weight: 166,165 lb (75,371 kg) Max takeoff weight: 410,000 lb (185,973 kg) Powerplant: 6 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360-53 Wasp Major 28-cylinder 4-row air-cooled radial piston engines, 3,800 hp (2,800 kW) each for take-off Powerplant: 4 × General Electric J47 turbojet engines, 5,200 lbf (23 kN) thrust each in pylon mounted pods outboard of piston engines Propellers: 3-bladed Curtiss Electric constant-speed fully-feathering pusher propellers Performance Maximum speed: 435 mph (700 km/h, 378 kn) Cruise speed: 230 mph (370 km/h, 200 kn) Combat range: 3,985 mi (6,413 km, 3,463 nmi) Ferry range: 10,000 mi (16,000 km, 8,700 nmi) : 54–55 Service ceiling: 43,600 ft (13,300 m) Rate of climb: 1,995 ft/min (10.13 m/s) Armament Guns: 1 remotely operated tail turret with 2× 20 mm (0.787 in) M24A1 autocannon: 54–55 Bombs: 86,000 lb (39,000 kg) with weight restrictions, 72,000 lb (33,000 kg) normal: 54–55 Notable appearances in media Main article: Aircraft in fiction § B-36 Peacemaker In 1949, the B-36 was featured in the documentary film, Target: Peace, about the operations of the 7th Bombardment Wing at Carswell AFB. Other scenes included B-36 production at the Fort Worth plant. Strategic Air Command is a 1955 American film starring James Stewart as a Major League Baseball star and World War II veteran who is called back to active duty to become a B-36 pilot and flight commander for SAC. The documentary Lost Nuke (2004) chronicles a 2003 Canadian expedition that set out to solve the mystery of the world's first lost nuclear weapon. The team traveled to the remote mountain site of the 1950 British Columbia B-36 crash. See also Aviation portal B-36 Peacemaker Museum Convair B-36 variants Lycoming XR-7755 Revolt of the Admirals "Victory Bomber" Kégresse track Related development Convair YB-60 Convair XC-99 Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Nakajima G10N Tupolev Tu-95 Boeing XB-55 Related lists List of military aircraft of the United States List of bomber aircraft References Notes ^ Convair proposed the name "Peacemaker" in a submission to a contest to name the bomber. Although the name "Peacemaker" was not officially adopted, it was commonly used and sources often state or imply the name is "official". ^ Quote attributed to Captain Banda when he was escorting Air Cadet Michael R. Daciek, later Lieutenant Colonel Daciek, on an inside tour of the XC-99 in 1953. Citations ^ "Peacemaker Name Certificate." Archived 26 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine 7th Bomb Wing B-36 Association. Retrieved: 28 August 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Convair B-36J Peacemaker". National Museum of the United States Air Force. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2018.. ^ a b Taylor, John W.R. (1969). Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 465. ISBN 0-425-03633-2. ^ a b c d Johnsen, Frederick A. (1978). Thundering Peacemaker: the B-36 Story in Words and Pictures. Tacoma, Washington: Bomber Books. p. 1. ^ Jacobsen, Meyers K.; Wagner, Ray (1980). B-36 in action. Aircraft in Action. Vol. 42. Carrollton, Tex.: Squadron/Signal Publications. p. 4. ISBN 0897471016. ^ Winchester, Jim (2006). "Convair B-36". Military aircraft of the Cold War. The Aviation Factfile. Rochester, Kent, UK: The Grange plc. p. 49. ISBN 1-84013-929-3. ^ Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim (1998). Heinkel He 177 – 277 – 274. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. p. 197. ISBN 1-85310-364-0. ^ a b c d e f g h Knaack, Marcelle Size (1988). Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force aircraft and missile systems (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. II Post World War II Bombers. Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0912799595. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2023 – via media.defense.gov. ^ "Video: Biggest Bomber, 1946/08/15." Universal Newsreel, 1946. Retrieved: 20 February 2012. ^ Wagner, Ray (1968). American Combat Planes. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. p. 142. ISBN 0-385-04134-9. ^ a b c d Yenne, Bill (2004). "Convair B-36 Peacemaker". International Air Power Review. Vol. 13. Norwalk, CT: AIRtime Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1-880588-84-6. ^ a b c d Leach, Norman S. (2008). Broken Arrow: America's First Lost Nuclear Weapon. Calgary: Red Deer Press. ISBN 978-0889953482. ^ Griswold, Wesley P. "Remember the B-36." Popular Science, September 1961. ^ "National Museum of the USAF – Bomber". Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014. ^ Jacobsen, Meyers K. (November 1974). "Peacemaker". Airpower. Vol. 4, no. 6. p. 54. ^ a b c d Jacobsen, Meyers K. (1997). Convair B-36: A Comprehensive History of America's 'Big Stick'. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History. ISBN 0764305301. ^ AU/ACSC/166/1998-04 "Standard Aircraft Characteristics: F2H-2 Banshee." Archived 6 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine history.naval.mil. Retrieved: 28 August 2010. ^ "The Revolt of the Admirals." Air Command and Staff College Air University. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ "Doors Shield Jets From Blowing Dirt" Popular Mechanics, October 1950, p. 117. ^ "B-36 Adds Four Jet Engines." Popular Mechanics, July 1949, p. 124. ^ Shiel, Walter P. (1996). The B-36 Peacemaker: 'There Aren't Programs Like This Anymore' (PDF) (Technical report). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2004. ^ a b Jenkins, Dennis R. (2002). Magnesium Overcast: The Story of the Convair B-36. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-129-1. ^ Puryear, Edgar F. (1981). Stars in Flight. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-89141-128-3. ^ Schmidt, Robert Kyle (18 February 2021). The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear. SAE International. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-7680-9943-0. ^ "It makes the B-36 light on its feet". Flying. August 1950. p. 35. ^ "History: Boeing B-17." Archived 7 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine boeing.com. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ Peacock October 1990, p. 233 ^ "Russia sparks Cold War scramble." BBC News, 9 August 2007. Retrieved: 30 April 2010. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (26 March 2020). Weapons and Warfare : From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century . Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 352. ISBN 978-1-4408-6728-6. ^ Page, Joseph (2021). Ellsworth Air Force Base. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-0694-8. ^ Peacock October 1990, p. 234 ^ Lockett, Brian. "Summary of Air Force accident report." Goleta Air and Space Museum, air-and-space.com. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ "The Last B-36 and the people who saved it from destruction." Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine cowtown.net, 1 October 2006. Retrieved: 21 September 2007. ^ Wolk, Herman S. (2003). Fulcrum of Power: Essays on the United States Air Force and National Security. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 1-4289-9008-9. ^ a b Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1994). Revolt of the Admirals: The Fight for Naval Aviation, 1945–1950. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, Dept. of the Navy. ISBN 0-16-042094-6. ^ McFarland, Keith (1980). "The 1949 Revolt of the Admirals" (PDF). Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College Quarterly Vol. XI, No. 2. pp. 53–63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2014. ^ "Costly Bomber Gives Way to Jet". Newspapers.com. Evening Vanguard. 25 February 1957. Retrieved 28 January 2024. ^ Morris, Ted. "Flying the Aluminum and Magnesium Overcast." zianet.com, 2000. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ "Bomber Carries Spare Engines." Popular Mechanics, September 1950, p. 146, ^ Daciek, Michael R. "Speaking at random about flying and writing: B-36 Peacemaker/Ten Engine Bomber". YourHub.com, 13 December 2006. Retrieved: 6 April 2009. ^ Ricketts, Bruce. "Broken Arrow, A lost nuclear weapon in Canada": Interview with B-36B 44-92075 Co-pilot 1st Lt R. P. Whitfield. mysteriesofcanada.com, 1998. Retrieved: 24 September 2007. ^ "Lt. General James Edmundson on: Flying B-36 and B-47 planes" Archived 31 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. American Experience, PBS, January 1999. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ "B-36 Era and Cold War Aviation Forum". delphiforums.com. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ "Operation Castle: Report of Commander, Task Group 7.1, p. 24 (extract version)". Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. worf.eh.doe.gov, 1 February 1980. Retrieved: 23 September 2007. ^ Miller, Jay; Cripliver, Roger (1978). "B-36: The Ponderous Peacemaker". Aviation Quarterly. Vol. 4, no. 4. pp. 366, 369. ^ Trakimavičius, Lukas. "The Future Role of Nuclear Propulsion in the Military" (PDF). NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ Lockett, Brian. "Parasite Fighter Programs: Project Tom-Tom." Goleta Air and Space Museum, air-and-space.com. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ Hall, R. Cargill. "The Truth About Overflights: Military Reconnaissance Missions over Russia Before the U-2." Quarterly Journal of Military History, Spring 1997. ^ Wack, Fred J. The Secret Explorers: Saga of the 46th/72nd Reconnaissance Squadrons. Self-published, 1990. ^ "Convair YB-36 'Peacemaker'." Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine AeroWeb. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ "Convair YB-36G (YB-60) 'Peacemaker'." Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine AeroWeb. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ "Convair Model 6 Jet Airliner". 7 August 2012. ^ "Tails Through Time: The Convair Model 6: A Jumbo Before Its Time". 21 June 2010. ^ "YB-60 Factsheet." Archived 15 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ Hill, 1st Lt Bruce R. Jr. "XC-99 begins piece-by-piece trip to Air Force Museum." Archived 3 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine 433rd Airlift Wing Public Affairs, 22 April 2004. ^ "B-36 Deployment." strategic-air-command.com. Retrieved: 14 June 2010. ^ "B-36 Peacemaker, s/n 51-13730." Castle Air Museum. Retrieved: 14 December 2017. ^ "B-36 Peacemaker, s/n 52-2217." Archived 31 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine SAC Museum. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ "B-36 Peacemaker, s/n 52-2220." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 14 December 2017. ^ "B-36 Peacemaker, s/n 52-2827." Pima Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: 9 April 2012. ^ a b Lockett, Brian. "Convair B-36 Crash Reports and Wreck Sites." Goleta Air and Space Museum, air-and-space.com. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ Lockett, Brian. "Synopsis of the Air Force Accident Report for RB-36H, 51-13722." Goleta Air and Space Museum, air-and-space.com, 30 July 2003. Retrieved: 23 September 2007. ^ "Gen disasters". Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020. ^ "B-36 fleet destroyed by tornado." Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine cotown.net, 27 August 2007. Retrieved: 4 April 2012. ^ "Burgoyne's Cove B-36 Crash Site" Retrieved: 21 Mar 2024. ^ Pyeatt, Don. "Interview with copilot." Archived 18 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine cotown.net, 31 August 1998. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. ^ Ricketts, Bruce. "Broken Arrow, A Lost Nuclear Weapon in Canada". Mysteries of Canada, 11 January 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2007. ^ "Diver may have found 'lost nuke' missing since cold war off Canada coast". The Guardian. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Object found off British Columbia coast not missing nuke". BBC News. 25 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016. ^ Adler, Les. "Albuquerque's Near-Doomsday." Archived 15 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Albuquerque Tribune, 20 January 1994. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. ^ "Factsheet:Convair B-36J" Archived 6 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 8 October 2010. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. ^ Jorgenson, Michael, producer. "Lost Nuke". Archived 18 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Myth Merchant Films, Spruce Grove, Alberta, 2004. Bibliography Barlow, Jeffrey G. Revolt of the Admirals: The Fight for Naval Aviation, 1945–1950. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1994. ISBN 0-16-042094-6. Ford, Daniel. "B-36: Bomber at the Crossroads". Air and Space/Smithsonian, April 1996. Retrieved: 3 February 2007. Grant, R.G. and John R. Dailey. Flight: 100 Years of Aviation. Harlow, Essex, UK: DK Adult, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7566-1902-2. Jacobsen, Meyers K. Convair B-36: A Comprehensive History of America's "Big Stick". Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1997. ISBN 0-7643-0974-9. Jacobsen, Meyers K. Convair B-36: A Photo Chronicle. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1999. ISBN 0-7643-0974-9. Jacobsen, Meyers K. "Peacemaker." Airpower, Vol. 4, No. 6, November 1974. Jacobsen, Meyers K. and Ray Wagner. B-36 in Action (Aircraft in Action Number 42). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1980. ISBN 0-89747-101-6. Jenkins, Dennis R. B-36 Photo Scrapbook. St. Paul, Minnesota: Specialty Press Publishers and Wholesalers, 2003. ISBN 1-58007-075-2. Jenkins, Dennis R. Convair B-36 Peacemaker. St. Paul, Minnesota: Specialty Press Publishers and Wholesalers, 1999. ISBN 1-58007-019-1. Jenkins, Dennis R. Magnesium Overcast: The Story of the Convair B-36. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2002., ISBN 978-1-58007-129-1. Johnsen, Frederick A. Thundering Peacemaker, the B-36 Story in Words and Pictures. Tacoma, Washington: Bomber Books, 1978. Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force aircraft and missile systems Volume II: Post-World War II Bombers, 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1988. ISBN 0-16-002260-6.Online - via media.defense.gov Leach, Norman S. Broken Arrow: America's First Lost Nuclear Weapon. Calgary, Alberta: Red Deer Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-88995-348-2. Miller, Jay and Roger Cripliver. "B-36: The Ponderous Peacemaker." Aviation Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1978. Miller, Jay. "Tip Tow & Tom-Tom". Air Enthusiast, No. 9, February–May 1979, pp. 40–42. ISSN 0143-5450. Morris, Lt. Col. (ret.) and Ted Allan. "Flying the Aluminum and Magnesium Overcast". The collected articles and photographs of Ted A. Morris, 2000. Retrieved: 4 September 2006. Orman, Edward W. "One Thousand on Top: A Gunner's View of Flight from the Scanning Blister of a B-36." Airpower, Vol. 17, No. 2, March 1987. Peacock, Lindsay. "B-36: Convair's "Big Stick": Part One". Air International, Vol. 39, No. 4, October 1990. pp. 230–234. ISSN 0306-5634. Peacock, Lindsay. "B-36: Convair's "Big Stick": Part Two". Air International, Vol. 39, No. 5, November 1990. pp. 279–286, 306. ISSN 0306-5634. Puryear, Edgar. Stars in Flight. Novato, California: Presidio Press, 1981. ISBN 0-89141-128-3 Pyeatt, Don. B-36: Saving the Last Peacemaker (Third Edition). Fort Worth, Texas: ProWeb Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0-9677593-2-3. Shiel, Walter P. "The B-36 Peacemaker: 'There Aren't Programs Like This Anymore'". cessnawarbirds.com. Retrieved: 19 July 2009. Taylor, John W.R. "Convair B-36." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2. Thomas, Tony. A Wonderful Life: The Films and Career of James Stewart. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8065-1081-1. Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1968. ISBN 0-385-04134-9. Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. London: Aerospace Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-875671-50-1. Winchester, Jim. "Convair B-36". Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). Rochester, Kent, UK: The Grange plc., 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3. Wolk, Herman S. Fulcrum of Power: Essays on the United States Air Force and National Security. Darby, Pennsylvania: Diane Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-4289-9008-9. Yenne, Bill. "Convair B-36 Peacemaker." International Air Power Review, Vol. 13, Summer 2004. London: AirTime Publishing Inc., 2004. ISBN 1-880588-84-6. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to B-36 Peacemaker and B-36 Peacemaker Unit Emblems. USAF Museum: XB-36 Documentary about the Convair b-36 Peacemaker USAF Museum: B-36A Video of The B-36 from Strategic Air Command. 5:32 "I Flew with the Atomic Bombers", Popular Mechanics, April 1954, pp. 98–102, 264. AeroWeb: B-36 versions and survivors "Race For the Superbomb: Lt. Gen. James Edmundson interview transcript: Flying B-36 and B-47 planes" Archived 31 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. PBS Online. ZiaNet: B-36 operations Walker AFB Roswell New Mexico 1955–1957 "I Flew Thirty-One Hours in a B-36", Popular Mechanics, September 1950 Size 36, 1950-produced "first public film" on the B-36, in detail Handbook flight operating instructions : USAF series B-36A aircraft – The Museum of Flight Digital Collections vteConsolidated aircraftManufacturer designation 1 2 7 8 9 10 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 39 40 By roleTrainers NY PT-1 PT-2 PT-11 AT-22 Observation aircraft OA-6 O-17 Fighters P-30 Patrol PY P2Y P3Y XP4Y-1/P4Y-2 PBY PB2Y XPB3Y PB4Y-1/-2 Bombers B-24 B-32 XB-41 B-36 BY XB2Y LB-30A/B Liberator B.I Liberator GR.I TBY Transports C-11 C-22 C-87 XC-99 C-109 RY R2Y Liberator C.IX Reconnaissance F-7 vteConvair and General Dynamics aircraftManufacturer designations (numbering continued from Vultee): 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 108 109 110 111 112 115 116 117 118 200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8/8-24 9 11 21 22 23 24 27 30 31 48 240 300 340 440 540 580 600 640 Bombers B-36 XA-44 XB-46 XB-53 B-58 YB-60 Fighters and attack aircraft XP-81 XF-92 F2Y F-102 XFY F-106 Charger Civilian transports 37 58-9 110 240 300 340 440 540 580 600 640 880 990 5800 Military transports XC-99 C-131 / R4Y / T-29 R3Y Experimental aircraft Kingfish NB-36H X-6 General Dynamics RB-57F F-111 F-111B F-111C F-111K EF-111A AFTI/F-111A F-16 F-16XL X-62 VISTA Model 100 Model 1600 YF-22 vteUSAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF bomber designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsOriginal sequences(1924–1930)Light Bomber LB-1 LB-2 LB-3 LB-4 LB-5 LB-6 LB-7 LB-8 LB-9 LB-10 LB-11 LB-12 LB-13 LB-14 Medium Bomber B-1 B-2 Heavy Bomber HB-1 HB-2 HB-3 Main sequence(1930–1962) B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7 B-8 B-9 B-10 B-11 B-12 B-13 B-14 B-15 B-16 B-17 B-18 B-19 B-20 B-21 B-22 B-23 B-24 B-25 B-26 B-27 B-28 B-29 B-29D B-30 B-31 B-32 B-33 B-34 B-35 B-36 B-36G NB-36H B-37 B-38 B-39 B-40 B-41 B-42 B-43 B-44 B-45 B-46 B-47 B-47C B-48 B-49 B-50 B-50C B-51 B-52 B-53 B-54 B-55 B-56 B-57 RB-57D RB-57F B-58 B-59 B-60 B-61 B-62 B-63 B-64 B-65 B-66 B-67 B-68 B-69 B-70 B-71 Long-range Bomber(1935–1936) BLR-1 BLR-2 BLR-3 Tri-Service sequence(1962–current) B-1 B-2 Non-sequentialRedesignated A-series B-20 B-26 Fighter-bomber, in F-series FB-22 FB-111 Other B-21 vteNuclear propulsionSpacecraft Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion Bussard ramjet Fission-fragment rocket Fission sail Fusion rocket Gas core reactor rocket Nuclear electric rocket Nuclear photonic rocket Nuclear pulse propulsion Nuclear salt-water rocket Nuclear thermal rocket Radioisotope rocket US Project Orion NERVA Project Longshot Project Rover Project Prometheus UK Project Daedalus USSR/Russia RD-0410 TOPAZ nuclear reactor TMK TEM Sea vessels Nuclear marine propulsion Nuclear navy Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System Aircraft Nuclear-powered aircraft US Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program Convair NB-36H Convair X-6 Project Pluto WS-125 USSR/Russia Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119 Myasishchev M-60 9M730 Burevestnik Ground Chrysler TV-8 Ford FX-Atmos Ford Nucleon Ford Seattle-ite XXI Simca Fulgur Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[N 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"strategic bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bomber"},{"link_name":"Convair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"piston-engined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_engine"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-52 Stratofortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress"}],"text":"The Convair B-36 \"Peacemaker\"[N 1] is a strategic bomber that was built by Convair and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) from 1949 to 1959. The B-36 is the largest mass-produced piston-engined aircraft ever built. It has the longest wingspan of any combat aircraft ever built, at 230 ft (70 m). The B-36 was the first bomber capable of delivering any of the nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal from an internal bomb bay without aircraft modifications. With a range of 10,000 mi (16,000 km) and a maximum payload of 87,200 lb (39,600 kg), the B-36 is capable of intercontinental flight without refueling.Entering service in 1948, the B-36 was the primary nuclear weapons delivery vehicle of Strategic Air Command (SAC) until it was replaced by the jet-powered Boeing B-52 Stratofortress beginning in 1955. All but four aircraft have been scrapped.","title":"Convair B-36 Peacemaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convair_XB-36_in_flight_just_after_takeoff_or_just_before_landing_061128-F-1234S-025.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Britain might fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"German \"Blitz\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMUSAF-3"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor1969-4"},{"link_name":"Gander, Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gander,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johnsen1978-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jacobsenwagner1980-6"},{"link_name":"Reichsluftfahrtministerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsluftfahrtministerium"},{"link_name":"Amerikabomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikabomber"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winchester2006-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johnsen1978-5"},{"link_name":"combat radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_radius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor1969-4"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"12.8 cm FlaK 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12.8_cm_FlaK_40"},{"link_name":"flak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"}],"text":"The prototype XB-36The genesis of the B-36 can be traced to early 1941, prior to the entry of the United States into World War II. At the time, the threat existed that Britain might fall to the German \"Blitz\", making a strategic bombing effort by the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) against Germany impossible with the aircraft of the time.[2]The United States would need a new class of bomber that would reach Europe and return to bases in North America,[3] necessitating a combat range of at least 5,700 miles (9,200 km), the length of a Gander, Newfoundland–Berlin round trip. The USAAC therefore sought a bomber of truly intercontinental range,[4][5] similar to the German Reichsluftfahrtministerium's (RLM) ultralong-range Amerikabomber program, the subject of a 33-page proposal submitted to Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring on 12 May 1942.The USAAC sent out the initial request on 11 April 1941, asking for a 450 mph (720 km/h) top speed, a 275 mph (443 km/h) cruising speed, a service ceiling of 45,000 ft (14,000 m)—beyond the range of ground-based anti-aircraft fire—and a maximum range of 12,000 miles (19,000 km) at 25,000 ft (7,600 m).[6] These requirements proved too demanding for any short-term design, far exceeding the technology of the day,[4] so on 19 August 1941, they were reduced to a maximum range of 10,000 mi (16,000 km), an effective combat radius of 4,000 mi (6,400 km) with a 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) bombload, a cruising speed between 240 and 300 mph (390 and 480 km/h), and a service ceiling of 40,000 ft (12,000 m)[3]—above the maximum effective altitude of Nazi Germany's anti-aircraft guns, save for the rarely-deployed 12.8 cm FlaK 40 heavy flak cannon.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-36aarrivalcarswell1948.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Henry L. Stimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson"},{"link_name":"23 July 1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_in_aviation#July"},{"link_name":"Heinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel"},{"link_name":"a six-engined version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_277#Competing_bomber_designs"},{"link_name":"BMW 801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_801"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knaack1988-9"},{"link_name":"Vultee Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultee_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"V-E Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Berlin Airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Airlift"},{"link_name":"first Soviet atomic bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1"},{"link_name":"payload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_(air_and_space_craft)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knaack1988-9"},{"link_name":"first-generation jet fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_generation_jet_fighters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMUSAF-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagner1968-11"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-47 Stratojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet"},{"link_name":"Mark 16 hydrogen bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_16_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"B-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"B-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yenne2004-12"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-52 Stratofortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMUSAF-3"},{"link_name":"long rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_rifle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMUSAF-3"},{"link_name":"Curtis LeMay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_LeMay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMUSAF-3"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMUSAF-3"}],"sub_title":"World War II and after","text":"The XB-36 (right) alongside a Boeing B-29 SuperfortressAs the Pacific war progressed, the USAAF increasingly needed a bomber capable of reaching Japan from its bases in Hawaii, and the development of the B-36 resumed in earnest. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, in discussions with high-ranking officers of the USAAF, decided to waive normal army procurement procedures, and on 23 July 1943—some 15 months after the Germans' Amerikabomber proposal's submission made it to their RLM authority, and coincidentally, the same day that, in Germany, the RLM had ordered the Heinkel firm to design a six-engined version of their own, BMW 801E powered Amerikabomber design proposal[7]—the USAAF submitted a \"letter of intent\" to Convair, ordering an initial production run of 100 B-36s before the completion and testing of the two prototypes.[8]: 3−10 The first delivery was due in August 1945, and the last in October 1946, but Consolidated (by this time renamed Convair after its 1943 merger with Vultee Aircraft) delayed delivery. The aircraft was unveiled on 20 August 1945 (three months after V-E Day), and flew for the first time on 8 August 1946.[9]After the establishment of an independent United States Air Force in 1947, the beginning in earnest of the Cold War with the 1948 Berlin Airlift, and the 1949 atmospheric test of the first Soviet atomic bomb, American military planners sought bombers capable of delivering the very large and heavy first-generation atomic bombs.The B-36 was the only American aircraft with the range and payload to carry such bombs from airfields on American soil to targets in the USSR. The modification to allow the use of larger atomic weapons on the B-36 was called the \"Grand Slam Installation\".[8]: 24The B-36 was arguably obsolete from the outset, being piston-powered, coupled with the widespread introduction of first-generation jet fighters in potential enemy air forces.[2][10] However, its jet rival, the Boeing B-47 Stratojet, which did not become fully operational until 1953, lacked the range to attack the Soviet homeland from North America without aerial refueling and could not carry the huge first-generation Mark 16 hydrogen bomb.The other American piston bombers of the day, the B-29 and B-50, were also too limited in range to be part of America's developing nuclear arsenal.[11]: 124–126 Intercontinental ballistic missiles did not become sufficiently reliable until the early 1960s. Until the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress became operational in 1955, the B-36, as the only truly intercontinental bomber, continued to be the primary nuclear weapons delivery vehicle of the SAC.[2]Convair touted the B-36 as the \"aluminum overcast\", a so-called \"long rifle\" giving SAC truly global reach.[2] During General Curtis LeMay's tenure as head of SAC (1949–57), the B-36, through intense crew training and development, formed the heart of the Strategic Air Command. Its maximum payload was more than four times that of the B-29, and exceeded that of the B-52.The B-36 was slow and could not refuel in midair, but could fly missions to targets 3,400 miles (5,500 km) away and stay aloft as long as 40 hours.[2] Moreover, the B-36 was believed to have \"an ace up its sleeve\": a phenomenal cruising altitude for a piston-driven aircraft, made possible by its huge wing area and six 28-cylinder engines, putting it out of range of most of the interceptors of the day, as well as ground-based anti-aircraft guns.[2]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Vultee_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Boeing Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Northrop YB-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_YB-35"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johnsen1978-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leach2008-13"},{"link_name":"Consolidated B-24 Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leach2008-13"}],"sub_title":"Experimentals and prototypes","text":"Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation (later Convair) and Boeing Aircraft Company took part in the competition, with Consolidated winning a tender on 16 October 1941. Consolidated asked for a $15 million contract with $800,000 for research and development, mockup, and tooling. Two experimental bombers were proposed, the first to be delivered in 30 months, and the second within another six months. Originally designated Model B-35, the name was changed to B-36 to avoid confusion with the Northrop YB-35 piston-engined flying-wing bomber,[4][12]: 26–28 against which the B-36 was meant to compete for a production contract.Throughout its development, the B-36 program encountered delays. When the United States entered World War II, Consolidated was ordered to slow B-36 development and greatly increase Consolidated B-24 Liberator production. The first mockup was inspected on 20 July 1942, following six months of refinements. A month after the inspection, the project was moved from San Diego, California, to Fort Worth, Texas, which set back development several months. Consolidated changed the tail from a twin-tail to a single, thereby saving 3,850 pounds (1,750 kg), but this change delayed delivery by 120 days.Changes in the USAAF requirements did add back any weight saved in redesigns, and cost more time. A new antenna system needed to be designed to accommodate an ordered radio and radar system. The Pratt and Whitney engines were redesigned, adding another 1,000 pounds (450 kg).[12]: 30","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convair_B-36_structural_testing_USAF.JPG"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-22"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMUSAF-3"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-5 Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popsci1961-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"Silverplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverplate"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jacobsen1974-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yenne2004-12"},{"link_name":"stall speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_speed"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B361-17"},{"link_name":"McDonnell F2H Banshee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_F2H_Banshee"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Louis A. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360_Wasp_Major"},{"link_name":"radial engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"pusher configuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher_configuration"},{"link_name":"tractor propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_configuration"},{"link_name":"heavy bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_bomber"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yenne2004-12"},{"link_name":"Linke-Hofmann R.II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linke-Hofmann_R.II"},{"link_name":"engine fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Engine_fires"}],"text":"A B-36 airframe undergoing structural stability tests. Note for scale the three men in the balcony at the extreme right of the photograph.The B-36 took shape as an aircraft of immense proportions. It was two-thirds longer than the previous \"superbomber\", the B-29. The wingspan and tail height of the B-36 exceeded those of the 1960s Soviet Union's Antonov An-22, the largest ever turboprop-driven aircraft put into production.[2] Only with the advent of the Boeing 747 and the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, both designed two decades later, did American aircraft capable of lifting a heavier payload become commonplace.The wings of the B-36 were large even when compared with present-day aircraft, exceeding, for example, those of the C-5 Galaxy, and enabled the B-36 to carry enough fuel to fly the intended long missions without refueling. The maximum thickness of the wing, measured perpendicular to the chord, was 7.5 feet (2.3 m), containing a crawlspace that allowed access to the engines.[13] The wing area permitted cruising altitudes well above the operating ceiling of any 1940s-era operational piston and jet-turbine fighters. Most versions of the B-36 could cruise at over 40,000 feet (12,000 m).[14] In 1954, the turrets and other nonessential equipment were removed (not unlike the earlier Silverplate program for the atomic bomb-carrying \"specialist\" B-29s), resulting in a \"featherweight\" configuration believed to have resulted in a top speed of 423 miles per hour (681 km/h),[15] and cruise at 50,000 feet (15,000 m) and dash at over 55,000 feet (17,000 m), perhaps even higher.[11]: 136–137The large wing area and the option of starting the four jet engines supplementing the piston engines in later versions gave the B-36 a wide margin between stall speed (VS) and maximum speed (Vmax) at these altitudes. This made the B-36 more maneuverable at high altitude than the USAF jet interceptors of the day, which either could not fly above 40,000 ft (12,000 m), or if they did, were likely to stall out when trying to maneuver or fire their guns.[16] However, the U.S. Navy argued that their McDonnell F2H Banshee fighter could intercept the B-36, thanks to its ability to operate at more than 50,000 feet (15,000 m).[17] The USAF declined the invitation from the U.S. Navy for a fly-off between the Banshee and the B-36. Later, the new Secretary of Defense, Louis A. Johnson, who considered the U.S. Navy and naval aviation essentially obsolete in favor of the USAF and SAC, forbade putting the Navy's claim to the test.[18]The propulsion system of the B-36 was unique, with six 28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radial engines mounted in an unusual pusher configuration, rather than the conventional four-engine, tractor propeller layout of other heavy bombers. The prototype R-4360s delivered a total of 18,000 hp (13,000 kW). While early B-36s required long takeoff runs, this situation was improved with later versions, delivering a significantly increased power output of 22,800 hp (17,000 kW) total.[11]: 137–138 Each engine drove a three-bladed propeller, 19 feet (5.8 m) in diameter, mounted in the pusher configuration, thought to be the second-largest diameter propeller design ever used to power a piston-engined aircraft (after that of the Linke-Hofmann R.II). This unusual configuration prevented propeller turbulence from interfering with airflow over the wing, but could also lead to engine overheating due to insufficient airflow around the engines, resulting in inflight engine fires.The large, slow-turning propellers interacted with the high-pressure airflow behind the wings to produce an easily recognizable very-low-frequency pulse at ground level that betrayed approaching flights.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Electric J47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_J47"},{"link_name":"jet engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Addition of jet propulsion","text":"Beginning with the B-36D, Convair added a pair of General Electric J47-19 jet engines suspended near the end of each wing; these were also retrofitted to all extant B-36Bs. Consequently, the B-36 was configured to have 10 engines, six radial propeller engines and four jet engines, leading to the B-36 slogan of \"six turnin' and four burnin' \". The B-36 had more engines than any other mass-produced aircraft. The jet pods greatly improved takeoff performance and dash speed over the target. In normal cruising flight, the jet engines were shut down to conserve fuel. When the jet engines were shut down, louvers closed off the front of the pods to reduce drag and to prevent ingestion of sand and dirt. The jet engine louvers were opened and closed by the flight crew in the cockpit, whether the B-36 was on the ground or in the air.[19] The two pods with four turbojets and the six piston engines combined gave the B-36 a total of 40,000 hp (30,000 kW) for short periods of time.[20]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shiel1996-22"}],"sub_title":"Crew","text":"The B-36 had a crew of 15. As in the B-29 and B-50, the pressurized flight deck and crew compartment were linked to the rear compartment by a pressurized tunnel through the bomb bay. In the B-36, movement through the tunnel was on a wheeled trolley, pulling on a rope. The rear compartment featured six bunks and a dining galley and led to the tail turret.[21]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convair_XB-36_main_landing_gear_detail_061128-F-1234S-028.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-36_tracked_gear_edit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convair_RB-36H_Peacemaker_(28339777523).jpg"},{"link_name":"tricycle landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMUSAF-3"},{"link_name":"irrelevant citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"ground pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_pressure"},{"link_name":"Carswell Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_Fort_Worth"},{"link_name":"Eglin Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Fairfield-Suisun Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jenkins2002-23"},{"link_name":"Henry H. Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold"},{"link_name":"bogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puryear1981-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johnsen1978-5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leach2008-13"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Landing gear","text":"The main landing gear evolved from a single-wheel design (top) to a 4-wheel bogie (bottom), but a tracked assembly (center) was also tested.The tricycle landing gear of the XB-36 featured a single-wheel main landing gear whose tires were the largest ever manufactured up to that time: 9 feet 2 inches (2.79 m) tall, 3 feet (91 cm) wide, and weighing 1,320 pounds (600 kg), with enough rubber for 60 automobile tires.[2][irrelevant citation] These tires placed so much ground pressure on runways that the XB-36 was restricted to Carswell Field adjacent to the factory in Texas, Eglin Field in Florida, and Fairfield-Suisun Field in California.[22]: 14–15 At the suggestion of General Henry H. Arnold, the single-wheel gear was soon replaced by a four-wheeled bogie.[23][4][24][12]: 29 At one point, a tank-like tracked landing gear was also tried on the XB-36,[25] but it proved heavy and noisy. The tracked landing gear was quickly abandoned.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bomb bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_bay"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuznetsov_NK-12"},{"link_name":"Tu-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convair_B-36_Peacemaker&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Mark 17 hydrogen bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_17_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Recoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil"},{"link_name":"vacuum tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summaryaccidentreport44-92035-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-36GunTurret.jpg"},{"link_name":"M24A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404"},{"link_name":"T-12 Cloudmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-12_Cloudmaker"},{"link_name":"gravity bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_bomb"},{"link_name":"earthquake bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_bomb"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knaack1988-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leach2008-13"},{"link_name":"bubble canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_canopy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XB-36_first_flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"air-to-air missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"K-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-5_(missile)"},{"link_name":"McDonnell XF-85 Goblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_XF-85_Goblin"},{"link_name":"parasite fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Weaponry","text":"The four bomb bays could carry up to 87,200 pounds (39,600 kg) of bombs, more than 10 times the load carried by the World War II workhorse, the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, and substantially more than the entire B-17's gross weight of 54,000 pounds (24,000 kg).[26] The B-36 was not designed with nuclear weapons in mind, because the mere existence of such weapons was top secret during the period when the B-36 was conceived and designed, and the initial B-36A was not capable of accommodating them.[27] Nevertheless, the B-36 stepped into its nuclear delivery role immediately upon becoming operational. In all respects except speed, the B-36 could match what was arguably its approximate Soviet counterpart, the turboprop-powered Tu-95, which began production in January 1956 and is still in active service as of January 2023[update].[28] Until the B-52 became operational, the B-36 was the only means of delivering the first generation Mark 17 hydrogen bomb,[29] 25 ft (7.6 m) long, 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter, and weighing 42,000 lb (19,000 kg), the heaviest and bulkiest American aerial nuclear bomb ever. The massive Mark 17 took up the aircraft's two aft bomb bays, while the forward bay could hold a Mark 6 atomic weapon.[30]The defensive armament consisted of six retractable gun turrets, with side-by-side turrets mounted in forward dorsal, aft dorsal and ventral positions, aft dorsal and non-retractable tail and nose turrets. Each turret was fitted with two 20 mm cannon, for a total of 16, and all turrets were remote controlled.[31] Recoil vibration from gunnery practice often caused the aircraft's electrical wiring to jar loose or the vacuum tube electronics to malfunction, leading to failure of the aircraft controls and navigation equipment; this contributed to the crash of B-36B 44-92035 on 22 November 1950.[32]B-36 upper or lower gun turret with two M24A1 20 mm cannonThe Convair B-36 was the only aircraft designed to carry the T-12 Cloudmaker, a gravity bomb weighing 43,600 lb (19,800 kg) and designed to produce an earthquake bomb effect. Part of the testing process involved dropping two of the bombs on a single flight mission, one from 30,000 ft (9,100 m) and the second from 40,000 ft (12,000 m), for a total bomb load of 87,200 lb (39,600 kg).The first prototype XB-36 flew on 8 August 1946. The speed and range of the prototype failed to meet the standards set out by the USAAC in 1941. This was expected, as the Pratt & Whitney R-4360 engines required were not yet available, and the qualified workers and materials needed to install them were lacking.[8]: 12−13 [12]: 32A second aircraft, the YB-36, flew on 4 December 1947. It had a redesigned, high-visibility, yet still \"greenhouse-like\" bubble canopy, heavily framed due to its substantial size, which was later adopted for production, and the engines used on the YB-36 were more powerful and more efficient. Altogether, the YB-36 was much closer to the production aircraft.The XB-36 on its first flightThe first 21 B-36As were delivered in 1948. They were interim airframes, intended for crew training and later conversion. No defensive armament was fitted, since none was ready. Once later models were available, all B-36As were converted to RB-36E reconnaissance models. The first B-36 variant meant for normal operation was the B-36B, delivered beginning in November 1948. This aircraft met all the 1941 requirements, but had serious problems with engine reliability and maintenance (changing the 336 spark plugs was a task dreaded by ground crews) and with the availability of armaments and spare parts. Later models featured more powerful variants of the R-4360 engine, improved radar, and redesigned crew compartments.The four jet engines increased fuel consumption and reduced range. Gun turrets were already recognized as obsolete, and newer bombers had been limited to just a tail turret, or no gunners at all for several years but the development of several air-to-air missiles, including the Soviet K-5 which began test firings in 1951, eliminated the last justifications for keeping them.\nIn February 1954, the USAF awarded Convair a contract for a new \"Featherweight\" design program, which significantly reduced weight and crew size. The three configurations were:Featherweight I removed defensive hardware, including the six gun turrets.\nFeatherweight II removed the rear compartment crew comfort features, and all hardware accommodating the McDonnell XF-85 Goblin parasite fighter.\nFeatherweight III incorporated both configurations I and II.The six turrets eliminated by Featherweight I reduced the aircraft's crew from 15 to 9. Featherweight III had a longer range and an operating ceiling of at least 47,000 feet (14,000 m), especially valuable for reconnaissance missions. The B-36J-III configuration (the last 14 made) had a single radar-aimed tail turret, extra fuel tanks in the outer wings, and landing gear allowing the maximum gross weight to rise to 410,000 pounds (190,000 kg).Production of the B-36 ceased in 1954.[33]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolk2003-35"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"naval aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_aviation"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater"},{"link_name":"USS United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_United_States_(CVA-58)"},{"link_name":"supercarrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercarrier"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Louis A. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"John L. Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Sullivan_(United_States_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Francis P. Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_P._Matthews"},{"link_name":"Revolt of the Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals"},{"link_name":"Louis E. Denfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_E._Denfeld"},{"link_name":"House Armed Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Armed_Services_Committee"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolt-36"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Forrestal class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrestal-class_aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"link_name":"early warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_warning"},{"link_name":"antisubmarine-warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolt-36"}],"sub_title":"Operating and financial problems","text":"Due to problems that occurred with the B-36 in its early stages of testing, development, and later in service, some critics referred to the aircraft as a \"billion-dollar blunder\".[34] In particular, the United States Navy saw it as a costly bungle, diverting congressional funding and interest from naval aviation and aircraft carriers in general, and carrier–based nuclear bombers in particular. In 1947, the Navy attacked congressional funding for the B-36, alleging it failed to meet Pentagon requirements. The Navy held to the pre-eminence of the aircraft carrier in the Pacific during World War II, presuming carrier-based aircraft would be decisive in future wars. To this end, the Navy designed USS United States, a \"supercarrier\" capable of launching huge fleets of tactical aircraft or nuclear bombers. It then pushed to have funding transferred from the B-36 to USS United States. The Air Force successfully defended the B-36 project, and United States was officially cancelled by Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson in a cost-cutting move over the objections of both Secretary of the Navy John L. Sullivan and the Navy's senior uniformed leadership. Sullivan resigned in protest and was replaced as Secretary of the Navy by Francis P. Matthews, who had limited familiarity with defense issues, but was a close friend of Johnson. Several high-level Navy officials questioned the government's decision in cancelling the United States to fund the B-36, alleging a conflict of interest because Johnson had once served on Convair's board of directors. The uproar following the cancellation of United States in 1949 was nicknamed the \"Revolt of the Admirals\", during which time Matthews dismissed and forced into retirement the serving Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), Admiral Louis E. Denfeld, following Denfeld's testimony before the House Armed Services Committee.[35]: 42The congressional and media furor over the firing of Admiral Denfeld, as well as the significant use of aircraft carriers in the Korean War, resulted in the Truman administration subsequently ousting both Johnson and Matthews in their respective secretary roles, and in the design and procurement of the subsequent Forrestal class of supercarriers, which were of comparable size to United States, but with a design geared towards greater multirole use with composite air wings of fighter, attack, reconnaissance, electronic warfare, early warning and antisubmarine-warfare aircraft. At the same time, heavy manned bombers for the SAC were also deemed crucial to national defense and, as a result, the two systems were never again in competition for the same budgetary resources.[36][35]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convair_B-36_Peacemaker_in_flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"RB-36DThe B-36, including its GRB-36, RB-36, and XC-99 variants, was in USAF service as part of the SAC from 1948 to 1959. The RB-36 variants of the B-36 were used for reconnaissance during the Cold War with the Soviet Union and the B-36 bomber variants conducted training and test operations and stood ground and airborne alert, but the latter variants were never used offensively as bombers against hostile forces; they never fired a shot in combat.[37]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-36_Peacemaker_-_personnel_and_equipment.jpg"},{"link_name":"lubricating oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricating_oil"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"spark plugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plug"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline#Tetraethyl_lead"},{"link_name":"145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgas#Grades"},{"link_name":"octane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane"},{"link_name":"knock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_knocking"},{"link_name":"R-4360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-4360"},{"link_name":"hangars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Ground crews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_crew"},{"link_name":"wing roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_root"},{"link_name":"flight engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_engineer"},{"link_name":"pressurization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_pressurization"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Consolidated-Vultee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated-Vultee"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Maintenance","text":"Personnel and equipment required to get and keep a B-36 aircraft in the airThe Wasp Major engines had a prodigious appetite for lubricating oil; each engine required a dedicated 100-gal (380-l) tank.[citation needed] Normal maintenance consisted of tedious measures, such as changing the 56 spark plugs on each of the six engines; the plugs were often fouled by the lead in the 145 octane antiknock fuel required by the R-4360 engines. Thus, each service required changing 336 spark plugs.\nThe B-36 was too large to fit in most hangars. Since even an aircraft with the range of the B-36 needed to be stationed as close to enemy targets as possible, this meant the plane was largely based in the extreme weather locations of the northern continental United States, Alaska, and the Arctic. Since the maintenance had to be performed outdoors, the crews were largely exposed to the elements, with temperatures of −60 °F (−51 °C) in winters and 100 °F (38 °C) in summers, depending on the airbase location. Special shelters were built so the maintenance crews could be given a modicum of protection. Ground crews were at risk of slipping and falling from icy wings, or being blown off the wings by propeller wash running in reverse pitch. The wing roots were thick enough, at 7 ft (2.1 m), to enable a flight engineer to access the engines and landing gear during flight by crawling through the wings. This was possible only at altitudes not requiring pressurization.[38]In 1950, Convair (then still Consolidated-Vultee) developed streamlined pods, looking like oversize drop tanks, that were mounted on each side of the B-36's fuselage to carry spare engines between bases. Each pod could airlift two engines. When the pods were empty, they were removed and carried in the bomb bays. No record was made of the special engine pods ever being used.[39]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:11th_Bombardment_Wing_Convair_B-36J-5-CF_Peacemaker_52-2225.jpg"},{"link_name":"aircraft's slogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Addition_of_jet_propulsion"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turn&burn-41"},{"link_name":"[N 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"carburetor icing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor_icing"},{"link_name":"carburetor heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor_heat"},{"link_name":"why?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"air/fuel mixture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-fuel_ratio"},{"link_name":"exhaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_system"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"crashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_British_Columbia_B-36_crash"}],"sub_title":"Engine fires","text":"B-36J (serial 52-2225) of the 11th Bombardment Wing in 1955 showing \"six turning, four burning\"As engine fires occurred with the B-36's radial engines, some crews humorously changed the aircraft's slogan from \"six turning, four burning\" into \"two turning, two burning, two smoking, two choking and two more unaccounted for\".[40][N 2] This problem was exacerbated by the propellers' pusher configuration, which increased carburetor icing. The design of the R-4360 engine tacitly assumed that it would be mounted in the conventional tractor configuration—propeller/air intake/28 cylinders/carburetor—with air flowing in that order. In this configuration, the carburetor is bathed in warmed air flowing past the engine, so it is unlikely to ice up. However, the R-4360 engines in the B-36 were mounted backwards, in the pusher configuration—air intake/carburetor/28 cylinders/propeller. The carburetor was now in front of the engine, so it could not benefit from engine heat. This placement also made more traditional short-term carburetor heat systems unsuitable.[why?] Hence, when intake air was cold and humid, ice gradually obstructed the carburetor air intake, which in turn gradually increased the richness of the air/fuel mixture until the unburned fuel in the exhaust caught fire.[41] Three engine fires of this nature led to the first loss of an American nuclear weapon when a B-36 crashed in February 1950.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RB-36D_in_Convair_plant.jpg"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"forward bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_base"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Operation Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Castle"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"Crew experience","text":"RB-36s in production: Note the heavily framed \"greenhouse\" bubble canopy over the cockpit area, used for all production B-36 airframes.Training missions were typically in two parts, a 40-hour flight—followed by time on the ground for refueling and maintenance—and then a 24-hour second flight. With a sufficiently light load, the B-36 could fly at least 10,000 mi (16,000 km) nonstop, and the highest cruising speed of any version, the B-36J-III, was at 230 mph (380 km/h). Engaging the jet engines could raise the cruising speed to over 400 mph (650 km/h). Hence, a 40-hour mission, with the jets used only for takeoff and climbing, flew about 9,200 mi (15,000 km).Due to its massive size, the B-36 was never considered sprightly or agile; Lieutenant General James Edmundson likened it to \"sitting on your front porch and flying your house around\".[42] Crew compartments were nonetheless cramped, especially when occupied for 24 hours by a crew of 15 in full flight kit.War missions would have been one-way, taking off from forward bases in Alaska or Greenland, overflying the USSR, and landing in Europe, Morocco, or the Middle East. Veteran crews recall feeling confident in their ability to fly the planned missions, but not to survive weapon delivery, as the aircraft may not have been fast enough to escape the blast.[43] These concerns were borne out by the 1954 Operation Castle tests, in which B-36s were flown at the combat distance from the detonations of bombs in the 15-megaton range. At distances believed typical of wartime delivery, aircraft suffered extensive flash and blast damage.[44][failed verification]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NB-36H_producing_contrails_in_flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"NB-36H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_NB-36H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-36_F-84F_FICON.jpg"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-millercripliver1978-47"},{"link_name":"Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion"},{"link_name":"nuclear-powered aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-48"},{"link_name":"NB-36H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_NB-36H"},{"link_name":"nuclear reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"lead disc shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_shield"},{"link_name":"leaded glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_glass"},{"link_name":"windshield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windshield"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"parasite aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_aircraft"},{"link_name":"McDonnell XF-85 Goblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_XF-85_Goblin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"FICON project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FICON_project"},{"link_name":"RF-84K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tip Tow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FICON_project#Project_MX-1016_(Tip_Tow)"},{"link_name":"F-84s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet"},{"link_name":"aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(wing)"},{"link_name":"turbulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence"},{"link_name":"wingtip vortices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip_vortices"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomtom-49"}],"sub_title":"Experiments","text":"NB-36H nuclear reactor testbedGRB-36 carrying YRF-84F modified for FICON testThe B-36 was employed in a variety of aeronautical experiments throughout its service life. Its immense size, range, and payload capacity lent itself to use in research and development programs. These included nuclear propulsion studies, and \"parasite\" programs in which the B-36 carried smaller interceptors or reconnaissance aircraft.[45]In May 1946, the Air Force began the Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft project, which was followed in May 1951 by the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion (ANP) program. The ANP program used modified B-36s to study shielding requirements for an airborne reactor to determine whether a nuclear-powered aircraft was feasible.[46] Convair modified two B-36s under the MX-1589 project. The Nuclear Test Aircraft was a B-36H-20-CF (serial number 51-5712) that had been damaged in a tornado at Carswell AFB on 1 September 1952. This aircraft, designated the XB-36H (and later NB-36H), was modified to carry a 1 MW, air-cooled nuclear reactor in the aft bomb bay, with a four-ton lead disc shield installed in the middle of the aircraft between the reactor and the cockpit. A number of large air intake and exhaust holes were installed in the sides and bottom of the aircraft's rear fuselage to cool the reactor in flight. On the ground, a crane would be used to remove the 35,000-pound (16,000 kg) reactor from the aircraft. To protect the crew, the highly modified cockpit was encased in lead and rubber, with a 1-foot-thick (30 cm) leaded glass windshield. The reactor was operational, but did not power the aircraft; its sole purpose was to investigate the effect of radiation on aircraft systems. Between 1955 and 1957, the NB-36H completed 47 test flights and 215 hours of flight time, during 89 of which the reactor was critical.[citation needed]Other experiments involved providing the B-36 with its own fighter defense in the form of parasite aircraft carried partially or wholly in a bomb bay. One parasite aircraft was the diminutive McDonnell XF-85 Goblin, which docked using a trapeze system. The concept was tested successfully using a B-29 carrier, but docking proved difficult even for experienced test pilots. Moreover, the XF-85 was seen as no match for contemporary foreign powers' newly developed interceptor aircraft in development and in service; consequently, the project was cancelled.[citation needed]More successful was the FICON project, involving a modified B-36 (called a GRB-36D \"mothership\") and the RF-84K, a fighter modified for reconnaissance, in a bomb bay. The GRB-36D would ferry the RF-84K to the vicinity of the objective, whereupon the RF-84K would disconnect and begin its mission. Ten GRB-36Ds and 25 RF-84Ks were built and had limited service in 1955–1956.[citation needed]Projects Tip Tow and Tom-Tom involved docking F-84s to the wingtips of B-29s and B-36s. The hope was that the increased aspect ratio of the combined aircraft would result in a greater range. Project Tip Tow was cancelled when an EF-84D and a specially modified test EB-29A crashed, killing everyone on both aircraft. This accident was attributed to the EF-84D flipping over onto the wing of the EB-29A. Project Tom-Tom, involving RF-84Fs and a GRB-36D from the FICON project (redesignated JRB-36F), continued for a few months after this crash, but was also cancelled due to the violent turbulence induced by the wingtip vortices of the B-36.[47]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rb-36-3ship-formation-korea.jpg"},{"link_name":"5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Group"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"electronic intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Lockheed U-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2"},{"link_name":"Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"air-defense radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_configurations_and_types#Detection_and_search_radars"},{"link_name":"SCR-270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCR-270_radar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B361-17"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"photo-reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagery_intelligence"},{"link_name":"darkroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkroom"},{"link_name":"photoflash bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoflash_bomb"},{"link_name":"electronic countermeasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure"},{"link_name":"radar domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radome"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boston_Camera.jpg"},{"link_name":"240-inch focal length camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Camera"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Wright Patterson AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Patterson_AFB"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"Rapid City AFB (later renamed Ellsworth AFB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_AFB"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"RAF Sculthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Sculthorpe"},{"link_name":"Novaya Zemlya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya"},{"link_name":"airspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspace"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B361-17"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"RB-47E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RB-47E"},{"link_name":"Igarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igarka"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B361-17"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Davis–Monthan Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Strategic reconnaissance","text":"In late 1952, six 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing RB-36Ds were deployed to the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group. This was the first RB-36 used in the Korean theater. While not employed in combat, these RB-36s conducted high-altitude aerial reconnaissance over Chinese Manchuria and Soviet East Asia.[48]One of the SAC's initial missions was to plan strategic aerial reconnaissance on a global scale. The first efforts were in photo-reconnaissance and mapping. Along with the photo-reconnaissance mission, a small electronic intelligence cadre was operating. Weather reconnaissance was part of the effort, as was long-range detection, the search for Soviet atomic explosions. In the late 1940s, strategic intelligence on Soviet capabilities and intentions was scarce. Before the development of the Lockheed U-2 high-altitude spy plane and Corona orbital reconnaissance satellites, technology and politics limited American reconnaissance efforts to the borders, and not the heartland, of the Soviet Union.[49]One of the essential criteria of the early postwar reconnaissance aircraft was the ability to cruise above 40,000 feet (12,000 m), a level determined by knowledge of the capability of Soviet air-defense radar. The main Soviet air-defense radar in the 1950s was the American-supplied SCR-270, or locally made copies, which were only effective up to 40,000 feet (12,000 m) – in theory, an aircraft cruising above this level would remain undetected.[16][page needed]The first aircraft to put this theory to the test was the RB-36D specialized photo-reconnaissance version of the B-36D. It was outwardly identical to the standard B-36D, but carried a crew of 22 rather than 15, the additional crew members being needed to operate and maintain the photo-reconnaissance equipment that was carried. The forward bomb bay in the bomber was replaced by a pressurized, manned compartment that was filled with 14 cameras. This compartment included a small darkroom, where a photo technician could develop the film. The second bomb bay contained up to 80 T-86 photoflash bombs, while the third bay could carry an extra 11,000 litres (3,000 US gal), droppable fuel tank. The fourth bomb bay carried electronic countermeasure equipment. The defensive armament of 16 M-24A-1 20-mm cannons was retained. The extra fuel tanks increased the flight endurance to up to 50 hours. It had an operational ceiling of 50,000 feet (15,000 m). Later, a lightweight version of this aircraft, the RB-36-III, could even reach 58,000 ft (18,000 m). RB-36s were distinguished by the bright aluminum finish of the camera compartment (contrasting with the dull magnesium of the rest of the fuselage) and by a series of radar domes under the aft fuselage, varying in number and placement. When developed, it was the only American aircraft having enough range to fly over the Eurasian land mass from bases in the United States, and large enough to carry the bulky, high-resolution cameras of the day.[citation needed]\"The Boston Camera\" on display at the National Museum of the Air ForceThe standard RB-36D carried up to 23 cameras, primarily K-17C, K-22A, K-38, and K-40 cameras. A special 240-inch focal length camera (known as the Boston Camera after the university where it was designed) was tested on 44-92088, the aircraft being redesignated ERB-36D. The long focal length was achieved by using a two-mirror reflection system. The camera was capable of resolving a golf ball at an altitude and side range of 45,000 feet (14,000 m). That is a slant range over 63,600 feet (19,400 m). The camera and the contact print of this test can be seen at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright Patterson AFB.[citation needed]The first RB-36D (44-92088) made its initial flight on 18 December 1949, only six months after the first B-36D had flown. It initially flew without the turbojets. The 28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing based at Rapid City AFB (later renamed Ellsworth AFB), South Dakota, received its first RB-36D on 3 June 1950. Due to severe material shortages, the new RB-36Ds did not become operationally ready until June 1951. The 24th and last RB-36D was delivered in May 1951. A total of 24 RB-36Ds were built. Some RB-36Ds were later modified to the featherweight configuration, in which all but the tail guns were removed. The crew was reduced from 22 to 19. These aircraft were redesignated as RB-36D-III. Modifications were carried out by Convair from February to November 1954.[citation needed]With a range of 9,300 miles (15,000 km), RB-36Ds began probing the boundaries of the Soviet Arctic in 1951. Although on-board equipment indicated detection by Soviet radar, interceptions at the B-36's service ceiling would have remained difficult. RB-36 aircraft operating from RAF Sculthorpe in England made a number of overflights of Soviet Arctic bases, particularly the new nuclear weapons test complex at Novaya Zemlya. RB-36s performed a number of rarely acknowledged reconnaissance missions and are believed to have frequently penetrated Chinese (and Soviet) airspace under the direction of General Curtis LeMay.[16][page needed]In early 1950, Convair began converting B-36As to a reconnaissance configuration; included in the conversions was the sole YB-36 (42-13571). These converted examples were all redesignated RB-36E. The six R-4360-25 engines were replaced by six R-4360-41s. They were also equipped with the four J-47 jet engines that were fitted to the RB-36D. Its normal crew was 22, which included five gunners to man the 16 M-24A-1 20-mm cannon. The last conversion was completed in July 1951. Later, the USAF also bought 73 long-range reconnaissance versions of the B-36H under the designation RB-36H; 23 were accepted during the first six months of 1952, and the last were delivered by September 1953. More than a third of all B-36s were reconnaissance models.[citation needed]Advances in Soviet air defense systems meant that the RB-36 became limited to flying outside the borders of the Soviet Union, as well as Eastern Europe. By the mid-1950s, the jet-powered Boeing RB-47E was able to pierce Soviet airspace and conduct a variety of spectacular overflights of the Soviet Union. Some of these flights probed deep into the heart of the Soviet Union, taking photographic and radar recordings of the route attacking SAC bombers would follow to reach their targets. Flights that involved penetrating mainland Russia were termed sensitive intelligence (SENSINT) missions. One RB-47 flew 450 miles (720 km) inland and photographed the city of Igarka in Siberia.[16][page needed]As with the strategic bombardment versions, the RB-36 was phased out of the SAC inventory beginning in 1956, the last being sent to Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in January 1959.[citation needed]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yb-52-b-36-carswell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"jet age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_age"},{"link_name":"swept-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swept-wing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Convair YB-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_YB-60"},{"link_name":"President Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"\"new look\" at national defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Look_(policy)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convair_B-36s_at_AMARC_1958_awaiting_scrapping.jpg"},{"link_name":"309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/309th_Aerospace_Maintenance_and_Regeneration_Group"},{"link_name":"Davis–Monthan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_AFB"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Biggs AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggs_Army_Airfield#Biggs_Air_Force_Base_(1947%E2%80%9366)"},{"link_name":"95th Heavy Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Air_Base_Wing"},{"link_name":"Amon Carter Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Southwest_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Obsolescence","text":"XB-52 prototype at Carswell AFB, 1955 shown with a 7th Bomb Wing B-36With the appearance of the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 in combat over North Korea in 1950, USAF propeller-driven bombers were rendered obsolete as strategic offensive weapons. Both the B-36 and the B-29/B-50 Superfortresses were designed during World War II, prior to the jet age. A new generation of swept-wing jet bombers, able to fly higher and faster, was needed to effectively overcome the MiG-15 or subsequent Soviet interceptors if the Cold War escalated into armed conflict.[citation needed] In 1952, while the Korean War was still in full combat, the Convair YB-60, developed from the B-36, entered a design competition with the Boeing YB-52. By early 1953, the Boeing product had emerged as the preferred design.After fighting in Korea had ceased, President Eisenhower called for a \"new look\" at national defense. His administration chose to invest in the USAF, especially SAC, retiring nearly all of its B-29/B-50s in favour of the new B-47 Stratojet, introduced in 1951. By 1955, the B-52 Stratofortress was entering the inventory in substantial numbers, which replaced B-36s.[citation needed]Two major factors contributing to the obsolescence of the B-36 and its phaseout were a lack of aerial refueling capability (instead requiring intermediate refueling bases to reach planned targets deep in the Soviet Union) and its slow speed (making it vulnerable to jet interceptors and thus severely decreasing its likelihood of reaching targets in Soviet territory).[citation needed]Convair B-36s awaiting their fate at the 3040th Aircraft Storage Depot (now 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group) in Tucson in 1958The scrapping of B-36s began in February 1956. Once replaced by B-52s, they were flown directly from operational squadrons to Davis–Monthan AFB, Arizona, where the Mar-Pak Corporation handled their reclamation and destruction. Defense cutbacks in FY 1958 compelled the B-52 procurement process to be stretched out and the B-36 service life to be extended. The B-36s remaining in service were supported with components scavenged from aircraft sent to Davis–Monthan. Further update work was undertaken by Convair at San Diego (Specialized Aircraft Maintenance, SAM-SAC) until 1957 to extend the life and capabilities of the B-36s. By December 1958, only 22 B-36Js were still operational.On 12 February 1959, the last B-36J built, AF Ser. No. 52-2827, left Biggs AFB, Texas, where it had been on duty with the 95th Heavy Bombardment Wing, and was flown to Amon Carter Field in Fort Worth, where it was put on display. Within two years, all B-36s, except five used for museum display, had been scrapped at Davis–Monthan AFB.[citation needed]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"XC-99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_XC-99"},{"link_name":"GRF-84F Thunderstreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak"},{"link_name":"NB-36H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NB-36H"},{"link_name":"Convair X-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_X-6"},{"link_name":"YB-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_YB-60"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"XB-36\nPrototype powered by six 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) R-4360-25 engines and unarmed, one built.\nYB-36\nPrototype, s/n 42-13571,[50] with modified nose and raised cockpit roof, one built later converted to YB-36A.\nYB-36A\nFormer YB-36 with modified four-wheel landing gear, later modified as a RB-36E.\nB-36A\nProduction variant, unarmed, used for training, 22 built, all but one converted to RB-36E.\nXC-99\nA cargo/transport version of the B-36. One built.\nB-36B\nArmed production variant with six 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) R-4360-41 engines, 73 built, later conversions to RB-36D and B-36D.\nRB-36B\nDesignation for 39 B-36Bs temporarily fitted with a camera installation.\nYB-36C\nProjected variant of the B-36B with six 4,300 hp (3,200 kW) R-4360-51 engines driving tractor propellers, not built.\nB-36C\nProduction version of the YB-36, completed as B-36Bs.\nB-36D\nSame as B-36B, but fitted with four J47-GE-19 engines, two each in two underwing pods, 22 built and 64 conversions from B-36B.\nRB-36D\nStrategic reconnaissance variant with two bomb bays fitted with camera installation, 17 built and seven conversions from B-36B.\nGRB-36D\nSame as RB-36D, but modified to carry a GRF-84F Thunderstreak on a ventral trapeze as part of the FICON program, 10 modified.\nRB-36E\nThe YB-36A and 21 B-36As converted to RB-36D standards.\nB-36F\nSame as B-36D, but fitted with six 3,800 hp (2,800 kW) R-4360-53 engines and four J47-GE-19 engines, 34 built.\nRB-36F\nStrategic reconnaissance variant of the B-36F with additional fuel capacity, 24 built.\nYB-36G\nSee YB-60.\nB-36H\nSame as B-36F with improved cockpit and equipment changes, 83 built.\nNB-36H\nOne B-36H fitted with a nuclear reactor installation for trials, had a revised cockpit and raised nose. This was intended to evolve into the Convair X-6.\nRB-36H\nStrategic reconnaissance variant of the B-36H, 73 built.\nB-36J\nHigh altitude variant with strengthened landing gear, increased fuel capacity, armament reduced to tail guns only and reduced crew, 33 built.\nYB-60\nOriginally designated the YB-36G, s/n 49-2676 and 49-2684.[51] Project for a jet-powered swept wing variant. Due to the differences from a standard B-36 its designation was changed to YB-60.\nModel 6\nProposed double-deck airliner marrying the fuselage of the B-36 with the wings and empennage of the YB-60; not built.[52][53]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convair_YB-60-1-CF_49-2676.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consolidated_XC-99_43-52436.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kelly AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_AFB"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney XJ57-P-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J57"},{"link_name":"Convair YB-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_YB-60"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMUSAFyb60-56"},{"link_name":"C-97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-97_Stratofreighter"},{"link_name":"Convair XC-99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_XC-99"},{"link_name":"Kelly Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Lackland AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackland_AFB"},{"link_name":"San Antonio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFL04-57"},{"link_name":"Convair Model 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_Model_37"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMUSAF-3"}],"sub_title":"Related models","text":"Convair YB-60-1-CF (49-2676) taking off on a test flight, 1952Convair XC-99 (43-52436) being delivered to Kelly AFB, Texas, 23 November 1949In 1951, the USAF asked Convair to build a prototype of an all-jet variant of the B-36. Convair complied by replacing the wings on a B-36F with swept wings, from which were suspended eight Pratt & Whitney XJ57-P-3 jet engines. The result was the B-36G, later renamed the Convair YB-60. The YB-60 was deemed inferior to Boeing's YB-52, and the project was terminated.[54] Just as the C-97 was the transport variant of the B-50, the B-36 was the basis for the Convair XC-99, a double-decked military cargo plane that was the largest piston-engined, land-based aircraft ever built. Its length of 185 ft (56 m) made it the longest practical aircraft of its era. The sole example built was extensively employed for nearly 10 years, especially for cross-country cargo flights during the Korean War. In 2005, this XC-99 was dismantled in anticipation of its being moved from the former Kelly Air Force Base, now the Kelly Field Annex of Lackland AFB in San Antonio, Texas, where it had been retired since 1957. The XC-99 was subsequently relocated to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB for restoration, with C-5 Galaxy transports carrying pieces of the XC-99 to Wright-Patterson as space and schedule permitted.[55]A commercial airliner derived from the XC-99, the Convair Model 37, never left the drawing board. It would have been the first \"jumbo\" airliner.[2]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"2d Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2d_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"72d Strategic Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72d_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"Ramey AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramey_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"8th Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"6th Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"Walker AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_AFB"},{"link_name":"7th Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"Carswell AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carswell_AFB"},{"link_name":"11th Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"Carswell AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carswell_AFB"},{"link_name":"28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_AFB"},{"link_name":"42d Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42d_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"Loring AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loring_AFB"},{"link_name":"15th Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"92d Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92d_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"Fairchild AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_AFB"},{"link_name":"95th Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"Biggs AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggs_Army_Airfield#Biggs_Air_Force_Base_(1947%E2%80%9366)"},{"link_name":"5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"Travis AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_AFB"},{"link_name":"9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"99th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"Fairchild AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_AFB"}],"text":"United StatesUnited States Air Force – Strategic Air Command[56]\n2d Air Force72d Strategic Reconnaissance Wing – Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico (October 1952 – January 1959)\n60th and 301st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadrons, Tail Code: Square F8th Air Force6th Bombardment Wing – Walker AFB, New Mexico (August 1952 – August 1957)\n24th, 39th and 40th Bombardment Squadrons, Tail Code: Triangle R\n7th Bombardment Wing – Carswell AFB, Texas (June 1948 – May 1958)\n9th, 436th and 492d Bombardment Squadrons, Tail Code: Triangle J\n11th Bombardment Wing – Carswell AFB, Texas (December 1948 – December 1957)\n26th, 42d and 98th Bombardment Squadrons, Tail Code: Triangle U\n28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing – Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota (May 1949 – April 1950)\n77th, 717th and 718th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadrons, Tail Code: Circle X\n42d Bombardment Wing, Loring AFB, Maine (April 1953 – September 1956)\n69th, 70th and 75th Bombardment Squadrons15th Air Force92d Bombardment Wing – Fairchild AFB, Washington (July 1951 – March 1956)\n325th, 326th and 327th Bombardment Squadrons, Tail Code: Circle W\n95th Bombardment Wing – Biggs AFB, Texas (August 1953 – February 1959)\n334th, 335th and 336th Bombardment Squadrons\n5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing – Fairfield-Suisun AFB (later Travis AFB), California (January 1951 – September 1958)\n5th, 31st and 72d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadrons, Tail Code: Circle X\n9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing – Fairfield-Suisun AFB, California (May 1949 – April 1950)\n1st Bombardment Squadron\n99th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing – Fairchild AFB, Washington (August 1951 – September 1956)\n346th, 347th and 348th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadrons, Tail Code: Circle INote: SAC eliminated tail codes in 1953.","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convair_B-36_Peacemaker&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yenne2004-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RB-36H_located_at_Castle_Air_Museum_in_Atwater,_CA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Castle Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Castle Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Castle Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Atwater, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater,_California"},{"link_name":"Chanute Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanute_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Rantoul, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantoul,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-36J_located_at_Strategic_Air_and_Space_Museum_in_Ashland,_NE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NMAF_B-36.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convair_B-36J_Peacemaker_located_at_Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum..JPG"},{"link_name":"Pima Air & Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command and Aerospace Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command_and_Aerospace_Museum"},{"link_name":"Offutt Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offutt_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Ashland, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Pima Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Greater Southwest International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Southwest_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Southwest Aerospace Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwest_Aerospace_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carswell Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carswell_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_Fort_Worth"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"As of 2022[update] only four complete B-36 type aircraft survive from the original 384 produced.[11]: 149RB-36HRB-36H 51-13730 at the Castle Air Museum.AF Ser. No. 51-13730 is at Castle Air Museum at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California. It was previously displayed at the former Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul, Illinois from 1957 to 1991.[57]B-36JB-36J 52-2217 at the Strategic Air and Space Museum.B-36J 52-2220 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.B-36J 52-2827 at the Pima Air & Space Museum.AF Ser. No. 52-2217 is at the Strategic Air Command and Aerospace Museum, formerly located at Offutt Air Force Base, and now off-base near Ashland, Nebraska.[58]\nAF Ser. No. 52-2220 is at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Its flight to the museum from Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona on 30 April 1959 was the last flight of a B-36. This B-36J replaced the former Air Force Museum's original YB-36, AF Serial Number 42-13571. This was also the first aircraft to be placed in the museum's new display hangar, and was not moved again until relocated to the museum's latest addition in 2003. It is displayed alongside the only surviving example of the massive 9 ft (2.7 m) lower main gear strut, single wheel and tire that was used on the original XB-36.[59]\nAF Ser. No. 52-2827 is at the Pima Air and Space Museum, adjacent to Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona. This aircraft was the final B-36 built, named The City of Fort Worth, and lent to the city of Fort Worth on 12 February 1959. It sat on the field at the Greater Southwest International Airport until that airfield was closed and the property was redeveloped as a business park adjacent to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Some attempts were made to begin restoration at that location through the early 1970s. It then moved to the short-lived Southwest Aerospace Museum, which was located between the former Carswell Air Force Base (now Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth) and the former General Dynamics (now Lockheed Martin) assembly plant, where it was originally built; some restoration took place while at the plant. As Lockheed Martin had no place to display the finished aircraft, and local community efforts in Fort Worth to build a facility to house and maintain the massive aircraft fell short, the NMUSAF retook possession of the aircraft and it was transported to Tucson for loan to the Pima Air and Space Museum. It was fully restored and reassembled at that museum, just south of Davis–Monthan AFB, and is displayed at that location.[60]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-36_wrecks-63"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jenkins2002-23"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Princess Royal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Royal_Island"},{"link_name":"parachuted from their blazing B-36B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_British_Columbia_B-36_crash"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Meacham Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meacham_Field"},{"link_name":"NB-36H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NB-36H"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B36_crash.jpg"},{"link_name":"CFB Goose Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Goose_Bay"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"RAF Fairford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Fairford"},{"link_name":"48°11′04″N 53°39′51″W / 48.184352°N 53.664271°W / 48.184352; -53.664271 (RB-36H-25)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Convair_B-36_Peacemaker&params=48.184352_N_53.664271_W_&title=RB-36H-25"},{"link_name":"Burgoyne's Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgoyne%27s_Cove"},{"link_name":"Richard Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Ellsworth"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crash_3-15-53.jpg"},{"link_name":"Broken Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Arrow_incident"},{"link_name":"44-92075, crashed in an unpopulated region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_British_Columbia_B-36_crash"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"plutonium core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_core"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrotoluene"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Haida Gwaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_Gwaii"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ"},{"link_name":"Mark 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_17_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"thermonuclear bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"Kirtland Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"list of military nuclear accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-36_wrecks-63"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"Though the B-36 had a solid overall safety record, well above average for the class and time, 10 B-36s were involved in accidents between 1949 and 1954 (three B-36Bs, three B-36Ds, and four B-36Hs).[61] A total of 32 B-36s were written off in accidents between 1949 and 1957 of 385 built.[22]: 238 When a crash occurred, the magnesium-rich airframe burned easily.[62]On 14 February 1950 off the northwest coast of British Columbia on Princess Royal Island, 17 crewmen parachuted from their blazing B-36B; 12 crewmen were found with one injured, and five were reported missing.[63]On Labor Day, Monday, 1 September 1952, a tornado hit Carswell Air Force Base, Fort Worth, damaging aircraft of the 7th and 11th Bomber Wings' complement of B-36s. Some two-thirds of the USAF's entire B-36 fleet was affected, as well as six aircraft being built at that point at Convair's Fort Worth plant. The base was shut down and operations transferred to Meacham Field. Joint repairs by Convair and the USAF got 10 of the 61 B-36s running within two weeks and repaired the other 51 aircraft within five weeks; 18 of 19 heavily damaged aircraft (and the six damaged and unfinished aircraft at Convair) were repaired by May 1953. The 19th (#2051) had to be scrapped, and was used as a nuclear testing site ground target. One heavily damaged aircraft (#5712) was written off and rebuilt as the NB-36H Nuclear Reactor Testbed aircraft.[64]B-36 wreckage site, Goose Bay, LabradorOn February 2,1953 Convair B36-H Serial No 51-5729 crashed 16 miles southwest of CFB Goose Bay, Labrador, following a transatlantic flight from RAF Fairford. The aircraft was misaligned and crashed in a wooded and hilly terrain. It was determined that the accident was the consequence of a misguiding on part of the GCA in Labrador. 15 of the 17 crew members survived.On the night of 17 March 1953, aircraft RB-36H-25, 51-13721, took off from the Canary Islands on a mission to test North American air defenses. A change in weather conditions pushed the aircraft off course, and early in the morning on 18 March the aircraft crashed into a mountain on the western side of Trinity Bay (48°11′04″N 53°39′51″W / 48.184352°N 53.664271°W / 48.184352; -53.664271 (RB-36H-25)) just north of the community of Burgoyne's Cove, Newfoundland, Canada. All 23 crew members, including Brigadier General Richard Ellsworth, were killed.[65]Official US Air Force accident incident photo of the 18 March 1953 crashB-36s were involved in two \"Broken Arrow\" incidents. On 13 February 1950, B-36 serial number 44-92075, crashed in an unpopulated region of British Columbia, resulting in the first loss of an American atom bomb. The bomb's plutonium core was dummy lead, but it did have TNT, and it detonated over the ocean before the crew bailed out.[66] Locating the crash site took some effort.[67] On 4 November 2016, however, an object similar to the bomb was reported to have been located by a diver near the archipelago of Haida Gwaii, 80 km (50 mi) off the coast of British Columbia; the Royal Canadian Navy said vessels would be deployed to investigate the object.[68] After investigation, the Royal Canadian Navy determined that it was not the lost bomb.[69] Later in 1954, the airframe, stripped of sensitive material, was substantially destroyed in situ by a U.S. military recovery team.On 22 May 1957, a B-36 accidentally dropped a Mark 17 thermonuclear bomb 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from the control tower while landing at Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The weapon had come loose from its mount and fell through the bomb bay doors, creating a large hole in the bottom of the aircraft, and sending the aircraft into an uncontrollable climb due to the sudden and unexpected loss of weight. Only the conventional explosives detonated, as the bomb was unarmed. The aircraft made a safe landing. These incidents were classified for decades. See list of military nuclear accidents.[61][70]","title":"Notable incidents and accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B36_convair_plan.gif"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B36J_factsheet-73"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knaack1988-9"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 63(420)-422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 63(420)-517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-74"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360-53 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360_Wasp_Major"},{"link_name":"General Electric J47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_J47"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"Curtiss Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_Electric"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knaack1988-9"},{"link_name":"20 mm (0.787 in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_mm_caliber"},{"link_name":"M24A1 autocannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404#United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knaack1988-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knaack1988-9"}],"text":"3-view line drawing of the Convair B-36Video clip of the construction and features of the B-36 bomberData from National Museum of the U.S. Air Force[71]General characteristicsCrew: 13\nLength: 162 ft 1 in (49.40 m)\nWingspan: 230 ft 0 in (70.10 m)\nHeight: 46 ft 9 in (14.25 m)\nWing area: 4,772 sq ft (443.3 m2) [8]: 54–55 \nAirfoil: root: NACA 63(420)-422; tip: NACA 63(420)-517[72]\nEmpty weight: 166,165 lb (75,371 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 410,000 lb (185,973 kg)\nPowerplant: 6 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360-53 Wasp Major 28-cylinder 4-row air-cooled radial piston engines, 3,800 hp (2,800 kW) each for take-off\nPowerplant: 4 × General Electric J47 turbojet engines, 5,200 lbf (23 kN) thrust each in pylon mounted pods outboard of piston engines\nPropellers: 3-bladed Curtiss Electric constant-speed fully-feathering pusher propellersPerformanceMaximum speed: 435 mph (700 km/h, 378 kn)\nCruise speed: 230 mph (370 km/h, 200 kn)\nCombat range: 3,985 mi (6,413 km, 3,463 nmi)\nFerry range: 10,000 mi (16,000 km, 8,700 nmi) [8]: 54–55 \nService ceiling: 43,600 ft (13,300 m)\nRate of climb: 1,995 ft/min (10.13 m/s)ArmamentGuns: 1 remotely operated tail turret with 2× 20 mm (0.787 in) M24A1 autocannon[8]: 54–55 \nBombs: 86,000 lb (39,000 kg) with weight restrictions, 72,000 lb (33,000 kg) normal[8]: 54–55","title":"Specifications (B-36J-III)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carswell AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carswell_AFB"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command_(film)"},{"link_name":"James Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Lost Nuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost_Nuke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"In 1949, the B-36 was featured in the documentary film, Target: Peace, about the operations of the 7th Bombardment Wing at Carswell AFB. Other scenes included B-36 production at the Fort Worth plant.Strategic Air Command is a 1955 American film starring James Stewart as a Major League Baseball star and World War II veteran who is called back to active duty to become a B-36 pilot and flight commander for SAC.The documentary Lost Nuke (2004) chronicles a 2003 Canadian expedition that set out to solve the mystery of the world's first lost nuclear weapon. The team traveled to the remote mountain site of the 1950 British Columbia B-36 crash.[73]","title":"Notable appearances in media"}]	[{"image_text":"The prototype XB-36","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Convair_XB-36_in_flight_just_after_takeoff_or_just_before_landing_061128-F-1234S-025.jpg/220px-Convair_XB-36_in_flight_just_after_takeoff_or_just_before_landing_061128-F-1234S-025.jpg"},{"image_text":"The XB-36 (right) alongside a Boeing B-29 Superfortress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/B-36aarrivalcarswell1948.jpg/220px-B-36aarrivalcarswell1948.jpg"},{"image_text":"A B-36 airframe undergoing structural stability tests. Note for scale the three men in the balcony at the extreme right of the photograph.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Convair_B-36_structural_testing_USAF.JPG/220px-Convair_B-36_structural_testing_USAF.JPG"},{"image_text":"B-36 upper or lower gun turret with two M24A1 20 mm cannon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/B-36GunTurret.jpg/220px-B-36GunTurret.jpg"},{"image_text":"The XB-36 on its first flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/XB-36_first_flight.jpg/220px-XB-36_first_flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"RB-36D","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker_in_flight.jpg/220px-Convair_B-36_Peacemaker_in_flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"Personnel and equipment required to get and keep a B-36 aircraft in the air","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/B-36_Peacemaker_-_personnel_and_equipment.jpg/220px-B-36_Peacemaker_-_personnel_and_equipment.jpg"},{"image_text":"B-36J (serial 52-2225) of the 11th Bombardment Wing in 1955 showing \"six turning, four burning\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/11th_Bombardment_Wing_Convair_B-36J-5-CF_Peacemaker_52-2225.jpg/220px-11th_Bombardment_Wing_Convair_B-36J-5-CF_Peacemaker_52-2225.jpg"},{"image_text":"RB-36s in production: Note the heavily framed \"greenhouse\" bubble canopy over the cockpit area, used for all production B-36 airframes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/RB-36D_in_Convair_plant.jpg/220px-RB-36D_in_Convair_plant.jpg"},{"image_text":"NB-36H nuclear reactor testbed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/NB-36H_producing_contrails_in_flight.jpg/220px-NB-36H_producing_contrails_in_flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"GRB-36 carrying YRF-84F modified for FICON test","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/B-36_F-84F_FICON.jpg/220px-B-36_F-84F_FICON.jpg"},{"image_text":"In late 1952, six 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing RB-36Ds were deployed to the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group. This was the first RB-36 used in the Korean theater. While not employed in combat, these RB-36s conducted high-altitude aerial reconnaissance over Chinese Manchuria and Soviet East Asia.[48]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rb-36-3ship-formation-korea.jpg/220px-Rb-36-3ship-formation-korea.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Boston Camera\" on display at the National Museum of the Air Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Boston_Camera.jpg/220px-The_Boston_Camera.jpg"},{"image_text":"XB-52 prototype at Carswell AFB, 1955 shown with a 7th Bomb Wing B-36","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yb-52-b-36-carswell.jpg/220px-Yb-52-b-36-carswell.jpg"},{"image_text":"Convair B-36s awaiting their fate at the 3040th Aircraft Storage Depot (now 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group) in Tucson in 1958","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Convair_B-36s_at_AMARC_1958_awaiting_scrapping.jpg/310px-Convair_B-36s_at_AMARC_1958_awaiting_scrapping.jpg"},{"image_text":"Convair YB-60-1-CF (49-2676) taking off on a test flight, 1952","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Convair_YB-60-1-CF_49-2676.jpg/220px-Convair_YB-60-1-CF_49-2676.jpg"},{"image_text":"Convair XC-99 (43-52436) being delivered to Kelly AFB, Texas, 23 November 1949","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Consolidated_XC-99_43-52436.jpg/220px-Consolidated_XC-99_43-52436.jpg"},{"image_text":"RB-36H 51-13730 at the Castle Air Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/RB-36H_located_at_Castle_Air_Museum_in_Atwater%2C_CA.jpg/220px-RB-36H_located_at_Castle_Air_Museum_in_Atwater%2C_CA.jpg"},{"image_text":"B-36J 52-2217 at the Strategic Air and Space Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/B-36J_located_at_Strategic_Air_and_Space_Museum_in_Ashland%2C_NE.jpg/220px-B-36J_located_at_Strategic_Air_and_Space_Museum_in_Ashland%2C_NE.jpg"},{"image_text":"B-36J 52-2220 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/NMAF_B-36.jpg/220px-NMAF_B-36.jpg"},{"image_text":"B-36J 52-2827 at the Pima Air & Space Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Convair_B-36J_Peacemaker_located_at_Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum..JPG/220px-Convair_B-36J_Peacemaker_located_at_Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum..JPG"},{"image_text":"B-36 wreckage site, Goose Bay, Labrador","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/B36_crash.jpg/220px-B36_crash.jpg"},{"image_text":"Official US Air Force accident incident photo of the 18 March 1953 crash","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Crash_3-15-53.jpg/220px-Crash_3-15-53.jpg"},{"image_text":"3-view line drawing of the Convair B-36","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/B36_convair_plan.gif/350px-B36_convair_plan.gif"},{"image_text":"Video clip of the construction and features of the B-36 bomber"}]	[{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"B-36 Peacemaker Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-36_Peacemaker_Museum"},{"title":"Convair B-36 variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_B-36_variants"},{"title":"Lycoming XR-7755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_XR-7755"},{"title":"Revolt of the Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals"},{"title":"Victory Bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Bomber"},{"title":"Kégresse track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9gresse_track"},{"title":"Convair YB-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_YB-60"},{"title":"Convair XC-99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_XC-99"},{"title":"Nakajima G10N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_G10N"},{"title":"Tupolev Tu-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95"},{"title":"Boeing XB-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XB-55"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of bomber aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bomber_aircraft"}]	[{"reference":"\"Convair B-36J Peacemaker\". National Museum of the United States Air Force. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197636/convair-b-36j-peacemaker/","url_text":"\"Convair B-36J Peacemaker\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, John W.R. (1969). Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 465. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-03633-2","url_text":"0-425-03633-2"}]},{"reference":"Johnsen, Frederick A. (1978). Thundering Peacemaker: the B-36 Story in Words and Pictures. Tacoma, Washington: Bomber Books. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jacobsen, Meyers K.; Wagner, Ray (1980). B-36 in action. Aircraft in Action. Vol. 42. Carrollton, Tex.: Squadron/Signal Publications. p. 4. ISBN 0897471016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0897471016","url_text":"0897471016"}]},{"reference":"Winchester, Jim (2006). \"Convair B-36\". Military aircraft of the Cold War. The Aviation Factfile. Rochester, Kent, UK: The Grange plc. p. 49. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84013-929-3","url_text":"1-84013-929-3"}]},{"reference":"Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim (1998). Heinkel He 177 – 277 – 274. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. p. 197. ISBN 1-85310-364-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-364-0","url_text":"1-85310-364-0"}]},{"reference":"Knaack, Marcelle Size (1988). Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force aircraft and missile systems (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. II Post World War II Bombers. Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0912799595. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2023 – via media.defense.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.defense.gov/2010/May/26/2001330264/-1/-1/0/AFD-100526-026.pdf","url_text":"Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force aircraft and missile systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0912799595","url_text":"0912799595"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230308105438/https://media.defense.gov/2010/May/26/2001330264/-1/-1/0/AFD-100526-026.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Ray (1968). American Combat Planes. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. p. 142. ISBN 0-385-04134-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-04134-9","url_text":"0-385-04134-9"}]},{"reference":"Yenne, Bill (2004). \"Convair B-36 Peacemaker\". International Air Power Review. Vol. 13. Norwalk, CT: AIRtime Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1-880588-84-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880588-84-6","url_text":"1-880588-84-6"}]},{"reference":"Leach, Norman S. (2008). Broken Arrow: America's First Lost Nuclear Weapon. Calgary: Red Deer Press. ISBN 978-0889953482.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0889953482","url_text":"978-0889953482"}]},{"reference":"\"National Museum of the USAF – Bomber\". Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141108000856/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/research/aircraft/bomber/index.asp","url_text":"\"National Museum of the USAF – Bomber\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/research/aircraft/bomber/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jacobsen, Meyers K. (November 1974). \"Peacemaker\". Airpower. Vol. 4, no. 6. p. 54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jacobsen, Meyers K. (1997). Convair B-36: A Comprehensive History of America's 'Big Stick'. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History. ISBN 0764305301.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764305301","url_text":"0764305301"}]},{"reference":"Shiel, Walter P. (1996). The B-36 Peacemaker: 'There Aren't Programs Like This Anymore' (PDF) (Technical report). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040621081814/http://cessnawarbirds.com/articles/PDF/peacemaker.pdf","url_text":"The B-36 Peacemaker: 'There Aren't Programs Like This Anymore'"},{"url":"http://cessnawarbirds.com/articles/PDF/peacemaker.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Dennis R. (2002). Magnesium Overcast: The Story of the Convair B-36. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-129-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-129-1","url_text":"978-1-58007-129-1"}]},{"reference":"Puryear, Edgar F. (1981). Stars in Flight. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-89141-128-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-128-3","url_text":"0-89141-128-3"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Robert Kyle (18 February 2021). The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear. SAE International. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-7680-9943-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6Xh0EAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7680-9943-0","url_text":"978-0-7680-9943-0"}]},{"reference":"\"It makes the B-36 light on its feet\". Flying. August 1950. p. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7zkvrEAD3_8C&pg=PA35","url_text":"\"It makes the B-36 light on its feet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_(magazine)","url_text":"Flying"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer C. (26 March 2020). Weapons and Warfare [2 volumes]: From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 352. ISBN 978-1-4408-6728-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VETPEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Weapons and Warfare [2 volumes]: From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century [2 volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6728-6","url_text":"978-1-4408-6728-6"}]},{"reference":"Page, Joseph (2021). Ellsworth Air Force Base. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-0694-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=17ksEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29","url_text":"Ellsworth Air Force Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4671-0694-8","url_text":"978-1-4671-0694-8"}]},{"reference":"Wolk, Herman S. (2003). Fulcrum of Power: Essays on the United States Air Force and National Security. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 1-4289-9008-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4289-9008-9","url_text":"1-4289-9008-9"}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1994). Revolt of the Admirals: The Fight for Naval Aviation, 1945–1950. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, Dept. of the Navy. ISBN 0-16-042094-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-042094-6","url_text":"0-16-042094-6"}]},{"reference":"McFarland, Keith (1980). \"The 1949 Revolt of the Admirals\" (PDF). Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College Quarterly Vol. XI, No. 2. pp. 53–63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170126181734/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/1981/1981%20mcfarland.pdf","url_text":"\"The 1949 Revolt of the Admirals\""},{"url":"http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/1981/1981%20mcfarland.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Costly Bomber Gives Way to Jet\". Newspapers.com. Evening Vanguard. 25 February 1957. Retrieved 28 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/701186089","url_text":"\"Costly Bomber Gives Way to Jet\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Jay; Cripliver, Roger (1978). \"B-36: The Ponderous Peacemaker\". Aviation Quarterly. Vol. 4, no. 4. pp. 366, 369.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trakimavičius, Lukas. \"The Future Role of Nuclear Propulsion in the Military\" (PDF). NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211018194534/https://enseccoe.org/data/public/uploads/2021/10/d1_the-future-role-of-nuclear-propulsion-in-the-military.pdf","url_text":"\"The Future Role of Nuclear Propulsion in the Military\""},{"url":"https://enseccoe.org/data/public/uploads/2021/10/d1_the-future-role-of-nuclear-propulsion-in-the-military.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Convair Model 6 Jet Airliner\". 7 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://hushkit.net/2012/08/07/artists-impressions-of-concept-aircraft-1950-90-a-gallery/convair_model_6_jet_airliner/","url_text":"\"Convair Model 6 Jet Airliner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tails Through Time: The Convair Model 6: A Jumbo Before Its Time\". 21 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviationtrivia.blogspot.com/2010/06/people-sometimes-ask-me-how-i-decide.html","url_text":"\"Tails Through Time: The Convair Model 6: A Jumbo Before Its Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gen disasters\". Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705191043/http://www.gendisasters.com/british-columbia/14168/mount-kologet-bc-bomber-crash-feb-1950","url_text":"\"Gen disasters\""},{"url":"http://www.gendisasters.com/british-columbia/14168/mount-kologet-bc-bomber-crash-feb-1950","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diver may have found 'lost nuke' missing since cold war off Canada coast\". The Guardian. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/canada-lost-nuke-found-cold-war-bomb","url_text":"\"Diver may have found 'lost nuke' missing since cold war off Canada coast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Object found off British Columbia coast not missing nuke\". BBC News. 25 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38112808","url_text":"\"Object found off British Columbia coast not missing nuke\""}]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Jets	Indianapolis Jets	["1 Franchise history","2 Season-by-season records","3 Players","4 Basketball Hall of Famers","5 References"]	Basketball team in Indianapolis, IndianaIndianapolis JetsLeaguesNPBL: 1932–1933MBC: 1935–1937NBL: 1937–1948BAA: 1948–1949Founded1931Folded1949HistoryIndianapolis Kautskys1931–1948Indianapolis Jets1948–1949ArenaButler Fieldhouse (15,000)LocationIndianapolis, IndianaTeam colorsRed, navy blue, white Home Away Third The Indianapolis Jets were a Basketball Association of America (BAA) team based in Indianapolis. They were founded as the Indianapolis Kautskys and used that name until the team joined the BAA. They played for one year in the BAA and then ceased operations due to the formation of the Indianapolis Olympians. Franchise history In 1931, Frank Kautsky, an Indianapolis grocer, formed a professional basketball team and named it the Indianapolis Kautskys. After playing in the National Professional Basketball League (NPBL) in 1932–33 and the Midwest Basketball Conference (MBC) in the 1935–36 and 1936–37) seasons, the Kautskys became one of the original members of the newly formed National Basketball League (NBL) in 1937. The franchise's best season was in 1946-47; led by Arnie Risen, they set the franchise mark for most wins (27) and won the World Professional Basketball Tournament. With the Minneapolis Lakers, Rochester Royals, and Fort Wayne Pistons, the team moved to the Basketball Association of America (BAA) for the 1948–49 season. At that time the team's name was changed to the Indianapolis Jets because the BAA prevented its teams from having commercial sponsors, similar to how the Fort Wayne Pistons removed the Zollner sponsor from their original name. Following the 1948–49 season, the Jets folded. This coincided with the BAA and the NBL merging to form the National Basketball Association (NBA). For the 1949–50 season, a new Indianapolis franchise, the Indianapolis Olympians, was created. Season-by-season records Note: W = wins, L = losses, % = win–loss % Season W L % Playoffs Results Indianapolis Kautskys (NPBL) 1932–33 7 4 0.636 Did not qualify Indianapolis Kautskys (MBC) 1935–36 9 3 0.750 Round Robin Tourney 1936–37 2 5 0.286 Did not qualify Indianapolis Kautskys (NBL) 1937–38 4 9 0.308 Did not qualify 1938–39 13 13 0.500 Did not qualify 1939–40 9 19 0.321 Did not qualify 1941–42 12 11 0.522 0–2 1945–46 10 22 0.312 Did not qualify 1946–47 27 17 0.614 2–3 1947–48 24 35 0.407 1–3 Indianapolis Jets (BAA) 1948–49 18 42 0.300 Did not qualify Players This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2016) Ernie Andres George Chestnut Norman Cottom Gene Cramer Gus Doerner Glynn Downey Hal Gensichen Bruce Hale Bob Kessler Branch McCracken Charles "Stretch" Murphy William Perigo Cy Proffitt Arnie Risen Herm Schaefer Jim Springer Dave Strack Earl Thomas John Wooden Jewell Young Ash Resnick Basketball Hall of Famers Indianapolis Jets Hall of Famers Players No. Name Position Tenure Inducted — Arnie Risen C 1945–1948 1998 — John Wooden G 1932–19371938–1939 1960 — Charles "Stretch" Murphy C 1932–1934 1960 — Branch McCracken C/F/G — 1960 References ^ "National Basketball League 1932-33". The Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved June 9, 2019. ^ "Midwest Basketball Conference ". The Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved June 9, 2019. ^ a b c Biesel, David B. (1991). Can You Name that Team?: A Guide to Professional Baseball, Football, Soccer, Hockey, and Basketball Teams and Leagues. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 0-8108-2458-2. vteDefunct National Basketball Association teams Anderson Packers Baltimore Bullets BAA Buffalo BAA Indianapolis Chicago Stags Cleveland Rebels Denver Nuggets Detroit Falcons Indianapolis Jets Indianapolis Olympians Pittsburgh Ironmen Providence Steamrollers Sheboygan Red Skins St. Louis Bombers Toronto Huskies Washington Capitols Waterloo Hawks This article about a basketball team in Indiana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Indianapolis, Indiana-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Olympians"}],"text":"The Indianapolis Jets were a Basketball Association of America (BAA) team based in Indianapolis. They were founded as the Indianapolis Kautskys and used that name until the team joined the BAA. They played for one year in the BAA and then ceased operations due to the formation of the Indianapolis Olympians.","title":"Indianapolis Jets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Kautsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Kautsky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Midwest Basketball Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Basketball_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesel-3"},{"link_name":"Arnie Risen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnie_Risen"},{"link_name":"World Professional Basketball Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Basketball_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers"},{"link_name":"Rochester Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Royals"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne Pistons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Pistons"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesel-3"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Olympians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesel-3"}],"text":"In 1931, Frank Kautsky, an Indianapolis grocer, formed a professional basketball team and named it the Indianapolis Kautskys. After playing in the National Professional Basketball League (NPBL) in 1932–33[1] and the Midwest Basketball Conference (MBC) in the 1935–36 and 1936–37) seasons,[2] the Kautskys became one of the original members of the newly formed National Basketball League (NBL) in 1937.[3]The franchise's best season was in 1946-47; led by Arnie Risen, they set the franchise mark for most wins (27) and won the World Professional Basketball Tournament.With the Minneapolis Lakers, Rochester Royals, and Fort Wayne Pistons, the team moved to the Basketball Association of America (BAA) for the 1948–49 season. At that time the team's name was changed to the Indianapolis Jets because the BAA prevented its teams from having commercial sponsors, similar to how the Fort Wayne Pistons removed the Zollner sponsor from their original name.[3]Following the 1948–49 season, the Jets folded. This coincided with the BAA and the NBL merging to form the National Basketball Association (NBA). For the 1949–50 season, a new Indianapolis franchise, the Indianapolis Olympians, was created.[3]","title":"Franchise history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: W = wins, L = losses, % = win–loss %","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernie Andres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Andres"},{"link_name":"George Chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chestnut"},{"link_name":"Norman Cottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cottom"},{"link_name":"Gene Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Gus Doerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Doerner"},{"link_name":"Glynn Downey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn_Downey"},{"link_name":"Hal Gensichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Gensichen"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hale"},{"link_name":"Bob Kessler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kessler"},{"link_name":"Branch McCracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_McCracken"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Stretch\" Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%22Stretch%22_Murphy"},{"link_name":"William Perigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perigo"},{"link_name":"Cy Proffitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Proffitt"},{"link_name":"Arnie Risen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnie_Risen"},{"link_name":"Herm Schaefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm_Schaefer"},{"link_name":"Jim Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Springer"},{"link_name":"Dave Strack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Strack"},{"link_name":"Earl Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Thomas_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"John Wooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wooden"},{"link_name":"Jewell Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewell_Young"},{"link_name":"Ash Resnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Resnick"}],"text":"Ernie Andres\nGeorge Chestnut\nNorman Cottom\nGene Cramer\nGus Doerner\nGlynn Downey\nHal Gensichen\nBruce Hale\nBob Kessler\nBranch McCracken\nCharles \"Stretch\" Murphy\nWilliam Perigo\nCy Proffitt\nArnie Risen\nHerm Schaefer\nJim Springer\nDave Strack\nEarl Thomas\nJohn Wooden\nJewell Young\nAsh Resnick","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Basketball Hall of Famers"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Basketball League 1932-33\". The Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved June 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apbr.org/nbl3233.html","url_text":"\"National Basketball League 1932-33\""}]},{"reference":"\"Midwest Basketball Conference [1935-36 to 1936-37]\". The Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved June 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apbr.org/mbc3537.html","url_text":"\"Midwest Basketball Conference [1935-36 to 1936-37]\""}]},{"reference":"Biesel, David B. (1991). Can You Name that Team?: A Guide to Professional Baseball, Football, Soccer, Hockey, and Basketball Teams and Leagues. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 0-8108-2458-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/canyounamethatte00bies/page/33","url_text":"Can You Name that Team?: A Guide to Professional Baseball, Football, Soccer, Hockey, and Basketball Teams and Leagues"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/canyounamethatte00bies/page/33","url_text":"33–34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2458-2","url_text":"0-8108-2458-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indianapolis_Jets&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.apbr.org/nbl3233.html","external_links_name":"\"National Basketball League 1932-33\""},{"Link":"http://www.apbr.org/mbc3537.html","external_links_name":"\"Midwest Basketball Conference [1935-36 to 1936-37]\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/canyounamethatte00bies/page/33","external_links_name":"Can You Name that Team?: A Guide to Professional Baseball, Football, Soccer, Hockey, and Basketball Teams and Leagues"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/canyounamethatte00bies/page/33","external_links_name":"33–34"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indianapolis_Jets&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indianapolis_Jets&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucena_de_Jal%C3%B3n	Lucena de Jalón	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 41°33′N 1°19′W / 41.550°N 1.317°W / 41.550; -1.317This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lucena de Jalón" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in Aragon, SpainLucena de Jalón FlagSealLucena de JalónShow map of AragonLucena de JalónShow map of SpainLucena de JalónShow map of EuropeCoordinates: 41°33′N 1°19′W / 41.550°N 1.317°W / 41.550; -1.317Country SpainAutonomous community AragonProvinceZaragozaMunicipalityLucena de JalónArea • Total10.31 km2 (3.98 sq mi)Elevation324 m (1,063 ft)Population (2018) • Total237 • Density23/km2 (60/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Lucena de Jalón is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 252 inhabitants. References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. vteMunicipalities of the province of ZaragozaList of municipalities of Zaragoza Abanto Acered Agón Aguarón Aguilón Ainzón Aladrén Alagón Alarba Alberite de San Juan Albeta Alborge Alcalá de Ebro Alcalá de Moncayo Alconchel de Ariza Aldehuela de Liestos Alfajarín Alfamén Alforque Alhama de Aragón Almochuel La Almolda Almonacid de la Cuba Almonacid de la Sierra La Almunia de Doña Godina Alpartir Ambel Anento Aniñón Añón de Moncayo Aranda de Moncayo Arándiga Ardisa Ariza Artieda Asín Atea Ateca Azuara Badules Bagüés Balconchán Bárboles Bardallur Belchite Belmonte de Gracián Berdejo Berrueco Biel Bijuesca Biota Bisimbre Boquiñeni Bordalba Borja Botorrita Brea de Aragón Bubierca Bujaraloz Bulbuente Bureta El Burgo de Ebro El Buste Cabañas de Ebro Cabolafuente Cadrete Calatayud Calatorao Calcena Calmarza Campillo de Aragón Carenas Cariñena Caspe Castejón de Alarba Castejón de las Armas Castejón de Valdejasa Castiliscar Cervera de la Cañada Cerveruela Cetina Chiprana Chodes Cimballa Cinco Olivas Clarés de Ribota Codo Codos Contamina Cosuenda Cuarte de Huerva Cubel Las Cuerlas Daroca Ejea de los Caballeros Embid de Ariza Encinacorba Épila Erla Escatrón Fabara Farlete Fayón Los Fayos Figueruelas Fombuena El Frago El Frasno Fréscano Fuendejalón Fuendetodos Fuentes de Ebro Fuentes de Jiloca Gallocanta Gallur Gelsa Godojos Gotor Grisel Grisén Herrera de los Navarros Ibdes Illueca Isuerre Jaraba Jarque Jaulín La Joyosa Lagata Langa del Castillo Layana Lécera Lechón Leciñena Letux Litago Lituénigo Lobera de Onsella Longares Longás Lucena de Jalón Luceni Luesia Luesma Lumpiaque Luna Maella Magallón Mainar Malanquilla Maleján Mallén Malón Maluenda Manchones Mara María de Huerva Marracos Mediana de Aragón Mequinenza Mesones de Isuela Mezalocha Mianos Miedes de Aragón Monegrillo Moneva Monreal de Ariza Monterde Montón Morata de Jalón Morata de Jiloca Morés Moros Moyuela Mozota Muel La Muela Munébrega Murero Murillo de Gállego Navardún Nigüella Nombrevilla Nonaspe Novallas Novillas Nuévalos Nuez de Ebro Olvés Orcajo Orera Orés Oseja Osera de Ebro Paniza Paracuellos de Jiloca Paracuellos de la Ribera Pastriz Pedrola Las Pedrosas Perdiguera Piedratajada Pina de Ebro Pinseque Los Pintanos Plasencia de Jalón Pleitas Plenas Pomer Pozuel de Ariza Pozuelo de Aragón Pradilla de Ebro Puebla de Albortón La Puebla de Alfindén Puendeluna Purujosa Quinto Remolinos Retascón Ricla Romanos Rueda de Jalón Ruesca Sabiñán Sádaba Salillas de Jalón Salvatierra de Esca Samper del Salz San Martín de la Virgen de Moncayo San Mateo de Gállego Santa Cruz de Grío Santa Cruz de Moncayo Santa Eulalia de Gállego Santed Sástago Sediles Sestrica Sierra de Luna Sigüés Sisamón Sobradiel Sos del Rey Católico Tabuenca Talamantes Tarazona Tauste Terrer Tierga Tobed Torralba de los Frailes Torralba de Ribota Torralbilla Torrehermosa Torrelapaja Torrellas Torres de Berrellén Torrijo de la Cañada Tosos Trasmoz Trasobares Uncastillo Undués de Lerda Urrea de Jalón Urriés Used Utebo Val de San Martín Valdehorna Valmadrid Valpalmas Valtorres Velilla de Ebro Velilla de Jiloca Vera de Moncayo Vierlas Villadoz Villafeliche Villafranca de Ebro Villalba de Perejil Villalengua Villamayor de Gállego Villanueva de Gállego Villanueva de Huerva Villanueva de Jiloca Villar de los Navarros Villarreal de Huerva Villarroya de la Sierra Villarroya del Campo La Vilueña Vistabella La Zaida Zaragoza Zuera This article about a location in the Province of Zaragoza is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"province of Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza_(province)"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"INE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)"}],"text":"Place in Aragon, SpainLucena de Jalón is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 252 inhabitants.","title":"Lucena de Jalón"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Yonder_Merlin	Blue Yonder Merlin	["1 Design and development","1.1 Merlin Manufacturers","2 Variants","3 Specifications (Merlin EZ Rotax 912ULS)","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	"Malcolm Merlin" redirects here. For the Arrowverse character, see Malcolm Merlyn. Merlin series Blue Yonder Merlin EZ Role Ultralight personal use and trainer aircraftType of aircraft Manufacturer Blue Yonder Aviation Designer John Burch First flight 1987 Introduction 1987 Produced 1987-present Number built 308 (2011) The Blue Yonder Merlin is a Canadian-designed and -built two-seat, high-wing monoplane with taildragger undercarriage. It can be built as a basic ultra-light, an advanced ultra-light or amateur-built aircraft. Design and development Rotax 912ULS 100 hp installation in a Blue Yonder Merlin EZ 1990 model Macair Merlin GT The Merlin was designed in 1986 by John Burch, who intended to use it in his flight training school. Burch was disappointed with the early ultralights available, in particular their inability to take off and land in crosswinds. The aircraft wing was inspired by the Lazair's wing and used the same aluminum "D" cell and foam rib construction techniques and constant-tapered wing planform. The first example flew in 1987. The Merlin won the Pilot's Choice Award as Best Ultralight at the Aircraft Sport Expo in 1988. Burch formed Macair Industries in Baldwin, Ontario to produce the aircraft. Initially there were two versions: the Merlin M50 powered by the 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503 two-stroke powerplant and the Merlin GT and Sport 65 version powered by the 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 532 and later 582. The 100 hp (75 kW) Honda-based CAM 100 engine was also available as an option. In 1991 Burch moved production of the Merlin to Michigan, USA under a new company name, Malcolm Aircraft. Within a short time that company went out of business and the Merlin was picked up by a new company in 1993 operating under the name of Merlin Aircraft who marketed the Merlin GT. After three years the company ceased business and the rights to the design were acquired by Blue Yonder Aviation of Indus, Alberta who continue to produce kits. Marketing in the United States was conducted by Aerocomp (now Comp Air) for some time, but this arrangement has been ended. Blue Yonder's current model is the Merlin EZ which has an option of engines: the Rotax 582 of 64 hp (48 kW), the Rotax 912UL with 80 hp (60 kW) and the 912ULS with 100 hp (75 kW). The Rotax 618 two-stroke powerplant of 74 hp (55 kW) was an option until that engine was discontinued by Rotax. The Merlin was used as the testbed aircraft for development of the Hexadyne P60 engine. The Merlin EZ uses the same foam-rib construction as previous models, but with a constant-chord wing with a Clark Y airfoil replacing the previously tapered wing. The fuselage is of 4130 welded steel tube construction, covered in aircraft fabric. The factory estimates build times at 350–450 hours of labour. Merlin Manufacturers Blue Yonder is the fourth manufacturer of the Merlin design. Companies who have built the Merlin were: Merlin Manufacturers Company Location Dates Ownership Macair Industries Baldwin, Ontario, Canada 1988-91 John Burch Malcolm Aircraft Michigan, USA 1991-92 John Burch Merlin Aircraft Michigan, USA 1993-96 Blue Yonder Indus, Alberta, Canada 1996–present Wayne Winters Variants Merlin M50 Initial model, tapered wings, powered by a 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503 engine Merlin GT/Sport 65 Initial model, tapered wings, powered by a 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 532 and later by a Rotax 582 or 100 hp (75 kW) CAM 100 engine Merlin EZ Current model, constant chord wings, powered by a 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582, 74 hp (55 kW) Rotax 618, 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912UL, 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912ULS Merlin TG Tricycle landing gear model, constant chord wings, powered by a 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582, 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912UL, 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912ULS Specifications (Merlin EZ Rotax 912ULS) Data from Merlin magic revisited and Merlin EZGeneral characteristics Crew: two Length: 23 ft 0 in (7.01 m) Wingspan: 35 ft 6 in (10.82 m) Height: 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) Wing area: 235 sq ft (21.8 m2) Empty weight: 700 lb (318 kg) Max takeoff weight: 1,400 lb (635 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Rotax 912S 4-cyl. air-cooled horizontally opposed four-stroke piston engine, 100 hp (75 kW) Performance Maximum speed: 100 kn (120 mph, 190 km/h) Cruise speed: 96 kn (110 mph, 180 km/h) Rate of climb: 1,400 ft/min (7.1 m/s) Wing loading: 8.75 lb/sq ft (42.7 kg/m2) See also Aviation portal Related development Blue Yonder EZ Flyer Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Humbert Tétras References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hunt, Adam: Merlin Magic, COPA Flight publication, page C-1, February 2005 ^ Vandermeullen, Richard: 2011 Kit Aircraft Buyer's Guide, Kitplanes, Volume 28, Number 12, December 2011, page 43. Belvoir Publications. ISSN 0891-1851 ^ a b c d e f g Armstrong, Kenneth: Choosing Your Homebuilt - the one you will finish and fly! Second Edition, page 195-201. Butterfield Press, 1993. ISBN 0-932579-26-4 ^ "Hexadyne P60 Fire Wall Mounting". Hexatron Engineering. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ^ Winters, Wayne (n.d.). "Merlin EZ Price Lists". Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2009-01-25. ^ Purdy, Don: AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition, page 93. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. ISBN 0-9636409-4-1 ^ Hunt, Adam: Merlin Magic Revisited, COPA Flight publication, page C-1, October 2005 ^ Winters, Wayne (n.d.). "Merlin EZ". Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2009-01-25. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Yonder Merlin. Blue Yonder Aviation vteBlue Yonder aircraftAircraft EZ Flyer EZ Fun Flyer EZ Harvard EZ King Cobra Merlin Twin Engine EZ Flyer Predecessor companies Macair Industries Malcolm Aircraft Merlin Aircraft Marketing partner companies Comp Air vteComp Air aircraftAircraft Merlin Comp Air 3 Comp Air 4 Comp Air 6 Comp Air 7 Comp Air 8 Comp Air 9 Comp Air 10 Comp Air 11 Comp Air 12 Comp Air Jet vteUncertified aircraft developed in CanadaASAP Beaver RX 550 Plus Beaver SS Chinook Plus 2 Summit 2 Summit SS Ameri-Cana Eureka Birdman Chinook Blue Yonder Merlin EZ Flyer EZ Fun Flyer EZ Harvard EZ King Cobra Twin Engine EZ Flyer Bushcaddy/CADI/CLASS L-160 R-80 R-120 Fisher Avenger Celebrity Classic Dakota Hawk FP-202 Koala FP-303 FP-404 FP-505 Skeeter FP-606 Sky Baby Horizon 1 Horizon 2 R-80 Tiger Moth Super Koala Youngster Froebe Brothers Froebe helicopter Murphy Aircraft Moose Rebel Yukon Norman J6 Karatoo Nordic I Nordic II Nordic III Nordic IV Nordic V Nordic VI Nordic VII Nordic 8 Mini Explorer Normand Dube Aerocruiser Aerocruiser Plus Aerocruiser 450 Turbo Spectrum Aircraft/Freedom Lite/Legend Lite Beaver SS-11 Skywatch UltraFlight Lazair Ultravia Pelican Zenair CH 601 CH 701 CH 801 CH 2000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malcolm Merlyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Merlyn"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"taildragger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"basic ultra-light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft_(Canada)#Basic_ultra-light_aeroplane"},{"link_name":"advanced ultra-light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft_(Canada)#Advanced_ultra-light_aeroplane"},{"link_name":"amateur-built aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KitplanesDec2011-2"}],"text":"\"Malcolm Merlin\" redirects here. For the Arrowverse character, see Malcolm Merlyn.The Blue Yonder Merlin is a Canadian-designed and -built two-seat, high-wing monoplane with taildragger undercarriage. It can be built as a basic ultra-light, an advanced ultra-light or amateur-built aircraft.[1][2]","title":"Blue Yonder Merlin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rotax912SEngineInstallationMerlin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rotax 912ULS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912ULS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macair_Merlin_GT_C-ICQE_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lazair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazair"},{"link_name":"aluminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-3"},{"link_name":"Macair Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macair_Industries"},{"link_name":"Baldwin, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Rotax 503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_503"},{"link_name":"Rotax 532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_532"},{"link_name":"582","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_582"},{"link_name":"CAM 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_Forward_CAM_100"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-3"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Merlin Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Blue Yonder Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Yonder_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Indus, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Comp Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp_Air"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-3"},{"link_name":"Rotax 912UL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912"},{"link_name":"912ULS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912"},{"link_name":"Rotax 618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_618"},{"link_name":"Rotax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"},{"link_name":"Hexadyne P60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadyne_P60"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Clark Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Y"},{"link_name":"airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYMerlinEZPricing-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"}],"text":"Rotax 912ULS 100 hp installation in a Blue Yonder Merlin EZ1990 model Macair Merlin GTThe Merlin was designed in 1986 by John Burch, who intended to use it in his flight training school. Burch was disappointed with the early ultralights available, in particular their inability to take off and land in crosswinds. The aircraft wing was inspired by the Lazair's wing and used the same aluminum \"D\" cell and foam rib construction techniques and constant-tapered wing planform. The first example flew in 1987.[1][3]The Merlin won the Pilot's Choice Award as Best Ultralight at the Aircraft Sport Expo in 1988.[3]Burch formed Macair Industries in Baldwin, Ontario to produce the aircraft. Initially there were two versions: the Merlin M50 powered by the 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503 two-stroke powerplant and the Merlin GT and Sport 65 version powered by the 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 532 and later 582. The 100 hp (75 kW) Honda-based CAM 100 engine was also available as an option.[1][3]In 1991 Burch moved production of the Merlin to Michigan, USA under a new company name, Malcolm Aircraft. Within a short time that company went out of business and the Merlin was picked up by a new company in 1993 operating under the name of Merlin Aircraft who marketed the Merlin GT. After three years the company ceased business and the rights to the design were acquired by Blue Yonder Aviation of Indus, Alberta who continue to produce kits. Marketing in the United States was conducted by Aerocomp (now Comp Air) for some time, but this arrangement has been ended.[1][3]Blue Yonder's current model is the Merlin EZ which has an option of engines: the Rotax 582 of 64 hp (48 kW), the Rotax 912UL with 80 hp (60 kW) and the 912ULS with 100 hp (75 kW). The Rotax 618 two-stroke powerplant of 74 hp (55 kW) was an option until that engine was discontinued by Rotax.[1] The Merlin was used as the testbed aircraft for development of the Hexadyne P60 engine.[4]The Merlin EZ uses the same foam-rib construction as previous models, but with a constant-chord wing with a Clark Y airfoil replacing the previously tapered wing. The fuselage is of 4130 welded steel tube construction, covered in aircraft fabric. The factory estimates build times at 350–450 hours of labour.[5][1]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-3"}],"sub_title":"Merlin Manufacturers","text":"Blue Yonder is the fourth manufacturer of the Merlin design. Companies who have built the Merlin were:[1][3]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotax 503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_503"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-3"},{"link_name":"Rotax 532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_532"},{"link_name":"Rotax 582","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_582"},{"link_name":"CAM 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAM_100"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerocrafter-6"},{"link_name":"Rotax 582","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_582"},{"link_name":"Rotax 618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_618"},{"link_name":"Rotax 912UL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912"},{"link_name":"Rotax 912ULS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"},{"link_name":"Tricycle landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"Rotax 582","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_582"},{"link_name":"Rotax 912UL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912"},{"link_name":"Rotax 912ULS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA1-1"}],"text":"Merlin M50\nInitial model, tapered wings, powered by a 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503 engine[1][3]\nMerlin GT/Sport 65\nInitial model, tapered wings, powered by a 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 532 and later by a Rotax 582 or 100 hp (75 kW) CAM 100 engine[1][3][6]\nMerlin EZ\nCurrent model, constant chord wings, powered by a 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582, 74 hp (55 kW) Rotax 618, 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912UL, 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912ULS[1]\nMerlin TG\nTricycle landing gear model, constant chord wings, powered by a 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582, 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912UL, 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912ULS[1]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPA2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYMerlinEZ-8"},{"link_name":"Rotax 912S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912S"}],"text":"Data from Merlin magic revisited[7] and Merlin EZ[8]General characteristicsCrew: two\nLength: 23 ft 0 in (7.01 m)\nWingspan: 35 ft 6 in (10.82 m)\nHeight: 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)\nWing area: 235 sq ft (21.8 m2)\nEmpty weight: 700 lb (318 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 1,400 lb (635 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Rotax 912S 4-cyl. air-cooled horizontally opposed four-stroke piston engine, 100 hp (75 kW)PerformanceMaximum speed: 100 kn (120 mph, 190 km/h)\nCruise speed: 96 kn (110 mph, 180 km/h)\nRate of climb: 1,400 ft/min (7.1 m/s)\nWing loading: 8.75 lb/sq ft (42.7 kg/m2)","title":"Specifications (Merlin EZ Rotax 912ULS)"}]	[{"image_text":"Rotax 912ULS 100 hp installation in a Blue Yonder Merlin EZ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rotax912SEngineInstallationMerlin.jpg/220px-Rotax912SEngineInstallationMerlin.jpg"},{"image_text":"1990 model Macair Merlin GT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Macair_Merlin_GT_C-ICQE_01.JPG/220px-Macair_Merlin_GT_C-ICQE_01.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Blue Yonder EZ Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Yonder_EZ_Flyer"},{"title":"Humbert Tétras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbert_T%C3%A9tras"}]	[{"reference":"\"Hexadyne P60 Fire Wall Mounting\". Hexatron Engineering. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150705025558/http://www.hexatronengineering.com/fire_wall_mounting_photos.htm","url_text":"\"Hexadyne P60 Fire Wall Mounting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexatron_Engineering","url_text":"Hexatron Engineering"},{"url":"http://hexatronengineering.com/fire_wall_mounting_photos.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Winters, Wayne (n.d.). \"Merlin EZ Price Lists\". Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2009-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124185230/http://ezflyer.com/page24BYA.html#","url_text":"\"Merlin EZ Price Lists\""},{"url":"http://www.ezflyer.com/page24BYA.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Winters, Wayne (n.d.). \"Merlin EZ\". Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2009-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090122200016/http://ezflyer.com/Page8BYA.html#","url_text":"\"Merlin EZ\""},{"url":"http://www.ezflyer.com/Page8BYA.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150705025558/http://www.hexatronengineering.com/fire_wall_mounting_photos.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hexadyne P60 Fire Wall Mounting\""},{"Link":"http://hexatronengineering.com/fire_wall_mounting_photos.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124185230/http://ezflyer.com/page24BYA.html#","external_links_name":"\"Merlin EZ Price Lists\""},{"Link":"http://www.ezflyer.com/page24BYA.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090122200016/http://ezflyer.com/Page8BYA.html#","external_links_name":"\"Merlin EZ\""},{"Link":"http://www.ezflyer.com/Page8BYA.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090222062859/http://ezflyer.com/","external_links_name":"Blue Yonder Aviation"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Supreme_Court	College of Justice	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Supreme courts of Scotland College of JusticeThe Court of Session, the supreme civil court, is based at Parliament HouseEstablished1532LocationEdinburghComposition methodExecutive selectionAuthorized byJudges are appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the First Minister, who receives recommendations from the Judicial Appointments Board for ScotlandLord President and Lord Justice GeneralCurrentlyThe Rt Hon Lord CarlowaySince2015Jurist term ends2029Lord Justice Clerk and President of the Second Division of the Inner HouseCurrentlyThe Rt Hon Lady DorrianSince2016Jurist term ends2032 The High Court of Justiciary, the supreme criminal court, in Edinburgh The College of Justice (Scottish Gaelic: Colaiste a' Cheartais) includes the Supreme Courts of Scotland, and its associated bodies. The constituent bodies of the national supreme courts are the Court of Session, the High Court of Justiciary, the Office of the Accountant of Court, and the Auditor of the Court of Session. Its associated bodies are the Faculty of Advocates, the Society of Writers to His Majesty's Signet and the Society of Solicitors in the Supreme Courts of Scotland. The College is headed by the Lord President of the Court of Session, who also holds the title of Lord Justice General in relation to the High Court of Justiciary, and judges of the Court of Session and High Court are titled Senators of the College of Justice. History The College was founded in 1532 by King James V following a bull issued by Pope Clement VII on 15 September 1531. It provided for 10,000 gold ducats to be contributed by the Scottish bishoprics and monastic institutions for the maintenance of its members, one half of whom would be members of the "ecclesiastical dignity". The Parliament of Scotland passed an Act on 17 May 1532 authorising the creation of the college with 14 members, half spiritual, half temporal, plus a president and the Lord Chancellor. The college convened for the first time on 27 May 1532, in the royal presence. Supplementing the 14 ordinary lords, who were called Senators, were an indefinite number of supernumerary judges called extraordinary lords. The founding members of the College of Justice were: The Lord Chancellor, Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow The Lord President, Alexander Myln, Abbot of Cambuskenneth Richard Bothwell, Rector of Ashkirk John Dingwall, Provost of Trinity College Henry White, Rector of Finevin William Gibson, Dean of Restalrig Thomas Hay, Dean of Dunbar Robert Reid, Abbot of Kinloss George Ker, Provost of Dunglass Sir William Scott of Balweary Henry Lauder, Lord St Germains, King's Advocate John Campbell of Lundy Sir James Colville of Easter Wemyss Sir Adam Otterburn of Auldhame and Redhall, King's Advocate Nicholas Crawford of Oxengangs Francis Bothwell of Edinburgh (brother of Richard) James Lawson of Edinburgh Sir James Foulis of Colinton, who was added at the first meeting of the court when the king made him a "Lord of the Session". The College at its foundation dealt with underdeveloped civil law. It did not dispense justice in criminal matters as that was an area of the law reserved to the King's justice, through the justiciars (hence the High Court of the Justiciary), the Barony Courts and the Commission of Justiciary. The High Court of Justiciary was only incorporated into the College of Justice in 1672. Initially, there was little legal literature. Acts of the Parliament of Scotland and the books of the Old Law as well as Roman Law and Canon law texts were about all to which the pursuer and defender could refer. It was only after the establishment of the court that this situation improved, with judges noting their decisions in books of practicks. The Treaty of Union 1707 with England preserved the Scottish Legal System. Article XIX provided "that the Court of Session or College of Justice do after the Union and notwithstanding thereof remain in all time coming within Scotland, and that the Court of Justiciary do also after the Union ... remain in all time coming." See also Part of a series onScots law Administration Justice and Communities Directorate of the Scottish Government Cabinet Secretary for Justice Judicial Appointments Board Judicial Complaints Reviewer Parole Board for Scotland Legal Aid Board Courts & Tribunals Service College of Justice Office of the Public Guardian Scottish Sentencing Council Law Commission Criminal Cases Review Commission Prison Service Civil courts Court of Session Lord President Lord Justice Clerk Lord of Session Office of the Accountant of Court Acts of Sederunt Sheriff Court Sheriff Appeal Court Sheriff Principal Sheriff Personal Injury Court Sheriff Criminal courts High Court of Justiciary Lord Justice-General Lord Justice Clerk Lords Commissioner of Justiciary Acts of Adjournal Sheriff courts Sheriff Appeal Court Sheriff Principal Sheriffs Justice of the peace courts Justices of the peace Special courts Court of the Lord Lyon Lord Lyon King of Arms Children's Reporter Administration Children's Hearings Land Court Lands Tribunal Scottish Solicitors' Discipline Tribunal Criminal prosecution Lord Advocate Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service Advocate Depute Procurator fiscal Fiscal fine Precognition Legal profession Judiciary Faculty of Advocates Advocate Law Society Solicitor-Advocate Solicitor Association of Commercial Attorneys Scottish Legal Complaints Commission vte Senator of the College of Justice Historic List of Senators of the College of Justice Extraordinary Lord of Session Principal Clerk of Session and Justiciary References ^ "Judicial Appointments - How are judges appointed?". Judiciary of Scotland. Edinburgh: Judicial Office for Scotland. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2012. ^ PDF-file Archived 2007-07-04 at the Wayback Machine - "The Supreme Courts are made up of: the Court of Session, the High Court of Justiciary and the Accountant of Court's Office" - Scottish Court Service, accessed 12 March 2007 ^ "Expenses and Funding of Litigation Bill \| Auditor of Court Provisions" (PDF). scottishciviljusticecouncil.gov.uk. Scottish Civil Justice Council. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2017. ^ "Court of Session Act 1821", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1821 c. 38 ^ The 1531 bull stipulated that of the senators "media pars in dignitate ecclesiastica constituta omnino esse debeat"; a March 1534 bull of Pope Paul III added "pro uno Presidente semper prelate ecclesiastico". Baird Smith, David (1912), "The Reformers and divorce", The Scottish Historical Review, 9: 12–13 ^ "One of the nine advocates appointed at the institution of the College of Justice. Dalrymple of Hailes, Bt., Sir David, An Historical Account of the Senators of the College of Justice of Scotland from its Institution, Edinburgh, 1849, p.63. External links Supreme Courts Archived 6 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine at the National Archives of Scotland vteScotland articles Outline of Scotland History Timeline Prehistoric Roman times Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Kingdom High Middle Ages Davidian Revolution Wars of Independence Late Middle Ages Renaissance Early modern Reformation Colonisation of the Americas Glorious Revolution 1707 Acts of Union Jacobitism Enlightenment Lowland Clearances Highland Clearances Industrial Revolution Romanticism Modern Geography Anglo-Scottish border Central Belt Climate Conservation Fauna Flora Geology Highlands Islands Lochs Lowlands Mountains and hills Highest Protected areas Waterfalls Glens Ecoregions Biosphere reserves Environment Municipalities Munro PoliticsGovernmentPolitics Devolution Elections First Minister Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland Deputy First Minister Great Seal of Scotland Government International relations Human rights LGBT rights Independence Local government History Cities Armed forces Military history Monarchs Members of Parliament Parliament Member of the Scottish Parliament Political parties Republicanism Scotland Office Secretary of State Nationalism Unionism Law Advocate General Courts (List) Supreme Courts of Scotland (Court of Session, High Court of Justiciary, Office of the Accountant of Court) Crown Office Lord Advocate Lord President Procurator fiscal Solicitor General Sheriff principal College of Justice Scots property law Udal law Prison population Police Scotland Economy Agriculture Bank of Scotland Charities Companies Fishing Forestry Harris Tweed Housing Media Oil industry (North Sea oil) Power stations Renewable energy Royal Bank of Scotland Tourism Transport Whisky Silicon Glen Unemployment International trade SocietyCulture Architecture Art Clans Cuisine Education Hogmanay Identity Inventions and discoveries Literature Museums Music Oldest buildings Performing arts Philosophy Placenames Prostitution Royal National Mòd Sport Surnames Symbols anthem coat of arms flags national flag tartan regimental unicorn World Heritage Sites Festivals Comedy DemographicsLanguages Highland English Scottish English Scottish Gaelic Scots British Sign Language People (list) Actors Artists Inventors Musicians Scientists Writers Religion Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Christianity Christmas Church of Scotland General Assembly Moderators Roman Catholicism Scottish Episcopal Church Baptist Union Free Church of Scotland Hinduism Islam Judaism Sikhism Ethnic minorities Outline Category Portal vteCourts of ScotlandAdministration (Executive) Scottish Government Cabinet Secretary for Justice Judicial Appointments Board Scottish Children's Reporter Administration Crown Office Lord Advocate Solicitor General for Scotland Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission Administration (Judicial) Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service Judicial Office for Scotland College of Justice Act of Sederunt Scottish Civil Justice Council Act of Adjournal Criminal Courts Rules Council Office of the Public Guardian Scottish Sentencing Council Judiciary Lord President Lord Justice Clerk Senator of the College of Justice Lord Lyon King of Arms Sheriff principal Appeal Sheriff Sheriff Justice of the peace Civil courts Supreme Court Court of Session Office of the Accountant of Court Auditor of the Court of Session Sheriff Appeal Court Sheriff Personal Injury Court Sheriff court Criminal courts High Court of Justiciary Sheriff Appeal Court Sheriff court Justice of the peace court Specialist courts Court of the Lord Lyon Scottish Land Court Lands Tribunal for Scotland Children's hearing Legal profession Faculty of Advocates Advocate Law Society of Scotland Solicitor Solicitor advocate Scottish Solicitors' Discipline Tribunal Historical courts Admiralty Court District courts Court of Exchequer High Court of Constabulary	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_Court_of_Justiciary.jpg"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary"},{"link_name":"criminal court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_criminal_law"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"supreme courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_court"},{"link_name":"Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary"},{"link_name":"Office of the Accountant of Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Accountant_of_Court"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auditor_1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-session_act_1821-4"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Advocates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Advocates"},{"link_name":"Society of Writers to His Majesty's Signet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Writers_to_His_Majesty%27s_Signet"},{"link_name":"Society of Solicitors in the Supreme Courts of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Solicitors_in_the_Supreme_Courts_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Lord President of the Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary"},{"link_name":"Senators of the College of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senators_of_the_College_of_Justice"}],"text":"The High Court of Justiciary, the supreme criminal court, in EdinburghThe College of Justice (Scottish Gaelic: Colaiste a' Cheartais) includes the Supreme Courts of Scotland, and its associated bodies.The constituent bodies of the national supreme courts are the Court of Session, the High Court of Justiciary, the Office of the Accountant of Court, and the Auditor of the Court of Session.[2][3][4] Its associated bodies are the Faculty of Advocates, the Society of Writers to His Majesty's Signet and the Society of Solicitors in the Supreme Courts of Scotland.The College is headed by the Lord President of the Court of Session, who also holds the title of Lord Justice General in relation to the High Court of Justiciary, and judges of the Court of Session and High Court are titled Senators of the College of Justice.","title":"College of Justice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King James V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"gold ducats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_ducat"},{"link_name":"Scottish bishoprics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Medieval_Scotland"},{"link_name":"monastic 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Myln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Myln&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cambuskenneth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambuskenneth_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Ashkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkirk"},{"link_name":"Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Finevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finevin"},{"link_name":"Restalrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restalrig"},{"link_name":"Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar"},{"link_name":"Kinloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinloss_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Dunglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunglass"},{"link_name":"Sir William Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Scott,_Lord_Balwearie"},{"link_name":"Balweary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balweary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Lauder, Lord St Germains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lauder,_Lord_St_Germains"},{"link_name":"King's Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Advocate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Campbell of Lundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell_of_Lundy"},{"link_name":"Sir James Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Colville"},{"link_name":"Easter Wemyss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Wemyss"},{"link_name":"Adam Otterburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Otterburn"},{"link_name":"Auldhame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auldhame"},{"link_name":"Redhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redhall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Advocate"},{"link_name":"Oxengangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxengangs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francis Bothwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bothwell"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Colinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinton"},{"link_name":"civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_civil_law"},{"link_name":"justiciars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiciar"},{"link_name":"Barony Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_Court"},{"link_name":"Commission of Justiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_Justiciary"},{"link_name":"Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_the_Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Old Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Law&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roman Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Law"},{"link_name":"Canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Union 1707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Scottish Legal System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Legal_System"}],"text":"The College was founded in 1532 by King James V following a bull issued by Pope Clement VII on 15 September 1531. It provided for 10,000 gold ducats to be contributed by the Scottish bishoprics and monastic institutions for the maintenance of its members, one half of whom would be members of the \"ecclesiastical dignity\".[5]The Parliament of Scotland passed an Act on 17 May 1532 authorising the creation of the college with 14 members, half spiritual, half temporal, plus a president and the Lord Chancellor. The college convened for the first time on 27 May 1532, in the royal presence.Supplementing the 14 ordinary lords, who were called Senators, were an indefinite number of supernumerary judges called extraordinary lords.The founding members of the College of Justice were:The Lord Chancellor, Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow\nThe Lord President, Alexander Myln, Abbot of Cambuskenneth\nRichard Bothwell, Rector of Ashkirk\nJohn Dingwall, Provost of Trinity College\nHenry White, Rector of Finevin\nWilliam Gibson, Dean of Restalrig\nThomas Hay, Dean of Dunbar\nRobert Reid, Abbot of Kinloss\nGeorge Ker, Provost of Dunglass\nSir William Scott of Balweary\nHenry Lauder, Lord St Germains, King's Advocate[6]\nJohn Campbell of Lundy\nSir James Colville of Easter Wemyss\nSir Adam Otterburn of Auldhame and Redhall, King's Advocate\nNicholas Crawford of Oxengangs\nFrancis Bothwell of Edinburgh (brother of Richard)\nJames Lawson of Edinburgh\nSir James Foulis of Colinton, who was added at the first meeting of the court when the king made him a \"Lord of the Session\".The College at its foundation dealt with underdeveloped civil law. It did not dispense justice in criminal matters as that was an area of the law reserved to the King's justice, through the justiciars (hence the High Court of the Justiciary), the Barony Courts and the Commission of Justiciary. The High Court of Justiciary was only incorporated into the College of Justice in 1672.Initially, there was little legal literature. Acts of the Parliament of Scotland and the books of the Old Law as well as Roman Law and Canon law texts were about all to which the pursuer and defender could refer. It was only after the establishment of the court that this situation improved, with judges noting their decisions in books of practicks.The Treaty of Union 1707 with England preserved the Scottish Legal System. Article XIX provided \"that the Court of Session or College of Justice do after the Union and notwithstanding thereof remain in all time coming within Scotland, and that the Court of Justiciary do also after the Union ... remain in all time coming.\"","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"The High Court of Justiciary, the supreme criminal court, in Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/High_Court_of_Justiciary.jpg/220px-High_Court_of_Justiciary.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Senator of the College of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_of_the_College_of_Justice"},{"title":"Historic List of Senators of the College of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_List_of_Senators_of_the_College_of_Justice"},{"title":"Extraordinary Lord of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_Lord_of_Session"},{"title":"Principal Clerk of Session and Justiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Clerk_of_Session_and_Justiciary"}]	[{"reference":"\"Judicial Appointments - How are judges appointed?\". Judiciary of Scotland. Edinburgh: Judicial Office for Scotland. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210214201441/https://www.judiciary.scot/","url_text":"\"Judicial Appointments - How are judges appointed?\""},{"url":"http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/64/0/Judicial-Appointments","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Expenses and Funding of Litigation Bill \| Auditor of Court Provisions\" (PDF). scottishciviljusticecouncil.gov.uk. Scottish Civil Justice Council. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottishciviljusticecouncil.gov.uk/docs/librariesprovider4/access-to-justice-committee-files/14-june-2016-atj-meeting-papers/paper-4-1b---auditor-of-court-engagement.pdf?sfvrsn=2","url_text":"\"Expenses and Funding of Litigation Bill \| Auditor of Court Provisions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Court of Session Act 1821\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1821 c. 38","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1821/38/","url_text":"\"Court of Session Act 1821\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Baird Smith, David (1912), \"The Reformers and divorce\", The Scottish Historical Review, 9: 12–13","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scottishhistoric09edinuoft","url_text":"\"The Reformers and divorce\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210214201441/https://www.judiciary.scot/","external_links_name":"\"Judicial Appointments - How are judges appointed?\""},{"Link":"http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/64/0/Judicial-Appointments","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/docs/you_and_us/recruitment/SCS%20An%20Introduction.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF-file"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070704181531/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/docs/you_and_us/recruitment/SCS%20An%20Introduction.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.scottishciviljusticecouncil.gov.uk/docs/librariesprovider4/access-to-justice-committee-files/14-june-2016-atj-meeting-papers/paper-4-1b---auditor-of-court-engagement.pdf?sfvrsn=2","external_links_name":"\"Expenses and Funding of Litigation Bill \| Auditor of Court Provisions\""},{"Link":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1821/38/","external_links_name":"\"Court of Session Act 1821\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/scottishhistoric09edinuoft","external_links_name":"\"The Reformers and divorce\""},{"Link":"http://www.nas.gov.uk/recordKeeping/supreme.asp","external_links_name":"Supreme Courts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170106041028/http://www.nas.gov.uk/recordKeeping/supreme.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_(Emerson)	Essays (Emerson)	[]	Collection of essays related to transcendentalism and romanticism by Ralph Waldo Emerson Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Emerson's Essays. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote several books of essays, commonly associated with transcendentalism and romanticism. "Essays" most commonly refers to his first two series of essays: Essays: First Series Essays: Second Series Some of the most notable essays of these two collections are Self-Reliance, Compensation, The Over-Soul, Circles, The Poet, Experience, and Politics. Emerson later wrote several more books of essays including Representative Men, English Traits, The Conduct of Life and Society and Solitude. Emerson's first published essay, Nature, was published in 1836, before the first and second series. vteRomanticismCountries Denmark England (literature) France (literature) Germany Japan Norway Poland Russia (literature) Scotland Spain (literature) Sweden (literature) Movements Ancients Bohemianism Coppet group Counter-Enlightenment Dark Düsseldorf School German historical school Gothic revival Hudson River School Indianism Jena Lake Poets Nationalist Nazarene movement Neo Pre Sturm und Drang Post Purismo Transcendentalism Ukrainian school Ultra Wallenrodism Themes Blue flower British Marine Gesamtkunstwerk Gothic fiction Hero Byronic Romantic Historical fiction Mal du siècle Medievalism Noble savage Nostalgia Ossian Pantheism Rhine Romantic genius Wanderlust Weltschmerz White Mountain art WritersBrazil Abreu Alencar Manuel Antônio de Almeida Alves Assis Azevedo Barreto Dias Guimarães Macedo Magalhães Reis Taunay Varela France Baudelaire Bertrand Chateaubriand Dumas Gautier Hugo Lamartine Mérimée Musset Nerval Nodier Staël Vigny Germany A. v. Arnim B. v. Arnim Beer Brentano Eichendorff Fouqué Goethe Brothers Grimm Günderrode Gutzkow Hauff Heine Hoffmann Hölderlin Jean Paul Kleist Küchelbecker Mörike Novalis Schwab Tieck Uhland GreatBritain Barbauld Blake Anne Brontë C. Brontë E. Brontë Burns Byron Carlyle Clare Coleridge de Quincey Maria Edgeworth Keats Maturin Polidori Radcliffe Mary Robinson Scott Seward M. Shelley P. B. Shelley Southey Wordsworth Poland Fredro Krasiński Józef Ignacy Kraszewski Malczewski Mickiewicz Norwid Potocki Wincenty Pol Słowacki Portugal Castelo Branco Castilho João de Deus Dinis Garrett Herculano Soares dos Passos Serbia Jakšić Kostić Njegoš Radičević Stojadinović-Srpkinja Zmaj Spain Bécquer Rosalía de Castro Espronceda Gutiérrez Saavedra Zorrilla Russia Baratynsky Batyushkov Karamzin Lermontov Pushkin Tyutchev Vyazemsky Zhukovsky USA Bryant Cooper Emerson Hawthorne Josiah Gilbert Holland Irving Longfellow Lowell Poe Other Abovian Alfieri Andersen Baratashvili Botev Chavchavadze Eminescu Foscolo Frashëri Geijer Nikolai Gogol Grundtvig Heliade Isaacs Lenau Leopardi Mácha Manzoni Maturin Oehlenschläger Orbeliani Prešeren Raffi Runeberg Shevchenko Topelius Vörösmarty Wergeland MusiciansAustria Bruckner Czerny Hummel Mahler Schubert Thalberg Wolf Czechia Dvořák Moscheles Reicha Smetana Voříšek France Adam Alkan Auber Berlioz Fauré Halévy Méhul Onslow Saint-Saëns Germany Beethoven Brahms Bruch Kalkbrenner Loewe Marschner Fanny Mendelssohn Felix Mendelssohn Meyerbeer Moszkowski C. Schumann R. Schumann Spohr Strauss Wagner Weber Hungary Erkel Goldmark Heller Hubay Joachim Liszt Italy Bellini Busoni Cherubini Donizetti Paganini Rossini Spontini Verdi Poland Bortkiewicz Chopin Lipiński Moniuszko Paderewski Stolpe Tausig Wieniawski Russia Arensky Balakirev Borodin Cui Glinka Lyapunov Medtner Mussorgsky Rachmaninoff Rimsky-Korsakov Rubinstein Scriabin Tchaikovsky Serbia Hristić Konjović Mokranjac Stanković Other Bennett Berwald Elgar Field Franck Grieg Sibelius Sor Philosophers Belinsky Berchet Burke Carlyle Chaadayev Coleridge Constant Emerson Fichte Goethe Hazlitt Hegel Khomyakov Lamennais Larra Maistre Mazzini Michelet Müller Novalis Quinet Rousseau Schelling Schiller A. Schlegel F. Schlegel Schleiermacher Senancour Snellman Staël Thoreau Tieck Wackenroder Visual artists Aivazovsky Bierstadt Blake Bonington Bryullov Chassériau Church Constable Cole Corot Dahl David d'Angers Delacroix Edelfelt Friedrich Fuseli Gallen-Kallela Géricault Girodet Głowacki Goya Gude Hayez Janmot Jones Kiprensky Koch Lampi Leutze Martin Michałowski Palmer Porto-Alegre Préault Révoil Richard Rude Runge Saleh Scheffer Stattler Stroy Tidemand Tropinin Turner Veit Ward Wiertz Scholars Abraham Abrams Barzun Beiser Berlin Blanning Bloom Blume Dahlhaus Ferber Frye Janion Lacoue-Labarthe Lovejoy de Man Nancy Ricks Rosen Wellek Related topics Coleridge's theory of life German idealism List of romantics List of Romantic poets Middle Ages in history Opium and Romanticism Romantic ballet Romantic epistemology Romantic medicine Romantic poetry Romantic psychology Romanticism and economics Romanticism and the French Revolution Romanticism in science Bacon Evolution theory Wanderer above the Sea of Fog ← Age of Enlightenment Modernism → Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana"},{"link_name":"Emerson's Essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Emerson%27s_Essays"},{"link_name":"Ralph Waldo Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson"},{"link_name":"transcendentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism"},{"link_name":"romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Essays: First Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays:_First_Series"},{"link_name":"Essays: Second 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d'Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_d%27Angers"},{"link_name":"Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"Edelfelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt"},{"link_name":"Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"Fuseli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fuseli"},{"link_name":"Gallen-Kallela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela"},{"link_name":"Géricault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault"},{"link_name":"Girodet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson"},{"link_name":"Głowacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki"},{"link_name":"Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya"},{"link_name":"Gude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Gude"},{"link_name":"Hayez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Hayez"},{"link_name":"Janmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Janmot"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Kiprensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky"},{"link_name":"Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch"},{"link_name":"Lampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi"},{"link_name":"Leutze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Michałowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski"},{"link_name":"Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Porto-Alegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo"},{"link_name":"Préault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault"},{"link_name":"Révoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard"},{"link_name":"Rude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude"},{"link_name":"Runge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge"},{"link_name":"Saleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raden_Saleh"},{"link_name":"Scheffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ary_Scheffer"},{"link_name":"Stattler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler"},{"link_name":"Stroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stroy"},{"link_name":"Tidemand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand"},{"link_name":"Tropinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin"},{"link_name":"Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"Veit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Veit"},{"link_name":"Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)"},{"link_name":"Wiertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz"},{"link_name":"Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholars"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Abrams"},{"link_name":"Barzun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Barzun"},{"link_name":"Beiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Blanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning"},{"link_name":"Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom"},{"link_name":"Blume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Blume"},{"link_name":"Dahlhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus"},{"link_name":"Ferber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ferber"},{"link_name":"Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye"},{"link_name":"Janion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Janion"},{"link_name":"Lacoue-Labarthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"de Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy"},{"link_name":"Ricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ricks"},{"link_name":"Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosen"},{"link_name":"Wellek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek"},{"link_name":"Coleridge's theory of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life"},{"link_name":"German idealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_idealism"},{"link_name":"List of romantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_romantics"},{"link_name":"List of Romantic poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history"},{"link_name":"Opium and Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Romantic ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_ballet"},{"link_name":"Romantic epistemology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_epistemology"},{"link_name":"Romantic medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_medicine"},{"link_name":"Romantic poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_poetry"},{"link_name":"Romantic psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_psychology"},{"link_name":"Romanticism and economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics"},{"link_name":"Romanticism and the French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Romanticism in science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_science"},{"link_name":"Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Evolution theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory"},{"link_name":"Wanderer above the Sea of Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog"},{"link_name":"Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Modernism"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Romanticism"}],"text":"Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Emerson's Essays.Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote several books of essays, commonly associated with transcendentalism and romanticism. \"Essays\" most commonly refers to his first two series of essays:Essays: First Series\nEssays: Second SeriesSome of the most notable essays of these two collections are Self-Reliance, Compensation, The Over-Soul, Circles, The Poet, Experience, and Politics.Emerson later wrote several more books of essays including Representative Men, English Traits, The Conduct of Life and Society and Solitude. Emerson's first published essay, Nature, was published in 1836, before the first and second series.vteRomanticismCountries\nDenmark\nEngland (literature)\nFrance (literature)\nGermany\nJapan\nNorway\nPoland\nRussia (literature)\nScotland\nSpain (literature)\nSweden (literature)\nMovements\nAncients\nBohemianism\nCoppet group\nCounter-Enlightenment\nDark\nDüsseldorf School\nGerman historical school\nGothic revival\nHudson River School\nIndianism\nJena\nLake Poets\nNationalist\nNazarene movement\nNeo\nPre\nSturm und Drang\nPost\nPurismo\nTranscendentalism\nUkrainian school\nUltra\nWallenrodism\nThemes\nBlue flower\nBritish Marine\nGesamtkunstwerk\nGothic fiction\nHero\nByronic\nRomantic\nHistorical fiction\nMal du siècle\nMedievalism\nNoble savage\nNostalgia\nOssian\nPantheism\nRhine\nRomantic genius\nWanderlust\nWeltschmerz\nWhite Mountain art\nWritersBrazil\nAbreu\nAlencar\nManuel Antônio de Almeida\nAlves\nAssis\nAzevedo\nBarreto\nDias\nGuimarães\nMacedo\nMagalhães\nReis\nTaunay\nVarela\nFrance\nBaudelaire\nBertrand\nChateaubriand\nDumas\nGautier\nHugo\nLamartine\nMérimée\nMusset\nNerval\nNodier\nStaël\nVigny\nGermany\nA. v. Arnim\nB. v. Arnim\nBeer\nBrentano\nEichendorff\nFouqué\nGoethe\nBrothers Grimm\nGünderrode\nGutzkow\nHauff\nHeine\nHoffmann\nHölderlin\nJean Paul\nKleist\nKüchelbecker\nMörike\nNovalis\nSchwab\nTieck\nUhland\nGreatBritain\nBarbauld\nBlake\nAnne Brontë\nC. Brontë\nE. Brontë\nBurns\nByron\nCarlyle\nClare\nColeridge\nde Quincey\nMaria Edgeworth\nKeats\nMaturin\nPolidori\nRadcliffe\nMary Robinson\nScott\nSeward\nM. Shelley\nP. B. Shelley\nSouthey\nWordsworth\nPoland\nFredro\nKrasiński\nJózef Ignacy Kraszewski\nMalczewski\nMickiewicz\nNorwid\nPotocki\nWincenty Pol\nSłowacki\nPortugal\nCastelo Branco\nCastilho\nJoão de Deus\nDinis\nGarrett\nHerculano\nSoares dos Passos\nSerbia\nJakšić\nKostić\nNjegoš\nRadičević\nStojadinović-Srpkinja\nZmaj\nSpain\nBécquer\nRosalía de Castro\nEspronceda\nGutiérrez\nSaavedra\nZorrilla\nRussia\nBaratynsky\nBatyushkov\nKaramzin\nLermontov\nPushkin\nTyutchev\nVyazemsky\nZhukovsky\nUSA\nBryant\nCooper\nEmerson\nHawthorne\nJosiah Gilbert Holland\nIrving\nLongfellow\nLowell\nPoe\nOther\nAbovian\nAlfieri\nAndersen\nBaratashvili\nBotev\nChavchavadze\nEminescu\nFoscolo\nFrashëri\nGeijer\nNikolai Gogol\nGrundtvig\nHeliade\nIsaacs\nLenau\nLeopardi\nMácha\nManzoni\nMaturin\nOehlenschläger\nOrbeliani\nPrešeren\nRaffi\nRuneberg\nShevchenko\nTopelius\nVörösmarty\nWergeland\nMusiciansAustria\nBruckner\nCzerny\nHummel\nMahler\nSchubert\nThalberg\nWolf\nCzechia\nDvořák\nMoscheles\nReicha\nSmetana\nVoříšek\nFrance\nAdam\nAlkan\nAuber\nBerlioz\nFauré\nHalévy\nMéhul\nOnslow\nSaint-Saëns\nGermany\nBeethoven\nBrahms\nBruch\nKalkbrenner\nLoewe\nMarschner\nFanny Mendelssohn\nFelix Mendelssohn\nMeyerbeer\nMoszkowski\nC. Schumann\nR. Schumann\nSpohr\nStrauss\nWagner\nWeber\nHungary\nErkel\nGoldmark\nHeller\nHubay\nJoachim\nLiszt\nItaly\nBellini\nBusoni\nCherubini\nDonizetti\nPaganini\nRossini\nSpontini\nVerdi\nPoland\nBortkiewicz\nChopin\nLipiński\nMoniuszko\nPaderewski\nStolpe\nTausig\nWieniawski\nRussia\nArensky\nBalakirev\nBorodin\nCui\nGlinka\nLyapunov\nMedtner\nMussorgsky\nRachmaninoff\nRimsky-Korsakov\nRubinstein\nScriabin\nTchaikovsky\nSerbia\nHristić\nKonjović\nMokranjac\nStanković\nOther\nBennett\nBerwald\nElgar\nField\nFranck\nGrieg\nSibelius\nSor\nPhilosophers\nBelinsky\nBerchet\nBurke\nCarlyle\nChaadayev\nColeridge\nConstant\nEmerson\nFichte\nGoethe\nHazlitt\nHegel\nKhomyakov\nLamennais\nLarra\nMaistre\nMazzini\nMichelet\nMüller\nNovalis\nQuinet\nRousseau\nSchelling\nSchiller\nA. Schlegel\nF. Schlegel\nSchleiermacher\nSenancour\nSnellman\nStaël\nThoreau\nTieck\nWackenroder\nVisual artists\nAivazovsky\nBierstadt\nBlake\nBonington\nBryullov\nChassériau\nChurch\nConstable\nCole\nCorot\nDahl\nDavid d'Angers\nDelacroix\nEdelfelt\nFriedrich\nFuseli\nGallen-Kallela\nGéricault\nGirodet\nGłowacki\nGoya\nGude\nHayez\nJanmot\nJones\nKiprensky\nKoch\nLampi\nLeutze\nMartin\nMichałowski\nPalmer\nPorto-Alegre\nPréault\nRévoil\nRichard\nRude\nRunge\nSaleh\nScheffer\nStattler\nStroy\nTidemand\nTropinin\nTurner\nVeit\nWard\nWiertz\nScholars\nAbraham\nAbrams\nBarzun\nBeiser\nBerlin\nBlanning\nBloom\nBlume\nDahlhaus\nFerber\nFrye\nJanion\nLacoue-Labarthe\nLovejoy\nde Man\nNancy\nRicks\nRosen\nWellek\nRelated topics\nColeridge's theory of life\nGerman idealism\nList of romantics\nList of Romantic poets\nMiddle Ages in history\nOpium and Romanticism\nRomantic ballet\nRomantic epistemology\nRomantic medicine\nRomantic poetry\nRomantic psychology\nRomanticism and economics\nRomanticism and the French Revolution\nRomanticism in science\nBacon\nEvolution theory\nWanderer above the Sea of Fog\n\n← Age of Enlightenment\nModernism →\n Category","title":"Essays (Emerson)"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matawan_Regional_High_School	Matawan Regional High School	["1 Awards, recognition and rankings","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Sports","5 Academics","6 Music","7 Marching band","8 Staff","9 Notable alumni","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°24′33″N 74°13′27″W / 40.409064°N 74.224036°W / 40.409064; -74.224036High school in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States Matawan Regional High SchoolAddress450 Atlantic AvenueAberdeen Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey 07747United StatesCoordinates40°24′33″N 74°13′27″W / 40.409064°N 74.224036°W / 40.409064; -74.224036InformationTypeRegional public high schoolMottoExcellence in educationEstablished1924School districtMatawan-Aberdeen Regional School DistrictSuperintendentJoseph G. MajkaNCES School ID340975003958PrincipalAaron EylerFaculty95.6 FTEsGrades9-12Enrollment1,146 (as of 2022–23)Student to teacher ratio12.0:1Hours in school day6 hours, 44 minutesColor(s) Maroon and steel grayAthletics conferenceShore ConferenceMascotHuskyTeam nameHuskiesAccreditationMiddle States Association of Colleges and SchoolsNewspaperHuskeyviewYearbookThe PillarWebsitewww.marsd.org/mrhs Matawan Regional High School is a four-year regional public high school located in Aberdeen Township, United States, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as the lone secondary school of the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District. Serving students from Aberdeen Township and Matawan, it is one of Monmouth County's largest schools. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools since 1951. The school mascot is a husky. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,146 students and 95.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.0:1. There were 158 students (13.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 90 (7.9% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. Awards, recognition and rankings The school was the 139th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 92nd in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 126th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 111th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 115th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school 253rd out of 376 public high schools statewide in its 2010 rankings (a decrease of 38 positions from the 2009 rank) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the language arts literacy and mathematics components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA). History When the State of New Jersey mandated graded school systems replace district schools in 1894, Matawan Township and Matawan Borough constructed an eight-room brick school building at the corner of Broad Street and South Street, which was completed and occupied in 1895. A 1913 graduate described the school as having four rooms on the first floor, and four rooms and a long, wide hall on the second floor. There was no indoor plumbing until a major addition was made to the building about 1910, so outdoor toilets were used for about fifteen years. Sanitary facilities were added in the basement. The Class of 1913 consisted of 34 eighth graders, most of whom were expected to go to work after they finished school. By 1923, the school was so overcrowded that it was running double sessions to teach its students in 12 rooms, so the township voted to build a new high school next door. The first Matawan High School was completed and occupied in 1924 on 8 acres (32,000 m2) at the corner of Broad Street and South Street. The 2+1⁄2-story brick building of Georgian design was constructed at a cost of $175,000 (equivalent to $3.1 million in 2023). It contained 13 classrooms, a study hall, a cafeteria, an auditorium seating 527, and a gymnasium with capacity for 300. The school had 388 students and 14 teachers in 1936; 76 seniors graduated with the Class of 1936. The school had recently taken in students from Laurence Harbor, effectively doubling the graduating class between 1933 and 1936. The school, which included some middle school students in 1957, had 540 high school students and their 28 teachers. After it was replaced in 1962, consideration was given to making the old high school an elementary school but it was eventually demolished. A hallway at Matawan Regional High School Matawan Regional High School was built to deal with sharp population growth due to the construction of 2,300 new housing units in the area. Population nearly doubled between the 1960 census figure of 12,456 and the 1965 estimate of 21,177. Constructed at a cost of $2.5 million (the value of $24.2 million in 2023), the school opened in September 1962 with nearly 1,200 students in grades 7–12. The school had 1,780 students and 102 teachers in the 1964/1965 school year. The 62 rooms included 33 classrooms, two gymnasiums, an auditorium, a cafeteria, two music rooms, two industrial arts shops, eight science rooms, and two fine arts rooms. The school underwent a $13.3 million renovation project completed in September 2004 which included a new facade, new chemistry and oceanography laboratory classrooms, a new art wing, including a kiln, computer labs, as well as a new greenhouse. The sports department received a renovated artificial turf football field and stadium lighting. Streetside saw a new electronic sign. Demographics Enrollment Trends by Grade Grade 2021-22 9 320 10 269 11 244 12 275 Enrollment Trends by Student Group Student Group 2021-22 Female 49.6% Male 50.4% Economically Disadvantaged Students 25% Students with Disabilities 15.1% English Learners 1.0% Homeless Students X Students in Foster Care X Military-Connected Students X Migrant Students X Enrollment by Racial and Ethnic Group Racial and Ethnic Group 2021-22 White 60.8% Hispanic 17.6% Black or African American 12.2% Asian 6.2% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 0.3% American Indian or Alaskan Native 0.2% Two or More Races 2.8% Enrollment Trends by Full and Shared Time Status Enrollment Status 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Full Time Students 981 983 1,005 Shared Time Students 62 60 64 Full Time Equivalent 1,012 1,013 1,037 Enrollment by Home Language Home Language % of Students English 94.5% Spanish 2.9% Other Languages 2.7% Sports The Matawan High School Huskies compete in Division B North of the Shore Conference, an athletic conference comprising public and private high schools in Monmouth and Ocean counties along the Jersey Shore. The league operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 797 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group III South for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 680 to 889 students. The school participates in a joint ice hockey team with Howell High School as the host school / lead agency. The co-op program operates under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year. The Matawan High School baseball team (63-2) won the Central Jersey championship three consecutive years from 1922 to 1924 under Coach Benjamin W. Davis. Matawan's African-American pitcher Henry Schanck was edged out by Keyport High School in a 16-inning match in 1924. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) added a sports field at the high school in 1936. The 1959 Huskies baseball team, coached by George Deitz, won the Shore Conference championship and competed in the Group I state championships, losing in the first round. Their star pitcher, Carl Stephens, threw three no-hitters that season and was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers, playing in their minor league system until an arm injury ended his career. The team won the Central Jersey Group II state sectional championship in 1960. The Matawan Catfish swim team competed against the Laurence Harbor Eels at nearby Lake Lefferts in spring 1936. The boys track team won the spring / outdoor track title in Group I in 1955-1958 and won the Group II championship in 2013. The boys' bowling team won the overall state championship in 1969. The boys' team won their division back-to-back in 2017 (tied with Keansburg as co-champion) and 2018. The 2018 season saw the boys team achieve an undefeated season in divisional matches going 45–0. In 1958, the Matawan High School Huskies football squad, led by Coach Barry Rizzo, won the Shore Conference Championship, losing only to Neptune High School. They defeated their rivals, the Keyport High School Red Raiders in a hard-fought Thanksgiving Day game, by a score of 6–2. Notable players on that Huskies team were the "Touchdown Twins", David Jones and Purvis Peeler. The 1973 football team finished the season with a record of 7-2 and was awarded the Central Jersey Group III title by the NJSIAA based on strength of schedule, despite Manasquan High School finishing with a 9–0 record. In the playoff era, the football team won the Central Jersey state sectional championships in Group IV in 1975; in Group III in 1988, 1991, 1992 and 2014; and in both 2009 and 2011 in Group II. In 1975 the team won the Central Jersey Group III title with a 7–0 win against previously unbeaten Colonia High School in the championship game to finish the season with a record of 11-0 and extend their winning streak to 19 games. The 1988 team finished the season with an 11–0 record after winning the Central Jersey Group III title with a 14–6 victory against Franklin High School, which had entered the championship game with a 21-game winning streak. The 1991 team won the Central Jersey Group II title with a 28–14 victory against Ocean Township High School to finish the season 9–2. In 1992, the team finished the season 10-1 and won its second Central Jersey Group II sectional title with a 29–28 win against Neptune High School on a Two-point conversion scored in overtime. In 2009, the football team won the Central Jersey Group II sectional title by a score of 28–12 against Manasquan High School in a game played at The College of New Jersey, marking the program's first sectional title in more than 25 years. The team won the program's seventh sectional title in 2014 with a 27–7 win against Carteret High School in the Central Jersey Group III state sectional championship. The girls spring track team was the Group IV state champion in 1973 and 1974. The girls bowling team was overall state champion in 1974 and won the Group I title in 2018. In 2005 , the girls' softball team won the Central Jersey Group II state sectional championship with a 1-0, 12-inning win in the tournament final against Carteret High School, earning the program's first state championship. In 2009, the boys indoor and outdoor track and field teams took the Central Jersey Group II titles, marking the first time since 1996 since the boys team took the outdoor title, and the first time the indoor team had ever taken a state title. The indoor team won a second consecutive title in 2010, defeating second place Summit High School by a score of 56–42 in the finals. In 2011, the outdoor track and field team won its third consecutive Central Jersey, Group II sectional title, edging Long Branch High School 80-77 for the victory. The boys track team won the indoor relay state championship in Group II in 2013, 2015 and 2017. The girls team won the Group II title in 2013. The boys track team won the indoor track state championship in Group II in 2013. The girls team won the Group II title in 2015. The boys' basketball team won the 2013-14 Central Jersey Group II state sectional championship with a 67–54 win in the tournament final against Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School, going 24-5 throughout the season. In 2014, the boys' track and field team won the B-North division championships and the Central Jersey Group II sectional champs, earning the team's seventh sectional title, having most recently won in 2011. Academics PSAT, SAT, & ACT - Participation Participation Type School Participation Rate State Participation Rate 10th and 11th graders taking PSAT 10/NMSQT in 2017-18 95.0% 85.0% 12th graders taking SAT in 2017-18 or prior years 77.7% 72.2% 12th graders taking ACT in 2017-18 or prior years 15.5% 24.6% PSAT, SAT, & ACT - Performance Participation Type School Average Score State Average Score College Readiness Benchmarks School - Students Scores at or above Benchmark State - Students Scores at or above Benchmark PSAT 10/NMSQT - Reading and Writing 476 478 Grade 10: 430 Grade 11: 460 62% 62% PSAT 10/NMSQT - Math 487 478 Grade 10: 480 Grade 11: 510 46% 42% SAT - Reading and Writing 541 542 480 75% 72% SAT - Math 566 543 530 66% 54% ACT - Reading 25 24 22 74% 62% ACT - English 24 24 18 89% 78% ACT - Math 24 24 22 76% 62% ACT - Science 23 23 23 63% 53% Music Music has deep roots at Matawan. In 1895, the New York Press ran a statewide competition to determine the most popular new school in the budding New Jersey school system. Matawan returned the most coupons, defeating its nearest competitor by 40,000 votes, thereby winning a Chickering and Sons piano. Marching band The Matawan Marching Huskies band won the national championships in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1977. They are led by band director Kevin Cotter. In the 2011 season, the Marching Huskies finished first in the Tournament of Bands (TOB) Group II Chapter X (Greater NYC Metro) Championships with a score of 93.0. The chapter title was the first for the band since 2006. They ended the season with a 3rd-place finish at the TOB Atlantic Coast Championships in Hershey, Pennsylvania with a score of 95.5, earning the Marching Huskies not only their highest-ever placement at the ACCs, but their highest score in school history. Staff The school's principal is Aaron Eyler, who is assisted by three assistant principals. Notable alumni See also: Category:Matawan Regional High School alumni Monica Aksamit (born 1990, class of 2008), saber fencer who won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the Women's Saber Team event. Jay Bellamy (born 1972), safety who played in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks and New Orleans Saints. Erison Hurtault (born 1984, class of 2003), Olympic sprinter who competed in the 400 metres at the 2012 Summer Olympics representing Dominica. Eugene Michael Hyman (born 1950, class of 1968), retired judge. Jim Jeffcoat (born 1961), professional football player for the Dallas Cowboys and the Buffalo Bills from 1983 to 1997. Robert F. Milligan (born 1932, class of 1951), retired lieutenant general in the United States Marine Corps who served as Comptroller of Florida from 1994 to 2002. Retta (born 1970, class of 1988), actress known for her role as Donna Meagle on NBC's Parks and Recreation. Charlie Rogers (born 1976), former NFL running back, wide receiver and kick returner. J. Michael Straczynski (born 1954), writer for television, film and comics, attended 1970. Eileen Tell (born 1966), former professional tennis player. Nancy J. Woodhull (1945–1997, class of 1963), co-founding editor of USA Today, president of Gannett, executive vice president and editor in chief of the Southern Progress Corporation. References ^ a b Administration, Matawan Regional High School. Accessed February 14, 2023. ^ a b c d e School data for Matawan Regional High School, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed February 1, 2024. ^ a b c d Matawan Regional High School, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed October 20, 2020. ^ a b Shore Conference Realignment for 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, Shore Conference. Accessed November 15, 2020. ^ a b Matawan Regional High School, Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools, backed up by the Internet Archive as of March 15, 2012. Accessed March 26, 2015. ^ HuskieView The official newspaper of MRHS, Matawan Regional High School. Accessed May 11, 2022. ^ Pillar Yearbook, Matawan Regional High School. Accessed May 11, 2022. ^ Staff. "Top Schools Alphabetical List 2014", New Jersey Monthly, September 2, 2014. Accessed September 5, 2014. ^ Staff. "The Top New Jersey High Schools: Alphabetical", New Jersey Monthly, August 16, 2012. Accessed December 2, 2012. ^ Staff. "2010 Top High Schools", New Jersey Monthly, August 16, 2010. Accessed April 5, 2011. ^ "Top New Jersey High Schools 2008: By Rank", New Jersey Monthly, September 2008, posted August 7, 2008. Accessed August 19, 2008. ^ New Jersey High School Rankings: 11th Grade HSPA Language Arts Literacy & HSPA Math 2009-2010, Schooldigger.com. Accessed January 17, 2012. ^ a b c d e f Federal Writers' Projects: Matawan, 1686–1936, pp 70-71. ^ Donnell, Genevieve. "When American Legion Hall Served as School", Bayshore Independent, March 13, 1973, contained in booklet entitled Matawan Memories. ^ Tiemann, Alice M., Township of Matawan, 1857–1957, pg 35 ^ a b League of Women Voters, Know Your Town: Matawan Borough and Township, 1965, pp 40-46 ^ "First Students Introduced To Matawan Regional High", Asbury Park Press, September 18, 1962. Accessed June 15, 2021, via Newspapers.com. "The first day school at the new Matawan Regional High School came off without a hitch yesterday, although it was nearly two weeks late. "Things went along very smoothly," John V. Caracciolo, principal of the 58-room school, said after the last of some 440 7th and 8th graders left. They had attended the first of three orientation days to be held in the building, which is still not completed. Today about 400 9th and 10th graders will come to school or orientation while the other classes stay home. Tomorrow an equal number of 11th and 12th graders will attend.... But as the school opening neared, the Board realized it could not have the $2.47 million building ready in time, and the opening was deferred two weeks." ^ Matawan Regional High School Expansion/Retrofit, SchoolDesigns.com. Accessed January 17, 2012. ^ https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/new-jersey/districts/matawan-aberdeen-regional-school-district/matawan-regional-high-school-12635. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ a b c d "NJ School Performance Report". NJ Department of State. ^ Member Schools, Shore Conference. Accessed November 15, 2020. ^ League & Conference Officers/Affiliated Schools 2020-2021, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed October 20, 2020. ^ NJSIAA General Public School Classifications 2019–2020, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed November 20, 2020. ^ NJSIAA Football Public School Classifications 2022–2024, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed May 1, 2023. ^ NJSIAA Winter Cooperative Sports Programs, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed December 1, 2020. ^ NJSIAA Baseball Championship History, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed May 1, 2023. ^ NJSIAA Boys Spring Track Summary of Group Titles, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed May 1, 2023. ^ History of NJSIAA Boys Bowling Championships, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed August 1, 2022. ^ Denman, Elliott. "Sports Angles: NJSIAA Rankings Subject to Debate Again", Asbury Park Press, December 6, 1973. Accessed December 28, 2020, via Newspapers.com. "'It's a complete surprise to me,' said Coach Barry Rizzo at Matawan Regional after he learned his Huskies were the kingpins in Central Jersey Group III. Rizzo's pupils went 7-2 and were runners-up to Brick Township in Shore Conference Class A. Meanwhile, Manasquan was rolling through all Class B foes en route to its 9-0 record but the Big Blue Warriors were deemed inferior, 346-280, on the NJSIAA CJ Group III tables." ^ NJSIAA Football History, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed January 1, 2022. ^ "Huskies First In Final Poll", Asbury Park Press, December 10, 1975. Accessed December 30, 2020, via Newspapers.com. "The Matawan Regional High School Huskies have captured the top spot in the final poll of Shore football teams by the Asbury Park Press sports staff. The Huskies, 11-0, and Central Jersey Group IV champions, received all 10 first-place votes for a perfect total of 100 points.... While Matawan beat Colonia, 7-0, .Saturday, to win its crown, Brick Township lost to Millville, 22-12 in the South Jersey Group IV finale." ^ Triblehorn, Chuck. "Matawan stakes claim as state's number one", The Daily Register, December 8, 1975. Accessed February 6, 2021, via Newspapers.com. "'This has got to be the biggest moment of my life,' exclaimed veteran coach Barry Rizzo after his machine-like Huskies had defeated Colonia 7-0, for the Central Jersey Group IV championship. Sectional laurels were official, but enthusiasts throughout the state had regarded the contest as the unofficial determination of a state champion, and the two undefeated powerhouses played it that way.... But they needed much more to secure their 19th consecutive victory and conclude an unprecedented 11-0 season." ^ "School Sports: New Jersey; Wayne Valley Routs Ramapo", The New York Times, December 4, 1988. Accessed December 17, 2020. "Matawan (11-0) handed Franklin (10-1) a 14-6 upset loss in the Central Jersey, Group 3 championship in Matawan. Franklin, the defending champion, had won 21 games in a row." ^ Olausen, Tom. "Matawan surprises Ocean", Asbury Park Press, December 8, 1991. Accessed January 18, 2021, via Newspapers.com. "Jamison scored touchdowns the first three times he touched the ball to lead Matawan to a 28-14 win over Ocean in the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association Central Jersey Group III finals.... Matawan (9-2), who last won the title and last beat Ocean in 1988, avenged the 27-6 loss to the Spartans on Nov. 9." ^ "Union gets it done against Randolph", The Record, December 6, 1992. Accessed January 22, 2021, via Newspapers.com. "Tasheen Rivera ran around right end for a successful two-point conversion to give Matawan a 29-28 overtime win over Neptune in the Central Group 3 final in Aberdeen Township. The win gave Matawan (10-1) its second consecutive title." ^ Rappeleye, Warren. "Huskies savor victory, look to 2010 season", Holmdel Independent, December 10, 2009. Accessed July 7, 2011. "No sooner had the Matawan High School football team completed its victory over Manasquan in the NJSIAA Central Jersey Group II championship on Friday when talk began about a repeat in 2010.... Coach Joe Martucci's team deserves to savor the school's first sectional title in football since 1992.... Matawan won a 28-12 decision in the game played at The College of New Jersey. The victory capped an outstanding 10-1 season for Martucci's team, which also brought home the Shore Conference's Liberty Division crown." ^ Kratch, James. "2014 football finals: Matawan defeats Carteret, 27-7, for Central Jersey, Group 3 title", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, December 5, 2014. Accessed December 28, 2016. "Freshman quarterback George Pearson threw for 198 yards and four touchdowns despite a persistent rainfall throughout the evening as Matawan defeated Carteret, 27-7, on Friday night in the NJSIAA/Sports Care Institute Central Jersey, Group 3 final here at Kean University's Alumni Stadium.The sectional championship is Matawan's seventh in its history and its first since it won Central Jersey, Group 2 in 2011." ^ NJSIAA Girls Spring Track Summary of Group Titles, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed May 1, 2023. ^ History of NJSIAA Girls Bowling Championships, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed November 20, 2020. ^ Rappleyea, Warren. "Dramatic win gives Huskies first sectional title", centraljersey.com, June 7, 2005. Accessed November 26, 2022. "With its first sectional softball title in its pocket, the Matawan High School softball team is looking for more this week in the NJSIAA Group II tournament. The Huskies earned a berth in the overall Group II tourney by defeating Carteret in 12 innings on Thursday in an exciting 1-0 game to win the Central Jersey Group II crown." ^ Morris, Tim. "Matawan wins CJ II indoor track crown", Independent, February 12, 2009. Accessed July 7, 2011. "Whether it was sprinting, running distance, throwing or soaring vertically, the Huskies scored points in all areas to capture the NJSIAA Central Jersey Group II State Sectional Indoor Track and Field Championship. The Huskies beat another Shore Conference team, Monmouth Regional, for the title, 59-43." ^ Lambert, Jim. "NJ Boys Winter Track: Matawan edges Summit for Central 2 title", The Star-Ledger, February 14, 2010. Accessed July 7, 2011. "Summit, which received a remarkable performance from Mark Jones, left the meet in frustration, while Dylan Spadaccini of Matawan earned redemption at the NJSIAA/Star-Ledger Central Jersey, Group 2 Championships at the Bennett Center yesterday in Toms River.... Summit finished second to Matawan, 56-42, as Matawan won its second straight sectional title." ^ Staff. "Matawan edges Long Branch to win CJ II track championship", Independent, June 2, 2011. Accessed July 7, 2011. "Matawan High School's boys track and field team captured its third straight NJSIAA Central Jersey Group II sectional title on Saturday. The win didn't come easy as the Huskies had to overcome a Long Branch team that was led by triple winner Miles Shuler-Foster. Matawan beat Long Branch by three points, 80-77." ^ History of the NJSIAA Indoor Relay Championships, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed December 1, 2020. ^ Boys Winter Track and Field Championship History: 1922-2023, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association, updated November 2023. Accessed February 1, 2024. ^ Girls Winter Track and Field Championship History: 1922-2023, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association, updated November 2023. Accessed February 1, 2024. ^ Hintelmann, Jim. "Rumson Comes Up Short In Group II Championship", The Two River Times, March 14, 2014. Accessed October 29, 2019. "Matawan Regional has been a traditional football and boys track power over the years, but boys basketball has been in the shadows with its last NJSIAA sectional title in 1965. Unfortunately for Rumson-Fair Haven Regional, the Huskies (24-4) finally have struck pay dirt with its best team since 1951. That was evident Tuesday, March 11, when they took the NJSIAA Central Jersey Group II championship with a 67-54 victory in a steamy gym before a standing-room-only crowd." ^ Lambert, Jim. "We Are The Champions: A look at every boys sectional track and field team winner", The Star-Ledger, May 24, 2014. Accessed November 23, 2015. "Group 2-Matawan (1st since 2011 – 7th overall)" ^ a b "NJ School Performance Report". NJ Department of State. ^ Atlantic Coast Group 2 Open Championship November 6, 2011 Hershey Stadium, Tournament of Bands. Accessed November 23, 2015. ^ Monica Aksamit, Penn State Nittany Lions. Accessed August 16, 2016. "Hometown: Matawan, N.J.; High School: Matawan Regional" ^ Jay Bellamy Stats, Pro-Football-Reference.com. Accessed March 14, 2018. ^ Staff. "Matawan grad Hurtault serves as Dominica's Olympic flag bearer", Matawan Independent, July 31, 2012. Accessed June 5, 2017. "It's the thrill of a lifetime to compete in the Olympics. Matawan Regional High School graduate Erison Hurtault was already a veteran Olympian prior to the London Games." ^ a b Past Inductees Matawan Regional High School Hall Of Fame/Alumni, Matawan Regional High School. Accessed November 17, 2021. "Lt. General Robert Milligan, USMC (Ret.) 1951 – Florida Comptroller, Marines... Eugene M. Hyman 1968 - Superior Court Judge" ^ Jim Jeffcoat Stats, Pro-Football-Reference.com. Accessed March 14, 2018. ^ Feuer, Ryan. "Comedian Retta talks Jersey roots, Parks and Rec and Geeks Who Drink", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, July 16, 2015, updated January 17, 2019. Accessed October 29, 2019. "In the podcast Retta read about her years at Matawan Regional High School in Aberdeen Township, when she was 'super into boys,' but at the same time, she says in her blunt Jersey style -- 'a total virgin.'" ^ Charlie Rogers Stats, Pro-Football-Reference.com. Accessed March 14, 2018. ^ Plume, Kenneth. "Interview with J. Michael Straczynski (Part 1 of 4)", IGN, September 5, 2000. Accessed June 5, 2017. "No. I attended four different high schools: St. Benedict's High School in Matawan, New Jersey, Matawan Public School, Lennox High School in Lennox, California, and Chula Vista High School in Chula Vista, California." ^ Friedman, Charles. "Tennis Star Bars Distractions", The New York Times, January 22, 1984. Accessed December 28, 2021. "A straight 'A' student at Matawan High School, Miss Tell will graduate in June and seems sure to get scholarship offers for both her tennis and scholastic rankings." ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (April 2, 1997). "Nancy Woodhull, 52, Editor Who Fostered News Diversity". New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2018. ^ Past Inductees Matawan Regional High School Hall of Fame/Alumni, Matawan High School. Accessed September 14, 2020. External links Matawan Regional High School website Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District School Performance Report for Matawan Regional High School, New Jersey Department of Education School Data for the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics DigitalSports Matawan Homepage Matawan Football Alumni Foundation Huskies Sports Online Huskies football statistics vtePublic and private high schools of Monmouth County, New JerseyPublic Academy Charter Academy of Allied Health & Science Allentown Asbury Park Biotechnology Colts Neck Communications Freehold Borough Freehold Township High Technology Holmdel Howell Henry Hudson Keansburg Keyport Long Branch Manalapan Manasquan Marine Academy Marlboro Matawan Regional Middletown North Middletown South Monmouth Regional Neptune Ocean Township Raritan Red Bank Regional Rumson-Fair Haven Regional Shore Regional Wall Private Christian Brothers Collier High Point Hillel Mater Dei Monmouth Academy New Jersey United Oak Hill Ranney School Red Bank Catholic St. John Vianney St. Rose Talmudical Academy Trinity Hall by county Atlantic Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union Warren vteShore Conference (NJSIAA)Division ANorth Howell Freehold Township Manalapan Marlboro Christian Brothers Academy Middletown North Middletown South Central Matawan Red Bank Regional Holmdel Raritan St. John Vianney Rumson-Fair Haven Shore South Brick Memorial Jackson Southern Toms River East Toms River North Toms River South Division BNorth Freehold Boro Long Branch Monmouth Neptune Ocean Township Colts Neck Red Bank Catholic Central Asbury Park Henry Hudson Keansburg Keyport Mater Dei Point Pleasant Beach St. Rose South Brick Township Lacey Township Barnegat Central Manchester Township Pinelands Division CCentral Wall Donovan Catholic Jackson Liberty Lakewood Manasquan Point Pleasant Boro Authority control databases International ISNI Geographic NCES	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"ninth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_grade"},{"link_name":"twelfth grades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_grade"},{"link_name":"Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matawan-Aberdeen_Regional_School_District"},{"link_name":"Matawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matawan,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Monmouth County's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_States_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSA-CESS-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSIAAprofile-3"},{"link_name":"FTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"student–teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"free lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCES-2"}],"text":"High school in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United StatesMatawan Regional High School is a four-year regional public high school located in Aberdeen Township, United States, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as the lone secondary school of the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District. Serving students from Aberdeen Township and Matawan, it is one of Monmouth County's largest schools. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools since 1951.[5] The school mascot is a husky.[3]As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,146 students and 95.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.0:1. There were 158 students (13.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 90 (7.9% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.[2]","title":"Matawan Regional High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJMonthly-11"},{"link_name":"High School Proficiency Assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_Proficiency_Assessment"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The school was the 139th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's \"Top Public High Schools\", using a new ranking methodology.[8] The school had been ranked 92nd in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 126th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed.[9] The magazine ranked the school 111th in 2008 out of 316 schools.[10] The school was ranked 115th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state.[11]Schooldigger.com ranked the school 253rd out of 376 public high schools statewide in its 2010 rankings (a decrease of 38 positions from the 2009 rank) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the language arts literacy and mathematics components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).[12]","title":"Awards, recognition and rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matawan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matawan_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Matawan Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matawan,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"Laurence Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Harbor,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiemann-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-League-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matawan_Regional_School_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-League-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"When the State of New Jersey mandated graded school systems replace district schools in 1894, Matawan Township and Matawan Borough constructed an eight-room brick school building at the corner of Broad Street and South Street, which was completed and occupied in 1895.[13]A 1913 graduate described the school as having four rooms on the first floor, and four rooms and a long, wide hall on the second floor. There was no indoor plumbing until a major addition was made to the building about 1910, so outdoor toilets were used for about fifteen years. Sanitary facilities were added in the basement. The Class of 1913 consisted of 34 eighth graders, most of whom were expected to go to work after they finished school.[14]By 1923, the school was so overcrowded that it was running double sessions to teach its students in 12 rooms, so the township voted to build a new high school next door.[13]The first Matawan High School was completed and occupied in 1924 on 8 acres (32,000 m2) at the corner of Broad Street and South Street. The 2+1⁄2-story brick building of Georgian design was constructed at a cost of $175,000 (equivalent to $3.1 million in 2023). It contained 13 classrooms, a study hall, a cafeteria, an auditorium seating 527, and a gymnasium with capacity for 300. The school had 388 students and 14 teachers in 1936; 76 seniors graduated with the Class of 1936. The school had recently taken in students from Laurence Harbor, effectively doubling the graduating class between 1933 and 1936.[13] The school, which included some middle school students in 1957, had 540 high school students and their 28 teachers.[15] After it was replaced in 1962, consideration was given to making the old high school an elementary school [16] but it was eventually demolished.A hallway at Matawan Regional High SchoolMatawan Regional High School was built to deal with sharp population growth due to the construction of 2,300 new housing units in the area. Population nearly doubled between the 1960 census figure of 12,456 and the 1965 estimate of 21,177. Constructed at a cost of $2.5 million (the value of $24.2 million in 2023), the school opened in September 1962 with nearly 1,200 students in grades 7–12.[17] The school had 1,780 students and 102 teachers in the 1964/1965 school year. The 62 rooms included 33 classrooms, two gymnasiums, an auditorium, a cafeteria, two music rooms, two industrial arts shops, eight science rooms, and two fine arts rooms.[16]The school underwent a $13.3 million renovation project completed in September 2004 which included a new facade, new chemistry and oceanography laboratory classrooms, a new art wing, including a kiln, computer labs, as well as a new greenhouse.[18] The sports department received a renovated artificial turf football field and stadium lighting. Streetside saw a new electronic sign.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSIAAprofile-3"},{"link_name":"Shore Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Conference"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Jersey Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Shore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shore-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Howell High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell_High_School_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Keyport High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyport_High_School"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSIAABaseball-26"},{"link_name":"Lake Lefferts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lefferts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSIAABoysSpringTrack-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Neptune High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_High_School"},{"link_name":"Keyport High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyport_High_School"},{"link_name":"Manasquan High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasquan_High_School"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Colonia High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_High_School"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Franklin High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_High_School_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ocean Township High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Township_High_School"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Two-point conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-point_conversion"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Manasquan High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasquan_High_School"},{"link_name":"The College of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Carteret High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteret_High_School"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSIAAGirlsSpringTrack-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Carteret High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteret_High_School"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Summit High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_High_School_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Long Branch High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Branch_High_School"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumson-Fair_Haven_Regional_High_School"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"The Matawan High School Huskies[3] compete in Division B North of the Shore Conference, an athletic conference comprising public and private high schools in Monmouth and Ocean counties along the Jersey Shore.[4][21] The league operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).[22] With 797 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range.[23] The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group III South for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 680 to 889 students.[24]The school participates in a joint ice hockey team with Howell High School as the host school / lead agency. The co-op program operates under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.[25]The Matawan High School baseball team (63-2) won the Central Jersey championship three consecutive years from 1922 to 1924 under Coach Benjamin W. Davis. Matawan's African-American pitcher Henry Schanck was edged out by Keyport High School in a 16-inning match in 1924. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) added a sports field at the high school in 1936.[13] The 1959 Huskies baseball team, coached by George Deitz, won the Shore Conference championship and competed in the Group I state championships, losing in the first round. Their star pitcher, Carl Stephens, threw three no-hitters that season and was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers, playing in their minor league system until an arm injury ended his career. The team won the Central Jersey Group II state sectional championship in 1960.[26]The Matawan Catfish swim team competed against the Laurence Harbor Eels at nearby Lake Lefferts in spring 1936.[13]The boys track team won the spring / outdoor track title in Group I in 1955-1958 and won the Group II championship in 2013.[27]The boys' bowling team won the overall state championship in 1969.[28] The boys' team won their division back-to-back in 2017 (tied with Keansburg as co-champion) and 2018. The 2018 season saw the boys team achieve an undefeated season in divisional matches going 45–0.In 1958, the Matawan High School Huskies football squad, led by Coach Barry Rizzo, won the Shore Conference Championship, losing only to Neptune High School. They defeated their rivals, the Keyport High School Red Raiders in a hard-fought Thanksgiving Day game, by a score of 6–2. Notable players on that Huskies team were the \"Touchdown Twins\", David Jones and Purvis Peeler. The 1973 football team finished the season with a record of 7-2 and was awarded the Central Jersey Group III title by the NJSIAA based on strength of schedule, despite Manasquan High School finishing with a 9–0 record.[29] In the playoff era, the football team won the Central Jersey state sectional championships in Group IV in 1975; in Group III in 1988, 1991, 1992 and 2014; and in both 2009 and 2011 in Group II.[30] In 1975 the team won the Central Jersey Group III title with a 7–0 win against previously unbeaten Colonia High School in the championship game to finish the season with a record of 11-0 and extend their winning streak to 19 games.[31][32] The 1988 team finished the season with an 11–0 record after winning the Central Jersey Group III title with a 14–6 victory against Franklin High School, which had entered the championship game with a 21-game winning streak.[33] The 1991 team won the Central Jersey Group II title with a 28–14 victory against Ocean Township High School to finish the season 9–2.[34] In 1992, the team finished the season 10-1 and won its second Central Jersey Group II sectional title with a 29–28 win against Neptune High School on a Two-point conversion scored in overtime.[35] In 2009, the football team won the Central Jersey Group II sectional title by a score of 28–12 against Manasquan High School in a game played at The College of New Jersey, marking the program's first sectional title in more than 25 years.[36] The team won the program's seventh sectional title in 2014 with a 27–7 win against Carteret High School in the Central Jersey Group III state sectional championship.[37]The girls spring track team was the Group IV state champion in 1973 and 1974.[38]The girls bowling team was overall state champion in 1974 and won the Group I title in 2018.[39]In 2005 , the girls' softball team won the Central Jersey Group II state sectional championship with a 1-0, 12-inning win in the tournament final against Carteret High School, earning the program's first state championship.[40]In 2009, the boys indoor and outdoor track and field teams took the Central Jersey Group II titles, marking the first time since 1996 since the boys team took the outdoor title, and the first time the indoor team had ever taken a state title.[41] The indoor team won a second consecutive title in 2010, defeating second place Summit High School by a score of 56–42 in the finals.[42] In 2011, the outdoor track and field team won its third consecutive Central Jersey, Group II sectional title, edging Long Branch High School 80-77 for the victory.[43]The boys track team won the indoor relay state championship in Group II in 2013, 2015 and 2017. The girls team won the Group II title in 2013.[44]The boys track team won the indoor track state championship in Group II in 2013.[45] The girls team won the Group II title in 2015.[46]The boys' basketball team won the 2013-14 Central Jersey Group II state sectional championship with a 67–54 win in the tournament final against Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School, going 24-5 throughout the season.[47]In 2014, the boys' track and field team won the B-North division championships and the Central Jersey Group II sectional champs, earning the team's seventh sectional title, having most recently won in 2011.[48]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Press_(historical)"},{"link_name":"Chickering and Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickering_and_Sons"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"}],"text":"Music has deep roots at Matawan. In 1895, the New York Press ran a statewide competition to determine the most popular new school in the budding New Jersey school system. Matawan returned the most coupons, defeating its nearest competitor by 40,000 votes, thereby winning a Chickering and Sons piano.[13]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tournament of Bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament_of_Bands"},{"link_name":"Hershey, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"The Matawan Marching Huskies band won the national championships in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1977. They are led by band director Kevin Cotter.In the 2011 season, the Marching Huskies finished first in the Tournament of Bands (TOB) Group II Chapter X (Greater NYC Metro) Championships with a score of 93.0. The chapter title was the first for the band since 2006. They ended the season with a 3rd-place finish at the TOB Atlantic Coast Championships in Hershey, Pennsylvania with a score of 95.5, earning the Marching Huskies not only their highest-ever placement at the ACCs, but their highest score in school history.[50]","title":"Marching band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Administration-1"}],"text":"The school's principal is Aaron Eyler, who is assisted by three assistant principals.[1]","title":"Staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Matawan Regional High School alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Matawan_Regional_High_School_alumni"},{"link_name":"Monica Aksamit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Aksamit"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Women's Saber Team event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team_sabre"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Jay Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Erison Hurtault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erison_Hurtault"},{"link_name":"400 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_metres"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Eugene Michael Hyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Michael_Hyman"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inductees-54"},{"link_name":"Jim Jeffcoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jeffcoat"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Milligan"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Comptroller of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Comptroller"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inductees-54"},{"link_name":"Retta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retta"},{"link_name":"Parks and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Charlie Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"J. Michael Straczynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Eileen Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Tell"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"Gannett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_Company"},{"link_name":"Southern Progress Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Progress_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"See also: Category:Matawan Regional High School alumniMonica Aksamit (born 1990, class of 2008), saber fencer who won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the Women's Saber Team event.[51]\nJay Bellamy (born 1972), safety who played in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks and New Orleans Saints.[52]\nErison Hurtault (born 1984, class of 2003), Olympic sprinter who competed in the 400 metres at the 2012 Summer Olympics representing Dominica.[53]\nEugene Michael Hyman (born 1950, class of 1968), retired judge.[54]\nJim Jeffcoat (born 1961), professional football player for the Dallas Cowboys and the Buffalo Bills from 1983 to 1997.[55]\nRobert F. Milligan (born 1932, class of 1951), retired lieutenant general in the United States Marine Corps who served as Comptroller of Florida from 1994 to 2002.[54]\nRetta (born 1970, class of 1988), actress known for her role as Donna Meagle on NBC's Parks and Recreation.[56]\nCharlie Rogers (born 1976), former NFL running back, wide receiver and kick returner.[57]\nJ. Michael Straczynski (born 1954), writer for television, film and comics, attended 1970.[58]\nEileen Tell (born 1966), former professional tennis player.[59]\nNancy J. Woodhull (1945–1997, class of 1963), co-founding editor of USA Today, president of Gannett, executive vice president and editor in chief of the Southern Progress Corporation.[60][61]","title":"Notable alumni"}]	[{"image_text":"A hallway at Matawan Regional High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Matawan_Regional_School_Hall.jpg/220px-Matawan_Regional_School_Hall.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/new-jersey/districts/matawan-aberdeen-regional-school-district/matawan-regional-high-school-12635.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/new-jersey/districts/matawan-aberdeen-regional-school-district/matawan-regional-high-school-12635","url_text":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/new-jersey/districts/matawan-aberdeen-regional-school-district/matawan-regional-high-school-12635"}]},{"reference":"\"NJ School Performance Report\". NJ Department of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://rc.doe.state.nj.us/report.aspx?type=school&lang=english&county=25&district=3040&school=050&sy=1718&schoolyear=2017-2018#Pbab76e07970a45a7bbb0e02b3886e655_22_9iS0","url_text":"\"NJ School Performance Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"NJ School Performance Report\". NJ Department of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://rc.doe.state.nj.us/report.aspx?type=school&lang=english&county=25&district=3040&school=050&sy=1718&schoolyear=2017-2018#Pbab76e07970a45a7bbb0e02b3886e655_21_21iS4","url_text":"\"NJ School Performance Report\""}]},{"reference":"Van Gelder, Lawrence (April 2, 1997). \"Nancy Woodhull, 52, Editor Who Fostered News Diversity\". New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/02/business/nancy-woodhull-52-editor-who-fostered-news-diversity.html","url_text":"\"Nancy Woodhull, 52, Editor Who Fostered News Diversity\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Matawan_Regional_High_School&params=40.409064_N_74.224036_W_region:US_type:edu","external_links_name":"40°24′33″N 74°13′27″W / 40.409064°N 74.224036°W / 40.409064; -74.224036"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Matawan_Regional_High_School&params=40.409064_N_74.224036_W_region:US_type:edu","external_links_name":"40°24′33″N 74°13′27″W / 40.409064°N 74.224036°W / 40.409064; 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winner\""},{"Link":"https://rc.doe.state.nj.us/report.aspx?type=school&lang=english&county=25&district=3040&school=050&sy=1718&schoolyear=2017-2018#Pbab76e07970a45a7bbb0e02b3886e655_21_21iS4","external_links_name":"\"NJ School Performance Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.tob-info.net/scores/outdoor/2011/recaps/2011-11-06-acc-g2open.pdf","external_links_name":"Atlantic Coast Group 2 Open Championship November 6, 2011 Hershey Stadium"},{"Link":"http://www.gopsusports.com/sports/c-fenc/mtt/monica_aksamit_392278.html","external_links_name":"Monica Aksamit"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BellJa22.htm","external_links_name":"Jay Bellamy Stats"},{"Link":"https://www1.gmnews.com/2012/07/31/matawan-grad-hurtault-serves-as-dominicas-olympic-flag-bearer/","external_links_name":"\"Matawan grad Hurtault serves as Dominica's Olympic flag bearer\""},{"Link":"https://www.marsd.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=9162&dataid=10929&FileName=Past_Inductees.pdf","external_links_name":"Past Inductees Matawan Regional High School Hall Of Fame/Alumni"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/J/JeffJi20.htm","external_links_name":"Jim Jeffcoat Stats"},{"Link":"https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2015/07/comedian_retta_talks_jersey_roots_parks_and_rec_an.html","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Retta talks Jersey roots, Parks and Rec and Geeks Who Drink\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RogeCh00.htm","external_links_name":"Charlie Rogers Stats"},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/09/05/interview-with-j-michael-straczynski-part-1-of-4","external_links_name":"\"Interview with J. Michael Straczynski (Part 1 of 4)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/22/nyregion/tennis-star-bars-distractions.html","external_links_name":"\"Tennis Star Bars Distractions\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/02/business/nancy-woodhull-52-editor-who-fostered-news-diversity.html","external_links_name":"\"Nancy Woodhull, 52, Editor Who Fostered News Diversity\""},{"Link":"https://www.marsd.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=9162&dataid=10929&FileName=Past_Inductees.pdf","external_links_name":"Past Inductees Matawan Regional High School Hall of Fame/Alumni"},{"Link":"https://www.marsd.org/mrhs","external_links_name":"Matawan Regional High School website"},{"Link":"https://marsd.org/marsd","external_links_name":"Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District"},{"Link":"https://rc.doe.state.nj.us/selectreport/2022-2023/25/3040/050","external_links_name":"School Performance Report for Matawan Regional High School"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3409750","external_links_name":"School Data for the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalsports.com/school/id/17000.aspx","external_links_name":"DigitalSports Matawan Homepage"},{"Link":"http://matawanfootballalumni.com/","external_links_name":"Matawan Football Alumni Foundation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070616151352/http://matawanregionalathletics.olinesports.com/","external_links_name":"Huskies Sports Online"},{"Link":"https://www.gridironnewjersey.com/schoolDetail.aspx?schoolId=164","external_links_name":"Huskies football statistics"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000405653676","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=340975003958","external_links_name":"NCES"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bepotastine	Bepotastine	["1 Pharmacology","2 Marketing history","3 Sales and patents","4 Clinical trials","5 References"]	Chemical compound BepotastineClinical dataTrade namesBepreveAHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug NamesMedlinePlusa610012Routes ofadministrationOral, eye dropsATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status CA: ℞-only In general: ℞ (Prescription only) Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailabilityHigh (oral)Minimal (topical)Protein binding~55%ExcretionRenal (75–85Identifiers IUPAC name 4-piperidin-1-yl]butanoic acid CAS Number125602-71-3 NPubChem CID2350DrugBankDB04890 YChemSpider2260 YUNIIHYD2U48IASKEGGD09705 YChEBICHEBI:71204 NChEMBLChEMBL1201758 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID90904947 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC21H25ClN2O3Molar mass388.89 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES Clc1ccc(cc1)C(OC2CCN(CCCC(=O)O)CC2)c3ncccc3 InChI InChI=1S/C21H25ClN2O3/c22-17-8-6-16(7-9-17)21(19-4-1-2-12-23-19)27-18-10-14-24(15-11-18)13-3-5-20(25)26/h1-2,4,6-9,12,18,21H,3,5,10-11,13-15H2,(H,25,26) YKey:YWGDOWXRIALTES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y NY (what is this?) (verify) Bepotastine (Talion, Bepreve) is a 2nd generation antihistamine. It was approved in Japan for use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria/pruritus in July 2000, and January 2002, respectively. It is marketed in the United States as an eye drop under the brand name Bepreve, by ISTA Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Bausch + Lomb. Pharmacology Bepotastine is available as an ophthalmic solution and oral tablet. It is a direct H1-receptor antagonist that inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. The ophthalmic formulation has shown minimal systemic absorption, between 1 and 1.5% in healthy adults. Common side effects are eye irritation, headache, unpleasant taste, and nasopharyngitis. The main route of elimination is urinary excretion, 75-90% excreted unchanged. Marketing history It is marketed in Japan by Tanabe Seiyaku under the brand name Talion. Talion was co-developed by Tanabe Seiyaku and Ube Industries, the latter of which discovered bepotastine. In 2001, Tanabe Seiyaku granted Senju, now owned by Allergan, exclusive worldwide rights, with the exception of certain Asian countries, to develop, manufacture and market bepotastine for ophthalmic use. Senju, in turn, has granted the United States rights for the ophthalmic preparation to ISTA Pharmaceuticals. Sales and patents In 2011, ISTA pharmaceuticals experienced a 2.4% increase in net revenues from 2010, which was driven by the sales of Bepreve. Their net revenue for 2011 was $160.3 million. ISTA Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Bausch & Lomb in March 2012 for $500 million. Bausch & Lomb hold the patent for bepotastine besilate (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/temptn.cfm. On November 26, 2014, Bausch & Lomb sued Micro Labs USA for patent infringement. Bausch & Lomb was recently bought out by Valeant Pharmaceuticals in May 2013 for $8.57 billion, Valeant's largest acquisition to date, causing the company's stock to rise 25% when the deal was announced. Clinical trials A Phase III clinical trial was carried out in 2010 to evaluate the effectiveness of bepotastine besilate ophthalmic solutions 1.0% and 1.5%. These solutions were compared to a placebo and evaluated for their ability to reduce ocular itchiness. The study was carried out with 130 individuals and evaluated after 15 minutes, 8 hours, or 16 hours. There was a reduction in itchiness at all-time points for both ophthalmic solutions. The study concluded that bepotastine besilate ophthalmic formulations reduced ocular itchiness for at least 8 hours after dosing compared to placebo. Phase I and II trials were carried out in Japan. Studies have been performed in animals and bepotastine besilate was not found to be teratogenic in rats during fetal development, even at 3,300 times more than typical use in humans. Evidence of infertility was seen in rats at 33,000 times the typical ocular dose in humans. The safety and efficacy has not been established in patients under 2 years of age and has been extrapolated from adults for patients under 10 years of age. References ^ "Health Canada New Drug Authorizations: 2016 Highlights". Health Canada. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ Takahashi H, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Iizuka H (September 2004). "Effects of bepotastine, cetirizine, fexofenadine, and olopatadine on histamine-induced wheal-and flare-response, sedation, and psychomotor performance". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 29 (5): 526–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01618.x. PMID 15347340. S2CID 9843760. ^ "Bepotastine Monograph". Lexicomp. ^ a b c d e f "Bepreve prescribing Information" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2015-11-30. ^ "2011 Net Revenues Increase to $160.3 Million On an Adjusted Cash Net Income Basis, ISTA Posts Second Year of Profitability Company Reaffirms 2012 Financial Guidance". Last 10K. February 23, 2012. ^ "Bausch & Lomb to Buy ISTA Pharmaceuticals for $500 Million". DealBook. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-05. ^ "Bausch & Lomb Inc. et al. v. Micro Labs USA, Inc. et al". Patent Docs. JD Supra, LLC. December 8, 2014. ^ Blackwell R, Silcoff S, Marotte B (27 May 2013). "Valenant pharmaceuticals eyes China with Bausch deal". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. ^ Macejko TT, Bergmann MT, Williams JI, Gow JA, Gomes PJ, McNamara TR, Abelson MB (July 2010). "Multicenter clinical evaluation of bepotastine besilate ophthalmic solutions 1.0% and 1.5% to treat allergic conjunctivitis". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 150 (1): 122–127.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.02.007. PMID 20488431. vteAntihistamines (R06)Benzimidazoles (*) Astemizole Azelastine Bilastine Emedastine Mizolastine Talastine Diarylmethanes Diarylmethoxyalkylamines: Bromazine (bromodiphenhydramine) Carbinoxamine Chlorphenoxamine Clemastine Diphenhydramine (+naproxen) Diphenylpyraline Doxylamine Ebastine Orphenadrine Diphenylmethanolpiperidines: Fexofenadine Terfenadine Diphenylmethylpiperazines: Buclizine Cetirizine Levocetirizine Chlorcyclizine Cinnarizine Cyclizine Etodroxizine Hydroxyzine Meclizine Oxatomide Phenylpyridinylpropanamines: Brompheniramine Chlorphenamine Dexbrompheniramine (+pseudoephedrine) Dexchlorpheniramine (+betamethasone) Pheniramine Others: Acrivastine Bamipine Dimetindene Phenyltoloxamine Pyrrobutamine Quifenadine Triprolidine Ethylenediamines Antazoline Chloropyramine Histapyrrodine Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Methapyrilene Phenbenzamine Thenalidine Tripelennamine (pyribenzamine) Tricyclics Dibenzocycloheptenes: Antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Azatadine Cyproheptadine Deptropine Desloratadine Ketotifen Loratadine Rupatadine Phenothiazines: Alimemazine Fenethazine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Isothipendyl Mequitazine Methdilazine Oxomemazine Promethazine Others: Antidepressants (e.g., doxepin, mirtazapine, trimipramine) Epinastine Latrepirdine Mebhydrolin Olopatadine Perlapine Phenindamine Pimethixene Others Phenylpiperazines: Antidepressants (e.g., trazodone) Phenbenzamine For topical use Bamipine Chloropyramine Chlorphenoxamine Clemastine Dimetindene Diphenhydramine Doxepin Isothipendyl Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Promethazine vteHistamine receptor modulatorsH1Agonists 2-Pyridylethylamine Betahistine Histamine HTMT L-Histidine UR-AK49 Antagonists First-generation: 4-Methyldiphenhydramine Alimemazine Antazoline Azatadine Bamipine Benzatropine (benztropine) Bepotastine Bromazine Brompheniramine Buclizine Captodiame Carbinoxamine Chlorcyclizine Chloropyramine Chlorothen Chlorphenamine Chlorphenoxamine Cinnarizine Clemastine Clobenzepam Clocinizine Cloperastine Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Decloxizine Deptropine Dexbrompheniramine Dexchlorpheniramine Dimenhydrinate Dimetindene Diphenhydramine Diphenylpyraline Doxylamine Embramine Etodroxizine Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine) Etymemazine Fenethazine Flunarizine Histapyrrodine Homochlorcyclizine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Hydroxyzine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Meclozine Medrylamine Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Mequitazine Methafurylene Methapyrilene Methdilazine Moxastine Orphenadrine Oxatomide Oxomemazine Perlapine Phenindamine Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Piperoxan Pipoxizine Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrrobutamine Talastine Thenalidine Thenyldiamine Thiazinamium Thonzylamine Tolpropamine Tripelennamine Triprolidine Second/third-generation: Acrivastine Alinastine Astemizole Azelastine Bamirastine Barmastine Bepiastine Bepotastine Bilastine Cabastinen Carebastine Cetirizine Clemastine Clemizole Clobenztropine Desloratadine Dorastine Ebastine Efletirizine Emedastine Epinastine Fexofenadine Flezelastine Ketotifen Latrepirdine Levocabastine Levocetirizine Linetastine Loratadine Mapinastine Mebhydrolin Mizolastine Moxastine Noberastine Octastine Olopatadine Perastine Pibaxizine Piclopastine Quifenadine (phencarol) Rocastine Rupatadine Setastine Sequifenadine (bicarphen) Talastine Temelastine Terfenadine Vapitadine Zepastine Others: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, brilaroxazine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione) Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene) Unknown/unsorted: Azanator Belarizine Elbanizine Flotrenizine GSK1004723 Napactadine Tagorizine Trelnarizine Trenizine H2Agonists Amthamine Betazole Dimaprit Histamine HTMT Impromidine L-Histidine UR-AK49 Antagonists Bisfentidine Burimamide Cimetidine Dalcotidine Donetidine Ebrotidine Etintidine Famotidine Isolamtidine Lafutidine Lamtidine Lavoltidine (loxtidine) Lupitidine Metiamide Mifentidine Niperotidine Nizatidine Osutidine Oxmetidine Pibutidine Quisultazine (quisultidine) Ramixotidine Ranitidine Roxatidine Sufotidine Tiotidine Tuvatidine Venritidine Xaltidine Zolantidine H3Agonists α-Methylhistamine Cipralisant Histamine Imetit Immepip Immethridine L-Histidine Methimepip Proxyfan Antagonists A-349821 A-423579 ABT-239 ABT-652 AZD5213 Bavisant Betahistine Burimamide Ciproxifan Clobenpropit Conessine Enerisant GSK-189254 Impentamine Iodophenpropit Irdabisant JNJ-5207852 NNC 38-1049 PF-03654746 Pitolisant SCH-79687 Thioperamide VUF-5681 H4Agonists 4-Methylhistamine α-Methylhistamine Histamine L-Histidine OUP-16 VUF-8430 Antagonists JNJ-7777120 Mianserin Seliforant Thioperamide Toreforant VUF-6002 See also Receptor/signaling modulators Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine reuptake inhibitors	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antihistamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"allergic rhinitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis"},{"link_name":"urticaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria"},{"link_name":"pruritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruritus"},{"link_name":"ISTA Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISTA_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"Bausch + Lomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bausch_%2B_Lomb"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bepotastine (Talion, Bepreve) is a 2nd generation antihistamine.[2] It was approved in Japan for use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria/pruritus in July 2000, and January 2002, respectively. It is marketed in the United States as an eye drop under the brand name Bepreve, by ISTA Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Bausch + Lomb.[citation needed]","title":"Bepotastine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ophthalmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"H1-receptor antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_antagonist"},{"link_name":"histamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine"},{"link_name":"mast cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Bepotastine is available as an ophthalmic solution and oral tablet. It is a direct H1-receptor antagonist that inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells.[3] The ophthalmic formulation has shown minimal systemic absorption, between 1 and 1.5% in healthy adults.[4] Common side effects are eye irritation, headache, unpleasant taste, and nasopharyngitis.[4] The main route of elimination is urinary excretion, 75-90% excreted unchanged.[4]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanabe Seiyaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Tanabe_Pharma"},{"link_name":"Ube Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_Industries"},{"link_name":"Allergan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"It is marketed in Japan by Tanabe Seiyaku under the brand name Talion. Talion was co-developed by Tanabe Seiyaku and Ube Industries, the latter of which discovered bepotastine. In 2001, Tanabe Seiyaku granted Senju, now owned by Allergan, exclusive worldwide rights, with the exception of certain Asian countries, to develop, manufacture and market bepotastine for ophthalmic use. Senju, in turn, has granted the United States rights for the ophthalmic preparation to ISTA Pharmaceuticals.","title":"Marketing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ISTA Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISTA_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/temptn.cfm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/temptn.cfm"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Valeant Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeant_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 2011, ISTA pharmaceuticals experienced a 2.4% increase in net revenues from 2010, which was driven by the sales of Bepreve. Their net revenue for 2011 was $160.3 million.[5] ISTA Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Bausch & Lomb in March 2012 for $500 million.[6] Bausch & Lomb hold the patent for bepotastine besilate (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/temptn.cfm. On November 26, 2014, Bausch & Lomb sued Micro Labs USA for patent infringement.[7] Bausch & Lomb was recently bought out by Valeant Pharmaceuticals in May 2013 for $8.57 billion, Valeant's largest acquisition to date, causing the company's stock to rise 25% when the deal was announced.[8]","title":"Sales and patents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"A Phase III clinical trial was carried out in 2010 to evaluate the effectiveness of bepotastine besilate ophthalmic solutions 1.0% and 1.5%.[9] These solutions were compared to a placebo and evaluated for their ability to reduce ocular itchiness. The study was carried out with 130 individuals and evaluated after 15 minutes, 8 hours, or 16 hours. There was a reduction in itchiness at all-time points for both ophthalmic solutions. The study concluded that bepotastine besilate ophthalmic formulations reduced ocular itchiness for at least 8 hours after dosing compared to placebo. Phase I and II trials were carried out in Japan.Studies have been performed in animals and bepotastine besilate was not found to be teratogenic in rats during fetal development, even at 3,300 times more than typical use in humans.[4] Evidence of infertility was seen in rats at 33,000 times the typical ocular dose in humans.[4] The safety and efficacy has not been established in patients under 2 years of age and has been extrapolated from adults for patients under 10 years of age.[4]","title":"Clinical trials"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Health Canada New Drug Authorizations: 2016 Highlights\". Health Canada. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/health-canada-new-drug-authorizations-2016-highlights.html","url_text":"\"Health Canada New Drug Authorizations: 2016 Highlights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Canada","url_text":"Health Canada"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi H, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Iizuka H (September 2004). \"Effects of bepotastine, cetirizine, fexofenadine, and olopatadine on histamine-induced wheal-and flare-response, sedation, and psychomotor performance\". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 29 (5): 526–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01618.x. PMID 15347340. S2CID 9843760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2230.2004.01618.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01618.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15347340","url_text":"15347340"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9843760","url_text":"9843760"}]},{"reference":"\"Bepotastine Monograph\". Lexicomp.","urls":[{"url":"http://online.lexi.com/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid/patch_f/1844380#f_pharmacology-and-pharmacokinetics","url_text":"\"Bepotastine Monograph\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bepreve prescribing Information\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2015-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150811193828/http://www.bausch.com/Portals/109/-/m/BL/United%20States/Files/Downloads/ECP/Pharma/BEPREVE-Prescribing-Info.pdf","url_text":"\"Bepreve prescribing Information\""},{"url":"http://www.bausch.com/Portals/109/-/m/BL/United%20States/Files/Downloads/ECP/Pharma/BEPREVE-Prescribing-Info.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Net Revenues Increase to $160.3 Million On an Adjusted Cash Net Income Basis, ISTA Posts Second Year of Profitability Company Reaffirms 2012 Financial Guidance\". Last 10K. February 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.last10k.com/sec-filings/ista","url_text":"\"2011 Net Revenues Increase to $160.3 Million On an Adjusted Cash Net Income Basis, ISTA Posts Second Year of Profitability Company Reaffirms 2012 Financial Guidance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bausch & Lomb to Buy ISTA Pharmaceuticals for $500 Million\". DealBook. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/bausch-lomb-to-buy-ista-pharmaceuticals-for-500-million/?_r=0","url_text":"\"Bausch & Lomb to Buy ISTA Pharmaceuticals for $500 Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bausch & Lomb Inc. et al. v. Micro Labs USA, Inc. et al\". Patent Docs. JD Supra, LLC. December 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/court-report-december-2014-32976/","url_text":"\"Bausch & Lomb Inc. et al. v. Micro Labs USA, Inc. et al\""}]},{"reference":"Blackwell R, Silcoff S, Marotte B (27 May 2013). \"Valenant pharmaceuticals eyes China with Bausch deal\". The Globe and Mail. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Chance_(1937_film)	The Last Chance (1937 film)	["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]	1937 film The Last ChanceDirected byThomas BentleyWritten byFrank Stayton (play)Harry HughesProduced byWarwick WardStarringFrank LeightonJudy KellyLaurence HanrayWyndham GoldieCinematographyErnest PalmerMusic byJohn ReyndersProductioncompanyWelwyn StudiosDistributed byPathé Pictures InternationalRelease date 11 November 1937 (1937-11-11) Running time74 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish The Last Chance is a 1937 British drama film directed by Thomas Bentley and starring Frank Leighton, Judy Kelly and Laurence Hanray. Its plot involves a gunrunner who makes a jail break in order to gather evidence to prove he is innocent of murder. It was made as a supporting feature at British International Pictures' second studio at Welwyn. Cast Frank Leighton as Alan Burmister Judy Kelly as Mary Perrin Laurence Hanray as Mr. Perrin Wyndham Goldie as John Worrall Franklyn Bellamy as Inspector Cutts Aubrey Mallalieu as Judge Croyle Billy Milton as Michael Worrall Jenny Laird as Betty Charles Sewell as Brough Alfred Wellesley as Ivor Connell References ^ Chibnall p.295 Bibliography Chibnall, Steve. Quota Quickies: The Birth of the British 'B' film. British Film Institute, 2007. Low, Rachael. History of the British Film: Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985 . External links The Last Chance at IMDb vteFilms directed by Thomas Bentley Oliver Twist (1912) David Copperfield (1913) The Old Curiosity Shop (1914) The Chimes (1914) Hard Times (1915) Barnaby Rudge (1915) Milestones (1916) Beau Brocade (1916) The Labour Leader (1917) Daddy (1917) Les cloches de Corneville (1917) The Divine Gift (1918) Once Upon a Time (1918) The Lackey and the Lady (1919) General Post (1920) Beyond the Dreams of Avarice (1920) The Old Curiosity Shop (1921) The Adventures of Mr. Pickwick (1921) A Master of Craft (1922) Through Fire and Water (1923) Wanted, a Boy (1924) Old Bill Through the Ages (1924) Love and Hate (1924) Chappy—That's All (1924) Money Isn't Everything (1925) A Romance of Mayfair (1925) White Heat (1926) The Silver Lining (1927) Not Quite a Lady (1928) Young Woodley (1928) The American Prisoner (1929) Harmony Heaven (1930) Young Woodley (1930) Compromising Daphne (1931) Hobson's Choice (1931) Keepers of Youth (1932) After Office Hours (1932) Sleepless Nights (1933) Hawley's of High Street (1933) The Love Nest (1933) The Scotland Yard Mystery (1934) Those Were the Days (1934) The Great Defender (1934) The Old Curiosity Shop (1934) Royal Cavalcade (1935) Music Hath Charms (1935) She Knew What She Wanted (1936) The Angelus (1937) Silver Blaze (1937) The Last Chance (1937) Night Alone (1938) Marigold (1938) Me and My Pal (1939) Lucky to Me (1939) Dead Man's Shoes (1940) The Middle Watch (1940) Three Silent Men (1940) Old Mother Riley's Circus (1941) This article related to a British film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bentley_(director)"},{"link_name":"Frank Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Leighton"},{"link_name":"Judy Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Laurence Hanray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Hanray"},{"link_name":"gunrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_trafficking"},{"link_name":"jail break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_escape"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"supporting feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_feature"},{"link_name":"British International Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Welwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn_Studios"}],"text":"The Last Chance is a 1937 British drama film directed by Thomas Bentley and starring Frank Leighton, Judy Kelly and Laurence Hanray. Its plot involves a gunrunner who makes a jail break in order to gather evidence to prove he is innocent of murder.[1] It was made as a supporting feature at British International Pictures' second studio at Welwyn.","title":"The Last Chance (1937 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Leighton"},{"link_name":"Judy Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Laurence Hanray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Hanray"},{"link_name":"Wyndham Goldie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Goldie"},{"link_name":"Franklyn Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklyn_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Mallalieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Mallalieu"},{"link_name":"Billy Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Milton"},{"link_name":"Jenny Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Laird"},{"link_name":"Alfred Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wellesley"}],"text":"Frank Leighton as Alan Burmister\nJudy Kelly as Mary Perrin\nLaurence Hanray as Mr. Perrin\nWyndham Goldie as John Worrall\nFranklyn Bellamy as Inspector Cutts\nAubrey Mallalieu as Judge Croyle\nBilly Milton as Michael Worrall\nJenny Laird as Betty\nCharles Sewell as Brough\nAlfred Wellesley as Ivor Connell","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chibnall, Steve. Quota Quickies: The Birth of the British 'B' film. British Film Institute, 2007.\nLow, Rachael. History of the British Film: Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985 .","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0159525/","external_links_name":"The Last Chance"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Chance_(1937_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cienega_(disambiguation)	La Cienega	["1 Places","1.1 United States","1.2 Dominican Republic","1.3 Colombia","2 Other","3 See also"]	Look up cienega in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A ciénega is a type of wetland. La Cienega, Ciénega, or Cienaga may also refer to: Places United States La Cienega, New Mexico, a census-designated place in Santa Fe County La Cienega Boulevard, a major arterial road in Los Angeles County, California La Cienega/Jefferson station, a station on the LA Metro E Line Ciénega Creek, an intermittent stream in southern Arizona Las Cienegas National Conservation Area, a protected area in Arizona Río de la Ciénaga, a river in Puerto Rico Ciénaga, Guánica, Puerto Rico, a barrio Dominican Republic La Ciénaga, Barahona, a town in Barahona, Dominican Republic La Ciénaga, San José de Ocoa, a town in San José de Ocoa, Dominican Republic La Cienega, a neighborhood in the banks of the Ozama River in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic La Cienega de Manabao, Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic a small village known as the entry to José Armando Bermúdez National Park. Colombia Ciénega, Boyacá, a municipality in Boyacá Department Ciénaga, Magdalena, a municipality and a town in Magdalena Department Ciénaga de Oro, a municipality and town in Córdoba Department Other La Ciénaga (film), a 2001 Argentine, Spanish, and French film La Ciénega Formation, a geologic formation in Mexico See also All pages with titles containing cienega All pages with titles containing cienaga Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title La Cienega.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_Freedom	Escape from Freedom	["1 See also","2 References"]	1941 book by Erich Fromm This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Escape from Freedom" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Escape from Freedom Cover of the first editionAuthorErich FrommLanguageEnglishSubjectSocial psychologyPublisherFarrar & RinehartPublication date1941Publication placeUnited StatesPages257ISBN0-7448-0014-5 Part of a series on theFrankfurt School Major works Dialectic of Enlightenment Eclipse of Reason Eros and Civilization Escape from Freedom Minima Moralia Negative Dialectics One-Dimensional Man Reason and Revolution The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere The Theory of Communicative Action "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" Notable theorists Adorno Apel Benjamin Fromm Forst Grünberg Geuss Habermas Honneth Horkheimer Jaeggi Kluge Kracauer Kirchheimer Kompridis Kuhlmann Löwenthal Marcuse McCarthy Negt Neumann Offe Pollock Schmidt Sohn-Rethel Wellmer Wingert Important concepts Advanced capitalism Antipositivism Communicative rationality Critical theory Culture industry Dialectic Legitimation crisis Non-identity Popular culture Praxis Privatism Psychoanalysis Related topics Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory Freudo-Marxism Marxist humanism Recognition Reification Social alienation Western Marxism Philosophy portal Society portalvte Escape from Freedom is a book by psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, first published in the United States by Farrar & Rinehart in 1941 with the title Escape from Freedom and a year later as The Fear of Freedom in UK by Routledge & Kegan Paul. It was translated into German and first published in 1952 under the title Die Angst vor der Freiheit (The Fear of Freedom). In the book, Fromm explores humanity's shifting relationship with freedom, how individual freedom can cause fear, anxiety and alienation, and how many people seek relief by relinquishing freedom. He describes how authoritarianism can be a mechanism of escape, with special emphasis on the psychosocial conditions that enabled the rise of Nazism. See also Critical theory Freudo-Marxism Life Against Death Psychohistory References ^ Funk, Rainer (2000). Erich Fromm: His Life and Idea. New York: Continuum. pp. 169, 173. ISBN 0-8264-1224-6. Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Germany Israel United States Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erich Fromm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Fromm"},{"link_name":"Farrar & Rinehart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar_%26_Rinehart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funk-1"},{"link_name":"Routledge & Kegan Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge_%26_Kegan_Paul"},{"link_name":"alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_alienation"},{"link_name":"psychosocial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosocial"}],"text":"Escape from Freedom is a book by psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, first published in the United States by Farrar & Rinehart[1] in 1941 with the title Escape from Freedom and a year later as The Fear of Freedom in UK by Routledge & Kegan Paul. It was translated into German and first published in 1952 under the title Die Angst vor der Freiheit (The Fear of Freedom). In the book, Fromm explores humanity's shifting relationship with freedom, how individual freedom can cause fear, anxiety and alienation, and how many people seek relief by relinquishing freedom. He describes how authoritarianism can be a mechanism of escape, with special emphasis on the psychosocial conditions that enabled the rise of Nazism.","title":"Escape from Freedom"}]	[]	[{"title":"Critical theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory"},{"title":"Freudo-Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudo-Marxism"},{"title":"Life Against Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Against_Death"},{"title":"Psychohistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychohistory"}]	[{"reference":"Funk, Rainer (2000). Erich Fromm: His Life and Idea. New York: Continuum. pp. 169, 173. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai-Hime	My-HiME	["1 Plot","2 Characters","3 Related media","4 References","5 External links"]	Japanese anime television series This article is about the anime series. For the manga series, see My-HiME (manga). For the short story, see The Dancing Girl (short story). My-HiMEMain cast of Mai-HiME舞-HiME(Mai-HiME)GenreSlice of life, supernaturalCreated byHajime Yatate Anime television seriesDirected byMasakazu ObaraProduced byHisanori KunisakiNaotake FurusatoWritten byHiroyuki YoshinoMusic byYuki KajiuraStudioSunriseLicensed byAUS: Madman EntertainmentBI: Anime LimitedNA: CrunchyrollOriginal networkTV TokyoOriginal run September 30, 2004 – March 31, 2005Episodes26 + 26 DVD-only shorts (List of episodes) Related works My-HiME (manga) My-Otome My-Otome Zwei My-Otome 0: S.ifr Original video animationMy-HiME: The Black Dance/The Last SupperStudioSunriseReleasedJanuary 27, 2010 My-HiME (舞-HiME, Mai-HiME) is a Japanese anime series, created by Sunrise. Directed by Masakazu Obara and written by Hiroyuki Yoshino, it premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo from September 2004 to March 2005. The series focuses on the lives of HiMEs—girls with the capacity to materialize photons—gathered at Fuka Academy for secret purposes. The series was licensed for North American distribution by Bandai Entertainment and European distribution by Bandai's European subsidiary, Beez, with the first American DVD released in March 2006. Bandai released the Complete Collection DVD set in America on October 7, 2008. It is also shown on iaTV in the mid-2000s and on Comcast’s Anime Selects on Demand for a limited time. At Otakon 2013, Funimation had announced that it acquired the series, along with a handful of other former BEI titles. They also announced at the 2017 New York Comic Con that they would release My-HiMe, My-Otome, and a My-Otome Zwei + My-Otome 0: S.ifr pack, all on Blu-Ray + DVD combo packs on January 8, 2018. Plot Main article: List of My-HiME episodes The story centers on Mai Tokiha, a seemingly ordinary high-school girl who has recently transferred to the prestigious Fuuka Academy with her younger brother, Takumi. The elite Fuuka Academy harbors a number of mysteries, involving both fellow students and staff. As they arrive at the Academy, Mai finds herself bound to a Child, a part-spiritual, part-mechanical creature, that can only be summoned and controlled by girls with the HiME mark. Mai is told that she is one of twelve girls who have the aforementioned mark, and that they must use their powers to protect everyone from Orphans, monstrous creatures with abilities similar to the HiME's Children. Mai is very reluctant to become involved at first, because of her protective role towards her brother, but the other HiME quickly begin to manifest around her, each with very different motivations and goals for using (or not using) her powers. As the Orphans become more numerous and aggressive, Mai joins the other HiME's fight against them to protect those around her, including her friends, who are even drawn into the conflict as well. However, Mai and the other HiME soon find out the Orphans are not the only kind of enemy they have to fight, and as the cause of all of this is revealed, they find themselves facing the dark secret about their destiny. Characters Main article: List of My-HiME characters The series features a group of students and staff at Fuuka Academy, with the emphasis on the female cast. Although most of them were introduced by the second episode, only a few characters are disclosed as HiMEs; the other characters' abilities and alignments are revealed throughout the rest of the series. The main characters are the hardworking, caring Mai Tokiha, the catlike Mikoto Minagi, and the cold beauty Natsuki Kuga. Other ones are shown with a wide range of personalities and relationships. Obara stated that he "wanted to reverse the roles that men and women usually play," making the actresses take leading roles. Mai is the protagonist of the series. She is portrayed as a self-reliant person, often hesitant to tell others about her problems. She is a first-year high school student, and her roommate is Mikoto Minagi. Her stated hobbies are working part-time jobs and taking care of Takumi. Mikoto is a third-grade middle school student who behaves very much like a cat. She loves to be with Mai, often at her side or clinging to her. She also has a problem with spicy food, and consuming it will often send her into rampages while looking for water. Natsuki is typically portrayed as a serious, rational blue-haired female. Though she does not work with Mikoto neither Mai, the three become friends as the series progresses. Related media A manga series was developed by Sunrise. It was first serialized in Akita Shoten's Shōnen Champion and later published in North America by TOKYOPOP. It follows an alternate storyline at Fuka Academy where Mai, Mikoto and Natsuki become roommates. An anime spin-off, entitled My-Otome (舞-乙HiME), aired in Japan from October 2005 to March 2006. The series featured some of the same characters from the previous one, but it is set in a far future timeline. A PlayStation 2 video game, Mai-HiME: Unmei no Keitōju (舞-HiME 運命の系統樹, Mai-HiME: Unmei no Keitōju, lit. Family Tree of Fate) was developed by Marvelous Interactive and released in Japan on June 30, 2005. The adventure game follows a storyline different from the anime and manga series. A remake, Mai-Hime - Unmei no Keitouju Shura, was released for the PC. Two PlayStation Portable fighting games, Mai-HiME Bakuretsu! Fuuka Gakuen Gekitoushi?! (舞-HiME 爆裂!風華学園激闘史?!) and Mai-HiME Senretsu! Shin Fuuka Gakuen Gekitoushi!! (舞-HiME 鮮烈!真風華学園激闘史!!), both developed by Sunrise Interactive, were also released. A parody trailer for a Mai-Hime movie was included in the first DVD of Mai-Otome, with the title Fuuka Wars or The Great Battle of Fuuka with a release date of 20006. A second manga series titled My-HiME EXA (舞-HiME EXA, Mai-HiME EXA) was developed by Sunrise. It was first serialized in Dengeki Daioh in 2010. References ^ Loo, Egan (June 2, 2008). "New My-Hime Project Begun in Japan". Anime News Network. ^ "Funimation Adds Cowboy Bebop, Escaflowne, Outlaw Star, More". Anime News Network. Retrieved 10 August 2013. ^ "Funimation's My-Hime, My-Otome Home Video Releases Slated for January". Anime News Network. Retrieved 5 October 2017. ^ Dong, Bamboo. "Kicking Class Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine", Anime Insider, January 11, 2007. Retrieved on April 18, 2007. ^ "舞-HiME・舞-乙HiMEシリーズ公式ＨＰ". www.my-zhime.net. Retrieved 27 August 2018. ^ "My-Hime EXA Manga to Launch in January". Retrieved 27 August 2018. ^ "My-Hime: a gennaio in arrivo un nuovo manga, My-Hime EXA" (in Italian). 4 January 2010. External links (In Japanese) Official My-Hime website (In Japanese) My-Hime website at TV Tokyo My-HiME (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteMy-HiME ProjectMy-HiME Characters Manga Episodes Soundtracks My-HiME Destiny My-Otome Characters Manga Episodes Zwei 0: S.ifr vteSunrise television series1970s Hazedon (1972–1973) Zero Tester (1973–1974) Reideen The Brave (1975–1976) La Seine no Hoshi (1975) Kum-Kum (1975–1976) Chōdenji Robo Combattler V (1976–1977) Dinosaur Expedition Born Free (1976–1977) Chōdenji Machine Voltes V (1977–1978) Invincible Super Man Zambot 3 (1977–1978) Majokko Tickle (1978–1979) Tōshō Daimos (1978–1979) Invincible Steel Man Daitarn 3 (1978–1979) Cyborg 009 (1979–1980) Future Robot Daltanious (1979–1980) Mobile Suit Gundam (1979–1980) The Ultraman (1979–1980) Scientific Adventure Team Tansar 5 (1979–1980) 1980s Invincible Robo Trider G7 (1980–1981) Space Runaway Ideon (1980–1981) Fang of the Sun Dougram (1981–1983) Combat Mecha Xabungle (1982–1983) Aura Battler Dunbine (1983–1984) Armored Trooper Votoms (1983–1984) Ginga Hyōryū Vifam (1983–1984) Heavy Metal L-Gaim (1984–1985) Giant Gorg (1984) Panzer World Galient (1984–1985) Choriki Robo Galatt (1984–1985) Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (1985–1986) Dirty Pair (1985) Blue Comet SPT Layzner (1985–1986) Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ (1986–1987) Metal Armor Dragonar (1987–1988) City Hunter (1987–1988) Mister Ajikko (1987–1989) Mashin Hero Wataru (1988–1989) Ronin Warriors (1988–1989) City Hunter 2 (1988–1989) Jushin Liger (1989–1990) Madö King Granzört (1989–1990) City Hunter 3 (1989–1990) Patlabor: The TV Series (1989–1990) 1990s Brave Exkaiser (1990–1991) Mashin Hero Wataru 2 (1990–1991) The Brave Fighter of Sun Fighbird (1991–1992) Future GPX Cyber Formula (1991) City Hunter '91 (1991) Armored Police Metal Jack (1991) Matchless Raijin-Oh (1991–1992) Mama is a 4th Grader (1992) The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn (1992–1993) Genki Bakuhatsu Ganbaruger (1992–1993) The Brave Express Might Gaine (1993–1994) Nekketsu Saikyō Go-Saurer (1993–1994) Mobile Suit Victory Gundam (1993–1994) Shippū! Iron Leaguer (1993–1994) Brave Police J-Decker (1994–1995) Haō Taikei Ryū Knight (1994–1995) Mobile Fighter G Gundam (1994–1995) The Brave of Gold Goldran (1995–1996) Wild Knights Gulkeeva (1995) Mobile Suit Gundam Wing (1995–1996) Brave Command Dagwon (1996–1997) The Vision of Escaflowne (1996) After War Gundam X (1996) Ganbarist! Shun (1996–1997) Reideen the Superior (1996–1997) The King of Braves GaoGaiGar (1997–1998) Super Mashin Hero Wataru (1997–1998) Outlaw Star (1998) Ginga Hyōryū Vifam 13 (1998) Sentimental Journey (1998) Brain Powerd (1998) DT Eightron (1998) Gasaraki (1998–1999) Cowboy Bebop (1998–1999) Crest of the Stars (1999) Aesop World (1999) Angel Links (1999) Betterman (1999) Turn A Gundam (1999–2000) Seraphim Call (1999) The Big O (1999–2000) Infinite Ryvius (1999–2000) 2000s Mighty Cat Masked Niyander (2000–2001) Banner of the Stars (2000) Dinozaurs: The Series (2000) Brigadoon: Marin & Melan (2000–2001) Argento Soma (2000–2001) Gear Fighter Dendoh (2000–2001) Inuyasha (2000–2004) Z.O.E. Dolores, I (2001) Banner of the Stars II (2001) s-CRY-ed (2001) Crush Gear Turbo (2001–2003) Witch Hunter Robin (2002) Overman King Gainer (2002–2003) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED (2002–2003) The Big O II (2003) Machine Robo Rescue (2003–2004) Crush Gear Nitro (2003–2004) Tank Knights Fortress (2003–2004) Planetes (2003–2004) Superior Defender Gundam Force (2004) Kaiketsu Zorori (2004–2005) Sgt. Frog (2004–2011) My-HiME (2004–2005) Onmyō Taisenki (2004–2005) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny (2004–2005) Yakitate!! Japan (2004–2006) Majime ni Fumajime Kaiketsu Zorori (2005–2007) GaoGaiGar Final -Grand Glorious Gathering- (2005) Cluster Edge (2005–2006) My-Otome (2005–2006) Zegapain (2006) Gintama (2006–2010) Intrigue in the Bakumatsu – Irohanihoheto (2006–2007) Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion (2006–2007) Kekkaishi (2006–2008) Dinosaur King (2007–2008) Idolmaster: Xenoglossia (2007) Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (2007–2008) Dinosaur King D-Kids Adventure: Pterosaur Legend (2008) Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 (2008) Battle Spirits: Shounen Toppa Bashin (2008–2009) Tales of the Abyss (2008–2009) Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Second Season (2008–2009) The Girl Who Leapt Through Space (2009) Black God (2009) Inuyasha: The Final Act (2009–2010) Hipira (2009) 2010s SD Gundam Sangokuden Brave Battle Warriors (2010–2011) Tiger & Bunny (2011) Gintama' (2011–2012) Sacred Seven (2011) Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere (2011–2012) Mobile Suit Gundam AGE (2011–2012) Phi Brain: Puzzle of God (2011–2014) Daily Lives of High School Boys (2012) Natsuiro Kiseki (2012) Accel World (2012) Good Luck Girl! (2012) Battle Spirits: Sword Eyes (2012–2013) Gintama': Enchousen (2012–2013) Aikatsu! (2012–2015, #1–126) Love Live! School Idol Project (2013–2014) Valvrave the Liberator (2013) Battle Spirits: Saikyou Ginga Ultimate Zero (2013–2014) Gundam Build Fighters (2013–2014) Buddy Complex (2014) KERORO (2014) Mobile Suit Gundam-san (2014) Buddy Complex: The Final Chapter (2014) Tribe Cool Crew (2014–2015, #1–24) Gundam Reconguista in G (2014–2015) Gundam Build Fighters Try (2014–2015) Cross Ange: Rondo of Angels and Dragons (2014–2015) Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans (2015–2017) Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn RE:0096 (2016) Love Live! Sunshine!! (2016–2017) ClassicaLoid (2016–2018) Magic-kyun Renaissance (2016) Gundam Build Divers (2018) Double Decker! Doug & Kirill (2018) Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin – Advent of the Red Comet (2019) 2020s Wave, Listen to Me! (2020) King's Raid: Successors of the Will (2020–2021) Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon (2020–2022) Love Live! Nijigasaki High School Idol Club (2020–2022) SD Gundam World Heroes (2021) Scarlet Nexus (2021) Love Live! Superstar!! (2021–present) Amaim Warrior at the Borderline (2021–2022) Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury (2022–2023) Yohane the Parhelion: Sunshine in the Mirror (2023) The Faraway Paladin: The Lord of Rust Mountain (2023) Mashin Genesis Wataru (TBA) Category vteSunrise OVAs and ONAs1980s VIFAM: News from Kachua (1984) VIFAM: The Gathered 13 (1984) VIFAM: The Missing 12 (1985) VOTOMS: The Last Red Shoulder (1985) VIFAM: Kate's Memory (1985) Dirty Pair: Affair of Nolandia (1985) GALIENT: Chapter of Ground (1986) GALIENT: Chapter of Sky (1986) VOTOMS: The Big Battle (1986) GALIENT: Crest of Iron (1986) LAYZNER: Eiji 1996 (1986) LAYZNER: Le Caine 1999 (1986) LAYZNER: Engraved 2000 (1986) L-GAIM: Pentagona Window + Lady Gablae (1986) L-GAIM: Farewell My Lovely + Pentagona Dolls (1987) Dirty Pair: With Love from the Lovely Angels (1987–1988) Dougram vs. Round-Facer (1987) L-GAIM: Fullmetal Soldier (1987) Dirty Pair 2 (1987–1988) VOTOMS: Origin of Ambition (1988) New Story of Aura Battler Dunbine (1988) Mobile Suit SD Gundam (1988–1990) Starship Troopers (1988) Armor Hunter Mellowlink (1988–1989) Crusher Joe: The Ice Prison (1989) Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket (1989) Ronin Warriors Gaiden (1989) Crusher Joe: The Ultimate Weapon: Ash (1989) Wataru Majinzan (1989) Ronin Warriors: Legend of the Inferno Armor (1989–1990) 1990s Dirty Pair: Flight 005 Conspiracy (1990) SD Gundam Gaiden (1990–1991) Obatarian (1990) City Hunter: Bay City Wars (1990) City Hunter: Million Dollar Conspiracy (1990) GRANZORT: The Final Magical Battle (1990) GRANZORT: Non-Stop Rabi (1990) Patlabor: The New Files (1990–1992) Mobile Suit SD Gundam Scramble (1991) Ronin Warriors MESSAGE (1991) Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory (1991–1992) GRANZORT: The Mado Stone (1992) Raijin-Oh FINAL (1992–1993) Future GPX Cyber Formula 11 (1992–1993) Mashin Hero Wataru: The Endless Story (1993–1994) Dirty Pair Flash (1994–1996) VOTOMS: Brilliantly Shining Heresy (1994) Future GPX Cyber Formula ZERO (1994–1995) Ryū Knight: Adeu's Legend (1994–1995) Iron Leaguer: Under of The Banner of Silver Light (1994–1995) Ryū Knight: Adeu's Legend II (1995–1996) City Hunter: The Secret Service (1996) Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team (1996–1999) The Silent Service (1996–1998) Future GPX Cyber Formula EARLY DAYS RENEWAL (1996) Gundam Wing: Operation Meteor (1996) Ryū Knight: Adeu's Legend Final - Onsen Dungeon no Kettō (1996) Future GPX Cyber Formula SAGA (1996–1997) Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz (1997) City Hunter: Goodbye My Sweetheart (1997) DAGWON: The Boy with Crystal Eyes (1997) Dinozone (1998–2000) Future GPX Cyber Formula SIN (1998–2000) Z-Mind (1999) City Hunter: Death of the Vicious Criminal Ryo Saeba (1999) 2000s The King of Braves GaoGaiGar Final (2000–2003) Passage of the Stars - Birth (2000) G-Saviour (2000) Zone of the Enders: 2167 Idolo (2001) Kanzen Shouri Daiteioh (2001) Gundam Evolve (2001–2007) Argento Soma: Alone and by myself (2002) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Astray (2004) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED AFTER PHASE (2004) Mobile Suit Gundam MS IGLOO: The Hidden One Year War (2004) Banner of the Stars III (2005) Gintama (2005–2014) The Wings of Rean (2005–2006) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny: FINAL PLUS (2005) Mobile Suit Gundam MS IGLOO: Apocalypse 0079 (2006) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED C.E. 73: Stargazer (2006) Cluster Edge Specials (2006) My-Otome Zwei (2006–2007) Freedom Project (2006–2008) Armored Trooper Votoms: Pailsen Files (2007–2008) Code Geass: Black Rebellion (2008) My-Otome 0: S.ifr (2008) Mobile Suit Gundam MS IGLOO: The Gravity Front (2008–2009) Urusei Yatsura: The Obstacle Course Swim Meet (2008) Code Geass: Zero Requiem (2009) Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Special Edition (2009–2010) Black God: Tiger and Wings (2009) 2010s My-HiME: The Black Dance/The Last Supper (2010) My-Otome: The Holy Maiden's Prayer (2010) VOTOMS: Phantom Arc (2010) Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn (2010–2014) Model Suit Gunpla Builders Beginning G (2010) VOTOMS: Case;Irvine (2010) Votoms Finder (2010) VOTOMS: Alone Again (2011) Coicent (2011) Five Numbers! (2011) Code Geass: Nunnally in Wonderland (2012) Code Geass: Akito the Exiled (2012–2016) Accel World (2012–2013) Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team: Battle in Three Dimensions (2013) Mobile Suit Gundam AGE: Memory of Eden (2013) Love Live! (2013) Japan Animator Expo (2014) Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin (2015–2016) Mobile Suit Gundam Thunderbolt (2015–2017) Gundam Build Fighters Try: Island Wars (2016) Mobile Suit Gundam: Twilight AXIS (2017) Gundam Build Fighters: Battlogue (2017) Gundam Build Fighters: GM's Counterattack (2017) Mobile Suit Gundam The Origin: Loum Arc (2017–2018) Gundam Build Divers: Prologue (2018) Isekai Izakaya ~Koto Aitheria no Izakaya Nobu~ (2018) Gundam Build Divers Re:Rise (2019–2020) SD Gundam World Sangoku Soketsuden (2019–2021) 2020s Mashin Hero Wataru: The Seven Spirits of Ryujinmaru (2020) Gundam Build Divers: Battlogue (2020) Amaim Warrior at the Borderline: UltraSteel Ogre-Gear (2023) Gundam Build Metaverse (2023) Gundam: Requiem for Vengeance (2024) Category vteAnimation works by screenwriter Hiroyuki YoshinoTelevision series My-HiME (2004–2005) My-Otome (2005–2006) Macross Frontier (2008) Sound of the Sky (2010) Dance in the Vampire Bund (2010) Guilty Crown (2011–2012) Accel World (2012) Magi (2012–2014) Vividred Operation (2013) Strike the Blood (2013–2014) Black Butler: Book of Circus (2014) Trinity Seven (2014) World Trigger (2014–2022) Heavy Object (2015–2016) Izetta: The Last Witch (2016) A Certain Magical Index III (2018–2019) Black Butler: Public School Arc (2024) Films Macross Frontier: Itsuwari no Utahime (2009) Macross Frontier: Sayonara no Tsubasa (2011) A Certain Magical Index: The Movie – The Miracle of Endymion (2013) Black Butler: Book of the Atlantic (2017) Kitarō Tanjō: Gegege no Nazo (2023) OVAs My-Otome Zwei (2006–2007) Denpa teki na Kanojo (2009) Black Butler: Book of Murder (2015) Strike the Blood (2015–2022)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My-HiME (manga)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My-HiME_(manga)"},{"link_name":"The Dancing Girl (short story)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dancing_Girl_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_(company)"},{"link_name":"Masakazu Obara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakazu_Obara"},{"link_name":"Hiroyuki Yoshino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroyuki_Yoshino_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Bandai Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Otakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otakon"},{"link_name":"Funimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New York Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"My-Otome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My-Otome"},{"link_name":"My-Otome Zwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My-Otome_Zwei"},{"link_name":"My-Otome 0: S.ifr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My-Otome_0:_S.ifr"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the anime series. For the manga series, see My-HiME (manga). For the short story, see The Dancing Girl (short story).My-HiME (舞-HiME, Mai-HiME) is a Japanese anime series, created by Sunrise. Directed by Masakazu Obara and written by Hiroyuki Yoshino, it premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo from September 2004 to March 2005. The series focuses on the lives of HiMEs—girls with the capacity to materialize photons—gathered at Fuka Academy for secret purposes.The series was licensed for North American distribution by Bandai Entertainment and European distribution by Bandai's European subsidiary, Beez, with the first American DVD released in March 2006. Bandai released the Complete Collection DVD set in America on October 7, 2008. It is also shown on iaTV in the mid-2000s and on Comcast’s Anime Selects on Demand for a limited time. At Otakon 2013, Funimation had announced that it acquired the series, along with a handful of other former BEI titles.[2] They also announced at the 2017 New York Comic Con that they would release My-HiMe, My-Otome, and a My-Otome Zwei + My-Otome 0: S.ifr pack, all on Blu-Ray + DVD combo packs on January 8, 2018.[3]","title":"My-HiME"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The story centers on Mai Tokiha, a seemingly ordinary high-school girl who has recently transferred to the prestigious Fuuka Academy with her younger brother, Takumi. The elite Fuuka Academy harbors a number of mysteries, involving both fellow students and staff. As they arrive at the Academy, Mai finds herself bound to a Child, a part-spiritual, part-mechanical creature, that can only be summoned and controlled by girls with the HiME mark.Mai is told that she is one of twelve girls who have the aforementioned mark, and that they must use their powers to protect everyone from Orphans, monstrous creatures with abilities similar to the HiME's Children. Mai is very reluctant to become involved at first, because of her protective role towards her brother, but the other HiME quickly begin to manifest around her, each with very different motivations and goals for using (or not using) her powers. As the Orphans become more numerous and aggressive, Mai joins the other HiME's fight against them to protect those around her, including her friends, who are even drawn into the conflict as well. However, Mai and the other HiME soon find out the Orphans are not the only kind of enemy they have to fight, and as the cause of all of this is revealed, they find themselves facing the dark secret about their destiny.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The series features a group of students and staff at Fuuka Academy, with the emphasis on the female cast. Although most of them were introduced by the second episode, only a few characters are disclosed as HiMEs; the other characters' abilities and alignments are revealed throughout the rest of the series.The main characters are the hardworking, caring Mai Tokiha, the catlike Mikoto Minagi, and the cold beauty Natsuki Kuga. Other ones are shown with a wide range of personalities and relationships. Obara stated that he \"wanted to reverse the roles that men and women usually play,\" making the actresses take leading roles.[4]Mai is the protagonist of the series. She is portrayed as a self-reliant person, often hesitant to tell others about her problems. She is a first-year high school student, and her roommate is Mikoto Minagi. Her stated hobbies are working part-time jobs and taking care of Takumi.\nMikoto is a third-grade middle school student who behaves very much like a cat. She loves to be with Mai, often at her side or clinging to her. She also has a problem with spicy food, and consuming it will often send her into rampages while looking for water.\nNatsuki is typically portrayed as a serious, rational blue-haired female. Though she does not work with Mikoto neither Mai, the three become friends as the series progresses.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manga series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My-HiME_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Akita Shoten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_Shoten"},{"link_name":"Shōnen Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_Champion"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"TOKYOPOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOKYOPOP"},{"link_name":"My-Otome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My-Otome"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Marvelous Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvelous_Interactive"},{"link_name":"adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remake"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"Sunrise Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Dengeki Daioh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengeki_Daioh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A manga series was developed by Sunrise. It was first serialized in Akita Shoten's Shōnen Champion and later published in North America by TOKYOPOP. It follows an alternate storyline at Fuka Academy where Mai, Mikoto and Natsuki become roommates.An anime spin-off, entitled My-Otome (舞-乙HiME), aired in Japan from October 2005 to March 2006. The series featured some of the same characters from the previous one, but it is set in a far future timeline.A PlayStation 2 video game, Mai-HiME: Unmei no Keitōju (舞-HiME 運命の系統樹, Mai-HiME: Unmei no Keitōju, lit. Family Tree of Fate) was developed by Marvelous Interactive and released in Japan on June 30, 2005. The adventure game follows a storyline different from the anime and manga series. A remake, Mai-Hime - Unmei no Keitouju Shura, was released for the PC.Two PlayStation Portable fighting games, Mai-HiME Bakuretsu! Fuuka Gakuen Gekitoushi?! (舞-HiME 爆裂!風華学園激闘史?!) and Mai-HiME Senretsu! Shin Fuuka Gakuen Gekitoushi!! (舞-HiME 鮮烈!真風華学園激闘史!!), both developed by Sunrise Interactive, were also released.A parody trailer for a Mai-Hime movie was included in the first DVD of Mai-Otome, with the title Fuuka Wars or The Great Battle of Fuuka with a release date of 20006[sic].A second manga series titled My-HiME EXA (舞-HiME EXA, Mai-HiME EXA) was developed by Sunrise. It was first serialized in Dengeki Daioh in 2010.[5][6][7]","title":"Related media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Loo, Egan (June 2, 2008). \"New My-Hime Project Begun in Japan\". Anime News Network.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-06-02/new-my-hime-project-begun-in-japan","url_text":"\"New My-Hime Project Begun in Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Funimation Adds Cowboy Bebop, Escaflowne, Outlaw Star, More\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 10 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-08-10/funimation-adds-cowboy-bebop-escaflowne-outlaw-star-more","url_text":"\"Funimation Adds Cowboy Bebop, Escaflowne, Outlaw Star, More\""}]},{"reference":"\"Funimation's My-Hime, My-Otome Home Video Releases Slated for January\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-10-05/funimation-my-hime-my-otome-home-video-releases-slated-for-january/.122336","url_text":"\"Funimation's My-Hime, My-Otome Home Video Releases Slated for January\""}]},{"reference":"\"舞-HiME・舞-乙HiMEシリーズ公式ＨＰ\". www.my-zhime.net. Retrieved 27 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.my-zhime.net/others/index.html","url_text":"\"舞-HiME・舞-乙HiMEシリーズ公式ＨＰ\""}]},{"reference":"\"My-Hime EXA Manga to Launch in January\". Retrieved 27 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-12-24/my-hime-exa-manga-to-launch-in-january","url_text":"\"My-Hime EXA Manga to Launch in January\""}]},{"reference":"\"My-Hime: a gennaio in arrivo un nuovo manga, My-Hime EXA\" (in Italian). 4 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.everyeye.it/anime/notizia/my-hime-a-gennaio-in-arrivo-un-nuovo-manga-my-hime-exa_67535","url_text":"\"My-Hime: a gennaio in arrivo un nuovo manga, My-Hime EXA\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-06-02/new-my-hime-project-begun-in-japan","external_links_name":"\"New My-Hime Project Begun in Japan\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-08-10/funimation-adds-cowboy-bebop-escaflowne-outlaw-star-more","external_links_name":"\"Funimation Adds Cowboy Bebop, Escaflowne, Outlaw Star, More\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-10-05/funimation-my-hime-my-otome-home-video-releases-slated-for-january/.122336","external_links_name":"\"Funimation's My-Hime, My-Otome Home Video Releases Slated for January\""},{"Link":"http://www.wizarduniverse.com/magazine/anime/002818592.cfm","external_links_name":"Kicking Class"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311211648/http://www.wizarduniverse.com/magazine/anime/002818592.cfm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.my-zhime.net/others/index.html","external_links_name":"\"舞-HiME・舞-乙HiMEシリーズ公式ＨＰ\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-12-24/my-hime-exa-manga-to-launch-in-january","external_links_name":"\"My-Hime EXA Manga to Launch in January\""},{"Link":"https://www.everyeye.it/anime/notizia/my-hime-a-gennaio-in-arrivo-un-nuovo-manga-my-hime-exa_67535","external_links_name":"\"My-Hime: a gennaio in arrivo un nuovo manga, My-Hime EXA\""},{"Link":"http://www.sunrise-inc.co.jp/my-hime/","external_links_name":"Official My-Hime website"},{"Link":"http://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/maihime/","external_links_name":"My-Hime website"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=4155","external_links_name":"My-HiME"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Montgomery_Award	John J. Montgomery Award	["1 John J. Montgomery","2 Recipients","2.1 1962","2.2 1963","2.3 1964","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	The John J. Montgomery Award was created by the National Society of Aerospace Professionals (NSAP) and the San Diego Aerospace Museum in 1962 for aerospace achievement in the United States. It was awarded from 1962 to at least 1964. John J. Montgomery The award bears the name of John Joseph Montgomery as the first American to fly in a heavier-than-air flying machine in 1884 near San Diego, California. Montgomery later designed gliders in 1903-1905 that were used for the first high-altitude flights by man in public exhibitions at Santa Clara, California and other locations. He died in 1911 experimenting with a new glider design near San Jose, California. Montgomery was also one of the first Americans to investigate the science of aerodynamics using principles of physics. Recipients 1962 The NASA X-15 Program. Seven X-15 pilots and Paul F. Bikle, the then Director of NASA Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, were awarded the first John J. Montgomery Award for aerospace achievement. The pilots were: Scott Crossfield, Maj. Robert M. White, Neil A. Armstrong, John B. McKay, Joseph A. Walker, Cdr. Forrest S. Petersen, and Maj. Robert A. Rushworth. 1963 Project Mercury. 26 people associated with Project Mercury including astronauts M. Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., John H. Glenn, Jr., Virgil I. Grissom, Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Donald K. Slayton, and Walter M. Schirra, Jr.; Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director; Dr. Walter C. Williams, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator; Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, Project Mercury Manager; Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Project Mercury Flight Operations Director; Maxime A. Faget, Assistant Director of Engineering and Development; Dr. Charles A. Berry, Medical Operations Chief; Lt. Col. John A. Powers (USAF) (nickname "Shorty"), Mercury Public Affairs Officer; and John Finley Yardley, Mercury Launch Operations Manager.: 465 1964 The Polaris Program was selected from 13 candidate programs. Awardees included Charles Stark Draper, Derald Stuart, and Dr. George F. Mechlin. See also List of aviation awards References ^ Harwood, Craig; Fogel, Gary (2012). Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806142647. ^ Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1962: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, 88th Congress. 1962. ^ Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1963: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, 89th Congress. 1963. External links Photos of 1962 recipients with Montgomery Awards Photo of Virgil Grissom's Montgomery Award from 1963 Spearman, Arthur Dunning John J. Montgomery: Father of Basic Flying. Santa Clara University 1967 and 2nd ed. 1977. Harwood, Craig S. and Fogel, Gary B. Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West. University of Oklahoma Press 2012.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"John J. Montgomery Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Joseph Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The award bears the name of John Joseph Montgomery as the first American to fly in a heavier-than-air flying machine in 1884 near San Diego, California. Montgomery later designed gliders in 1903-1905 that were used for the first high-altitude flights by man in public exhibitions at Santa Clara, California and other locations. He died in 1911 experimenting with a new glider design near San Jose, California. Montgomery was also one of the first Americans to investigate the science of aerodynamics using principles of physics.[1]","title":"John J. Montgomery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15"},{"link_name":"Scott Crossfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Crossfield"},{"link_name":"Maj. Robert M. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._White"},{"link_name":"Neil A. Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_A._Armstrong"},{"link_name":"John B. McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._McKay"},{"link_name":"Joseph A. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_A._Walker"},{"link_name":"Cdr. Forrest S. Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_S._Petersen"},{"link_name":"Maj. Robert A. Rushworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Rushworth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"1962","text":"The NASA X-15 Program. Seven X-15 pilots and Paul F. Bikle, the then Director of NASA Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, were awarded the first John J. Montgomery Award for aerospace achievement. The pilots were: Scott Crossfield, Maj. Robert M. White, Neil A. Armstrong, John B. McKay, Joseph A. Walker, Cdr. Forrest S. Petersen, and Maj. Robert A. Rushworth.[2]","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury"},{"link_name":"M. Scott Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Scott_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"L. Gordon Cooper, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Gordon_Cooper,_Jr."},{"link_name":"John H. Glenn, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Glenn,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Virgil I. Grissom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_I._Grissom"},{"link_name":"Alan B. Shepard, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_B._Shepard,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Donald K. Slayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_K._Slayton"},{"link_name":"Walter M. Schirra, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_M._Schirra,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Robert R. Gilruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth"},{"link_name":"Walter C. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_C._Williams"},{"link_name":"Christopher C. Kraft, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Maxime A. Faget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_A._Faget"},{"link_name":"John A. Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Powers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"1963","text":"Project Mercury. 26 people associated with Project Mercury including astronauts M. Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., John H. Glenn, Jr., Virgil I. Grissom, Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Donald K. Slayton, and Walter M. Schirra, Jr.; Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director; Dr. Walter C. Williams, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator; Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, Project Mercury Manager; Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Project Mercury Flight Operations Director; Maxime A. Faget, Assistant Director of Engineering and Development; Dr. Charles A. Berry, Medical Operations Chief; Lt. Col. John A. Powers (USAF) (nickname \"Shorty\"), Mercury Public Affairs Officer; and John Finley Yardley, Mercury Launch Operations Manager.[3]: 465","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris"},{"link_name":"Charles Stark Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper"}],"sub_title":"1964","text":"The Polaris Program was selected from 13 candidate programs. Awardees included Charles Stark Draper, Derald Stuart, and Dr. George F. Mechlin.","title":"Recipients"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of aviation awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aviation_awards"}]	[{"reference":"Harwood, Craig; Fogel, Gary (2012). Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806142647.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806142647","url_text":"978-0806142647"}]},{"reference":"Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1962: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, 88th Congress. 1962.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1962.pdf","url_text":"Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1962: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics"}]},{"reference":"Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1963: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, 89th Congress. 1963.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1963.pdf","url_text":"Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1963: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1962.pdf","external_links_name":"Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1962: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics"},{"Link":"https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1963.pdf","external_links_name":"Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1963: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics"},{"Link":"http://www.mach25media.com/bikle.html","external_links_name":"Photos of 1962 recipients with Montgomery Awards"},{"Link":"http://cdm15078.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p181901coll35/id/326","external_links_name":"Photo of Virgil Grissom's Montgomery Award from 1963"}]

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