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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_style_name
Courtesy name
["1 Usage","2 Examples","3 See also","4 References"]
Name given to adults in East Asia For European nobility, see courtesy title. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Courtesy name (Zi)Chinese nameTraditional Chinese(表) 字Hanyu Pinyin(biǎo) zìWade–Giles(piao)-tzu Vietnamese nameVietnamese alphabetbiểu tự tên tự tên chữChữ Hán表字Chữ Nôm𠸜字 𠸜𡨸Korean nameHangul자Hanja字Revised RomanizationjaMcCune–ReischauerchaJapanese nameKanji字HiraganaあざなRevised Hepburnazana A courtesy name (Chinese: 字; pinyin: zì; lit. 'character'), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in the East Asian cultural sphere, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. A courtesy name is not to be confused with an art name, another frequently mentioned term for an alternative name in East Asia, which is closer to the concept of a pen name or a pseudonym. Usage A courtesy name is a name traditionally given to Chinese men at the age of 20 sui, marking their coming of age. It was sometimes given to women, usually upon marriage. The practice is no longer common in modern Chinese society. According to the Book of Rites, after a man reached adulthood, it was disrespectful for others of the same generation to address him by his given name. Thus, the given name was reserved for oneself and one's elders, whereas the courtesy name would be used by adults of the same generation to refer to one another on formal occasions or in writing. Another translation of zi is "style name", but this translation has been criticised as misleading, because it could imply an official or legal title. Generally speaking, courtesy names before the Qin dynasty were one syllable, and from the Qin to the 20th century they were mostly disyllabic, consisting of two Chinese characters. Courtesy names were often based on the meaning of the person's given name. For example, Chiang Kai-shek's given name (中正, romanized as Chung-cheng) and courtesy name (介石, romanized as Kai-shek) are both from the yù hexagram of I Ching. Another way to form a courtesy name is to use the homophonic character zi (子) – a respectful title for a man – as the first character of the disyllabic courtesy name. Thus, for example, Gongsun Qiao's courtesy name was Zichan (子產), and Du Fu's: Zimei (子美). It was also common to construct a courtesy name by using as the first character one which expresses the bearer's birth order among male siblings in his family. Thus Confucius, whose name was Kong Qiu (孔丘), was given the courtesy name Zhongni (仲尼), where the first character zhong indicates that he was the second son born into his family. The characters commonly used are bo (伯) for the first, zhong (仲) for the second, shu (叔) for the third, and ji (季) typically for the youngest, if the family consists of more than three sons. General Sun Jian's four sons, for instance, were Sun Ce (伯符, Bófú), Sun Quan (仲謀, Zhòngmóu), Sun Yi (叔弼, Shūbì) and Sun Kuang (季佐, Jìzuǒ). Reflecting a general cultural tendency to regard names as significant, the choice of what name to bestow upon one's children was considered very important in traditional China. Yan Zhitui of the Northern Qi dynasty asserted that whereas the purpose of a given name was to distinguish one person from another, a courtesy name should express the bearer's moral integrity. Prior to the twentieth century, sinicized Koreans, Vietnamese, and Japanese were also referred to by their courtesy name. The practice was also adopted by some Mongols and Manchus after the Qing conquest of China. Examples Chinese Family name Given name Courtesy name Lǎozǐ 老子 Lǐ 李 Ěr 耳 Bóyáng 伯陽 Kǒngzǐ (Confucius) 孔子 Kǒng 孔 Qiū 丘 Zhòngní 仲尼 Sūnzǐ (Sun Tzu) 孫子 Sūn 孫 Wǔ 武 Chángqīng 長卿 Cáo Cāo 曹操 Cáo 曹 Cāo 操 Mèngdé 孟德 Guān Yǔ 關羽 Guān 關 Yǔ 羽 Yúncháng 雲長 Liú Bèi 劉備 Liú 劉 Bèi 備 Xuándé 玄德 Zhūgé Liàng 諸葛亮 Zhūgé 諸葛 Liàng 亮 Kǒngmíng 孔明 Zhào Yún 趙雲 Zhào 趙 Yún 雲 Zǐlóng 子龍 Lǐ Bái 李白 Lǐ 李 Bái 白 Tàibái 太白 Sū Dōngpō 蘇東坡 Sū 蘇 Shì 軾 Zǐzhān 子瞻 Yuè Fēi 岳飛 Yuè 岳 Fēi 飛 Péngjǔ 鵬舉 Yuán Chónghuàn 袁崇煥 Yuán 袁 Chónghuàn 崇煥 Yuánsù 元素 Liú Jī 劉基 Liú 劉 Jī 基 Bówēn 伯溫 Táng Yín 唐寅 Táng 唐 Yín 寅 Bóhǔ 伯虎 Máo Zédōng 毛澤東 Máo 毛 Zédōng 澤東 Rùnzhī 潤之 Hồ Chí Minh 胡志明　 Nguyễn 阮 Sinh Cung 生恭 Tất Thành 必誠 I Sunsin 李舜臣 I 李 Sunsin 舜臣 Yeohae 汝諧 See also Cognomen, the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome References ^ a b c d e Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2018). Chinese History: A New Manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 143–145. ISBN 978-0998888309. ^ Ulrich Theobald. Names of Persons and Titles of Rulers ^ "Qū lǐ shàng" 曲禮上 . Lǐjì 禮記 . Line 44. A son at twenty is capped, and receives his appellation....When a daughter is promised in marriage, she assumes the hair-pin, and receives her appellation. ^ Adamek, Piotr (2017). A Good Son is Sad If He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780367596712. vtePersonal names and anthroponymyPersonal name Birth name Given name Surname Patrilineal/Matrilineal Affixes Nobiliary particle By sequence First name Middle name Last name By trait Diminutive Double-barrelled Epithet Animal Common Plant Eponymic Matronymic Metonymic Mononymic Occupational Patronymic Surname Sobriquet Teknonymic Toponymic Surname Patrial Unisex Virtue By life situation Aptronym Birth name Code name Maiden and married names Necronym Posthumous name Temple name Placeholder name Notname Regnal name Slave name Pseudonyms (list) Art name Bugō Nicknames list Hypocorism Monarchs Nom de guerre Pen name Heteronym Ring name Shikona Stage name List Mononyms Username By cultureSurnames by countryEast Asian Amami Chinese Courtesy Art Generation Titles Japanese Korean Manchu Okinawan Taiwanese aboriginal Vietnamese Northern Asiaand Central Asia Kalmyk Mongolian Sakha Tibetan Muslim worldand Western Asia Afghan Arabic Azerbaijani Bengali Berber Coptic Mandaean Pakistani Pashtun Persian Sindhi Somali Tatar Turkish Oceania Australian Aboriginal Fijian Hawaiian Māori Sub-Saharan Africa Ashanti Democratic Republic of the Congo Eritrean and Ethiopian Ewe Ghanaian Igbo Yoruba Zimbabwean Europe, North Americaand Australasia Albanian Armenian Ashkenazi Jewish Basque Estonian Finnish Georgian Greek Ancient Greek Cypriot Hungarian Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Celtic Cornish Irish Manx Scottish Welsh Germanic Dutch English American African-American Canadian Hongkongese German Gothic Icelandic Scandinavian Swedish Romance Catalan French Italian Occitan Portuguese Roman Praenomen Nomen Cognomen Agnomen Romanian Spanish Hispanic America Slavic Bulgarian Croatian Czech Eastern Slavic Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Kashubian Macedonian Polish Serbian Slovak Suffixes Indosphere (South Asiaand Southeast Asia) Balinese Bengali Burmese Filipino Indonesian Chinese Javanese Cambodian Malaysian Indian Lao Pakistani Sindhi Sinhalese Ancient Tamil country Thai By religion Christian name Biblical name Papal name Saint's name Buddhist surname Dharma name Jewish name Hebrew Mandaean name Theophoric name Manners of addressListof authority/of honourStyles Honorific Diplomatic Imperial, royal, and noble Judiciary Religious Ecclesiastical Pre-nominal letters Suffix Emeritus Post-nominal letters Academic Orders, decorations, and medals Titles Academic Imperial, royal and noble Chivalric Courtesy False Hereditary Subsidiary Substantive Military Professional Academic Educational Honorary Business Diplomatic Judicial Religious Ecclesiastical Papal Related traditions Baptism Name day Calendar of saints Related Acronym Anonymity Anthropomorphism Personification National Call sign Deadnaming Endonym and exonym Family Galton–Watson process Legal name Name change List Given Surname Namesake Naming taboo Nomenclature Nomen nescio Misnomer Onomastics -onym Personal identity Identifier Proper name Signature Monogram Royal cypher Khelrtva Signum manus Tughra Surnames by country Category:Lists of names Portals: Asia Language
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'character'), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name.[1] This practice is a tradition in the East Asian cultural sphere, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.[2]A courtesy name is not to be confused with an art name, another frequently mentioned term for an alternative name in East Asia, which is closer to the concept of a pen name or a pseudonym.[1]","title":"Courtesy name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning"},{"link_name":"coming of age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkinson-1"},{"link_name":"Book of Rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Rites"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_given_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rites-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkinson-1"},{"link_name":"Qin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"disyllabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disyllabic"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkinson-1"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanized"},{"link_name":"I Ching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gongsun Qiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Qiao"},{"link_name":"Du Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Fu"},{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"Sun Jian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Jian"},{"link_name":"Sun Ce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ce"},{"link_name":"Sun Quan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan"},{"link_name":"Sun Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yi"},{"link_name":"Sun Kuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Kuang"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"regard names as significant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectification_of_names"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adamek-4"},{"link_name":"Yan Zhitui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Zhitui"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sinicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinicization"},{"link_name":"Koreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"Manchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A courtesy name is a name traditionally given to Chinese men at the age of 20 sui, marking their coming of age. It was sometimes given to women, usually upon marriage.[1] The practice is no longer common in modern Chinese society. According to the Book of Rites, after a man reached adulthood, it was disrespectful for others of the same generation to address him by his given name.[3] Thus, the given name was reserved for oneself and one's elders, whereas the courtesy name would be used by adults of the same generation to refer to one another on formal occasions or in writing. Another translation of zi is \"style name\", but this translation has been criticised as misleading, because it could imply an official or legal title.[1]Generally speaking, courtesy names before the Qin dynasty were one syllable, and from the Qin to the 20th century they were mostly disyllabic, consisting of two Chinese characters.[1] Courtesy names were often based on the meaning of the person's given name. For example, Chiang Kai-shek's given name (中正, romanized as Chung-cheng) and courtesy name (介石, romanized as Kai-shek) are both from the yù hexagram of I Ching.[citation needed]Another way to form a courtesy name is to use the homophonic character zi (子) – a respectful title for a man – as the first character of the disyllabic courtesy name. Thus, for example, Gongsun Qiao's courtesy name was Zichan (子產), and Du Fu's: Zimei (子美). It was also common to construct a courtesy name by using as the first character one which expresses the bearer's birth order among male siblings in his family. Thus Confucius, whose name was Kong Qiu (孔丘), was given the courtesy name Zhongni (仲尼), where the first character zhong indicates that he was the second son born into his family. The characters commonly used are bo (伯) for the first, zhong (仲) for the second, shu (叔) for the third, and ji (季) typically for the youngest, if the family consists of more than three sons. General Sun Jian's four sons, for instance, were Sun Ce (伯符, Bófú), Sun Quan (仲謀, Zhòngmóu), Sun Yi (叔弼, Shūbì) and Sun Kuang (季佐, Jìzuǒ).[citation needed]Reflecting a general cultural tendency to regard names as significant, the choice of what name to bestow upon one's children was considered very important in traditional China.[4] Yan Zhitui of the Northern Qi dynasty asserted that whereas the purpose of a given name was to distinguish one person from another, a courtesy name should express the bearer's moral integrity.[citation needed]Prior to the twentieth century, sinicized Koreans, Vietnamese, and Japanese were also referred to by their courtesy name. The practice was also adopted by some Mongols and Manchus after the Qing conquest of China.[citation needed]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"}]
[]
[{"title":"Cognomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognomen"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6se_Halil_Pasha
Köse Halil Pasha
["1 See also","2 References"]
For other people named Halil Pasha, see Halil Pasha (disambiguation). Köse Halil Pasha ("Beardless Halil Pasha" in Turkish; died 1715), also known as Khalil Pasha al-Kawsaj ("Thin-bearded Halil Pasha" in Arabic), was an Ottoman statesman who served several high-level roles in the Ottoman Empire's administration, including serving as Defterdar (financial minister; 1692/93–1694/95 and 1695/96–1699) and the Ottoman governor of Bosnia Eyalet (1699–1702), Erzurum Eyalet (1703–04), Van Eyalet (1704–06), Basra Eyalet (1706–07, and again 1707–08), Sidon Eyalet (1708–1710), and Egypt Eyalet (1710–11). During his tenure in Erzurum, Hahil Pasha was in command of a military expedition in Georgia in 1703. As the governor of Egypt, he served during a turbulent time and was overthrown by the local (Mamluk) beys in 1711 after a small civil war. See also List of Ottoman governors of Egypt List of Ottoman governors of Bosnia References ^ Mehmet Süreyya (1996) , Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman (eds.), Sicill-i Osmanî (in Turkish), Beşiktaş, Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, p. 546, ISBN 9789753330411 ^ Yılmaz Öztuna (1994). Büyük Osmanlı Tarihi: Osmanlı Devleti'nin siyasî, medenî, kültür, teşkilât ve san'at tarihi (in Turkish). Vol. 10. Ötüken Neşriyat A.S. pp. 412–416. ISBN 975-437-141-5. ^ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 1. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 62. ^ Abou-El-Ha, Rifaʻat Ali (1984). The 1703 rebellion and the structure of Ottoman politics. Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. pp. 115–117. ^ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 1. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 77. Political offices Preceded byMoralı Ibrahim Pasha Ottoman Governor of Egypt 1710–1711 Succeeded byVeli Mehmed Pasha This Ottoman biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Razyashchy_(1938)
Soviet destroyer Razyashchy (1938)
["1 Design and description","2 Construction and service","3 Citations","4 Sources","5 Further reading"]
Destroyer of the Soviet Navy Aerial view of sister ship Razumny, March 1944 History Soviet Union NameRazyashchy Ordered2nd Five-Year Plan Builder Shipyard No. 198 (Andre Marti (South)), Nikolayev Shipyard No. 202 (Dalzavod), Vladivostok Laid down 27 February 1936 15 November 1936 Launched24 March 1938 Completed20 December 1940 RenamedTsL-39, 18 April 1958 ReclassifiedAs target ship, 18 April 1958 FateSunk as a target, 9 July 1961 General characteristics (Gnevny as completed, 1938) Class and typeGnevny-class destroyer Displacement1,612 t (1,587 long tons) (standard) Length112.8 m (370 ft 1 in) (o/a) Beam10.2 m (33 ft 6 in) Draft4.8 m (15 ft 9 in) Installed power 3 water-tube boilers 48,000 shp (36,000 kW) Propulsion2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines Speed38 knots (70 km/h; 44 mph) Range2,720 nmi (5,040 km; 3,130 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) Complement197 (236 wartime) Sensors and processing systemsMars hydrophone Armament 4 × single 130 mm (5.1 in) guns 2 × single 76.2 mm (3 in) AA guns 2 × single 45 mm (1.8 in) AA guns 2 × single 12.7 mm (0.50 in) AA machineguns 2 × triple 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes 60–96 mines 2 × depth charge racks, 25 depth charges Razyashchy was one of 29 Gnevny-class destroyers (officially known as Project 7) built for the Soviet Navy during the late 1930s. Completed in 1940, she was assigned to the Pacific Fleet and served until her sinking in 1961. Design and description Having decided to build the large and expensive 40-knot (74 km/h; 46 mph) Leningrad-class destroyer leaders, the Soviet Navy sought Italian assistance in designing smaller and cheaper destroyers. They licensed the plans for the Folgore class and, in modifying it for their purposes, overloaded a design that was already somewhat marginally stable. The Gnevnys had an overall length of 112.8 meters (370 ft 1 in), a beam of 10.2 meters (33 ft 6 in), and a draft of 4.8 meters (15 ft 9 in) at deep load. The ships were significantly overweight, almost 200 metric tons (197 long tons) heavier than designed, displacing 1,612 metric tons (1,587 long tons) at standard load and 2,039 metric tons (2,007 long tons) at deep load. Their crew numbered 197 officers and sailors in peacetime and 236 in wartime. The ships had a pair of geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller, rated to produce 48,000 shaft horsepower (36,000 kW) using steam from three water-tube boilers which was intended to give them a maximum speed of 37 knots (69 km/h; 43 mph). The designers had been conservative in rating the turbines and many, but not all, of the ships handily exceeded their designed speed during their sea trials. Others fell considerably short of it, although specific figures for most individual ships have not survived. Variations in fuel oil capacity meant that the range of the Gnevnys varied between 1,670 to 3,145 nautical miles (3,093 to 5,825 km; 1,922 to 3,619 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). As built, the Gnevny-class ships mounted four 130-millimeter (5.1 in) B-13 guns in two pairs of superfiring single mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a pair of 76.2-millimeter (3 in) 34-K AA guns in single mounts and a pair of 45-millimeter (1.8 in) 21-K AA guns as well as two 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in) DK or DShK machine guns. They carried six 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in two rotating triple mounts; each tube was provided with a reload. The ships could also carry a maximum of either 60 or 95 mines and 25 depth charges. They were fitted with a set of Mars hydrophones for anti-submarine work, although they were useless at speeds over 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). The ships were equipped with two K-1 paravanes intended to destroy mines and a pair of depth-charge throwers. Construction and service Major components for the ship that became Razyashchy were laid down at Shipyard No. 198 (Andre Marti South) in Nikolayev on 27 February 1936 as yard number 228 and were then railed to Vladivostok for completion at Shipyard No. 202 (Dalzavod) where the ship was laid down again on 15 November 1936. She was launched on 24 March 1938 and commissioned on 20 December 1940. Citations ^ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 99, 102–103 ^ Yakubov & Worth, p. 101 ^ Budzbon, p. 330 ^ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 106–107 ^ Hill, p. 40 ^ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 105–106 ^ Berezhnoy, p. 335 ^ Rohwer & Monakov, p. 233 Sources Balakin, Sergey (2007). Легендарные "семёрки" Эсминцы "сталинской" серии (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza/Eksmo. ISBN 978-5-699-23784-5. Berezhnoy, Sergey (2002). Крейсера и миноносцы. Справочник (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat. ISBN 5-203-01780-8. Budzbon, Przemysaw (1980). "Soviet Union". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 318–346. ISBN 0-85177-146-7. Hill, Alexander (2018). Soviet Destroyers of World War II. New Vanguard. Vol. 256. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-2256-7. Platonov, Andrey V. (2002). Энциклопедия советских надводных кораблей 1941–1945 (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Poligon. ISBN 5-89173-178-9. Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2. Rohwer, Jürgen & Monakov, Mikhail S. (2001). Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4895-7. Yakubov, Vladimir & Worth, Richard (2008). "The Soviet Project 7/7U Destroyers". In Jordan, John & Dent, Stephen (eds.). Warship 2008. London: Conway. pp. 99–114. ISBN 978-1-84486-062-3. Further reading Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1. vteGnevny-class destroyers Soviet NavyCompleted as Project 7 Gnevny Grozny Gromky Grozyashchy Gordy Gremyashchy Steregushchy Stremitelny Sokrushitelny Smetlivy Rezvy Ryany Rezky Rastoropny Razyashchy Reshitelny Revnostny Razyaryonny Rekordny Redky Retivy Razumny Bodry Bystry Boyky Besposhchadny Bezuprechny Bditelny Laid down, but not completed Reshitelny Lovky Legky Burny Boevoy Pronzitelny Porazhayushchy  People's Liberation Army NavyAnshan class Anshan (ex-Rekordny) Fushun (ex-Rezky) Changchun (ex-Reshitelny) Taiyuan (ex-Retivy) Preceded by: Opytny Followed by: Storozhevoy class List of destroyers of the Soviet Navy
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Completed in 1940, she was assigned to the Pacific Fleet and served until her sinking in 1961.","title":"Soviet destroyer Razyashchy (1938)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Leningrad-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotilla_leader"},{"link_name":"Folgore class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folgore-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_stability"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"overall length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"deep load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_load"},{"link_name":"metric tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"standard load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)#Standard_displacement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"water-tube boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sea trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trial"},{"link_name":"fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"130-millimeter (5.1 in) B-13 guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/130_mm/50_B13_Pattern_1936"},{"link_name":"superfiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfiring"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructure"},{"link_name":"Anti-aircraft defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"76.2-millimeter (3 in) 34-K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76.2_mm_anti-aircraft_gun_Model_1935_(34-K)"},{"link_name":"AA guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_gun"},{"link_name":"45-millimeter (1.8 in) 21-K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_mm_anti-aircraft_gun_(21-K)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"DK or DShK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DShK"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"hydrophones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophone"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"paravanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravane_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Having decided to build the large and expensive 40-knot (74 km/h; 46 mph) Leningrad-class destroyer leaders, the Soviet Navy sought Italian assistance in designing smaller and cheaper destroyers. They licensed the plans for the Folgore class and, in modifying it for their purposes, overloaded a design that was already somewhat marginally stable.[1]The Gnevnys had an overall length of 112.8 meters (370 ft 1 in), a beam of 10.2 meters (33 ft 6 in), and a draft of 4.8 meters (15 ft 9 in) at deep load. The ships were significantly overweight, almost 200 metric tons (197 long tons) heavier than designed, displacing 1,612 metric tons (1,587 long tons) at standard load and 2,039 metric tons (2,007 long tons) at deep load. Their crew numbered 197 officers and sailors in peacetime and 236 in wartime.[2] The ships had a pair of geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller, rated to produce 48,000 shaft horsepower (36,000 kW) using steam from three water-tube boilers which was intended to give them a maximum speed of 37 knots (69 km/h; 43 mph).[3] The designers had been conservative in rating the turbines and many, but not all, of the ships handily exceeded their designed speed during their sea trials. Others fell considerably short of it, although specific figures for most individual ships have not survived. Variations in fuel oil capacity meant that the range of the Gnevnys varied between 1,670 to 3,145 nautical miles (3,093 to 5,825 km; 1,922 to 3,619 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph).[4]As built, the Gnevny-class ships mounted four 130-millimeter (5.1 in) B-13 guns in two pairs of superfiring single mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a pair of 76.2-millimeter (3 in) 34-K AA guns in single mounts and a pair of 45-millimeter (1.8 in) 21-K AA guns[5] as well as two 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in) DK or DShK machine guns. They carried six 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in two rotating triple mounts; each tube was provided with a reload. The ships could also carry a maximum of either 60 or 95 mines and 25 depth charges. They were fitted with a set of Mars hydrophones for anti-submarine work, although they were useless at speeds over 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph).[6] The ships were equipped with two K-1 paravanes intended to destroy mines and a pair of depth-charge throwers.[7]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laid_down"},{"link_name":"Shipyard No. 198 (Andre Marti South)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Nikolayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv"},{"link_name":"yard number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard_number"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Shipyard No. 202 (Dalzavod)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalzavod"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Major components for the ship that became Razyashchy were laid down at Shipyard No. 198 (Andre Marti South) in Nikolayev on 27 February 1936 as yard number 228 and were then railed to Vladivostok for completion at Shipyard No. 202 (Dalzavod) where the ship was laid down again on 15 November 1936. She was launched on 24 March 1938 and commissioned on 20 December 1940.[8]","title":"Construction and service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 99, 102–103\n\n^ Yakubov & Worth, p. 101\n\n^ Budzbon, p. 330\n\n^ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 106–107\n\n^ Hill, p. 40\n\n^ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 105–106\n\n^ Berezhnoy, p. 335\n\n^ Rohwer & Monakov, p. 233","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-699-23784-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-699-23784-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-203-01780-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-203-01780-8"},{"link_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00ches_314"},{"link_name":"318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00ches_314/page/n325"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-146-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4728-2256-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2256-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-89173-178-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89173-178-9"},{"link_name":"Rohwer, Jürgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59114-119-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7146-4895-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4895-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84486-062-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-062-3"}],"text":"Balakin, Sergey (2007). Легендарные \"семёрки\" Эсминцы \"сталинской\" серии [Legendary Sevens: Stalin's destroyer series] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza/Eksmo. ISBN 978-5-699-23784-5.\nBerezhnoy, Sergey (2002). Крейсера и миноносцы. Справочник [Guide to Cruisers and Destroyers] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat. ISBN 5-203-01780-8.\nBudzbon, Przemysaw (1980). \"Soviet Union\". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 318–346. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.\nHill, Alexander (2018). Soviet Destroyers of World War II. New Vanguard. Vol. 256. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-2256-7.\nPlatonov, Andrey V. (2002). Энциклопедия советских надводных кораблей 1941–1945 [Encyclopedia of Soviet Surface Ships 1941–1945] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Poligon. ISBN 5-89173-178-9.\nRohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.\nRohwer, Jürgen & Monakov, Mikhail S. (2001). Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4895-7.\nYakubov, Vladimir & Worth, Richard (2008). \"The Soviet Project 7/7U Destroyers\". In Jordan, John & Dent, Stephen (eds.). Warship 2008. London: Conway. pp. 99–114. ISBN 978-1-84486-062-3.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-326-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-326-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gnevny-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gnevny-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gnevny-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Gnevny-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnevny-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Gnevny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Gnevny_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Grozny_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Gromky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Gromky_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Grozyashchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Grozyashchy_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Gordy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Gordy_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Gremyashchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Gremyashchy_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Steregushchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Steregushchy_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Stremitelny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Stremitelny_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Sokrushitelny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Sokrushitelny_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Smetlivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Smetlivy_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Rezvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Rezvy_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Ryany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Ryany_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Rezky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Rezky_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Rastoropny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Rastoropny_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Razyashchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Reshitelny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Reshitelny_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Revnostny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Revnostny_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Razyaryonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Razyaryonny_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Rekordny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Rekordny_(1939)"},{"link_name":"Redky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Redky_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Retivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Retivy_(1939)"},{"link_name":"Razumny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Razumny"},{"link_name":"Bodry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Bodry_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Bystry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Bystry_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Boyky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Boyky_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Besposhchadny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Besposhchadny_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Bezuprechny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Bezuprechny_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Bditelny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Bditelny_(1937)"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy"},{"link_name":"Anshan class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anshan-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Anshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Rekordny_(1939)"},{"link_name":"Fushun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Rezky_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Changchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Reshitelny_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Taiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Retivy_(1939)"},{"link_name":"Opytny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Opytny"},{"link_name":"Storozhevoy class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storozhevoy-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"List of destroyers of the Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Destroyers_of_the_Soviet_Navy"}],"text":"Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.vteGnevny-class destroyers Soviet NavyCompleted as Project 7\nGnevny\nGrozny\nGromky\nGrozyashchy\nGordy\nGremyashchy\nSteregushchy\nStremitelny\nSokrushitelny\nSmetlivy\nRezvy\nRyany\nRezky\nRastoropny\nRazyashchy\nReshitelny\nRevnostny\nRazyaryonny\nRekordny\nRedky\nRetivy\nRazumny\nBodry\nBystry\nBoyky\nBesposhchadny\nBezuprechny\nBditelny\nLaid down, but not completed\nReshitelny\nLovky\nLegky\nBurny\nBoevoy\nPronzitelny\nPorazhayushchy\n People's Liberation Army NavyAnshan class\nAnshan (ex-Rekordny)\nFushun (ex-Rezky)\nChangchun (ex-Reshitelny)\nTaiyuan (ex-Retivy)\n\nPreceded by: Opytny\nFollowed by: Storozhevoy class\n\nList of destroyers of the Soviet Navy","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Balakin, Sergey (2007). Легендарные \"семёрки\" Эсминцы \"сталинской\" серии [Legendary Sevens: Stalin's destroyer series] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza/Eksmo. ISBN 978-5-699-23784-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-699-23784-5","url_text":"978-5-699-23784-5"}]},{"reference":"Berezhnoy, Sergey (2002). Крейсера и миноносцы. Справочник [Guide to Cruisers and Destroyers] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat. ISBN 5-203-01780-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-203-01780-8","url_text":"5-203-01780-8"}]},{"reference":"Budzbon, Przemysaw (1980). \"Soviet Union\". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 318–346. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00ches_314","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00ches_314/page/n325","url_text":"318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7","url_text":"0-85177-146-7"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Alexander (2018). Soviet Destroyers of World War II. New Vanguard. Vol. 256. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-2256-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2256-7","url_text":"978-1-4728-2256-7"}]},{"reference":"Platonov, Andrey V. (2002). Энциклопедия советских надводных кораблей 1941–1945 [Encyclopedia of Soviet Surface Ships 1941–1945] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Poligon. ISBN 5-89173-178-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89173-178-9","url_text":"5-89173-178-9"}]},{"reference":"Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer","url_text":"Rohwer, Jürgen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2","url_text":"1-59114-119-2"}]},{"reference":"Rohwer, Jürgen & Monakov, Mikhail S. (2001). Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4895-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4895-7","url_text":"0-7146-4895-7"}]},{"reference":"Yakubov, Vladimir & Worth, Richard (2008). \"The Soviet Project 7/7U Destroyers\". In Jordan, John & Dent, Stephen (eds.). Warship 2008. London: Conway. pp. 99–114. ISBN 978-1-84486-062-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-062-3","url_text":"978-1-84486-062-3"}]},{"reference":"Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-326-1","url_text":"0-87021-326-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00ches_314","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00ches_314/page/n325","external_links_name":"318"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusikisiki
Lusikisiki
["1 History","1.1 Pre-colonial era","1.2 Colonial era","1.3 Apartheid era","2 Climate","3 Attractions around Lusikisiki","4 Notable people","5 Crime","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°22′05″S 29°34′34″E / 31.368°S 29.576°E / -31.368; 29.576 Place in Eastern Cape, South AfricaLusikisikiMain road of Lusikisiki Town.LusikisikiShow map of Eastern CapeLusikisikiShow map of South AfricaCoordinates: 31°22′05″S 29°34′34″E / 31.368°S 29.576°E / -31.368; 29.576CountrySouth AfricaProvinceEastern CapeDistrictO.R. TamboMunicipalityIngquza HillArea • Total4.09 km2 (1.58 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total4,028 • Density980/km2 (2,600/sq mi)Racial makeup (2011) • Black African94.0% • Coloured1.9% • Indian/Asian1.8% • White0.7% • Other1.6%First languages (2011) • Xhosa81.3% • English8.3% • Zulu2.2% • Other8.2%Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)Postal code (street)4820PO box4820Area code039 An aerial view of Mboyti, a small settlement and coastal resort located in the neighborhood of Lusikisiki on the mouth of the Mboyti River. Lusikisiki is a town in the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The name is onomatopoeic, derived from the rustling sound of reeds in the wind, named by the local Xhosa people. Lusikisiki is 45 kilometres (28 mi) inland from and north of Port St Johns. The town is positioned along the R61 (future N2 Wild Coast Toll Route) leading to Mthatha to the west and Port Shepstone to the north-east. History Pre-colonial era In this era, the AmaMpondo chief's kraal occupied what is now the present town village. Colonial era By 1894 European settlers started settling in Lusikisiki after Mpondoland was annexed by the Cape Colony and a magistrate took up residence there with a military camp established as well. Apartheid era In 1953 the South African Apartheid government made attempts to persuade the people of Lusikisiki to accept the rule of Bantu authorities which they had established. The government worked with Paramount Chief Botha Sigcau to attempt to start a rehabilitation scheme in Pondoland. The scheme was presented to the Lusikisiki community but was rejected. A few days later, the police entered the area. A man called Mngqinga led a large local group to attack the police. This was later known as the Lusikisiki Revolt. Climate Lusikisiki receives high levels of rainfall, ranging between 874–1,060 mm (34–42 in) of rain per annum. Rainfall is considered unseasonal, although Lusikisiki receives the majority of its rainfall during summer. Winter temperatures reach their lowest in July, averaging 8 °C (46 °F) Celsius at night. The area lies within Forest and Indian Coastal Thicket biomes, and White Milkwood (Sideroxylon inerme) are common. Attractions around Lusikisiki The Magwa Waterfall lies in the middle of the 1,800-hectare (4,400-acre) Magwa tea plantation, South Africa's last remaining tea estate just outside Lusikisiki. The curtain of the Magwa Waterfall falls 144 metres (472 ft) and drops into a narrow canyon. Other points of interest include the Mkambati Nature Reserve which includes the Mzamba Fossil Beds estimated to be about 60 million years old, the Ntsubane Forest and Lupatana Nature Reserve. Notable people Khotso Sethuntsa – Sangoma Botha Sigcau – 1st president of the Bantustan of Transkei Stella Sigcau – 1st female prime minister of the Bantustan of Transkei & South African national minister Nkosi Ntsikayezwe Sigcau – traditional leader of Lwandlolubomvu Traditional Council. Simphiwe Dana – musician Mpho Mbiyozo – rugby union player H.H.T.N Bubu - Minister of Education Republic of Transkei Crime As of 2021, Lusikisiki has ranked number 1 in South Africa in terms of the national crime rate; these crimes include domestic robbery and sexual harassment. See also Mpofu Nature Reserve Pondoland References ^ a b c d "Main Place Lusikisiki". Census 2011. ^ RE Raper - HSRC. Dictionary of Southern African Place Names. ^ catholickokstad.mariannhillmedia.org http://catholickokstad.mariannhillmedia.org/lusiki/. Retrieved 15 January 2018. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "Lusikisiki, Eastern Cape, South Africa". ^ Thembela Kepe (2005) Magwa Tea Venture in South Africa: Politics, Land and Economics, Social Dynamics, 31:1, 261-279, DOI: 10.1080/02533950508628704 ^ tinashe (10 June 2011). "Lusikisiki and Bizana". South African History Online. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Climate Lusikisiki: Temperature, Climograph, Climate table for Lusikisiki - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Lusikisiki climate". www.saexplorer.co.za. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Lusikisiki Travel Information". ^ "Lusikisiki again a hotspot for rape incidences". Dispatch LIVE. 22 February 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lusikisiki. http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/sketch-map-locations-lusikisiki-district-identification-place-residence-oral-informants http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2017/11/18/new-hope-brews-magwa-tea-estate/ http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2017/07/13/majola-tea-estate-wound/ vteMunicipalities and communities of OR Tambo District Municipality, Eastern CapeDistrict seat: MthathaIngquza Hill Flagstaff Lusikisiki OR Tambo District within South AfricaPort St Johns Port St. Johns Nyandeni Buntingville Canzibe Libode Ngqeleni Nomcamba Mhlontlo Qumbu Tsolo King Sabata Dalindyebo Coffee Bay Mqanduli Mthatha Mvezo Qunu Authority control databases National United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moboyti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mboyti River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mboyti_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ingquza Hill Local Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingquza_Hill_Local_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Port St Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_St._Johns"},{"link_name":"R61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R61_road"},{"link_name":"N2 Wild Coast Toll Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N2_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Mthatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mthatha"},{"link_name":"Port Shepstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Shepstone"}],"text":"Place in Eastern Cape, South AfricaAn aerial view of Mboyti, a small settlement and coastal resort located in the neighborhood of Lusikisiki on the mouth of the Mboyti River.Lusikisiki is a town in the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The name is onomatopoeic, derived from the rustling sound of reeds in the wind,[2] named by the local Xhosa people. Lusikisiki is 45 kilometres (28 mi) inland from and north of Port St Johns. The town is positioned along the R61 (future N2 Wild Coast Toll Route) leading to Mthatha to the west and Port Shepstone to the north-east.","title":"Lusikisiki"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kraal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraal"}],"sub_title":"Pre-colonial era","text":"In this era, the AmaMpondo chief's kraal occupied what is now the present town village.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"settlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler"},{"link_name":"Cape Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Colonial era","text":"By 1894 European settlers started settling in Lusikisiki after Mpondoland was annexed by the Cape Colony and a magistrate took up residence there with a military camp established as well.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples"},{"link_name":"Chief Botha Sigcau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botha_Sigcau"},{"link_name":"Pondoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondoland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Apartheid era","text":"In 1953 the South African Apartheid government made attempts to persuade the people of Lusikisiki to accept the rule of Bantu authorities which they had established. The government worked with Paramount Chief Botha Sigcau to attempt to start a rehabilitation scheme in Pondoland.[5] The scheme was presented to the Lusikisiki community but was rejected. A few days later, the police entered the area.[6] A man called Mngqinga led a large local group to attack the police. This was later known as the Lusikisiki Revolt.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sideroxylon inerme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideroxylon_inerme"}],"text":"Lusikisiki receives high levels of rainfall, ranging between 874–1,060 mm (34–42 in) of rain per annum.[7] Rainfall is considered unseasonal, although Lusikisiki receives the majority of its rainfall during summer.[8] Winter temperatures reach their lowest in July, averaging 8 °C (46 °F) Celsius at night. The area lies within Forest and Indian Coastal Thicket biomes, and White Milkwood (Sideroxylon inerme) are common.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Magwa Waterfall lies in the middle of the 1,800-hectare (4,400-acre) Magwa tea plantation, South Africa's last remaining tea estate just outside Lusikisiki. The curtain of the Magwa Waterfall falls 144 metres (472 ft) and drops into a narrow canyon.Other points of interest include the Mkambati Nature Reserve which includes the Mzamba Fossil Beds estimated to be about 60 million years old, the Ntsubane Forest and Lupatana Nature Reserve.[9]","title":"Attractions around Lusikisiki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khotso Sethuntsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khotso_Sethuntsa"},{"link_name":"Botha Sigcau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botha_Sigcau"},{"link_name":"Bantustan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantustan"},{"link_name":"Transkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkei"},{"link_name":"Stella Sigcau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Sigcau"},{"link_name":"Bantustan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantustan"},{"link_name":"Transkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkei"},{"link_name":"Nkosi Ntsikayezwe Sigcau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkosi_Ntsikayezwe_Sigcau"},{"link_name":"Simphiwe Dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simphiwe_Dana"},{"link_name":"Mpho Mbiyozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpho_Mbiyozo"}],"text":"Khotso Sethuntsa – Sangoma\nBotha Sigcau – 1st president of the Bantustan of Transkei\nStella Sigcau – 1st female prime minister of the Bantustan of Transkei & South African national minister\nNkosi Ntsikayezwe Sigcau – traditional leader of Lwandlolubomvu Traditional Council.Simphiwe Dana – musician\nMpho Mbiyozo – rugby union playerH.H.T.N Bubu - Minister of Education Republic of Transkei","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"As of 2021, Lusikisiki has ranked number 1 in South Africa in terms of the national crime rate; these crimes include domestic robbery and sexual harassment.[10]","title":"Crime"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantea
Mythology of Stargate
["1 Eclectic borrowings","2 Franchise-spanning mythology","2.1 Stargate device","2.2 Ancients","2.3 Asgard","3 Mythology of Stargate SG-1","3.1 Alliance of four great races","3.2 Goa'uld","3.3 Ori","4 Mythology of Stargate Atlantis","4.1 Atlantis","4.2 Wraith","5 Mythology of Stargate Universe","6 Notes","7 References","7.1 Primary","7.2 Secondary","7.3 Bibliography"]
Mythology in the Stargate franchise The opening credits of Stargate SG-1's first five seasons show Ra's mask in close-up, which is similar to Tutankhamun's golden mask (pictured). The mythology of the Stargate franchise is a complex and eclectic fictional backstory, which is presented as being historical, of the Stargate premise. A "rich mythology and world-building" are used to establish "a vast cosmology and an interesting alternate take on the history of Earth"; a defining feature is "its use of ancient mythology, with stories that take inspiration from multiple places around the globe". Narratives center around xeno-mythology as experienced by humans during episodic contact with alien races. Audiences across a variety of platforms - including TV series, novels, comics and movies - witness the people of Earth exploring a fictional universe using the Stargate. Species established early on in the franchise recur throughout, with one adversary often dominating a particular story arc, which can continue across several seasons. In addition to a diversity of alien life, the Stargate universe includes an abundance of humans who, prior to the events depicted in the various Stargate fictional vehicles, have been scattered across the cosmos by advanced aliens. Some of the most significant species or beings in Stargate SG-1 are the Goa'uld, the Asgard, and the Replicators. Stargate Atlantis, set in the Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy, introduced the Wraith and the Asurans. One of the most influential species in Stargate, the Ancients, are revealed to have moved on to a higher plane of existence. "There’s no shortage of familiar myths to be found in the Stargate franchise, even if they are transformed to fit sci-fi parameters." Petroglyphs from Val Camonica, Italy, cited by proponents as evidence of ancient astronauts. Frederic Krueger notes the re-emergence of the Ancient Astronaut Discourse (AAD) in the 1990s, and points to "the continuous mutual influence between the AAD and popular culture, exemplified via the rather spectacular case of Stargate". For example, an origin theory for human populations shown to inhabit the Milky Way galaxy in Stargate SG-1 holds that the Goa'uld transplanted humans from Earth to other planets for slave labor. Many of these populations were abandoned, often when deposits of the fictional precious mineral naquadah were exhausted, and subsequently developed their own unique societies. Some of these extraterrestrial human civilizations are shown to have become much more technologically advanced than those on Earth, the in-show rationale being that they never suffered the setback of the Dark Ages. The most advanced of these humans were the Tollan, who were destroyed by the Goa'uld in Season 5's Between Two Fires. Another example of AAD in the mythos is the creation of human populations in the Pegasus galaxy by the Ancients, few of which are technologically advanced, as the Wraith destroy any civilization that could potentially pose a threat. Audiences are also made aware of large numbers of humans in the Ori galaxy, where human worship enhances the power of the Ori. Eclectic borrowings Scholars have remarked on the multiple borrowings of real-world mythology to provide Stargate settings. Mariella Scerri and David Zammit note numerous such uses in Stargate. Cōātlīcue bears a "remarkably convenient resemblance" to Stargate's Goa'uld queen Hathor. 15th century statue, Mexico City Examples from Mariella Scerri and David Zammit's analysis of mythological figures in Stargate Real world mythology Figure Stargate Ancient Egyptian "a key aspect of its appeal" Aztec Cōātlīcue "remarkably convenient resemblance" to Goa'uld queen Hathor Biblical mentioned in Exogenesis Ancient Greek Atlas, king of Atlantis Moros, leader of Atlantis; possible grudge with Atlas Sumerian epic Gilgamesh Ea, "god of primordial waters" "terraforming engineer" aka creation god, avoiding"potentially delicate marketing issue of using the Judeo-Christian God" Frederic Krueger analyses the use of Ancient Egyptian mythology, and concludes: "From a critical standpoint, Stargate gives the initial impression of a very confused pop-cultural salad, randomly tossed together out of the vegetable bins of sci-fi, American military triumphalism, and a lot of Orientalizing Egyptomania. Yet the film was a lasting hit". Ultimately, he concludes that Stargate "serves as a neo-mythology able to re-enchant the world, to present an attractive anti-authoritarian option for identity formation and yet functionally equivalent to religion (according to traditional modern definitions) in its creationist tenet". Stargate's Horus guards wear falcon-headed helmets, recalling the Egyptian war god Horus, shown here in statuary from the Twentieth Dynasty, early 12th century BC. Examples from Frederic Krueger's analysis of Ancient Egyptian elements in Stargate Ancient Egyptian element Stargate Abydos, a city Abydos, a desert planet Temples, pyramids Similar artefacts; planet is populated by descendants of enslaved Ancient Egyptians Ra, god of the sun Tyrant has "assumed the persona" of Ra Horus, falcon-headed war god "Horus guards" wear "frightful helmets" like falcon heads Anubis, jackal-headed funerary god Captain of the guards, Anubis, wears jackal head helmet Angela Ndalianis examines the mythology behind Stargate SG-1, noting the way it is created by "rewriting centuries-old human mythologies—Egyptian, Norse, Aztec, Greek, Arthurian, Roman—the series takes these myths and 'reboots' them as scientific fact." Norse mythology appears in the shape of the "good-guy aliens the Asgard", deriving explicitly in the fiction from Norse Asgard. In her view, the "layered mythology ... borrows shamelessly" from real-world mythologies, giving examples from several of them. Among Stargate's eclectic borrowings is the Arthurian figure of Morgan le Fay. Painting by Frederick Sandys, 1864 Examples from Angela Ndalianis's analysis of borrowings from real-world mythologies in Stargate Mythology Borrowed figures Ancient Egypt Anubis, Apophis, Osiris Ancient Greek Cronus Phoenician Ba'al, Moloc Shinto Amaterasu Celtic Camulus, The Morrígan Hindu Kali, Nirṛti Babylonian Marduk, Ishkur Arthurian legend Merlin, Morgan le Fay Norse Asgard Franchise-spanning mythology The film Stargate (1994) establishes that five thousand years ago, the god Ra transplanted Earth humans throughout the galaxy via the Stargate. As a result, the people of Earth rose up against him and buried their Stargate. The modern history of Earth and the Stargate begins when it is unearthed in Egypt in 1928. The device is brought to the United States in 1939 to keep it out of Nazi hands and eventually installed in a facility in Creek Mountain, Colorado (Cheyenne Mountain in Stargate SG-1). In the events of the film Dr. Daniel Jackson deciphers the workings of the Stargate and a team is sent through to the planet on the other side. Stargate SG-1 resumes the story of the film, but establishes that Ra was one of many parasitic Goa'uld, aliens who identify as Earth deities to various primitive human communities on planets throughout the Milky Way. In its pilot episode "Children of the Gods", which takes place a year after the film, Stargate Command is established in response to an attack by the Goa'uld Apophis, and given the mandate to explore other worlds and obtain technologies that can be used to defend Earth. They encounter other races, such as the Asgard, who masquerade as Norse gods. Stargate SG-1 further extended the backstory of Earth humans by introducing the Ancients, an advanced race of humans from another galaxy who lived on Earth until approximately 10,000 years ago. Stargate device Main article: Stargate (device) Depiction of the Stargate portal device at Cheyenne Mountain A Stargate is a device that allows practical, rapid travel between two distant locations. The first Stargate appears in the 1994 film Stargate, and subsequently Stargate SG-1 and its spin-offs. In these productions, the Stargate functions as a plot generator, allowing the main characters to visit alien planets without the need for spaceships or any other fictional technology. Within the Stargate fictional universe, Stargates are large metal rings with nine "chevrons" spaced equally around their circumference. Pairs of Stargates function by generating an artificial stable wormhole between them, allowing one-way travel through. The symbols on the inner ring of the Stargate correspond to constellations and serve to map out coordinates for various destination planets and other locations in space. A typical Stargate measures 6.7 m (22 ft) in diameter, weighs 29,000 kg (64,000 lb), and is made of the fictional heavy mineral "naqahdah". The Stargates were created millions of years ago by an alien race known as the Ancients; their modern history begins when Egyptologist Daniel Jackson deciphers their workings in the Stargate film. The Stargate device sets apart SG-1 from other science fiction shows by allowing modern-day people to travel to other planets in an instant, although scholar Dave Hipple argued that SG-1 "also deploys stereotypes both to acknowledge forebears and to position itself as a deserving heir". With the help of the central Stargate device, the premise of Stargate SG-1 combines ancient cultures, present-day political and social concerns, aliens and advanced technologies. Near-instantaneous interplanetary travel allows a fundamental difference in plot structure and set design from other series. There is a disjunction between politics on Earth and the realities of fighting an interstellar war. The Stargate also helps to speed up the exposition of the setting. Ancients See also: List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Ancients, and List of Stargate Atlantis characters § Ancients "Ascension (Stargate)" redirects here. For the SG-1 season 5 episode, see Ascension (Stargate SG-1). The race of the Ancients is first mentioned in the Stargate SG-1 season 2 episode "The Fifth Race" as the original builders of the Stargate network and members of the former Alliance of four great races. They were considered humanity's predecessors, originally establishing Earth as their homeworld after they migrated to the Milky Way and having seeded multiple galaxies to allow life to evolve on uninhabited worlds. At the time that the Stargate franchise takes place, the Ancients have long since "ascended", i.e. they shed their physical bodies and live eternally as pure energy on a higher plane of existence with an increased power and capacity for learning. While they are no longer physically present in the universe, their highly advanced technology—including the Stargate—remains behind, all of which has shown to be almost entirely resilient to the decay of time, and has also proven to be the most advanced technology anyone has ever encountered. With humans from Earth as their closest descendants both from a genetic standpoint and an evolutionary standpoint, they have shown the most proclivity in utilizing Ancient technology when they encounter it. For the first six seasons of Stargate SG-1, the ascended Ancients maintain a strict rule of noninterference in mortal affairs of the material galaxy, and the interactions between humans of Earth and the Ancients are restricted to the outcast Ancient characters Oma Desala and Orlin. The Ancients' ascension was also used as a plot device for the departure of actor Michael Shanks (Daniel Jackson) in season 6 of Stargate SG-1. The fictional background of the Ancients was extended with the franchise's Atlantis mythos that began in the Stargate SG-1 season 6 finale "Full Circle", and which also served as the basis for spin-off show Stargate Atlantis. The Ori arc of Stargate SG-1's seasons 9 and 10 expanded the Ancient mythos further. Asgard See also: List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Asgard A benevolent race that, according to the mythology of Stargate, gave rise to Norse mythology on Earth and inspired accounts of the Roswell Greys. The Asgard can no longer reproduce and therefore perpetuate themselves by transferring their minds into new cloned bodies. Extremely advanced technologically, the threat of their intervention protects many planets in the Milky Way, including Earth, from Goa'uld attack. They also provide much assistance to Earth in the way of technology, equipment, and expertise. Their main adversary in Stargate SG-1 are the mechanical Replicators, against which they enlist the aid of SG-1 on several occasions. The entire Asgard civilization chooses to self-destruct in "Unending", due to the degenerative effects of repeated cloning. A small rogue colony of Asgard, known as the Vanir, still exist in the Pegasus galaxy. They were able to slow cloning's negative side effects by experimenting on humans. Mythology of Stargate SG-1 Main article: Stargate SG-1 Stargate SG-1 takes place mostly in the Milky Way galaxy. Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner tried to stay true to the feature film, but also wanted Stargate SG-1 to be unique in its own way. Stargate SG-1 gradually evolved away from the basic premise of the film and developed its own unique mythological superstructure. Stargate SG-1 elaborated on the film's Egyptian hybrid mythology and mixed in other historical mythologies, coming up with a mythological superstructure that explains the existence of all of the other mythologies in the overarching Stargate narrative. The series expands upon Egyptian mythology (notably the Egyptian gods Apep/Apophis, and Anubis as Goa'uld villains), Norse mythology (notably the god Thor as an Asgard ally), Arthurian legend (notably Merlin as an Ancient ally), and many other mythologies like Greek and Roman mythology. SG-1 does not introduce new alien races as often as some other science fiction television series. Most civilizations that the Goa'uld had transplanted maintain much of their original Earth culture, and Stargate SG-1 does not equate civilization with technology like many other sci-fi shows do. Newly encountered races or visited planets are integrated into the mythology, although plotlines of individual episodes are often new, self-standing and accessible for new audiences, giving a compelling internal coherence. The writers had to strike a balance in the interaction between the explorers from Earth and advanced races (of which there were only few in the story) so that alliances could be developed where the advanced races do not give Earth all their technology and knowledge. Stargate SG-1 emphasized its present-day-Earth story frame by frequently referencing popular culture, like The X-Files and Buffy the Vampire Slayer had done before. According to one critic in 1997, Stargate SG-1 was designed to have no nationality, which might appeal to viewers all over the world. The final episodes of season 7 (2004) brought a more global approach to the scenario when the Stargate Program was revealed to over a dozen nations, which further helped the international appeal of Stargate SG-1. Alliance of four great races SG-1 learns in season 1's "The Torment of Tantalus" that although most known habitable planets in the Stargate universe are populated by humans, there was once an Alliance of four great races. In season 2's "The Fifth Race", the Asgard tell Jack O'Neill that this strategic alliance had consisted of the Ancients, the Asgard, the Furlings, and the Nox, and that the humans from Earth had taken the first steps towards becoming "the Fifth Race". (This comes full circle in the Stargate SG-1 finale "Unending", when Thor declares the humans from Earth the Fifth Race.) SG-1 had encountered the Nox in season 1's "The Nox", a fairy-like people that wants nothing to do with humanity, viewing them as "young" and having "much to learn". The Nox can live to be hundreds of years old and have a great desire for wisdom and understanding. They are extreme pacifists and never employ violence for any reason, even to defend themselves. Although they outwardly seem to be primitive forest-dwellers, they possess superhuman intelligence and advanced technology beyond that of the Goa'uld, including a floating city. As they have the ability to render themselves and other objects invisible and intangible, as well as the ability to resurrect the dead, they never need to fight. The Nox also appear in "Enigma" and "Pretense". However, Stargate SG-1 revealed virtually nothing about the Furlings, beside making them the story backdrop of an abandoned site in season 6's "Paradise Lost". Furling skeletons were originally planned to be featured in the episode, but the production of such proved to be too expensive. Jack O'Neill concludes that the Furlings must be cute and cuddly creatures, based solely on their name. In "Citizen Joe", another character equates the Furlings to Ewoks based on their name. The length of time that the Furling nature remained a mystery in the series turned into a running gag. When Executive Producer Robert C. Cooper was asked "Will we ever meet the Furlings?", his answer was "Who says we haven't?". The writers later went on to state that apart from showing Furling technology and legacy, no member of the Furling race has ever appeared on the show. Producer Joseph Mallozzi claimed that more about the Furlings would finally be revealed in SG-1's tenth season, which turned out to be an imagined scene from a movie script based on the fictional television series "Wormhole X-Treme!", a parody of Stargate SG-1 set in the Stargate SG-1 universe. The Furlings were depicted as Ewok-like, or koala-like creatures that are destroyed by the Goa'uld soon after making contact with SG-1. Goa'uld Further information: List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Goa'uld, List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Tok'ra, and List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Jaffa The Goa'uld are the primary adversaries in Stargate SG-1 from seasons 1 to 8. Stargate SG-1 creators Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner established in SG-1's 1997 pilot episode "Children of the Gods" that the film's unnamed alien race and the Goa'uld are the same. As such, the look of the series' Goa'uld, including the early archvillain Apophis, was based on Ra in the feature film. The Goa'uld are introduced as the first and most prominent alien race in the Milky Way, and are also one of the few nonhumanoid species to appear in the early seasons of the series. They are a parasitic species that resemble finned snakes, which can burrow themselves into a humanoid's neck and wrap around the spinal column. The Goa'uld parasite (generally referred to as a "symbiote") then takes control of its host's body and mind, while providing longevity and perfect health. The Goa'uld are branded as evil by their pretending to be gods and forcing people to submit to their quasi-religious pronouncements. The most powerful Goa'uld in the galaxy are collectively known as the System Lords. The fictional backstory is established over the course of the series. In season 4's "The First Ones", it is stated that the Goa'uld evolved on the planet P3X-888, where there are still populations of primitive Goa'uld. Their original hosts were the Unas (meaning "First Ones"), a race of large and primitive humanoids also native to the planet and whom SG-1 had first encountered in season 1's "Thor's Hammer". The Goa'uld then found and ruled over Earth for thousands of years, masquerading as gods from ancient mythologies and transplanting humans throughout the galaxy to serve as slaves and hosts. A faction of Goa'uld symbiotes named the Tok'ra (meaning "against Ra"), whom SG-1 first encounter in season 2's "The Tok'ra" and become close allies with, formed in opposition to the Goa'uld culturally and militarily millennia ago to live in true symbiosis with their hosts, both beings sharing the body equally and benefiting from each other. The Goa'uld modified humans to create the Jaffa to serve as soldiers and as incubators for their young via an abdominal pouch. The story of the Jaffa is primarily told through the main character Teal'c. The Jaffa's look in the series was copied from the Egyptian look of Ra from the film. The Jaffa rely on the symbiotes for their immune system or will die a slow and painful death that can only be avoided by either acquiring a new symbiote or by lifelong regular injections of a replacement drug called Tretonin. Ordinary Jaffa bear a black tattoo symbol of their Goa'uld master's insignia on their foreheads, and the highest-ranking Jaffa in the service of a Goa'uld is known as the First Prime, who has the symbol branded in gold. SG-1 encounters three notable Jaffa factions: the all-female Hak'tyl ("liberation") led by Ishta in season 7's "Birthright", the Ancient-worshipping Sodan in season 9's "Babylon", and the Ori-worshipping Illac Renin (meaning "Kingdom of the Path") in season 10's "Talion". The planet Dakara, a holy ground for the Goa'uld and Jaffa alike, is the turning point in the Goa'uld–Jaffa power struggle in season 8's "Reckoning"/"Threads": It is where the Ancients first landed in the Milky Way Galaxy after fleeing the Alteran Galaxy and later built a powerful device, capable of destroying existing life or creating it where there was none before, long before the galaxy was colonized by the Goa'uld or the humans. Since season 8 was intended to be the show's last, the producers had finished it with the defeat of the Goa'uld and the Replicators. However, when the Sci Fi Channel renewed the series, the producers had grown tired of writing endings. Having had good experiences with the first season of Stargate Atlantis, the producers decided to revamp the series by more than just adding new characters, new villains and new missions. Thus they considered the beginning of Season 9 as the pilot of a new show and replaced the Goa'uld with the Ori as the main villains. The Goa'uld still appeared in the show, but on a regular basis under the command of Ba'al. Ori Main article: Ori (Stargate) Further information: List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Ori A major threat in the cosmos, the Ori are Ascended beings who use their advanced knowledge of the universe to force lesser beings to worship them. In essence, they used to be Ancients, however they split into separate groups due to different views of life. The Ori are religious while the Ancients prefer science. The Ori sway lesser-developed planets into worshipping them by promising Ascension through an invented and empty religion called "Origin". This religion states that they created humanity and as such are to be worshiped by their creations. It also promises its followers that, on death, they will Ascend. However, Origin was designed to channel energy from the human worshipers to the Ori. As such, the Ori never help anyone else Ascend because then they would have to share the power that they sap from their worshipers. Their ultimate goal is to completely destroy the Ascended Ancients, who they know as "the Others". All of their efforts, including their technology, are for the purpose of garnering worshippers. As Ascended beings, the Ori do not interfere directly in the mortal plane. Instead, they use humans called Priors, which they artificially evolve so that they are one step from Ascension, giving the Priors godlike powers. Because the Ori have worshipers across the entire home galaxy of the Ancients, and use their knowledge to spread, they are nearly unstoppable. For example: Ori warships, built using conventional means while operated through the supernatural abilities of the Priors, are generally considered to be the most powerful vessels in the Stargate universe. The Ori might be regarded as a shadow form of the Goa'uld, with the significant difference that the Ori promise ascension to their followers but never provide it. Mythology of Stargate Atlantis Main article: Stargate Atlantis Stargate Atlantis explores the adventures of an elite expedition from Earth, the "Atlantis Expedition", in the Pegasus Galaxy. The story arc of Stargate Atlantis begins in the season 6 finale of Stargate SG-1, "Full Circle", where Daniel Jackson first mentions the Lost City of the Ancients. The search for the Lost City continues through SG-1' season 7 with the aim to find powerful weapons, and ends with an Ancient outpost found in Antarctica in the season 7 finale "Lost City". In SG-1's season 8 premiere "New Order", Daniel Jackson discovers the gate address to the legendary city Atlantis of Greek mythology. The Atlantis Expedition has a multi-nation civilian leadership and a predominantly United States military faction providing security. Their intent is to establish diplomacy with inhabitants of the galaxy and a permanent human base in the city of Atlantis for scientific and military research and exploration. Atlantis Main article: Atlantis (Stargate) The pilot episode "Rising" of Stargate Atlantis establishes much of the backstory of Atlantis: The city was built by the Ancients millions of years ago, originally as a central outpost in prehistoric Antarctica, until an unexplained crisis—involving a virulent plague—forced them to relocate the city to the planet Lantea in the Pegasus Galaxy via intergalactic hyperdrive engines. The Ancients (known as "Ancestors" to the denizens of Pegasus, and "Lanteans" to the Wraith) seeded several human populations in the Pegasus galaxy, but rarely interbred with them. As explained in season 1's "The Defiant One", the Wraith drove the Ancients from their holdings until only Atlantis was left, defended by its powerful shield and a network of armed satellites. The Atlantis Expedition learn during their arrival in Atlantis in "Rising" that the Ancients submerged the city in Lantea's ocean to evade detection by the Wraith and returned via stargate to Earth, where survivor recollections formed the basis for the ancient Greek accounts of Lost City of Atlantis. In the Atlantis series finale "Enemy at the Gate", Atlantis returns to Earth and lands in the Pacific Ocean near San Francisco. The producers intended the city of Atlantis to be the size of Manhattan.: 251  Many sets used for Atlantis are part of a large sound stage that was built for almost US$2 million. This stage is used for rooms like the brig, several balconies, and other interior parts of Atlantis. Green screens were used if an outdoor view was required in an episode. According to digital effects artist Bruce Woloshyn, the series' original CGI model of the city of Atlantis was over four million polygons, which was feature film in size. This allows the city model to still look good and detailed in extreme close view. Since most of the city is modelled rather than textured, the details appear more realistic when the virtual camera revolves around the city model. Wraith See also: List of Stargate Atlantis characters § Wraith The Wraith are the main antagonists in Stargate Atlantis and the dominant species in the Pegasus Galaxy. They are biologically immortal hive-based humanoids who maintain the human worlds of the Pegasus Galaxy as livestock to feed on their "life-force". As established in season 1's "The Gift", the Wraith evolved in the Pegasus galaxy after a human population seeded by the Ancients was fed upon by an insect called the irratus bug, which has the ability to draw upon a human's life to heal itself. As they fed, the bugs incorporated human DNA into themselves, giving rise to the Wraith. The Wraith have destroyed any civilizations with the potential to threaten their dominance, and few human races in Pegasus surpass Earth in technological advancement when the Earth expedition arrives. The existence of the Wraith is restricted to waking en masse every few centuries to replenish their health by galaxy-wide abductions of humans called "cullings", but the arrival of the Atlantis Expedition in the Pegasus Galaxy in the pilot episode "Rising" leads to the Wraith waking prematurely from their hibernation. To sate their hunger, the Wraith try to get to Earth whose population is much bigger than that of the whole Pegasus Galaxy. This can only be achieved either through the Stargate or by getting more advanced Hyper drive technology, both of which are present in the city of Atlantis. Mythology of Stargate Universe Main article: Stargate Universe Stargate Universe was conceived as "a completely separate, third entity" in the live-action Stargate franchise. Although it was firmly entrenched in pre-established Stargate mythology, Stargate Universe diverged in a new direction. Like the first two series in the franchise, Stargate Universe takes place during the present time, not in the distant future. Unlike SG-1 and Atlantis, no single dominant villain race is featured. The show is set on the Ancient ship Destiny, which is established as a part of an Ancient experiment to seed the universe with Stargates millions of years ago and investigate a groundbreaking discovery they made pertaining to the origins of the universe. The Destiny itself was intended to follow a pre-programmed course to explore these galaxies, but was left uncrewed and lost at the time of the Ancients' ascension. The series starts when a team of soldiers and scientists from Earth step through the Stargate to find the Destiny and are unable to return to Earth. The show focuses mostly on the people aboard the ship and their survival instead of planet-based exploration, and according to Brad Wright, would also "focus on exploration and adventure – and, by extension, the occasional alien encounter as well". In Brad Wright's words, the show was to be "hopefully exploring the truly alien, and avoiding the rubber faced English-speaking one". Notes ^ Stargate Atlantis never explicitly states if the fictional Pegasus Galaxy refers to the real Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, the real Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy, or neither. References Primary ^ a b c "Children of the Gods". Stargate SG-1. ^ "Enigma". Stargate SG-1. ^ "Rising". Stargate Atlantis. ^ "Poisoning the Well". Stargate Atlantis. ^ "Avalon". Stargate SG-1. ^ "Thor's Hammer". Stargate SG-1. ^ "Red Sky" (Stargate SG-1) ^ "Redemption". Stargate SG-1. ^ "The Fifth Race". Stargate SG-1. ^ Wright, Brad and Glassner, Jonathan (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 3 – Producing Stargate (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. ^ "Fair Game". Stargate SG-1. ^ Wright, Brad; Glassner, Jonathan; Greenburg, Michael; Anderson, Richard Dean; Shanks, Michael (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 3 – Timeline To The Future – Part 1: Legacy Of The Gate (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. ^ Cooper, Robert C (2002). Stargate SG-1: Season 4 – Allies & Foes (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. ^ "The Nox". Stargate SG-1. ^ "Stargate SG-1 Season Ten". GateWorld. Retrieved 2006-03-19. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAHgB-k-jD8 Stargate: Instructional videos by Daniel Jackson ^ "The Serpent's Lair". Stargate SG-1. ^ "Official Stargate Website: Series: Stargate Atlantis". Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012. ^ Mallozzi, Joseph (September 18, 2008). "September 18, 2008: Saying Goodbye to SGA, Looking Forward to SGU". josephmallozzi.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2008-09-19. ^ a b Mallozzi, Joseph and Wright, Brad (January 2, 2009). "January 2, 2009: Brad Wright Answers Your Questions". josephmallozzi.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2009-01-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Wilson, Mark (February 2009). "Interview: Stargate Writer-Producer Joseph Mallozzi". About.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2009-02-08. ^ a b Mallozzi, Joseph (March 20, 2009). "March 20, 2009: Promo Particulars, DeLuise Directs, and a Modest Mailbag". josephmallozzi.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2009-03-21. Secondary ^ Jay, Johnny (September 14, 2019). "Classic Sci Fi TV: Stargate SG-1 (1997)". Cancelled Sci Fi. Retrieved March 23, 2024. ^ a b Hynes, Annabel (February 9, 2023). "Stargate: How Does The Franchise Use Ancient Mythology?". GameRant.com. Retrieved March 22, 2024. ^ a b c d Krueger, Frederic (2017). "The Stargate Simulacrum: Ancient Egypt, Ancient Aliens, and Postmodern Dynamics of Occulture". Aegyptiaca. Journal of the History of Reception of Ancient Egypt. 1: 47–74. ^ a b c Scerri, Mariella; Zammit, David (2016). "Mythology in Science Fiction". Science Fiction Research Association Review (316: Spring 2016): 15–21. Retrieved 4 March 2023. ^ a b c d Ndalianis, Angela (2010). "Stargate SG-1". In David Lavery (ed.). The Essential Cult TV Reader. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 237–243. ISBN 978-0-8131-2568-8. ^ a b Hipple, Dave, "Stargate SG-1: Self-possessed Science Fiction". In Beeler 2005, pages 27–28. ^ a b Beeler and Dickson 2005. "Introduction", pp. 1–5. ^ Beeler 2008, p. 269. ^ a b Beeler 2008, p. 273. ^ Beeler 2008, pp. 272-273. ^ a b c Beeler 2008, pp. 274-277. ^ Booker 2004, pp. 181–182. ^ Covington, Richard (October 2, 1997). "Tailoring Film and TV for the World". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-18. ^ Brennan, Steve (June 27, 2006). "'Stargate' on global trek that spans 200 episodes". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 11, 2010. Retrieved 2009-03-21. ^ "Paradise Lost"'s commentator track ^ "Inside Stargate SG-1: Questions from viewers". Sci Fi magazine. February 2006. ^ Eramo, Steven (July 2002). "Jan Newman – Born With It – Make-up". TV Zone (Special 46): 62–65. ^ Eramo, Steven (July 2004). "Christopher Judge – Judge For Yourself". TV Zone (Special 58): 28–32. ^ Eramo, Steven (July 2005). "Stargate SG-1 Season 9 preview - Nine Lives". TV Zone. No. Special #64. pp. 24–30, 44–48 56–60. ^ Beeler, Stan; Lisa Dickson (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845111830. ^ a b DVD-Video "Behind the Gate" of the SGA Season 1 DVDs. ^ a b Sumner, Darren (March 24, 2007). "Universe deals with ninth chevron". GateWorld. Retrieved 2007-04-03. ^ Sumner, Darren & Read, David (April 5, 2008). "Stargate Universe Revealed!". GateWorld. Retrieved 2008-04-05. ^ Read, David (December 5, 2008). "Crossroads: An Interview With Martin Gero". GateWorld. Retrieved 2008-12-08. Bibliography Beeler, Stanley W.; Dickson, Lisa, eds. (2005). Reading Stargate SG-1. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-183-0. Beeler, Stan (2008). "Stargate SG-1 and The Quest For The Perfect Science Fiction Premise". In Telotte, J.P (ed.). The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader. United States: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2492-6. Booker, M. Keith (2004). Science Fiction Television. Praeger Publishing. ISBN 0-275-98164-9. Elrod, P. N.; Conrad, Roxanne, eds. (2015). The Stepping Through the Stargate. BenBella Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-932100-32-7. Storm, Jo (2005). Approaching the Possible: The World of Stargate SG-1. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: ECW Press. ISBN 1-55022-705-X. vteStargateFilm Soundtrack SG-1 Awards Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The Ark of Truth Continuum Characters Samantha Carter George Hammond Daniel Jackson Vala Mal Doran Cameron Mitchell Jack O'Neill Jonas Quinn Teal'c Atlantis Awards Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 Characters Carson Beckett Ronon Dex Teyla Emmagan Aiden Ford Jennifer Keller Evan Lorne Rodney McKay John Sheppard Elizabeth Weir Richard Woolsey Radek Zelenka Universe Awards Episodes Season 1 2 Characters Nicholas Rush Matthew Scott Other mediaTelevision Origins Infinity Games Pinball Genesis/SNES Roleplaying The Alliance Resistance Worlds Timekeepers Literature Books Comics Audiobooks Related Mythology Atlantis Ori Stargate device Prometheus Fandom Gatecon A Dog's Breakfast Category Topics
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Tut_Ankh_Amun_Golden_Mask.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tutankhamun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun"},{"link_name":"Stargate premise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate#Premise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamerant-2"},{"link_name":"xeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiology"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"fictional universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(device)"},{"link_name":"alien life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_life"},{"link_name":"Stargate SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1"},{"link_name":"Goa'uld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa%27uld"},{"link_name":"Asgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Replicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Stargate Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_Dwarf_Irregular_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Wraith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraith_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Asurans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuran_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamerant-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antropomorfi_detti_astronauti_(b)_-_R_1_-_Area_di_Zurla_-_Nadro_(ph_Luca_Giarelli).jpg"},{"link_name":"Petroglyphs from Val Camonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica"},{"link_name":"Ancient Astronaut Discourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronauts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krueger_2017-3"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"[S 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Children_of_the_Gods-4"},{"link_name":"Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"Tollan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollan_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Season 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1_season_5"},{"link_name":"[S 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enigma-5"},{"link_name":"[S 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rising-6"},{"link_name":"[S 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poisoning_the_Well-7"},{"link_name":"Ori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ori_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"[S 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avalon-8"}],"text":"The opening credits of Stargate SG-1's first five seasons show Ra's mask in close-up, which is similar to Tutankhamun's golden mask (pictured).The mythology of the Stargate franchise is a complex and eclectic fictional backstory, which is presented as being historical, of the Stargate premise. A \"rich mythology and world-building\" are used to establish \"a vast cosmology and an interesting alternate take on the history of Earth\";[1] a defining feature is \"its use of ancient mythology, with stories that take inspiration from multiple places around the globe\".[2] Narratives center around xeno-mythology as experienced by humans during episodic contact with alien races. Audiences across a variety of platforms - including TV series, novels, comics and movies - witness the people of Earth exploring a fictional universe using the Stargate. Species established early on in the franchise recur throughout, with one adversary often dominating a particular story arc, which can continue across several seasons.In addition to a diversity of alien life, the Stargate universe includes an abundance of humans who, prior to the events depicted in the various Stargate fictional vehicles, have been scattered across the cosmos by advanced aliens. Some of the most significant species or beings in Stargate SG-1 are the Goa'uld, the Asgard, and the Replicators. Stargate Atlantis, set in the Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy, introduced the Wraith and the Asurans. One of the most influential species in Stargate, the Ancients, are revealed to have moved on to a higher plane of existence. \"There’s no shortage of familiar myths to be found in the Stargate franchise, even if they are transformed to fit sci-fi parameters.\"[2]Petroglyphs from Val Camonica, Italy, cited by proponents as evidence of ancient astronauts.Frederic Krueger notes the re-emergence of the Ancient Astronaut Discourse (AAD) in the 1990s, and points to \"the continuous mutual influence between the AAD and popular culture, exemplified via the rather spectacular case of Stargate\".[3] For example, an origin theory for human populations shown to inhabit the Milky Way galaxy in Stargate SG-1 holds that the Goa'uld transplanted humans from Earth to other planets for slave labor. Many of these populations were abandoned, often when deposits of the fictional precious mineral naquadah were exhausted, and subsequently developed their own unique societies.[S 1]Some of these extraterrestrial human civilizations are shown to have become much more technologically advanced than those on Earth, the in-show rationale being that they never suffered the setback of the Dark Ages. The most advanced of these humans were the Tollan, who were destroyed by the Goa'uld in Season 5's Between Two Fires.[S 2] Another example of AAD in the mythos is the creation of human populations in the Pegasus galaxy by the Ancients,[S 3] few of which are technologically advanced, as the Wraith destroy any civilization that could potentially pose a threat.[S 4] Audiences are also made aware of large numbers of humans in the Ori galaxy, where human worship enhances the power of the Ori.[S 5]","title":"Mythology of Stargate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scerri_Zammit_2016-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Coatlicue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cōātlīcue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%8D%C4%81tl%C4%ABcue"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scerri_Zammit_2016-9"},{"link_name":"Egyptian mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mythology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krueger_2017-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horus_and_Seth_crowning_Ramesses_III,_detail_of_Horus.JPG"},{"link_name":"Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krueger_2017-3"},{"link_name":"Twentieth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ndalianis_2010-10"},{"link_name":"Asgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ndalianis_2010-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandys,_Frederick_-_Morgan_le_Fay.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arthurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Morgan le Fay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ndalianis_2010-10"},{"link_name":"Frederick Sandys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sandys"}],"text":"Scholars have remarked on the multiple borrowings of real-world mythology to provide Stargate settings. Mariella Scerri and David Zammit note numerous such uses in Stargate.[4]Cōātlīcue bears a \"remarkably convenient resemblance\" to Stargate's Goa'uld queen Hathor.[4] 15th century statue, Mexico CityFrederic Krueger analyses the use of Ancient Egyptian mythology, and concludes: \"From a critical standpoint, Stargate gives the initial impression of a very confused pop-cultural salad, randomly tossed together out of the vegetable bins of sci-fi, American military triumphalism, and a lot of Orientalizing Egyptomania. Yet the film was a lasting hit\".[3]\nUltimately, he concludes that Stargate \"serves as a neo-mythology able to re-enchant the world, to present an attractive anti-authoritarian option for identity formation and yet functionally equivalent to religion (according to traditional modern definitions) in its creationist tenet\".Stargate's Horus guards wear falcon-headed helmets, recalling the Egyptian war god Horus,[3] shown here in statuary from the Twentieth Dynasty, early 12th century BC.Angela Ndalianis examines the mythology behind Stargate SG-1, noting the way it is created by \"rewriting centuries-old human mythologies—Egyptian, Norse, Aztec, Greek, Arthurian, Roman—the series takes these myths and 'reboots' them as scientific fact.\"[5] Norse mythology appears in the shape of the \"good-guy aliens the Asgard\", deriving explicitly in the fiction from Norse Asgard. In her view, the \"layered mythology ... borrows shamelessly\" from real-world mythologies, giving examples from several of them.[5]Among Stargate's eclectic borrowings is the Arthurian figure of Morgan le Fay.[5] Painting by Frederick Sandys, 1864","title":"Eclectic borrowings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(device)"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Cheyenne Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Complex"},{"link_name":"Daniel Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jackson_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Goa'uld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa%27uld"},{"link_name":"Children of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_Gods_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Stargate Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Command"},{"link_name":"Apophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophis_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Asgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Norse gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_gods"},{"link_name":"[S 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thor's_Hammer-11"},{"link_name":"[S 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Red_Sky-12"},{"link_name":"Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_(Stargate)"}],"text":"The film Stargate (1994) establishes that five thousand years ago, the god Ra transplanted Earth humans throughout the galaxy via the Stargate. As a result, the people of Earth rose up against him and buried their Stargate. The modern history of Earth and the Stargate begins when it is unearthed in Egypt in 1928. The device is brought to the United States in 1939 to keep it out of Nazi hands and eventually installed in a facility in Creek Mountain, Colorado (Cheyenne Mountain in Stargate SG-1). In the events of the film Dr. Daniel Jackson deciphers the workings of the Stargate and a team is sent through to the planet on the other side.Stargate SG-1 resumes the story of the film, but establishes that Ra was one of many parasitic Goa'uld, aliens who identify as Earth deities to various primitive human communities on planets throughout the Milky Way. In its pilot episode \"Children of the Gods\", which takes place a year after the film, Stargate Command is established in response to an attack by the Goa'uld Apophis, and given the mandate to explore other worlds and obtain technologies that can be used to defend Earth. They encounter other races, such as the Asgard, who masquerade as Norse gods.[S 6][S 7] Stargate SG-1 further extended the backstory of Earth humans by introducing the Ancients, an advanced race of humans from another galaxy who lived on Earth until approximately 10,000 years ago.","title":"Franchise-spanning mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stargate-color.svg"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(device)"},{"link_name":"Cheyenne Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stargate SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1"},{"link_name":"plot generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_generator"},{"link_name":"chevrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)"},{"link_name":"wormhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole"},{"link_name":"[S 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Children_of_the_Gods-4"},{"link_name":"[S 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redemption-13"},{"link_name":"[S 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Children_of_the_Gods-4"},{"link_name":"Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancients_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"[S 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Fifth_Race-14"},{"link_name":"Egyptologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologist"},{"link_name":"Daniel Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jackson_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"[S 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdproducingstargate-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hipple-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeler_intro-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeler_273-19"}],"sub_title":"Stargate device","text":"Depiction of the Stargate portal device at Cheyenne MountainA Stargate is a device that allows practical, rapid travel between two distant locations. The first Stargate appears in the 1994 film Stargate, and subsequently Stargate SG-1 and its spin-offs. In these productions, the Stargate functions as a plot generator, allowing the main characters to visit alien planets without the need for spaceships or any other fictional technology.Within the Stargate fictional universe, Stargates are large metal rings with nine \"chevrons\" spaced equally around their circumference. Pairs of Stargates function by generating an artificial stable wormhole between them, allowing one-way travel through. The symbols on the inner ring of the Stargate correspond to constellations and serve to map out coordinates for various destination planets and other locations in space.[S 1] A typical Stargate measures 6.7 m (22 ft) in diameter, weighs 29,000 kg (64,000 lb),[S 8] and is made of the fictional heavy mineral \"naqahdah\".[S 1] The Stargates were created millions of years ago by an alien race known as the Ancients;[S 9] their modern history begins when Egyptologist Daniel Jackson deciphers their workings in the Stargate film.The Stargate device sets apart SG-1 from other science fiction shows by allowing modern-day people to travel to other planets in an instant,[S 10] although scholar Dave Hipple argued that SG-1 \"also deploys [science fiction] stereotypes both to acknowledge forebears and to position itself as a deserving heir\".[6] With the help of the central Stargate device, the premise of Stargate SG-1 combines ancient cultures, present-day political and social concerns, aliens and advanced technologies.[7] Near-instantaneous interplanetary travel allows a fundamental difference in plot structure and set design from other series. There is a disjunction between politics on Earth and the realities of fighting an interstellar war.[8] The Stargate also helps to speed up the exposition of the setting.[9]","title":"Franchise-spanning mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stargate_SG-1_characters#Ancients"},{"link_name":"List of Stargate Atlantis characters § Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stargate_Atlantis_characters#Ancients"},{"link_name":"Ascension (Stargate SG-1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"The Fifth Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Race_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Alliance of four great races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_four_great_races"},{"link_name":"as pure energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-physical_entity"},{"link_name":"plane of existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(esotericism)"},{"link_name":"Oma Desala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oma_Desala"},{"link_name":"Orlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlin_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Michael Shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shanks"},{"link_name":"Daniel Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jackson_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Atlantis mythos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Circle_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Stargate Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Ori arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ori_(Stargate)"}],"sub_title":"Ancients","text":"See also: List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Ancients, and List of Stargate Atlantis characters § Ancients\"Ascension (Stargate)\" redirects here. For the SG-1 season 5 episode, see Ascension (Stargate SG-1).The race of the Ancients is first mentioned in the Stargate SG-1 season 2 episode \"The Fifth Race\" as the original builders of the Stargate network and members of the former Alliance of four great races. They were considered humanity's predecessors, originally establishing Earth as their homeworld after they migrated to the Milky Way and having seeded multiple galaxies to allow life to evolve on uninhabited worlds. At the time that the Stargate franchise takes place, the Ancients have long since \"ascended\", i.e. they shed their physical bodies and live eternally as pure energy on a higher plane of existence with an increased power and capacity for learning. While they are no longer physically present in the universe, their highly advanced technology—including the Stargate—remains behind, all of which has shown to be almost entirely resilient to the decay of time, and has also proven to be the most advanced technology anyone has ever encountered. With humans from Earth as their closest descendants both from a genetic standpoint and an evolutionary standpoint, they have shown the most proclivity in utilizing Ancient technology when they encounter it.For the first six seasons of Stargate SG-1, the ascended Ancients maintain a strict rule of noninterference in mortal affairs of the material galaxy, and the interactions between humans of Earth and the Ancients are restricted to the outcast Ancient characters Oma Desala and Orlin. The Ancients' ascension was also used as a plot device for the departure of actor Michael Shanks (Daniel Jackson) in season 6 of Stargate SG-1. The fictional background of the Ancients was extended with the franchise's Atlantis mythos that began in the Stargate SG-1 season 6 finale \"Full Circle\", and which also served as the basis for spin-off show Stargate Atlantis. The Ori arc of Stargate SG-1's seasons 9 and 10 expanded the Ancient mythos further.","title":"Franchise-spanning mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Asgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stargate_SG-1_characters#Asgard"},{"link_name":"Norse mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Greys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_alien"},{"link_name":"Goa'uld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa%27uld"},{"link_name":"[S 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fair_Game-20"},{"link_name":"Replicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1"},{"link_name":"Unending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unending"}],"sub_title":"Asgard","text":"See also: List of Stargate SG-1 characters § AsgardA benevolent race that, according to the mythology of Stargate, gave rise to Norse mythology on Earth and inspired accounts of the Roswell Greys. The Asgard can no longer reproduce and therefore perpetuate themselves by transferring their minds into new cloned bodies. Extremely advanced technologically, the threat of their intervention protects many planets in the Milky Way, including Earth, from Goa'uld attack.[S 11] They also provide much assistance to Earth in the way of technology, equipment, and expertise. Their main adversary in Stargate SG-1 are the mechanical Replicators, against which they enlist the aid of SG-1 on several occasions. The entire Asgard civilization chooses to self-destruct in \"Unending\", due to the degenerative effects of repeated cloning. A small rogue colony of Asgard, known as the Vanir, still exist in the Pegasus galaxy. They were able to slow cloning's negative side effects by experimenting on humans.","title":"Franchise-spanning mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[S 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdlegacy-21"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeler_intro-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Egyptian mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion"},{"link_name":"Apep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apep"},{"link_name":"Anubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubis"},{"link_name":"Goa'uld villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa%27uld"},{"link_name":"Norse mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor"},{"link_name":"Asgard ally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Arthurian legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurian_legend"},{"link_name":"Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin"},{"link_name":"Ancient ally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Roman mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mythology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeler_274-23"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booker_181-24"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeler_273-19"},{"link_name":"[S 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hipple-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Stargate Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Program"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hr_global-27"}],"text":"Stargate SG-1 takes place mostly in the Milky Way galaxy. Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner tried to stay true to the feature film, but also wanted Stargate SG-1 to be unique in its own way.[S 12] Stargate SG-1 gradually evolved away from the basic premise of the film and developed its own unique mythological superstructure.[7] Stargate SG-1 elaborated on the film's Egyptian hybrid mythology and mixed in other historical mythologies, coming up with a mythological superstructure that explains the existence of all of the other mythologies in the overarching Stargate narrative.[10] The series expands upon Egyptian mythology (notably the Egyptian gods Apep/Apophis, and Anubis as Goa'uld villains), Norse mythology (notably the god Thor as an Asgard ally), Arthurian legend (notably Merlin as an Ancient ally), and many other mythologies like Greek and Roman mythology. SG-1 does not introduce new alien races as often as some other science fiction television series.[11] Most civilizations that the Goa'uld had transplanted maintain much of their original Earth culture, and Stargate SG-1 does not equate civilization with technology like many other sci-fi shows do.[12] Newly encountered races or visited planets are integrated into the mythology, although plotlines of individual episodes are often new, self-standing and accessible for new audiences, giving a compelling internal coherence.[9]The writers had to strike a balance in the interaction between the explorers from Earth and advanced races (of which there were only few in the story) so that alliances could be developed where the advanced races do not give Earth all their technology and knowledge.[S 13] Stargate SG-1 emphasized its present-day-Earth story frame by frequently referencing popular culture, like The X-Files and Buffy the Vampire Slayer had done before.[6] According to one critic in 1997, Stargate SG-1 was designed to have no nationality, which might appeal to viewers all over the world.[13] The final episodes of season 7 (2004) brought a more global approach to the scenario when the Stargate Program was revealed to over a dozen nations, which further helped the international appeal of Stargate SG-1.[14]","title":"Mythology of Stargate SG-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Torment of Tantalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Torment_of_Tantalus"},{"link_name":"The Fifth Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Race_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Asgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"strategic alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_alliance"},{"link_name":"Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Unending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unending"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"The Nox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nox"},{"link_name":"fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy"},{"link_name":"[S 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Nox-28"},{"link_name":"Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Pretense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretense_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jack O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Citizen Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Joe_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Ewoks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewok"},{"link_name":"running gag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_gag"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Cooper"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mallozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallozzi"},{"link_name":"[S 15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Wormhole X-Treme!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole_X-Treme!"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"Ewok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewok"}],"sub_title":"Alliance of four great races","text":"SG-1 learns in season 1's \"The Torment of Tantalus\" that although most known habitable planets in the Stargate universe are populated by humans, there was once an Alliance of four great races. In season 2's \"The Fifth Race\", the Asgard tell Jack O'Neill that this strategic alliance had consisted of the Ancients, the Asgard, the Furlings, and the Nox, and that the humans from Earth had taken the first steps towards becoming \"the Fifth Race\". (This comes full circle in the Stargate SG-1 finale \"Unending\", when Thor declares the humans from Earth the Fifth Race.)SG-1 had encountered the Nox in season 1's \"The Nox\", a fairy-like people that wants nothing to do with humanity, viewing them as \"young\" and having \"much to learn\". The Nox can live to be hundreds of years old and have a great desire for wisdom and understanding. They are extreme pacifists and never employ violence for any reason, even to defend themselves. Although they outwardly seem to be primitive forest-dwellers, they possess superhuman intelligence and advanced technology beyond that of the Goa'uld, including a floating city. As they have the ability to render themselves and other objects invisible and intangible, as well as the ability to resurrect the dead, they never need to fight.[S 14] The Nox also appear in \"Enigma\" and \"Pretense\".However, Stargate SG-1 revealed virtually nothing about the Furlings, beside making them the story backdrop of an abandoned site in season 6's \"Paradise Lost\". Furling skeletons were originally planned to be featured in the episode, but the production of such proved to be too expensive.[15] Jack O'Neill concludes that the Furlings must be cute and cuddly creatures, based solely on their name. In \"Citizen Joe\", another character equates the Furlings to Ewoks based on their name. The length of time that the Furling nature remained a mystery in the series turned into a running gag. When Executive Producer Robert C. Cooper was asked \"Will we ever meet the Furlings?\", his answer was \"Who says we haven't?\".[16] The writers later went on to state that apart from showing Furling technology and legacy, no member of the Furling race has ever appeared on the show. Producer Joseph Mallozzi claimed that more about the Furlings would finally be revealed in SG-1's tenth season,[S 15] which turned out to be an imagined scene from a movie script based on the fictional television series \"Wormhole X-Treme!\", a parody of Stargate SG-1 set in the Stargate SG-1 universe. The Furlings were depicted as Ewok-like, or koala-like creatures that are destroyed by the Goa'uld soon after making contact with SG-1.","title":"Mythology of Stargate SG-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Goa'uld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stargate_SG-1_characters#Goa'uld"},{"link_name":"List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Tok'ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stargate_SG-1_characters#Tok'ra"},{"link_name":"List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stargate_SG-1_characters#Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Brad Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Glassner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Glassner"},{"link_name":"Children of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"Apophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophis_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvzones46_62-32"},{"link_name":"parasitic species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite"},{"link_name":"[S 16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeler_274-23"},{"link_name":"The First Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Ones"},{"link_name":"Thor's Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor%27s_Hammer_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"The Tok'ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tok%27ra_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Teal'c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teal%27c"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvzones58_28-34"},{"link_name":"[S 17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Serpent's_Lair-35"},{"link_name":"Ishta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishta_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Birthright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthright_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Ori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ori_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Talion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talion_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Reckoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reckoning_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threads_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancients_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Replicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Sci Fi Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"Stargate Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Ori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ori_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvzones64_24-36"},{"link_name":"Ba'al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27al_(Stargate)"}],"sub_title":"Goa'uld","text":"Further information: List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Goa'uld, List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Tok'ra, and List of Stargate SG-1 characters § JaffaThe Goa'uld are the primary adversaries in Stargate SG-1 from seasons 1 to 8. Stargate SG-1 creators Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner established in SG-1's 1997 pilot episode \"Children of the Gods\" that the film's unnamed alien race and the Goa'uld are the same. As such, the look of the series' Goa'uld, including the early archvillain Apophis, was based on Ra in the feature film.[17] The Goa'uld are introduced as the first and most prominent alien race in the Milky Way, and are also one of the few nonhumanoid species to appear in the early seasons of the series. They are a parasitic species that resemble finned snakes, which can burrow themselves into a humanoid's neck and wrap around the spinal column.[S 16] The Goa'uld parasite (generally referred to as a \"symbiote\") then takes control of its host's body and mind, while providing longevity and perfect health. The Goa'uld are branded as evil by their pretending to be gods and forcing people to submit to their quasi-religious pronouncements.[11] The most powerful Goa'uld in the galaxy are collectively known as the System Lords.The fictional backstory is established over the course of the series. In season 4's \"The First Ones\", it is stated that the Goa'uld evolved on the planet P3X-888, where there are still populations of primitive Goa'uld. Their original hosts were the Unas (meaning \"First Ones\"), a race of large and primitive humanoids also native to the planet and whom SG-1 had first encountered in season 1's \"Thor's Hammer\". The Goa'uld then found and ruled over Earth for thousands of years, masquerading as gods from ancient mythologies and transplanting humans throughout the galaxy to serve as slaves and hosts. A faction of Goa'uld symbiotes named the Tok'ra (meaning \"against Ra\"), whom SG-1 first encounter in season 2's \"The Tok'ra\" and become close allies with, formed in opposition to the Goa'uld culturally and militarily millennia ago to live in true symbiosis with their hosts, both beings sharing the body equally and benefiting from each other.The Goa'uld modified humans to create the Jaffa to serve as soldiers and as incubators for their young via an abdominal pouch. The story of the Jaffa is primarily told through the main character Teal'c. The Jaffa's look in the series was copied from the Egyptian look of Ra from the film.[18] The Jaffa rely on the symbiotes for their immune system or will die a slow and painful death that can only be avoided by either acquiring a new symbiote or by lifelong regular injections of a replacement drug called Tretonin.[S 17] Ordinary Jaffa bear a black tattoo symbol of their Goa'uld master's insignia on their foreheads, and the highest-ranking Jaffa in the service of a Goa'uld is known as the First Prime, who has the symbol branded in gold. SG-1 encounters three notable Jaffa factions: the all-female Hak'tyl (\"liberation\") led by Ishta in season 7's \"Birthright\", the Ancient-worshipping Sodan in season 9's \"Babylon\", and the Ori-worshipping Illac Renin (meaning \"Kingdom of the Path\") in season 10's \"Talion\".The planet Dakara, a holy ground for the Goa'uld and Jaffa alike, is the turning point in the Goa'uld–Jaffa power struggle in season 8's \"Reckoning\"/\"Threads\": It is where the Ancients first landed in the Milky Way Galaxy after fleeing the Alteran Galaxy and later built a powerful device, capable of destroying existing life or creating it where there was none before, long before the galaxy was colonized by the Goa'uld or the humans. Since season 8 was intended to be the show's last, the producers had finished it with the defeat of the Goa'uld and the Replicators. However, when the Sci Fi Channel renewed the series, the producers had grown tired of writing endings. Having had good experiences with the first season of Stargate Atlantis, the producers decided to revamp the series by more than just adding new characters, new villains and new missions. Thus they considered the beginning of Season 9 as the pilot of a new show and replaced the Goa'uld with the Ori as the main villains.[19] The Goa'uld still appeared in the show, but on a regular basis under the command of Ba'al.","title":"Mythology of Stargate SG-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Stargate SG-1 characters § Ori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stargate_SG-1_characters#Ori"},{"link_name":"Priors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeler_274-23"}],"sub_title":"Ori","text":"Further information: List of Stargate SG-1 characters § OriA major threat in the cosmos, the Ori are Ascended beings who use their advanced knowledge of the universe to force lesser beings to worship them. In essence, they used to be Ancients, however they split into separate groups due to different views of life. The Ori are religious while the Ancients prefer science. The Ori sway lesser-developed planets into worshipping them by promising Ascension through an invented and empty religion called \"Origin\". This religion states that they created humanity and as such are to be worshiped by their creations. It also promises its followers that, on death, they will Ascend. However, Origin was designed to channel energy from the human worshipers to the Ori. As such, the Ori never help anyone else Ascend because then they would have to share the power that they sap from their worshipers. Their ultimate goal is to completely destroy the Ascended Ancients, who they know as \"the Others\". All of their efforts, including their technology, are for the purpose of garnering worshippers.As Ascended beings, the Ori do not interfere directly in the mortal plane. Instead, they use humans called Priors, which they artificially evolve so that they are one step from Ascension, giving the Priors godlike powers. Because the Ori have worshipers across the entire home galaxy of the Ancients, and use their knowledge to spread, they are nearly unstoppable. For example: Ori warships, built using conventional means while operated through the supernatural abilities of the Priors, are generally considered to be the most powerful vessels in the Stargate universe.The Ori might be regarded as a shadow form of the Goa'uld, with the significant difference that the Ori promise ascension to their followers but never provide it.[11]","title":"Mythology of Stargate SG-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Circle_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jackson_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Lost City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_City_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Atlantis of Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis"},{"link_name":"[S 18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Stargate Atlantis explores the adventures of an elite expedition from Earth, the \"Atlantis Expedition\", in the Pegasus Galaxy.[a] The story arc of Stargate Atlantis begins in the season 6 finale of Stargate SG-1, \"Full Circle\", where Daniel Jackson first mentions the Lost City of the Ancients. The search for the Lost City continues through SG-1' season 7 with the aim to find powerful weapons, and ends with an Ancient outpost found in Antarctica in the season 7 finale \"Lost City\". In SG-1's season 8 premiere \"New Order\", Daniel Jackson discovers the gate address to the legendary city Atlantis of Greek mythology. The Atlantis Expedition has a multi-nation civilian leadership and a predominantly United States military faction providing security. Their intent is to establish diplomacy with inhabitants of the galaxy and a permanent human base in the city of Atlantis for scientific and military research and exploration.[S 18]","title":"Mythology of Stargate Atlantis "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"The Defiant One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Defiant_One_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Enemy at the Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gate_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reading-39"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindgate-40"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindgate-40"}],"sub_title":"Atlantis","text":"The pilot episode \"Rising\" of Stargate Atlantis establishes much of the backstory of Atlantis: The city was built by the Ancients millions of years ago, originally as a central outpost in prehistoric Antarctica, until an unexplained crisis—involving a virulent plague—forced them to relocate the city to the planet Lantea in the Pegasus Galaxy via intergalactic hyperdrive engines. The Ancients (known as \"Ancestors\" to the denizens of Pegasus, and \"Lanteans\" to the Wraith) seeded several human populations in the Pegasus galaxy, but rarely interbred with them. As explained in season 1's \"The Defiant One\", the Wraith drove the Ancients from their holdings until only Atlantis was left, defended by its powerful shield and a network of armed satellites. The Atlantis Expedition learn during their arrival in Atlantis in \"Rising\" that the Ancients submerged the city in Lantea's ocean to evade detection by the Wraith and returned via stargate to Earth, where survivor recollections formed the basis for the ancient Greek accounts of Lost City of Atlantis. In the Atlantis series finale \"Enemy at the Gate\", Atlantis returns to Earth and lands in the Pacific Ocean near San Francisco.[citation needed]The producers intended the city of Atlantis to be the size of Manhattan.[20]: 251  Many sets used for Atlantis are part of a large sound stage that was built for almost US$2 million. This stage is used for rooms like the brig, several balconies, and other interior parts of Atlantis. Green screens were used if an outdoor view was required in an episode.[21] According to digital effects artist Bruce Woloshyn, the series' original CGI model of the city of Atlantis was over four million polygons, which was feature film in size. This allows the city model to still look good and detailed in extreme close view. Since most of the city is modelled rather than textured, the details appear more realistic when the virtual camera revolves around the city model.[21]","title":"Mythology of Stargate Atlantis "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Stargate Atlantis characters § Wraith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stargate_Atlantis_characters#Wraith"},{"link_name":"biologically immortal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_immortality"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"The Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gift_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Wraith","text":"See also: List of Stargate Atlantis characters § WraithThe Wraith are the main antagonists in Stargate Atlantis and the dominant species in the Pegasus Galaxy. They are biologically immortal hive-based humanoids who maintain the human worlds of the Pegasus Galaxy as livestock to feed on their \"life-force\". As established in season 1's \"The Gift\", the Wraith evolved in the Pegasus galaxy after a human population seeded by the Ancients was fed upon by an insect called the irratus bug, which has the ability to draw upon a human's life to heal itself. As they fed, the bugs incorporated human DNA into themselves, giving rise to the Wraith. The Wraith have destroyed any civilizations with the potential to threaten their dominance, and few human races in Pegasus surpass Earth in technological advancement when the Earth expedition arrives.[citation needed]The existence of the Wraith is restricted to waking en masse every few centuries to replenish their health by galaxy-wide abductions of humans called \"cullings\", but the arrival of the Atlantis Expedition in the Pegasus Galaxy in the pilot episode \"Rising\" leads to the Wraith waking prematurely from their hibernation. To sate their hunger, the Wraith try to get to Earth whose population is much bigger than that of the whole Pegasus Galaxy. This can only be achieved either through the Stargate or by getting more advanced Hyper drive technology, both of which are present in the city of Atlantis.[citation needed]","title":"Mythology of Stargate Atlantis "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ninth-41"},{"link_name":"[S 19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jm_080918-42"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ninth-41"},{"link_name":"[S 20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jm_090102-43"},{"link_name":"Stargates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(device)"},{"link_name":"ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revealed-44"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_crossroads-45"},{"link_name":"[S 21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-46"},{"link_name":"[S 22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jm_090320-47"},{"link_name":"[S 22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jm_090320-47"},{"link_name":"[S 20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jm_090102-43"}],"text":"Stargate Universe was conceived as \"a completely separate, third entity\" in the live-action Stargate franchise.[22] Although it was firmly entrenched in pre-established Stargate mythology, Stargate Universe diverged in a new direction.[S 19] Like the first two series in the franchise, Stargate Universe takes place during the present time, not in the distant future.[22] Unlike SG-1 and Atlantis, no single dominant villain race is featured.[S 20]The show is set on the Ancient ship Destiny, which is established as a part of an Ancient experiment to seed the universe with Stargates millions of years ago and investigate a groundbreaking discovery they made pertaining to the origins of the universe. The Destiny itself was intended to follow a pre-programmed course to explore these galaxies, but was left uncrewed and lost at the time of the Ancients' ascension.[23] The series starts when a team of soldiers and scientists from Earth step through the Stargate to find the Destiny and are unable to return to Earth.[24] The show focuses mostly on the people aboard the ship and their survival instead of planet-based exploration,[S 21][S 22] and according to Brad Wright, would also \"focus on exploration and adventure – and, by extension, the occasional alien encounter as well\".[S 22] In Brad Wright's words, the show was to be \"hopefully exploring the truly alien, and avoiding the rubber faced English-speaking one\".[S 20]","title":"Mythology of Stargate Universe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_Dwarf_Spheroidal_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_Dwarf_Irregular_Galaxy"}],"text":"^ Stargate Atlantis never explicitly states if the fictional Pegasus Galaxy refers to the real Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, the real Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy, or neither.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The opening credits of Stargate SG-1's first five seasons show Ra's mask in close-up, which is similar to Tutankhamun's golden mask (pictured).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/King_Tut_Ankh_Amun_Golden_Mask.jpg/220px-King_Tut_Ankh_Amun_Golden_Mask.jpg"},{"image_text":"Petroglyphs from Val Camonica, Italy, cited by proponents as evidence of ancient astronauts.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Antropomorfi_detti_astronauti_%28b%29_-_R_1_-_Area_di_Zurla_-_Nadro_%28ph_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Antropomorfi_detti_astronauti_%28b%29_-_R_1_-_Area_di_Zurla_-_Nadro_%28ph_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cōātlīcue bears a \"remarkably convenient resemblance\" to Stargate's Goa'uld queen Hathor.[4] 15th century statue, Mexico City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Statue_of_Coatlicue.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Coatlicue.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stargate's Horus guards wear falcon-headed helmets, recalling the Egyptian war god Horus,[3] shown here in statuary from the Twentieth Dynasty, early 12th century BC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Horus_and_Seth_crowning_Ramesses_III%2C_detail_of_Horus.JPG/220px-Horus_and_Seth_crowning_Ramesses_III%2C_detail_of_Horus.JPG"},{"image_text":"Among Stargate's eclectic borrowings is the Arthurian figure of Morgan le Fay.[5] Painting by Frederick Sandys, 1864","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sandys%2C_Frederick_-_Morgan_le_Fay.JPG/170px-Sandys%2C_Frederick_-_Morgan_le_Fay.JPG"},{"image_text":"Depiction of the Stargate portal device at Cheyenne Mountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Stargate-color.svg/220px-Stargate-color.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Children of the Gods\". Stargate SG-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_Gods_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"Children of the Gods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Enigma\". Stargate SG-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"Enigma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Rising\". Stargate Atlantis.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"Rising"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"}]},{"reference":"\"Poisoning the Well\". Stargate Atlantis.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_the_Well_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"Poisoning the Well"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"}]},{"reference":"\"Avalon\". Stargate SG-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"Avalon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Thor's Hammer\". Stargate SG-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor%27s_Hammer_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"Thor's Hammer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Redemption\". Stargate SG-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"Redemption"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fifth Race\". Stargate SG-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Race_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"The Fifth Race"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Brad and Glassner, Jonathan (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 3 – Producing Stargate (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright","url_text":"Wright, Brad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Glassner","url_text":"Glassner, Jonathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Home_Entertainment","url_text":"MGM Home Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Fair Game\". Stargate SG-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Game_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"Fair Game"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Brad; Glassner, Jonathan; Greenburg, Michael; Anderson, Richard Dean; Shanks, Michael (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 3 – Timeline To The Future – Part 1: Legacy Of The Gate (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright","url_text":"Wright, Brad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Glassner","url_text":"Glassner, Jonathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson","url_text":"Anderson, Richard Dean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shanks","url_text":"Shanks, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Home_Entertainment","url_text":"MGM Home Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Robert C (2002). Stargate SG-1: Season 4 – Allies & Foes (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Cooper","url_text":"Cooper, Robert C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Home_Entertainment","url_text":"MGM Home Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nox\". Stargate SG-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nox_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"The Nox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Stargate SG-1 Season Ten\". GateWorld. Retrieved 2006-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://gateworld.net/sg1/s10/","url_text":"\"Stargate SG-1 Season Ten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld","url_text":"GateWorld"}]},{"reference":"\"The Serpent's Lair\". Stargate SG-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpent%27s_Lair_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"The Serpent's Lair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Stargate Website: Series: Stargate Atlantis\". Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121208055241/http://stargate.mgm.com/view/series/2/index.html","url_text":"\"Official Stargate Website: Series: Stargate Atlantis\""},{"url":"http://stargate.mgm.com/view/series/2/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mallozzi, Joseph (September 18, 2008). \"September 18, 2008: Saying Goodbye to SGA, Looking Forward to SGU\". josephmallozzi.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2008-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallozzi","url_text":"Mallozzi, Joseph"},{"url":"http://josephmallozzi.wordpress.com/2008/09/18/september-18-2008-saying-goodbye-to-sga-looking-forward-to-sgu/","url_text":"\"September 18, 2008: Saying Goodbye to SGA, Looking Forward to SGU\""}]},{"reference":"Mallozzi, Joseph and Wright, Brad (January 2, 2009). \"January 2, 2009: Brad Wright Answers Your Questions\". josephmallozzi.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2009-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallozzi","url_text":"Mallozzi, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright","url_text":"Wright, Brad"},{"url":"http://josephmallozzi.wordpress.com/2009/01/02/january-2-2009-brad-wright-answers-your-questions/","url_text":"\"January 2, 2009: Brad Wright Answers Your Questions\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Mark (February 2009). \"Interview: Stargate Writer-Producer Joseph Mallozzi\". About.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2009-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160410230652/http://scifi.about.com/od/stargateatlantis/a/SGAT_mallozzi_3.htm","url_text":"\"Interview: Stargate Writer-Producer Joseph Mallozzi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com","url_text":"About.com"},{"url":"http://scifi.about.com/od/stargateatlantis/a/SGAT_mallozzi_3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mallozzi, Joseph (March 20, 2009). \"March 20, 2009: Promo Particulars, DeLuise Directs, and a Modest Mailbag\". josephmallozzi.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2009-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallozzi","url_text":"Mallozzi, Joseph"},{"url":"http://josephmallozzi.wordpress.com/2009/03/20/march-20-2009-promo-particulars-deluise-directs-and-a-modest-mailbag/","url_text":"\"March 20, 2009: Promo Particulars, DeLuise Directs, and a Modest Mailbag\""}]},{"reference":"Jay, Johnny (September 14, 2019). \"Classic Sci Fi TV: Stargate SG-1 (1997)\". Cancelled Sci Fi. Retrieved March 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cancelledscifi.com/2019/09/14/classic-sci-fi-tv-stargate-sg-1-1997/","url_text":"\"Classic Sci Fi TV: Stargate SG-1 (1997)\""}]},{"reference":"Hynes, Annabel (February 9, 2023). \"Stargate: How Does The Franchise Use Ancient Mythology?\". GameRant.com. Retrieved March 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gamerant.com/stargate-how-does-the-franchise-use-ancient-mythology/","url_text":"\"Stargate: How Does The Franchise Use Ancient Mythology?\""}]},{"reference":"Krueger, Frederic (2017). \"The Stargate Simulacrum: Ancient Egypt, Ancient Aliens, and Postmodern Dynamics of Occulture\". Aegyptiaca. Journal of the History of Reception of Ancient Egypt. 1: 47–74.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/aegyp/article/view/40164/33823","url_text":"\"The Stargate Simulacrum: Ancient Egypt, Ancient Aliens, and Postmodern Dynamics of Occulture\""}]},{"reference":"Scerri, Mariella; Zammit, David (2016). \"Mythology in Science Fiction\". Science Fiction Research Association Review (316: Spring 2016): 15–21. Retrieved 4 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/25396965","url_text":"\"Mythology in Science Fiction\""}]},{"reference":"Ndalianis, Angela (2010). \"Stargate SG-1\". In David Lavery (ed.). The Essential Cult TV Reader. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 237–243. ISBN 978-0-8131-2568-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lavery","url_text":"David Lavery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky","url_text":"University Press of Kentucky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2568-8","url_text":"978-0-8131-2568-8"}]},{"reference":"Covington, Richard (October 2, 1997). \"Tailoring Film and TV for the World\". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071010144156/http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/10/02/media.t.php","url_text":"\"Tailoring Film and TV for the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune","url_text":"International Herald Tribune"},{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/10/02/media.t.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Steve (June 27, 2006). \"'Stargate' on global trek that spans 200 episodes\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 11, 2010. Retrieved 2009-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100711094013/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002728447","url_text":"\"'Stargate' on global trek that spans 200 episodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002728447","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inside Stargate SG-1: Questions from viewers\". Sci Fi magazine. February 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_magazine","url_text":"Sci Fi magazine"}]},{"reference":"Eramo, Steven (July 2002). \"Jan Newman – Born With It – Make-up\". TV Zone (Special 46): 62–65.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Zone","url_text":"TV Zone"}]},{"reference":"Eramo, Steven (July 2004). \"Christopher Judge – Judge For Yourself\". TV Zone (Special 58): 28–32.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Zone","url_text":"TV Zone"}]},{"reference":"Eramo, Steven (July 2005). \"Stargate SG-1 Season 9 preview - Nine Lives\". TV Zone. No. Special #64. pp. 24–30, 44–48 56–60.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Zone","url_text":"TV Zone"}]},{"reference":"Beeler, Stan; Lisa Dickson (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845111830.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B._Tauris","url_text":"I.B. Tauris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111830","url_text":"9781845111830"}]},{"reference":"Sumner, Darren (March 24, 2007). \"Universe deals with ninth chevron\". GateWorld. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://gateworld.net/news/2007/03/universe-deals-with-ninth-chevron/","url_text":"\"Universe deals with ninth chevron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld","url_text":"GateWorld"}]},{"reference":"Sumner, Darren & Read, David (April 5, 2008). \"Stargate Universe Revealed!\". GateWorld. Retrieved 2008-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://gateworld.net/news/2008/04/stargate-universe-revealed/","url_text":"\"Stargate Universe Revealed!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld","url_text":"GateWorld"}]},{"reference":"Read, David (December 5, 2008). \"Crossroads: An Interview With Martin Gero\". GateWorld. Retrieved 2008-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://gateworld.net/news/2008/12/crossroads-2/","url_text":"\"Crossroads: An Interview With Martin Gero\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld","url_text":"GateWorld"}]},{"reference":"Beeler, Stanley W.; Dickson, Lisa, eds. (2005). Reading Stargate SG-1. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-183-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MO30KAzBb_MC","url_text":"Reading Stargate SG-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B._Tauris","url_text":"I.B. Tauris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-183-0","url_text":"978-1-84511-183-0"}]},{"reference":"Beeler, Stan (2008). \"Stargate SG-1 and The Quest For The Perfect Science Fiction Premise\". In Telotte, J.P (ed.). The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader. United States: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2492-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cFQicvXd5bwC","url_text":"The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky","url_text":"University Press of Kentucky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2492-6","url_text":"978-0-8131-2492-6"}]},{"reference":"Booker, M. Keith (2004). Science Fiction Television. Praeger Publishing. ISBN 0-275-98164-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WyJf3m1G0ksC","url_text":"Science Fiction Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishing","url_text":"Praeger Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98164-9","url_text":"0-275-98164-9"}]},{"reference":"Elrod, P. N.; Conrad, Roxanne, eds. (2015). The Stepping Through the Stargate. BenBella Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-932100-32-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AXwvBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Stepping Through the Stargate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932100-32-7","url_text":"978-1-932100-32-7"}]},{"reference":"Storm, Jo (2005). Approaching the Possible: The World of Stargate SG-1. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: ECW Press. ISBN 1-55022-705-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T196lU-jXI8C","url_text":"Approaching the Possible: The World of Stargate SG-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECW_Press","url_text":"ECW Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55022-705-X","url_text":"1-55022-705-X"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_The_Entrance
Electoral district of The Entrance
["1 Geography","2 Members for The Entrance","3 Election results","4 References"]
Australian electorate The EntranceNew South Wales—Legislative AssemblyInteractive map of district boundaries from the 2023 state electionStateNew South WalesDates current1988–presentMPDavid MehanPartyLabor PartyNamesakeThe EntranceElectors56,363 (2019)Area124.21 km2 (48.0 sq mi)DemographicProvincial Electorates around The Entrance: Wyong Wyong Pacific Ocean Gosford The Entrance Pacific Ocean Gosford Terrigal Pacific Ocean The Entrance is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly located in the central-eastern part of the Central Coast Council on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. The Entrance is traditionally a marginal seat. Geography On its current boundaries, The Entrance takes in the suburbs of Bateau Bay, Berkeley Vale, Blue Bay, Fountaindale, Glenning Valley, Kangy Angy, Killarney Vale, Lisarow, Long Jetty, Mount Elliot, Niagara Park, Ourimbah, Shelly Beach, Somersby, The Entrance, The Entrance North, Toowoon Bay, Tuggerah, Tumbi Umbi and Wyoming. Members for The Entrance Member Party Term   Bob Graham  Liberal 1988–1991   Grant McBride  Labor 1992–2011   Chris Spence  Liberal 2011–2014   Independent 2014–2015   David Mehan  Labor 2015–present Election results Main article: Electoral results for the district of The Entrance This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2023 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § The Entrance. 2023 New South Wales state election: The Entrance Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labor David Mehan 22,153 45.0 +1.7 Liberal Nathan Bracken 17,433 35.4 −2.3 Greens Ralph Stephenson 4,206 8.6 +0.7 Sustainable Australia Georgia Lamb 2,131 4.3 +1.9 Animal Justice Fardin Pelarek 1,896 3.9 −0.2 Liberal Democrats Bentley Logan 1,372 2.8 +2.8 Total formal votes 49,191 96.7 +1.0 Informal votes 1,688 3.3 −1.0 Turnout 50,879 86.7 −3.2 Two-party-preferred result Labor David Mehan 25,782 57.8 +2.5 Liberal Nathan Bracken 18,793 42.2 −2.5 Labor hold Swing +2.5 References ^ "The Entrance". New South Wales Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 November 2019. ^ "Mr (Bob) Robert Leslie Graham (1943- )". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 13 May 2019. ^ "The Hon. Grant Anthony McBride (1949-2018)". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 23 November 2019. ^ "Mr (Chris) Christopher Edward Spence (1974- )". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 23 November 2019. ^ "Mr David Raymond Mehan MP". Members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 6 April 2019. ^ LA First Preference: The Entrance, NSW State Election Results 2023, NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 13 April 2023. ^ LA Two Candidate Preferred: The Entrance, NSW State Election Results 2023, NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 13 April 2023. vteElectoral districts of the New South Wales Legislative AssemblyLabor (45) Auburn Bankstown Bega Blacktown Blue Mountains Cabramatta Camden Campbelltown Canterbury Cessnock Charlestown Coogee East Hills Fairfield Gosford Granville Heathcote Heffron Keira Kogarah Leppington Lismore Liverpool Londonderry Macquarie Fields Maitland Maroubra Monaro Mount Druitt Newcastle Parramatta Penrith Port Stephens Prospect Riverstone Rockdale Shellharbour South Coast Strathfield Summer Hill Swansea The Entrance Wallsend Wollongong Wyong Coalition (36)Liberal (25) Albury Badgerys Creek Castle Hill Cronulla Davidson Drummoyne Epping Goulburn Hawkesbury Hornsby Holsworthy Kellyville Lane Cove Manly Miranda North Shore Oatley Pittwater Port Macquarie Ryde Terrigal Vaucluse Wahroonga Willoughby Winston Hills National (11) Bathurst Clarence Coffs Harbour Cootamundra Dubbo Myall Lakes Northern Tablelands Oxley Tamworth Tweed Upper Hunter Greens (3) Ballina Balmain Newtown Independent (9) Barwon Lake Macquarie Kiama Murray Orange Sydney Wagga Wagga Wakehurst Wollondilly vteFormer electoral districts of New South Wales Alexandria Allowrie Alma Annandale Argyle Armidale Arncliffe Ashburnham Ashfield Ashfield-Croydon Balmain North Balmain South Balranald Baulkham Hills Bass Hill Bathurst (County) Belmore Belubula Bingara Blayney Bligh The Bogan Bondi Boorowa Botany Bourke Bowral Braidwood Brisbane Broken Hill Bulli Burnett Burrangong Burragorang Burrendong Burrinjuck Burwood Byron Camperdown Carcoar Carlingford Casino Castlereagh Central Cumberland Clarence and Darling Downs Clyde Cobar Collaroy Concord Condoublin Cook and Westmoreland Cook's River Coonamble Corrimal Corowa Cowra Croydon Cumberland Cumberland Boroughs Cumberland (North Riding) Cumberland (South Riding) The Darling Darling Downs Darling Harbour Darlinghurst Darlington Deniliquin Dulwich Hill Durham Earlwood East Camden Eastern Suburbs East Macquarie East Maitland East Moreton East Sydney Eastwood Eden Eden-Bombala Elizabeth Enmore Ermington Forbes Fuller Georges River Gladesville Glebe Glen Innes Gloucester Gloucester and Macquarie Goldfields North Goldfields South Goldfields West Gordon Gough Grafton Grenfell Gundagai Gunnedah Gwydir Hamilton Hartley Hastings Hastings and Macleay Hastings and Manning Hay Hume Hunter Hurstville Illawarra Ingleburn Inverell Ipswich Kahibah Kembla King King and Georgiana Kirribilli Ku-ring-gai Kurri Kurri Lachlan Lachlan and Lower Darling Lakemba Leichhardt Leichhardt, Queensland Liverpool Plains Liverpool Plains and Gwydir Lower Hunter Lyndhurst Macleay Macquarie Maneroo Manning Marrickville McKell Menai Merrylands Middle Harbour Minchinbury Molong Moorebank Moree Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett and Maranoa Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett, Maranoa, Leichhardt and Port Curtis Morpeth Moruya Mosman Mudgee Mulgoa Munmorah Murray-Darling Murrumbidgee Murwillumbah Namoi Narellan Narrabri Nepean Neutral Bay Newcastle East Newcastle West New England New England and Macleay Newtown-Annandale Newtown-Camperdown Newtown-Erskine Newtown-St Peters Northcott North Eastern Boroughs North Sydney Northumberland Northumberland and Hunter Northumberland Boroughs Paddington Paddington-Waverley Patrick's Plains Paterson Peats Petersham Phillip Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh Port Jackson Pyrmont Queanbeyan Quirindi Raleigh Randwick Redfern Richmond Robertson Rous Roxburgh Rozelle Rylstone Seven Hills St George St Leonards St Marys St Vincent Sherbrooke Shoalhaven Singleton Smithfield Southern Boroughs Southern Highlands South Sydney Stanley Boroughs Stanley County Sturt Surry Hills Sutherland Sydney City Sydney-Belmore Sydney-Bligh Sydney-Cook Sydney-Denison Sydney-Fitzroy Sydney-Flinders Sydney-Gipps Sydney Hamlets Sydney-King Sydney-Lang Sydney-Phillip Sydney-Pyrmont Temora Tenterfield The Hills Toongabbie Tuggerah Tumut University of Sydney United Counties of Murray and St Vincent Uralla-Walcha Wammerawa Waratah Warringah Waterloo Waverley Wellington Wellington and Bligh Wellington (County) Wentworth Wentworthville West Camden West Macquarie West Maitland West Moreton West Sydney Western Boroughs Western Suburbs Wickham Wilcannia Williams Willyama Windsor Wollombi Wollongong-Kembla Woollahra Woronora Wynyard Yaralla Yass Yass Plains Young vteMembers of the Parliament of New South WalesLegislative Assembly 1856–1858 1858–1859 1859–1860 1860–1864 1864–1869 1869–1872 1872–1874 1874–1877 1877–1880 1880–1882 1882–1885 1885–1887 1887–1889 1889–1891 1891–1894 1894–1895 1895–1898 1898–1901 1901–1904 1904–1907 1907–1910 1910–1913 1913–1917 1917–1920 1920–1922 1922–1925 1925–1927 1927–1930 1930–1932 1932–1935 1935–1938 1938–1941 1941–1944 1944–1947 1947–1950 1950–1953 1953–1956 1956–1959 1959–1962 1962–1965 1965–1968 1968–1971 1971–1973 1973–1976 1976–1978 1978–1981 1981–1984 1984–1988 1988–1991 1991–1995 1995–1999 1999–2003 2003–2007 2007–2011 2011–2015 2015–2019 2019–2023 2023–2027 Legislative Council 1823–1843 1843–1851 1851–1856 1856–1861 1861–1864 1864–1869 1869–1872 1872–1874 1874–1877 1877–1880 1880–1882 1882–1885 1885–1887 1887–1889 1889–1891 1891–1894 1894–1895 1895–1898 1898–1901 1901–1904 1904–1907 1907–1910 1910–1913 1913–1917 1917–1920 1920–1922 1922–1925 1925–1927 1927–1930 1930–1932 1932–1934 1934–1937 1937–1940 1940–1943 1943–1946 1946–1949 1949–1952 1952–1955 1955–1958 1958–1961 1961–1964 1964–1967 1967–1970 1970–1973 1973–1976 1976–1978 1978–1981 1981–1984 1984–1988 1988–1991 1991–1995 1995–1999 1999–2003 2003–2007 2007–2011 2011–2015 2015–2019 2019–2023 2023–2027
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly_electoral_districts"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Central Coast Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Central Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"marginal seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_seat"}],"text":"Australian electorateThe Entrance is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly located in the central-eastern part of the Central Coast Council on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia.The Entrance is traditionally a marginal seat.","title":"Electoral district of The Entrance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bateau Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateau_Bay,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Vale,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Blue Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bay,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Fountaindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountaindale,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Glenning Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenning_Valley,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Kangy Angy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangy_Angy,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Killarney Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killarney_Vale,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Lisarow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisarow,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Long Jetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Jetty,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Mount Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Elliot,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Niagara Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Park,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Ourimbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourimbah,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Shelly Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Beach,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Somersby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersby,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"The Entrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Entrance,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"The Entrance North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Entrance_North,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Toowoon Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoon_Bay,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Tuggerah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuggerah,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Tumbi Umbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbi_Umbi,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On its current boundaries, The Entrance takes in the suburbs of Bateau Bay, Berkeley Vale, Blue Bay, Fountaindale, Glenning Valley, Kangy Angy, Killarney Vale, Lisarow, Long Jetty, Mount Elliot, Niagara Park, Ourimbah, Shelly Beach, Somersby, The Entrance, The Entrance North, Toowoon Bay, Tuggerah, Tumbi Umbi and Wyoming.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members for The Entrance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Results of the 2023 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § The Entrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2023_New_South_Wales_state_election_(Legislative_Assembly)#The_Entrance"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_2023_New_South_Wales_state_election_(Legislative_Assembly)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"2023 New South Wales state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_South_Wales_state_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"David Mehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mehan"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Nathan Bracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Bracken"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greens_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Australia_Party"},{"link_name":"Animal Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"Two-party-preferred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"David Mehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mehan"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Nathan Bracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Bracken"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(Australian_politics)"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2023 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § The Entrance.[edit]\n\n2023 New South Wales state election: The Entrance[6][7]\n\n\nParty\n\nCandidate\n\nVotes\n\n%\n\n±%\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nDavid Mehan\n\n22,153\n\n45.0\n\n+1.7\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLiberal\n\nNathan Bracken\n\n17,433\n\n35.4\n\n−2.3\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGreens\n\nRalph Stephenson\n\n4,206\n\n8.6\n\n+0.7\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSustainable Australia\n\nGeorgia Lamb\n\n2,131\n\n4.3\n\n+1.9\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnimal Justice\n\nFardin Pelarek\n\n1,896\n\n3.9\n\n−0.2\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLiberal Democrats\n\nBentley Logan\n\n1,372\n\n2.8\n\n+2.8\n\n\n\n\nTotal formal votes\n\n49,191\n\n96.7\n\n+1.0\n\n\n\n\nInformal votes\n\n1,688\n\n3.3\n\n−1.0\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTurnout\n\n50,879\n\n86.7\n\n−3.2\n\n\n\nTwo-party-preferred result\n\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nDavid Mehan\n\n25,782\n\n57.8\n\n+2.5\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLiberal\n\nNathan Bracken\n\n18,793\n\n42.2\n\n−2.5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLabor hold\n\nSwing\n+2.5","title":"Election results"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeynep_Tufekci
Zeynep Tufekci
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Honors and awards","4 Works","4.1 Books","4.2 Theses","4.3 Critical studies and reviews of Tufekci's work","5 References","6 External links"]
Turkish sociologist and writer Zeynep TufekciTufekci in 2019BornIstanbul, TurkeyOccupation(s)Sociologist WriterYears active1999–presentTitleProfessorAcademic backgroundEducationIstanbul UniversityBoğaziçi UniversityUniversity of Texas at AustinAcademic workDisciplineSociologistSub-disciplineComplex Systems Science and TechnologyInstitutionsUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County Princeton University Columbia University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The New York Times The Atlantic Websitewww.theinsight.org Zeynep Tufekci (Turkish: Zeynep Tüfekçi; ; zay-NEP tuu-FEK-chee) is a Turkish-American sociologist, and the Henry G. Bryant Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs at Princeton University. She is also a columnist for The New York Times. Her work focuses on social media, media ethics, the social implications of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and big data, as well as societal challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic using complex and systems-based thinking. According to The Chronicle of Higher Education, she is one of the most prominent academic voices on social media and the new public sphere. In 2022, Tufekci was a Pulitzer Prize finalist for her "insightful, often prescient, columns on the pandemic and American culture", which the committee said "brought clarity to the shifting official guidance and compelled us towards greater compassion and informed response." Before becoming a regular columnist, she was a frequent contributor to The New York Times and The Atlantic. She has also written columns for Wired and Scientific American. Prior to Princeton, she was a professor at Columbia University's Craig Newmark Center for Journalism Ethics and Security, a faculty associate at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University, and an associate professor at the School of Information and Library Science at the University of North Carolina and Associate Professor at the University of Maryland Baltimore County. Early life and education Tufekci was born in Istanbul, Turkey, near Taksim Gezi Park in Istanbul's Beyoğlu district. In 1995, Tufekci received a B.A. in sociology from Istanbul University, as well as an undergraduate degree in computer programming from Boğaziçi University. Tufekci earned an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin. Career Tufekci worked as a computer programmer before becoming an academic and turning her attention to social science. Tufekci was a Visiting Assistant Professor at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Maryland Baltimore County from 2005 to 2008 and Assistant Professor from 2008 to 2011. In 2012, Tufekci became a faculty associate at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. During this time, Tufekci expressed concern about political campaigns impacted by and driven by big data in the form of "Smart Campaigns". This early warning was eventually recognized as prescient after Donald Trump was elected in 2016. At this time, Tufekci also focused on explaining social contagion and mass shootings and its direct relation to social media. She has repeatedly urged both online and in op-eds that outlets should avoid repetition of the killer's name and face as well as step-by-step discussions of their methods. The phenomenon of suicide contagion via social media and news coverage is part of Tufekci's analytical work. In 2016, Tufekci was featured in a special report by The Economist on technology and politics in which she argues that the increasingly individualized targeting of voters by political campaigns is leading to a reduction of the "public sphere" in which civic debate takes place publicly. In May 2017, Tufekci's first book, Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest, was published by Yale University Press. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tufekci was critical of the mainstream media for failing to explain the importance of mask wearing, and is often cited as one of the first to take up the importance of mask wearing in the mainstream media. This led to Tufekci becoming one of the academics who advised the WHO on adopting a mask recommendation. In addition to her mainstream media writing during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tufekci has co-authored articles published in peer reviewed academic journals reviewing evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is airborne, with British medical professor Trisha Greenhalgh and environmental engineering professor Linsey Marr. Tufekci has given a series of TED talks on online social change, technology, the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and the role of social media and tech companies. She has also been a regular contributor at Wired. Honors and awards 2005: International Communication Association, Top Eight Papers in Communication and Technology for "Digital Divide and Social Mobility: How Much Hope and How Much Hype?" 2011-2012: The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Fellow 2012-2013: Princeton University, Center for Information Technology Policy, Fellow 2014: Business Insider, The 100 Most Influential Tech People On Twitter 2014: American Sociological Association, The Section on Communication, Information Technologies, and Media Sociology's Award for Public Sociology 2015-2016: Carnegie Corporation of New York, Andrew Carnegie Fellow in the Social Sciences and Humanities 2022: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree, Brown University Works Scholia has an author profile for Zeynep Tufekci. Books Tufekci, Zeynep (2017). Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780274756650. Theses Tufekcioglu, Zeynep S (1999). Mental Deskilling in the Age of the Smart Machine (M.A.). University of Texas at Austin, Department of Radio-Television-Film. Tufekci, Zeynep (2004). In Search of Lost Jobs: The Rhetoric and Practice of Computer Skills Training (Ph.D.). University of Texas at Austin. Critical studies and reviews of Tufekci's work Twitter and tear gas Heller, Nathan (August 21, 2017). "Out of Action: Do Protests Work?". The Critics. A Critic at Large. The New Yorker. Vol. 93, no. 24. pp. 70–77. References ^ Tufekci, Zeynep. "Zeynep Tufekci". sociology.princeton.edu/. Retrieved August 22, 2023. ^ Brown, Sarah. "Meet the Professor Who's Warning the World About Facebook and Google". www.chronicle.com. Retrieved October 15, 2020. ^ a b Smith, Ben (August 23, 2020). "How Zeynep Tufekci Keeps Getting the Big Things Right". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 15, 2020. ^ "Finalist: Zeynep Tufekci". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved August 31, 2022. ^ Singal, Jesse (July 27, 2016). "Why Did WikiLeaks Help Dox Most of Turkey's Adult Female Population?". Intelligencer. New York. ^ a b Abbruzzese, Jason (November 3, 2017). "Zeynep Tufekci tried to warn us about Facebook and politics back in 2012". Mashable. ^ Columbia Journalism School. "Dr. Zeynep Tufekci to Join Columbia Journalism School's Craig Newmark Center for Journalism Ethics and Security". March 25, 2021. ^ Tufekci, Zeynep (June 9, 2015). "Opinion: How Hope Returned to Turkey". The New York Times. ^ a b "Zeynep Tufekci UNC bio". sils.unc.edu. University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2020. ^ "Zeynep Tufekci Columbia bio". journalism.columbia.edu. Columbia University School of Journalism. Retrieved April 26, 2023. ^ "Zeynep Tufekci, CV Princeton". ^ "Zeynep Tufekci, Faculty Associate". Berkman Klein Center. Harvard University. March 24, 2020. ^ Tufekci, Zeynep (November 16, 2012). "Opinion: Beware the Smart Campaign". The New York Times. ^ Frank, Russell (February 16, 2018). "The media need to think twice about how they portray mass shooters". The Conversation. ^ Tufekci, Zeynep (December 19, 2012). "The Media Needs to Stop Inspiring Copycat Murders. Here's How". The Atlantic. ^ Tufekci, Zeynep (August 27, 2015). "Opinion: The Virginia Shooter Wanted Fame. Let's Not Give It to Him". The New York Times. ^ Lopez, German (August 28, 2015). "Mass shooters want fame. Here's why we should stop giving it to them". Vox. ^ "Texas police stop naming killer in aftermath of shootings, hoping to discourage copycats". CBC News. Associated Press. November 7, 2017. ^ Schulman, Ari N. (November 17, 2017). "How Not to Cover Mass Shootings". Wall Street Journal. ^ Lopatto, Elizabeth (August 27, 2015). "How do we stop killers from exploiting social media?". The Verge. ^ "Special report: Politics by numbers: Voters in America, and increasingly elsewhere too, are being ever more precisely targeted". The Economist. March 23, 2016. ^ Heller, Nathan (August 14, 2017). "Is There Any Point to Protesting? We turn out in the streets and nothing seems to happen. Maybe we're doing it wrong". The New Yorker. ^ Meylan, Phillip (March 31, 2020). "Did the Media Miss the Mark on Masks?". The Factual. ^ Witte, Griff; Cha, Ariana Eunjung; Dawsey, Josh (July 28, 2020). "At the heart of dismal U.S. coronavirus response, a fraught relationship with masks". The Washington Post. ^ Tufekci, Zeynep (July 29, 2020). "I forgot to add yes, I pointed all of this out to the WHO in two meetings with the mask committee, some of the same studies and the logic of why we would not expect a false sense of security like that. This is a review article, so the evidence was already available back in March<" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Smith, Ben (August 23, 2020). "How Zeynep Tufekci Keeps Getting the Big Things Right". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 24, 2020. ^ Greenhalgh, Trisha; Jimenez, Jose L; Prather, Kimberly A; Tufekci, Zeynep; Fisman, David; Schooley, Robert (May 2021). "Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2". The Lancet. 397 (10285): 1603–1605. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8049599. PMID 33865497. ^ Wang, Chia C.; Prather, Kimberly A.; Sznitman, Josué; Jimenez, Jose L.; Lakdawala, Seema S.; Tufekci, Zeynep; Marr, Linsey C. (August 27, 2021). "Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses". Science. 373 (6558): eabd9149. doi:10.1126/science.abd9149. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 8721651. PMID 34446582. S2CID 237308712. ^ Abbruzzese, Jason (November 3, 2017). "Zeynep Tufekci tried to warn us about Facebook and politics back in 2012". Mashable. ^ "Zeynep Tufekci". WIRED Magazine. 2019. ^ "Top Eight Papers in Communication and Technology, Part 2". International Communication Association. May 29, 2005. ^ "Berkman Center Announces 2011-2012 Fellows". The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. June 12, 2018. ^ "Fellows: Zeynep Tufekci (2012-2014)". Center for Information Technology Policy. Princeton University. 2012. ^ Borison, Rebecca (April 14, 2014). "Presenting: The 100 Most Influential Tech People On Twitter; 99. Zeynep Tufekci". Business Insider. ^ "Section on Communication, Information Technologies, and Media Sociology Past Award Recipients". American Sociological Association. 2014. ^ "2015 Andrew Carnegie Fellows Recipient: Zeynep Tufekci". Carnegie Corporation of New York. 2015. ^ Clark, Brian E. "Brown to confer nine honorary degrees during Commencement and Reunion Weekend". News from Brown. Brown University. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ Online version is titled "Is there any point to protesting?" External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zeynep Tüfekçi. Official website Zeynep Tufekci Archived July 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine at UNC School of Information and Library Science Zeynep Tufekci at The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University Zeynep Tufekci at TED Zeynep Tufekci at Scientific American Zeynep Tufekci at The Atlantic Zeynep Tufekci at The New York Times Zeynep Tufekci at WIRED Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Croatia Netherlands Academics CiNii Google Scholar ORCID Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[zejˈnep tyˈfektʃi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish"},{"link_name":"zay-NEP tuu-FEK-chee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"systems-based thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory"},{"link_name":"The Chronicle of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016-NYMag-WikiLinks-Turkey-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017-Mashable-Facebook-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland Baltimore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Baltimore_County"}],"text":"Zeynep Tufekci (Turkish: Zeynep Tüfekçi; [zejˈnep tyˈfektʃi]; zay-NEP tuu-FEK-chee) is a Turkish-American sociologist, and the Henry G. Bryant Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs[1] at Princeton University. She is also a columnist for The New York Times. Her work focuses on social media, media ethics, the social implications of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and big data, as well as societal challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic using complex and systems-based thinking. According to The Chronicle of Higher Education, she is one of the most prominent academic voices on social media and the new public sphere.[2][3] In 2022, Tufekci was a Pulitzer Prize finalist for her \"insightful, often prescient, columns on the pandemic and American culture\", which the committee said \"brought clarity to the shifting official guidance and compelled us towards greater compassion and informed response.\"[4]Before becoming a regular columnist, she was a frequent contributor to The New York Times and The Atlantic. She has also written columns for Wired and Scientific American. Prior to Princeton, she was a professor at Columbia University's Craig Newmark Center for Journalism Ethics and Security, a faculty associate at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University,[5][6][7] and an associate professor at the School of Information and Library Science at the University of North Carolina and Associate Professor at the University of Maryland Baltimore County.","title":"Zeynep Tufekci"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Taksim Gezi Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_Gezi_Park"},{"link_name":"Beyoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-NYTimes-Hope-Turkey-8"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Istanbul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_University"},{"link_name":"Boğaziçi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNC-bio-9"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNC-bio-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Tufekci was born in Istanbul, Turkey, near Taksim Gezi Park in Istanbul's Beyoğlu district.[8] In 1995, Tufekci received a B.A. in sociology from Istanbul University, as well as an undergraduate degree in computer programming from Boğaziçi University.[9] Tufekci earned an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin.[9][10]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkman_Klein_Center_for_Internet_%26_Society"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012-BerkmanCenter-Profile-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012-NYTimes-SmartCampaign-13"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"elected in 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017-Mashable-Facebook-6"},{"link_name":"social contagion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contagion"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018-Conversation-MassShooters-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012-Atlantic-MassShootings-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-NYTimes-UVA-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-Vox-MassShooters-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017-CBCNews-Copycats-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017-WSJ-MassShootings-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-Verge-SuicideContagion-20"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"public sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016-Economist-Voters-21"},{"link_name":"Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_and_Tear_Gas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017-NYorker-TwitterTearGas-22"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"mainstream media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_media"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020-Factual-COVID-MediaMasks-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020-WaPost-COVID-Masks-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020-WHO-COVID-Masks-Tweet-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"peer reviewed academic journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"SARS-CoV-2 virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2"},{"link_name":"Trisha Greenhalgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_Greenhalgh"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"environmental engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering"},{"link_name":"Linsey Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linsey_Marr"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-28"},{"link_name":"TED talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017-Mashable-FacebookPolitics-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019-Wired-Profile-30"}],"text":"Tufekci worked as a computer programmer before becoming an academic and turning her attention to social science.[3]Tufekci was a Visiting Assistant Professor at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Maryland Baltimore County from 2005 to 2008 and Assistant Professor from 2008 to 2011.[11]In 2012, Tufekci became a faculty associate at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.[12] During this time, Tufekci expressed concern about political campaigns impacted by and driven by big data in the form of \"Smart Campaigns\".[13] This early warning was eventually recognized as prescient after Donald Trump was elected in 2016.[6] At this time, Tufekci also focused on explaining social contagion and mass shootings and its direct relation to social media.[14][15][16] She has repeatedly urged both online and in op-eds[17] that outlets should avoid repetition of the killer's name and face as well as step-by-step discussions of their methods.[18][19] The phenomenon of suicide contagion via social media and news coverage is part of Tufekci's analytical work.[20]In 2016, Tufekci was featured in a special report by The Economist on technology and politics in which she argues that the increasingly individualized targeting of voters by political campaigns is leading to a reduction of the \"public sphere\" in which civic debate takes place publicly.[21] In May 2017, Tufekci's first book, Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest, was published by Yale University Press.[22]In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tufekci was critical of the mainstream media for failing to explain the importance of mask wearing, and is often cited as one of the first to take up the importance of mask wearing in the mainstream media.[23][24] This led to Tufekci becoming one of the academics who advised the WHO on adopting a mask recommendation.[25][26] In addition to her mainstream media writing during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tufekci has co-authored articles published in peer reviewed academic journals reviewing evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is airborne, with British medical professor Trisha Greenhalgh[27] and environmental engineering professor Linsey Marr.[28]Tufekci has given a series of TED talks on online social change, technology, the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and the role of social media and tech companies.[29] She has also been a regular contributor at Wired.[30]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Communication Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Communication_Association"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2005-ICA-TopPapers-31"},{"link_name":"The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkman_Klein_Center_for_Internet_%26_Society"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011-BerkmanFellow-32"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Center for Information Technology Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Information_Technology_Policy"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012-PrincetonFellow-33"},{"link_name":"Business Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014-BusinessInsider-100Tech-34"},{"link_name":"American Sociological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sociological_Association"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014-ASA-Award-35"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Corporation of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-Carnegie-CarnegieFellow-36"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-browndegree-37"}],"text":"2005: International Communication Association, Top Eight Papers in Communication and Technology for \"Digital Divide and Social Mobility: How Much Hope and How Much Hype?\"[31]\n2011-2012: The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Fellow[32]\n2012-2013: Princeton University, Center for Information Technology Policy, Fellow[33]\n2014: Business Insider, The 100 Most Influential Tech People On Twitter[34]\n2014: American Sociological Association, The Section on Communication, Information Technologies, and Media Sociology's Award for Public Sociology[35]\n2015-2016: Carnegie Corporation of New York, Andrew Carnegie Fellow in the Social Sciences and Humanities[36]\n2022: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree, Brown University[37]","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia"},{"link_name":"Zeynep Tufekci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iw.toolforge.org/scholia/author/Q23759736"}],"text":"Scholia has an author profile for Zeynep Tufekci.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_and_Tear_Gas:_The_Power_and_Fragility_of_Networked_Protest"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780274756650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780274756650"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Tufekci, Zeynep (2017). Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780274756650.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Theses","text":"Tufekcioglu, Zeynep S (1999). Mental Deskilling in the Age of the Smart Machine (M.A.). University of Texas at Austin, Department of Radio-Television-Film.Tufekci, Zeynep (2004). In Search of Lost Jobs: The Rhetoric and Practice of Computer Skills Training (Ph.D.). University of Texas at Austin.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Out of Action: Do Protests Work?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/08/21/is-there-any-point-to-protesting"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Critical studies and reviews of Tufekci's work","text":"Twitter and tear gasHeller, Nathan (August 21, 2017). \"Out of Action: Do Protests Work?\". The Critics. A Critic at Large. The New Yorker. Vol. 93, no. 24. pp. 70–77.[38]","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Tufekci, Zeynep (2017). Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780274756650.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_and_Tear_Gas:_The_Power_and_Fragility_of_Networked_Protest","url_text":"Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780274756650","url_text":"9780274756650"}]},{"reference":"Tufekcioglu, Zeynep S (1999). Mental Deskilling in the Age of the Smart Machine (M.A.). University of Texas at Austin, Department of Radio-Television-Film.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tufekci, Zeynep (2004). In Search of Lost Jobs: The Rhetoric and Practice of Computer Skills Training (Ph.D.). University of Texas at Austin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heller, Nathan (August 21, 2017). \"Out of Action: Do Protests Work?\". The Critics. A Critic at Large. The New Yorker. Vol. 93, no. 24. pp. 70–77.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/08/21/is-there-any-point-to-protesting","url_text":"\"Out of Action: Do Protests Work?\""}]},{"reference":"Tufekci, Zeynep. \"Zeynep Tufekci\". sociology.princeton.edu/. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sociology.princeton.edu/people/zeynep-tufekci","url_text":"\"Zeynep Tufekci\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Sarah. \"Meet the Professor Who's Warning the World About Facebook and Google\". www.chronicle.com. Retrieved October 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronicle.com/article/meet-the-professor-whos-warning-the-world-about-facebook-and-google/","url_text":"\"Meet the Professor Who's Warning the World About Facebook and Google\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Ben (August 23, 2020). \"How Zeynep Tufekci Keeps Getting the Big Things Right\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/23/business/media/how-zeynep-tufekci-keeps-getting-the-big-things-right.html","url_text":"\"How Zeynep Tufekci Keeps Getting the Big Things Right\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Finalist: Zeynep Tufekci\". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/zeynep-tufekci","url_text":"\"Finalist: Zeynep Tufekci\""}]},{"reference":"Singal, Jesse (July 27, 2016). \"Why Did WikiLeaks Help Dox Most of Turkey's Adult Female Population?\". Intelligencer. New York.","urls":[{"url":"https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/07/why-did-wikileaks-help-dox-most-of-turkeys-adult-female-population.html","url_text":"\"Why Did WikiLeaks Help Dox Most of Turkey's Adult Female Population?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"}]},{"reference":"Abbruzzese, Jason (November 3, 2017). \"Zeynep Tufekci tried to warn us about Facebook and politics back in 2012\". Mashable.","urls":[{"url":"https://mashable.com/2017/11/03/zeynep-tufekci-facebook-social-media/","url_text":"\"Zeynep Tufekci tried to warn us about Facebook and politics back in 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Tufekci, Zeynep (June 9, 2015). \"Opinion: How Hope Returned to Turkey\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/10/opinion/how-hope-returned-to-turkey.html","url_text":"\"Opinion: How Hope Returned to Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zeynep Tufekci UNC bio\". sils.unc.edu. University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220422162220/https://sils.unc.edu/people/faculty/profiles/Zeynep-Tufekci","url_text":"\"Zeynep Tufekci UNC bio\""},{"url":"https://sils.unc.edu/people/faculty/profiles/Zeynep-Tufekci","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zeynep Tufekci Columbia bio\". journalism.columbia.edu. Columbia University School of Journalism. Retrieved April 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/faculty/zeynep-tufekci","url_text":"\"Zeynep Tufekci Columbia bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zeynep Tufekci, CV Princeton\".","urls":[{"url":"https://princeton.academia.edu/ZeynepTufekci/CurriculumVitae","url_text":"\"Zeynep Tufekci, CV Princeton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zeynep Tufekci, Faculty Associate\". Berkman Klein Center. Harvard University. March 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/zeynep","url_text":"\"Zeynep Tufekci, Faculty Associate\""}]},{"reference":"Tufekci, Zeynep (November 16, 2012). \"Opinion: Beware the Smart Campaign\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/opinion/beware-the-big-data-campaign.html","url_text":"\"Opinion: Beware the Smart Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Frank, Russell (February 16, 2018). \"The media need to think twice about how they portray mass shooters\". The Conversation.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/the-media-need-to-think-twice-about-how-they-portray-mass-shooters-91972","url_text":"\"The media need to think twice about how they portray mass shooters\""}]},{"reference":"Tufekci, Zeynep (December 19, 2012). \"The Media Needs to Stop Inspiring Copycat Murders. Here's How\". The Atlantic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/12/the-media-needs-to-stop-inspiring-copycat-murders-heres-how/266439/","url_text":"\"The Media Needs to Stop Inspiring Copycat Murders. Here's How\""}]},{"reference":"Tufekci, Zeynep (August 27, 2015). \"Opinion: The Virginia Shooter Wanted Fame. Let's Not Give It to Him\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/27/opinion/the-virginia-shooter-wanted-fame-lets-not-give-it-to-him.html","url_text":"\"Opinion: The Virginia Shooter Wanted Fame. Let's Not Give It to Him\""}]},{"reference":"Lopez, German (August 28, 2015). \"Mass shooters want fame. Here's why we should stop giving it to them\". Vox.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2015/8/28/9217935/mass-shooting-fame","url_text":"\"Mass shooters want fame. Here's why we should stop giving it to them\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas police stop naming killer in aftermath of shootings, hoping to discourage copycats\". CBC News. Associated Press. November 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/texas-shootings-killer-not-named-1.4390751","url_text":"\"Texas police stop naming killer in aftermath of shootings, hoping to discourage copycats\""}]},{"reference":"Schulman, Ari N. (November 17, 2017). \"How Not to Cover Mass Shootings\". Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-not-to-cover-mass-shootings-1510939088","url_text":"\"How Not to Cover Mass Shootings\""}]},{"reference":"Lopatto, Elizabeth (August 27, 2015). \"How do we stop killers from exploiting social media?\". The Verge.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/27/9217305/virginia-shooting-mass-murder-contagion-social-media","url_text":"\"How do we stop killers from exploiting social media?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special report: Politics by numbers: Voters in America, and increasingly elsewhere too, are being ever more precisely targeted\". The Economist. 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The Factual.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.thefactual.com/did-the-media-miss-the-mark-on-masks","url_text":"\"Did the Media Miss the Mark on Masks?\""}]},{"reference":"Witte, Griff; Cha, Ariana Eunjung; Dawsey, Josh (July 28, 2020). \"At the heart of dismal U.S. coronavirus response, a fraught relationship with masks\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/at-the-heart-of-dismal-us-coronavirus-response-a-fraught-relationship-with-masks/2020/07/28/f47eccd0-cde4-11ea-bc6a-6841b28d9093_story.html","url_text":"\"At the heart of dismal U.S. coronavirus response, a fraught relationship with masks\""}]},{"reference":"Tufekci, Zeynep [@zeynep] (July 29, 2020). \"I forgot to add yes, I pointed all of this out to the WHO in two meetings with the mask committee, some of the same studies and the logic of why we would not expect a false sense of security like that. This is a review article, so the evidence was already available back in March<\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/zeynep/status/1288452067917533184","url_text":"\"I forgot to add yes, I pointed all of this out to the WHO in two meetings with the mask committee, some of the same studies and the logic of why we would not expect a false sense of security like that. This is a review article, so the evidence was already available back in March<\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Ben (August 23, 2020). \"How Zeynep Tufekci Keeps Getting the Big Things Right\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/23/business/media/how-zeynep-tufekci-keeps-getting-the-big-things-right.html","url_text":"\"How Zeynep Tufekci Keeps Getting the Big Things Right\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Greenhalgh, Trisha; Jimenez, Jose L; Prather, Kimberly A; Tufekci, Zeynep; Fisman, David; Schooley, Robert (May 2021). \"Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2\". The Lancet. 397 (10285): 1603–1605. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8049599. 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(August 27, 2021). \"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses\". Science. 373 (6558): eabd9149. doi:10.1126/science.abd9149. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 8721651. PMID 34446582. 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American Sociological Association. 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asanet.org/asa-communities/asa-sections/current-sections/communication-information-technologies-and-media-sociology/section-communication-information-technologies-and-media-sociology-past-award-recipients","url_text":"\"Section on Communication, Information Technologies, and Media Sociology Past Award Recipients\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Andrew Carnegie Fellows Recipient: Zeynep Tufekci\". Carnegie Corporation of New York. 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/zeynep-tufekci/","url_text":"\"2015 Andrew Carnegie Fellows Recipient: Zeynep Tufekci\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Brian E. \"Brown to confer nine honorary degrees during Commencement and Reunion Weekend\". News from Brown. Brown University. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-05-06/honorary","url_text":"\"Brown to confer nine honorary degrees during Commencement and Reunion Weekend\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Head_of_St_John_the_Baptist_(Bellini)
The Head of St John the Baptist (Bellini)
["1 References","2 Sources"]
Painting by Giovanni Bellini Head of St. John the BaptistArtistGiovanni BelliniYear1465–1470MediumTempera on panelDimensions28 cm diameter (11 in)LocationCivic Museum, Pesaro The head of St. John the Baptist is a tondo painting by the Italian Renaissance master Giovanni Bellini. It is now housed in the Civic Museum of Pesaro. The painting depicts the head of the St. John the Baptist just after his decapitation, with blood still dripping from the neck. The perspective from below show the influence of the treatises about perspective representation of the human figure which were being published at the time, such as Piero della Francesca's De prospectiva pingendi. Stylistically, the brilliant colors and the dramatic painting are similar to those of St. Vincent Ferrer Polyptych, the first mature work by Bellini, dated to after 1464. References ^ L'opera era già stata oggetto di dibattito con l'assegnazione ai due pittori dopo la prima attribuzione allo Zoppo da parte di Adolfo Venturi (Pignatti 1969— p. 91.); dopo una prevalente attribuzione a Bellini la critica più recente pare più propensa verso lo Zoppo (Regione Marche). Non viene consideratanel Catalogo ragionato dove incidentalmente viene considerata come assodata l'ipotesi dello Zoppo (Lucco 2019— p. 327.) ^ Tempestini 2000— pp. 47, 187. Sources De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari (1999). I tempi dell'arte. Vol. 2. Milan: Bompiani. ISBN 88-451-7212-0. vteGiovanni BelliniList of worksPaintings St. Jerome in the Desert (Birmingham) Madonna and Child (Pavia) Transfiguration (Venice) Pietà (Bergamo) Crucifixion Pietà (Milan) Agony in the Garden Dead Christ Supported by Two Angels Presentation at the Temple Christ Blessing (Paris) Frizzoni Madonna Madonna and Child Blessing The Blood of the Redeemer Madonna and Child (Milan, 1460–1465) Greek Madonna Nativity Triptych Saint Vincent Ferrer Altarpiece San Lorenzo Triptych San Sebastiano Triptych Triptych of the Madonna The Head of St John the Baptist Dead Christ Supported by Two Angels (Berlin) Dead Christ Supported by Angels (Rimini) The Dead Christ Supported by the Virgin Mary and St John the Evangelist Lehman Madonna Pesaro Altarpiece Portrait of Georg Fugger Lochis Madonna Madonna and Child (Verona) Enthroned Madonna Adoring the Sleeping Christ Child Madonna and Child (Venice, 1475) Madonna Adoring the Sleeping Christ Child St. Francis in Ecstasy Contarini Madonna Resurrection of Christ Portrait of a Humanist Transfiguration of Christ (Naples) Willys Madonna St. Jerome in the Desert (Florence) Saint Jerome Reading in a Landscape Alzano Madonna Madonna of the Red Cherubim Madonna and Child (New York, late 1480s) San Giobbe Altarpiece Madonna and Child with Saint Peter and Saint Sebastian Madonna of the Small Trees Barbarigo Altarpiece Frari Triptych Madonna and Child with Saint Mary Magdalene and Saint Ursula Portrait of a Young Man in Red Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist Portrait of a Young Man (Paris) Holy Allegory Portrait of a Young Senator Allegories Portrait of a Condottiero Annunciation Christ Blessing (Fort Worth) Circumcision of Christ* Lamentation over the Dead Christ (Florence) Portrait of a Young Man (Washington) Self-Portrait Portrait of a Young Man (Liverpool) Baptism of Christ Head of the Redeemer Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan Madonna and Child with St. John the Baptist and a Female Saint Martinengo Pietà Portrait of a Young Man (Royal Collection) St. Jerome in the Desert (Washington) San Zaccaria Altarpiece Madonna del Prato Portrait of the Loredan Family The Infant Bacchus Sacred Conversation (Madrid) St. Mark Preaching in Alexandria The Assassination of Saint Peter Martyr Madonna and Child with Four Saints and Donor The Continence of Scipio Madonna and Child (Detroit) Madonna and Child (Rome) Madonna and Child (Milan, 1510) Virgin in Glory with Saints Saints Christopher, Jerome and Louis of Toulouse The Feast of the Gods Drunkenness of Noah Naked Young Woman in Front of a Mirror Portrait of Fra Teodoro of Urbino as Saint Dominic Deposition Other Martyrdom of Saint Maurice and his Comrades (illuminated manuscript; attributed) Related San Zaccaria, Venice (1995 photograph) Venetian Renaissance Family Jacopo Bellini (father) Gentile Bellini (brother) Andrea Mantegna (brother-in-law) * Workshop
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The perspective from below show the influence of the treatises about perspective representation of the human figure which were being published at the time, such as Piero della Francesca's De prospectiva pingendi.Stylistically, the brilliant colors and the dramatic painting are similar to those of St. Vincent Ferrer Polyptych, the first mature work by Bellini, dated to after 1464.[2]","title":"The Head of St John the Baptist (Bellini)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-451-7212-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-451-7212-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Giovanni_Bellini"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Giovanni_Bellini"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Giovanni_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Giovanni 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Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_Saint_Mary_Magdalene_and_Saint_Ursula"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Young Man in Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_in_Red"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_the_Infant_St._John_the_Baptist_(Bellini,_Indianapolis)"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Young Man (Paris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_(Bellini,_Paris)"},{"link_name":"Holy Allegory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Allegory"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Young Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Senator"},{"link_name":"Allegories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegories_(Bellini)"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Condottiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Condottiero_(Bellini)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Bellini)"},{"link_name":"Christ Blessing (Fort Worth)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Blessing_(Bellini,_1500)"},{"link_name":"Circumcision of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision_of_Christ_(Bellini)"},{"link_name":"Lamentation over the Dead Christ (Florence)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamentation_over_the_Dead_Christ_(Bellini,_Florence)"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Young Man (Washington)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_(Bellini,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"Self-Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Giovanni_Bellini)"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Young Man (Liverpool)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_(Bellini,_Liverpool)"},{"link_name":"Baptism of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Christ_(Bellini)"},{"link_name":"Head of the Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Redeemer"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with St. John the Baptist and a Female Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_St._John_the_Baptist_and_a_Female_Saint"},{"link_name":"Martinengo Pietà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinengo_Piet%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Young Man (Royal Collection)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_(Bellini,_Royal_Collection)"},{"link_name":"St. Jerome in the Desert (Washington)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jerome_in_the_Desert_(Bellini,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"San Zaccaria Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Zaccaria_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Madonna del Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_del_Prato_(Bellini)"},{"link_name":"Portrait of the Loredan Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Loredan_Family"},{"link_name":"The Infant Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Infant_Bacchus"},{"link_name":"Sacred Conversation (Madrid)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Conversation_(Bellini,_Madrid,_1505%E2%80%931510)"},{"link_name":"St. Mark Preaching in Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mark_Preaching_in_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"The Assassination of Saint Peter Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Saint_Peter_Martyr_(Bellini)"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with Four Saints and Donor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_Four_Saints_and_Donor"},{"link_name":"The Continence of Scipio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Continence_of_Scipio_(Bellini)"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child (Detroit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_(Bellini,_Detroit)"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child (Rome)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_(Bellini,_Rome)"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child (Milan, 1510)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_(Bellini,_Milan,_1510)"},{"link_name":"Virgin in Glory with Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_in_Glory_with_Saints"},{"link_name":"Saints Christopher, Jerome and Louis of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Christopher,_Jerome_and_Louis_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"The Feast of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Feast_of_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"Drunkenness of Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunkenness_of_Noah"},{"link_name":"Naked Young Woman in Front of a Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Young_Woman_in_Front_of_a_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Fra Teodoro of Urbino as Saint Dominic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Fra_Teodoro_of_Urbino_as_Saint_Dominic"},{"link_name":"Deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(Bellini)"},{"link_name":"Martyrdom of Saint Maurice and his Comrades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Saint_Maurice_and_his_Comrades"},{"link_name":"San Zaccaria, Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Zaccaria,_Venice_(photograph)"},{"link_name":"Venetian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Gentile Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Andrea Mantegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna"}],"text":"De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari (1999). I tempi dell'arte. Vol. 2. Milan: Bompiani. ISBN 88-451-7212-0.vteGiovanni BelliniList of worksPaintings\nSt. Jerome in the Desert (Birmingham)\nMadonna and Child (Pavia)\nTransfiguration (Venice)\nPietà (Bergamo)\nCrucifixion\nPietà (Milan)\nAgony in the Garden\nDead Christ Supported by Two Angels\nPresentation at the Temple\nChrist Blessing (Paris)\nFrizzoni Madonna\nMadonna and Child Blessing\nThe Blood of the Redeemer\nMadonna and Child (Milan, 1460–1465)\nGreek Madonna\nNativity Triptych\nSaint Vincent Ferrer Altarpiece\nSan Lorenzo Triptych\nSan Sebastiano Triptych\nTriptych of the Madonna\nThe Head of St John the Baptist\nDead Christ Supported by Two Angels (Berlin)\nDead Christ Supported by Angels (Rimini)\nThe Dead Christ Supported by the Virgin Mary and St John the Evangelist\nLehman Madonna\nPesaro Altarpiece\nPortrait of Georg Fugger\nLochis Madonna\nMadonna and Child (Verona)\nEnthroned Madonna Adoring the Sleeping Christ Child\nMadonna and Child (Venice, 1475)\nMadonna Adoring the Sleeping Christ Child\nSt. Francis in Ecstasy\nContarini Madonna\nResurrection of Christ\nPortrait of a Humanist\nTransfiguration of Christ (Naples)\nWillys Madonna\nSt. Jerome in the Desert (Florence)\nSaint Jerome Reading in a Landscape\nAlzano Madonna\nMadonna of the Red Cherubim\nMadonna and Child (New York, late 1480s)\nSan Giobbe Altarpiece\nMadonna and Child with Saint Peter and Saint Sebastian\nMadonna of the Small Trees\nBarbarigo Altarpiece\nFrari Triptych\nMadonna and Child with Saint Mary Magdalene and Saint Ursula\nPortrait of a Young Man in Red\nMadonna and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist\nPortrait of a Young Man (Paris)\nHoly Allegory\nPortrait of a Young Senator\nAllegories\nPortrait of a Condottiero\nAnnunciation\nChrist Blessing (Fort Worth)\nCircumcision of Christ*\nLamentation over the Dead Christ (Florence)\nPortrait of a Young Man (Washington)\nSelf-Portrait\nPortrait of a Young Man (Liverpool)\nBaptism of Christ\nHead of the Redeemer\nPortrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan\nMadonna and Child with St. John the Baptist and a Female Saint\nMartinengo Pietà\nPortrait of a Young Man (Royal Collection)\nSt. Jerome in the Desert (Washington)\nSan Zaccaria Altarpiece\nMadonna del Prato\nPortrait of the Loredan Family\nThe Infant Bacchus\nSacred Conversation (Madrid)\nSt. Mark Preaching in Alexandria\nThe Assassination of Saint Peter Martyr\nMadonna and Child with Four Saints and Donor\nThe Continence of Scipio\nMadonna and Child (Detroit)\nMadonna and Child (Rome)\nMadonna and Child (Milan, 1510)\nVirgin in Glory with Saints\nSaints Christopher, Jerome and Louis of Toulouse\nThe Feast of the Gods\nDrunkenness of Noah\nNaked Young Woman in Front of a Mirror\nPortrait of Fra Teodoro of Urbino as Saint Dominic\nDeposition\nOther\nMartyrdom of Saint Maurice and his Comrades (illuminated manuscript; attributed)\nRelated\nSan Zaccaria, Venice (1995 photograph)\nVenetian Renaissance\nFamily\nJacopo Bellini (father)\nGentile Bellini (brother)\nAndrea Mantegna (brother-in-law)\n* Workshop","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekasi-Cawang-Kampung_Melayu_Toll_Road
Bekasi–Cawang–Kampung Melayu Toll Road
["1 Sections","2 See also","3 References"]
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2021) Toll road in Indonesia Bekasi-Cawang-Kampung Melayu Toll RoadBecakayuRoute informationMaintained by PT Kresna Kusuma Dyandra Marga (KKDM)(PT Waskita Toll Road)(Waskita Karya)Length21.04 km (13.07 mi)Existed1996–presentMajor junctionsFromKampung MelayuMajor intersectionsJakarta Outer Ring RoadIr. Wiyoto Wiyono Toll RoadToBekasi LocationCountryIndonesiaMajor citiesEast Jakarta, Bekasi Highway system Transport in Indonesia Bekasi-Cawang-Kampung Melayu Toll Road or Becakayu is a toll road constructed over the Kalimalang River in East Jakarta and Bekasi, Indonesia to decrease traffic congestion around Kalimalang. The toll road began construction in 1996 by PT Kresna Kusuma Dyandra Marga, founded by Tommy Suharto, but was halted two years later due to the Asian financial crisis. The construction of the 21.04 kilometer toll road had been idle for about 20 years before a consortium of construction companies took over and restarted the project in late 2014. The Becakayu toll road costs Rp7.2 trillion, construction costs Rp4.785 trillion, land acquisition costs Rp449 billion and concession period of 45 years (since SPMK). Investor and manager of Becakayu Toll Road is PT Waskita Toll Road, a subsidiary of PT Waskita Karya (Persero) Tbk, which holds 98.97 percent of PT Kresna Kusuma Dyandra Marga shares. On 3 November 2017, President Joko Widodo inaugurated the Section of IB and Becakayu Toll Road along Cipinang Melayu - Jakasampurna. After the inauguration, the toll is opened for free, and after two weeks, the entry fee is Rp14.000,00 for Group 1 The toll road is expected to be fully operational by 2018. The toll road plan will be extended along 2 km and will extended to Tambun. Sections Section IA: Casablanca-Cipinang Melayu - 3,19 km Section IB and IC: Cipinang Melayu-Pangkalan Jati-Jakasampurna - 8,26 km Section IIA: Jakasampurna-Duren Jaya - 10,04 km Section IIB: Duren Jaya-Tambun, approximately 6.9 km long - plan (Not confirmed) Section III: Tambun-Telaga Asih, approximately 5.5 km long - plan See also Jakarta portalIndonesia portal Trans-Java toll road References ^ Ramadhiani, Arimbi (3 November 2017). Alexander, Hilda B. (ed.). "20 Tahun Mangkrak, Begini Tampilan Tol Becakayu Sekarang". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ Ramadhiani, Arimbi (30 November 2017). "Juli 2018, Konstruksi Tol Becakayu Rampung Seluruhnya". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ Prabowo, Dani (3 November 2017). "Setelah Diresmikan Jokowi, Tol Becakayu akan Dibuka secara Gratis". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ Ramadhiani, Arimbi (30 November 2017). "Tol Becakayu Gratis sampai 2 Minggu ke Depan". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ Ramadhiani, Arimbi (3 November 2017). "Basuki Teken Tarif Tol Becakayu Rp 14.000". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ Ramadhiani, Arimbi (3 November 2017). "Tol Becakayu Bakal Ditambah 2 Kilometer". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 November 2017. vteToll Roads in IndonesiaSumatra Sigli–Banda Aceh Belawan-Medan-Tanjung Morawa Medan–Kuala Namu–Tebing Tinggi Medan–Binjai Pekanbaru–Dumai Palembang–Indralaya Kayuagung–Palembang–Betung Pematang Panggang–Kayuagung Terbanggi Besar–Pematang Panggang Bakauheni–Terbanggi Besar JavaBanten Jakarta–Serpong Serpong–Balaraja Jakarta–Tangerang Tangerang–Merak JakartaJIRRCawang–Pluit *Airport Toll Road *Harbor *Ir. Wiyoto WiyonoJORRJORR W1 *JORR W2 *JORR S *JORR E1 *JORR E2 *JORR E3 *JORR NJORR 2Cengkareng–Batu Ceper–Kunciran *Kunciran–Serpong *Cinere–Serpong *Cinere–Jagorawi *Cimanggis–Cibitung *Cibitung–Cilincing *Tanjung Priok AccessotherJakarta Elevated Toll RoadWestJava Depok–Antasari Toll Road Bekasi–Cawang–Kampung Melayu Toll Road Bogor–Ciawi–Sukabumi Toll Road Bogor Ring Road Cipularang Jagorawi Jakarta–Cikampek Padaleunyi Cisumdawu Toll Road Purbaleunyi Toll Road Soreang–Pasir Koja Toll Road Cikopo-Palimanan Palimanan–Kanci CentralJava Kanci–Pejagan Pejagan–Pemalang Pemalang–Batang Batang–Semarang Semarang Semarang-Demak Semarang–Solo Solo–Kertosono EastJava Kertosono–Mojokerto Surabaya–Mojokerto Surabaya–Gresik Surabaya–Gempol Waru–Juanda Krian-Manyar Gempol–Pasuruan Gempol–Pandaan Pandaan–Malang Pasuruan–Probolinggo Probolinggo-Banyuwangi Lesser Sunda Islands Bali Mandara Kalimantan Balikpapan–Samarinda Sulawesi Makassar–Airport Manado–Bitung AP Pettarani Elevated Highway under construction Bawen–Yogyakarta Jakarta-Cikampek II Solo–Yogyakarta planned Bali Strait Bridge Malacca Strait Bridge Sukabumi–Ciranjang Sunda Strait Bridge
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Bekasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekasi"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tommy Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Suharto"},{"link_name":"Asian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Joko Widodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Toll road in IndonesiaBekasi-Cawang-Kampung Melayu Toll Road or Becakayu is a toll road constructed over the Kalimalang River in East Jakarta and Bekasi, Indonesia to decrease traffic congestion around Kalimalang.[1][2]The toll road began construction in 1996 by PT Kresna Kusuma Dyandra Marga, founded by Tommy Suharto, but was halted two years later due to the Asian financial crisis. The construction of the 21.04 kilometer toll road had been idle for about 20 years before a consortium of construction companies took over and restarted the project in late 2014. The Becakayu toll road costs Rp7.2 trillion, construction costs Rp4.785 trillion, land acquisition costs Rp449 billion and concession period of 45 years (since SPMK). Investor and manager of Becakayu Toll Road is PT Waskita Toll Road, a subsidiary of PT Waskita Karya (Persero) Tbk, which holds 98.97 percent of PT Kresna Kusuma Dyandra Marga shares.On 3 November 2017, President Joko Widodo inaugurated the Section of IB and Becakayu Toll Road along Cipinang Melayu - Jakasampurna.[3] After the inauguration, the toll is opened for free, and after two weeks, the entry fee is Rp14.000,00 for Group 1[4][5] The toll road is expected to be fully operational by 2018. The toll road plan will be extended along 2 km and will extended to Tambun.[6][needs update]","title":"Bekasi–Cawang–Kampung Melayu Toll Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatinegara"},{"link_name":"Cipinang Melayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasar,_Jakarta#Kelurahan_(administrative_village)"}],"text":"Section IA: Casablanca-Cipinang Melayu - 3,19 km\nSection IB and IC: Cipinang Melayu-Pangkalan Jati-Jakasampurna - 8,26 km\nSection IIA: Jakasampurna-Duren Jaya - 10,04 km\nSection IIB: Duren Jaya-Tambun, approximately 6.9 km long - plan (Not confirmed)\nSection III: Tambun-Telaga Asih, approximately 5.5 km long - plan","title":"Sections"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daven_Presgraves
Daven Presgraves
["1 Education and career","2 Work","3 Awards and recognition","4 Notable publications","5 Notes and references"]
American geneticist Daven PresgravesScientific careerFieldsMolecular GeneticsInstitutionsUniversity of Rochester Daven Presgraves is University Dean's Professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Rochester. Education and career Presgraves earned his B.S. and an M.S. at the University of Maryland at College Park and a second M.S. and a Ph.D. in ecology and evolutionary biology from the University of Rochester. After completing his Ph.D, he was an Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Munich and an NIH-NRSA Postdoctoral Fellow at Cornell University. Work Presgraves' work has contributed to the current understanding of sexual selection, meiotic drive, and the X-Chromosome's evolutionary importance. His work has led to the confirmation of a phenomenon called the "large X-effect," which describes the integral role of the X-Chromosome as a wedge in driving speciation. Awards and recognition In 2003, Presgraves was awarded the Dobzhansky Prize by the Society for the Study of Evolution in recognition of his accomplishments as an outstanding young evolutionary biologist. He was the first Dobzhansky Prize winner to have been trained by a previous recipient of the prize: H. Allen Orr. Notable publications "High-resolution genome-wide dissection of the two rules of speciation in Drosophila", PLoS Biology "Recombination enhances protein adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster", Current Biology "Adaptive evolution drives divergence of a hybrid inviability gene between two species of Drosophila", Nature "Linkage limits the power of natural selection in Drosophila", PNAS "Haldane's rule is obeyed in taxa lacking a hemizygous sex", Science Notes and references ^ "University of Rochester: Daven C. Presgraves". Archived from the original on 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2009-10-16. ^ a b Digital object identifier - Cookie Absent ^ "TS-Si - X-effect: Female Chromosome Confirmed As Prime Driver Of Speciation". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2008-02-22. ^ Masly, J.P. and D.C. Presgraves (2007) High-resolution genome-wide dissection of the two rules of speciation in Drosophila. PLoS Biology, 5: 1890-1898. ^ Presgraves, D.C. (2005) Recombination enhances protein adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster. Current Biology 15: 1651–1656. ^ Presgraves, D.C., L. Balagopalan, S.A. Abmayr and H.A. Orr (2003) Adaptive evolution drives divergence of a hybrid inviability gene between two species of Drosophila. Nature 243: 715–719. (Featured in “News & Views” piece by M. Noor, pp. 699–700). ^ Betancourt, A.B. and D.C. Presgraves (2002) Linkage limits the power of natural selection in Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 13616–13620. (Featured in “Dispatch” piece by G. Marais and B. Charlesworth in Current Biology 13: R68–70) ^ Presgraves, D.C. and H.A. Orr (1998) Haldane's rule is obeyed in taxa lacking a hemizygous sex. Science 282: 952–954. (Featured in a “Perspectives” piece by M. Turelli).
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Daven Presgraves is University Dean's Professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Rochester.[1]","title":"Daven Presgraves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Maryland at College Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_at_College_Park"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackwell_Synergy_-_Cookie_Absent-2"}],"text":"Presgraves earned his B.S. and an M.S. at the University of Maryland at College Park and a second M.S. and a Ph.D. in ecology and evolutionary biology from the University of Rochester. After completing his Ph.D, he was an Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Munich and an NIH-NRSA Postdoctoral Fellow at Cornell University.[2]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Presgraves' work has contributed to the current understanding of sexual selection, meiotic drive, and the X-Chromosome's evolutionary importance. His work has led to the confirmation of a phenomenon called the \"large X-effect,\" which describes the integral role of the X-Chromosome as a wedge in driving speciation.[3]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. Allen Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Allen_Orr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackwell_Synergy_-_Cookie_Absent-2"}],"text":"In 2003, Presgraves was awarded the Dobzhansky Prize by the Society for the Study of Evolution in recognition of his accomplishments as an outstanding young evolutionary biologist. He was the first Dobzhansky Prize winner to have been trained by a previous recipient of the prize: H. Allen Orr.[2]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PLoS Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_Biology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Current Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Biology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"PNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNAS"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"\"High-resolution genome-wide dissection of the two rules of speciation in Drosophila\", PLoS Biology[4]\n\"Recombination enhances protein adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster\", Current Biology[5]\n\"Adaptive evolution drives divergence of a hybrid inviability gene between two species of Drosophila\", Nature[6]\n\"Linkage limits the power of natural selection in Drosophila\", PNAS[7]\n\"Haldane's rule is obeyed in taxa lacking a hemizygous sex\", Science[8]","title":"Notable publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"University of Rochester: Daven C. Presgraves\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090730204312/http://www.rochester.edu/college/BIO/professors/presgraves.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rochester.edu/College/BIO/professors/presgraves.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Blackwell_Synergy_-_Cookie_Absent_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Blackwell_Synergy_-_Cookie_Absent_2-1"},{"link_name":"Digital object identifier - Cookie Absent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00255.x"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"TS-Si - X-effect: Female Chromosome Confirmed As Prime Driver Of Speciation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110727062603/http://ts-si.org/content/view/2624/991/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ts-si.org/content/view/2624/991/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ \"University of Rochester: Daven C. Presgraves\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2009-10-16.\n\n^ a b Digital object identifier - Cookie Absent\n\n^ \"TS-Si - X-effect: Female Chromosome Confirmed As Prime Driver Of Speciation\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2008-02-22.\n\n^ Masly, J.P. and D.C. Presgraves (2007) High-resolution genome-wide dissection of the two rules of speciation in Drosophila. PLoS Biology, 5: 1890-1898.\n\n^ Presgraves, D.C. (2005) Recombination enhances protein adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster. Current Biology 15: 1651–1656. [Faculty of 1000 selection]\n\n^ Presgraves, D.C., L. Balagopalan, S.A. Abmayr and H.A. Orr (2003) Adaptive evolution drives divergence of a hybrid inviability gene between two species of Drosophila. Nature 243: 715–719. (Featured in “News & Views” piece by M. Noor, pp. 699–700). [Faculty of 1000 selection]\n\n^ Betancourt, A.B. and D.C. Presgraves (2002) Linkage limits the power of natural selection in Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 13616–13620. (Featured in “Dispatch” piece by G. Marais and B. Charlesworth in Current Biology 13: R68–70)\n\n^ Presgraves, D.C. and H.A. Orr (1998) Haldane's rule is obeyed in taxa lacking a hemizygous sex. Science 282: 952–954. (Featured in a “Perspectives” piece by M. Turelli).","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_Fire_Rescue
Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department
["1 Air Rescue[5]","2 Urban Search And Rescue (USAR) Task Force 1","3 Stations and Apparatus","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 25°46′N 80°12′W / 25.767°N 80.200°W / 25.767; -80.200Municipal fire brigade in the Miami-Dade County Not to be confused with Miami Fire-Rescue Department. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Miami-Dade Fire Rescue DepartmentOperational areaCountry United StatesState FloridaCounty Miami-DadeAgency overviewEstablished1935Annual calls283,572 (2017)Employees2837StaffingCareerFire chiefRaied S. JadallahEMS levelALSIAFF1403Motto"Always Ready, Proud To Serve"Facilities and equipmentDivisions20Battalions14Stations71Engines41Trucks11Platforms8Squads1Rescues63HAZMAT7USAR1Airport crash6Helicopters4Fireboats2Light and air1WebsiteOfficial websiteIAFF website The Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department (MDFR) provides fire protection and emergency medical services to the unincorporated parts of Miami-Dade County, Florida, along with 30 municipalities located within the county. In all the department is responsible for 1,883 square miles (4,880 km2) of land. The R. David Paulison Fire Rescue Headquarters is located in Doral. Air Rescue All four helicopters are housed at MDFR fire stations located at both Miami Executive Airport and Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport. https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/news-and-stories-detail/-/detail/the-aw139-in-support-of-the-miami-dade-fire-rescue-missions Urban Search And Rescue (USAR) Task Force 1 Main article: Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1 MDFR FLTF-1 The Miami-Dade Fire Department is the founding member of one of Florida's two FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force. Florida Task Force 1 (FL-TF1) is available to respond to natural or man-made disasters around the county and world and assist with search and rescue, medical support, damage assessment and communications. Stations and Apparatus MDFR Aerial 39Platform Fire Truck The MDFR has 71 stations split up in 14 battalions. There are 2 additional stations under construction and one in a location To Be Determined Fire Station # City Engine Company Ladder Company EMS Rescue Unit Other units 1 Miami Lakes Engine 1 Rescue 1 Battalion 14 2 Miami Engine 2 Rescue 2 Rescue 202 Battalion 5 3 Miami Engine 3 Rescue 3 *Red units for 9/11 tribute* 4 Coral Reef Engine 4 Rescue 4 Battalion 9 5 Princeton Engine 5 Rescue 5 6 Modello Engine 6 Rescue 6 Rescue 75 EMS 6 7 West Little River Engine 7 Rescue 7 8 Aventura Engine 8 Rescue 8 Battalion 2 9 Kendall Engine 9 Rescue 9 10 Sunny Isles Beach Engine 10 Rescue 10 11 Miami Gardens Engine 11 Rescue 11 Battalion 4 12 Miami International Airport Engine 12 Rescue 12 Battalion 6, ARFF Foam 1, 2, & 3 Terminal EMS Carts 13 Miami Ladder 13 Rescue 13 Air Truck 13 South Maintenance Yard Coms/Ops support vehicles 14 South Miami Engine 14 Rescue 14 Battalion 8 15 Key Biscayne Rescue 15 RHIB 15 16 Homestead Engine 16 Rescue 16 Rescue 72 Battalion 10 Tanker 13 17 Virginia Gardens Engine 17 Rescue 17 HazMat Support 17 Venom 1 Unit 18 North Miami-West Rescue 18 19 North Miami TRT Ladder 19 Rescue 19 20 North Miami Engine 20 Rescue 20 Battalion 3 21 Miami Platform 21 Rescue 21 Battalion 1 Fire Boat 21 22 North Miami Platform 22 23 Pinecrest Engine 23 Rescue 23 24 Miami Executive Airport Foam 24 Air Rescue South 25 Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport Foam 25 Air Rescue North 26 Opa-Locka Platform 26 Rescue 26 27 North Bay Village Engine 27 Rescue 27 28 Hialeah Gardens HazMat Rescue 28 29 Sweetwater Ladder 29 Rescue 29 Battalion 12 30 Miami Shores Engine 30 Rescue 30 31 North Miami Beach Ladder 31 Rescue 31 32 North Miami Beach Engine 32 Rescue 32 33 Aventura Rescue 33 EMS 33 34 Cutler Ridge Platform 34 Rescue 34 Rescue 71 South Operations Division Chief Rehab Canteen 35 Miami Springs Engine 35 Rescue 35 36 Hammocks Ladder 36 Rescue 36 37 Miami Engine 37 Rescue 37 38 Miami Gardens Ladder 38 Rescue 38 39 Port of Miami Ladder 39 Rescue 39 1 RHIBs 40 West Miami Engine 40 Rescue 40 41 Miami Rescue 41 42 Fisher Island Platform 42 Rescue 42 43 Richmond Heights TRT Engine 43 Rescue 43 EMS 43 RHIB 44 Palm Springs North Engine 44 Rescue 44 45 Doral Engine 45 46 Medley TRT Ladder 46 Collapse Truck 47 Westchester Engine 47 Rescue 47 48 Fontainebleau Engine 48 Rescue 48 TRT Battalion 12 EMS 48 North Operations Division Chief 49 Pinecrest Rescue 49 50 Perrine Engine 50 Rescue 50 51 Miami Gardens Engine 51 Rescue 51 EMS 51 52 South Miami Heights Tanker 52 Rescue 52 53 Miami Ladder 53 Rescue 53 54 Opa Locka / Bunche Park Engine 54 Rescue 54 EMS Captain 54 55 Saga Bay Engine 55 Rescue 74 RHIB 55 56 West Kendall HazMat Engine 56 Rescue 56 57 West Kendall Engine 57 Rescue 57 Battalion 13 58 Tamiami Engine 58 Rescue 58 59 Miami International Airport HazMat Platform 59 ARFF Foam 4, Quick Response Vehicle(QRV) 59, Airport Operations Division Chief 60 Redland Tanker 60 Airboat 1 61 Miami Engine 61 Rescue 61 Airboat 62 Palmetto Bay Engine 62 63 Miami HazMat Engine 63 64 Miami Lakes Ladder 64 Rescue 64 65 Homestead Engine 65 Rescue 65 66 Homestead Ladder 66 Rescue 77 67 Arcola *In Construction* 68 Dolphin Mall *In Construction* 69 Doral Rescue 69 Squad 69 HazMat 69 “Heavy 1” (Rotator) HazMat Battalion 11 70 Coconut Palm Hazmat Engine 70 Rescue 70 Battalion 7 72 TBD 73 Port of Miami FireBoat 73 76 Bay Harbor Engine 76 Rescue 76 78 Eastern Shores Rescue 78 References ^ a b "Stations & Units". MDFD. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015. ^ "Emergency Response". Miami-Dade Fire Rescue. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015. ^ "Home page". Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department. Archived from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2023-01-09. 9300 NW 41st Street, Miami, FL 33178-2414. The address states 'Miami, FL' but the location is physically in Doral. ^ https://www.cityofdoral.com/all-departments/planning-and-zoning/comprehensive-plan-future-land-use-map.pdf Archived 2022-11-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ Services, Miami-Dade County Online. "Air Rescue - Miami-Dade County". www.miamidade.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2016-02-21. ^ "Air Rescue". Miami-Dade Fire Rescue. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2015. ^ "Task Force Locations". FEMA. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015. ^ "Urban Search and Rescue (USAR)". Miami-Dade Fire Department. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015. External links vteFlorida fire departmentsCounties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami‑Dade Monroe Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa St. Petersburg Orlando Hialeah Tallahassee Fort Lauderdale Port St. Lucie Pembroke Pines Cape Coral Hollywood Gainesville Miramar Coral Springs Miccosukee Pensacola Key Biscayne Coral Gables Miami Beach Towns & CDPs Palm Harbor USAR Task Forces Florida Task Force 1 Florida Task Force 2 Category Commons vteMunicipalities and communities of Miami-Dade County, Florida, United StatesCounty seat: MiamiCities Aventura Coral Gables Doral Florida City Hialeah Hialeah Gardens Homestead Miami Miami Beach Miami Gardens Miami Springs North Bay Village North Miami North Miami Beach Opa-locka South Miami Sunny Isles Beach Sweetwater West Miami Towns Bay Harbor Islands Cutler Bay Golden Beach Medley Miami Lakes Surfside Villages Bal Harbour Biscayne Park El Portal Indian Creek Key Biscayne Miami Shores Palmetto Bay Pinecrest Virginia Gardens CDPs Brownsville Coral Terrace Country Club Country Walk Fisher Island Fontainebleau Gladeview Glenvar Heights Golden Glades Goulds Homestead Base Ives Estates Kendale Lakes Kendall Kendall West Leisure City Naranja Ojus Olympia Heights Palm Springs North Palmetto Estates Pinewood Princeton Richmond Heights Richmond West South Miami Heights Sunset Tamiami The Crossings The Hammocks Three Lakes West Little River West Perrine Westchester Westview Westwood Lakes Unincorporatedcommunities Coopertown Frog City High Pines Islandia Little Gables Redland Ponce-Davis Tenmile Corner University Park (former CDP) West End Ghost town Perrine Indian reservation Miccosukee Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Florida portal United States portal 25°46′N 80°12′W / 25.767°N 80.200°W / 25.767; -80.200
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[{"image_text":"MDFR FLTF-1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/IMG-20181018-WA0005.jpg/220px-IMG-20181018-WA0005.jpg"},{"image_text":"MDFR Aerial 39","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MDFR_Trucks_155.jpg/220px-MDFR_Trucks_155.jpg"},{"image_text":"Platform Fire Truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MDFR_100%27_Sutphen_Platform.jpg/220px-MDFR_100%27_Sutphen_Platform.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Florida_highlighting_Miami-Dade_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Florida_highlighting_Miami-Dade_County.svg.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_management
Sport management
["1 Education","2 Jobs","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Field of education concerning the business aspects of sports and recreation This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sport management" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sport management is the field of business dealing with sports and recreation. Sports management involves any combination of skills that correspond with planning, organizing, directing, controlling, budgeting, leading, or evaluating of any organization or business within the sports field. The field of sport management has its origins in physical education departments. The discipline has evolved to incorporate history and sociology. Development of sport management has also extended to esport management growing to a $4.5 billion dollar industry as of 2018. The opportunities in sport management have expanded to include sports marketing, sports media analytics, sports sponsorships and sports facilities management. Education Bachelor's and master's degrees in sport management are offered by many colleges and universities. Some research on the impact of sport degrees has focused on sport science. In the United States, the top five universities that offer a degree in sport management are Rice University, University of Michigan, University of Florida, University of Miami and University of Massachusetts Amherst, which has the oldest Sport Management Program in the World. There are various degrees you can receive for Sport Management. A bachelor of science in Sport Management, bachelor of business administration in Sport Management, an MBA in Sport Management and a Ph.D in Sport Management. Jobs American sport management roles pay an average of $41,645 annually. In America, jobs in sport management include working for professional sports leagues like the NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, MLS, and other professional or non-professional sport leagues in terms of marketing, health, and promotions. See also Hungarian system Football club (association football) References ^ LeBoeuf Blanchette, Rebecca (Aug 18, 2022). "What is Sports Management?". ^ "Sport Management". www.shapeamerica.org. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ Wilde, Ari de; Seifried, Chad (2018). "Sport History and Sport Management in the United States: Opportunities and Challenges". Journal of Sport History. 45 (1): 66–86. doi:10.5406/jsporthistory.45.1.0066. ISSN 0094-1700. ^ Intelligence, Insider. "Esports Ecosystem in 2022: Key industry companies, viewership growth trends, and market revenue stats". Insider Intelligence. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ Belzer, Jason. "Sports Industry 101: Breaking Into The Business Of Sports". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-10-21. ^ Raven, Steve (2018-05-23). "Mind the gap: Sport management education and employability auto-ethnographical analysis of sport management education and the sports fitness industry". Education + Training. 60 (5): 458–472. doi:10.1108/ET-11-2017-0179. ISSN 0040-0912. ^ "2023 Best Colleges for Sports Management". Niche. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ "What Is Sport Management? Degrees, Specializations And Careers – Forbes Advisor". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2024-05-29. ^ "Sport Management Salary". ZipRecruiter. Further reading Tollison, Robert (2008). "Sportometrics". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267. Drayer, Joris, Stephen L. Shapiro, and Seoki Lee. "Dynamic ticket pricing in sport: an agenda for research and practice." Sport Marketing Quarterly 21.3 (2012): 184+ Barr, Lisa, Hums, Carol, Masteralexis, Mary "Principles and Practice of Sport Management 6th Edition" vteSportTypes Individual Team Military sports Parasports Women Professional Semi-professional Amateur Science Exercise Biomechanics Practice Periodization Physiology Strength training Doping Medicine Athletic training Chriopractic Injury Physicians Psychology Nutrition Bodybuilding supplements Sports drink Pedagogy Physical education Physical activity Rating system Sociology Organizations Clubs Governing bodies Leagues Season Postseason School Teams International Business Agents Broadcasting Economics Industry Marketing Sponsorship Trade Communication General managers Journalism Magazines Podcasts Radio Promoters Culture Betting Cheerleaders Entertainment Fan History Memorabilia Naming Nicknames Numbering Olympic culture Philosophy Rivalries Sports mascots Sportsmanship Violence Equipment Artificial turf Balls Caving Exercise Flying disc Sportswear Politics Sports law Ministries National sport Regulation Sport by region Africa Australia Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Sports portal Category Outline Authority control databases: National Czech Republic
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The discipline has evolved to incorporate history and sociology.[3] Development of sport management has also extended to esport management growing to a $4.5 billion dollar industry as of 2018.[4] The opportunities in sport management have expanded to include sports marketing, sports media analytics, sports sponsorships and sports facilities management.[5]","title":"Sport management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"master's degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Bachelor's and master's degrees in sport management are offered by many colleges and universities. Some research on the impact of sport degrees has focused on sport science.[6] In the United States, the top five universities that offer a degree in sport management are Rice University, University of Michigan, University of Florida, University of Miami and University of Massachusetts Amherst, which has the oldest Sport Management Program in the World.[7]There are various degrees you can receive for Sport Management. A bachelor of science in Sport Management, bachelor of business administration in Sport Management, an MBA in Sport Management and a Ph.D in Sport Management.[8]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"MLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS"}],"text":"American sport management roles pay an average of $41,645 annually.[9] In America, jobs in sport management include working for professional sports leagues like the NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, MLS, and other professional or non-professional sport leagues in terms of marketing, health, and promotions.","title":"Jobs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tollison, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tollison"},{"link_name":"\"Sportometrics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Sportometrics.html"},{"link_name":"David R. Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Henderson"},{"link_name":"Concise Encyclopedia of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Library of Economics and Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0865976658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865976658"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"237794267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/237794267"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sport"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sport"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sport"},{"link_name":"Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport"},{"link_name":"Individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_sport"},{"link_name":"Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport"},{"link_name":"Military sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_sports"},{"link_name":"Parasports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasports"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_sports"},{"link_name":"Professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_sports"},{"link_name":"Semi-professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-professional_sports"},{"link_name":"Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_sports"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_science"},{"link_name":"Exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise"},{"link_name":"Biomechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_biomechanics"},{"link_name":"Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_(learning_method)"},{"link_name":"Periodization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_periodization"},{"link_name":"Physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_physiology"},{"link_name":"Strength training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_training"},{"link_name":"Doping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_sport"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_medicine"},{"link_name":"Athletic training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_training"},{"link_name":"Chriopractic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_chiropractic"},{"link_name":"Injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_injury"},{"link_name":"Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_physician"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_psychology"},{"link_name":"Nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_nutrition"},{"link_name":"Bodybuilding supplements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement"},{"link_name":"Sports drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_drink"},{"link_name":"Pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Physical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education"},{"link_name":"Physical activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_activity"},{"link_name":"Rating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_rating_system"},{"link_name":"Sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_sport"},{"link_name":"Clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"Governing bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_governing_body"},{"link_name":"Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_league"},{"link_name":"Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Postseason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoffs"},{"link_name":"School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_school"},{"link_name":"Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_team"},{"link_name":"International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations"},{"link_name":"Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_agent"},{"link_name":"Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_economics"},{"link_name":"Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_industry"},{"link_name":"Marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_marketing"},{"link_name":"Sponsorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)"},{"link_name":"Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_communication"},{"link_name":"General managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager"},{"link_name":"Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_journalism"},{"link_name":"Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_magazine"},{"link_name":"Podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_podcast"},{"link_name":"Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio"},{"link_name":"Promoters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)"},{"link_name":"Betting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_betting"},{"link_name":"Cheerleaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cheerleaders"},{"link_name":"Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_entertainment"},{"link_name":"Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(person)"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sport"},{"link_name":"Memorabilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_memorabilia"},{"link_name":"Naming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Nicknames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sportspeople_with_nicknames"},{"link_name":"Numbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Olympic culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympism"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport"},{"link_name":"Rivalries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_rivalries"},{"link_name":"Sports mascots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot"},{"link_name":"Sportsmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsmanship"},{"link_name":"Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_in_sports"},{"link_name":"Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_equipment"},{"link_name":"Artificial turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_turf"},{"link_name":"Balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball"},{"link_name":"Caving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caving_equipment"},{"link_name":"Exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_equipment"},{"link_name":"Flying disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisbee"},{"link_name":"Sportswear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportswear"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_and_sports"},{"link_name":"Sports law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_sports"},{"link_name":"National sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport"},{"link_name":"Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_sport"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Asia"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Oceania"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_South_America"},{"link_name":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sports"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sports"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48519#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph161988&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Tollison, Robert (2008). \"Sportometrics\". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.\nDrayer, Joris, Stephen L. Shapiro, and Seoki Lee. \"Dynamic ticket pricing in sport: an agenda for research and practice.\" Sport Marketing Quarterly 21.3 (2012): 184+\nBarr, Lisa, Hums, Carol, Masteralexis, Mary \"Principles and Practice of Sport Management 6th Edition\"vteSportTypes\nIndividual\nTeam\nMilitary sports\nParasports\nWomen\nProfessional\nSemi-professional\nAmateur\nScience\nExercise\nBiomechanics\nPractice\nPeriodization\nPhysiology\nStrength training\nDoping\nMedicine\nAthletic training\nChriopractic\nInjury\nPhysicians\nPsychology\nNutrition\nBodybuilding supplements\nSports drink\nPedagogy\nPhysical education\nPhysical activity\nRating system\nSociology\nOrganizations\nClubs\nGoverning bodies\nLeagues\nSeason\nPostseason\nSchool\nTeams\nInternational\nBusiness\nAgents\nBroadcasting\nEconomics\nIndustry\nMarketing\nSponsorship\nTrade\nCommunication\nGeneral managers\nJournalism\nMagazines\nPodcasts\nRadio\nPromoters\nCulture\nBetting\nCheerleaders\nEntertainment\nFan\nHistory\nMemorabilia\nNaming\nNicknames\nNumbering\nOlympic culture\nPhilosophy\nRivalries\nSports mascots\nSportsmanship\nViolence\nEquipment\nArtificial turf\nBalls\nCaving\nExercise\nFlying disc\nSportswear\nPolitics\nSports law\nMinistries\nNational sport\nRegulation\nSport by region\nAfrica\nAustralia\nAsia\nEurope\nNorth America\nOceania\nSouth America\n\n Sports portal\n Category\n OutlineAuthority control databases: National \nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Hungarian system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_system"},{"title":"Football club (association football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_club_(association_football)"}]
[{"reference":"LeBoeuf Blanchette, Rebecca (Aug 18, 2022). \"What is Sports Management?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/business/what-is-sports-management","url_text":"\"What is Sports Management?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sport Management\". www.shapeamerica.org. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shapeamerica.org/career/fields/sport-management.aspx","url_text":"\"Sport Management\""}]},{"reference":"Wilde, Ari de; Seifried, Chad (2018). \"Sport History and Sport Management in the United States: Opportunities and Challenges\". Journal of Sport History. 45 (1): 66–86. doi:10.5406/jsporthistory.45.1.0066. ISSN 0094-1700.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jsporthistory.45.1.0066","url_text":"\"Sport History and Sport Management in the United States: Opportunities and Challenges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjsporthistory.45.1.0066","url_text":"10.5406/jsporthistory.45.1.0066"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-1700","url_text":"0094-1700"}]},{"reference":"Intelligence, Insider. \"Esports Ecosystem in 2022: Key industry companies, viewership growth trends, and market revenue stats\". Insider Intelligence. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insiderintelligence.com/insights/esports-ecosystem-market-report/","url_text":"\"Esports Ecosystem in 2022: Key industry companies, viewership growth trends, and market revenue stats\""}]},{"reference":"Belzer, Jason. \"Sports Industry 101: Breaking Into The Business Of Sports\". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbelzer/2014/02/05/sports-industry-101-breaking-into-the-business-of-sports/","url_text":"\"Sports Industry 101: Breaking Into The Business Of Sports\""}]},{"reference":"Raven, Steve (2018-05-23). \"Mind the gap: Sport management education and employability auto-ethnographical analysis of sport management education and the sports fitness industry\". Education + Training. 60 (5): 458–472. doi:10.1108/ET-11-2017-0179. ISSN 0040-0912.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ET-11-2017-0179/full/html","url_text":"\"Mind the gap: Sport management education and employability auto-ethnographical analysis of sport management education and the sports fitness industry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1108%2FET-11-2017-0179","url_text":"10.1108/ET-11-2017-0179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0912","url_text":"0040-0912"}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Best Colleges for Sports Management\". Niche. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niche.com/colleges/search/best-colleges-for-sports-management/","url_text":"\"2023 Best Colleges for Sports Management\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is Sport Management? Degrees, Specializations And Careers – Forbes Advisor\". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2024-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/advisor/education/science/what-is-sports-management/","url_text":"\"What Is Sport Management? Degrees, Specializations And Careers – Forbes Advisor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sport Management Salary\". ZipRecruiter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ziprecruiter.com/Salaries/Sport-Management-Salary#:~:text=As%20of%20Oct%206%2C%202022,%2Fweek%20or%20%243%2C470%2Fmonth.","url_text":"\"Sport Management Salary\""}]},{"reference":"Tollison, Robert (2008). \"Sportometrics\". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tollison","url_text":"Tollison, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Sportometrics.html","url_text":"\"Sportometrics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Henderson","url_text":"David R. Henderson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics","url_text":"Concise Encyclopedia of Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty","url_text":"Library of Economics and Liberty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865976658","url_text":"978-0865976658"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/237794267","url_text":"237794267"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Clemens_Award
Roger Clemens Award
["1 Winners","2 See also","3 References"]
College baseball award Roger Clemens AwardAwarded forTop NCAA Division I college baseball pitcherLocationHouston, TexasCountryUnited StatesPresented byGreater Houston Baseball AssociationHistoryFirst award2004Final award2008 The Roger Clemens Award was an award that honored the top NCAA Division I college baseball pitcher of the year. The award was created prior to the 2004 season and succeeded the Rotary Smith Award. "Roger Clemens has become synonymous with excellence in pitching at the professional level, as evidenced by his six Cy Young Awards. In addition to being a fabulous baseball player at every level in which he has participated, his passion for excellence is unsurpassed. He is mindful of giving back to a sport and a community he loves. With his college and professional resume, his name is most worthy and deserving in recognition of the most outstanding college pitcher. The Roger Clemens Award most certainly will become the college equivalent of the Cy Young, therefore becoming one of the most coveted in college baseball." CBPY Board Member Ray Mitchell (February 14, 2004) Roger Clemens was an extremely successful college player with the Texas Longhorns before starting his scandal-riddled professional career. The winner was determined by a vote of all Division I head coaches, selected members of the media, all past winners of the Roger Clemens Award, and all past winners of the Rotary Smith Award. The award was discontinued following the 2008 college baseball season. Since 2009, the National Pitcher of the Year Award, presented by the College Baseball Foundation, now honors the top NCAA Division I college baseball pitcher of the year. Winners Roger Clemens pitching for the Houston Astros in 2004. Key Year Links to the article about the corresponding baseball year Player Name of the player College The player's college when he won the award Italics Denotes player was the first overall MLB draft pick Year Player College Ref 2004 Jered Weaver Long Beach State 2005 Luke Hochevar Tennessee 2006 Andrew Miller North Carolina 2007 David Price Vanderbilt 2008 Aaron Crow Missouri See also Baseball portal List of college baseball awards References ^ Alyson Footer. "New award honors Clemens | MLB.com: News". Mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15. ^ "Weaver honored as best college pitcher - College Sports - ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. 2004-07-20. Retrieved 2012-08-15. ^ "Archives : The Rocky Mountain News". Nl.newsbank.com. 2005-07-15. Retrieved 2012-08-15. ^ "Tigers pick Miller named top NCAA arm | MLB.com: News". Mlb.mlb.com. 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2012-08-15. ^ "Vanderbilt's Price wins Clemens Award - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2012-08-15. ^ Vinton, Nathaniel (2008-09-13). "Roger Clemens' foundation takes a hit, along with his 'Q' score - New York Daily News". Articles.nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15. vteRoger Clemens Award 2004: Jered Weaver 2005: Luke Hochevar 2006: Andrew Miller 2007: David Price 2008: Aaron Crow vteCollege baseball awardsNational College Baseball Hall of FameNational players of the year Dick Howser Trophy Golden Spikes Award ABCA/Rawlings NCAA Division I Player of the Year Baseball America College Player of the Year Award Collegiate Baseball Player of the Year Rotary Smith Award (defunct) Individual awards Academic All-America of the Year (top student-athlete) College Baseball All-America Team Brooks Wallace Award (Top shortstop) College World Series Most Outstanding Player John Olerud Award (Top two-way player) Buster Posey Award (Top catcher) Stopper of the Year Award (Top relief pitcher) National Pitcher of the Year Award (Top pitcher) Roger Clemens Award (Top pitcher; defunct) Senior CLASS Award Head coach awards Baseball America College Coach of the Year Collegiate Baseball Coach of the Year NCBWA National Coach of the Year Skip Bertman Award Conference major awards America East The American ACC ASUN A-10 Big East Big South Big Ten Big 12 Big West CAA C-USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MAC MEAC MVC MW NEC OVC Pac-12 Patriot SEC SoCon Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WCC WAC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Tom_Leon_Blundell
Tom Blundell
["1 Education","2 Career and research","2.1 Doctoral students and postdocs","2.2 Awards and honours","3 Personal life","4 References"]
For the New Zealand cricketer, see Tom Blundell (cricketer). British biochemist Sir Tom BlundellFRS FRSC FMedSci FRSB MAEBlundell in 2006BornThomas Leon Blundell (1942-07-07) 7 July 1942 (age 81)Brighton, England, UKEducationSteyning Grammar SchoolAlma materUniversity of Oxford (BA, DPhil)Known for Astex Insulin structure Drug design Spouse Lady Bancinyane Lynn Sibanda ​ ​(m. 1987)​Children3Awards Knight Bachelor (1997) EMBO Member (1986) Honorary Doctorates from 16 universities Scientific careerFields Structural biology Bioinformatics Biochemistry Drug Discovery Institutions University of Cambridge University of Oxford University of Sussex Birkbeck, University of London Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Agricultural and Food Research Council Astex ThesisThe determination by X-ray diffraction methods of the crystal and molecular structures of some co-ordination compounds (1969)Doctoral advisorHerbert M PowellDoctoral students Tim Hubbard Laurence Pearl Andrej Šali Charlotte Deane Websitewww.bioc.cam.ac.uk/research/blundell Sir Thomas Leon Blundell, FRS FRSC FMedSci MAE (born 7 July 1942) is a British biochemist, structural biologist, and science administrator. He was a member of the team of Dorothy Hodgkin that solved in 1969 the first structure of a protein hormone, insulin. Blundell has made contributions to the structural biology of polypeptide hormones, growth factors, receptor activation, signal transduction, and DNA double-strand break repair, subjects important in cancer, tuberculosis, and familial diseases. He has developed software for protein modelling and understanding the effects of mutations on protein function, leading to new approaches to structure-guided and Fragment-based lead discovery. In 1999 he co-founded the oncology company Astex Therapeutics, which has moved ten drugs into clinical trials. Blundell has played central roles in restructuring British research councils and, as President of the UK Science Council, in developing professionalism in the practice of science. Education Insulin monomer Born in Brighton in 1942, Blundell was educated at Steyning Grammar School. He was the first in his family to attend university, winning an Open Scholarship to the University of Oxford. He earned a First Class degree in Natural Sciences in 1964, then moved to research in the Department of Chemical Crystallography, first with Herbert Marcus Powell FRS for his Doctor of Philosophy degree and later working on insulin with Dorothy Hodgkin. He was a Junior Research Fellow at Linacre College, University of Oxford, where he is now an Honorary Fellow. Career and research Blundell's early posts were at the University of Oxford and the University of Sussex. In 1976, Blundell joined the Department of Crystallography at Birkbeck, University of London, becoming head of department in 1978. In 1991, while continuing academic research, he moved further into science administration and policy, as Director General of the Agricultural and Food Research Council (1991–94) and then the founding Chief Executive of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (1994–1996). He is a former president of the Biosciences Federation (2004–06). In June 2011 he became President of the Science Council. In 1995 he became the fifth Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry and head of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge; he currently also holds the Chair of the School of Biological Sciences at that university. He is a fellow of Sidney Sussex College. His speciality is molecular biology and his research on identifying the chemical processes of diseases has led to the development of drugs to treat Aids, cancer, cataracts and diabetes. He is the co-founder of two drug discovery companies, Astex Technology Ltd and Biofabrika. On 15 September 2010, Blundell, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK. Blundell has been active on environmental issues, first as Chair of the Planning Committee of the Oxford City Council (1970–73), during the time when it stopped the building of a motorway through the city centre, pedestrianised much of the historic centre, and made North Oxford a conservation area. From 1998 to 2005 he was Chair of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, when he oversaw the production of key reports such as those on Energy – the Changing Climate, Chemicals in Products – Safeguarding the Environment and Human Health, and Turning the Tide: Addressing the Impact of Fisheries on the Marine Environment. He is a Distinguished Member of Humanists UK. Original 1989 structure of the HIV protease dimer, from PDB 3PHV Glucagon hormone (red) bound to its membrane receptor Human DNA ligase IV, from PDB 3W5O. Blundell's research interests lie in elucidating the architecture and function of macromolecules and their multi-component assemblies using methods from biochemistry, protein crystallography, and bioinformatics, with the objectives of understanding biological function, of knowledge-based prediction of structure, and of discovering new therapeutics for cancer and tuberculosis. Systems studied include DNA repair, hormones, growth factors and hormone/receptor interactions, cellular signalling, crystallins (lens proteins), renin and HIV protease. He has contributed 235 crystal structures to the worldwide Protein Data Bank (accessed 3/3/16). At least seven of the Molecule-of-the-Month features at the RCSB site of the worldwide Protein Databank have featured molecular structures solved and studied by the Blundell lab, such as the glucagon hormone shown at left in David Goodsell's drawing, nerve growth factor, the RAD51-BRCA2 DNA recombination complex, and the DNA ligase shown at right. His group has written several broadly used bioinformatics programs. He co-authored a textbook on protein crystallography with Louise Johnson, which was translated into French and Russian. Doctoral students and postdocs Blundell has supervised numerous Doctor of Philosophy students and postdoctoral researchers in his lab including Tim Hubbard, Laurence Pearl, Andrej Šali, and Charlotte Deane. Awards and honours Blundell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1984. His nomination reads: Professor of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London. Distinguished for his work on crystal and molecular structures and biochemistry of protein hormones, enzymes, and proteins of the eye lens. He had an outstanding part in solution of the insulin crystal structure. He has related his structure for glucagon to receptor binding of this hormone. In chemically modified insulins he has studied structure-function relationships and he has proposed a model for the evolution of insulin. His work on avian pancreatic polypeptide, the acid proteinases from mammals and fungi and the proteins of the eye lens is characterised by similar extensive detail from which he disects important structural relationships and derives principles and guides on protein evolution and hormone (especially growth hormone) function. Blundell became one of the first fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1998. He was elected a member of the European Molecular Biology Organisation (EMBO) in 1985; A member of the Academia Europaea in 1993; Founding Member, Academy of Medical Sciences 1999. International recognition has come in his election as a Foreign Member of the Indian National Science Academy, the Chilean Academy and The World Academy of Sciences TWAS. Sir Tom Blundell in his office at the University of Cambridge, UK Blundell has received numerous awards and medals, including the Alcon Award for Vision Research in 1986; Gold Medal, Institute of Biotechnology in 1987; Krebs Medal FEBS 1987; Ciba Medal, Biochemical Society in 1988; Feldberg Prize in Biology and Medicine in 1988; Gold Medal, Society of Chemical Industry in 1996; First Recipient, Pfizer European Prize for Innovation in 1998 and Bernal Lecture, Royal Society 1998. He received the 2013 Biochemical Society Award and Cambridge University Science Prize called the Philosophical Society Fellows Prize & Lecture 2014. Most recently in 2017 he received the 11th IUCr Ewald Prize. He has been President, UK Biosciences Federation (2003–2009); President, Biochemical Society (2009–2011); and President, UK Science Council (since 2011). Blundell's contributions were recognised by a knighthood in 1997. He has been awarded Honorary Doctorate degrees from 16 universities and was interviewed by Kirsty Young on the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs in 2007. Personal life Blundell married Lady Bancinyane Lynn Sibanda in 1987 and has three children. His brother is the economist Richard Blundell. Blundell was elected to the Oxford City Council in 1970 as a Labour councillor for the St. Clement’s Ward. References Scholia has a profile for Tom Blundell (Q7814993). ^ a b Anon (1996). "Tom L. Blundell". people.embo.org. Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization. ^ a b c d e Tom Blundell publications indexed by Google Scholar ^ a b Blundell, Tom (1967). The Determination by X-Ray diffraction methods of the crystal and molecular structures of some co-ordination compounds : a study of the stereochemistry of pentaco-ordination. ora.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. Copac 34750152. ^ a b Hubbard, Timothy John Philip (1988). The design, expression and characterisation of a novel protein. london.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of London. OCLC 940320228. Copac 29528696. ^ a b Pearl, Laurence (1991). Crystallographic studies of endothiapepsin. london.ac.uk (PhD thesis). London, Birkbeck College. OCLC 1000934521. ^ a b Sali, Andrej (1991). Modelling three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. london.ac.uk (PhD thesis). London, Birkbeck College. OCLC 500526292. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.415316. ^ Deane, Charlotte (2000). Protein structure prediction: amino acid propensities and comparative modelling (PhD thesis). EThOS uk.bl.ethos.598479. ^ a b c d Anon (2015). "Blundell, Sir Thomas Leon, (Sir Tom)". Who's Who (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U7914. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Blundell, T.; Cutfield, J.; Cutfield, S.; Dodson, E.; Dodson, G.; Hodgkin, D.; Mercola, D.; Vijayan, M. (1971). "Atomic positions in rhombohedral 2-zinc insulin crystals". Nature. 231 (5304): 506–511. Bibcode:1971Natur.231..506B. doi:10.1038/231506a0. PMID 4932997. S2CID 4158731. ^ a b Cambridge, University of (29 March 2018). "The multi-talented scientist who finds inspiration in far-flung places". Medium.com. Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ a b Tom Blundell publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required) ^ "Professor Sir Tom Blundell FRS FMedSci". British Humanist Association. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ Šali, A.; Blundell, T. L. (1993). "Comparative Protein Modelling by Satisfaction of Spatial Restraints". Journal of Molecular Biology. 234 (3): 779–815. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1626. PMID 8254673. ^ "Letters: Harsh judgments on the pope and religion". The Guardian. London. 15 September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010. ^ "Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution". Rcep.org.uk. Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ "Turning the Tide (RCEP report #25)" (PDF). Rcep.org.uk. Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ "British Humanist Association – Distinguished supporters:Sir Tom Blundell". ^ Sasaki K, Dockerill, Adamiak DA, Tickle IJ, Blundell TL (1975). "X-ray analysis of glucagon and its relationship to receptor binding". Nature. 257 (5529): 751–757. Bibcode:1975Natur.257..751S. doi:10.1038/257751a0. PMID 171582. S2CID 4183707.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Glucagon Molecule-of-the-Month". Pdb101.rcsb.org. Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ McDonald, Neil Q.; Lapatto, Risto; Rust, Judith Murray; Gunning, Jennifer; Wlodawer, Alexander; Blundell, Tom L. (1991). "New protein fold revealed by a 2.3-Å resolution crystal structure of nerve growth factor". Nature. 354 (6352): 411–414. Bibcode:1991Natur.354..411M. doi:10.1038/354411a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 1956407. S2CID 4346788. ^ "Neurotrophins Molecule-of-the-Month". Pdb101.rcsb.org. Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ Pellegrini L, Yu DS, Anand S, Lee M, Blundell TL, Venkitaraman AR (2002). "Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD51-BRCA2 complex". Nature. 420 (6913): 287–293. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..287P. doi:10.1038/nature01230. PMID 12442171. S2CID 4359383. ^ "RecA and Rad51 Molecule-of-the-Month". Pdb101.rcsb.org. Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ Ochi T, Gu X, Blundell TL (2013). "Structure of the catalytic region of DNA ligase IV in complex with an artemis fragment sheds light on double-strand break repair". Structure. 21 (4): 672–679. doi:10.1016/j.str.2013.02.014. PMC 3664939. PMID 23523427. ^ "DNA ligase Molecule-of-the-Month". Pdb101.rcsb.org. Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ Lewis, T. E.; Sillitoe, I; Andreeva, A; Blundell, T. L.; Buchan, D. W.; Chothia, C; Cuff, A; Dana, J. M.; Filippis, I; Gough, J; Hunter, S; Jones, D. T.; Kelley, L. A.; Kleywegt, G. J.; Minneci, F; Mitchell, A; Murzin, A. G.; Ochoa-Montaño, B; Rackham, O. J.; Smith, J; Sternberg, M. J.; Velankar, S; Yeats, C; Orengo, C (2013). "Genome3D: A UK collaborative project to annotate genomic sequences with predicted 3D structures based on SCOP and CATH domains". Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (Database issue): D499-507. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1266. PMC 3531217. PMID 23203986. ^ Lewis, T. E.; Sillitoe, I; Andreeva, A; Blundell, T. L.; Buchan, D. W.; Chothia, C; Cozzetto, D; Dana, J. M.; Filippis, I; Gough, J; Jones, D. T.; Kelley, L. A.; Kleywegt, G. J.; Minneci, F; Mistry, J; Murzin, A. G.; Ochoa-Montaño, B; Oates, M. E.; Punta, M; Rackham, O. J.; Stahlhacke, J; Sternberg, M. J.; Velankar, S; Orengo, C (2015). "Genome3D: Exploiting structure to help users understand their sequences". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (Database issue): D382-6. doi:10.1093/nar/gku973. PMC 4384030. PMID 25348407. ^ Mizuguchi, K.; Deane, C. M.; Blundell, T. L.; Overington, J. P. (1998). "HOMSTRAD: A database of protein structure alignments for homologous families". Protein Science. 7 (11): 2469–2471. doi:10.1002/pro.5560071126. PMC 2143859. PMID 9828015. ^ Shi, J.; Blundell, T. L.; Mizuguchi, K. (2001). "FUGUE: Sequence-structure homology recognition using environment-specific substitution tables and structure-dependent gap penalties". Journal of Molecular Biology. 310 (1): 243–257. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4762. PMID 11419950. ^ Pandurangan, Arun Prasad; Ochoa-Montaño, Bernardo; Ascher, David B.; Blundell, Tom L. (3 July 2017). "SDM: a server for predicting effects of mutations on protein stability". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (W1): W229–W235. doi:10.1093/nar/gkx439. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 5793720. PMID 28525590. ^ Blundell TL, Johnson LN (1976), Protein Crystallography, Academic Press, ISBN 0121083500 ^ a b Anon (1984). "EC/1984/03: Blundell, Sir Thomas Leon". royalsociety.org. London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ "The Academy of Medical Sciences | Directory". Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2009. ^ "Past medals, awards and prize lectures". royalsociety.org. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ T. Blundell awarded the eleventh Ewald Prize ^ "Kirsty Young's castaway this week is the leading scientist Professor Sir Tom Blundell". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ "Prof. Tom Blundell: A Personal History of Science and Ethics". Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Netherlands Academics DBLP Google Scholar Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID Scopus Other IdRef Academic offices Preceded byHans Kornberg Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry, Cambridge University 1995–2009 Succeeded byGerard Evan Government offices Preceded by- CEO of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council 1994–1996 Succeeded byRay Baker
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Blundell (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Blundell_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FRSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"FMedSci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"MAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Academia_Europaea"},{"link_name":"biochemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemist"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Hodgkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"growth factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factor"},{"link_name":"signal transduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"DNA double-strand break repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scopus-11"},{"link_name":"mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutations"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"Fragment-based lead discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment-based_lead_discovery"},{"link_name":"Astex Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astex"},{"link_name":"clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"Science Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Council"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"For the New Zealand cricketer, see Tom Blundell (cricketer).British biochemistSir Thomas Leon Blundell, FRS FRSC FMedSci MAE (born 7 July 1942) is a British biochemist, structural biologist, and science administrator. He was a member of the team of Dorothy Hodgkin that solved in 1969 the first structure of a protein hormone, insulin. Blundell has made contributions to the structural biology of polypeptide hormones, growth factors, receptor activation, signal transduction, and DNA double-strand break repair, subjects important in cancer, tuberculosis, and familial diseases.[11] He has developed software for protein modelling and understanding the effects of mutations on protein function, leading to new approaches to structure-guided and Fragment-based lead discovery. In 1999 he co-founded the oncology company Astex Therapeutics, which has moved ten drugs into clinical trials. Blundell has played central roles in restructuring British research councils and, as President of the UK Science Council, in developing professionalism in the practice of science.[12]","title":"Tom Blundell"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insulin_worm_bw.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steyning Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyning_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Natural Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdphil-3"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Hodgkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Linacre College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linacre_College"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"}],"text":"Insulin monomerBorn in Brighton in 1942, Blundell was educated at Steyning Grammar School. He was the first in his family to attend university, winning an Open Scholarship to the University of Oxford. He earned a First Class degree in Natural Sciences in 1964, then moved to research in the Department of Chemical Crystallography, first with Herbert Marcus Powell[citation needed] FRS for his Doctor of Philosophy degree[3] and later working on insulin with Dorothy Hodgkin.[citation needed] He was a Junior Research Fellow at Linacre College, University of Oxford, where he is now an Honorary Fellow.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Agricultural and Food Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_and_Biological_Sciences_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Biosciences Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosciences_Federation"},{"link_name":"Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Dunn_Professor_of_Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sidney Sussex College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Sussex_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Astex Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astex"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Oxford City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_City_Council"},{"link_name":"North Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Environmental_Pollution"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Humanists UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_UK"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3phv_HIV-prot_rib.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:184-Glucagon_glucagonreceptor.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3w5o_DNA-ligase_rib.png"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"protein crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"bioinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scopus-11"},{"link_name":"DNA repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair"},{"link_name":"hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormones"},{"link_name":"growth factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factors"},{"link_name":"cellular signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"crystallins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallin"},{"link_name":"renin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin"},{"link_name":"Protein Data Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"David Goodsell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Goodsell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonaldLapatto1991-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"RAD51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD51"},{"link_name":"BRCA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"bioinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Louise Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Blundell's early posts were at the University of Oxford and the University of Sussex. In 1976, Blundell joined the Department of Crystallography at Birkbeck, University of London, becoming head of department in 1978.In 1991, while continuing academic research, he moved further into science administration and policy, as Director General of the Agricultural and Food Research Council (1991–94) and then the founding Chief Executive of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (1994–1996). He is a former president of the Biosciences Federation (2004–06). In June 2011 he became President of the Science Council.In 1995 he became the fifth Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry and head of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge;[13] he currently also holds the Chair of the School of Biological Sciences at that university. He is a fellow of Sidney Sussex College. His speciality is molecular biology and his research on identifying the chemical processes of diseases has led to the development of drugs to treat Aids, cancer, cataracts and diabetes. He is the co-founder of two drug discovery companies, Astex Technology Ltd and Biofabrika.On 15 September 2010, Blundell, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK.[14]Blundell has been active on environmental issues, first as Chair of the Planning Committee of the Oxford City Council (1970–73), during the time when it stopped the building of a motorway through the city centre, pedestrianised much of the historic centre, and made North Oxford a conservation area. From 1998 to 2005 he was Chair of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution,[15] when he oversaw the production of key reports such as those on Energy – the Changing Climate, Chemicals in Products – Safeguarding the Environment and Human Health, and Turning the Tide: Addressing the Impact of Fisheries on the Marine Environment.[16] He is a Distinguished Member of Humanists UK.[17]Original 1989 structure of the HIV protease dimer, from PDB 3PHVGlucagon hormone (red) bound to its membrane receptorHuman DNA ligase IV, from PDB 3W5O.Blundell's research interests lie in elucidating the architecture and function of macromolecules and their multi-component assemblies using methods from biochemistry, protein crystallography, and bioinformatics, with the objectives of understanding biological function, of knowledge-based prediction of structure, and of discovering new therapeutics for cancer and tuberculosis.[2][11] Systems studied include DNA repair, hormones, growth factors and hormone/receptor interactions, cellular signalling, crystallins (lens proteins), renin and HIV protease. He has contributed 235 crystal structures to the worldwide Protein Data Bank (accessed 3/3/16). At least seven of the Molecule-of-the-Month features at the RCSB site of the worldwide Protein Databank have featured molecular structures solved and studied by the Blundell lab, such as the glucagon hormone shown at left in David Goodsell's drawing,[18][19] nerve growth factor,[20][21] the RAD51-BRCA2 DNA recombination complex,[22][23] and the DNA ligase shown at right.[24][25] His group has written several broadly used bioinformatics programs.[26][27][28][29][30] He co-authored a textbook on protein crystallography with Louise Johnson,[31] which was translated into French and Russian.","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"postdoctoral researchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher"},{"link_name":"Tim Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hubbardphd-4"},{"link_name":"Laurence Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Pearl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pearlphd-5"},{"link_name":"Andrej Šali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_%C5%A0ali"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saliphd-6"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Deane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Deane"}],"sub_title":"Doctoral students and postdocs","text":"Blundell has supervised numerous Doctor of Philosophy students and postdoctoral researchers in his lab including Tim Hubbard,[4] Laurence Pearl,[5] Andrej Šali,[6] and Charlotte Deane.","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1984"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-32"},{"link_name":"hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"eye lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"crystal structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure"},{"link_name":"glucagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon"},{"link_name":"polypeptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptide"},{"link_name":"proteinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"growth hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-32"},{"link_name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"European Molecular Biology Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-membo-1"},{"link_name":"Academia Europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Europaea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Indian National Science Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The World Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blundell_Tom_BIO_0031adj1-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcon"},{"link_name":"FEBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_European_Biochemical_Societies"},{"link_name":"Biochemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_Society"},{"link_name":"Feldberg Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldberg_Prize"},{"link_name":"Society of Chemical Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Chemical_Industry"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"Bernal Lecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernal_Lecture"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs-past-awards-34"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"IUCr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCr"},{"link_name":"Ewald Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Prize"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Biosciences Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosciences_Federation"},{"link_name":"Biochemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_Society"},{"link_name":"Science Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Council"},{"link_name":"Kirsty Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsty_Young"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Desert Island Discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Awards and honours","text":"Blundell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1984.[32] His nomination reads:Professor of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London. Distinguished for his work on crystal and molecular structures and biochemistry of protein hormones, enzymes, and proteins of the eye lens. He had an outstanding part in solution of the insulin crystal structure. He has related his structure for glucagon to receptor binding of this hormone. In chemically modified insulins he has studied structure-function relationships and he has proposed a model for the evolution of insulin. His work on avian pancreatic polypeptide, the acid proteinases from mammals and fungi and the proteins of the eye lens is characterised by similar extensive detail from which he disects [sic] important structural relationships and derives principles and guides on protein evolution and hormone (especially growth hormone) function.[32]Blundell became one of the first fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1998.[33] He was elected a member of the European Molecular Biology Organisation (EMBO) in 1985;[1] A member of the Academia Europaea in 1993;[citation needed] Founding Member, Academy of Medical Sciences 1999. International recognition has come in his election as a Foreign Member of the Indian National Science Academy,[citation needed] the Chilean Academy[citation needed] and The World Academy of Sciences TWAS.[citation needed]Sir Tom Blundell in his office at the University of Cambridge, UKBlundell has received numerous awards and medals, including the Alcon Award for Vision Research in 1986; Gold Medal, Institute of Biotechnology in 1987; Krebs Medal FEBS 1987; Ciba Medal, Biochemical Society in 1988; Feldberg Prize in Biology and Medicine in 1988; Gold Medal, Society of Chemical Industry in 1996; First Recipient, Pfizer European Prize for Innovation in 1998 and Bernal Lecture, Royal Society 1998.[34] He received the 2013 Biochemical Society Award and Cambridge University Science Prize called the Philosophical Society Fellows Prize & Lecture 2014.[citation needed] Most recently in 2017 he received the 11th IUCr Ewald Prize.[35] He has been President, UK Biosciences Federation (2003–2009); President, Biochemical Society (2009–2011); and President, UK Science Council (since 2011).Blundell's contributions were recognised by a knighthood in 1997. He has been awarded Honorary Doctorate degrees from 16 universities and was interviewed by Kirsty Young on the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs in 2007.[36]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medium-10"},{"link_name":"Richard Blundell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Blundell"},{"link_name":"Oxford City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_City_Council"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(U.K.)"},{"link_name":"St. Clement’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Clement%27s,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Blundell married Lady Bancinyane Lynn Sibanda in 1987[8] and has three children.[10] His brother is the economist Richard Blundell.Blundell was elected to the Oxford City Council in 1970 as a Labour councillor for the St. Clement’s Ward.[37]","title":"Personal life"}]
[{"image_text":"Insulin monomer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Insulin_worm_bw.jpg/160px-Insulin_worm_bw.jpg"},{"image_text":"Original 1989 structure of the HIV protease dimer, from PDB 3PHV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/3phv_HIV-prot_rib.png/220px-3phv_HIV-prot_rib.png"},{"image_text":"Glucagon hormone (red) bound to its membrane receptor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/184-Glucagon_glucagonreceptor.tif/lossy-page1-220px-184-Glucagon_glucagonreceptor.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Human DNA ligase IV, from PDB 3W5O.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/3w5o_DNA-ligase_rib.png/220px-3w5o_DNA-ligase_rib.png"},{"image_text":"Sir Tom Blundell in his office at the University of Cambridge, UK","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Blundell_Tom_BIO_0031adj1-1.jpg/220px-Blundell_Tom_BIO_0031adj1-1.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Anon (1996). \"Tom L. Blundell\". people.embo.org. Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.embo.org/profile/tom-l-blundell","url_text":"\"Tom L. Blundell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Organization","url_text":"European Molecular Biology Organization"}]},{"reference":"Blundell, Tom (1967). The Determination by X-Ray diffraction methods of the crystal and molecular structures of some co-ordination compounds : a study of the stereochemistry of pentaco-ordination. ora.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. Copac 34750152.","urls":[{"url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d48dfcfd-d067-4573-a9bd-af3090b76733","url_text":"The Determination by X-Ray diffraction methods of the crystal and molecular structures of some co-ordination compounds : a study of the stereochemistry of pentaco-ordination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copac","url_text":"Copac"},{"url":"https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/34750152?style=html","url_text":"34750152"}]},{"reference":"Hubbard, Timothy John Philip (1988). The design, expression and characterisation of a novel protein. london.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of London. OCLC 940320228. Copac 29528696.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hubbard","url_text":"Hubbard, Timothy John Philip"},{"url":"http://catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/record=b1582475","url_text":"The design, expression and characterisation of a novel protein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/940320228","url_text":"940320228"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copac","url_text":"Copac"},{"url":"https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/29528696?style=html","url_text":"29528696"}]},{"reference":"Pearl, Laurence (1991). Crystallographic studies of endothiapepsin. london.ac.uk (PhD thesis). London, Birkbeck College. OCLC 1000934521.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/record=b1528581","url_text":"Crystallographic studies of endothiapepsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1000934521","url_text":"1000934521"}]},{"reference":"Sali, Andrej (1991). Modelling three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. london.ac.uk (PhD thesis). London, Birkbeck College. OCLC 500526292. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.415316.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/record=b1602363","url_text":"Modelling three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500526292","url_text":"500526292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EThOS","url_text":"EThOS"},{"url":"http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415316","url_text":"uk.bl.ethos.415316"}]},{"reference":"Deane, Charlotte (2000). Protein structure prediction: amino acid propensities and comparative modelling (PhD thesis). EThOS uk.bl.ethos.598479.","urls":[{"url":"http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598479","url_text":"Protein structure prediction: amino acid propensities and comparative modelling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EThOS","url_text":"EThOS"},{"url":"http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598479","url_text":"uk.bl.ethos.598479"}]},{"reference":"Anon (2015). \"Blundell, Sir Thomas Leon, (Sir Tom)\". Who's Who (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U7914.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U7914","url_text":"\"Blundell, Sir Thomas Leon, (Sir Tom)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U7914","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U7914"}]},{"reference":"Blundell, T.; Cutfield, J.; Cutfield, S.; Dodson, E.; Dodson, G.; Hodgkin, D.; Mercola, D.; Vijayan, M. (1971). \"Atomic positions in rhombohedral 2-zinc insulin crystals\". Nature. 231 (5304): 506–511. Bibcode:1971Natur.231..506B. doi:10.1038/231506a0. PMID 4932997. S2CID 4158731.","urls":[{"url_text":"Blundell, T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Natur.231..506B","url_text":"1971Natur.231..506B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F231506a0","url_text":"10.1038/231506a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4932997","url_text":"4932997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4158731","url_text":"4158731"}]},{"reference":"Cambridge, University of (29 March 2018). \"The multi-talented scientist who finds inspiration in far-flung places\". Medium.com. Retrieved 3 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/this-cambridge-life/the-multi-talented-scientist-who-finds-inspiration-in-far-flung-places-92f9beba30dc","url_text":"\"The multi-talented scientist who finds inspiration in far-flung places\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Sir Tom Blundell FRS FMedSci\". British Humanist Association. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/distinguished-supporters/sir-tom-blundell/","url_text":"\"Professor Sir Tom Blundell FRS FMedSci\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Humanist_Association","url_text":"British Humanist Association"}]},{"reference":"Šali, A.; Blundell, T. L. (1993). \"Comparative Protein Modelling by Satisfaction of Spatial Restraints\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 234 (3): 779–815. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1626. PMID 8254673.","urls":[{"url_text":"Blundell, T. 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(1991). \"New protein fold revealed by a 2.3-Å resolution crystal structure of nerve growth factor\". Nature. 354 (6352): 411–414. Bibcode:1991Natur.354..411M. doi:10.1038/354411a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 1956407. 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J.; Velankar, S; Orengo, C (2015). \"Genome3D: Exploiting structure to help users understand their sequences\". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (Database issue): D382-6. doi:10.1093/nar/gku973. PMC 4384030. PMID 25348407.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Chothia","url_text":"Chothia, C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Gough_(scientist)","url_text":"Gough, J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Kleywegt","url_text":"Kleywegt, G. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sternberg","url_text":"Sternberg, M. 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Retrieved 6 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061001084810/http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/p59fid202.html","url_text":"\"The Academy of Medical Sciences | Directory\""},{"url":"http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/p59fid202.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Past medals, awards and prize lectures\". royalsociety.org. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/past-awards/","url_text":"\"Past medals, awards and prize lectures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kirsty Young's castaway this week is the leading scientist Professor Sir Tom Blundell\". Bbc.co.uk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_J._Ellis_Airport
Albert J. Ellis Airport
["1 Facilities and aircraft","2 Passenger statistics","2.1 Top nonstop destinations","3 Airlines and destinations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°49′45″N 077°36′44″W / 34.82917°N 77.61222°W / 34.82917; -77.61222Airport in North Carolina, U.S. Albert J. Ellis AirportIATA: OAJICAO: KOAJFAA LID: OAJSummaryAirport typePublicOwnerOnslow CountyServesJacksonville, North CarolinaLocation264 Albert Ellis Airport RoadRichlands, North CarolinaElevation AMSL94 ft / 29 mCoordinates34°49′45″N 077°36′44″W / 34.82917°N 77.61222°W / 34.82917; -77.61222Websitewww.flyoaj.comMapsFAA diagram as of January 2021OAJShow map of North CarolinaOAJShow map of the United StatesRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 5/23 7,100 2,164 Asphalt StatisticsAircraft operations (2020)29,544Based aircraft (2020)26Sources: FAA and airport website Albert J. Ellis Airport (IATA: OAJ, ICAO: KOAJ, FAA LID: OAJ) is a county-owned public-use airport in Onslow County, North Carolina, United States. It is located in Richlands, 10 nautical miles (19 km) northwest of the central business district of Jacksonville and Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune. The airport has a single runway and three gates. Opening on February 15, 1971, the airport is used by general aviation, the military and two commercial airlines, American Eagle and Delta Connection. American Eagle operates services to Charlotte. These services are operated by PSA Airlines, which operates CRJ-700s and CRJ-900s, and Piedmont Airlines, which operates ERJ-145s. On August 30, 2006, Delta Air Lines announced new service from the airport to Atlanta, Georgia, operated by Delta Connection carrier ExpressJet Airlines, starting on December 11, 2006. Delta began operating B-717 aircraft on the OAJ-ATL route on August 28, 2016. When ExpressJet closed, the service transferred to Endeavor Airlines. Facilities and aircraft Albert J. Ellis Airport covers an area of 775 acres (314 ha) at an elevation of 94 ft (29 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 5/23 with an asphalt surface measuring 7,100 by 150 ft (2,164 by 46 m). For the 12-month period ending May 31, 2020, the airport had 29,544 aircraft operations, an average of 81 per day: 35% military, 33% general aviation, 23% scheduled commercial and 9% air taxi. In December 2020, there were 26 aircraft based at this airport: 22 single-engine, 1 multi-engine and 3 helicopter. The airport is served by a fixed-base operator, Skyport Aviation, which offers fueling, maintenance, flight instruction and aircraft rentals from the new 10,000-ft2 executive terminal, which opened in 2015. In 2013, the airport began construction on a two-story, 67,000 sq ft (6,200 m2) replacement passenger terminal building. The new terminal features passenger loading bridges, new concessions, expanded passenger areas and space for additional airlines. This is part of the airport's $50-million Terminal Area Redevelopment Program. The new terminal was topped off on June 10, 2014, and officially opened on August 19, 2015, National Aviation Day. On December 6, 2017, the airport began construction on its first air traffic control tower. The six-story-tall tower opened on November 1, 2018. The airport upgraded the lighting and signs on the runway and taxiways to LED in 2018/2019. A project to add a 900 ft (270 m) extension to the northeast end of the runway (lengthening the runway to 8,000 ft (2,400 m) total) is planned to begin in 2023, with construction beginning in 2025. Other projects to rehabilitate and expand airfield pavements are also planned to begin between 2023 and 2027. Passenger statistics Year Passengers 2020 212,444 2019 332,270 2018 308,553 2017 313,940 2016 303,288 2015 302,608 2014 321,642 2013 344,710 2012 352,455 2011 344,467 2010 314,883 2009 249,563 2008 262,178 2007 242,817 2006 179,878 2005 191,194 2004 151,257 2003 87,814 2002 65,210 2001 62,454 2000 77,342 Top nonstop destinations Busiest domestic routes (November 2021 – October 2022) Rank City Passengers 1 Charlotte, North Carolina 88,000 2 Atlanta, Georgia 59,000 Airlines and destinations This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) AirlinesDestinations American Eagle Charlotte Delta Air Lines Atlanta Delta Connection Atlanta Destinations map JacksonvilleAtlantaCharlotteclass=notpageimage| Destinations from Albert J. Ellis Airport See also List of airports in North Carolina References ^ a b c d e FAA Airport Form 5010 for OAJ PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. effective December 3, 2020. ^ a b Albert J. Ellis Airport, official site ^ a b c d e OAJ Airport Director ^ FAA 5010 Record ^ Tew, Elizabeth. "Albert J. Ellis Airport breaks ground on new air traffic control tower". wcnt.com. Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. Retrieved 20 January 2018. ^ "New airport tower to improve safety, efficiency". ^ "State Transportation Improvement Program". ^ Preliminary - Albert J. Ellis Airport Stats ^ "RITA | BTS | Transtats". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. January 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017. External links FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective June 13, 2024 "Albert J. Ellis Airport" (PDF). at NCDOT airport directory Aerial image as of March 1993 from USGS The National Map FAA Terminal Procedures for OAJ, effective June 13, 2024 Resources for this airport: FAA airport information for OAJ AirNav airport information for KOAJ ASN accident history for OAJ FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures vteCommercial airports in North Carolina Asheville Regional Airport (Asheville) Charlotte Douglas International Airport (Charlotte) Concord-Padgett Regional Airport (Concord) Fayetteville Regional Airport (Fayetteville) Piedmont Triad International Airport (Greensboro) Pitt–Greenville Airport (Greenville) Albert J. Ellis Airport (Jacksonville) Coastal Carolina Regional Airport (New Bern) Raleigh–Durham International Airport (Raleigh) Wilmington International Airport (Wilmington)
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Ellis Airport (IATA: OAJ, ICAO: KOAJ, FAA LID: OAJ) is a county-owned public-use airport in Onslow County, North Carolina, United States.[1] It is located in Richlands,[2] 10 nautical miles (19 km) northwest of the central business district of Jacksonville and Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune.[1] The airport has a single runway and three gates. Opening on February 15, 1971, the airport is used by general aviation, the military and two commercial airlines, American Eagle and Delta Connection.[3]American Eagle operates services to Charlotte. These services are operated by PSA Airlines, which operates CRJ-700s and CRJ-900s, and Piedmont Airlines, which operates ERJ-145s.[3]On August 30, 2006, Delta Air Lines announced new service from the airport to Atlanta, Georgia, operated by Delta Connection carrier ExpressJet Airlines, starting on December 11, 2006. Delta began operating B-717 aircraft on the OAJ-ATL route on August 28, 2016. When ExpressJet closed, the service transferred to Endeavor Airlines.[3]","title":"Albert J. Ellis Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"scheduled commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline"},{"link_name":"air taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OAJ_Airport_Director-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Albert J. Ellis Airport covers an area of 775 acres (314 ha) at an elevation of 94 ft (29 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 5/23 with an asphalt surface measuring 7,100 by 150 ft (2,164 by 46 m).[1]For the 12-month period ending May 31, 2020, the airport had 29,544 aircraft operations, an average of 81 per day: 35% military, 33% general aviation, 23% scheduled commercial and 9% air taxi. In December 2020, there were 26 aircraft based at this airport: 22 single-engine, 1 multi-engine and 3 helicopter.[1][4]The airport is served by a fixed-base operator, Skyport Aviation, which offers fueling, maintenance, flight instruction and aircraft rentals from the new 10,000-ft2 executive terminal, which opened in 2015.In 2013, the airport began construction on a two-story, 67,000 sq ft (6,200 m2) replacement passenger terminal building. The new terminal features passenger loading bridges, new concessions, expanded passenger areas and space for additional airlines. This is part of the airport's $50-million Terminal Area Redevelopment Program. The new terminal was topped off on June 10, 2014, and officially opened on August 19, 2015, National Aviation Day.[3]On December 6, 2017, the airport began construction on its first air traffic control tower. The six-story-tall tower opened on November 1, 2018.[5][6]The airport upgraded the lighting and signs on the runway and taxiways to LED in 2018/2019. A project to add a 900 ft (270 m) extension to the northeast end of the runway (lengthening the runway to 8,000 ft (2,400 m) total) is planned to begin in 2023, with construction beginning in 2025. Other projects to rehabilitate and expand airfield pavements are also planned to begin between 2023 and 2027.[7]","title":"Facilities and aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Passenger statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top nonstop destinations","title":"Passenger statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of airports in North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_North_Carolina"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98aru_Dornei
Șaru Dornei
["1 Administration and local politics","1.1 Commune council","2 References"]
Coordinates: 47°17′N 25°21′E / 47.283°N 25.350°E / 47.283; 25.350Commune in Suceava, RomaniaȘaru DorneiCommune Coat of armsLocation in Suceava CountyȘaru DorneiLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 47°17′N 25°21′E / 47.283°N 25.350°E / 47.283; 25.350CountryRomaniaCountySuceavaPopulation (2021-12-01)3,905Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.SV Șaru Dornei is a commune located in Suceava County, in the historical region of Bukovina, northeastern Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Gura Haitii, Neagra Șarului (the commune centre), Plaiu Șarului, Sărișor, Sărișoru Mare, Șaru Bucovinei, and Șaru Dornei. Administration and local politics Commune council The commune's current local council has the following political composition, according to the results of the 2020 Romanian local elections:     Party Seats Current Council   National Liberal Party (PNL) 8                   Social Democratic Party (PSD) 2                   People's Movement Party (PMP) 2                   Save Romania Union (USR) 1                 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Șaru Dornei commune, Suceava. vteSuceava County, RomaniaCities Suceava (county seat) Câmpulung Moldovenesc Fălticeni Rădăuți Vatra Dornei Towns Broșteni Cajvana Dolhasca Frasin Gura Humorului Liteni Milișăuți Salcea Siret Solca Vicovu de Sus Communes Adâncata Arbore Baia Bălăceana Bălcăuți Berchișești Bilca Bogdănești Boroaia Bosanci Botoșana Breaza Brodina Bunești Burla Cacica Calafindești Capu Câmpului Cârlibaba Ciocănești Ciprian Porumbescu Comănești Cornu Luncii Coșna Crucea Dărmănești Dolhești Dorna-Arini Dorna Candrenilor Dornești Drăgoiești Drăgușeni Dumbrăveni Fântâna Mare Fântânele Forăști Frătăuții Noi Frătăuții Vechi Frumosu Fundu Moldovei Gălănești Grămești Grănicești Hănțești Hârtop Horodnic de Jos Horodnic de Sus Horodniceni Iacobeni Iaslovăț Ilișești Ipotești Izvoarele Sucevei Mălini Mănăstirea Humorului Marginea Mitocu Dragomirnei Moara Moldova-Sulița Moldovița Mușenița Ostra Păltinoasa Panaci Pârteștii de Jos Pătrăuți Poiana Stampei Poieni-Solca Pojorâta Preutești Putna Rădășeni Râșca Sadova Șaru Dornei Satu Mare Șcheia Șerbăuți Siminicea Slatina Straja Stroiești Stulpicani Sucevița Todirești Udești Ulma Vadu Moldovei Valea Moldovei Vama Vatra Moldoviței Verești Vicovu de Jos Voitinel Volovăț Vulturești Zamostea Zvoriștea References ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. ^ "Rezultatele finale ale alegerilor locale din 2020" (Json) (in Romanian). Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă. Retrieved 2020-11-02. This Suceava County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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It is composed of seven villages: Gura Haitii, Neagra Șarului (the commune centre), Plaiu Șarului, Sărișor, Sărișoru Mare, Șaru Bucovinei, and Șaru Dornei.","title":"Șaru Dornei"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration and local politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 Romanian local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Romanian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Șaru Dornei commune, Suceava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%C8%98aru_Dornei_commune,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"Suceava County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipiu"},{"link_name":"Suceava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceava"},{"link_name":"Câmpulung Moldovenesc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc"},{"link_name":"Fălticeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83lticeni"},{"link_name":"Rădăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Vatra Dornei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatra_Dornei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Actual_Suceava_county_CoA.png"},{"link_name":"Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Broșteni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%C8%99teni,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Cajvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajvana"},{"link_name":"Dolhasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolhasca"},{"link_name":"Frasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasin"},{"link_name":"Gura Humorului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gura_Humorului"},{"link_name":"Liteni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liteni"},{"link_name":"Milișăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mili%C8%99%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Salcea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salcea"},{"link_name":"Siret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siret"},{"link_name":"Solca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solca"},{"link_name":"Vicovu de Sus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicovu_de_Sus"},{"link_name":"Communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Adâncata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A2ncata,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Arbore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbore"},{"link_name":"Baia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baia"},{"link_name":"Bălăceana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83l%C4%83ceana"},{"link_name":"Bălcăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83lc%C4%83u%C8%9Bi,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Berchișești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchi%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Bilca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilca"},{"link_name":"Bogdănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogd%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Boroaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroaia"},{"link_name":"Bosanci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosanci,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Botoșana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boto%C8%99ana"},{"link_name":"Breaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaza,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Brodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodina"},{"link_name":"Bunești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bune%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Burla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burla,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Cacica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacica"},{"link_name":"Calafindești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calafinde%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Capu Câmpului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capu_C%C3%A2mpului"},{"link_name":"Cârlibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2rlibaba"},{"link_name":"Ciocănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cioc%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Ciprian Porumbescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprian_Porumbescu,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Comănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Cornu Luncii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_Luncii"},{"link_name":"Coșna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C8%99na"},{"link_name":"Crucea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucea,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Dărmănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%83rm%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Dolhești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolhe%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Dorna-Arini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorna-Arini"},{"link_name":"Dorna Candrenilor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorna_Candrenilor"},{"link_name":"Dornești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Drăgoiești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%83goie%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Drăgușeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%83gu%C8%99eni,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Dumbrăveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbr%C4%83veni,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Fântâna Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A2nt%C3%A2na_Mare"},{"link_name":"Fântânele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A2nt%C3%A2nele,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Forăști","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C4%83%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Frătăuții Noi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%83t%C4%83u%C8%9Bii_Noi"},{"link_name":"Frătăuții Vechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%83t%C4%83u%C8%9Bii_Vechi"},{"link_name":"Frumosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumosu"},{"link_name":"Fundu Moldovei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundu_Moldovei"},{"link_name":"Gălănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83l%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Grămești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%83me%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Grănicești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%83nice%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Hănțești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%83n%C8%9Be%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Hârtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2rtop,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Horodnic de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horodnic_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Horodnic de Sus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horodnic_de_Sus"},{"link_name":"Horodniceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horodniceni"},{"link_name":"Iacobeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobeni,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Iaslovăț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaslov%C4%83%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Ilișești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Ipotești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipote%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Izvoarele Sucevei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvoarele_Sucevei"},{"link_name":"Mălini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83lini"},{"link_name":"Mănăstirea Humorului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Humorului"},{"link_name":"Marginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginea"},{"link_name":"Mitocu Dragomirnei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitocu_Dragomirnei"},{"link_name":"Moara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moara,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Moldova-Sulița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova-Suli%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Moldovița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovi%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Mușenița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C8%99eni%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Ostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostra,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Păltinoasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83ltinoasa"},{"link_name":"Panaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaci"},{"link_name":"Pârteștii de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2rte%C8%99tii_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Pătrăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83tr%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Poiana Stampei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiana_Stampei"},{"link_name":"Poieni-Solca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poieni-Solca"},{"link_name":"Pojorâta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojor%C3%A2ta"},{"link_name":"Preutești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preute%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Putna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putna,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Rădășeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83%C8%99eni"},{"link_name":"Râșca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2%C8%99ca,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Sadova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadova,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Șaru Dornei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Satu Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_Mare,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Șcheia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98cheia,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Șerbăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98erb%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Siminicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siminicea"},{"link_name":"Slatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatina,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Straja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straja,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Stroiești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroie%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Stulpicani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stulpicani"},{"link_name":"Sucevița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucevi%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Todirești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todire%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Udești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ude%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Ulma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulma,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Vadu Moldovei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadu_Moldovei"},{"link_name":"Valea Moldovei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valea_Moldovei"},{"link_name":"Vama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vama,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Vatra Moldoviței","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatra_Moldovi%C8%9Bei"},{"link_name":"Verești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Vicovu de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicovu_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Voitinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voitinel"},{"link_name":"Volovăț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volov%C4%83%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Vulturești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Zamostea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamostea"},{"link_name":"Zvoriștea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvori%C8%99tea"}],"sub_title":"Commune council","text":"The commune's current local council has the following political composition, according to the results of the 2020 Romanian local elections:[2]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Șaru Dornei commune, Suceava.vteSuceava County, RomaniaCities\nSuceava (county seat)\nCâmpulung Moldovenesc\nFălticeni\nRădăuți\nVatra Dornei\nTowns\nBroșteni\nCajvana\nDolhasca\nFrasin\nGura Humorului\nLiteni\nMilișăuți\nSalcea\nSiret\nSolca\nVicovu de Sus\nCommunes\nAdâncata\nArbore\nBaia\nBălăceana\nBălcăuți\nBerchișești\nBilca\nBogdănești\nBoroaia\nBosanci\nBotoșana\nBreaza\nBrodina\nBunești\nBurla\nCacica\nCalafindești\nCapu Câmpului\nCârlibaba\nCiocănești\nCiprian Porumbescu\nComănești\nCornu Luncii\nCoșna\nCrucea\nDărmănești\nDolhești\nDorna-Arini\nDorna Candrenilor\nDornești\nDrăgoiești\nDrăgușeni\nDumbrăveni\nFântâna Mare\nFântânele\nForăști\nFrătăuții Noi\nFrătăuții Vechi\nFrumosu\nFundu Moldovei\nGălănești\nGrămești\nGrănicești\nHănțești\nHârtop\nHorodnic de Jos\nHorodnic de Sus\nHorodniceni\nIacobeni\nIaslovăț\nIlișești\nIpotești\nIzvoarele Sucevei\nMălini\nMănăstirea Humorului\nMarginea\nMitocu Dragomirnei\nMoara\nMoldova-Sulița\nMoldovița\nMușenița\nOstra\nPăltinoasa\nPanaci\nPârteștii de Jos\nPătrăuți\nPoiana Stampei\nPoieni-Solca\nPojorâta\nPreutești\nPutna\nRădășeni\nRâșca\nSadova\nȘaru Dornei\nSatu Mare\nȘcheia\nȘerbăuți\nSiminicea\nSlatina\nStraja\nStroiești\nStulpicani\nSucevița\nTodirești\nUdești\nUlma\nVadu Moldovei\nValea Moldovei\nVama\nVatra Moldoviței\nVerești\nVicovu de Jos\nVoitinel\nVolovăț\nVulturești\nZamostea\nZvoriștea","title":"Administration and local politics"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Zeitung
Wiener Zeitung
["1 History and profile","1.1 1703–1856: Founding and private ownership","1.2 1857–2020: Government ownership","1.3 2021–present: Closure of daily print edition","2 Reputation as oldest daily newspaper","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Austrian newspaper (1703–present) Wiener ZeitungTitle page of the first issue of Wiennerisches Diarium, later Wiener ZeitungType Biweekly newspaper (1703–1813) Daily newspaper (1813–1940, 1945–2023) Monthly newspaper (planned) FormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Government of Austria, represented by the ChancellorEditor-in-chiefKatharina Schmidt & Sebastian Pumberger (interim)Launched8 August 1703; 320 years ago (1703-08-08) (as Wiennerisches Diarium)LanguageGermanHeadquartersViennaCountryAustriaWebsitewienerzeitung.atMedia of AustriaList of newspapers Wiener Zeitung is an Austrian newspaper. First published as the Wiennerisches Diarium in 1703, it is one of the oldest newspapers in the world. Until April 2023, it was the official gazette of the government of the Republic of Austria for legally-required announcements, such as company registrations and was also the official publishing body for laws and executive orders until 2004. Considered a newspaper of record, as of 2002, Wiener Zeitung was among the four Austrian daily quality newspapers beside the right-liberal Die Presse, the left-liberal Der Standard and the Christian-liberal and conservative Salzburger Nachrichten. The newspaper ended its daily print edition on 30 June 2023, becoming an online publication. The launch of the digital platform won the 2023 European Publishing Award for a “Launch or Relaunch” of a publication in digital form. History and profile 1703–1856: Founding and private ownership Johann Baptist Schönwetter received a privilegium impressorium for a weekly newspaper on 10 January 1702. Launched as Wiennerisches Diarium, the newspaper's first issue was published on 8 August 1703. The title page described the paper as "contain everything notable which occurs from day to day in this town of Vienna, as well as in other places all over the world", including death notices in the city and aristocratic births, marriages, and visits to and departures from Vienna. Schönwetter owned the newspaper and was its editor-in-chief and printer until 1722, when he was succeeded by Johann Peter van Ghelen. It became considered the official mouthpiece of the Imperial Court due to its being supplied information directly and exclusively by the Court. The paper was published bi-weekly, usually running around eight pages in length. Supplements and other extensive reports were published during war time, mainly about Austria, the Franco-Austrian Alliance, and their mutual enemy Prussia. Field journals and diaries from the Austrian army were the main sources used by the paper, reporting on officer promotions, troop deployments and other public announcements pertaining to the war, mostly of local interest. Around 15 per cent of reports were about battles and armed conflicts while 3 per cent were about war crimes committed by Prussian troops. Since 1780, the paper was known as Wiener Zeitung (meaning Viennese newspaper in English) and in 1810 it became the official government newspaper. On 1 October 1813, it began publishing daily. 1857–2020: Government ownership The former premises, in the centre of Vienna, as seen in 2007 In 1857 the government acquired the paper and it was printed until 1997 by the Austrian State Printing Office. The newspaper was closed by the Nazis after the Anschluss: in February 1939 the editorial part was removed, and in February 1940 the remaining official journal closed entirely. The first edition after World War II appeared on 21 September 1945. The number of copies sold has grown from 4,500 in 1855 to an estimated 24,000 today. In 1998 the paper was transferred to a GmbH (Limited Liability Company), which is owned by the Austrian Government. Wiener Zeitung is also the official publication used by the Government of the Republic of Austria for formal announcements. Such announcements, for example, civil service vacancies and changes in the commercial register, are printed in the Official Journal insert of Wiener Zeitung. Until 2004 it also used to publish the official version of newly passed Austrian laws. Today the governmental version of newly passed statutes and treaties are officially published in the Internet, the law gazette thus is not available in a printed version anymore. Until 2009 Wiener Zeitung's editor-in-chief was Andreas Unterberger, before being replaced by Reinhard Göweil. While Unterberger hired mostly outspoken conservative columnists, the paper returned to its liberal position under Reinhard Göweil. 2021–present: Closure of daily print edition The Austrian government is widely criticized among entrepreneurs because they are legally required to publish certain legal announcements, such as shareholder meeting conventions and changes of the commercial register in the Wiener Zeitung and therefore have to pay certain fees, although publications are also done through the Internet. Entrepreneurs and private newspapers argue, alleging anti-competitive measures, that the newspaper is financed through these mandatory fees. The Austrian Supreme Court dismissed claims on this matter. The issue is even more controversial since today the only authentic source of Austrian statutory law is the Internet, whereas business publications also have to be announced through Wiener Zeitung. In March 2021, the Austrian government led by Chancellor Sebastian Kurz proposed a law that would no longer require companies to pay to publish public announcements and changes to commercial registry in the paper's print edition, citing rules from the European Union that allowed such corporate information to be published digitally. The advertisements comprised the majority of the newspaper's revenue. A decision of the European Court of Justice is pending. Walter Hämmerle  resigned as editor-in-chief, a position he held since 2018, at the end of 2022 when he felt it became clear that the newspaper would be restructured. Judith Belfkih  and Thomas Seifert  became editors-in-chief on 1 January 2023. Hämmerle remained as a journalist, but he announced on 21 April 2023 that he and the newspaper mutually terminated his contract, beginning 1 May 2023. "Some fear that the government just wants to keep the Wiener Zeitung brand with its 320-year-old history, while nobody knows what the future publication will look like — whether it will still be serious journalism." Mathias Ziegler, vice managing editor On 27 April 2023, Wiener Zeitung announced an end to its daily print run. Going forward, the paper will be printed a minimum 10 times a year depending on available funds. The paper also announced plans to establish a media hub, a content agency and a training centre for journalists. At this time, the paper had a 20,000 weekday circulation, with about twice as much on weekends. Almost half of the newspaper's over 200 employees, 40 of whom are journalists, could be laid off due to the change, according to its trade union. After the announcement, several hundred people took to the streets in Vienna to protest the government's move. On 30 June 2023, it ceased its daily printing. Wiener Zeitung intends to continue online with a monthly print run and an editorial staff of 20 employees. Katharina Schmidt, formerly product development for Wiener Zeitung, and Sebastian Pumberger, previously working on the digital form of Profil, were announced as interim editors-in-chief the same day. Reputation as oldest daily newspaper See also: List of oldest newspapers At the end of its daily printing, Wiener Zeitung described itself as "the world's longest-running daily newspaper still in print". Gazzetta di Mantova (1664) is also attributed as the oldest daily newspaper still in print; Wiener Zeitung stated in its final daily issue that the title would be taken up by Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung (1705). It was also described by others as "the world's oldest national newspaper" and as "one of the world's oldest newspapers". The title of world's oldest newspaper still in print is also attributed to Gazzetta di Mantova, The London Gazette (1665), the weekly Berrow's Worcester Journal (1690), and Haarlems Dagblad (1883), through its forcible merger with the Weeckelycke Courante van Europa (1656). See also List of newspapers in Austria References ^ a b c d e Ferguson, Donna (1 July 2023). "World's oldest national newspaper prints final edition after 320 years". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ a b § 10 (1) UGB, dRGBl. S 219/1897 as amended by BGBl. I Nr. 63/2019 ^ a b Bundesgesetz über das Bundesgesetzblatt 2004, BGBl. I Nr. 100/2003 ^ Baber, Katherine (18 May 2022). ""American First Aid": Jerome Robbins and Leonard Bernstein at the Salzburg Festival, 1959" (PDF). Journal of Austrian-American History. 6 (1): 76. doi:10.5325/jaustamerhist.6.1.0074. ISSN 2475-0913. Retrieved 25 October 2023. ^ Ulrike Felt; Martina Erlemann (June 2003). "The Austrian media landscape: Mass-production of public images of science and technology". OPUS Report. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ a b c "Stop the press: Vienna newspaper Wiener Zeitung ends daily print edition after 320 years". AP News. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "VÖZ-Wissenschaftsjournalismuspreis für Täuber und Kramar". DER STANDARD (in Austrian German). Retrieved 1 May 2024. ^ a b Mayer 1883, p. 14. ^ "The Press: Death of a Zeitung". Time. 15 April 1940. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ Havinga 2018, p. 101. ^ Selling War: The Role of Mass Media in Hostile Conflicts From World War I to the 'War on Terror'. University of Chicago Press. p. 20. ^ "The Austrian media landscape". Wien International. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013. ^ Weiner Zeitung 1953, p. 20. ^ Mayr, Walter (28 March 2021). "Österreichs »Wiener Zeitung«: Die älteste Tageszeitung der Welt ist in Gefahr" . Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ a b "The Austrian newspaper that can survive anything … except Sebastian Kurz?". Politico. 7 August 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Ex-Chefredakteur Walter Hämmerle verlässt die "Wiener Zeitung"". Der Standard (in Austrian German). Retrieved 3 July 2023. ^ a b c "One of world's oldest newspapers to end daily print run". France 24. 27 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ a b "»Wiener Zeitung«: Älteste Tageszeitung der Welt erscheint zum letzten Mal" . Der Spiegel (in German). 30 June 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ Nachrichten, Salzburger (30 June 2023). ""Wiener Zeitung": Schmidt und Pumberger leiten neuen Onlineauftritt". Salzburger Nachrichten (in German). Retrieved 3 July 2023. ^ a b c d e "Austria's Wiener Zeitung goes to print 1 last time – DW – 06/30/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ Moses, Claire (3 May 2020). "More Readers, Fewer Ads: Britain's Local Newspapers Are Struggling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 July 2023. ^ Wilson, Elleda (13 January 2022). "Elleda Wilson: In One Ear: The real deal". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 3 July 2023. Bibliography 250 Jahre Wiener Zeitung: Eine Festschrift (PDF) (in German). Weiner Zeitung. 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2021. Havinga, Anna (2018). Invisibilising Austrian German: on the effect of linguistic prescriptions and educational reforms on writing practices in 18th-century Austria. Lingua historica Germanica. Berlin Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. ISBN 978-3-11-054629-3. Mayer, Anton (1883). Wiens Buchdrucker-Geschichte, 1482–1882 . Vol. 2. Verlag des Comités zur feier der vierhundertj. einführung der buchdruckerkunst in Wien, in commission bei W. Frick Druck von F. Jasper. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wiener Zeitung. Wiener Zeitung homepage Exhibition to the 300-year anniversary of the Wiener Zeitung Austrian National Library | Annual overview of the issues of the Wiener Zeitung AEIOU | Wiener Zeitung Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"one of the oldest newspapers in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_newspapers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferguson-1"},{"link_name":"gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazette"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"},{"link_name":"newspaper of record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_of_record"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiener_Zeitung&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Die Presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Presse"},{"link_name":"Der Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Standard"},{"link_name":"Salzburger Nachrichten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburger_Nachrichten"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferguson-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Wiener Zeitung is an Austrian newspaper. First published as the Wiennerisches Diarium in 1703, it is one of the oldest newspapers in the world. Until April 2023,[1] it was the official gazette of the government of the Republic of Austria for legally-required announcements, such as company registrations[2] and was also the official publishing body for laws and executive orders until 2004.[3]Considered a newspaper of record,[4] as of 2002,[update] Wiener Zeitung was among the four Austrian daily quality newspapers beside the right-liberal Die Presse, the left-liberal Der Standard and the Christian-liberal and conservative Salzburger Nachrichten.[5] The newspaper ended its daily print edition on 30 June 2023,[1][6] becoming an online publication. The launch of the digital platform won the 2023 European Publishing Award for a “Launch or Relaunch” of a publication in digital form.[7]","title":"Wiener Zeitung"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History and profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Baptist Schönwetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Sch%C3%B6nwetter"},{"link_name":"privilegium impressorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_privilege"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer188314-8"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"death notices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_notice"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_1940-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavinga2018101-10"},{"link_name":"Johann Peter van Ghelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Peter_van_Ghelen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer188314-8"},{"link_name":"Imperial Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Franco-Austrian Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Austrian_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-war-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner_Zeitung195320-13"}],"sub_title":"1703–1856: Founding and private ownership","text":"Johann Baptist Schönwetter received a privilegium impressorium for a weekly newspaper on 10 January 1702.[8] Launched as Wiennerisches Diarium, the newspaper's first issue was published on 8 August 1703. The title page described the paper as \"contain[ing] everything notable which occurs from day to day in this town of Vienna, as well as in other places all over the world\", including death notices in the city and aristocratic births, marriages, and visits to and departures from Vienna.[9][10] Schönwetter owned the newspaper and was its editor-in-chief and printer until 1722, when he was succeeded by Johann Peter van Ghelen.[8]It became considered the official mouthpiece of the Imperial Court due to its being supplied information directly and exclusively by the Court. The paper was published bi-weekly, usually running around eight pages in length. Supplements and other extensive reports were published during war time, mainly about Austria, the Franco-Austrian Alliance, and their mutual enemy Prussia. Field journals and diaries from the Austrian army were the main sources used by the paper, reporting on officer promotions, troop deployments and other public announcements pertaining to the war, mostly of local interest. Around 15 per cent of reports were about battles and armed conflicts while 3 per cent were about war crimes committed by Prussian troops.[11]Since 1780, the paper was known as Wiener Zeitung (meaning Viennese newspaper in English) and in 1810 it became the official government newspaper.[12] On 1 October 1813, it began publishing daily.[13]","title":"History and profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiener_Zeitung_Wiedner_G%C3%BCrtel_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung"},{"link_name":"Republic of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"commercial register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_register"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Andreas Unterberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Unterberger_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Göweil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_G%C3%B6weil&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"1857–2020: Government ownership","text":"The former premises, in the centre of Vienna, as seen in 2007In 1857 the government acquired the paper and it was printed until 1997 by the Austrian State Printing Office. The newspaper was closed by the Nazis after the Anschluss: in February 1939 the editorial part was removed, and in February 1940 the remaining official journal closed entirely. The first edition after World War II appeared on 21 September 1945. The number of copies sold has grown from 4,500 in 1855 to an estimated 24,000 today. In 1998 the paper was transferred to a GmbH (Limited Liability Company), which is owned by the Austrian Government.Wiener Zeitung is also the official publication used by the Government of the Republic of Austria for formal announcements. Such announcements, for example, civil service vacancies and changes in the commercial register, are printed in the Official Journal insert of Wiener Zeitung. Until 2004 it also used to publish the official version of newly passed Austrian laws. Today the governmental version of newly passed statutes and treaties are officially published in the Internet, the law gazette thus is not available in a printed version anymore.Until 2009 Wiener Zeitung's editor-in-chief was Andreas Unterberger, before being replaced by Reinhard Göweil. While Unterberger hired mostly outspoken conservative columnists, the paper returned to its liberal position under Reinhard Göweil.","title":"History and profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Kurz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferguson-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico-15"},{"link_name":"European Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Walter Hämmerle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_H%C3%A4mmerle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H%C3%A4mmerle"},{"link_name":"Judith Belfkih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judith_Belfkih&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Belfkih"},{"link_name":"Thomas Seifert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Seifert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Seifert"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France24-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France24-17"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Der_Spiegel_June_2023-18"},{"link_name":"Profil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profil_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"2021–present: Closure of daily print edition","text":"The Austrian government is widely criticized among entrepreneurs because they are legally required to publish certain legal announcements, such as shareholder meeting conventions and changes of the commercial register in the Wiener Zeitung and therefore have to pay certain fees, although publications are also done through the Internet. Entrepreneurs and private newspapers argue, alleging anti-competitive measures, that the newspaper is financed through these mandatory fees. The Austrian Supreme Court dismissed claims on this matter.[citation needed] The issue is even more controversial since today the only authentic source of Austrian statutory law is the Internet,[3] whereas business publications also have to be announced through Wiener Zeitung.[2]In March 2021, the Austrian government led by Chancellor Sebastian Kurz proposed a law that would no longer require companies to pay to publish public announcements and changes to commercial registry in the paper's print edition, citing rules from the European Union that allowed such corporate information to be published digitally. The advertisements comprised the majority of the newspaper's revenue.[14][1][15] A decision of the European Court of Justice is pending.[when?][citation needed]Walter Hämmerle [de] resigned as editor-in-chief, a position he held since 2018, at the end of 2022 when he felt it became clear that the newspaper would be restructured. Judith Belfkih [de] and Thomas Seifert [de] became editors-in-chief on 1 January 2023. Hämmerle remained as a journalist, but he announced on 21 April 2023 that he and the newspaper mutually terminated his contract, beginning 1 May 2023.[16]\"Some fear that the government just wants to keep the Wiener Zeitung brand with its 320-year-old history, while nobody knows what the future publication will look like — whether it will still be serious journalism.\"\n\n\nMathias Ziegler, vice managing editor[17]On 27 April 2023, Wiener Zeitung announced an end to its daily print run. Going forward, the paper will be printed a minimum 10 times a year depending on available funds. The paper also announced plans to establish a media hub, a content agency and a training centre for journalists. At this time, the paper had a 20,000 weekday circulation, with about twice as much on weekends. Almost half of the newspaper's over 200 employees, 40 of whom are journalists, could be laid off due to the change, according to its trade union. After the announcement, several hundred people took to the streets in Vienna to protest the government's move.[17]On 30 June 2023, it ceased its daily printing. Wiener Zeitung intends to continue online with a monthly print run and an editorial staff of 20 employees.[6][18] Katharina Schmidt, formerly product development for Wiener Zeitung, and Sebastian Pumberger, previously working on the digital form of Profil, were announced as interim editors-in-chief the same day.[19]","title":"History and profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of oldest newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_newspapers"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico-15"},{"link_name":"Gazzetta di Mantova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazzetta_di_Mantova"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-20"},{"link_name":"Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheimer_Allgemeine_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Der_Spiegel_June_2023-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferguson-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France24-17"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferguson-1"},{"link_name":"Berrow's Worcester Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berrow%27s_Worcester_Journal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Haarlems Dagblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlems_Dagblad"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"See also: List of oldest newspapersAt the end of its daily printing, Wiener Zeitung described itself as \"the world's longest-running daily newspaper still in print\".[20][15] Gazzetta di Mantova (1664) is also attributed as the oldest daily newspaper still in print;[20] Wiener Zeitung stated in its final daily issue that the title would be taken up by Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung (1705).[20][18]It was also described by others as \"the world's oldest national newspaper\"[1] and as \"one of the world's oldest newspapers\".[6][20][17] The title of world's oldest newspaper still in print is also attributed to Gazzetta di Mantova, The London Gazette (1665),[20][1] the weekly Berrow's Worcester Journal (1690),[21] and Haarlems Dagblad (1883), through its forcible merger with the Weeckelycke Courante van Europa (1656).[22]","title":"Reputation as oldest daily newspaper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"250 Jahre Wiener Zeitung: Eine Festschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210725180216/https://www.wienerzeitung.at/_em_daten/_wzo/2019/02/14/190214_1207_250jahre_wz_festschrift_gesamt.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wienerzeitung.at/_em_daten/_wzo/2019/02/14/190214_1207_250jahre_wz_festschrift_gesamt.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-054629-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054629-3"},{"link_name":"Wiens Buchdrucker-Geschichte, 1482–1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=gri.ark:/13960/t3dz4464s&view=1up&seq=5"}],"text":"250 Jahre Wiener Zeitung: Eine Festschrift [250 Years of Wiener Zeitung: A Festschrift] (PDF) (in German). Weiner Zeitung. 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2021.\nHavinga, Anna (2018). Invisibilising Austrian German: on the effect of linguistic prescriptions and educational reforms on writing practices in 18th-century Austria. Lingua historica Germanica. Berlin Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. ISBN 978-3-11-054629-3.\nMayer, Anton (1883). Wiens Buchdrucker-Geschichte, 1482–1882 [Vienna's book printer history, 1482-1882]. Vol. 2. Verlag des Comités zur feier der vierhundertj. einführung der buchdruckerkunst in Wien, in commission bei W. Frick Druck von F. Jasper.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The former premises, in the centre of Vienna, as seen in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wiener_Zeitung_Wiedner_G%C3%BCrtel_10.jpg/220px-Wiener_Zeitung_Wiedner_G%C3%BCrtel_10.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of newspapers in Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Austria"}]
[{"reference":"Ferguson, Donna (1 July 2023). \"World's oldest national newspaper prints final edition after 320 years\". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/jul/01/worlds-oldest-newspaper-prints-final-edition-after-320-years","url_text":"\"World's oldest national newspaper prints final edition after 320 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712","url_text":"0029-7712"}]},{"reference":"Baber, Katherine (18 May 2022). \"\"American First Aid\": Jerome Robbins and Leonard Bernstein at the Salzburg Festival, 1959\" (PDF). Journal of Austrian-American History. 6 (1): 76. doi:10.5325/jaustamerhist.6.1.0074. ISSN 2475-0913. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/psup/austrian-american-history/article-pdf/6/1/74/1878946/jaustamerhist_6_1_74.pdf","url_text":"\"\"American First Aid\": Jerome Robbins and Leonard Bernstein at the Salzburg Festival, 1959\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fjaustamerhist.6.1.0074","url_text":"10.5325/jaustamerhist.6.1.0074"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2475-0913","url_text":"2475-0913"}]},{"reference":"Ulrike Felt; Martina Erlemann (June 2003). \"The Austrian media landscape: Mass-production of public images of science and technology\". OPUS Report. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013081452/http://www.univie.ac.at/virusss/OPUSReport/Media%20Chapters/Media_Au.htm","url_text":"\"The Austrian media landscape: Mass-production of public images of science and technology\""},{"url":"http://www.univie.ac.at/virusss/OPUSReport/Media%20Chapters/Media_Au.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stop the press: Vienna newspaper Wiener Zeitung ends daily print edition after 320 years\". AP News. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/vienna-wiener-zeitung-newspaper-ends-daily-21376b5b0154bde12451f12d962e2e51","url_text":"\"Stop the press: Vienna newspaper Wiener Zeitung ends daily print edition after 320 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"VÖZ-Wissenschaftsjournalismuspreis für Täuber und Kramar\". DER STANDARD (in Austrian German). Retrieved 1 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000144278929/voez-wissenschaftsjournalismuspreis-fuer-taeuber-und-kramar","url_text":"\"VÖZ-Wissenschaftsjournalismuspreis für Täuber und Kramar\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Press: Death of a Zeitung\". Time. 15 April 1940. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,789759,00.html","url_text":"\"The Press: Death of a Zeitung\""}]},{"reference":"Selling War: The Role of Mass Media in Hostile Conflicts From World War I to the 'War on Terror'. University of Chicago Press. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Austrian media landscape\". Wien International. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061900/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/the-austrian-media-landscape-en","url_text":"\"The Austrian media landscape\""},{"url":"http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/the-austrian-media-landscape-en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Walter (28 March 2021). \"Österreichs »Wiener Zeitung«: Die älteste Tageszeitung der Welt ist in Gefahr\" [The »Wiener Zeitung« fights for survival]. Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/politik/oesterreichs-wiener-zeitung-die-aelteste-tageszeitung-der-welt-ist-in-gefahr-a-5231412f-17ea-434c-8573-df2b07f47434","url_text":"\"Österreichs »Wiener Zeitung«: Die älteste Tageszeitung der Welt ist in Gefahr\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Austrian newspaper that can survive anything … except Sebastian Kurz?\". Politico. 7 August 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/austria-wiener-zeitung-newspaper-sebastian-kurz/","url_text":"\"The Austrian newspaper that can survive anything … except Sebastian Kurz?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Chefredakteur Walter Hämmerle verlässt die \"Wiener Zeitung\"\". Der Standard (in Austrian German). Retrieved 3 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000145737279/ex-chefredakteur-walter-haemmerle-verlaesst-die-wiener-zeitung","url_text":"\"Ex-Chefredakteur Walter Hämmerle verlässt die \"Wiener Zeitung\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"One of world's oldest newspapers to end daily print run\". France 24. 27 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230427-one-of-world-s-oldest-newspapers-to-end-daily-print-run","url_text":"\"One of world's oldest newspapers to end daily print run\""}]},{"reference":"\"»Wiener Zeitung«: Älteste Tageszeitung der Welt erscheint zum letzten Mal\" [The world's oldest daily newspaper was published for the last time]. Der Spiegel (in German). 30 June 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/wiener-zeitung-aelteste-tageszeitung-der-welt-zum-letzten-mal-erschienen-a-fe1520d0-3c3a-44a2-a483-cfa333d7548e","url_text":"\"»Wiener Zeitung«: Älteste Tageszeitung der Welt erscheint zum letzten Mal\""}]},{"reference":"Nachrichten, Salzburger (30 June 2023). \"\"Wiener Zeitung\": Schmidt und Pumberger leiten neuen Onlineauftritt\". Salzburger Nachrichten (in German). Retrieved 3 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sn.at/panorama/medien/wiener-zeitung-schmidt-und-pumberger-leiten-neuen-onlineauftritt-141265516","url_text":"\"\"Wiener Zeitung\": Schmidt und Pumberger leiten neuen Onlineauftritt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austria's Wiener Zeitung goes to print 1 last time – DW – 06/30/2023\". dw.com. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/austrias-wiener-zeitung-goes-to-print-1-last-time/a-66084050","url_text":"\"Austria's Wiener Zeitung goes to print 1 last time – DW – 06/30/2023\""}]},{"reference":"Moses, Claire (3 May 2020). \"More Readers, Fewer Ads: Britain's Local Newspapers Are Struggling\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/03/business/media/britain-newspapers-coronavirus.html","url_text":"\"More Readers, Fewer Ads: Britain's Local Newspapers Are Struggling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Elleda (13 January 2022). \"Elleda Wilson: In One Ear: The real deal\". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 3 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elleda-wilson-one-ear-real-173300358.html","url_text":"\"Elleda Wilson: In One Ear: The real deal\""}]},{"reference":"250 Jahre Wiener Zeitung: Eine Festschrift [250 Years of Wiener Zeitung: A Festschrift] (PDF) (in German). Weiner Zeitung. 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725180216/https://www.wienerzeitung.at/_em_daten/_wzo/2019/02/14/190214_1207_250jahre_wz_festschrift_gesamt.pdf","url_text":"250 Jahre Wiener Zeitung: Eine Festschrift"},{"url":"https://www.wienerzeitung.at/_em_daten/_wzo/2019/02/14/190214_1207_250jahre_wz_festschrift_gesamt.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Havinga, Anna (2018). Invisibilising Austrian German: on the effect of linguistic prescriptions and educational reforms on writing practices in 18th-century Austria. Lingua historica Germanica. Berlin Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. ISBN 978-3-11-054629-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054629-3","url_text":"978-3-11-054629-3"}]},{"reference":"Mayer, Anton (1883). Wiens Buchdrucker-Geschichte, 1482–1882 [Vienna's book printer history, 1482-1882]. Vol. 2. Verlag des Comités zur feier der vierhundertj. einführung der buchdruckerkunst in Wien, in commission bei W. Frick Druck von F. Jasper.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=gri.ark:/13960/t3dz4464s&view=1up&seq=5","url_text":"Wiens Buchdrucker-Geschichte, 1482–1882"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Executive_Cabinet
Cabinet of Mexico
["1 Constitutional and legal basis","2 Secretary selection process","3 Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials","3.1 Cabinet","3.2 Cabinet-level administration offices","4 References","5 External links"]
Executive Cabinet of the Mexican government This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cabinet of Mexico" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Politics of Mexico Federal government Constitution of Mexico(history) Human rights LGBT rights Law Abortion Labor Nationality Capital punishment Life imprisonment Gun politics Executive President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador(MORENA) List of heads of state Federal government Cabinet Legislature Congress of the Union LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress Senate of the Republic President of the SenateOlga Sánchez Cordero (MORENA) Chamber of Deputies President of the ChamberSergio Gutiérrez Luna (MORENA) Federal electoral districts Judiciary Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation Federal Electoral Tribunal Elections Recent major electionsGeneral: 2006, 2012, 2018, and 2024 Legislative: 2003, 2009, 2015 and 2021Gubernatorial: 2010 and 2021 Instituto Nacional Electoral Political parties Institutional Revolutionary National Action Democratic Revolution Labor Party National Regeneration Movement Ecologist Green Citizens' Movement New Alliance Administrative divisions States Governors State legislatures Municipalities Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs(Minister: Marcelo Ebrard) Diplomatic missions of Mexico / in Mexico Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Mexico portal Other countries vte The Cabinet of Mexico is the Executive Cabinet (Spanish: Gabinete Legal) and is a part of the executive branch of the Mexican government. It consists of nineteen Secretaries of State and the Legal Counsel of the Federal Executive. In addition to the legal Executive Cabinet there are other Cabinet-level administration offices that report directly to the President of the Republic (Gabinete Ampliado). Officials from the legal and extended Cabinet (Gabinete Legal y Ampliado) are subordinate to the President. Constitutional and legal basis Cabinet Officers of President-elect Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of President Enrique Peña Nieto, August 2018. Meeting at Los Pinos of the Cabinet of President Enrique Peña Nieto, January 2018. The term "Cabinet" does not appear in the Constitution, where reference is made only to the Secretaries of State. Article 89 of the Constitution provides that the President of Mexico can appoint and remove Secretaries of State. The Executive Cabinet does not play a collective legislative or executive role (as do the Cabinets in parliamentary systems). The main interaction that Cabinet members have with the legislative branch are regular testimonials before Congressional committees to justify their actions, and coordinate executive and legislative policy in their respective fields of jurisdiction. Secretary selection process Cabinet members are freely appointed by the President, except for the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, whose appointments must be approved by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate respectively. Cabinet Secretaries are often selected from past and current governors, senators, and other political office holders. Private citizens such as businessmen or former military officials are also common Cabinet choices. It is not rare for a Secretary to be moved from one Secretariat to another. For example, former Secretary of Energy Fernando Canales Clariond had previously served as Secretary of Economy and former Secretary of Education Josefina Vázquez Mota had previously served as Secretary of Social Development. Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials Cabinet Department Title Incumbent Image In Office since Secretariat of the Interior(Spanish: Secretaría de Gobernación) Secretary of the Interior(Spanish: Secretario de Gobernación) Luisa María Alcalde Luján(b. 1987) June 19, 2023 Secretariat of Foreign Affairs(Spanish: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores) Secretary of Foreign Affairs(Spanish: Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores) Alicia Bárcena Ibarra(b.1954) June 12, 2023 Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit(Spanish: Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público) Secretary of Finance(Spanish: Secretario de Hacienda) Rogelio Ramírez de la O (b. 1948) July 16, 2019 Secretariat of National Defense(Spanish: Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional) Secretary of Defense(Spanish: Secretario de Defensa) Luis Cresencio Sandoval(b. 1960) December 1, 2018 Secretariat of Navy(Spanish: Secretaría de Marina) Secretary of Navy(Spanish: Secretario de Marina) José Rafael Ojeda Durán(b. 1954) December 1, 2018 Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection(Spanish: Secretaría de Seguridad y Protección Ciudadana) Secretary of Security(Spanish: Secretario de Seguridad) Rosa Icela Rodríguez  (b.1959) October 30, 2020 Secretariat of Economy(Spanish: Secretaría de Economia) Secretary of Economy(Spanish: Secretaria de Economía) Tatiana Clouthier (b.1964) January 4, 2021 Secretariat of Welfare(Spanish: Secretaría de Bienestar) Secretary of Welfare(Spanish: Secretaria de Bienestar) Ariadna Montiel Reyes(b. 1974) December 1, 2018 Secretariat of the Civil ServiceSpanish: Secretaría de la Función Pública Secretary of the Civil ServiceSpanish: Secretaria de la Función Pública Irma Sandoval-Ballesteros(b. 1972) December 1, 2018 Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation(Spanish: Secretaría de Infraestructura, Comunicaciones y Transportes) Secretary of Communications(Spanish: Secretario de Comunicaciones) Jorge Nuño Lara November 15, 2022 Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare(Spanish: Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social) Secretary of Labor(Spanish: Secretaria del Trabajo) Marath Bolanos López (b. 1980s) June 20, 2023 Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources(Spanish: Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales) Secretary of Environment(Spanish: Secretaria de Medio Ambiente) Maria Luisa Albores(b. 1976) December 1, 2018 Secretariat of Energy(Spanish: Secretaría de Energía) Secretary of Energy(Spanish: Secretaria de Energía) Rocío Nahle García(b. 1964) December 1, 2018 Secretariat of Agriculture and Rural Development(Spanish: Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural) Secretary of Agriculture(Spanish: Secretario de Agricultura) Víctor Manuel Villalobos Arámbula(b. 1950) December 1, 2018 Secretariat of Public Education(Spanish: Secretaría de Educación Pública) Secretary of Education(Spanish: Secretario de Educación) Leticia Ramírez Amaya (b.1961) September 1, 2022 Secretariat of Health(Spanish: Secretaría de Salud) Secretary of Health(Spanish: Secretario de Salud) Jorge Alcocer Varela(b. 1946) December 1, 2018 Secretariat of Tourism(Spanish: Secretaría de Turismo) Secretary of Tourism(Spanish: Secretaria de Turismo) Miguel Torruco Marqués(b. 1951) December 1, 2018 Secretariat of Agrarian, Land, and Urban Development Spanish: Secretaría de Desarrollo Agrario, Territorial y Urbano Secretary of Agrarian Development and Urban Planning Spanish: Secretario de Desarrollo Agrario, Territorial y Urbano Román Meyer Falcón(b. 1983) December 1, 2018 Secretariat of Culture Spanish: Secretaría de Cultura Secretary of Culture Spanish: Secretaria de Cultura Alejandra Frausto Guerrero December 1, 2018 Legal Counsel of the Federal Executive Spanish: Consejería Jurídica del Ejecutivo Federal Legal Advisor Spanish: Consejero Jurídico Julio Scherer Ibarra December 1, 2018 Cabinet-level administration offices First Lady Angélica Rivera (2012-2018) speaking at a DIF event for disability benefits. Some positions are not part of the legal Executive Cabinet, but have cabinet-level rank therefore their incumbents are considered members of the extended cabinet (Gabinete ampliado). The National DIF has traditionally been headed by the First Lady or Gentleman of Mexico. However, the position may be filled by another if the president does not have a spouse (as happened during the early Fox presidency) or the presidential spouse refuses the position, such as with Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller (2018-2024). Some of the cabinet-level administration offices are: Department Title Incumbent Image in Office since National System for Integral Family Development(Spanish: Desarrollo Integral de la Familia) Director of National System for Integral Family Development(Spanish: Director del Desarrollo Integral de la Familia) December 1, 2018 National Institute for Women(Spanish: Instituto Nacional para las Mujeres) President of the National Institute for Women(Spanish: Presidenta del Instituto Nacional para las Mujeres) Lorena Cruz Sánchez January 2013 National Commission of Sport(Spanish: CONADE) President of CONADE(Spanish: Presidente del CONADE) Ana Guevara December 1, 2018 Chief of Staff(Spanish: Presidencia de la Republica) Chief of Staff(Spanish: Jefe de la Presidencia) Alfonso Romo Garza December 1, 2018 National Institute of Indigenous Peoples(Spanish: Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas) General Director of the National Institute of Indigenous Peoples(Spanish: Director General del Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas.) Adelfo Regino Montes 2018 References ^ "THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE MEXICAN UNITED STATES" (PDF). SENADO DE LA REPÚBLICA. Retrieved 24 February 2024. ^ "El DIF no será dirigido por Beatriz Gutiérrez: Alcocer". El Financiero (in Spanish). 15 July 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2024. External links Executive Cabinet CIA: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Mexico
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Officials from the legal and extended Cabinet (Gabinete Legal y Ampliado) are subordinate to the President.","title":"Cabinet of Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reuni%C3%B3n_con_el_presidente_electo_y_equipos_de_trabajo_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"Enrique Peña Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexican_President%27s_Cabinet_Meeting_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Pinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Pinos"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"President of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"parliamentary systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systems"},{"link_name":"legislative branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Mexico"}],"text":"Cabinet Officers of President-elect Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of President Enrique Peña Nieto, August 2018.Meeting at Los Pinos of the Cabinet of President Enrique Peña Nieto, January 2018.The term \"Cabinet\" does not appear in the Constitution, where reference is made only to the Secretaries of State. Article 89 of the Constitution provides that the President of Mexico can appoint and remove Secretaries of State.[1]The Executive Cabinet does not play a collective legislative or executive role (as do the Cabinets in parliamentary systems). The main interaction that Cabinet members have with the legislative branch are regular testimonials before Congressional committees to justify their actions, and coordinate executive and legislative policy in their respective fields of jurisdiction.","title":"Constitutional and legal basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Energy_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Fernando Canales Clariond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Canales_Clariond"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Economy_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Education_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Josefina Vázquez Mota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina_V%C3%A1zquez_Mota"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Social Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Social_Development"}],"text":"Cabinet members are freely appointed by the President, except for the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, whose appointments must be approved by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate respectively.Cabinet Secretaries are often selected from past and current governors, senators, and other political office holders. Private citizens such as businessmen or former military officials are also common Cabinet choices.It is not rare for a Secretary to be moved from one Secretariat to another. For example, former Secretary of Energy Fernando Canales Clariond had previously served as Secretary of Economy and former Secretary of Education Josefina Vázquez Mota had previously served as Secretary of Social Development.","title":"Secretary selection process"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cabinet","title":"Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acciones_en_grande_por_la_Discapacidad._(8652715273).jpg"},{"link_name":"Angélica Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica_Rivera"},{"link_name":"disability benefits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_benefits"},{"link_name":"National DIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNDIF"},{"link_name":"First Lady or Gentleman of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_or_Gentleman_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Fox presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Vicente_Fox"},{"link_name":"Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz_Guti%C3%A9rrez_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Cabinet-level administration offices","text":"First Lady Angélica Rivera (2012-2018) speaking at a DIF event for disability benefits.Some positions are not part of the legal Executive Cabinet, but have cabinet-level rank therefore their incumbents are considered members of the extended cabinet (Gabinete ampliado).The National DIF has traditionally been headed by the First Lady or Gentleman of Mexico. However, the position may be filled by another if the president does not have a spouse (as happened during the early Fox presidency) or the presidential spouse refuses the position, such as with Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller (2018-2024).[2]Some of the cabinet-level administration offices are:","title":"Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials"}]
[{"image_text":"Cabinet Officers of President-elect Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of President Enrique Peña Nieto, August 2018.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reuni%C3%B3n_con_el_presidente_electo_y_equipos_de_trabajo_10.jpg/250px-Reuni%C3%B3n_con_el_presidente_electo_y_equipos_de_trabajo_10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Meeting at Los Pinos of the Cabinet of President Enrique Peña Nieto, January 2018.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mexican_President%27s_Cabinet_Meeting_2.jpg/250px-Mexican_President%27s_Cabinet_Meeting_2.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Finance_Secretary_of_Mexico_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_la_O_in_2022_-_%28cropped%29.jpg/129px-Finance_Secretary_of_Mexico_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_la_O_in_2022_-_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Secretaria_Rosa_Icela_Rodr%C3%ADguez.jpg/203px-Secretaria_Rosa_Icela_Rodr%C3%ADguez.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tatiana_Clouthier.png/143px-Tatiana_Clouthier.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Leticia_Ramirez_Amaya_%28cropped%29.jpg/121px-Leticia_Ramirez_Amaya_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"First Lady Angélica Rivera (2012-2018) speaking at a DIF event for disability benefits.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Acciones_en_grande_por_la_Discapacidad._%288652715273%29.jpg/220px-Acciones_en_grande_por_la_Discapacidad._%288652715273%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE MEXICAN UNITED STATES\" (PDF). SENADO DE LA REPÚBLICA. Retrieved 24 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senado.gob.mx/comisiones/puntos_constitucionales/docs/CPM_INGLES.pdf","url_text":"\"THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE MEXICAN UNITED STATES\""}]},{"reference":"\"El DIF no será dirigido por Beatriz Gutiérrez: Alcocer\". El Financiero (in Spanish). 15 July 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/elecciones-2018/el-dif-no-sera-dirigido-por-beatriz-gutierrez-alcocer/","url_text":"\"El DIF no será dirigido por Beatriz Gutiérrez: Alcocer\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloe_Report
Beloe Report
["1 History","1.1 Contents","1.2 Implementation of the GCSE","2 References","3 External links"]
1950s UK education reform This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Beloe Report" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Beloe Report, commissioned in the late 1950s in the United Kingdom, led directly to the implementation of the Certificate of Secondary Education, the CSE examination which would exist from 1965 to 1987. The CSE was withdrawn at the same time as the GCE Ordinary Level exam. History The GCE exam had been introduced in 1951. The Beloe Committee met from 1958-60. Robert Beloe CBE was the Chief Education Officer of Surrey from 1940–59, beginning when only 35. He had created the system of grammar schools in Surrey in the late 1940s. He had created many bilateral schools in Surrey in the 1950s, which were effectively comprehensive schools; this was to reduce the cost of building brand new grammar schools, and made the implementation of the comprehensive system in Surrey, in the 1970s, more straightforward than other local education authorities. He was appointed CBE in the 1960 New Year Honours. The report was published in July 1960 by a committee of the Secondary Schools Examinations Council - the Committee on Secondary School Examinations other than the G.C.E., appointed in July 1958. Robert Beloe died on 26 April 1984. The report was overseen by the Ministry of Education. At the time, many of those at secondary schools left at age 15 - currently Year Ten. It would not be until 1973 that the school leaving age rose to 16, now known as Year Eleven. The CSE would be mainly, though not exclusively, aimed at people at secondary modern schools, or the early comprehensive schools. The new CSE exam would give secondary modern schools an incentive to have fifth forms - for those who voluntarily wanted to stay at school beyond the school leaving age; this would help prove that education futures were not always narrowly defined by the eleven-plus exam. The report may have had direct consequences for the idea of comprehensive schools; before the CSE, there was no widely recognized exam for most people who had not gained a place at grammar school. Contents The report, with scope for education in secondary schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, recommended that a new examination be introduced with a different emphasis from that of the highly-academic GCE O level, which required rigorous knowledge of subjects. 20% of those at 16 took the GCE exam, and the CSE would cover the next 20%. The exam was to be a different kind of exam to the GCE, and not simply a watered-down GCE. The exam would be set mainly by teachers, sitting on 20 regional bodies. Implementation of the GCSE Although the GCSE, introduced in 1986 with first examinations in 1988, covered much, if not most, of the ground of the previous CSE, the GCSE has not adequately replaced the rigour of what the former O-level offered. The Beloe Report therefore would eventually lead the way largely to what became the GCSE. The 1978 Waddell Report had advocated a common examination, prepared by Sir James Waddell, which hoped that the new common exam would be first sat by 1985. References ^ Times January 4, 1961, page 4 ^ Times Obituary 30 April 1984, page 14 External links Education in England
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Certificate of Secondary Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Secondary_Education"},{"link_name":"GCE Ordinary Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level"}],"text":"The Beloe Report, commissioned in the late 1950s in the United Kingdom, led directly to the implementation of the Certificate of Secondary Education, the CSE examination which would exist from 1965 to 1987. The CSE was withdrawn at the same time as the GCE Ordinary Level exam.","title":"Beloe Report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Beloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Beloe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"grammar schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"bilateral schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_selective_school_(England)"},{"link_name":"local education authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_education_authority"},{"link_name":"1960 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"Secondary Schools Examinations Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Schools_Examinations_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Year Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Ten"},{"link_name":"Year Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Eleven"},{"link_name":"secondary modern schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_modern_school"},{"link_name":"comprehensive schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school"},{"link_name":"school leaving age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropping_Out_age"},{"link_name":"eleven-plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleven-plus"}],"text":"The GCE exam had been introduced in 1951. The Beloe Committee met from 1958-60. Robert Beloe CBE was the Chief Education Officer of Surrey from 1940–59, beginning when only 35. He had created the system of grammar schools in Surrey in the late 1940s. He had created many bilateral schools in Surrey in the 1950s, which were effectively comprehensive schools; this was to reduce the cost of building brand new grammar schools, and made the implementation of the comprehensive system in Surrey, in the 1970s, more straightforward than other local education authorities. He was appointed CBE in the 1960 New Year Honours.The report was published in July 1960 by a committee of the Secondary Schools Examinations Council - the Committee on Secondary School Examinations other than the G.C.E., appointed in July 1958.[1] Robert Beloe died on 26 April 1984.[2] The report was overseen by the Ministry of Education.At the time, many of those at secondary schools left at age 15 - currently Year Ten. It would not be until 1973 that the school leaving age rose to 16, now known as Year Eleven. The CSE would be mainly, though not exclusively, aimed at people at secondary modern schools, or the early comprehensive schools. The new CSE exam would give secondary modern schools an incentive to have fifth forms - for those who voluntarily wanted to stay at school beyond the school leaving age; this would help prove that education futures were not always narrowly defined by the eleven-plus exam. The report may have had direct consequences for the idea of comprehensive schools; before the CSE, there was no widely recognized exam for most people who had not gained a place at grammar school.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Contents","text":"The report, with scope for education in secondary schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, recommended that a new examination be introduced with a different emphasis from that of the highly-academic GCE O level, which required rigorous knowledge of subjects.20% of those at 16 took the GCE exam, and the CSE would cover the next 20%. The exam was to be a different kind of exam to the GCE, and not simply a watered-down GCE. The exam would be set mainly by teachers, sitting on 20 regional bodies.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Waddell Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waddell_Report&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Waddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Waddell_(civil_servant)"}],"sub_title":"Implementation of the GCSE","text":"Although the GCSE, introduced in 1986 with first examinations in 1988, covered much, if not most, of the ground of the previous CSE, the GCSE has not adequately replaced the rigour of what the former O-level offered.[citation needed] The Beloe Report therefore would eventually lead the way largely to what became the GCSE. The 1978 Waddell Report had advocated a common examination, prepared by Sir James Waddell, which hoped that the new common exam would be first sat by 1985.","title":"History"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Buenos_Aires)
Plaza de la República (Buenos Aires)
["1 Metro","2 References"]
Coordinates: 34°36′13″S 58°22′53″W / 34.6037°S 58.3815°W / -34.6037; -58.3815This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Plaza de la República" Buenos Aires – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An eye-level view of the Plaza de la República from the south Plaza de la República (Republic Square) is a city square in Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina. It is located in the San Nicolás quarter, at the intersection of the city's three main arteries: Ninth of July Avenue, Corrientes Avenue, and Diagonal Norte. It derives its name and associations from a church once sited on the square, San Nicolás de Bari (demolished in the 1930s for the creation of 9 July Avenue), where the country's national flag was hoisted for the first time. The plaza is the site of the Obelisk of Buenos Aires, designed by Alberto Prebisch and inaugurated in 1937. The plaza, originally a circular esplanade paved in stone, was enlarged to its current dimensions in 1962. Its present layout was established in 1971, when Corrientes Avenue was rerouted through the plaza and around the obelisk to ease car traffic into the city's financial district. Metro Three lines of the Buenos Aires Metro have connecting stations underneath the plaza, and are accessible from either side of the Ninth of July Avenue. These are: "Carlos Pellegrini" station on the Line "9 de Julio" station on the Line "Diagonal Norte" station on the Line Together they offer an easy route around most of the important places in the capital. References ^ "Plaza de la República | Buenos Aires Ciudad - Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires". buenosaires.gob.ar. Retrieved 2023-04-09. ^ Novick, Alicia (1998). "Alberto Prebisch: la vanguardia clásica" (PDF). Cuadernos de Historia IAA Protagonistas de la Arquitectura Argentina. 9: 113–159 – via Google Academic. Argentina portal vteLandmarks of Buenos Aires CityPublic andhistoric buildingsand structures Cabildo Casa Rosada Chacarita Cemetery City Hall City Legislature Confitería del Molino Congress Palace Customs House CCK Duhau Palace Estrugamou Building Floralis Genérica Galerías Pacífico Immigrants' Hotel Kavanagh Building Libertador Building May Pyramid Metropolitan Cathedral Ministry of Public Works Building Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi Obelisco Palacio de Aguas Corrientes Palacio Barolo Palacio Haedo Pizzurno Palace Plaza Hotel Recoleta Cemetery San Martín Palace Santo Domingo convent Sarmiento Frigate Torre Monumental Uruguay Corvette Women's Bridge Precincts andneighbourhoods Almagro Belgrano Buenos Aires CBD Caballito City Centre Colegiales Montserrat Núñez Palermo Puerto Madero Recoleta Retiro San Telmo Nature and parks Avellaneda Park Botanical Gardens Buenos Aires Eco-Park Buenos Aires Ecological Reserve Chacabuco Park Ciudad Universitaria Congressional Plaza Japanese Gardens Lezama Park Palermo Gardens Parque Centenario Parque de la Memoria Plaza Canadá Plaza Fuerza Aérea Argentina Plaza de la República Plaza de Mayo Plaza Intendente Alvear Plaza San Martín CulturalInstitutions Ateneo Bookshop Argentine Automobile Club Café Tortoni Cine Cosmos Foreign Debt Museum Fortabat Art Collection House of Culture Illuminated Block Isaac Fernández Blanco Museum King Fahd Cultural Center Latin American Art Museum Modern Art Museum Natural Sciences Museum National Library National Museum of Decorative Arts National Museum of Fine Arts National Museum of History Opera House Paz Palace Planetarium Recoleta Cultural Center Rojas Cultural Center San Martín Cultural Center San Martín National Institute Sarmiento Museum Eduardo Sívori Museum Fundacion Proa Sport Argentinos Juniors Stadium Boca Juniors Stadium CeNARD Ferro C. Oeste Stadium GEBA Stadium Hippodrome of Palermo Huracán Stadium Lawn Tennis Club Luna Park Arena Malvinas Argentinas Arena Mary Terán de Weiss Tennis Stadium Nueva Chicago Stadium Obras Sanitarias Arena Polo Stadium Race Circuit River Plate Stadium San Lorenzo Stadium José Amalfitani Stadium Transport Buenos Aires station Constitución station Federico Lacroze station Jorge Newbery Airport MetroBus Once station Premetro Retiro station Underground network Shopping andentertainment Abasto Mall Avenida Theatre Cervantes Theatre Fishermen's Pier Galería Güemes Galerías Pacífico Gran Rex Theatre Paseo La Plaza Patio Bullrich Opera Theatre San Martin Theatre Parque de la Ciudad La Trastienda Club Streetsand avenues Avenida 9 de Julio Avenida Alvear Avenida de Mayo Avenida del Libertador Belgrano Avenue Callao Avenue Caminito Córdoba Avenue Coronel Díaz Street Corrientes Avenue Figueroa Alcorta Avenue Florida Street General Paz Avenue President Julio Argentino Roca Avenue Leandro Alem Avenue Pueyrredón Avenue President Roque Sáenz Peña Avenue Rivadavia Avenue Santa Fe Avenue Sarmiento Avenue Scalabrini Ortiz Avenue 34°36′13″S 58°22′53″W / 34.6037°S 58.3815°W / -34.6037; -58.3815 This article about a location in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9_de_Julio_Buenos_Aires_(21008).jpg"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"San Nicolás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Ninth of July Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_de_Julio_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Corrientes Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Diagonal Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenida_Presidente_Roque_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Obelisk of Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk_of_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Alberto Prebisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Prebisch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"An eye-level view of the Plaza de la República from the southPlaza de la República (Republic Square) is a city square in Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina. It is located in the San Nicolás quarter, at the intersection of the city's three main arteries: Ninth of July Avenue, Corrientes Avenue, and Diagonal Norte. It derives its name and associations from a church once sited on the square, San Nicolás de Bari (demolished in the 1930s for the creation of 9 July Avenue), where the country's national flag was hoisted for the first time.The plaza is the site of the Obelisk of Buenos Aires, designed by Alberto Prebisch and inaugurated in 1937.[1] The plaza, originally a circular esplanade paved in stone, was enlarged to its current dimensions in 1962.[2] Its present layout was established in 1971, when Corrientes Avenue was rerouted through the plaza and around the obelisk to ease car traffic into the city's financial district.","title":"Plaza de la República (Buenos Aires)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_B_(Buenos_Aires)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line-B.png"},{"link_name":"Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_D_(Buenos_Aires)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line-D.png"},{"link_name":"Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_C_(Buenos_Aires)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line-C.png"}],"text":"Three lines of the Buenos Aires Metro have connecting stations underneath the plaza, and are accessible from either side of the Ninth of July Avenue. These are:\"Carlos Pellegrini\" station on the Line \n\"9 de Julio\" station on the Line \n\"Diagonal Norte\" station on the LineTogether they offer an easy route around most of the important places in the capital.","title":"Metro"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Balloch
Donald Balloch MacDonald
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Notes","4 References"]
Donald Balloch MacDonaldDòmhnall Ballach Mac DhòmhnaillTitle2nd Clan ChiefPredecessorJohn Mór TanisterSuccessorJohn Mor MacDonald, 3rd of Dunnyveg Donald Balloch MacDonald (Scottish Gaelic: Dòmhnall Ballach Mac Dhòmhnaill) was a Scottish-Gaelic lord who died about 1476. Biography Donald Balloch MacDonald was a son of John Mór Tanister and Margery Byset, daughter of MacEoin Bisset, Lord of The Glens. He was the second lord of Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg, also known as Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens. He succeeded to the lordship after his father was murdered by James Campbell (the agent of James I of Scotland) after a scheduled meeting called at the king's request on the Isle of Islay in 1427. King James had James Campbell executed, but Campbell protested that it was done under the orders of the king. Known as a military leader, Donald Balloch was chosen to lead Clan Donald in their revenge for the King's treachery and the humiliation of their chief, Alexander Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, aka Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross when he surrendered to the king at Holyrood in 1429. The whole strength of Clan Donald was mustered under Alexander's cousin, Donald Balloch, to lead the army. The royal army was encamped in Lochaber at Inverlochy Castle under the Earls of Mar and Caithness. The resulting Battle of Inverlochy was a resounding victory for Clan Donald. Thus, once more, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, had underestimated the might of Clan Donald, and the result was a complete rout and a great slaughter. Subsequently, Donald Balloch returned with his booty to the Isles and from there to his lands in Antrim in Ireland. In response, King James demanded of Hugh Buy O'Neill, an Irish chief in Ulster, that Donald be captured and sent dead or alive to the king. Instead, a pickled head was presented by Odo, Prince of Connaught. But it was not that of Donald, who lived many years beyond this. While Donald did not lose his head, he did lose his heart to O'Neill's daughter who he afterwards married. After the death of King James I, he returned to Dunnyveg on Islay in 1437. He died on an islet upon Loch Gruinart, Islay about 1476. Family By his first wife Johanna, daughter of Conn O'Neill of Eden-duff-carrick Edenduffcarrick, prince of the Clandeboye O'Neills in Antrim. They had; John Mor MacDonald, m. Sabina O'Neill, daughter of Phelim Bacagh O'Neill Margaret, b. c. 1414 married Ruari MacDonald, 3rd of Clan Ranald. By his second wife Joan, daughter of O'Donnell, Lord of Tyrconnell, they had; Agnes, who married Thomas Bannatyne of Knraes. Notes ^ Roberts (1999) p. 16. ^ Angus MacDonald, et al, The Clan Donald, vol. I, 1896, at p. 183 and 186. ^ Angus MacDonald, et al, The Clan Donald, vol. I, 1896, at p. 188. ^ Chronicle of the Earls of Ross, p. 11-12. References Roberts, John Leonard (1999), Feuds, Forays and Rebellions: History of the Highland Clans, 1475-1625, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-6244-9
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"}],"text":"Donald Balloch MacDonald (Scottish Gaelic: Dòmhnall Ballach Mac Dhòmhnaill) was a Scottish-Gaelic lord who died about 1476.","title":"Donald Balloch MacDonald"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Mór Tanister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M%C3%B3r_Tanister"},{"link_name":"Margery Byset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margery_Byset"},{"link_name":"MacEoin Bisset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacEoin_Bisset"},{"link_name":"Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacDonald_of_Dunnyveg"},{"link_name":"James I of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Islay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islay"},{"link_name":"Clan Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Donald"},{"link_name":"Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Islay,_Earl_of_Ross"},{"link_name":"Battle of Inverlochy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inverlochy_(1431)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"islet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islet"},{"link_name":"Loch Gruinart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Gruinart"}],"text":"Donald Balloch MacDonald was a son of John Mór Tanister and Margery Byset, daughter of MacEoin Bisset, Lord of The Glens. He was the second lord of Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg, also known as Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens.He succeeded to the lordship after his father was murdered by James Campbell (the agent of James I of Scotland) after a scheduled meeting called at the king's request on the Isle of Islay in 1427. King James had James Campbell executed, but Campbell protested that it was done under the orders of the king.Known as a military leader, Donald Balloch was chosen to lead Clan Donald in their revenge for the King's treachery and the humiliation of their chief, Alexander Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, aka Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross when he surrendered to the king at Holyrood in 1429. The whole strength of Clan Donald was mustered under Alexander's cousin, Donald Balloch, to lead the army. The royal army was encamped in Lochaber at Inverlochy Castle under the Earls of Mar and Caithness.The resulting Battle of Inverlochy was a resounding victory for Clan Donald.[1] Thus, once more, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, had underestimated the might of Clan Donald, and the result was a complete rout and a great slaughter.[2]Subsequently, Donald Balloch returned with his booty to the Isles and from there to his lands in Antrim in Ireland.[3]In response, King James demanded of Hugh Buy O'Neill, an Irish chief in Ulster, that Donald be captured and sent dead or alive to the king. Instead, a pickled head was presented by Odo, Prince of Connaught.[4] But it was not that of Donald, who lived many years beyond this. While Donald did not lose his head, he did lose his heart to O'Neill's daughter who he afterwards married. After the death of King James I, he returned to Dunnyveg on Islay in 1437.He died on an islet upon Loch Gruinart, Islay about 1476.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edenduffcarrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edenduffcarrick"},{"link_name":"John Mor MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mor_MacDonald,_3rd_of_Dunnyveg"},{"link_name":"Phelim Bacagh O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phelim_Bacagh_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Clan Ranald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Ranald"}],"text":"By his first wife Johanna, daughter of Conn O'Neill of Eden-duff-carrick Edenduffcarrick, prince of the Clandeboye O'Neills in Antrim. They had;John Mor MacDonald, m. Sabina O'Neill, daughter of Phelim Bacagh O'Neill\nMargaret, b. c. 1414 married Ruari MacDonald, 3rd of Clan Ranald.By his second wife Joan, daughter of O'Donnell, Lord of Tyrconnell, they had;Agnes, who married Thomas Bannatyne of Knraes.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Roberts (1999) p. 16.\n\n^ Angus MacDonald, et al, The Clan Donald, vol. I, 1896, at p. 183 and 186.\n\n^ Angus MacDonald, et al, The Clan Donald, vol. I, 1896, at p. 188.\n\n^ Chronicle of the Earls of Ross, p. 11-12.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Bannikova
Kristina Bannikova
["1 International goals","2 References","3 External links"]
Estonian footballer (born 1991) Kristina Bannikova Bannikova playing for Estonia national in 2018.Personal informationFull name Kristina BannikovaDate of birth (1991-06-15) 15 June 1991 (age 33)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team PärnuSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2011–2012 Tammeka Tartu 2013– Pärnu 20 (2)International career‡2013– Estonia 101 (8) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 6 November 2013‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 3 November 2023 Kristina Bannikova (born 15 June 1991) is an Estonian football player, who plays as a striker for Naiste Meistriliiga club Pärnu and the Estonia women's national football team. International goals This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2022) No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 8. 14 November 2022 Stadion Topolica, Bar, Montenegro  Montenegro 1–1 2–1 Friendly 9. 1 December 2023 Astana Arena, Astana, Kazakhstan  Kazakhstan 1–0 1–0 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League References ^ "Estonia - K. Bannikova - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway". ng.soccerway.com. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Estonia - Kristina Bannikova - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway". int.women.soccerway.com. Retrieved 6 November 2013. ^ Kristina Bannikova at the Estonian Football Association (in Estonian) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristina Bannikova. Kristina Bannikova national team profile at the Estonian Football Association (in Estonian) vteEstonian Women's Footballer of the Year 1994 Lepik 1995 Lepik 1996 Olander 1997 Morkovkina 1998 Olander 1999 Tammela 2000 Morkovkina 2001 Filatova 2002 Morkovkina 2003 Morkovkina 2004 Morkovkina 2005 Morkovkina 2006 Pajo 2007 Vaher 2008 Jekimova 2009 Morkovkina 2010 Morkovkina 2011 Aarna 2012 Raadik 2013 Laar 2014 Õunpuu 2015 Aarna 2016 Zlidnis 2017 Zlidnis 2018 Loo 2019 Zlidnis 2020 Bannikova 2021 Zlidnis 2022 Kubassova This biographical article related to women's association football in Estonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czepino
Czepino
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 53°17′N 14°31′E / 53.283°N 14.517°E / 53.283; 14.517Village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandCzepinoVillageCzepinoCoordinates: 53°17′N 14°31′E / 53.283°N 14.517°E / 53.283; 14.517Country PolandVoivodeshipWest PomeranianCountyGryfinoGminaGryfinoPopulation412 Czepino (German Wintersfelde) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfino, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Gryfino and 16 km (10 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin. The village has a population of 412. See also History of Pomerania References ^ M. Kaemmerer (2004). Ortsnamenverzeichnis der Ortschaften jenseits von Oder u. Neiße (in German). ISBN 3-7921-0368-0. ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina GryfinoTown and seat Gryfino Villages Bartkowo Borzym Chlebowo Chwarstnica Ciosna Czepino Daleszewo Dębce Dołgie Drzenin Gajki Gardno Krajnik Krzypnica Łubnica Mielenko Gryfińskie Nowe Brynki Nowe Czarnowo Osuch Parsówek Pastuszka Pniewo Raczki Radziszewo Skrzynice Sobiemyśl Sobieradz Śremsko Stare Brynki Steklinko Steklno Szczawno Wełtyń Wirów Wirówek Włodkowice Wysoka Gryfińska Żabnica Zaborze Żórawie Żórawki This Gryfino County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[t͡ʂɛˈpinɔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Gryfino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Gryfino"},{"link_name":"Gryfino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryfino_County"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-2"},{"link_name":"Gryfino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryfino"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"}],"text":"Village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandCzepino [t͡ʂɛˈpinɔ] (German Wintersfelde)[1] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfino, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border.[2] It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Gryfino and 16 km (10 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.The village has a population of 412.","title":"Czepino"}]
[]
[{"title":"History of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Milan
Flag of Milan
["1 History","2 Modern-day use","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Flag of the City of Milan You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|it|Simboli di Milano}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. The flag of the City of Milan. The flag of Milan consists of a red cross on a white field. Whilst similar to the Cross of Saint George, the flag instead symbolises the connection between Saint Ambrose and the city of Milan. History The association between the red cross on a white field and the city of Milan dates back to the 4th century. Saint Ambrose had been the Bishop of Milan between 374 and 397, and as a result of his influence his symbol, the red cross on a field of white became associated with the Bishop of Milan. In 1176 the Lombard League faced the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, led by Fredrick Barbarossa, at the Battle of Legnano. Upon hearing about the arrival of the Holy Roman army, the Lombard infantry constructed a carroccio, a sacred war wagon which displayed a vexillum, to take into battle. The infantry affixed the symbol of the Bishop of Milan, Aribert, to the wagon and displayed it during the battle. The connotations between the victorious battle and the flag led to a greater association between the city and the symbol. Between 1395 and 1447, the Duchy of Milan used the arms of the ruling House of Visconti, the biscione, a great serpent shown devouring a Saracen. This standard greatly replaced the Cross of Saint Ambrose in Milan. In 1397 the Duke of Milan, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, was granted the usage of the imperial eagle by Emperor Wenceslaw. The flag of the Duchy of Milan then became the arms of House Visconti quarted with the imperial eagle of the Holy Roman Empire. The red and white of flag of Milan most likely contributed to the green-white-red uniforms of the Milan City Militia which had fought against Napoleon during the French First Republic's invasion of Italy. The colours were then chosen by Napoleon for the flag of the Cisalpine Republic in 1797. This flag would later go on to inspire the current Italian Tricolour. Modern-day use The flag of Milan appears on the crest of Serie A side AC Milan. Pro-Lombardy independence parties, Lega Lombarda and Pro Lombardia Indipendenza, both use the flag as a symbol for their movements. The logo of the car manufacturer Alfa Romeo, originally based in Milan, incorporates the cross from the flag. Gallery Flags of Milan First flag of Milan of which there is a documented trace (1171) State Flag ( Vexillum publicum ) of the City of Milan from 12th century The flag of the Lordship of Milan (1329–1395) The flag of the Duchy of Milan (1395–1447, 1450–1499 and 1526–1796) The flag of French Milan (1499–1526) State flag ( Vexillum publicum ) of the Golden Ambrosian Republic (1447–1450) The flag of Austrian Habsburg Milan 1714–1796 See also St George's Cross Biscione References ^ a b c "Milan". CRW Flags. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ Santosuosso, Antonio (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare. New York: N.Y: MJF Books. pp. 192. ISBN 978-1-56731-891-3. ^ Smith, Whitney (1975). Flags Through the Ages and Across the World. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill. pp. 144. ISBN 9780070590939. ^ "The AC Milan Logo". AC Milan. Retrieved 29 March 2024. ^ "Behind the Badge: Why Alfa Romeo's Logo Features a Snake Eating a Guy". The News Wheel. Retrieved 29 March 2024. External links Milan Flags (crwflags.com) https://web.archive.org/web/20131123081315/http://www.ugopozzati.it/Bandiere%20Milanesi.htm This European flag–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Italy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Whilst similar to the Cross of Saint George, the flag instead symbolises the connection between Saint Ambrose and the city of Milan.","title":"Flag of Milan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Lombard League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_League"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Fredrick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Legnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano"},{"link_name":"carroccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroccio"},{"link_name":"vexillum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum"},{"link_name":"Aribert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aribert_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"House of Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"biscione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscione"},{"link_name":"Saracen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"},{"link_name":"Gian Galeazzo Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"},{"link_name":"imperial eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsadler"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wenceslaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"imperial eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsadler"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"French First Republic's invasion of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars#Bonaparte's_war"},{"link_name":"Cisalpine Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Italian Tricolour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Italy"}],"text":"The association between the red cross on a white field and the city of Milan dates back to the 4th century. Saint Ambrose had been the Bishop of Milan between 374 and 397, and as a result of his influence his symbol, the red cross on a field of white became associated with the Bishop of Milan.[1]In 1176 the Lombard League faced the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, led by Fredrick Barbarossa, at the Battle of Legnano. Upon hearing about the arrival of the Holy Roman army, the Lombard infantry constructed a carroccio, a sacred war wagon which displayed a vexillum, to take into battle. The infantry affixed the symbol of the Bishop of Milan, Aribert, to the wagon and displayed it during the battle.[2] The connotations between the victorious battle and the flag led to a greater association between the city and the symbol.[1]\nBetween 1395 and 1447, the Duchy of Milan used the arms of the ruling House of Visconti, the biscione, a great serpent shown devouring a Saracen. This standard greatly replaced the Cross of Saint Ambrose in Milan. In 1397 the Duke of Milan, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, was granted the usage of the imperial eagle by Emperor Wenceslaw. The flag of the Duchy of Milan then became the arms of House Visconti quarted with the imperial eagle of the Holy Roman Empire.[1]The red and white of flag of Milan most likely contributed to the green-white-red uniforms of the Milan City Militia which had fought against Napoleon during the French First Republic's invasion of Italy. The colours were then chosen by Napoleon for the flag of the Cisalpine Republic in 1797.[3] This flag would later go on to inspire the current Italian Tricolour.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"AC Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Milan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"Pro-Lombardy independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Lega Lombarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Lombarda"},{"link_name":"Pro Lombardia Indipendenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Lombardy_Independence"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"}],"text":"The flag of Milan appears on the crest of Serie A side AC Milan.[4]Pro-Lombardy independence parties, Lega Lombarda and Pro Lombardia Indipendenza, both use the flag as a symbol for their movements.The logo of the car manufacturer Alfa Romeo, originally based in Milan, incorporates the cross from the flag.[5]","title":"Modern-day use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Milan_(1171).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Milan.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Lordship_of_Milan_(XIII_century-1395).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_(1450).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Count_of_Virtue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Golden_Ambrosian_Republic.svg"},{"link_name":"Golden Ambrosian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Ambrosian_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_(1765-1796).gif"}],"text":"Flags of Milan\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFirst flag of Milan of which there is a documented trace (1171)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tState Flag ( Vexillum publicum ) of the City of Milan from 12th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe flag of the Lordship of Milan (1329–1395)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe flag of the Duchy of Milan (1395–1447, 1450–1499 and 1526–1796)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe flag of French Milan (1499–1526)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tState flag ( Vexillum publicum ) of the Golden Ambrosian Republic (1447–1450)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe flag of Austrian Habsburg Milan 1714–1796","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"The flag of the City of Milan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Milan.svg/310px-Flag_of_Milan.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"St George's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross"},{"title":"Biscione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscione"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday-Night_Theatre
Sunday Night Theatre
["1 Archive status","2 References","3 External links"]
British TV series 1950–1959 For the ITV series of the same name, see ITV Sunday Night Theatre. Sunday Night TheatreStarringRichard CaldicotGeorge WoodbridgeRobert BrownMichael BrennanBrian RixJohn VereCarl BernardPatrick BarrLarry NobleHenry OscarBeatrice VarleyVictor PlattAlan WheatleyGeorge SkillanPeter SallisNora GordonTimothy BatesonCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes721 plays (27 survive)Original releaseNetworkBBC TelevisionRelease5 March 1950 (1950-03-05) –20 December 1959 (1959-12-20)RelatedBBC Sunday-Night Play Sunday Night Theatre was a long-running series of televised live television plays screened by BBC Television from early 1950 until 1959. The productions for the first five years or so of the run were re-staged live the following Thursday, partly because of technical limitations in this era, and the theatrical basis of early television drama. Some of the earliest collaborations between Rudolph Cartier and Nigel Kneale were produced for this series, including Arrow to the Heart (1952, 1956) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1954). The Sunday night drama slot was subsequently renamed The Sunday-Night Play which ran for four seasons between 1960 and 1963. ITV transmitted its own unrelated run of Sunday Night Theatre between 1969 and 1974. Archive status The overwhelming majority of the run (1950–1959) of 721 plays are missing from television archives; only 27 are believed to still exist as telerecordings. The Thursday 'repeat performance; of Nineteen Eighty-Four survives in this form. (See Wiping.) Also among the surviving episodes are at least two from 1953, It Is Midnight, Dr. Schweitzer and The Lady from the Sea. A recording of the soundtrack of the production of Requiem for a Heavyweight broadcast in March 1957, which features Sean Connery in the lead role, was recovered in 2014. References ^ "BBC Sunday-Night Theatre (1950-1959)". ^ "Missing or incomplete episodes for programme The Sunday-Night Play", lostshows.com According to IMDb, the series was called BBC Sunday-Night Play. ^ "Sunday Night Theatre (1950–1959)", lostshows.com ^ Sunday Night Theatre: It Is Midnight, Dr. Schweitzer, lostsjhows.com ^ John Wyver "Sunday Night Theatre: The Lady from the Sea (BBC, 1953)", Screen Plays: Theatre Plays on British Television, 30 December 2011 ^ Geoghegan, Kev (2 June 2014). "'Lost' Sean Connery play recording unearthed by director". BBC News. Retrieved 3 June 2014. External links Sunday Night Theatre at BBC Online BBC Sunday-Night Theatre at IMDb This article related to a BBC television programme is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymenn_Jawad_Al-Tamimi
Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi
["1 Education","2 Early career","3 Middle East expert","3.1 UK House of Commons Defence Committee","4 Major stories","5 Unethical methods to track jihadists (2013 – 2014)","5.1 Background","5.2 Responses to revelations about the unethical methods Al-Tamimi had used in 2013-2014","6 Notes","7 References","8 Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog"]
British analyst on Syria and Iraq (born 1992) Aymenn Jawad Al-TamimiBorn1992 (age 31–32)NationalityBritishEducationBrasenose College, University of Oxford Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (Arabic: أيمن جواد التميمي, romanized: ʾAyman Ǧawād at-Tamīmī) (born 1992) is an Iraqi living in Britain who specialises in the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War and the Islamic State (formerly ISIL or ISIS). He has been consulted as an expert by major media outlets including Al Jazeera, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Foreign Affairs, The Washington Post, and others. He authored a major report published by the New York Times in partnership with George Washington University in their 2020 series, "The ISIS report". He has faced criticism over his alleged sympathies towards ISIL in his work, as well as his conduct and alleged close relationships with ISIL fighters. Education Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi studied Classics and Oriental Studies at Brasenose College, University of Oxford. He earned his degree there. In March 2020 he was a doctoral candidate at Swansea University and he successfully defended his PhD thesis in January 2024. Early career In an otherwise scathing 2014 Business Insider article, Armin Rosen, described then 21-year-old Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi as one of "the fastest rising stars in his field — his online connections and self-presentation to jihadists he was attempting to mine for information." Rosen wrote that Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi was then a "recent graduate of Oxford University" had already "become a widely-cited public authority on jihadist groups in Iraq and Syria while still completing his undergraduate studies" at Brasenose College, University of Oxford. The Insider article said that, by 2014, Tamimi had been "generally considered a leading public authority on jihadist groups in Iraq and Syria." Middle East expert His work has focused on "militant groups of all affiliations in Iraq and Syria, with particular interest in those of jihadist orientation". His work is regularly quoted in media including the Associated Press. He is listed as an expert by the Middle East Institute (MEI) and has been a guest contributor. According to the MEI, has been "cited in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, The Times (London), the Washington Post, and other publications." In a November 14, 2019 New York Times article, al-Tamimi, was described as an "independent Syria researcher" who was consulted by the Times as an expert on ISIS. The New York Times, Washington Post, and Associated Press have published Al-Tamimi's "insights on the Islamic State, Iraq, and Syria", according to a March 2020 report in The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP or TWI). UK House of Commons Defence Committee He has appeared before the UK House of Commons Defence Committee to advise on the Islamic State and Iraq. He has been described as "one of the fastest rising stars in his field" and "a widely-cited public authority on jihadist groups in Iraq and Syria." Major stories His report entitled "The Islamic State's Real Estate Department: Documents and Analysis" was published by The New York Times and George Washington University as part of the University's Program on Extremism. The Times and the University had joined in an "exclusive partnership" to "digitize, translate, analyze, and publish" over 15,000 files, now known as "The ISIS Files"—which had been obtained by the investigative journalist Rukmini Callimachi and her "Iraqi colleagues during embeds with the Iraqi army". The Time and the university had announced their intention to make the ISIS files public in 2018 and published them online in June 2020. The VOA news published an article saying that "prominent Islamic scholar," Tariq Ramadan, had been "charged with rape in France". Al-Tamimi published a friend's firsthand account of Ramadan's predatory behavior on his website—an account which was sourced in the VOA article. An in-depth 30 December 2015 report in the Washington Post, which included an interview with Al-Tamimi, presented extensive evidence that documents that were leaked and purported to prove that the Islamic State was weakening, were fake. In the article, Al-Tamimi, whose research on the Islamic State is considerable, said that suggestions that he write a book were premature. "Just as the best histories of Nazi Germany have been written well after the Second World War with archives of documents made available to researchers, so I apply the same reasoning to analyzing the Islamic State. As researchers we need to be aware of the limits of our capabilities in obtaining information." His reports on the Khalid ibn al-Walid Army in Syria in 2016 and 2017 were published by the Rubin Center. A March 2020 report entitled "Honored, Not Contained: The Future of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces", which he co-authored with Michael Knights and Hamdi Malik, was published by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP or TWI). Unethical methods to track jihadists (2013 – 2014) Armin Rosen, who was then Business Insider's senior writer for defense and the military, wrote a scathing article that the "young terrorism analyst's" career had come "apart in public". Rosen raised concerns that Tamimi had provided rhetorical support to ISIS supporters and members. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi responded to the accusations in his personal blog under his own name "Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi", which is self-described as Pundicity: Informed Opinion and Review. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi admitted in a 22 July 2014 blog post entitled, Reflections on Methods" that, " this indeed garnered some valuable information (eg it helped first identify Moroccan ex-Gitmo detainee Muhammad Mizouz and his presence in Syria), it was also unethical, pure and simple." He defended his actions by saying that, for over the year that he was engaged in these activities, he had been "intensely tracking the jihadist group the Islamic State (formerly ISIS)" on both "Twitter and in analytical articles for over a year. He said that he did so to "gain the confidence of these circles" by "feign sympathy for their views." He wrote that he had "adopted a 'jihadi persona' in communications with them". Background On 14 July 2014, Jonathan Krohn and Al Tamimi co-authored an article which had attempted to disprove evidence presented by the American journalist Michael Weiss in his 23 June 2014 Foreign Policy article, which claimed that Iran was aiding ISIS. Weiss wrote that while "American talking heads" said that Iran was the "key to defeating ISIS", that "those in the know" said "the two "enemies" were "actually secret allies". Weiss' 2014 claim appears to be erroneous according to a 4 January 2019 New York Times article. This differing of opinions of the three analyst's provided the backdrop for Rosen's 14 July 2014 Insider article. Responses to revelations about the unethical methods Al-Tamimi had used in 2013-2014 Weiss provided evidence of a conversation in which Tamimi told an ISIS supporter that it was "best not openly tweeting" support for the Islamic State. Daveed Gartenstein-Ross called the exchange "pretty disturbing" while Jonathan Krohn said "had I known this I would not have published anything with him in the first place." According to University of Maryland professor Phillip Smyth, "One crosses the line when one starts to, under their real name and in full view of the general public, kind of act like a jihadi and say that they are a jihadi." Rosen included a list of Tamimi's questionable online communications with ISIS members including the Indian Islamic State supporter Mehdi Masroor Biswas (known online as @ShamiWitness), currently imprisoned in his home country, whom Tamimi called 'brother' and 'friend'. Rosen listed a Shami witness Biswas article that Tamimi had posted on his personal blog "Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi" described as Pundicity: Informed Opinion and Review. He claimed to know the British Islamic State fighter Raphael Hostey ('Abu Qaqa') personally. Among other posts Tamimi made on Twitter were ones claiming "one day even the Kaaba in Mecca will be covered with the ISIS banner" and "Dawla Islamiya (Islamic State) will take over the whole world". Rosen reported that academics and researchers, including Aaron Zelin, Phillip Smyth, Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Eliot Higgins condemned Tamimi's actions. "He's presenting two different sides of himself to different audiences," Berger told Business Insider. "He's presenting himself to us as part of this analyst community, and he's presenting himself to ISIS sources as someone who is supportive of their political goals. Both of those things really can't be true. So it creates a problem." Rosen cited Aaron Zelin, who had blacklisted Tamimi and removed all his work from his website Jihadology, is analysis had become "more and more just pushing that narrative of the groups themselves." In response to Rosen's article, Bellingcat immediately removed an article by Tamimi in which he defended the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, claiming it had no relation to al-Qaeda and that the rise of IS was a legitimate reaction to the "marginalization of Sunnis" and the 2013 Hawija clashes. While Tamimi was banned from any further contribution to the site, Bellingcat continued to cite Tamimi as an expert in later articles. In his 2016 Bellingcat report, investigative journalist, Christiaan Triebert cited Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi, a "fellow at the Middle East Forum," to clarify any confusion about the management of water infrastructure in Raqqa. Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi, pointed out that there was no evidence that the Nusra fighters managed Raqqa's water affairs. He said that "civilian services were largely the responsibility of the local council while Nusra focused on their war efforts". Tamimi responded to Rosen's accusations saying that, "I think there’s something to be said that I did try to ingratiate myself in these circles to get information, I agree that that was unethical.” Notes ^ A 4 January 2020 New York Times article said "The Iraqi government established after the United States invasion in 2003 has long struggled to balance its dependence on Washington and the West against its close ties to its neighbor Iran. The Iraqi government in Baghdad relied heavily on those Iranian-backed militias in the fight against ISIS." References ^ a b c d e "Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi". Middle East Institute. Profile. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rosen, Armin (22 July 2014). "The Remarkable Story Of A Rising Terrorism Analyst Who Got Too Close To His Subjects". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ a b c Michael Knights; Hamdi Malik; Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (March 2020). Honored, Not Contained: The Future of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces (Report). Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (14 November 2019). "Experts Divided on Authenticity of Islamic State Receipts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (June 2020). "The Islamic State's Real Estate Department: Documents and Analysis". The ISIS report (Report). George Washington University's Program on Extremism. The New York Times and George Washington University. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ a b "The ISIS Files". The New York Times and George Washington University. June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ "Prominent Islamic Scholar Charged With Rape in France". VOA News. 3 February 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. ^ "Tariq Ramadan: The Insincere Hypocrite". Aymenn Al-Tamimi. Retrieved 5 December 2020. ^ Taylor, Adam (30 December 2015). "Leaked documents may reveal the inner workings of the Islamic State — but what if they are fake?". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (3 July 2017). Jonathan Spyer (ed.). "Arab Media: Israeli Bombardment Killed, Wounded Targets inside Syria". Rubin Center. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017. ^ Fadel, Leith (14 August 2016). "Intense clashes erupt in west Daraa as ISIS attempts to advance". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016. ^ "Clashes breakout between IS allied faction and rebels in Dar'a". SOHR. 14 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016. ^ Jonathan Krohn; Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. "Iran And ISIS – Convenience Is The Enemy Of Research". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ a b Weiss, Michael (23 June 2014). "Trust Iran Only as Far as You Can Throw It". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (4 January 2020). "Conflict With Iran Threatens Fight Against ISIS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ "Keeping the Water Running in the Islamic State". Bellingcat. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2020. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (22 July 2014). "Reflections on Methods". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog. Retrieved 5 September 2018. ^ Shami Witness (24 June 2014). Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (ed.). "On Liwa al-Islam and the new 'Jaysh al-Islam' merger". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. Guest Post. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2018. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi; Jonathan Krohn (14 July 2014). "Iran And ISIS – Convenience Is The Enemy Of Research". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%932017)"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEI_profile-1"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"}],"text":"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (Arabic: أيمن جواد التميمي, romanized: ʾAyman Ǧawād at-Tamīmī) (born 1992) is an Iraqi living in Britain who specialises in the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War and the Islamic State (formerly ISIL or ISIS). He has been consulted as an expert by major media outlets including Al Jazeera, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Foreign Affairs, The Washington Post, and others.[1] He authored a major report published by the New York Times in partnership with George Washington University in their 2020 series, \"The ISIS report\". He has faced criticism over his alleged sympathies towards ISIL in his work, as well as his conduct and alleged close relationships with ISIL fighters.[2]","title":"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brasenose College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEI_profile-1"},{"link_name":"Swansea University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_University"}],"text":"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi studied Classics and Oriental Studies at Brasenose College, University of Oxford. He earned his degree there.[1] In March 2020 he was a doctoral candidate at Swansea University and he successfully defended his PhD thesis in January 2024.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armin Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armin_Rosen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"}],"text":"In an otherwise scathing 2014 Business Insider article, Armin Rosen, described then 21-year-old Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi as one of \"the fastest rising stars in his field — his online connections and self-presentation to jihadists he was attempting to mine for information.\" Rosen wrote that Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi was then a \"recent graduate of Oxford University\" had already \"become a widely-cited public authority on jihadist groups in Iraq and Syria while still completing his undergraduate studies\" at Brasenose College, University of Oxford. The Insider article said that, by 2014, Tamimi had been \"generally considered a leading public authority on jihadist groups in Iraq and Syria.\"[2]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEI_profile-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtoninstitute_Honored_202003-3"},{"link_name":"Middle East Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEI_profile-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEI_profile-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Callimachi_20191114-4"},{"link_name":"The Washington Institute for Near East Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtoninstitute_Honored_202003-3"}],"text":"His work has focused on \"militant groups of all affiliations in Iraq and Syria, with particular interest in those of jihadist orientation\".[1] His work is regularly quoted in media including the Associated Press.[3]He is listed as an expert by the Middle East Institute (MEI) and has been a guest contributor.[1] According to the MEI, has been \"cited in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, The Times (London), the Washington Post, and other publications.\"[1]In a November 14, 2019 New York Times article, al-Tamimi, was described as an \"independent Syria researcher\" who was consulted by the Times as an expert on ISIS.[4]The New York Times, Washington Post, and Associated Press have published Al-Tamimi's \"insights on the Islamic State, Iraq, and Syria\", according to a March 2020 report in The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP or TWI).[3]","title":"Middle East expert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Commons Defence Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_Defence_Committee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"}],"sub_title":"UK House of Commons Defence Committee","text":"He has appeared before the UK House of Commons Defence Committee to advise on the Islamic State and Iraq. He has been described as \"one of the fastest rising stars in his field\" and \"a widely-cited public authority on jihadist groups in Iraq and Syria.\"[2]","title":"Middle East expert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISIS_real_estate_202006-5"},{"link_name":"The ISIS Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ISIS_Files"},{"link_name":"Rukmini Callimachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Callimachi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isisfiles_202006-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isisfiles_202006-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPo_Taylor_20151230-9"},{"link_name":"Khalid ibn al-Walid Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RubinCenter_Tamimi_201707-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Michael Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Knights&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hamdi Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamdi_Malik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Washington Institute for Near East Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtoninstitute_Honored_202003-3"}],"text":"His report entitled \"The Islamic State's Real Estate Department: Documents and Analysis\" was published by The New York Times and George Washington University as part of the University's Program on Extremism.[5] The Times and the University had joined in an \"exclusive partnership\" to \"digitize, translate, analyze, and publish\" over 15,000 files, now known as \"The ISIS Files\"—which had been obtained by the investigative journalist Rukmini Callimachi and her \"Iraqi colleagues during embeds with the Iraqi army\".[6] The Time and the university had announced their intention to make the ISIS files public in 2018 and published them online in June 2020.[6]The VOA news published an article saying that \"prominent Islamic scholar,\" Tariq Ramadan, had been \"charged with rape in France\".[7] Al-Tamimi published a friend's firsthand account of Ramadan's predatory behavior on his website—an account which was sourced in the VOA article.[8]An in-depth 30 December 2015 report in the Washington Post, which included an interview with Al-Tamimi, presented extensive evidence that documents that were leaked and purported to prove that the Islamic State was weakening, were fake. In the article, Al-Tamimi, whose research on the Islamic State is considerable, said that suggestions that he write a book were premature. \"Just as the best histories of Nazi Germany have been written well after the Second World War with archives of documents made available to researchers, so I apply the same reasoning to analyzing the Islamic State. As researchers we need to be aware of the limits of our capabilities in obtaining information.\"[9]His reports on the Khalid ibn al-Walid Army in Syria in 2016 and 2017 were published by the Rubin Center.[10][11][12]A March 2020 report entitled \"Honored, Not Contained: The Future of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces\", which he co-authored with Michael Knights and Hamdi Malik, was published by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP or TWI).[3]","title":"Major stories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armin Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armin_Rosen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"},{"link_name":"[blog 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Armin Rosen, who was then Business Insider's senior writer for defense and the military, wrote a scathing article that the \"young terrorism analyst's\" career had come \"apart in public\".[2] Rosen raised concerns that Tamimi had provided rhetorical support to ISIS supporters and members.[2]Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi responded to the accusations in his personal blog under his own name \"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi\", which is self-described as Pundicity: Informed Opinion and Review. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi admitted in a 22 July 2014 blog post entitled, Reflections on Methods\" that, \"[While] this indeed garnered some valuable information (eg it helped [him] first identify Moroccan ex-Gitmo detainee Muhammad Mizouz and his presence in Syria), it was also unethical, pure and simple.\"He defended his actions by saying that, for over the year that he was engaged in these activities, he had been \"intensely tracking the jihadist group the Islamic State (formerly ISIS)\" on both \"Twitter and in [his] analytical articles for over a year. He said that he did so to \"gain the confidence of these circles\" by \"feign[ing] sympathy for their views.\" He wrote that he had \"adopted a 'jihadi persona' in communications with them\".[blog 1]","title":"Unethical methods to track jihadists (2013 – 2014)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Krohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Krohn"},{"link_name":"Michael Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Weiss_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krohn_-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foreignpolicy_Weiss_20140623-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foreignpolicy_Weiss_20140623-15"},{"link_name":"[Notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_20200104-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"On 14 July 2014, Jonathan Krohn and Al Tamimi co-authored an article which had attempted to disprove evidence presented by the American journalist Michael Weiss in his 23 June 2014 Foreign Policy article, which claimed that Iran was aiding ISIS.[13][14][2] Weiss wrote that while \"American talking heads\" said that Iran was the \"key to defeating ISIS\", that \"those in the know\" said \"the two \"enemies\" were \"actually secret allies\".[14] Weiss' 2014 claim appears to be erroneous according to a 4 January 2019 New York Times article.[Notes 1][15]This differing of opinions of the three analyst's provided the backdrop for Rosen's 14 July 2014 Insider article.[2]","title":"Unethical methods to track jihadists (2013 – 2014)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daveed Gartenstein-Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daveed_Gartenstein-Ross"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"},{"link_name":"[blog 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Raphael Hostey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Hostey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"},{"link_name":"Daveed Gartenstein-Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daveed_Gartenstein-Ross"},{"link_name":"Eliot Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Higgins"},{"link_name":"Business Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"},{"link_name":"Jihadology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jihadology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"},{"link_name":"Bellingcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingcat"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"2013 Hawija clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Hawija_clashes"},{"link_name":"[blog 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bellingcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingcat"},{"link_name":"Christiaan Triebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christiaan_Triebert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Middle East Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Forum"},{"link_name":"Raqqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa"},{"link_name":"Nusra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusra"},{"link_name":"Raqqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellingcat_ISIS_water_20160414-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider_20140714-2"}],"sub_title":"Responses to revelations about the unethical methods Al-Tamimi had used in 2013-2014","text":"Weiss provided evidence of a conversation in which Tamimi told an ISIS supporter that it was \"best not openly tweeting\" support for the Islamic State. Daveed Gartenstein-Ross called the exchange \"pretty disturbing\" while Jonathan Krohn said \"had I known this I would not have published anything with him in the first place.\" According to University of Maryland professor Phillip Smyth, \"One crosses the line when one starts to, under their real name and in full view of the general public, kind of act like a jihadi and say that they are a jihadi.\"[2]Rosen included a list of Tamimi's questionable online communications with ISIS members including the Indian Islamic State supporter Mehdi Masroor Biswas (known online as @ShamiWitness), currently imprisoned in his home country, whom Tamimi called 'brother' and 'friend'.[2] Rosen listed a Shami witness Biswas article that Tamimi had posted on his personal blog \"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi\" described as Pundicity: Informed Opinion and Review.[blog 2] He claimed to know the British Islamic State fighter Raphael Hostey ('Abu Qaqa') personally.[citation needed] Among other posts Tamimi made on Twitter were ones claiming \"one day even the Kaaba in Mecca will be covered with the ISIS banner\" and \"Dawla Islamiya (Islamic State) will take over the whole world\".[2]Rosen reported that academics and researchers, including Aaron Zelin, Phillip Smyth, Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Eliot Higgins condemned Tamimi's actions. \"He's presenting two different sides of himself to different audiences,\" Berger told Business Insider. \"He's presenting himself to us as part of this analyst community, and he's presenting himself to ISIS sources as someone who is supportive of their political goals. Both of those things really can't be true. So it creates a problem.\"[2]Rosen cited Aaron Zelin, who had blacklisted Tamimi and removed all his work from his website Jihadology, [H]is [Tamimi's] analysis had become \"more and more just pushing that narrative of the groups [ISIS] themselves.\"[2]In response to Rosen's article, Bellingcat immediately removed an article by Tamimi in which he defended the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, claiming it had no relation to al-Qaeda and that the rise of IS was a legitimate reaction to the \"marginalization of Sunnis\" and the 2013 Hawija clashes.[blog 3] While Tamimi was banned from any further contribution to the site, Bellingcat continued to cite Tamimi as an expert in later articles. In his 2016 Bellingcat report, investigative journalist, Christiaan Triebert cited Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi, a \"fellow at the Middle East Forum,\" to clarify any confusion about the management of water infrastructure in Raqqa. Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi, pointed out that there was no evidence that the Nusra fighters managed Raqqa's water affairs. He said that \"civilian services were largely the responsibility of the local council while Nusra focused on their war efforts\".[16]Tamimi responded to Rosen's accusations saying that, \"I think there’s something to be said that I did try to ingratiate myself in these circles to get information, I agree that that was unethical.”[2]","title":"Unethical methods to track jihadists (2013 – 2014)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"}],"text":"^ A 4 January 2020 New York Times article said \"The Iraqi government established after the United States invasion in 2003 has long struggled to balance its dependence on Washington and the West against its close ties to its neighbor Iran. The Iraqi government in Baghdad relied heavily on those Iranian-backed militias in the fight against ISIS.\"","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Reflections on Methods\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aymennjawad.org/2014/07/reflections-on-methods"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"On Liwa al-Islam and the new 'Jaysh al-Islam' merger\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140624220245/http://www.aymennjawad.org/2013/09/guest-post-on-liwa-al-islam-and-the-new-jaysh-al"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aymennjawad.org/2013/09/guest-post-on-liwa-al-islam-and-the-new-jaysh-al"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Iran And ISIS – Convenience Is The Enemy Of Research\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aymennjawad.org/15039/iran-and-isis-convenience-is-the-enemy-of-research"}],"text":"^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (22 July 2014). \"Reflections on Methods\". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog. Retrieved 5 September 2018.\n\n^ Shami Witness (24 June 2014). Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (ed.). \"On Liwa al-Islam and the new 'Jaysh al-Islam' merger\". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. Guest Post. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2018.\n\n^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi; Jonathan Krohn (14 July 2014). \"Iran And ISIS – Convenience Is The Enemy Of Research\". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog. Retrieved 10 July 2018.","title":"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi\". Middle East Institute. Profile. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mei.edu/experts/aymenn-jawad-al-tamimi","url_text":"\"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Institute","url_text":"Middle East Institute"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Armin (22 July 2014). \"The Remarkable Story Of A Rising Terrorism Analyst Who Got Too Close To His Subjects\". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tamimi-2014-7","url_text":"\"The Remarkable Story Of A Rising Terrorism Analyst Who Got Too Close To His Subjects\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Knights; Hamdi Malik; Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (March 2020). Honored, Not Contained: The Future of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces (Report). Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/honored-not-contained-the-future-of-iraqs-popular-mobilization-forces","url_text":"Honored, Not Contained: The Future of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces"}]},{"reference":"Callimachi, Rukmini (14 November 2019). \"Experts Divided on Authenticity of Islamic State Receipts\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/14/world/middleeast/islamic-state-receipts-debate.html","url_text":"\"Experts Divided on Authenticity of Islamic State Receipts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (June 2020). \"The Islamic State's Real Estate Department: Documents and Analysis\". The ISIS report (Report). George Washington University's Program on Extremism. The New York Times and George Washington University. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://isisfiles.gwu.edu/downloads/jm214p12r?locale=en","url_text":"\"The Islamic State's Real Estate Department: Documents and Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University","url_text":"George Washington University"}]},{"reference":"\"The ISIS Files\". The New York Times and George Washington University. June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://isisfiles.gwu.edu/","url_text":"\"The ISIS Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prominent Islamic Scholar Charged With Rape in France\". VOA News. 3 February 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/a/tariq-ramadan-rape-charges/4237604.html","url_text":"\"Prominent Islamic Scholar Charged With Rape in France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tariq Ramadan: The Insincere Hypocrite\". Aymenn Al-Tamimi. Retrieved 5 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aymennjawad.org/2017/11/tariq-ramadan-the-insicere-hypocritel","url_text":"\"Tariq Ramadan: The Insincere Hypocrite\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Adam (30 December 2015). \"Leaked documents may reveal the inner workings of the Islamic State — but what if they are fake?\". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/12/30/leaked-documents-may-reveal-the-inner-workings-of-the-islamic-state-but-what-if-they-are-fake/","url_text":"\"Leaked documents may reveal the inner workings of the Islamic State — but what if they are fake?\""}]},{"reference":"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (3 July 2017). Jonathan Spyer (ed.). \"Arab Media: Israeli Bombardment Killed, Wounded Targets inside Syria\". Rubin Center. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Spyer","url_text":"Jonathan Spyer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170709103919/http://www.rubincenter.org/2017/07/israels-relations-with-the-syrian-rebels-an-assessment/","url_text":"\"Arab Media: Israeli Bombardment Killed, Wounded Targets inside Syria\""},{"url":"http://www.rubincenter.org/2017/07/israels-relations-with-the-syrian-rebels-an-assessment/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fadel, Leith (14 August 2016). \"Intense clashes erupt in west Daraa as ISIS attempts to advance\". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161007042514/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/intense-clashes-erupt-west-daraa-isis-attempts-advance/","url_text":"\"Intense clashes erupt in west Daraa as ISIS attempts to advance\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/intense-clashes-erupt-west-daraa-isis-attempts-advance/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clashes breakout between IS allied faction and rebels in Dar'a\". SOHR. 14 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=49311","url_text":"\"Clashes breakout between IS allied faction and rebels in Dar'a\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Krohn; Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. \"Iran And ISIS – Convenience Is The Enemy Of Research\". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aymennjawad.org/15039/iran-and-isis-convenience-is-the-enemy-of-research","url_text":"\"Iran And ISIS – Convenience Is The Enemy Of Research\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Michael (23 June 2014). \"Trust Iran Only as Far as You Can Throw It\". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/06/23/trust-iran-only-as-far-as-you-can-throw-it/","url_text":"\"Trust Iran Only as Far as You Can Throw It\""}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, David D. (4 January 2020). \"Conflict With Iran Threatens Fight Against ISIS\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/04/world/middleeast/conflict-with-iran-threatens-fight-against-isis.html","url_text":"\"Conflict With Iran Threatens Fight Against ISIS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Keeping the Water Running in the Islamic State\". Bellingcat. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2016/04/14/keeping-the-water-running-in-the-islamic-state/","url_text":"\"Keeping the Water Running in the Islamic State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingcat","url_text":"Bellingcat"}]},{"reference":"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (22 July 2014). \"Reflections on Methods\". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog. Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/07/reflections-on-methods","url_text":"\"Reflections on Methods\""}]},{"reference":"Shami Witness (24 June 2014). Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (ed.). \"On Liwa al-Islam and the new 'Jaysh al-Islam' merger\". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. Guest Post. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140624220245/http://www.aymennjawad.org/2013/09/guest-post-on-liwa-al-islam-and-the-new-jaysh-al","url_text":"\"On Liwa al-Islam and the new 'Jaysh al-Islam' merger\""},{"url":"http://www.aymennjawad.org/2013/09/guest-post-on-liwa-al-islam-and-the-new-jaysh-al","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi; Jonathan Krohn (14 July 2014). \"Iran And ISIS – Convenience Is The Enemy Of Research\". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog. Retrieved 10 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aymennjawad.org/15039/iran-and-isis-convenience-is-the-enemy-of-research","url_text":"\"Iran And ISIS – Convenience Is The Enemy Of Research\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagin_Capsule_Tower
Nakagin Capsule Tower
["1 Design","1.1 Towers","1.2 Capsules","2 History","2.1 Construction, 1970-1972","2.2 Update proposals and demolition decision, 2006-2022","2.3 Ultimate demolition and digital archive, 2022","2.4 Since 2022","3 Other Kurokawa capsule constructions","4 In popular culture","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","7.1 Further reading","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°39′56.20″N 139°45′48.20″E / 35.6656111°N 139.7633889°E / 35.6656111; 139.7633889 Building in Tokyo Nakagin Capsule Tower BuildingGeneral informationTypeResidential, officeArchitectural styleMetabolismLocation8 Chome-16-10 Ginza, Chūō-ku, Tōkyō-to 104-0061, JapanCoordinates35°39′56.20″N 139°45′48.20″E / 35.6656111°N 139.7633889°E / 35.6656111; 139.7633889Construction started1970Completed1972Demolished2022Technical detailsFloor count13Floor area3,091.23 m2 (33,273.7 sq ft)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Kisho Kurokawa The Nakagin Capsule Tower Building was a mixed-use residential and office tower in the upscale Ginza district of Tokyo, Japan designed by architect Kisho Kurokawa. Completed in two years from 1970 to 1972,: 388  the building was a rare remaining example of Japanese Metabolism: 105  alongside the older Kyoto International Conference Center, an architectural movement emblematic of Japan's postwar cultural resurgence. It was the world's first example of capsule architecture ostensibly built for permanent and practical use. The building, however, fell into disrepair. Around thirty of the 140 capsules were still in use as apartments by October 2012, while others were used for storage or office space, or simply abandoned and allowed to deteriorate. As recently as August 2017 capsules could still be rented (relatively inexpensively, considering its Ginza locale), although the waiting list was long. In 2022, demolition of the building was initiated. Attempts to raise funds to save it and campaigns to preserve it as a historic landmark were unsuccessful. The tower was scheduled to be disassembled starting April 12, 2022, with component units repurposed. Design Towers Capsule arrangement 3F 4F/5F 6F/9F (bridge decks) 7F 8F 10F 11F 12F (bridge deck) 13F The building was composed of two interconnected concrete towers, eleven and thirteen floors tall, which housed 140 self-contained prefabricated capsules in total;: 105  most floors had eight capsules per tower, with a few exceptions. There were three bridge decks (6F, 9F, and 12F), each connecting the two towers with an external balcony. The cores were rigid-frame, made of a steel frame and reinforced concrete. From the basement to the second floor, ordinary concrete was used; above those levels, lightweight concrete was used. Shuttering consisted of large panels the height of a single storey of the tower. In order to make early use of the staircase, precast concrete was used in the floor plates and the elevator shafts. Because the construction schedule used a repeating pattern of two days of steel-frame work, followed by two days of precast-concrete work, the staircase was completely operational by the time the framework was finished. On-site construction of the elevators was shortened by incorporating the 3-D frames, the rails, and anchor indicator boxes in the precast concrete elements and by employing prefabricated cages.: 108  Common spaces (June 2021) Entrance Interior (12F) Bridge deck Capsule entrance (A904) The architect said that this building reflected that asymmetry is part of the Japanese tradition. Capsules Capsule types and counts: 105  EquipmentsideType L R A 29 26 B 18 0 C 24 31 D 12 0 Each capsule measured 2.5 m × 2.5 m × 4.0 m (8.2 ft × 8.2 ft × 13.1 ft): 109  with a circular window 1.3 m (4.3 ft) in diameter at one end; the capsule functioned as a small individual living or office space, with an in-unit bathroom.: 105  Although the capsules were designed with mass production in mind, no additional capsules were produced after the initial construction and none of the original capsules were ever replaced. The capsules were fitted with utilities and interior fittings before being shipped to the building site, where they were attached to the concrete towers. Each capsule was attached independently to one of the two towers by only four high-tension bolts and cantilevered from the shaft, so that a single capsule could be removed easily without affecting the others.: 105  Plumbing for each capsule is connected through a flexible umbilical, approximately 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long.: 108  The original design concept proposed to combine specialized capsules into a larger living space,: 105  but it is not clear if this was implemented. The capsules were all-welded lightweight steel-truss boxes clad in galvanized, rib-reinforced steel panels which had been coated with rust-preventative paint and finished with a coat of Kenitex glossy spray after processing.: 105–106  The offsite factory that assembled the capsules also built intermodal containers and the welding jig for the capsules was modified from the container assembly line. Major structural elements were fireproofed with a coat of sprayed asbestos 45 mm (1.8 in) thick, while the exterior panels were coated with the same substance to 30 mm (1.2 in) thick.: 106–107  Typical capsule design & interior Floor plan Replica of a sample room Reverse angle, looking toward entrance Bathroom The original target demographic was bachelor Tōkyō salarymen. The compact pieds-à-terre included a wall of appliances and cabinets built into one side, including a kitchen stove, a refrigerator, a television set, and a reel-to-reel tape deck. A bathroom unit, about the size of an aircraft lavatory, was set into an opposite corner. A large circular window over the bed dominated the far end of the room. Optional extras such as a stereo were also originally available. History Takara Holdings Pavilion at Expo '70 The Metabolist movement was launched in 1960 by a group of architects, designers, and critics including Kurokawa, Kiyonori Kikutake, Masato Otaka, Fumihiko Maki, Noboru Kawazoe , Kenji Ekuan, and Kiyoshi Awazu, with the publication of Metabolism: the Proposals for New Urbanism at the World Design Conference in Tokyo. The group advocated for the development of megastructures which largely were not realized due to changes in the 1970s resulting from energy crises and environmental considerations. Kurokawa began exploring modular capsule architecture with the design of the Takara Beautilion at Expo '70 in Osaka, which used a framework of steel tubes to support stainless steel-clad cubic capsules displaying beauty products from Takara Holdings. At the same exposition, Kurokawa also designed a capsule house, suspended from the space frame roof of the Symbol Zone. Impressed by the Beautilion, Torizo Watanabe retained Kurokawa to design a similar permanent building for his real estate company, Nakagin, to serve business owners and employees as a second home for occasional overnight stays in central Tokyo. Construction, 1970-1972 Construction occurred both onsite in the upscale Ginza district of Tokyo, and off-site. On-site work included the two towers with their energy-supply and piping systems and equipment, while the capsule parts were fabricated and assembled at a factory 450 km (280 mi) from Tokyo.: 109  Five to eight capsules were attached per day, and the capsule attachment process took thirty days to complete.: 105  Due to on-site storage and traffic limitations, only the capsules that were to be attached that day were delivered overnight.: 108–109  Nobuo Abe was a senior manager, managing one of the design divisions on the construction of the Nakagin Capsule Tower. As completed, the building was intended to serve mainly visiting businessmen, primarily as a hotel, but offering some studio apartments for short-term stays.: 105  The maximum cost of a capsule was US$14,600 (equivalent to $106,300 in 2023) in 1972. Update proposals and demolition decision, 2006-2022 Outside and inside views of the Nakagin Capsule Tower while it still existed in 2018. The capsules could be individually removed or replaced, but at a cost: when demolition was first being considered in 2006, it was estimated that renovation would require approximately ¥6.2 million per capsule. The original concept was that individual capsules would be repaired or replaced every 25 years; but the capsules deteriorated since the repairs were never done. 80% of the capsule owners had to approve demolition, which was first achieved on April 15, 2007. A majority of capsule owners, citing squalid, cramped conditions as well as concerns over asbestos, voted to demolish the building and replace it with a much larger, more modern tower. In the interest of preserving his design, Kurokawa proposed taking advantage of the flexible design by "unplugging" the existing boxes and replacing them with updated units. The plan was supported by the major architectural associations of Japan, including the Japan Institute of Architects; but the residents countered with concerns over the building's earthquake resistance and its inefficient use of valuable property adjacent to the high-value Ginza. Kurokawa died in 2007, and for a time a developer for renovation had yet to be found, partly because of the late-2000s recession. Opposing slated demolition, Nicolai Ouroussoff, architecture critic for The New York Times, described Nakagin Capsule Tower in 2009 as "gorgeous architecture; like all great buildings, it is the crystallization of a far-reaching cultural ideal. Its existence also stands as a powerful reminder of paths not taken, of the possibility of worlds shaped by different sets of values." In 2010, the hot water to the building was shut off . In 2014 Masato Abe, a capsule owner, former resident and founder of the "Save Nakagin Tower" project stated that the project attempted to gain donations from around the world to purchase all of the capsules and preserve the building. In 2018, a real estate company wanted to redevelop the tower and purchased the land and a few capsules, but failed during the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2021, a number of outlets reported that the management company of the building had voted to sell the complex to the original landowner, reigniting speculation over potential demolition and redevelopment. As of November 2021, the building housed 20 tenants. An attempt to sell it to a new owner fell through. Ultimate demolition and digital archive, 2022 The demolition of the tower began on April 12, 2022. Overlay the digital content of the Nakagin Capsule Tower Building on the physical world through augmented reality created by the 3D Digital Archive Project. Demolition of the Nakagin Capsule Tower Building began on April 12, 2022. Since the building was regarded as a masterpiece of Metabolist architecture, a project team led by Gluon had launched a 3D digital archiving project to preserve the entire building in 3D data in order to preserve its architectural value. In this project, the entire building was scanned using a combination of laser scan data that accurately measures distances in millimeters and more than 20,000 photographs taken by cameras and drones. Augmented reality of the Nakagin Capsule Tower Building was also unveiled. Since 2022 The Nakagin Capsule Tower Building Preservation and Regeneration Project preserved 23 capsules including A1302, which was saved by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Sixteen of the 23 preserved capsules have new destinations: Shochiku has since put two capsules on permanent display and as of 2024, five capsules will be placed at the coast in Kanagawa Prefecture, south of Tokyo. Other Kurokawa capsule constructions Kurokawa completed "Capsule House-K" in 1973, near the resort town of Karuizawa, Nagano, using four capsules the same size as those from the Nakagin Capsule Tower as specialized rooms for a holiday house.: 112–115  "Capsule House-K" was owned by Kurokawa's studio until it went bankrupt, and subsequently was purchased by his son; it was made available for short-term rental for groups of up to seven people through Airbnb starting in May 2022. Sony Tower (Osaka), detail showing restroom capsule In 1976, four years after the Nakagin Capsule Tower was completed, a 10-storey showroom for Sony Corporation was completed near Shinsaibashi in Chūō-ku, Osaka, using a similar modular design from Kurokawa with stainless steel-clad capsule restroom modules hung from the central tower.: 120–121  Sony Tower (Osaka) was demolished in 2006. In popular culture Nakagin Capsule Tower was featured in the 2013 superhero film The Wolverine as a love hotel in Hiroshima Prefecture. A building inspired by the Nakagin Capsule Tower appears in the 1994 video game Transport Tycoon. Three documentaries have mentioned the tower as well: Residents of the Nakagin Tower were interviewed in the 2010 documentary Japanese Metabolist Landmark on the Edge of Destruction. Kisho Kurokawa was filmed in the tower for Kochuu (2003), directed by Jesper Wachtmeister, in which he expresses the opinion that "In the background there is still invisible Japanese tradition". He admires the Nakagin capsule tower as the first of capsule architecture built for permanent and practical use. The film explores the influence and origins of Modernist Japanese architecture. Kurokawa was also filmed in the tower for Kisho Kurokawa: From Metabolism to Symbiosis (1993). Photographer Noritaka Minami published 1972, a photo book of the decaying tower, in 2016. See also Capsule hotel Sharifi-ha House Notes ^ Japanese: 中銀カプセルタワービル, Hepburn: Nakagin Kapuseru Tawā Biru ^ Maximum height above ground level was 53.5 and 47.4 m (176 and 156 ft) for the 13- and 11-storey towers, respectively.: 107  ^ Height, width, and length ^ These are two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a tea ceremony room.: 113  References ^ Koolhaas, Rem; Obrist, Hans Ulrich (2011). Kayoko Oda; James Westcott (eds.). Project Japan: Metabolism Talks... Taschen. ISBN 978-3836525084. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kurokawa, Kishō (28 March 2009) . Metabolism in architecture. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 9780289707333. ^ a b c d e Stouhi, Dima (3 April 2022). "Nakagin Capsule Tower to be Demolished Mid-April". ArchDaily. Last year, Kisho Kurokawa Architects and Urban Design Office Chiyoda-ku announced that they aim to dismantle the iconic architecture and reuse its capsules as accommodation units and museum installations. The regeneration plan follows the initial concept of "Metabolism", re-configurating the elements instead of complete demolition, all sourced through crowdfunding campaigns, which has already begun on the Motion Gallery site since July 2nd to fund the repairs of the capsules being donated to museums. ^ Russell, Chris (12 April 2022). "Demolition of Tokyo's iconic Nakagin Capsule Tower officially begins". The Japan Times. Retrieved 15 October 2022. ^ a b "CNN: Tokyo's iconic Nakagin Capsule Tower to be demolished". CNN. 6 April 2022. ^ "An ode to Tokyo's Nakagin Capsule Tower". The Economist. 12 April 2022. ^ Falor, Sanskriti (7 April 2022). "Explained Desk: Explained Why Japan's Nakagin Capsule Tower Being Demolished". Indian Express. ^ a b Leete, Rebecca Ildikó (17 April 2022). "Kisho Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower in Visually Captivating Film 'Koshuu'" (Video). ArchDaily. ^ a b Watanabe (2001), p. 148-149 ^ a b c d e Ouroussoff, Nicolai (7 July 2009). "Architecture: Future Vision Banished to the Past". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ a b c d e Lin, Zhongjie (2010). Nakagin Capsule Tower and the Metabolist Movement Revisited (PDF). 98th Annual Meeting Proceedings. Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA). pp. 514–524. Retrieved 30 November 2023. ^ "Works and Projects: Expo '70". Kisho Kurokawa: architect & associates. Retrieved 30 November 2023. ^ a b Forster, Katie (3 October 2014). "Tokyo's tiny capsules of architectural flair". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. ^ a b Solomon, Yuki (30 April 2007). "Kurokawa's Capsule Tower To Be Razed". Architectural Record. ^ a b c McCurry, Justin (9 November 2021). "Decaying but beloved, Tokyo's Capsule Tower faces uncertain future". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ a b Hornyak, Tim (15 January 2024). "In Tokyo, Rescuing the Residential Spaceship That Fell to Earth". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ "Tokyo's Nakagin Capsule Tower faces renewed threats of demolition". 12 May 2021. ^ Stevenson, Reed (9 April 2022). "Farewell Capsule Tower, Tokyo's Oddest Building". Bloomberg CityLab. Retrieved 12 April 2022. ^ "銀座の中銀カプセルタワービルがついに解体、3Dデジタルアーカイブ化始動". TimeOutTokyo. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022. ^ "解体始まる「中銀カプセルタワービル」を丸ごと3D化 保存プロジェクトがスタート". ITmedia. 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022. ^ "黒川紀章設計の「中銀カプセルタワービル」 3Dスキャンで記録に残すプロジェクトが始動". AXIS. 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ "黒川紀章設計のメタボリズム建築「中銀カプセルタワービル」を3Dデータで記録に残すプロジェクトが始動". ADFwebmagazine. 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ "Gluon 'using 3D data to save' the Nakagin Capsule Tower". dezeen. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022. ^ "中銀カプセル、サンフランシスコ近代美術館が収蔵…元住人ら保存の２３個が各地に" . Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 11 June 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023. ^ Walton, Chris (12 June 2023). "SFMOMA acquires a Nakagin Capsule Tower pod". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved 29 November 2023. ^ Niland, Josh (31 August 2022). "Kisho Kurokawa-designed Capsule House K is now one of Japan's most coveted short-term rentals". Archinect News. Retrieved 30 November 2023. ^ Fores Mundi (1998). "Sony Tower". Architectural Map Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 30 November 2023. ^ Movie Locations for The Wolverine Archived 2014-07-15 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved March 15, 2016 ^ Transport Tycoon graphics and their real life counterparts ^ Nakagin Capsule Tower: Japanese Metabolist Landmark on the Edge of Destruction Nakagin Capsule Tower at IMDb ^ Kochuu Nakagin Capsule Tower at IMDb ^ Kisho Kurokawa: From Metabolism to Symbiosis 1993 Nakagin Capsule Tower at IMDb ^ Recurring views of Tokyo’s utopian dream Mar 12, 2016 Japan Times Retrieved March 15, 2016 Further reading Noboru Kawazoe, et al. (1960). Metabolism 1960: The Proposals for a New Urbanism. Bitjsutu Shuppan Sha. Kisho Kurokawa (1992). From Metabolism to Symbiosis. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-85490-119-4 Thomas Daniell (2008). After the Crash: Architecture in Post-Bubble Japan. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-56898-776-7 Carla, Sato Lac (22 September 2018). Nakagin Capsule Tower (Paperback). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 42. ISBN 9781727500578. Mullane, Matthew (2012). Capsular Japan: The "information Society" and Kisho Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower. N.p.: School of the Art Institute of Chicago. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nakagin Capsule Tower. Kisho Kurokawa portfolio entry Photos of Nakagin Capsule Tower 3D Digital Archive Vanderbilt, Tom (May 2008). "Time Capsule". dwell. pp. 178–182. The fact that the building seems set to be destroyed is strangely poignant: Not only do we lose a sense of how the past imagined the future, we lose a future that never came to be. In his own writings, Kurokawa, a Buddhist, offered a fitting and, especially now, quite haunting encomium to the capsule tower: 'We used to consider things that could live forever to be beautiful. But this way of thinking has been exposed as a lie. True beauty lies in things that die, things that change.' Authority control databases International VIAF National Catalonia United States Japan Geographic Structurae Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ginza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginza"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Kisho Kurokawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisho_Kurokawa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koolhaas_2011,_p388-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese Metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Metabolism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"Kyoto International Conference Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_International_Conference_Center"},{"link_name":"Ginza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginza"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchDaily-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchDaily-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-6"}],"text":"Building in TokyoThe Nakagin Capsule Tower Building[a] was a mixed-use residential and office tower in the upscale Ginza district of Tokyo, Japan designed by architect Kisho Kurokawa. Completed in two years from 1970 to 1972,[1]: 388  the building was a rare remaining example of Japanese Metabolism[2]: 105  alongside the older Kyoto International Conference Center, an architectural movement emblematic of Japan's postwar cultural resurgence. It was the world's first example of capsule architecture ostensibly built for permanent and practical use. The building, however, fell into disrepair. Around thirty of the 140 capsules were still in use as apartments by October 2012, while others were used for storage or office space, or simply abandoned and allowed to deteriorate. As recently as August 2017 capsules could still be rented (relatively inexpensively, considering its Ginza locale), although the waiting list was long.[3]In 2022, demolition of the building was initiated.[4] Attempts to raise funds to save it and campaigns to preserve it as a historic landmark were unsuccessful.[5][6][7] The tower was scheduled to be disassembled starting April 12, 2022, with component units repurposed.[3][5]","title":"Nakagin Capsule Tower"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_capsule_arrangement_(03F)_rA.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_capsule_arrangement_(04F,05F)_rA.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_capsule_arrangement_(06F,09F)_rA.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_capsule_arrangement_(07F)_rA.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_capsule_arrangement_(08F)_rA.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_capsule_arrangement_(10F)_rA.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_capsule_arrangement_(11F)_rA.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_capsule_arrangement_(12F)_rA.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_capsule_arrangement_(13F)_rA.svg"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_Capsule_Tower_(51472766807).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_Capsule_Tower_(51474580769).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_Capsule_Tower_(51473761696).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_Capsule_Tower_(51473997551).jpg"},{"link_name":"asymmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leete-10"}],"sub_title":"Towers","text":"Capsule arrangement\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t3F\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t4F/5F\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t6F/9F (bridge decks)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t7F\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t8F\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t10F\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t11F\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t12F (bridge deck)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t13FThe building was composed of two interconnected concrete towers, eleven and thirteen floors tall,[b] which housed 140 self-contained prefabricated capsules in total;[2]: 105  most floors had eight capsules per tower, with a few exceptions. There were three bridge decks (6F, 9F, and 12F), each connecting the two towers with an external balcony.The cores were rigid-frame, made of a steel frame and reinforced concrete. From the basement to the second floor, ordinary concrete was used; above those levels, lightweight concrete was used. Shuttering consisted of large panels the height of a single storey of the tower. In order to make early use of the staircase, precast concrete was used in the floor plates and the elevator shafts. Because the construction schedule used a repeating pattern of two days of steel-frame work, followed by two days of precast-concrete work, the staircase was completely operational by the time the framework was finished. On-site construction of the elevators was shortened by incorporating the 3-D frames, the rails, and anchor indicator boxes in the precast concrete elements and by employing prefabricated cages.[2]: 108Common spaces (June 2021)\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior (12F)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBridge deck\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCapsule entrance (A904)The architect said that this building reflected that asymmetry is part of the Japanese tradition.[8]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"mass production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchDaily-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watanabe_2001,_p148-149-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"rust-preventative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustproofing"},{"link_name":"paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint"},{"link_name":"Kenitex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenitex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"intermodal containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_container"},{"link_name":"welding jig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jig_(tool)"},{"link_name":"asbestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_floor_plan.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_kapsula_erreplika_Donostia_2019_Mugak_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capsule_from_Nakagin_Capsule_Tower_Building_DSCN0159.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_Capsule_Tower_(51473888806).jpg"},{"link_name":"salarymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salarymen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT070709-13"},{"link_name":"pieds-à-terre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied-%C3%A0-terre"},{"link_name":"reel-to-reel tape deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording"},{"link_name":"aircraft lavatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT070709-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watanabe_2001,_p148-149-12"}],"sub_title":"Capsules","text":"Each capsule measured 2.5 m × 2.5 m × 4.0 m (8.2 ft × 8.2 ft × 13.1 ft)[c][2]: 109  with a circular window 1.3 m (4.3 ft) in diameter at one end; the capsule functioned as a small individual living or office space, with an in-unit bathroom.[2]: 105  Although the capsules were designed with mass production in mind, no additional capsules were produced after the initial construction and none of the original capsules were ever replaced.[3][9]The capsules were fitted with utilities and interior fittings before being shipped to the building site, where they were attached to the concrete towers. Each capsule was attached independently to one of the two towers by only four high-tension bolts and cantilevered from the shaft, so that a single capsule could be removed easily without affecting the others.[2]: 105  Plumbing for each capsule is connected through a flexible umbilical, approximately 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long.[2]: 108  The original design concept proposed to combine specialized capsules into a larger living space,[2]: 105  but it is not clear if this was implemented.The capsules were all-welded lightweight steel-truss boxes clad in galvanized, rib-reinforced steel panels which had been coated with rust-preventative paint and finished with a coat of Kenitex glossy spray after processing.[2]: 105–106  The offsite factory that assembled the capsules also built intermodal containers and the welding jig for the capsules was modified from the container assembly line. Major structural elements were fireproofed with a coat of sprayed asbestos 45 mm (1.8 in) thick, while the exterior panels were coated with the same substance to 30 mm (1.2 in) thick.[2]: 106–107Typical capsule design & interior\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFloor plan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReplica of a sample room\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReverse angle, looking toward entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBathroomThe original target demographic was bachelor Tōkyō salarymen.[10] The compact pieds-à-terre included a wall of appliances and cabinets built into one side, including a kitchen stove, a refrigerator, a television set, and a reel-to-reel tape deck. A bathroom unit, about the size of an aircraft lavatory, was set into an opposite corner. A large circular window over the bed dominated the far end of the room.[10] Optional extras such as a stereo were also originally available.[9]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takara_Group_Pavilion,_Osaka_Expo%2770_(April_1970_by_Kingei_Marui).jpg"},{"link_name":"Takara Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takara_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Expo '70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_%2770"},{"link_name":"Kiyonori Kikutake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyonori_Kikutake"},{"link_name":"Fumihiko Maki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumihiko_Maki"},{"link_name":"Noboru Kawazoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%9D%E6%B7%BB%E7%99%BB&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%B7%BB%E7%99%BB"},{"link_name":"Kenji Ekuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Ekuan"},{"link_name":"Kiyoshi Awazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Awazu"},{"link_name":"megastructures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastructure"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin-14"},{"link_name":"Expo '70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_%2770"},{"link_name":"Takara Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takara_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin-14"},{"link_name":"space frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_frame"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin-14"}],"text":"Takara Holdings Pavilion at Expo '70The Metabolist movement was launched in 1960 by a group of architects, designers, and critics including Kurokawa, Kiyonori Kikutake, Masato Otaka, Fumihiko Maki, Noboru Kawazoe [ja], Kenji Ekuan, and Kiyoshi Awazu, with the publication of Metabolism: the Proposals for New Urbanism at the World Design Conference in Tokyo. The group advocated for the development of megastructures which largely were not realized due to changes in the 1970s resulting from energy crises and environmental considerations.[11]Kurokawa began exploring modular capsule architecture with the design of the Takara Beautilion at Expo '70 in Osaka, which used a framework of steel tubes to support stainless steel-clad cubic capsules displaying beauty products from Takara Holdings.[11] At the same exposition, Kurokawa also designed a capsule house, suspended from the space frame roof of the Symbol Zone.[12] Impressed by the Beautilion, Torizo Watanabe retained Kurokawa to design a similar permanent building for his real estate company, Nakagin, to serve business owners and employees as a second home for occasional overnight stays in central Tokyo.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ginza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginza"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin-14"}],"sub_title":"Construction, 1970-1972","text":"Construction occurred both onsite in the upscale Ginza district of Tokyo, and off-site. On-site work included the two towers with their energy-supply and piping systems and equipment, while the capsule parts were fabricated and assembled at a factory 450 km (280 mi) from Tokyo.[2]: 109  Five to eight capsules were attached per day, and the capsule attachment process took thirty days to complete.[2]: 105  Due to on-site storage and traffic limitations, only the capsules that were to be attached that day were delivered overnight.[2]: 108–109Nobuo Abe was a senior manager, managing one of the design divisions on the construction of the Nakagin Capsule Tower.As completed, the building was intended to serve mainly visiting businessmen, primarily as a hotel, but offering some studio apartments for short-term stays.[2]: 105  The maximum cost of a capsule was US$14,600 (equivalent to $106,300 in 2023) in 1972.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchDaily-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japantimes.co.jp-16"},{"link_name":"asbestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT070709-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchRec042007-17"},{"link_name":"Japan Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"Ginza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginza"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchRec042007-17"},{"link_name":"late-2000s recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recession"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT070709-13"},{"link_name":"Nicolai Ouroussoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_Ouroussoff"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT070709-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japantimes.co.jp-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2024-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-18"}],"sub_title":"Update proposals and demolition decision, 2006-2022","text":"Outside and inside views of the Nakagin Capsule Tower while it still existed in 2018.The capsules could be individually removed or replaced, but at a cost: when demolition was first being considered in 2006, it was estimated that renovation would require approximately ¥6.2 million per capsule. The original concept was that individual capsules would be repaired or replaced every 25 years; but the capsules deteriorated since the repairs were never done.[3]80% of the capsule owners had to approve demolition,[13] which was first achieved on April 15, 2007. A majority of capsule owners, citing squalid, cramped conditions as well as concerns over asbestos, voted to demolish the building and replace it with a much larger, more modern tower.[10][14] In the interest of preserving his design, Kurokawa proposed taking advantage of the flexible design by \"unplugging\" the existing boxes and replacing them with updated units. The plan was supported by the major architectural associations of Japan, including the Japan Institute of Architects; but the residents countered with concerns over the building's earthquake resistance and its inefficient use of valuable property adjacent to the high-value Ginza.[14] Kurokawa died in 2007, and for a time a developer for renovation had yet to be found, partly because of the late-2000s recession.[10]Opposing slated demolition, Nicolai Ouroussoff, architecture critic for The New York Times, described Nakagin Capsule Tower in 2009 as \"gorgeous architecture; like all great buildings, it is the crystallization of a far-reaching cultural ideal. Its existence also stands as a powerful reminder of paths not taken, of the possibility of worlds shaped by different sets of values.\"[10]In 2010, the hot water to the building was shut off .[15] In 2014 Masato Abe, a capsule owner, former resident and founder of the \"Save Nakagin Tower\" project stated that the project attempted to gain donations from around the world to purchase all of the capsules and preserve the building.[13]\nIn 2018, a real estate company wanted to redevelop the tower and purchased the land and a few capsules, but failed during the COVID-19 pandemic.[16]In May 2021, a number of outlets reported that the management company of the building had voted to sell the complex to the original landowner, reigniting speculation over potential demolition and redevelopment.[17] As of November 2021, the building housed 20 tenants.[15] An attempt to sell it to a new owner fell through.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Augmented_Reality_of_Nakagin_Capsule_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metabolist architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"3D digital archiving project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gluon.tokyo/en/projects/3d-digital-archive-nakagin-capsule-tower"},{"link_name":"Augmented reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate demolition and digital archive, 2022","text":"The demolition of the tower began on April 12, 2022.[18]Overlay the digital content of the Nakagin Capsule Tower Building on the physical world through augmented reality created by the 3D Digital Archive Project.Demolition of the Nakagin Capsule Tower Building began on April 12, 2022. Since the building was regarded as a masterpiece of Metabolist architecture, a project team led by Gluon had launched a 3D digital archiving project to preserve the entire building in 3D data in order to preserve its architectural value. In this project, the entire building was scanned using a combination of laser scan data that accurately measures distances in millimeters and more than 20,000 photographs taken by cameras and drones. Augmented reality of the Nakagin Capsule Tower Building was also unveiled.[19][20][21][22][23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchDaily-4"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Shochiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shochiku"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2024-19"}],"sub_title":"Since 2022","text":"The Nakagin Capsule Tower Building Preservation and Regeneration Project preserved 23 capsules[3] including A1302, which was saved by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.[24][25] Sixteen of the 23 preserved capsules have new destinations: Shochiku has since put two capsules on permanent display and as of 2024, five capsules will be placed at the coast in Kanagawa Prefecture, south of Tokyo.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"resort town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort_town"},{"link_name":"Karuizawa, Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuizawa,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"holiday house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_house"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"short-term rental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_rental"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurokawa_Sony-1979.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sony Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Shinsaibashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinsaibashi"},{"link_name":"Chūō-ku, Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin-14"}],"text":"Kurokawa completed \"Capsule House-K\" in 1973, near the resort town of Karuizawa, Nagano, using four capsules the same size as those from the Nakagin Capsule Tower as specialized rooms[d] for a holiday house.[2]: 112–115  \"Capsule House-K\" was owned by Kurokawa's studio until it went bankrupt, and subsequently was purchased by his son; it was made available for short-term rental for groups of up to seven people through Airbnb starting in May 2022.[26]Sony Tower (Osaka), detail showing restroom capsuleIn 1976, four years after the Nakagin Capsule Tower was completed, a 10-storey showroom for Sony Corporation was completed near Shinsaibashi in Chūō-ku, Osaka, using a similar modular design from Kurokawa with stainless steel-clad capsule restroom modules hung from the central tower.[2]: 120–121 [27] Sony Tower (Osaka) was demolished in 2006.[11]","title":"Other Kurokawa capsule constructions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolverine_(film)"},{"link_name":"love hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_hotel"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Transport Tycoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Tycoon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leete-10"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Nakagin Capsule Tower was featured in the 2013 superhero film The Wolverine as a love hotel in Hiroshima Prefecture.[28]\nA building inspired by the Nakagin Capsule Tower appears in the 1994 video game Transport Tycoon.[29]\nThree documentaries have mentioned the tower as well:\nResidents of the Nakagin Tower were interviewed in the 2010 documentary Japanese Metabolist Landmark on the Edge of Destruction.[30]\nKisho Kurokawa was filmed in the tower for Kochuu (2003), directed by Jesper Wachtmeister,[31] in which he expresses the opinion that \"In the background there is still invisible Japanese tradition\". He admires the Nakagin capsule tower as the first of capsule architecture built for permanent and practical use. The film explores the influence and origins of Modernist Japanese architecture.[8]\nKurokawa was also filmed in the tower for Kisho Kurokawa: From Metabolism to Symbiosis (1993).[32]\nPhotographer Noritaka Minami published 1972, a photo book of the decaying tower, in 2016.[33]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"tea ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_ceremony"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-3"}],"text":"^ Japanese: 中銀カプセルタワービル, Hepburn: Nakagin Kapuseru Tawā Biru\n\n^ Maximum height above ground level was 53.5 and 47.4 m (176 and 156 ft) for the 13- and 11-storey towers, respectively.[2]: 107 \n\n^ Height, width, and length\n\n^ These are two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a tea ceremony room.[2]: 113","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Takara Holdings Pavilion at Expo '70","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Takara_Group_Pavilion%2C_Osaka_Expo%2770_%28April_1970_by_Kingei_Marui%29.jpg/170px-Takara_Group_Pavilion%2C_Osaka_Expo%2770_%28April_1970_by_Kingei_Marui%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Outside and inside views of the Nakagin Capsule Tower while it still existed in 2018."},{"image_text":"Overlay the digital content of the Nakagin Capsule Tower Building on the physical world through augmented reality created by the 3D Digital Archive Project.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Augmented_Reality_of_Nakagin_Capsule_Tower.jpg/220px-Augmented_Reality_of_Nakagin_Capsule_Tower.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Tower (Osaka), detail showing restroom capsule","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kurokawa_Sony-1979.jpg/170px-Kurokawa_Sony-1979.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Capsule hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_hotel"},{"title":"Sharifi-ha House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifi-ha_House"}]
[{"reference":"Koolhaas, Rem; Obrist, Hans Ulrich (2011). Kayoko Oda; James Westcott (eds.). Project Japan: Metabolism Talks... Taschen. ISBN 978-3836525084.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas","url_text":"Koolhaas, Rem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Obrist","url_text":"Obrist, Hans Ulrich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3836525084","url_text":"978-3836525084"}]},{"reference":"Kurokawa, Kishō (28 March 2009) [1977]. Metabolism in architecture. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 9780289707333.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Metabolism_in_Architecture_by_Kisho_Kurokawa","url_text":"Metabolism in architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Vista","url_text":"Studio Vista"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780289707333","url_text":"9780289707333"}]},{"reference":"Stouhi, Dima (3 April 2022). \"Nakagin Capsule Tower to be Demolished Mid-April\". ArchDaily. Last year, Kisho Kurokawa Architects and Urban Design Office Chiyoda-ku announced that they aim to dismantle the iconic architecture and reuse its capsules as accommodation units and museum installations. The regeneration plan follows the initial concept of \"Metabolism\", re-configurating the elements instead of complete demolition, all sourced through crowdfunding campaigns, which has already begun on the Motion Gallery site since July 2nd to fund the repairs of the capsules being donated to museums.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archdaily.com/979591/nakagin-capsule-tower-building-to-be-demolished-mid-april?kth=6,195,548","url_text":"\"Nakagin Capsule Tower to be Demolished Mid-April\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchDaily","url_text":"ArchDaily"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Chris (12 April 2022). \"Demolition of Tokyo's iconic Nakagin Capsule Tower officially begins\". The Japan Times. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/04/12/national/demolition-tokyo-nakagin-capsule-tower-begins/","url_text":"\"Demolition of Tokyo's iconic Nakagin Capsule Tower officially begins\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNN: Tokyo's iconic Nakagin Capsule Tower to be demolished\". CNN. 6 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/style/article/japan-nakagin-capsule-tower-being-demolished-intl-hnk/index.html","url_text":"\"CNN: Tokyo's iconic Nakagin Capsule Tower to be demolished\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"An ode to Tokyo's Nakagin Capsule Tower\". The Economist. 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/asia/an-ode-to-tokyos-nakagin-capsule-tower/21808712","url_text":"\"An ode to Tokyo's Nakagin Capsule Tower\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"}]},{"reference":"Falor, Sanskriti (7 April 2022). \"Explained Desk: Explained Why Japan's Nakagin Capsule Tower Being Demolished\". Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-japans-nakagin-capsule-tower-being-demolished-7856642/","url_text":"\"Explained Desk: Explained Why Japan's Nakagin Capsule Tower Being Demolished\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Express","url_text":"Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"Leete, Rebecca Ildikó (17 April 2022). \"Kisho Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower in Visually Captivating Film 'Koshuu'\" (Video). ArchDaily.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archdaily.com/980305/kisho-kurokawas-nakagin-capsule-tower-in-visually-captivating-film-koshuu?kth=6,195,548","url_text":"\"Kisho Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower in Visually Captivating Film 'Koshuu'\""}]},{"reference":"Ouroussoff, Nicolai (7 July 2009). \"Architecture: Future Vision Banished to the Past\". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_Ouroussoff","url_text":"Ouroussoff, Nicolai"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/arts/design/07capsule.html","url_text":"\"Architecture: Future Vision Banished to the Past\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Lin, Zhongjie (2010). Nakagin Capsule Tower and the Metabolist Movement Revisited (PDF). 98th Annual Meeting Proceedings. Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA). pp. 514–524. Retrieved 30 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acsa-arch.org/proceedings/Annual%20Meeting%20Proceedings/ACSA.AM.98/ACSA.AM.98.62.pdf","url_text":"Nakagin Capsule Tower and the Metabolist Movement Revisited"}]},{"reference":"\"Works and Projects: Expo '70\". Kisho Kurokawa: architect & associates. Retrieved 30 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kisho.co.jp/page/211.html","url_text":"\"Works and Projects: Expo '70\""}]},{"reference":"Forster, Katie (3 October 2014). \"Tokyo's tiny capsules of architectural flair\". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161230021440/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/10/03/arts/tokyos-tiny-capsules-architectural-flair/","url_text":"\"Tokyo's tiny capsules of architectural flair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times","url_text":"Japan Times"},{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/10/03/arts/tokyos-tiny-capsules-architectural-flair/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Yuki (30 April 2007). \"Kurokawa's Capsule Tower To Be Razed\". Architectural Record.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/3635-kurokawa-s-capsule-tower-to-be-razed","url_text":"\"Kurokawa's Capsule Tower To Be Razed\""}]},{"reference":"McCurry, Justin (9 November 2021). \"Decaying but beloved, Tokyo's Capsule Tower faces uncertain future\". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/09/decaying-but-beloved-tokyos-capsule-tower-faces-uncertain-future","url_text":"\"Decaying but beloved, Tokyo's Capsule Tower faces uncertain future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Hornyak, Tim (15 January 2024). \"In Tokyo, Rescuing the Residential Spaceship That Fell to Earth\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/15/realestate/tokyo-japan-nakagin-tower.html","url_text":"\"In Tokyo, Rescuing the Residential Spaceship That Fell to Earth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo's Nakagin Capsule Tower faces renewed threats of demolition\". 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archpaper.com/2021/05/tokyo-nakagin-capsule-tower-faces-renewed-threats-demolition/","url_text":"\"Tokyo's Nakagin Capsule Tower faces renewed threats of demolition\""}]},{"reference":"Stevenson, Reed (9 April 2022). \"Farewell Capsule Tower, Tokyo's Oddest Building\". Bloomberg CityLab. Retrieved 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-04-08/tokyo-s-architectural-icon-nakagin-capsule-tower-to-be-torn-down","url_text":"\"Farewell Capsule Tower, Tokyo's Oddest Building\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_CityLab","url_text":"Bloomberg CityLab"}]},{"reference":"\"銀座の中銀カプセルタワービルがついに解体、3Dデジタルアーカイブ化始動\". TimeOutTokyo. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.jp/tokyo/ja/news/nakagin-capsule-tower-3d-digital-archive-project-041422","url_text":"\"銀座の中銀カプセルタワービルがついに解体、3Dデジタルアーカイブ化始動\""}]},{"reference":"\"解体始まる「中銀カプセルタワービル」を丸ごと3D化 保存プロジェクトがスタート\". ITmedia. 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/2204/15/news189.html","url_text":"\"解体始まる「中銀カプセルタワービル」を丸ごと3D化 保存プロジェクトがスタート\""}]},{"reference":"\"黒川紀章設計の「中銀カプセルタワービル」 3Dスキャンで記録に残すプロジェクトが始動\". AXIS. 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axismag.jp/posts/2022/04/463277.html","url_text":"\"黒川紀章設計の「中銀カプセルタワービル」 3Dスキャンで記録に残すプロジェクトが始動\""}]},{"reference":"\"黒川紀章設計のメタボリズム建築「中銀カプセルタワービル」を3Dデータで記録に残すプロジェクトが始動\". ADFwebmagazine. 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adfwebmagazine.jp/en/architect/nakagin-capsule-tower-3d-digital-archive-project","url_text":"\"黒川紀章設計のメタボリズム建築「中銀カプセルタワービル」を3Dデータで記録に残すプロジェクトが始動\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gluon 'using 3D data to save' the Nakagin Capsule Tower\". dezeen. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dezeen.com/2022/08/03/nakagin-capsule-tower-building-3d-digital-archive-project-metabolism/","url_text":"\"Gluon 'using 3D data to save' the Nakagin Capsule Tower\""}]},{"reference":"\"中銀カプセル、サンフランシスコ近代美術館が収蔵…元住人ら保存の２３個が各地に\" [Nakagin capsule was saved in the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ... 23 pieces preserved by former residents are scattered around the country]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 11 June 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/culture/20230610-OYT1T50239/","url_text":"\"中銀カプセル、サンフランシスコ近代美術館が収蔵…元住人ら保存の２３個が各地に\""}]},{"reference":"Walton, Chris (12 June 2023). \"SFMOMA acquires a Nakagin Capsule Tower pod\". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archpaper.com/2023/06/sfmoma-acquires-a-nakagin-capsule-tower-pod/","url_text":"\"SFMOMA acquires a Nakagin Capsule Tower pod\""}]},{"reference":"Niland, Josh (31 August 2022). \"Kisho Kurokawa-designed Capsule House K is now one of Japan's most coveted short-term rentals\". Archinect News. Retrieved 30 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archinect.com/news/article/150322305/kisho-kurokawa-designed-capsule-house-k-is-now-one-of-japan-s-most-coveted-short-term-rentals","url_text":"\"Kisho Kurokawa-designed Capsule House K is now one of Japan's most coveted short-term rentals\""}]},{"reference":"Fores Mundi (1998). \"Sony Tower\". Architectural Map Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 30 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archi-map.jp/over/nakajima/sony/index.htm","url_text":"\"Sony Tower\""}]},{"reference":"Carla, Sato Lac (22 September 2018). Nakagin Capsule Tower (Paperback). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 42. ISBN 9781727500578.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CreateSpace_Independent_Publishing_Platform","url_text":"CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781727500578","url_text":"9781727500578"}]},{"reference":"Mullane, Matthew (2012). Capsular Japan: The \"information Society\" and Kisho Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower. N.p.: School of the Art Institute of Chicago.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago","url_text":"School of the Art Institute of Chicago"}]},{"reference":"Vanderbilt, Tom (May 2008). \"Time Capsule\". dwell. pp. 178–182. The fact that the building seems set to be destroyed is strangely poignant: Not only do we lose a sense of how the past imagined the future, we lose a future that never came to be. [...] In his own writings, Kurokawa, a Buddhist, offered a fitting and, especially now, quite haunting encomium to the capsule tower: 'We used to consider things that could live forever to be beautiful. But this way of thinking has been exposed as a lie. True beauty lies in things that die, things that change.'","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Vanderbilt","url_text":"Vanderbilt, Tom"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mcMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA178","url_text":"\"Time Capsule\""}]}]
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Mid-April\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/04/12/national/demolition-tokyo-nakagin-capsule-tower-begins/","external_links_name":"\"Demolition of Tokyo's iconic Nakagin Capsule Tower officially begins\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/style/article/japan-nakagin-capsule-tower-being-demolished-intl-hnk/index.html","external_links_name":"\"CNN: Tokyo's iconic Nakagin Capsule Tower to be demolished\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/asia/an-ode-to-tokyos-nakagin-capsule-tower/21808712","external_links_name":"\"An ode to Tokyo's Nakagin Capsule Tower\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-japans-nakagin-capsule-tower-being-demolished-7856642/","external_links_name":"\"Explained Desk: Explained Why Japan's Nakagin Capsule Tower Being Demolished\""},{"Link":"https://www.archdaily.com/980305/kisho-kurokawas-nakagin-capsule-tower-in-visually-captivating-film-koshuu?kth=6,195,548","external_links_name":"\"Kisho Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower in Visually Captivating Film 'Koshuu'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/arts/design/07capsule.html","external_links_name":"\"Architecture: Future Vision Banished to the Past\""},{"Link":"https://www.acsa-arch.org/proceedings/Annual%20Meeting%20Proceedings/ACSA.AM.98/ACSA.AM.98.62.pdf","external_links_name":"Nakagin Capsule Tower and the Metabolist Movement Revisited"},{"Link":"https://www.kisho.co.jp/page/211.html","external_links_name":"\"Works and Projects: Expo '70\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161230021440/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/10/03/arts/tokyos-tiny-capsules-architectural-flair/","external_links_name":"\"Tokyo's tiny capsules of architectural flair\""},{"Link":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/10/03/arts/tokyos-tiny-capsules-architectural-flair/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/3635-kurokawa-s-capsule-tower-to-be-razed","external_links_name":"\"Kurokawa's Capsule Tower To Be Razed\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/09/decaying-but-beloved-tokyos-capsule-tower-faces-uncertain-future","external_links_name":"\"Decaying but beloved, Tokyo's Capsule Tower faces uncertain future\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/15/realestate/tokyo-japan-nakagin-tower.html","external_links_name":"\"In Tokyo, Rescuing the Residential Spaceship That Fell to Earth\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.archpaper.com/2021/05/tokyo-nakagin-capsule-tower-faces-renewed-threats-demolition/","external_links_name":"\"Tokyo's Nakagin Capsule Tower faces renewed threats of demolition\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-04-08/tokyo-s-architectural-icon-nakagin-capsule-tower-to-be-torn-down","external_links_name":"\"Farewell Capsule Tower, Tokyo's Oddest Building\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.jp/tokyo/ja/news/nakagin-capsule-tower-3d-digital-archive-project-041422","external_links_name":"\"銀座の中銀カプセルタワービルがついに解体、3Dデジタルアーカイブ化始動\""},{"Link":"https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/2204/15/news189.html","external_links_name":"\"解体始まる「中銀カプセルタワービル」を丸ごと3D化 保存プロジェクトがスタート\""},{"Link":"https://www.axismag.jp/posts/2022/04/463277.html","external_links_name":"\"黒川紀章設計の「中銀カプセルタワービル」 3Dスキャンで記録に残すプロジェクトが始動\""},{"Link":"https://www.adfwebmagazine.jp/en/architect/nakagin-capsule-tower-3d-digital-archive-project","external_links_name":"\"黒川紀章設計のメタボリズム建築「中銀カプセルタワービル」を3Dデータで記録に残すプロジェクトが始動\""},{"Link":"https://www.dezeen.com/2022/08/03/nakagin-capsule-tower-building-3d-digital-archive-project-metabolism/","external_links_name":"\"Gluon 'using 3D data to save' the Nakagin Capsule Tower\""},{"Link":"https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/culture/20230610-OYT1T50239/","external_links_name":"\"中銀カプセル、サンフランシスコ近代美術館が収蔵…元住人ら保存の２３個が各地に\""},{"Link":"https://www.archpaper.com/2023/06/sfmoma-acquires-a-nakagin-capsule-tower-pod/","external_links_name":"\"SFMOMA acquires a Nakagin Capsule Tower pod\""},{"Link":"https://archinect.com/news/article/150322305/kisho-kurokawa-designed-capsule-house-k-is-now-one-of-japan-s-most-coveted-short-term-rentals","external_links_name":"\"Kisho Kurokawa-designed Capsule House K is now one of Japan's most coveted short-term rentals\""},{"Link":"http://www.archi-map.jp/over/nakajima/sony/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sony Tower\""},{"Link":"http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/w/Wolverine.html#.VBgH1BbRXnM","external_links_name":"Movie Locations for The Wolverine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715050143/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/w/Wolverine.html#.VBgH1BbRXnM","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.chrissawyergames.com/feature1a.htm","external_links_name":"Transport Tycoon graphics and their real life counterparts"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1764509/","external_links_name":"Nakagin Capsule Tower"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1047829/","external_links_name":"Nakagin Capsule Tower"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1853590/","external_links_name":"Nakagin Capsule Tower"},{"Link":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2016/03/12/books/book-reviews/recurring-views-tokyos-utopian-dream/","external_links_name":"Recurring views of Tokyo’s utopian dream Mar 12, 2016"},{"Link":"http://papress.com/html/book.details.page.tpl?cart=1255929480191322&isbn=9781568987767","external_links_name":"After the Crash: Architecture in Post-Bubble Japan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150217235730/http://www.kisho.co.jp/page.php/209","external_links_name":"Kisho Kurokawa portfolio entry"},{"Link":"https://www.uniqhotels.com/nakagin-capsule-tower","external_links_name":"Photos of Nakagin Capsule Tower"},{"Link":"https://motion-gallery.net/projects/3dda-nakagin","external_links_name":"3D Digital Archive"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mcMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA178","external_links_name":"\"Time Capsule\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316751214","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615029906706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2022066654","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001224064","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20028506","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/19286159X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandayure_(canton)
Nandayure (canton)
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Districts","4 Demographics","5 Transportation","5.1 Road transportation","6 References"]
Coordinates: 9°54′05″N 85°18′13″W / 9.9014254°N 85.3036154°W / 9.9014254; -85.3036154Canton in Guanacaste province, Costa Rica Canton in Guanacaste, Costa RicaNandayureCanton FlagSealNandayure cantonNandayureNandayure canton location in Costa RicaCoordinates: 9°54′05″N 85°18′13″W / 9.9014254°N 85.3036154°W / 9.9014254; -85.3036154Country Costa RicaProvinceGuanacasteCreation9 October 1961Head cityCarmonaDistricts Districts CarmonaSanta RitaZapotalSan PabloPorvenirBejuco Government • TypeMunicipality • BodyMunicipalidad de NandayureArea • Total565.59 km2 (218.38 sq mi)Elevation215 m (705 ft)Population (2011) • Total11,121 • Density20/km2 (51/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−06:00Canton code509Websitewww.nandayure.go.cr Nandayure is a canton in the Guanacaste province of Costa Rica. The head city is in Carmona district. History Nandayure was created on 9 October 1961 by decree 2826. On September 5, 2012, Nandayure was struck by a magnitude 7.6 earthquake, destroying houses in the canton. Geography Nandayure has an area of 565.59 km² and a mean elevation of 215 metres. The canton encompasses a piece of the coastline of the Gulf of Nicoya near the mouth of the Tempisque River, including Berrugate Island. It cuts across the center of the Nicoya Peninsula to the Pacific coast between the Ora River to the north and the Bongo River to the south. Districts The canton of Nandayure is subdivided into the following districts: Carmona Santa Rita Zapotal San Pablo Porvenir Bejuco Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 196312,038—197312,0580.2%19849,604−20.4%20009,9854.0%201111,12111.4% Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos Centro Centroamericano de Población For the 2011 census, Nandayure had a population of 11,121 inhabitants. Transportation Road transportation The canton is covered by the following road routes: National Route 21 National Route 160 National Route 161 National Route 163 National Route 623 National Route 901 National Route 902 National Route 903 National Route 915 References ^ a b Hernández, Hermógenes (1985). Costa Rica: evolución territorial y principales censos de población 1502 - 1984 (in Spanish) (1 ed.). San José: Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia. pp. 164–173. ISBN 9977-64-243-5. Retrieved 5 October 2020. ^ a b "Declara oficial para efectos administrativos, la aprobación de la División Territorial Administrativa de la República N°41548-MGP". Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica (in Spanish). 19 March 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2020. ^ División Territorial Administrativa de la República de Costa Rica (PDF) (in Spanish). Editorial Digital de la Imprenta Nacional. 8 March 2017. ISBN 978-9977-58-477-5. ^ "M7.6 - 12km ENE of Hojancha, Costa Rica". United States Geological Survey. September 5, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012. ^ Mata Blanco, Alonso (September 6, 2012). "Sismo Destruyó Viviendas en Varios Cantones de Guanacaste y Alajuela" . La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012. ^ "Área en kilómetros cuadrados, según provincia, cantón y distrito administrativo". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 September 2020. ^ "Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos" (in Spanish). ^ "Sistema de Consulta de a Bases de Datos Estadísticas". Centro Centroamericano de Población (in Spanish). ^ "Censo. 2011. Población total por zona y sexo, según provincia, cantón y distrito". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 September 2020. vteProvinces and cantons of Costa RicaAlajuela Alajuela Atenas Grecia Guatuso Los Chiles Naranjo Orotina Palmares Poás San Carlos San Mateo San Ramón Upala Sarchí Río Cuarto Zarcero Costa Rica portalCartago Alvarado Cartago El Guarco Jiménez La Unión Oreamuno Paraíso Turrialba Guanacaste Abangares Bagaces Cañas Carrillo Hojancha La Cruz Liberia Nandayure Nicoya Santa Cruz Tilarán Heredia Barva Belén Flores Heredia San Isidro San Pablo San Rafael Santa Bárbara Santo Domingo Sarapiquí Limón Guácimo Limón Matina Pococí Siquirres Talamanca Puntarenas Buenos Aires Corredores Coto Brus Esparza Garabito Golfito Montes de Oro Monteverde Osa Parrita Puerto Jiménez Puntarenas Quepos San José Acosta Alajuelita Aserrí Curridabat Desamparados Dota Escazú Goicoechea León Cortés Castro Montes de Oca Mora Moravia Pérez Zeledón Puriscal San José Santa Ana Tarrazú Tibás Turrubares Vázquez de Coronado This Costa Rican location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Guanacaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanacaste_Province"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-divadm-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dta2017-3"},{"link_name":"Carmona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmona_District"}],"text":"Canton in Guanacaste province, Costa RicaCanton in Guanacaste, Costa RicaNandayure is a canton in the Guanacaste province of Costa Rica.[2][3] The head city is in Carmona district.","title":"Nandayure (canton)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crevoterritorial-1"},{"link_name":"magnitude 7.6 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Costa_Rica_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Nandayure was created on 9 October 1961 by decree 2826.[1]On September 5, 2012, Nandayure was struck by a magnitude 7.6 earthquake, destroying houses in the canton.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inecarea-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-divadm-2"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Nicoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Nicoya"},{"link_name":"Tempisque River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempisque_River"},{"link_name":"Nicoya Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicoya_Peninsula"}],"text":"Nandayure has an area of 565.59 km²[6] and a mean elevation of 215 metres.[2]The canton encompasses a piece of the coastline of the Gulf of Nicoya near the mouth of the Tempisque River, including Berrugate Island. It cuts across the center of the Nicoya Peninsula to the Pacific coast between the Ora River to the north and the Bongo River to the south.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Carmona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmona_District"},{"link_name":"Santa Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rita_District,_Nandayure"},{"link_name":"Zapotal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotal_District,_Nandayure"},{"link_name":"San Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_District,_Nandayure"},{"link_name":"Porvenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porvenir_District"},{"link_name":"Bejuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejuco_District"}],"text":"The canton of Nandayure is subdivided into the following districts:Carmona\nSanta Rita\nZapotal\nSan Pablo\nPorvenir\nBejuco","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_2011_Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censo2011-9"}],"text":"For the 2011 census, Nandayure had a population of 11,121 inhabitants. [9]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR_RNP_21.svg"},{"link_name":"National Route 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_21_(Costa_Rica)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR_RNS_160.svg"},{"link_name":"National Route 160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_160_(Costa_Rica)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR_RNS_161.svg"},{"link_name":"National Route 161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_161_(Costa_Rica)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR_RNS_163.svg"},{"link_name":"National Route 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_163_(Costa_Rica)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR_RNT_623.svg"},{"link_name":"National Route 623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_623_(Costa_Rica)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR_RNT_901.svg"},{"link_name":"National Route 901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_901_(Costa_Rica)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR_RNT_902.svg"},{"link_name":"National Route 902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_902_(Costa_Rica)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR_RNT_903.svg"},{"link_name":"National Route 903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_903_(Costa_Rica)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR_RNT_915.svg"},{"link_name":"National Route 915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_915_(Costa_Rica)"}],"sub_title":"Road transportation","text":"The canton is covered by the following road routes:National Route 21\n National Route 160\n National Route 161\n National Route 163\n National Route 623\n National Route 901\n National Route 902\n National Route 903\n National Route 915","title":"Transportation"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hernández, Hermógenes (1985). Costa Rica: evolución territorial y principales censos de población 1502 - 1984 (in Spanish) (1 ed.). San José: Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia. pp. 164–173. ISBN 9977-64-243-5. Retrieved 5 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ccp.ucr.ac.cr/bvp/mapoteca/CostaRica/generales/atlas_censal/","url_text":"Costa Rica: evolución territorial y principales censos de población 1502 - 1984"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9977-64-243-5","url_text":"9977-64-243-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Declara oficial para efectos administrativos, la aprobación de la División Territorial Administrativa de la República N°41548-MGP\". Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica (in Spanish). 19 March 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=88416&nValor3=115607&param2=1&strTipM=TC&lResultado=1&strSim=simp","url_text":"\"Declara oficial para efectos administrativos, la aprobación de la División Territorial Administrativa de la República N°41548-MGP\""}]},{"reference":"División Territorial Administrativa de la República de Costa Rica (PDF) (in Spanish). Editorial Digital de la Imprenta Nacional. 8 March 2017. ISBN 978-9977-58-477-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imprentanacional.go.cr/editorialdigital/libros/historiaygeografia/division_17.pdf","url_text":"División Territorial Administrativa de la República de Costa Rica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9977-58-477-5","url_text":"978-9977-58-477-5"}]},{"reference":"\"M7.6 - 12km ENE of Hojancha, Costa Rica\". United States Geological Survey. September 5, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000cfsd","url_text":"\"M7.6 - 12km ENE of Hojancha, Costa Rica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Mata Blanco, Alonso (September 6, 2012). \"Sismo Destruyó Viviendas en Varios Cantones de Guanacaste y Alajuela\" [Earthquake Destroyed Homes in Several Cantons of Guanacaste and Alajuela]. La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925071449/http://www.nacion.com/2012-09-06/ElPais/sismo-destruyo-viviendas-en-varios-cantones-de-guanacaste-y-alajuela--.aspx","url_text":"\"Sismo Destruyó Viviendas en Varios Cantones de Guanacaste y Alajuela\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_(San_Jos%C3%A9)","url_text":"La Nación"},{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/2012-09-06/ElPais/sismo-destruyo-viviendas-en-varios-cantones-de-guanacaste-y-alajuela--.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Área en kilómetros cuadrados, según provincia, cantón y distrito administrativo\". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inec.cr/anuario-estadistico/anuario-estadistico-geografia","url_text":"\"Área en kilómetros cuadrados, según provincia, cantón y distrito administrativo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos\" (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inec.cr/","url_text":"\"Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sistema de Consulta de a Bases de Datos Estadísticas\". Centro Centroamericano de Población (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"https://censos.ccp.ucr.ac.cr/","url_text":"\"Sistema de Consulta de a Bases de Datos Estadísticas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Censo. 2011. Población total por zona y sexo, según provincia, cantón y distrito\". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inec.cr/censos/censos-2011","url_text":"\"Censo. 2011. Población total por zona y sexo, según provincia, cantón y distrito\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_Big_Cat
Smooth Big Cat
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Charts","4 References"]
2019 studio album by Dope LemonSmooth Big CatStudio album by Dope LemonReleased12 July 2019LabelBMG Rights ManagementDope Lemon chronology Honey Bones(2016) Smooth Big Cat(2019) Rose Pink Cadillac(2022) Smooth Big Cat is the fourth studio album by Australian musician Angus Stone; second under the name Dope Lemon and was released on 12 July 2019. The album peaked at number 2 in Australia. The model pictured on the album cover is Franziska Gurtler. Reception Rochelle Bevis from Beat Magazine called it "Dope Lemon's most developed and ethereal sound yet" saying "This enchanting album makes you feel like you're floating after the best road trip of your life." Taylor Marshall from The Music AU said "This is an album that will have people picking up acoustic guitars for the foreseeable future. It's layered yet simplistic, creating a relaxing vibrancy. Ben Niesen from Atwood Magazine said "Despite repeating themes and instruments, Smooth Big Cat is like a lava lamp: kitschy and passé, but tantalising and hypnotic." Track listing Smooth Big Cat track listingNo.TitleLength1."Hey You"4:382."Salt & Pepper"5:283."Hey Little Baby"5:174."Lonely Boys Paradise"5:055."Give Me Honey"3:386."Dope & Smoke"5:047."Smooth Big Cat"4:338."The Midnight Slow"3:249."Mechanical Bull"3:4410."Hey Man Don't Look at Me Like That"5:28 Charts Chart performance for Smooth Big Cat Chart (2019) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 2 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 44 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 89 References ^ "Big Smooth Cat by Dope Lemon". Apple Music. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ "Dope Lemon's album Smooth Big Cat is a dreamy roadtrip for the ears". Beat Magazine. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ "Dope Lemon Smooth Big Cat". The Music AU. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ Niesen, Ben (23 September 2019). "Getting Lost in the Psychedelia of Dope Lemon". Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Dope Lemon – Smooth Big Cat". Hung Medien. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Dope Lemon – Smooth Big Cat" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Dope Lemon – Smooth Big Cat". Hung Medien. Retrieved 20 June 2021. vteAngus Stone Discography Studio albums Smoking Gun (as Lady of the Sunshine) Broken Brights (as Angus Stone) Honey Bones (as Dope Lemon) Smooth Big Cat (as Dope Lemon) Rose Pink Cadillac (as Dope Lemon) Kimosabé (as Dope Lemon) Related articles Angus and Julia Stone
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwandong_University
Catholic Kwandong University
["1 History","2 Notable people","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°44′11″N 128°52′18″E / 37.7364°N 128.8717°E / 37.7364; 128.8717University in Gangneung, South Korea This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Catholic Kwandong University" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Catholic Kwandong University가톨릭관동대학교TypePrivateEstablished31 May 1954FounderJong-myeong Lee 이종명Religious affiliationCatholic ChurchPresidentYong-seung Kim 김용승Academic staff410Administrative staff374Undergraduates10,959 (2022)Postgraduates493 (2022)LocationSouth KoreaCatholic Kwandong UniversityHangul가톨릭관동대학교Hanja가톨릭關東大學校Revised RomanizationGatollik Gwandong DaehakgyoMcCune–ReischauerKat'ollik Kwandong Taehakkyo Catholic Kwandong University (가톨릭관동대학교) is a private Roman Catholic University located in Gangneung, Gangwon-do, South Korea. The Kwandong Hockey Centre is on its grounds. History 31 May 1954 - Kwandong University Foundation was established. 28 February 1955 - Kwandong University Hospital was created. 26 February 26, 1959 - promoted to a 4-year program University. 12 December 1972 - Merged with Myongji University. 31 August 2014 - due to financial difficulties, Myeongji University ceased operating Kwandong University. 1 September 2014 - reopened as Catholic Kwandong University, under the supervision of the Diocese of Incheon, who provided ₩104.5 billion (US$91.35 million) to aid with the transition. Notable people Xiumin (Exo) Park Gwang-hyun References ^ a b c "Brief History". Catholic Kwandong University. Retrieved 2024-01-23. ^ Seo, Geunyeong (2014-04-17). "관동대, 소속 및 경영권 인천가톨릭대로 이관". 뉴스1 (News 1) (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-01-23. ^ 유, 형재 (2014-09-01). "관동대-가톨릭관동대로 1일 '새 출발'". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-01-23. External links Catholic Kwandong University website (in English) 37°44′11″N 128°52′18″E / 37.7364°N 128.8717°E / 37.7364; 128.8717 Authority control databases ISNI VIAF This article about a South Korean institution of tertiary education is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Gangneung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangneung"},{"link_name":"Gangwon-do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangwon-do_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Kwandong Hockey Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwandong_Hockey_Centre"}],"text":"University in Gangneung, South KoreaCatholic Kwandong University (가톨릭관동대학교) is a private Roman Catholic University located in Gangneung, Gangwon-do, South Korea.The Kwandong Hockey Centre is on its grounds.","title":"Catholic Kwandong University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Myongji University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myongji_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Incheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheon"},{"link_name":"₩","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_won"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"31 May 1954 - Kwandong University Foundation was established.[1]\n28 February 1955 - Kwandong University Hospital was created.[1]\n26 February 26, 1959 - promoted to a 4-year program University.[1]\n12 December 1972 - Merged with Myongji University.\n31 August 2014 - due to financial difficulties, Myeongji University ceased operating Kwandong University.[2]\n1 September 2014 - reopened as Catholic Kwandong University, under the supervision of the Diocese of Incheon, who provided ₩104.5 billion (US$91.35 million) to aid with the transition.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiumin"},{"link_name":"Exo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Park Gwang-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Gwang-hyun"}],"text":"Xiumin (Exo)\nPark Gwang-hyun","title":"Notable people"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Brief History\". Catholic Kwandong University. Retrieved 2024-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cku.ac.kr/cku_eng/4011/subview.do?","url_text":"\"Brief History\""}]},{"reference":"Seo, Geunyeong (2014-04-17). \"관동대, 소속 및 경영권 인천가톨릭대로 이관\". 뉴스1 (News 1) (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news1.kr/articles/1638731","url_text":"\"관동대, 소속 및 경영권 인천가톨릭대로 이관\""}]},{"reference":"유, 형재 (2014-09-01). \"관동대-가톨릭관동대로 1일 '새 출발'\". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20140901072400062","url_text":"\"관동대-가톨릭관동대로 1일 '새 출발'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency","url_text":"Yonhap News Agency"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_7_Plus
Nokia 7 Plus
["1 Specifications","1.1 Software","1.2 Hardware","2 Reception","3 Controversies","4 Note","5 References","6 External links"]
Nokia-branded upper midrange smartphone Nokia 7 PlusNokia 7 PlusCodenameN7PBrandNokiaDeveloperHMD GlobalManufacturerFoxconnSloganIt just keeps getting betterModel TA-1046 (International) TA-1055 (India) TA-1062 (Asia, Oceania and SEA) TA-1051, TA-1072 (unknown) First released2018 MarchDiscontinuedDecember 10, 2020; 3 years ago (2020-12-10)SuccessorNokia 8.1Related Nokia 1 Plus Nokia 2.1 Nokia 3.1 Nokia 5.1 Nokia 6.1 Nokia 8 Sirocco TypeSmartphoneDimensions H: 158.4 mm (6.24 in) W: 75.6 mm (2.98 in) D: 8 mm (0.31 in) Mass183 g (6.5 oz)Operating systemOriginal: Android 8.1 "Oreo"Current: Android 10(Android One)System-on-chipQualcomm Snapdragon 660 (14 nm)CPUOcta-core (4x2.2 GHz Kryo 260 Gold & 4x1.8 GHz Kryo 260 Silver)GPUAdreno 512Memory4 or 6 GB LPDDR4 RAMStorage64 GBRemovable storagemicroSD, up to 256 GBBattery3800 mAh Li-Po, non-removableDisplay6.0 in (15 cm) (92.4 cm2) 1080p IPS LCD with Gorilla Glass 3 protection, ~403 ppi pixel densityRear cameraDual Camera Set-up: 12 MP (f/1.8, 25mm, 1/2.55", 1.4 μm, dual pixel PDAF) Wide 13 MP (f/2.6, 1/3.4", 1.0 μm, autofocus, 2x optical zoom) Telephoto ZEISS optics, dual-LED dual-tone flash, panorama, HDRVideo: 4K@30fps, 1080p@30fps (gyro-EIS)Front camera16 MP (f/2.0, 1/3.06", 1.0 μm), ZEISS opticsVideo: 1080p@30fpsConnectivity 3.5 mm TRRS headphone jack Bluetooth USB 2.0 via USB-C port Data inputsSensors: Accelerometer Electronic compass Fingerprint scanner (rear-mounted) Gyroscope Proximity sensor Websitewww.hmd.com/en_int/nokia-7-plus The Nokia 7 Plus is a Nokia-branded upper-mid-range smartphone running the Android operating system. It was announced on 25 February 2018, along with four other Nokia-branded phones. Specifications Software As the Nokia 7 Plus is an Android One device, it runs a near-stock version of the Android operating system. It was originally shipped with Android 8.0 Oreo; however, an update to Android 8.1 Oreo was released soon after for the device. On 8 May 2018, it was announced that the Nokia 7 Plus would be one of seven non-Google smartphones to receive the Android Pie beta. On 28 September 2018, the Android Pie update started to roll out to the Nokia 7 Plus in phases, starting in India, and on 30 November 2018 in China. On 7 January 2020, Android 10 started being rolled out on the Nokia 7 Plus. Hardware The Nokia 7 Plus has a 6 inch (152mm) LTPS IPS LCD display, Octa-core (4x2.2 GHz Kryo 260 & 4x1.8 GHz Kryo 260) Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 processor, 4 GB of RAM and 64 GB of internal storage that can be expanded using microSD cards up to 256 GB. The phone has a 3800 mAh Li-Ion battery, 13 MP rear camera with LED flash and 16 MP front-facing camera with auto-focus. It is available in Tempered Black/Copper, White/Copper colors. The phone is designed from a single block of 6000 series aluminium. As with other mid-range and top-range phones from Nokia, the Nokia 7 Plus features exclusive rear camera optics licensed from ZEISS. The NFC-area on the back of the phone is both smaller and weaker than comparable phones. The NFC area can be found to the left of the camera housing. The development of Nokia 7 Plus began as early as 2017 and by 31 December of the same year it was ready for release. Reception Reviews of the Nokia 7 Plus have been generally positive. Critics have praised its large display, battery life, and Android One software. Its design and build quality have also been praised. One reviewer called it the most promising Nokia smartphone "in years". Android Central praised its camera as being "one of the best" in its $400 price category, and added that the 7 Plus is "one of the best phones of the year". At the same time, the phone's slow camera processing speed was criticised. Controversies In March 2019, a report by Norwegian state broadcaster NRK found that some Nokia 7 Plus phones sent sensitive unencrypted personal information (including location and serial number) to a domain name controlled by China Telecom, every time the device was booted, and multiple times thereafter. HMD responded to the allegations, stating that carrier activation software intended for a different market was accidentally included in a batch of the devices, but that only "activation data" that could not be used to identify a user was sent and not processed, and that this error was fixed by the February 2019 software patch. Finnish authorities are investigating this as a violation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Note ^ 6 GB version only, as TA-1062 model, in JD.com, WeChat Mini Program and Nokia Mobile Official Mall, as China exclusive sales. References ^ "Nokia 7 Plus mobile | Top-rated smartphone". HMD Global. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Nokia 7 Plus Android One Global Dual SIM LTE-A (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB". PhoneDB. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Nokia 7 Plus Android One Dual SIM TD-LTE IN (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB". PhoneDB. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Nokia 7 Plus Standard Edition Dual SIM TD-LTE APAC (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB". PhoneDB. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Nokia 7 Plus User Guide". HMD Global. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Nokia 7 Plus User Guide". HMD Global. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ Bhatia, Anuj (7 April 2018). "Living with the Nokia 7 Plus: Five things we love – and one we don't". The Indian Express. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ Winkelman, Steven (25 February 2018). "Here are all the Nokia phones HMD Global unveiled at MWC 2018". Digital Trends. Designtechnica Corporation. Retrieved 6 May 2018. ^ "Nokia 7 plus review". GSMArena.com. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ a b "Nokia 6 (2018), Nokia 7 Plus Android 8.1 Oreo Update Now Rolling Out in India". Gadgets 360. Red Pixels Ventures Limited. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ a b Jonnalagadda, Harish (20 April 2018). "Nokia 7 Plus review: Come for the value, stay for the excitement". Android Central. Future US. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ Schoon, Ben (8 May 2018). "Android P Beta available today, landing on non-Pixel devices including Essential Phone, OnePlus 6, Sony Xperia XZ2". 9to5Google. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ Sarvikas, Juho (28 September 2018). "Juho Sarvikas on X: "Everybody wants a piece of the Pie! We are starting roll out of Android™ 9 on #Nokia7Plus. Which of its delicious new features is your favorite? #Nokiamobile"". X (Twitter). Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "诺基亚7 Plus正式升级安卓9.0 - 诺基亚7 Plus,安卓9.0 - IT之家". www.ithome.com. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018. ^ Mohan, Babu (7 January 2020). "Nokia 7 Plus gets Android 10 update with December security patch". Android Central. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Nokia 7 plus review". GSMArena.com. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Nokia 7 Plus mobile | Top-rated smartphone". HMD Global. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "The tiny NFC area on the Nokia 7 Plus". Ctrl.blog. 3 June 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ Parker, Max (12 June 2018). "Nokia 7 Plus Review: Beautifully Executed". Trusted Reviews. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ Pinto, Sheldon (25 April 2018). "Nokia 7 Plus review: Perfectly balanced value for money phone with no competition in the Rs 25,000 segment". Firstpost. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ Boxall, Andy (18 June 2018). "Nokia 7 Plus review". Digital Trends. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ Mallick, Subhrojit (16 April 2018). "Nokia 7 Plus Review : Bold and beautiful". Digit. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ Shah, Saqib (21 March 2019). "Finland is investigating Nokia phones sending data to China". Engadget. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Nokia 7 Plus Units Sent Data to Chinese Server in 'Error', Says HMD Global". Gadgets 360. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ Amadeo, Ron (22 March 2019). "HMD admits the Nokia 7 Plus was sending personal data to China". Ars Technica. Retrieved 22 March 2019. External links Official website vteHMD GlobalHMD Smartphones Pulse XR21 Nokia Smartphones C01 Plus C1 C1 Plus C2 C3 C10 C20 C20 Plus C30 G10 G20 G50 X10 X20 XR20 XR21 1 1 Plus 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.1 Plus 3.2 3.4 4.2 5 5.1 5.1 Plus 5.3 5.4 6 6.1 6.1 Plus 6.2 7 7 Plus 7.1 7.2 8 8.1 8.3 5G 8 Sirocco 9 PureView Nokia Originals Nokia 3310 (2017) Nokia 5310 (2020) Nokia 8110 4G Nokia 2720 Flip Nokia 800 Tough Nokia 6300 4G Nokia 8000 4G Feature phones Nokia 105 (2017) Nokia 130 (2017) Nokia 150 Microsoft Mobile devices sold by HMD Nokia 105 (2017) Nokia 105 (2019) Nokia 130 Nokia 216 Nokia 222 Nokia 230 vteNokia-branded mobile devicesNokia 1000 series 1006 1011 1100/1101 1110/1110i 1112 1200 1202 1208 1280 1600 1610 1611 1616 1650 1661 1680 classic 1800 Nokia 2000 series 2010 2100 2110/2110i/2120/2140/2190 2115i/2116i 2220 slide 2310 2323 classic 2600 classic 2610 2630 2650 2651 2660 Flip 2680 slide 2690 2700 classic 2720 Fold 2720 Flip 2730 classic 2760 Flip 2780 Flip Nokia 3000 series 3100/3100b/3105/3120 3110 classic 3120 classic 3200/3200b/3205 3210 3220 3230 3250 3300 3310 20172 3315 3320 3330 3410 3500 classic 3510 (3510i/3530/3590/3595) 3520 3650 (3620/3660) 3600 slide 3710 fold 3720 classic 3810 Nokia 5000 series 5070 5100 5110 5130 XpressMusic 5140 5200 5210 5220 5230 5233 5250 5300 XpressMusic 5310 XpressMusic 20202 5320 XpressMusic 5330 XpressMusic Mobile TV Edition 5500 Sport 5510 5530 XpressMusic 5610 XpressMusic 5630 XpressMusic 5700 XpressMusic 5710 XpressAudio 5730 XpressMusic 5800 XpressMusic Nokia 6000 series 6010 6020/6021 6030 6070 6080 6085 6100 6101 6103 6110/6120 6110 Navigator 6111 6120 6120/6121/6124 classic 6125 6130 6131/6133 6136 6150 6151 6170 6210 Navigator 6220 classic 6230 6230i 6233/6234 6250 6260 Slide 6263 6270 6275i 6280/6288 6290 6300 6300i 6301 6303 classic 6310 6310i 6315i 6500 classic slide 6510 6555 6560/6585/6610/6610i 6600 fold slide 6620 6630 6650 fold 6670 6680 6681/6682 6700 classic 6700 slide 6710 Navigator 6720 classic 6730 6760 Slide 6800 6810 6820 6822 Nokia 7000 series 7110 7160 7210 7230 7250 7260 7270 7280 7360 7370 7373 7380 7390 7500 Prism 7510 Supernova 7600 7610 7650 7700 7710 7900 Prism 7900 Crystal Prism Nokia 8000 series 8110/8110/8110i/8148 4G2 8210/8250/8260/8265/8265i/8270 8210 4G2 8310/8390 8600 Luna 8800 8810 8850/8890 8855 8860 8887 8910 Nokia 9000 series(Nokia Communicator) 9000 9000i 9110 9110i 9210 9210i 9290 9300 9300i 9500 Nokia 3-digit series (feature phone) 100 101 2011 103 105 20151 20172 20192 4G2 20232 4G (2023)2 106 20182 20232 4G (2023)2 107 108 109 110 20192 4G2 20222 20232 4G (2023)2 111 112 113 114 1301 20172 1502 20202 206 207 208 2151 4G2 220 2221 225 2301 301 515 Nokia Asha Asha 200/201 Asha 202 Asha 203 Asha 205 Asha 210 Asha 300 Asha 302 Asha 303 Asha 305 Asha 306 Asha 308 Asha 309 Asha 310 Asha 311 Nokia Asha platform Asha 230 Asha 500 Asha 501 Asha 502 Asha 503 Nokia Cseries C1-00 C1-01 C1-02 C2-00 C2-01 C2-02 C2-03 C2-05 C2-06 C3 C3-01 C5-00 C5-03 C6-00 C6-01 C7 Astound Nokia Eseries E5 E50 E51 E52 E55 E6 E60 E61/E61i E62 E63 E65 E66 E7 E70 E71 E72 E73 Mode E75 E90 Communicator Nokia Nseries N70 N71 N72 N73 N75 N76 N77 N78 N79 N8 N80 Internet Edition N81 8GB N82 N85 N86 8MP N9 N90 N91 8GB N92 N93 N93i N95 8GB N96 N97 mini Tablet N1 (Android) N800 N810 WiMAX Edition N900 N950 Nokia Xseries X1-00 X1-01 X2-00 X2-01 X2-02 X2-05 X3-00 X3-02 X5-00/01 X6-00 X7-00 Nokia 3-digit series (Symbian phone) 500 600 603 700 701 808 PureView Lumia Lumia 505 Lumia 510 Lumia 520 Lumia 525 Lumia 5301 Lumia 610 Lumia 620 Lumia 625 Lumia 630 Lumia 635 Lumia 6381 Lumia 710 Lumia 720 Lumia 7301 Lumia 7351 Lumia 800 Lumia 810 Lumia 820 Lumia 822 Lumia 8301 Lumia 900 Lumia 920 Lumia 925 Lumia 928 Lumia Icon Lumia 9301 Lumia 1020 Lumia 1320 Lumia 1520 Tablet Lumia 2520 Nokia Internet Tablet N1 770 N800 N810 WiMAX Edition N900 N950 N-Gage Classic QD QD Silver Edition Nokia X family X X+ XL X21 XL 4G1 Android smartphones2 1 Plus .3 .4 2 .1/V .2 .3 .4 3 .1 Plus .2 .4 4.2 5 .1 Plus (X5) .3 .4 6 .1 Plus (X6) .2 7 Plus .1 .2 8 Sirocco .1 (X7) .3 5G 9 PureView Nokia Originals2 2720 Flip V 3310 2017 3G 4G 5310 6300 4G 8110 4G 8210 4G Nokia C series2 C01 Plus C02 C1 Plus 2nd Edition C2 Tava/Tennen 2nd Edition C3 C5 Endi C10 C12 Plus/Pro C20 Plus C21 Plus C22 C30 C31 C32 C100 C110 C200 C300 Nokia G series2 G10 G11 Plus G20 G21 G22 G42 G50 G300 G400 Nokia X series2 X5 (5.1 Plus) X6 (6.1 Plus) X7 (8.1) X10 X20 XR20 XR21 X30 X71 X100 Miscellaneous Actionman Booklet 3G Mobira Cityman (900) Morph N1 rinGo Mobira Senator T102 T202 Talkman 320F 1 Developed by Microsoft Mobile2 Developed by HMD Global Telephones portal List of Nokia products Nokia phone series HMD Global Vertu
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Nokia 7 Plus is a Nokia-branded upper-mid-range smartphone running the Android operating system.[7] It was announced on 25 February 2018, along with four other Nokia-branded phones.[8]","title":"Nokia 7 Plus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Android One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_One"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Android 8.0 Oreo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Oreo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"Android Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Pie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Android 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Software","text":"As the Nokia 7 Plus is an Android One device, it runs a near-stock version of the Android operating system.[9] It was originally shipped with Android 8.0 Oreo;[10] however, an update to Android 8.1 Oreo was released soon after for the device.[10][11]On 8 May 2018, it was announced that the Nokia 7 Plus would be one of seven non-Google smartphones to receive the Android Pie beta.[12] On 28 September 2018, the Android Pie update started to roll out to the Nokia 7 Plus in phases, starting in India,[13] and on 30 November 2018 in China.[14]On 7 January 2020, Android 10 started being rolled out on the Nokia 7 Plus.[15]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IPS LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPS_panel"},{"link_name":"Qualcomm Snapdragon 660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_systems-on-chip#Snapdragon_630,_636_and_660_(2017)"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"microSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card#microSD"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"ZEISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"NFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Hardware","text":"The Nokia 7 Plus has a 6 inch (152mm) LTPS IPS LCD display, Octa-core (4x2.2 GHz Kryo 260 & 4x1.8 GHz Kryo 260) Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 processor, 4 GB of RAM and 64 GB of internal storage that can be expanded using microSD cards up to 256 GB. The phone has a 3800 mAh Li-Ion battery, 13 MP rear camera with LED flash and 16 MP front-facing camera with auto-focus. It is available in Tempered Black/Copper, White/Copper colors.\nThe phone is designed from a single block of 6000 series aluminium.[16]As with other mid-range and top-range phones from Nokia, the Nokia 7 Plus features exclusive rear camera optics licensed from ZEISS.[17]The NFC-area on the back of the phone is both smaller and weaker than comparable phones. The NFC area can be found to the left of the camera housing.[18]The development of Nokia 7 Plus began as early as 2017 and by 31 December of the same year it was ready for release.","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Reviews of the Nokia 7 Plus have been generally positive.Critics have praised its large display, battery life, and Android One software.[19] Its design and build quality have also been praised. One reviewer called it the most promising Nokia smartphone \"in years\".[20][21]Android Central praised its camera as being \"one of the best\" in its $400 price category, and added that the 7 Plus is \"one of the best phones of the year\".[11] At the same time, the phone's slow camera processing speed was criticised.[22]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK"},{"link_name":"China Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Telecom"},{"link_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In March 2019, a report by Norwegian state broadcaster NRK found that some Nokia 7 Plus phones sent sensitive unencrypted personal information (including location and serial number) to a domain name controlled by China Telecom, every time the device was booted, and multiple times thereafter. HMD responded to the allegations, stating that carrier activation software intended for a different market was accidentally included in a batch of the devices, but that only \"activation data\" that could not be used to identify a user was sent and not processed, and that this error was fixed by the February 2019 software patch. Finnish authorities are investigating this as a violation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).[23][24][25]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ 6 GB version only, as TA-1062 model, in JD.com, WeChat Mini Program and Nokia Mobile Official Mall, as China exclusive sales.","title":"Note"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Nokia 7 Plus mobile | Top-rated smartphone\". HMD Global. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmd.com/en_int/nokia-7-plus","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus mobile | Top-rated smartphone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMD_Global","url_text":"HMD Global"}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Android One Global Dual SIM LTE-A (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB\". PhoneDB. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=13112&c=nokia_7_plus_android_one_global_dual_sim_lte-a__hmd_onyx","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Android One Global Dual SIM LTE-A (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Android One Dual SIM TD-LTE IN (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB\". PhoneDB. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=13305&c=nokia_7_plus_android_one_dual_sim_td-lte_in__hmd_onyx","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Android One Dual SIM TD-LTE IN (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Standard Edition Dual SIM TD-LTE APAC (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB\". PhoneDB. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=13304&c=nokia_7_plus_standard_edition_dual_sim_td-lte_apac__hmd_onyx","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Standard Edition Dual SIM TD-LTE APAC (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 7 Plus User Guide\". HMD Global. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmd.com/zh_int/support/api/pdf/nokia-7-plus-user-guide?locale=zh","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus User Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMD_Global","url_text":"HMD Global"}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 7 Plus User Guide\". HMD Global. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmd.com/en_int/support/api/pdf/nokia-7-plus-user-guide?locale=en","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus User Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMD_Global","url_text":"HMD Global"}]},{"reference":"Bhatia, Anuj (7 April 2018). \"Living with the Nokia 7 Plus: Five things we love – and one we don't\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/living-with-the-nokia-7-plus-price-in-india-features-specifications-sale-5127138/","url_text":"\"Living with the Nokia 7 Plus: Five things we love – and one we don't\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"Winkelman, Steven (25 February 2018). \"Here are all the Nokia phones HMD Global unveiled at MWC 2018\". Digital Trends. Designtechnica Corporation. Retrieved 6 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/nokia-phones-debuting-mwc-2018/","url_text":"\"Here are all the Nokia phones HMD Global unveiled at MWC 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Trends","url_text":"Digital Trends"}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 7 plus review\". GSMArena.com. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_7_plus-review-1752.php","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 plus review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 6 (2018), Nokia 7 Plus Android 8.1 Oreo Update Now Rolling Out in India\". Gadgets 360. Red Pixels Ventures Limited. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gadgets360.com/mobiles/news/nokia-6-2018-android-8-1-oreo-update-nokia-7-plus-india-how-to-download-1836612","url_text":"\"Nokia 6 (2018), Nokia 7 Plus Android 8.1 Oreo Update Now Rolling Out in India\""}]},{"reference":"Jonnalagadda, Harish (20 April 2018). \"Nokia 7 Plus review: Come for the value, stay for the excitement\". Android Central. Future US. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.androidcentral.com/nokia-7-plus-review","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus review: Come for the value, stay for the excitement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US","url_text":"Future US"}]},{"reference":"Schoon, Ben (8 May 2018). \"Android P Beta available today, landing on non-Pixel devices including Essential Phone, OnePlus 6, Sony Xperia XZ2\". 9to5Google. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://9to5google.com/2018/05/08/android-p-beta-available-today-landing-on-non-pixel-devices-including-essential-phone-oneplus-6-sony-xperia-xz2/","url_text":"\"Android P Beta available today, landing on non-Pixel devices including Essential Phone, OnePlus 6, Sony Xperia XZ2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9to5Google","url_text":"9to5Google"}]},{"reference":"Sarvikas, Juho (28 September 2018). \"Juho Sarvikas on X: \"Everybody wants a piece of the Pie! We are starting roll out of Android™ 9 on #Nokia7Plus. Which of its delicious new features is your favorite? #Nokiamobile\"\". X (Twitter). Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/sarvikas/status/1045599365593583617","url_text":"\"Juho Sarvikas on X: \"Everybody wants a piece of the Pie! We are starting roll out of Android™ 9 on #Nokia7Plus. Which of its delicious new features is your favorite? #Nokiamobile\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"诺基亚7 Plus正式升级安卓9.0 - 诺基亚7 Plus,安卓9.0 - IT之家\". www.ithome.com. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ithome.com/0/397/878.htm","url_text":"\"诺基亚7 Plus正式升级安卓9.0 - 诺基亚7 Plus,安卓9.0 - IT之家\""}]},{"reference":"Mohan, Babu (7 January 2020). \"Nokia 7 Plus gets Android 10 update with December security patch\". Android Central. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.androidcentral.com/nokia-7-plus-gets-android-10-update-december-security-patch","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus gets Android 10 update with December security patch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 7 plus review\". GSMArena.com. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_7_plus-review-1752p2.php","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 plus review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 7 Plus mobile | Top-rated smartphone\". HMD Global. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmd.com/en_int/nokia-7-plus","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus mobile | Top-rated smartphone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMD_Global","url_text":"HMD Global"}]},{"reference":"\"The tiny NFC area on the Nokia 7 Plus\". Ctrl.blog. 3 June 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctrl.blog/entry/nokia-7plus-nfc.html","url_text":"\"The tiny NFC area on the Nokia 7 Plus\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Max (12 June 2018). \"Nokia 7 Plus Review: Beautifully Executed\". Trusted Reviews. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/nokia-7-plus","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Review: Beautifully Executed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Reviews","url_text":"Trusted Reviews"}]},{"reference":"Pinto, Sheldon (25 April 2018). \"Nokia 7 Plus review: Perfectly balanced value for money phone with no competition in the Rs 25,000 segment\". Firstpost. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/tech/reviews/nokia-7-plus-review-perfectly-balanced-value-for-money-phone-with-no-competition-in-the-rs-25000-segment-4443895.html","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus review: Perfectly balanced value for money phone with no competition in the Rs 25,000 segment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firstpost","url_text":"Firstpost"}]},{"reference":"Boxall, Andy (18 June 2018). \"Nokia 7 Plus review\". Digital Trends. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/nokia-7-plus-review/","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Trends","url_text":"Digital Trends"}]},{"reference":"Mallick, Subhrojit (16 April 2018). \"Nokia 7 Plus Review : Bold and beautiful\". Digit. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digit.in/reviews/mobile-phones/nokia-7-plus-review-125659.html","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Review : Bold and beautiful\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_(magazine)","url_text":"Digit"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Saqib (21 March 2019). \"Finland is investigating Nokia phones sending data to China\". Engadget. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2019-03-21-finland-investigating-nokia-data-china.html","url_text":"\"Finland is investigating Nokia phones sending data to China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Units Sent Data to Chinese Server in 'Error', Says HMD Global\". Gadgets 360. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gadgets360.com/mobiles/news/nokia-7-plus-units-sent-data-to-chinese-server-in-error-says-hmd-global-2010930","url_text":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Units Sent Data to Chinese Server in 'Error', Says HMD Global\""}]},{"reference":"Amadeo, Ron (22 March 2019). \"HMD admits the Nokia 7 Plus was sending personal data to China\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/03/hmd-admits-the-nokia-7-plus-was-sending-personal-data-to-china/","url_text":"\"HMD admits the Nokia 7 Plus was sending personal data to China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica","url_text":"Ars Technica"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.hmd.com/en_int/nokia-7-plus","external_links_name":"www.hmd.com/en_int/nokia-7-plus"},{"Link":"https://www.hmd.com/en_int/nokia-7-plus","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus mobile | Top-rated smartphone\""},{"Link":"https://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=13112&c=nokia_7_plus_android_one_global_dual_sim_lte-a__hmd_onyx","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Android One Global Dual SIM LTE-A (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB\""},{"Link":"https://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=13305&c=nokia_7_plus_android_one_dual_sim_td-lte_in__hmd_onyx","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Android One Dual SIM TD-LTE IN (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB\""},{"Link":"https://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=13304&c=nokia_7_plus_standard_edition_dual_sim_td-lte_apac__hmd_onyx","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Standard Edition Dual SIM TD-LTE APAC (HMD Onyx) | Device Specs | PhoneDB\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmd.com/zh_int/support/api/pdf/nokia-7-plus-user-guide?locale=zh","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus User Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmd.com/en_int/support/api/pdf/nokia-7-plus-user-guide?locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus User Guide\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/living-with-the-nokia-7-plus-price-in-india-features-specifications-sale-5127138/","external_links_name":"\"Living with the Nokia 7 Plus: Five things we love – and one we don't\""},{"Link":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/nokia-phones-debuting-mwc-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Here are all the Nokia phones HMD Global unveiled at MWC 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_7_plus-review-1752.php","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 plus review\""},{"Link":"https://www.gadgets360.com/mobiles/news/nokia-6-2018-android-8-1-oreo-update-nokia-7-plus-india-how-to-download-1836612","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 6 (2018), Nokia 7 Plus Android 8.1 Oreo Update Now Rolling Out in India\""},{"Link":"https://www.androidcentral.com/nokia-7-plus-review","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus review: Come for the value, stay for the excitement\""},{"Link":"https://9to5google.com/2018/05/08/android-p-beta-available-today-landing-on-non-pixel-devices-including-essential-phone-oneplus-6-sony-xperia-xz2/","external_links_name":"\"Android P Beta available today, landing on non-Pixel devices including Essential Phone, OnePlus 6, Sony Xperia XZ2\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/sarvikas/status/1045599365593583617","external_links_name":"\"Juho Sarvikas on X: \"Everybody wants a piece of the Pie! We are starting roll out of Android™ 9 on #Nokia7Plus. Which of its delicious new features is your favorite? #Nokiamobile\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.ithome.com/0/397/878.htm","external_links_name":"\"诺基亚7 Plus正式升级安卓9.0 - 诺基亚7 Plus,安卓9.0 - IT之家\""},{"Link":"https://www.androidcentral.com/nokia-7-plus-gets-android-10-update-december-security-patch","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus gets Android 10 update with December security patch\""},{"Link":"https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_7_plus-review-1752p2.php","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 plus review\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmd.com/en_int/nokia-7-plus","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus mobile | Top-rated smartphone\""},{"Link":"https://www.ctrl.blog/entry/nokia-7plus-nfc.html","external_links_name":"\"The tiny NFC area on the Nokia 7 Plus\""},{"Link":"http://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/nokia-7-plus","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Review: Beautifully Executed\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/tech/reviews/nokia-7-plus-review-perfectly-balanced-value-for-money-phone-with-no-competition-in-the-rs-25000-segment-4443895.html","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus review: Perfectly balanced value for money phone with no competition in the Rs 25,000 segment\""},{"Link":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/nokia-7-plus-review/","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus review\""},{"Link":"https://www.digit.in/reviews/mobile-phones/nokia-7-plus-review-125659.html","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Review : Bold and beautiful\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2019-03-21-finland-investigating-nokia-data-china.html","external_links_name":"\"Finland is investigating Nokia phones sending data to China\""},{"Link":"https://www.gadgets360.com/mobiles/news/nokia-7-plus-units-sent-data-to-chinese-server-in-error-says-hmd-global-2010930","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7 Plus Units Sent Data to Chinese Server in 'Error', Says HMD Global\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/03/hmd-admits-the-nokia-7-plus-was-sending-personal-data-to-china/","external_links_name":"\"HMD admits the Nokia 7 Plus was sending personal data to China\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmd.com/en_int/nokia-7-plus","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Hall
Frederick William Hall
["1 Life","2 Victoria Cross","3 Memorials","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Canadian soldier of World War I For the Oxford University historian, see Frederick William Hall (academic). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Frederick William HallBorn21 February 1885Kilkenny, IrelandDied24 April 1915 (aged 30)Poelcappelle, BelgiumService/branchBritish ArmyCanadian Expeditionary ForceYears of service1914–1915RankCompany Sergeant-MajorUnitCanadian Infantry (Manitoba Regiment)8th Battalion, CEFBattles/warsFirst World War Second Battle of Ypres  † AwardsVictoria Cross Frederick William Hall, VC (21 February 1885 – 24 April 1915) was an Irish-Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Life Hall was born in Kilkenny, Ireland on 21 February 1885. His father was a British Army soldier from London. Hall emigrated to Canada approximately 1910, and lived in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was 30 years old, and a Company Sergeant-Major in the 8th (Winnipeg Rifles) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War when he performed a deed for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. Victoria Cross It was on the night of 24 April 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium that Hall discovered a number of men were missing. On the ridge above he could hear moans from the wounded men. Under cover of darkness, he went to the top of the ridge on two separate occasions and returned each time with a wounded man. By nine o'clock on the morning of the 24th there were still men missing. In full daylight and under sustained and intense enemy fire, Hall, Cpl Payne and Pvt Rogerson crawled out toward the wounded. Payne and Rogerson were both wounded, but returned to the shelter of the front line. When a wounded man who was lying some 15 yards from the trench called for help, Company Sergeant-Major Hall endeavored to reach him in the face of very heavy enfilade fire by the enemy. He then made a second most gallant attempt, and was in the act of lifting up the wounded man to bring him in when he fell, mortally wounded in the head. The soldier he had attempted to help was also shot and killed. Hall's name can be found on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing war memorial in Ypres, Belgium, honouring 56,000 troops from Britain, Australia, Canada and India whose final resting place in the Ypres salient is unknown. Decoration and Medals of Frederick William Hall, VC on display at the Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 19 October 2014 Memorials Frederick William Hall lived on Pine Street, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 1925, Pine Street was renamed Valour Road because three of Canada's Victoria Cross recipients resided on the same 700 block of that street: Frederick Hall, Leo Clarke and Robert Shankland. It is believed to be the only street in the British Commonwealth to have three Victoria Cross recipients to live on it, let alone the same block. A bronze plaque is mounted on a street lamp at the corner of Portage Avenue and Valour Road to tell the tale of these three men. References ^ "Canadian Great War Project". Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2012. ^ "No. 29202". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 June 1915. p. 6115. Further reading The Register of the Victoria Cross (1981, 1988 and 1997) Clarke, Brian D. H. (1986). "A register of awards to Irish-born officers and men". The Irish Sword. XVI (64): 185–287. Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995) Ireland's VCs ISBN 1-899243-00-3 (Dept of Economic Development, 1995) VCs of the First World War - The Western Front 1915 (Peter F. Batchelor & Christopher Matson, 1999) Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999) Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000) Sidney Allinson, Gordon Enright, Ian Clapham "On the Battlefields", From the archives of "Maclean's Magazine", Edited by Michael Benedict, Penguin Canada, 2002 ISBN 0-14-301341-6, p. 98 External links Frederick William Hall's digitized service file Legion Magazine article on Frederick William Hall Frederick William Hall at Find a Grave Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat People Commonwealth War Graves Commission
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick William Hall (academic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Hall_(academic)"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Irish-Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Canadian"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"}],"text":"For the Oxford University historian, see Frederick William Hall (academic).Frederick William Hall, VC (21 February 1885 – 24 April 1915) was an Irish-Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.","title":"Frederick William Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Company Sergeant-Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Sergeant-Major"},{"link_name":"8th (Winnipeg Rifles) Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Winnipeg_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Canadian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Hall was born in Kilkenny, Ireland on 21 February 1885. His father was a British Army soldier from London.[1] Hall emigrated to Canada approximately 1910, and lived in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was 30 years old, and a Company Sergeant-Major in the 8th (Winnipeg Rifles) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War when he performed a deed for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"enfilade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfilade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Menin Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menin_Gate"},{"link_name":"war memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_memorial"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decoration_and_Medals_of_Frederick_William_Hall,_VC.JPG"}],"text":"It was on the night of 24 April 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium that Hall discovered a number of men were missing. On the ridge above he could hear moans from the wounded men. Under cover of darkness, he went to the top of the ridge on two separate occasions and returned each time with a wounded man.By nine o'clock on the morning of the 24th there were still men missing. In full daylight and under sustained and intense enemy fire, Hall, Cpl Payne and Pvt Rogerson crawled out toward the wounded. Payne and Rogerson were both wounded, but returned to the shelter of the front line. When a wounded man who was lying some 15 yards from the trench called for help, Company Sergeant-Major Hall endeavored to reach him in the face of very heavy enfilade fire by the enemy. He then made a second most gallant attempt, and was in the act of lifting up the wounded man to bring him in when he fell, mortally wounded in the head. The soldier he had attempted to help was also shot and killed.[2]Hall's name can be found on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing war memorial in Ypres, Belgium, honouring 56,000 troops from Britain, Australia, Canada and India whose final resting place in the Ypres salient is unknown.Decoration and Medals of Frederick William Hall, VC on display at the Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 19 October 2014","title":"Victoria Cross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Valour Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valour_Road"},{"link_name":"Leo Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Clarke_(VC)"},{"link_name":"Robert Shankland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shankland"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth"}],"text":"Frederick William Hall lived on Pine Street, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 1925, Pine Street was renamed Valour Road because three of Canada's Victoria Cross recipients resided on the same 700 block of that street: Frederick Hall, Leo Clarke and Robert Shankland. It is believed to be the only street in the British Commonwealth to have three Victoria Cross recipients to live on it, let alone the same block. A bronze plaque is mounted on a street lamp at the corner of Portage Avenue and Valour Road to tell the tale of these three men.","title":"Memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Register of the Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register_of_the_Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"The Irish Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Sword"},{"link_name":"Scotland's Forgotten Valour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland%27s_Forgotten_Valour"},{"link_name":"Ireland's VCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%27s_VCs"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-899243-00-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899243-00-3"},{"link_name":"VCs of the First World War - The Western Front 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCs_of_the_First_World_War_-_The_Western_Front_1915"},{"link_name":"Monuments to Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_to_Courage"},{"link_name":"Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Winners_of_the_Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-301341-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-301341-6"}],"text":"The Register of the Victoria Cross (1981, 1988 and 1997)\nClarke, Brian D. H. (1986). \"A register of awards to Irish-born officers and men\". The Irish Sword. XVI (64): 185–287.\nScotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)\nIreland's VCs ISBN 1-899243-00-3 (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)\nVCs of the First World War - The Western Front 1915 (Peter F. Batchelor & Christopher Matson, 1999)\nMonuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)\nIrish Winners of the Victoria Cross (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)\nSidney Allinson, Gordon Enright, Ian Clapham \"On the Battlefields\", From the archives of \"Maclean's Magazine\", Edited by Michael Benedict, Penguin Canada, 2002 ISBN 0-14-301341-6, p. 98","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Decoration and Medals of Frederick William Hall, VC on display at the Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 19 October 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Decoration_and_Medals_of_Frederick_William_Hall%2C_VC.JPG/220px-Decoration_and_Medals_of_Frederick_William_Hall%2C_VC.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Canadian Great War Project\". Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180111164917/http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetail.asp?Id=56110","url_text":"\"Canadian Great War Project\""},{"url":"http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetail.asp?Id=56110","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29202\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 June 1915. p. 6115.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29202/supplement/6115","url_text":"\"No. 29202\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Brian D. H. (1986). \"A register of awards to Irish-born officers and men\". The Irish Sword. XVI (64): 185–287.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Sword","url_text":"The Irish Sword"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180111164917/http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetail.asp?Id=56110","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Great War Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetail.asp?Id=56110","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29202/supplement/6115","external_links_name":"\"No. 29202\""},{"Link":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=435362","external_links_name":"Frederick William Hall's digitized service file"},{"Link":"http://legionmagazine.com/en/2004/07/the-class-of-1915/","external_links_name":"Legion Magazine article on Frederick William Hall"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8043085","external_links_name":"Frederick William Hall"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3102150033033311180003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4qV8YRYftvdkd8MXGHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1592737/","external_links_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lewis_(cricketer)
Ian Lewis (cricketer)
["1 Playing career","1.1 Statistics","2 References"]
Ian LewisPersonal informationBattingRight-handedRelationsAlan Lewis (son)Gaby Lewis (granddaughter)Robyn Lewis (granddaughter)International information National sideIreland Career statistics Competition First-class Matches 5 Runs scored 67 Batting average 6.70 100s/50s 0/0 Top score 20 Catches/stumpings 2/–Source: CricketArchive, 16 November 2022 William Ian Lewis (29 September 1935 – 20 November 2004), usually known by his middle name, was an Irish cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he played twenty times for the Ireland cricket team between 1955 and 1973 including five first-class matches. He was born and died in Dublin, Ireland. His son, Alan, and granddaughters, Robyn and Gaby Lewis, also played cricket for Ireland. Playing career Though his last match for Ireland was just over eighteen years after his first, he was never a regular member of the side, regularly being absent from the national side for long periods. His debut was against the MCC at Lord's in September 1955 and his first-class debut came the following June against Scotland. He played twice more in 1956; against Sussex and the MCC, and twice in 1957; against Scotland and the MCC before the first substantial gap in matches. It would be almost three years before he returned to the Irish side, playing a match against Leicestershire in August 1960, before another gap, this time for almost two years, playing against Pakistan in June 1962. He played four times for Ireland in 1963, including two matches against the West Indies, before his longest gap in appearances, this time for seven years. He returned to international duty for a match against the Combined Services in August 1970, playing against the MCC the following month. Matches against the Netherlands, the Combined Services and the MCC followed in 1971, before his final first-class match against Scotland in June 1972. His last match for Ireland was against Canada at the Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club in September 1973. He later served as president of the Irish Cricket Union in 1989. Statistics In all matches for Ireland, Lewis scored 353 runs at an average of 12.61, with a top score of 41 against the West Indies in June 1963. He never bowled for Ireland. His top first-class score was 20 against Scotland, whom he played against in all but one of his first-class matches. References ^ a b c Cricket Archive profile ^ a b c d e f g CricketEurope Stats Zone profile ^ a b c d First-class matches played by Ian Lewis at CricketArchive ^ Officers of the ICU since 1923 at CricketEurope ^ First-class batting against each opponent by Ian Lewis at Cricket Archive
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricketer"},{"link_name":"batsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAP-1"},{"link_name":"Ireland cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CESZP-2"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCM-3"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lewis_(rugby_union_and_cricket)"},{"link_name":"Robyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Lewis_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Gaby Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaby_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAP-1"}],"text":"William Ian Lewis (29 September 1935 – 20 November 2004), usually known by his middle name, was an Irish cricketer. A right-handed batsman,[1] he played twenty times for the Ireland cricket team between 1955 and 1973[2] including five first-class matches.[3] He was born and died in Dublin, Ireland. His son, Alan, and granddaughters, Robyn and Gaby Lewis, also played cricket for Ireland.[1]","title":"Ian Lewis (cricketer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CESZP-2"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCM-3"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CESZP-2"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CESZP-2"},{"link_name":"Combined Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Services_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CESZP-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCM-3"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Cricket,_Skating_and_Curling_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CESZP-2"},{"link_name":"Irish Cricket Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Cricket_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Though his last match for Ireland was just over eighteen years after his first, he was never a regular member of the side, regularly being absent from the national side for long periods. His debut was against the MCC at Lord's in September 1955[2] and his first-class debut came the following June against Scotland.[3] He played twice more in 1956; against Sussex and the MCC, and twice in 1957; against Scotland and the MCC before the first substantial gap in matches.[2]It would be almost three years before he returned to the Irish side, playing a match against Leicestershire in August 1960, before another gap, this time for almost two years, playing against Pakistan in June 1962. He played four times for Ireland in 1963, including two matches against the West Indies, before his longest gap in appearances, this time for seven years.[2]He returned to international duty for a match against the Combined Services in August 1970, playing against the MCC the following month. Matches against the Netherlands, the Combined Services and the MCC followed in 1971,[2] before his final first-class match against Scotland in June 1972.[3] His last match for Ireland was against Canada at the Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club in September 1973.[2] He later served as president of the Irish Cricket Union in 1989.[4]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CESZP-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAP-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCM-3"}],"sub_title":"Statistics","text":"In all matches for Ireland, Lewis scored 353 runs at an average of 12.61, with a top score of 41 against the West Indies in June 1963. He never bowled for Ireland.[2] His top first-class score was 20[1] against Scotland,[5] whom he played against in all but one of his first-class matches.[3]","title":"Playing career"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/26/26807/26807.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/26/26807/26807.html","external_links_name":"Cricket Archive profile"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CSTATZ/irelandall/ire162.htm","external_links_name":"CricketEurope Stats Zone profile"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/26/26807/First-Class_Matches.html","external_links_name":"First-class matches played by Ian Lewis"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketeurope4.net/IRELAND/DATABASE/THEICU/officers.shtml","external_links_name":"Officers of the ICU since 1923"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/26/26807/f_Batting_by_Opponent.html","external_links_name":"First-class batting against each opponent by Ian Lewis"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Foutty
Janet Foutty
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Board memberships and associations","4 Awards and honors","5 Personal life","6 Bibliography","7 References"]
American businesswoman Janet FouttyNationalityAmericanCitizenshipUnited StatesEducation Indiana University (BS) Kelley School of Business (MBA) Occupation(s)Businessperson, author, public speakerKnown forCEO and chairperson of Deloitte Consulting Janet Foutty is an American businessperson, author, and public speaker who formerly served as the CEO and chairperson of Deloitte Consulting LLP, a subsidiary of Deloitte LLP. Early life and education Foutty grew up in Bethesda, Maryland. She earned her bachelor's degree in quantitative business analysis from Indiana University and later earned her Master of Business Administration degree in finance from the Kelley School of Business. Career Foutty was named as CEO and chairperson for Deloitte Consulting in 2015. During her tenure, she grew the business by $10 billion and led the company through the process of digital transformation. Prior to her time as CEO she led Deloitte's Federal and Technology businesses, including the launch of Deloitte Digital. In her role as chairperson, Foutty advocated for corporate adoption of technological trends, including the use of AI, stating that "not everyone on a board needs to be a technologist, but it's important for all members to gain a foundational understanding of, and must be conversant in, the technologies that drive change and opportunity for the organization." In her leadership roles at Deloitte, Foutty was a "passionate advocate" for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) in the workplace. Foutty appeared as herself in the Deloitte-published comic book Ella the Engineer, a project to "give young girls a role model to inspire them to learn more about STEM". In 2022, Foutty co-wrote Arrive and Thrive: 7 Impactful Practices for Women Navigating Leadership along with Dr. Lynn Perry Wooten, the president of Simmons University, and Susan MacKenty Brady, the CEO of Simmons University Institute for Inclusive Leadership. The book addresses the challenges women face in pursuing leadership positions, including occupational sexism, inequities, and career obstacles. According to Foutty, she wanted to discuss the issues of "equity and the truly systemic barriers that persist for women—economic mobility, professional advancement, health and well-being—they're so disproportionately skewed for women and even more so for those of racially and otherwise diverse backgrounds." Board memberships and associations Foutty has served on the boards of multiple nonprofit organizations, including Catalyst, the Council on Competitiveness, and Bright Pink. Foutty has also served on the advisory boards of Columbia Law School's Millstein Center for Global Markets and Corporate Ownership and the NYU Stern Tech Advisory Board. Awards and honors In 2016, Foutty was included on the "D.C.’s Top 50 Women in Technology" list of the federal technology news site FedScoop. In 2020, Foutty was awarded the Bicentennial Medal by Indiana University for her distinguished service to the university. Personal life Foutty is the mother of twins. Bibliography Arrive and Thrive: 7 Impactful Practices for Women Navigating Leadership. New York: McGraw Hill LLC (2022). ISBN 9781264286355 References ^ a b "D.C.'s Top 50 Women In Tech Page 2". www.FedScoop.com. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ Wylie, Melissa (9 February 2016). "How following 'plan C' put Janet Foutty on track to become Deloitte Consulting's first female CEO". American City Business Journals. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ "Janet Foutty Executive Chair of the Board, Deloitte U.S." Diversity Woman. Retrieved 12 June 2023. ^ a b "Janet Foutty Named Chairman and CEO of Deloitte Consulting LLP" (Press release). PR Newswire. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2023. ^ "Janet Foutty". Columbia Law School. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ Lawry, Tom (5 February 2020). AI in Health-A Leader's Guide to Winning in the New Age of Intelligent Health Systems. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ISBN 9781000036329. Retrieved 19 June 2023. ^ a b Schnall, Marianne (12 April 2022). "'Women Leaders Should Be Able To Thrive': Deloitte Chair Janet Foutty On Her New Book And Strategies For Navigating Leadership". Forbes. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ "Deloitte teams with 'Ella the Engineer' to get girls into STEM". consulting.us. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ "Janet Foutty, Deloitte". CxoTalk.com. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2023. ^ "Janet E. Foutty". Indiana University. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ Gervais, Jessica Braun (13 September 2022). "Deloitte Chair Janet Foutty: Authenticity Is Key to Navigating Leadership". better.net. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deloitte LLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fedscoop-1"}],"text":"Janet Foutty is an American businessperson, author, and public speaker who formerly served as the CEO and chairperson of Deloitte Consulting LLP, a subsidiary of Deloitte LLP.[1]","title":"Janet Foutty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bethesda, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biz-2"},{"link_name":"quantitative business analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_analysis_(finance)"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"Master of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Kelley School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelley_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diversity-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newswire-4"}],"text":"Foutty grew up in Bethesda, Maryland.[2] She earned her bachelor's degree in quantitative business analysis from Indiana University and later earned her Master of Business Administration degree in finance from the Kelley School of Business.[3][4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newswire-4"},{"link_name":"digital transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_transformation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-columbia-5"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brookings-6"},{"link_name":"Diversity, Equity and Inclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-7"},{"link_name":"STEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-consulting-8"},{"link_name":"Simmons University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_University"},{"link_name":"occupational sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_sexism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-7"}],"text":"Foutty was named as CEO and chairperson for Deloitte Consulting in 2015.[4] During her tenure, she grew the business by $10 billion and led the company through the process of digital transformation. Prior to her time as CEO she led Deloitte's Federal and Technology businesses, including the launch of Deloitte Digital.[5] In her role as chairperson, Foutty advocated for corporate adoption of technological trends, including the use of AI, stating that \"not everyone on a [corporate] board needs to be a technologist, but it's important for all members to gain a foundational understanding of, and must be conversant in, the technologies that drive change and opportunity for the organization.\"[6] In her leadership roles at Deloitte, Foutty was a \"passionate advocate\" for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) in the workplace.[7]Foutty appeared as herself in the Deloitte-published comic book Ella the Engineer, a project to \"give young girls a role model to inspire them to learn more about STEM\".[8]In 2022, Foutty co-wrote Arrive and Thrive: 7 Impactful Practices for Women Navigating Leadership along with Dr. Lynn Perry Wooten, the president of Simmons University, and Susan MacKenty Brady, the CEO of Simmons University Institute for Inclusive Leadership. The book addresses the challenges women face in pursuing leadership positions, including occupational sexism, inequities, and career obstacles. According to Foutty, she wanted to discuss the issues of \"equity and the truly systemic barriers that persist for women—economic mobility, professional advancement, health and well-being—they're so disproportionately skewed for women and even more so for those of racially and otherwise diverse backgrounds.\"[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst_(nonprofit_organization)"},{"link_name":"Council on Competitiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Competitiveness"},{"link_name":"advisory boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_board"},{"link_name":"Columbia Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School"},{"link_name":"NYU Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Stern"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cxo-9"}],"text":"Foutty has served on the boards of multiple nonprofit organizations, including Catalyst, the Council on Competitiveness, and Bright Pink. Foutty has also served on the advisory boards of Columbia Law School's Millstein Center for Global Markets and Corporate Ownership and the NYU Stern Tech Advisory Board.[9]","title":"Board memberships and associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fedscoop-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iu-10"}],"text":"In 2016, Foutty was included on the \"D.C.’s Top 50 Women in Technology\" list of the federal technology news site FedScoop.[1]In 2020, Foutty was awarded the Bicentennial Medal by Indiana University for her distinguished service to the university.[10]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-better-11"}],"text":"Foutty is the mother of twins.[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McGraw Hill LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Education"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781264286355","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781264286355"}],"text":"Arrive and Thrive: 7 Impactful Practices for Women Navigating Leadership. New York: McGraw Hill LLC (2022). ISBN 9781264286355","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"D.C.'s Top 50 Women In Tech Page 2\". www.FedScoop.com. Retrieved 18 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fedscoop.com/top-50-women-tech-2016/dcs-50-women-in-tech-2016-page-2/","url_text":"\"D.C.'s Top 50 Women In Tech Page 2\""}]},{"reference":"Wylie, Melissa (9 February 2016). \"How following 'plan C' put Janet Foutty on track to become Deloitte Consulting's first female CEO\". American City Business Journals. Retrieved 18 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/profiles-strategies/2016/02/how-following-plan-c-put-janet-foutty-on-track-to.html?page=all","url_text":"\"How following 'plan C' put Janet Foutty on track to become Deloitte Consulting's first female CEO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Foutty Executive Chair of the Board, Deloitte U.S.\" Diversity Woman. Retrieved 12 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diversitywoman.com/dwm/janet-foutty/","url_text":"\"Janet Foutty Executive Chair of the Board, Deloitte U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_Woman","url_text":"Diversity Woman"}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Foutty Named Chairman and CEO of Deloitte Consulting LLP\" (Press release). PR Newswire. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/janet-foutty-named-chairman-and-ceo-of-deloitte-consulting-llp-300188343.html","url_text":"\"Janet Foutty Named Chairman and CEO of Deloitte Consulting LLP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire","url_text":"PR Newswire"}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Foutty\". Columbia Law School. Retrieved 18 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://millstein.law.columbia.edu/people/janet-foutty","url_text":"\"Janet Foutty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School","url_text":"Columbia Law School"}]},{"reference":"Lawry, Tom (5 February 2020). AI in Health-A Leader's Guide to Winning in the New Age of Intelligent Health Systems. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ISBN 9781000036329. Retrieved 19 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6nODwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Janet+Foutty%22&pg=PT79","url_text":"AI in Health-A Leader's Guide to Winning in the New Age of Intelligent Health Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000036329","url_text":"9781000036329"}]},{"reference":"Schnall, Marianne (12 April 2022). \"'Women Leaders Should Be Able To Thrive': Deloitte Chair Janet Foutty On Her New Book And Strategies For Navigating Leadership\". Forbes. Retrieved 18 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/marianneschnall/2022/04/12/women-leaders-should-be-able-to-thrive-interview-with-top-executive-janet-foutty-on-her-new-book-and-strategies-for-navigating-leadership/?sh=5489e0716f70","url_text":"\"'Women Leaders Should Be Able To Thrive': Deloitte Chair Janet Foutty On Her New Book And Strategies For Navigating Leadership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Deloitte teams with 'Ella the Engineer' to get girls into STEM\". consulting.us. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.consulting.us/news/1887/deloitte-teams-up-with-ella-the-engineer-to-get-girls-into-stem","url_text":"\"Deloitte teams with 'Ella the Engineer' to get girls into STEM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Foutty, Deloitte\". CxoTalk.com. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cxotalk.com/bio/janet-foutty-executive-chair-deloitte","url_text":"\"Janet Foutty, Deloitte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Janet E. Foutty\". Indiana University. Retrieved 18 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://honorsandawards.iu.edu/awards/honoree/8139.html","url_text":"\"Janet E. Foutty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University","url_text":"Indiana University"}]},{"reference":"Gervais, Jessica Braun (13 September 2022). \"Deloitte Chair Janet Foutty: Authenticity Is Key to Navigating Leadership\". better.net. Retrieved 19 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://better.net/chicago/arts-events/deloitte-chair-janet-foutty-authenticity-is-key-to-navigating-leadership","url_text":"\"Deloitte Chair Janet Foutty: Authenticity Is Key to Navigating Leadership\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://fedscoop.com/top-50-women-tech-2016/dcs-50-women-in-tech-2016-page-2/","external_links_name":"\"D.C.'s Top 50 Women In Tech Page 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/profiles-strategies/2016/02/how-following-plan-c-put-janet-foutty-on-track-to.html?page=all","external_links_name":"\"How following 'plan C' put Janet Foutty on track to become Deloitte Consulting's first female CEO\""},{"Link":"https://www.diversitywoman.com/dwm/janet-foutty/","external_links_name":"\"Janet Foutty Executive Chair of the Board, Deloitte U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/janet-foutty-named-chairman-and-ceo-of-deloitte-consulting-llp-300188343.html","external_links_name":"\"Janet Foutty Named Chairman and CEO of Deloitte Consulting LLP\""},{"Link":"https://millstein.law.columbia.edu/people/janet-foutty","external_links_name":"\"Janet Foutty\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6nODwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Janet+Foutty%22&pg=PT79","external_links_name":"AI in Health-A Leader's Guide to Winning in the New Age of Intelligent Health Systems"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/marianneschnall/2022/04/12/women-leaders-should-be-able-to-thrive-interview-with-top-executive-janet-foutty-on-her-new-book-and-strategies-for-navigating-leadership/?sh=5489e0716f70","external_links_name":"\"'Women Leaders Should Be Able To Thrive': Deloitte Chair Janet Foutty On Her New Book And Strategies For Navigating Leadership\""},{"Link":"https://www.consulting.us/news/1887/deloitte-teams-up-with-ella-the-engineer-to-get-girls-into-stem","external_links_name":"\"Deloitte teams with 'Ella the Engineer' to get girls into STEM\""},{"Link":"https://www.cxotalk.com/bio/janet-foutty-executive-chair-deloitte","external_links_name":"\"Janet Foutty, Deloitte\""},{"Link":"https://honorsandawards.iu.edu/awards/honoree/8139.html","external_links_name":"\"Janet E. Foutty\""},{"Link":"https://better.net/chicago/arts-events/deloitte-chair-janet-foutty-authenticity-is-key-to-navigating-leadership","external_links_name":"\"Deloitte Chair Janet Foutty: Authenticity Is Key to Navigating Leadership\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_Rally
Dubai International Baja
["1 History","2 Winners","2.1 Auto","2.2 Bikes & Quads","3 External links","4 References"]
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Dubai International Baja (formerly known as the Dubai International Rally) is an international baja rally event based in Dubai held around the facilities of the Dubai Innovation Centre. History The rally, a gravel and sand event, dates back to 1984 and it used to be the final event of the Middle East Rally Championship each year. The rally changed its name to the Emirates Rally in 1989 but changed back the following year. In 2016 the rally was reformatted into a cross-country rally and hosted a candidate event for the FIM and FIA cross-country world cup events. In 2017, the rally became an official event, hosting competition in both the car and bike categories. The rally has been dominated in the car category by Emirati driver Mohammed bin Sulayem who has claimed 15 victories including twelve consecutive wins from 1991 to 2002. Eleven wins have been taken by Qatari driver Nasser Al-Attiyah, including a run of eight straight from 2007 to 2014. Winners Auto List of winners sourced in part from: Year Driver Codriver Car 1982 Chris Walles Steve McCormack Datsun Silvia 1983 Chris Walles Steve McCormack Datsun Silvia 1984 Saeed Al-Hajri John Spiller Porsche 911 SC 1985 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ali Hassan Toyota Celica TCT 1986 Mohammed bin Sulayem Sölve Andreasson Toyota Celica TCT 1987 Reinhard Hainbach Erhard Ricken Opel Manta 400 1988 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Toyota Celica TCT 1989 Björn Waldegård Fred Gallagher Toyota Celica GT-Four 1990 Suhail Bin Khalifa Al Maktoum Mubarak Al Hajri Mitsubishi Galant VR-4 1991 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Toyota Celica GT-Four 1992 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Toyota Celica GT-Four 1993 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Ford Escort RS Cosworth 1994 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Ford Escort RS Cosworth 1995 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Ford Escort RS Cosworth 1996 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Ford Escort RS Cosworth 1997 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Ford Escort RS Cosworth 1998 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Ford Escort WRC 1999 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Ford Focus WRC 2000 Mohammed bin Sulayem Ronan Morgan Ford Focus WRC 2001 Mohammed bin Sulayem Khaled Zakaria Ford Focus WRC 2002 Mohammed bin Sulayem John Spiller Ford Focus WRC 2003 Nasser Al-Attiyah Steve Lancaster Subaru Impreza WRC 2004 Nasser Al-Attiyah Chris Patterson Subaru Impreza WRX STi 2005 Khalid Al-Qassimi Nick Beech Subaru Impreza WRX STi 2006 Khalid Al-Qassimi Khalid Alkendi Subaru Impreza WRX STi 2007 Nasser Al-Attiyah Chris Patterson Subaru Impreza WRX STi 2008 Nasser Al-Attiyah Chris Patterson Subaru Impreza WRX STi 2009 Nasser Al-Attiyah Giovanni Bernacchini Subaru Impreza WRX STi 2010 Nasser Al-Attiyah Giovanni Bernacchini Ford Fiesta S2000 2011 Nasser Al-Attiyah Giovanni Bernacchini Ford Fiesta S2000 2012 Nasser Al-Attiyah Giovanni Bernacchini Ford Fiesta S2000 2013 Nasser Al-Attiyah Giovanni Bernacchini Ford Fiesta S2000 2014 Nasser Al-Attiyah Giovanni Bernacchini Ford Fiesta RRC 2015 Khalid Al-Qassimi Chris Patterson Citroen DS3 RRC 2016 Ahmed Al Maqoodi None Polaris RZR 1000 (T3) 2017 Nasser Al-Attiyah Mathieu Baumel Toyota Hilux 2018 Kuba Przygonski Tom Colsoul Mini John Cooper Works Buggy 2019 Kuba Przygonski Timo Gottschalk Mini John Cooper Works Buggy 2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic 2021 Yazeed Al Rajhi Michael Orr Toyota Hilux Overdrive Bikes & Quads Year Bike Quad Rider Vehicle Rider Vehicle 2016 David McBride KTM 450 RR Abdulmajeed Al Khulaifi Yamaha YFZ 450 2017 Mark Ackerman Husvqarna 450 FX Fahad Al Musallam Yamaha 700 Raptor 2018 Mohammed Al Balooshi KTM 450 Fahad Al Musallam Yamaha 700 Raptor 2019 Aaron Mare Husvqarna 450 FC Khalifa Al Raisee Honda 700 TRX2 2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic 2021 Sam Smith  KTM 450SX-F Haitham Altuwayjiri Yamaha YZF450R External links Official website References ^ "Motorsport Winners". ^ http://www.ewrc-results.com/events.php?id=340
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_200_metre_backstroke
Swimming at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke
["1 Results","1.1 Heats","1.2 Final","2 References","3 External links"]
Swimming at the1976 Summer OlympicsFreestyle100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mwomen1500 mmenBackstroke100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenBreaststroke100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenButterfly100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenIndividual medley400 mmenwomenFreestyle relay4 × 100 mwomen4 × 200 mmenMedley relay4 × 100 mmenwomenvte The women's 200 metre backstroke event for the 1976 Summer Olympics was held in Montreal. The event took place on July 25, 1976. Results Heats Heat 1 Rank Athlete Country Time Notes 1 Nancy Garapick  Canada 2:16.49 Q, OR 2 Wendy Cook-Hogg  Canada 2:17.30 Q 3 Monique Rodahl  New Zealand 2:19.22 4 Naoko Miura  Japan 2:22.28 5 Gabriella Verrasztó  Hungary 2:23.36 6 Yoshimi Nishigawa  Japan 2:23.49 7 Susan Hunter  New Zealand 2:26.21 8 Sansanee Changkasiri  Thailand 2:48.56 Heat 2 Rank Athlete Country Time Notes 1 Antje Stille  East Germany 2:18.07 Q 2 Cheryl Gibson  Canada 2:20.14 3 Miriam Smith  United States 2:22.05 4 Antonella Roncelli  Italy 2:24.45 5 Joy Beasley  Great Britain 2:25.14 6 Angelika Grieser  West Germany 2:25.38 7 Karin Bormann  West Germany 2:26.72 8 Liliana Cian  Colombia 2:37.06 Heat 3 Rank Athlete Country Time Notes 1 Ulrike Richter  East Germany 2:17.58 Q 2 Klavdiya Studennikova  Soviet Union 2:18.47 Q 3 Maryanne Graham  United States 2:19.07 4 Diane Edelijn  Netherlands 2:22.77 5 Heike John  West Germany 2:25.55 6 Kim Wilkinson  Great Britain 2:26.53 7 Silvia Fontana  Spain 2:31.37 8 Paola Ruggieri  Venezuela 2:34.89 Heat 4 Rank Athlete Country Time Notes 1 Birgit Treiber  East Germany 2:17.62 Q 2 Melissa Belote  United States 2:17.63 Q 3 Nadiya Stavko  Soviet Union 2:17.67 Q 4 Glenda Robertson  Australia 2:18.62 5 Sharron Davies  Great Britain 2:24.94 6 Michelle de Vries  Australia 2:28.18 7 Claudia Bellotto  Argentina 2:32.60 Final Rank Athlete Country Time Notes Ulrike Richter  East Germany 2:13.43 OR Birgit Treiber  East Germany 2:14.97 Nancy Garapick  Canada 2:15.60 4 Nadiya Stavko  Soviet Union 2:16.28 5 Melissa Belote  United States 2:17.27 6 Antje Stille  East Germany 2:17.55 7 Klavdiya Studennikova  Soviet Union 2:17.74 8 Wendy Cook-Hogg  Canada 2:17.95 References ^ "Swimming at the 1976 Montreal Summer Games: Women's 200 metres Backstroke". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2016. External links 1976 Official Olympic Report vteOlympic champions in women's 200 m backstroke 1968:  Lillian Watson (USA) 1972:  Melissa Belote (USA) 1976:  Ulrike Richter (GDR) 1980:  Rica Reinisch (GDR) 1984:  Jolanda de Rover (NED) 1988:  Krisztina Egerszegi (HUN) 1992:  Krisztina Egerszegi (HUN) 1996:  Krisztina Egerszegi (HUN) 2000:  Diana Mocanu (ROM) 2004:  Kirsty Coventry (ZIM) 2008:  Kirsty Coventry (ZIM) 2012:  Missy Franklin (USA) 2016:  Maya DiRado (USA) 2020:  Kaylee McKeown (AUS)
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Charles_de_Velbr%C3%BCck
François-Charles de Velbrück
["1 Early life","2 Prince-bishop of Liège","3 Footnotes","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
German ecclesiastic This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) François Charles de Velbrück (1719–1784) was a German ecclesiastic. He was prince bishop of Liège from 16 February 1772 to his death on 30 April 1784. Early life Velbrück was born at Garath Castle near Düsseldorf on 11 June 1719. In 1735, when he was 16, his brother made over to him a prebend of Saint Lambert's Cathedral, Liège. A year later, Velbrück was received onto the cathedral chapter by procuration. He did not reside in Liège until 1745. In 1756 he was appointed archdeacon of Hesbaye and later the same year Scel des Grâces (keeper of the prince-bishop's seal). In 1757 he was put in charge of a diplomatic mission to the court at Vienna. In 1759 he became grand master of the household and prime minister to Johann Theodor of Bavaria, the prince-bishop of Liège and the head of a sumptuous court. Velbrück was also made a prebendary canon of Münster Cathedral in 1757. Velbrück, who had been a conduit of French influence in Liège, lost his position at court after Johann Theodor's death in 1763 and the election of his rival, Charles-Nicolas d'Oultremont, as prince-bishop. In 1765 Louis XV of France made him commendatory abbot of the royal abbey of Saint-Nicolas at Cheminon, Champagne. At Oultremont's death in 1772, Velbrück was unaninously elected to succeed him. Prince-bishop of Liège His reign saw the birth of several social, artistic and intellectual initiatives. As an 'enlightened despot' receptive to the progressive ideas arising in the last decades of France's Ancien Régime, he tried to introduce Enlightenment ideas to the Principality of Liège, but a lack of money or power meant that these projects were not always successful. A certain lethargy and narrowness of vision then reigned in the principality, preventing any real progress. He made several attempts to combat poverty and class inequality but was unable to make a real difference to the deplorable situation. He tried to make changes in several areas, such as public health by setting up the Hôpital général Saint-Léonard as a place where the needy would be welcomed and assisted, a free midwifery course and establishments to combat disease. Velbrück also reformed education, making it open to all by creating free charity schools for poor children and an Education Plan for the Youth of the Country of Liège. Put in charge of executing the decree for the suppression of the Jesuits in Liège in 1773, he handed over their Collège en Isle over to his clergy in 1786 to use as a seminary. He modernised teaching by giving more importance to physical sciences and mathematics and the human sciences, which provided the students with useful objectives for their critical judgment. He also planned to create a large public library. Velbrück was a great protector of the arts and his actions were essential to the renaissance in arts in the bishopric. In 1774 he launched the construction of a public academy of painting, sculpture and engraving. Finally, his most notable work was the 1779 foundation of the Société littéraire de Liège and the Société d’Emulation, a meeting-place for Liège's intelligentsia and for them to come into contact with foreign scholars – these societies' many activities included presentations of scientific discoveries and artists' and poets' works. It was later claimed that he was also a freemason, effectively a member of a Liège lodge, the Parfaite Intelligence et l'Etoile Réunies, but proof has never been produced. The Master of this lodge, Dwelshauwers-Dery, wrote in his history of freemasonry in Liège: Après avoir fouillé nombre d'archives inconnues jusqu'ici, je n'ai trouvé aucune preuve que le Prince de Velbrück ait été franc-maçon. This has not been convincingly contradicted since. He died at Hex Castle, near Tongeren, on 30 April 1784, and was buried in Liège. His mausoleum escaped destruction during the Liège Revolution in which his remains, unlike those of his predecessors, were not thrown into a ditch. His restored mausoleum has since 15 June 2000 been in the cloister of St. Paul's Cathedral, Liège. The epitaph bears witness to the great regard he was held in by the people of the bishopric: The people were instructed by his care, his kindness / He welcomed the arts, advanced their progress, / At the Emulation he opened a sanctuary, / Was its protector and tutelary god. / Good, affable and humane, Velbrück was at once / Both an Augustus and a Maecenas in the midst of the people of Liège Footnotes ^ a b c d e f g Georges de Froidcourt, "Velbruck (François-Charles, comte de)", in Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 26 (Brussels, 1936-1938), 523-531. ^ Le peuple fut instruit par ses soins, ses bienfaits, Il accueillit les arts, avança leurs progrès, A l'Emulation ouvrit un sanctuaire, En fut le protecteur et le dieu tutélaire. Bon, affable et humain, Velbrück fut à la fois Un Auguste, un Mécène au milieu des Liégeois Bibliography Joseph Daris, Histoire du diocèse et de la principauté de Liège, Liège, 1868, tome I : François-Charles de Velbruck, p. 261 et suiv. Reynier, Éloge de feu Son Altesse Célcissime Monseigneur François-Charles des comtes de Velbruck, 1785. J. de Theux, Le chapitre de Saint-Lambert, Bruxelles, 1872, vol. IV, p. 49. Georges de Froidcourt, Velbrück prince-évêque philosophe, Liège, Gothier et fils, 1948. In-8°, 83 p., tirage limité à 301 exemplaires don't 300 sur vélin anglais. Paul Harsin, "Velbruck, sa carrière politique et son élection à l'épiscopat liégeois", dans, La Vie wallonne, décembre 1924 et janvier 1925. Paul Harsin, "Velbruck, le prince, l'évêque", dans, La Terre wallonne, mai 1929, p. 70. Ophoven, Continuation du Recueil héraldique des Seigneurs bourgmestres de Liége, 1783, p. 207 et seq. Th. Gobert, Liège à travers les âges, volume V, p. 499 et seq. J. Kuntziger, Essai historique sur la propagande des Encyclopédistes Français en Belgique au XVIIIe siècle, Bruxelles, Hayez, 1879. Henri Francotte, La propagande des Encyclopédistes français au Pays de Liège, Bruxelles, Hayez, 1880). Jules Helbig, Éloge académique du Prince de Velbruck, 1881. Georges de Froidcourt, François-Charles, comte de Velbruck, prince-évêque de Liège, Franc-maçon, Liège, 1936. Ulysse Capitaine, Aperçu historique sur le Franc-Maçonnerie à Liège avant 1830, iège, 1853 A. Cordier, Histoire de l'Ordre Maçonnique en Belgique, Mons, 1854 Dwelshauwers-Dery, Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie à Liège avant 1820, Bruxelles, 1879. Paul Duchaine, La Franc-Maçonnerie Belge au XVIIIe siècle, Bruxelles, 1911 Bertrand Van der Schelden, La franc-maçonnerie belge sous le régime autrichien, Louvain, 1923 Un siècle de franc-maçonnerie dans nos régions, 1740–1840, Bruxelles, 1983 External links Biography of Velbruck Archived 30 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine Catholic Church titles Preceded byCharles-Nicolas d’Oultremont Prince bishop of Liege 1772–1784 Succeeded byCésar-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck vteOrder of the IlluminatiHistory Age of Enlightenment Liberalism (Liberalism in Germany) Rationalism Freemasonry (Freemasonry in Germany) Anti-clericalism Secularism French Revolution (Jacobinism) Congress of Wilhelmsbad Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria MembersA—F Jacob Friedrich von Abel Franz von Albini August von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg Jens Baggesen Karl Friedrich Bahrdt Aloys Basselet von La Rosée August Batsch Rudolph Zacharias Becker Johann Joachim Bellermann Johann Erich Biester Aloys Blumauer Johann von Böber Johann Joachim Christoph Bode Johann Michael Böck Ignaz von Born Karl Böttiger Joachim Heinrich Campe Christian Cannabich Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Philipp von Cobenzl Hieronymus von Colloredo Ignaz Cornova Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg Anton Dereser Johann Georg von Dillis Christian Wilhelm von Dohm Karl von Eckartshausen Rudolf Eickemeyer Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg Johann Georg Heinrich Feder Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg Junius Frey Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg Friedrich Ferdinand Constantin von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach G—M Christian Garve Friedrich Gedike Otto Heinrich von Gemmingen-Hornberg Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk Johann Casimir Häffelin Karl August von Hardenberg Lorenz Leopold Haschka August Adolph von Hennings Johann Gottfried Herder Andreas Joseph Hofmann Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland Gottlieb Hufeland Isaak Iselin Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Karl von Hesse-Kassel Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg Martin Gottlieb Klauer Johann Friedrich Kleuker Adolph Knigge Christian Gottfried Körner Karl Heinrich Lang Franz Michael Leuchsenring Justus Christian Loder Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Hesse Jakob Mauvillon Beda Mayr Christoph Meiners August Gottlieb Meißner Ludwig August Mellin Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer Maximilian von Montgelas Johannes von Müller Friedrich Münter Johann Karl August Musäus N—Z Christian Gottlob Neefe Christoph Friedrich Nicolai Franz Oberthür Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda Christian Adolph Overbeck Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Karl Leonhard Reinhold Franz Anton Ries Christian Gotthilf Salzmann Friedrich Schlichtegroll Johann Georg Schlosser Ernst Friedrich von Schlotheim Nikolaus Simrock Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring Joseph von Sonnenfels Ludwig Timotheus Spittler Anton Matthias Sprickmann Johan Philip Stadion von Warthausen Maximilian Stoll Gottfried van Swieten Johann Nepomuk von Triva François-Charles de Velbrück Franz Michael Vierthaler Wilderich of Walderdorf Adam Weishaupt Lorenz von Westenrieder Franz Xaver von Zach See also Owl of Minerva Rite of Strict Observance Josephinism Enlightened absolutism Weimar Classicism Sturm und Drang Anti-Catholicism New World Order (conspiracy theory) Augustin Barruel's Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism John Robison Illuminati in popular culture   Category Society portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Belgium Netherlands Vatican People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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He was prince bishop of Liège from 16 February 1772 to his death on 30 April 1784.","title":"François-Charles de Velbrück"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garath Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garath_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"prebend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebend"},{"link_name":"Saint Lambert's Cathedral, Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lambert%27s_Cathedral,_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB_Velbruck-1"},{"link_name":"Hesbaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesbaye"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB_Velbruck-1"},{"link_name":"Johann Theodor of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Theodor_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB_Velbruck-1"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(title)"},{"link_name":"Münster Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Charles-Nicolas d'Oultremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Nicolas_d%27Oultremont"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB_Velbruck-1"},{"link_name":"Louis XV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"commendatory abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commendatory_abbot"},{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne,_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB_Velbruck-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB_Velbruck-1"}],"text":"Velbrück was born at Garath Castle near Düsseldorf on 11 June 1719. In 1735, when he was 16, his brother made over to him a prebend of Saint Lambert's Cathedral, Liège.[1] A year later, Velbrück was received onto the cathedral chapter by procuration. He did not reside in Liège until 1745. In 1756 he was appointed archdeacon of Hesbaye and later the same year Scel des Grâces (keeper of the prince-bishop's seal).[1]In 1757 he was put in charge of a diplomatic mission to the court at Vienna. In 1759 he became grand master of the household and prime minister to Johann Theodor of Bavaria, the prince-bishop of Liège and the head of a sumptuous court.[1] Velbrück was also made a prebendary canon of Münster Cathedral in 1757. Velbrück, who had been a conduit of French influence in Liège, lost his position at court after Johann Theodor's death in 1763 and the election of his rival, Charles-Nicolas d'Oultremont, as prince-bishop.[1] In 1765 Louis XV of France made him commendatory abbot of the royal abbey of Saint-Nicolas at Cheminon, Champagne.[1] At Oultremont's death in 1772, Velbrück was unaninously elected to succeed him.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enlightened despot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_despot"},{"link_name":"Ancien Régime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Principality of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Collège en Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_en_Isle_(Li%C3%A8ge)"},{"link_name":"a public academy of painting, sculpture and engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_des_beaux-arts_de_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Société littéraire de Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Hex Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_Castle"},{"link_name":"Tongeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongeren"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB_Velbruck-1"},{"link_name":"Liège Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Cathedral, Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Maecenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maecenas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"His reign saw the birth of several social, artistic and intellectual initiatives. As an 'enlightened despot' receptive to the progressive ideas arising in the last decades of France's Ancien Régime, he tried to introduce Enlightenment ideas to the Principality of Liège, but a lack of money or power meant that these projects were not always successful. A certain lethargy and narrowness of vision then reigned in the principality, preventing any real progress. He made several attempts to combat poverty and class inequality but was unable to make a real difference to the deplorable situation. He tried to make changes in several areas, such as public health by setting up the Hôpital général Saint-Léonard as a place where the needy would be welcomed and assisted, a free midwifery course and establishments to combat disease.Velbrück also reformed education, making it open to all by creating free charity schools for poor children and an Education Plan for the Youth of the Country of Liège. Put in charge of executing the decree for the suppression of the Jesuits in Liège in 1773, he handed over their Collège en Isle over to his clergy in 1786 to use as a seminary. He modernised teaching by giving more importance to physical sciences and mathematics and the human sciences, which provided the students with useful objectives for their critical judgment. He also planned to create a large public library. Velbrück was a great protector of the arts and his actions were essential to the renaissance in arts in the bishopric. In 1774 he launched the construction of a public academy of painting, sculpture and engraving.Finally, his most notable work was the 1779 foundation of the Société littéraire de Liège and the Société d’Emulation, a meeting-place for Liège's intelligentsia and for them to come into contact with foreign scholars – these societies' many activities included presentations of scientific discoveries and artists' and poets' works.It was later claimed that he was also a freemason, effectively a member of a Liège lodge, the Parfaite Intelligence et l'Etoile Réunies, but proof has never been produced. The Master of this lodge, Dwelshauwers-Dery, wrote in his history of freemasonry in Liège: Après avoir fouillé nombre d'archives inconnues jusqu'ici, je n'ai trouvé aucune preuve que le Prince de Velbrück ait été franc-maçon. This has not been convincingly contradicted since.He died at Hex Castle, near Tongeren, on 30 April 1784, and was buried in Liège.[1] His mausoleum escaped destruction during the Liège Revolution in which his remains, unlike those of his predecessors, were not thrown into a ditch. His restored mausoleum has since 15 June 2000 been in the cloister of St. Paul's Cathedral, Liège. The epitaph bears witness to the great regard he was held in by the people of the bishopric:The people were instructed by his care, his kindness / He welcomed the arts, advanced their progress, / At the Emulation he opened a sanctuary, / Was its protector and tutelary god. / Good, affable and humane, Velbrück was at once / Both an Augustus and a Maecenas in the midst of the people of Liège[2]","title":"Prince-bishop of Liège"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_Velbruck_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_Velbruck_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_Velbruck_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_Velbruck_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_Velbruck_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_Velbruck_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_Velbruck_1-6"},{"link_name":"Georges de Froidcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_de_Froidcourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Biographie Nationale de Belgique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographie_Nationale_de_Belgique"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g Georges de Froidcourt, \"Velbruck (François-Charles, comte de)\", in Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 26 (Brussels, 1936-1938), 523-531.\n\n^ Le peuple fut instruit par ses soins, ses bienfaits,\nIl accueillit les arts, avança leurs progrès,\nA l'Emulation ouvrit un sanctuaire,\nEn fut le protecteur et le dieu tutélaire.\nBon, affable et humain, Velbrück fut à la fois\nUn Auguste, un Mécène au milieu des Liégeois","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Joseph Daris, Histoire du diocèse et de la principauté de Liège, Liège, 1868, tome I : François-Charles de Velbruck, p. 261 et suiv.\nReynier, Éloge de feu Son Altesse Célcissime Monseigneur François-Charles des comtes de Velbruck, 1785.\nJ. de Theux, Le chapitre de Saint-Lambert, Bruxelles, 1872, vol. IV, p. 49.\nGeorges de Froidcourt, Velbrück prince-évêque philosophe, Liège, Gothier et fils, 1948. In-8°, 83 p., tirage limité à 301 exemplaires don't 300 sur vélin anglais.\nPaul Harsin, \"Velbruck, sa carrière politique et son élection à l'épiscopat liégeois\", dans, La Vie wallonne, décembre 1924 et janvier 1925.\nPaul Harsin, \"Velbruck, le prince, l'évêque\", dans, La Terre wallonne, mai 1929, p. 70.\nOphoven, Continuation du Recueil héraldique des Seigneurs bourgmestres de Liége, 1783, p. 207 et seq.\nTh. Gobert, Liège à travers les âges, volume V, p. 499 et seq.\nJ. Kuntziger, Essai historique sur la propagande des Encyclopédistes Français en Belgique au XVIIIe siècle, Bruxelles, Hayez, 1879.\nHenri Francotte, La propagande des Encyclopédistes français au Pays de Liège, Bruxelles, Hayez, 1880).\nJules Helbig, Éloge académique du Prince de Velbruck, 1881.\nGeorges de Froidcourt, François-Charles, comte de Velbruck, prince-évêque de Liège, Franc-maçon, Liège, 1936.\nUlysse Capitaine, Aperçu historique sur le Franc-Maçonnerie à Liège avant 1830, iège, 1853\nA. Cordier, Histoire de l'Ordre Maçonnique en Belgique, Mons, 1854\nDwelshauwers-Dery, Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie à Liège avant 1820, Bruxelles, 1879.\nPaul Duchaine, La Franc-Maçonnerie Belge au XVIIIe siècle, Bruxelles, 1911\nBertrand Van der Schelden, La franc-maçonnerie belge sous le régime autrichien, Louvain, 1923\nUn siècle de franc-maçonnerie dans nos régions, 1740–1840, Bruxelles, 1983","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne
1968 La Flèche Wallonne
["1 General classification","2 References"]
Cycling race 1968 La Flèche WallonneRace detailsDates21 April 1968Stages1Distance222 km (137.9 mi)Winning time6h 05' 00"Results  Winner  Rik Van Looy (BEL) (Willem II–Gazelle)  Second  José Samyn (FRA) (Pelforth–Sauvage–Lejeune)  Third  Jan Janssen (NED) (Pelforth–Sauvage–Lejeune)← 1967 1969 → The 1968 La Flèche Wallonne was the 32nd edition of La Flèche Wallonne cycle race and was held on 21 April 1968. The race started in Liège and finished in Marcinelle. The race was won by Rik Van Looy of the Willem II–Gazelle team. General classification Final general classification Rank Rider Team Time 1  Rik Van Looy (BEL) Willem II–Gazelle 6h 05' 00" 2  José Samyn (FRA) Pelforth–Sauvage–Lejeune + 3" 3  Jan Janssen (NED) Pelforth–Sauvage–Lejeune + 1' 10" 4  Felice Gimondi (ITA) Salvarani + 1' 10" 5  Jos Huysmans (BEL) Dr. Mann–Grundig + 1' 10" 6  Victor Van Schil (BEL) Faema + 1' 10" 7  Remi Van Vreckom (NED) + 1' 10" 8  Herman Van Springel (BEL) Dr. Mann–Grundig + 1' 10" 9  Walter Godefroot (BEL) Flandria–De Clerck + 1' 10" 10  Willy Van Neste (BEL) Bic + 1' 10" References ^ "Flèche Wallonne (World Tour), Belgium". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 26 November 2017. ^ "1968 La Flèche Wallonne". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 26 November 2017. ^ "32ème Flèche wallonne 1968". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 29 August 2004. ^ "1968 La Flèche Wallonne". First Cycling. Retrieved 26 November 2017. vte La Fléche Wallonne / La Fléche Wallonne FéminineMen's editions 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Women's editions 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte1968 Super Prestige Pernod Paris–Nice Milan–San Remo Tour of Flanders Paris–Roubaix La Flèche Wallonne Vuelta a España Liège–Bastogne–Liège Rund um den Henninger Turm Four Days of Dunkirk Giro d'Italia Grand Prix du Midi Libre Tour de France Paris–Luxembourg World Championships Bordeaux–Paris Paris–Tours Giro di Lombardia This La Flèche Wallonne race article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Flèche Wallonne (World Tour), Belgium\". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/classics/Fleche%20Wallonne/flecheindex.html","url_text":"\"Flèche Wallonne (World Tour), Belgium\""}]},{"reference":"\"1968 La Flèche Wallonne\". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/classics/Fleche%20Wallonne/fleche1968.html","url_text":"\"1968 La Flèche Wallonne\""}]},{"reference":"\"32ème Flèche wallonne 1968\". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 29 August 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040829195618/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_fleche/fleche68.php","url_text":"\"32ème Flèche wallonne 1968\""},{"url":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_fleche/fleche68.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1968 La Flèche Wallonne\". First Cycling. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=10&y=1968","url_text":"\"1968 La Flèche Wallonne\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_of_Ireland_FC
North of Ireland F.C.
["1 Notable players","1.1 Ireland","1.2 British and Irish Lions","1.3 Ireland cricket team","2 Honours","3 References"]
Defunct Irish rugby union club, based in Belfast Rugby teamNorth of Ireland FCFull nameNorth of Ireland Football ClubUnionIRFUUlsterFounded1868; 156 years ago (1868)Ground(s)Ormeau RoadBelfastLeague(s)Ulster Senior LeagueAIB League North of Ireland Football Club is a former Irish rugby union club that was based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It was the first rugby club formed in what is now Northern Ireland and only two other clubs - Dublin University and Wanderers - were formed earlier anywhere else in all Ireland. It was founded in 1868 by members of North of Ireland Cricket Club. NIFC also played in the first recorded rugby game in Ulster when they played a 20-a-side match against Queen's University RFC. Throughout its history, NIFC was one of the most successful clubs in Ulster rugby, winning eighteen Ulster Senior League titles and eighteen Ulster Senior Cup titles. They also played several seasons in the AIB League before merging with Collegians in 1999 to form Belfast Harlequins. The club left its historic home on the Ormeau Road (one of the earliest international rugby venues in Ireland) after a series of sectarian arson attacks, including the burning of its pavilion. The club, with a mainly Protestant membership, was perceived as being "isolated in a zone of working-class nationalism". Notable players See also Category:North of Ireland F.C. players Ireland The following NIFC players represented Ireland at full international level. Stephen Blake-Knox Robert Alexander Norman Brann Ian Davidson Thomas Gisborne Gordon, the only one handed player in international rugby. Gordon Hamilton David Hewitt R.D. Scott Jack Kyle Mike Gibson Arthur Norman McClinton Harry Neill Albert Stewart Dolway Walkington Hugh Cunningham Kelly (Captain) British and Irish Lions The following NIFC players also represented the British and Irish Lions. Tom McGown: 1899 Ian Davidson: 1903 Arthur Norman McClinton: 1910 Norman Brann: 1924 Robert Alexander: 1938 Jack Kyle: 1950 David Hewitt: 1959, 1962 Mike Gibson: 1966, 1968, 1971, 1974, 1977 Ireland cricket team The following NIFC players also represented Ireland at cricket. Robert Alexander Neil Doak Honours All-Ireland Cup: 1 1934-35 Ulster Senior Cup: 18 1884–85, 1892–93, 1893–94, 1894–95, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1900–01, 1901–02, 1907–08, 1919–20, 1929–30, 1934–35, 1938–39, 1954–55, 1968–69, 1972–73 Ulster Senior League: 18 (1 shared) 1891–92, 1892–93, 1893–94, 1894–95, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1900–01, 1901–02, 1908–09, 1920–21, 1926-27 (shared), 1945–46, 1954–55, 1958–59, 1965–66, 1991–92 Ulster Junior Cup: 9 †1894-95, †1906-07, †1907-08, †1908-09, †1935-36, †1953-54, †1956-57, †1962-63, †1984-85 † Won by 2nd XV References ^ www.irishrugby.ie Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b The Ireland Rugby Miscellany (2007): Ciaran Cronin ^ Hassan, David (2003). "Rugby Union, Irish Nationalism and National Identity in Northern Ireland" (PDF). Football Studies. 6 (1). University of Ulster, Jordanstown. ^ "www.irishrugby.ie". ^ See references to Ireland's matches against Scotland from 1877 to 1889: Ireland v Scotland - Head to Head Statistics Archived 2012-09-04 at archive.today ^ D. Sharrock, ‘Goodbye to all that, as the Belfast sporting club where W.G. Grace swung his bat uproots for Protestant sanctuary’, The Guardian, 13 August 1997, p. 6. ^ Cronin, Mike (200o). ""Catholics and Sport in Northern Ireland: Exclusiveness or Inclusiveness?"" (PDF). International Sports Studies. 2 (1). Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. ^ O'Sullivan, John (3 May 2010). "Planet rugby". Irish Times. ^ Cole, Brendan. "RTÉ Sport: 1991: Gordon Hamilton Scores". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 19 September 2007. ^ "ulsterbiography.co.uk". www.ulsterbiography.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008. vteFounding Clubs of the IRFUIrish Rugby Football Union - 1879 Irish Football Union (and associated members) Northern Football Union of Ireland (and associated members) Irish Football Union - 1874 Dublin University Football Club Lansdowne Football Club Wanderers Football Club Dungannon RFC Engineers Portora Bray Monaghan Northern Football Union of Ireland - 1875 North of Ireland Windsor Methodist College
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Dublin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_University_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderers_F.C._(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Ireland_Rugby_Miscellany_2007-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Queen's University RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_RFC"},{"link_name":"Ulster Senior League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Senior_League_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ulster Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Cup"},{"link_name":"AIB League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIB_League"},{"link_name":"Collegians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegians_(Belfast)"},{"link_name":"Belfast Harlequins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Harlequins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Rugby teamNorth of Ireland Football Club is a former Irish rugby union club that was based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It was the first rugby club formed in what is now Northern Ireland and only two other clubs - Dublin University and Wanderers - were formed earlier anywhere else in all Ireland.[1][2] It was founded in 1868 by members of North of Ireland Cricket Club.[3] NIFC also played in the first recorded rugby game in Ulster when they played a 20-a-side match against Queen's University RFC.Throughout its history, NIFC was one of the most successful clubs in Ulster rugby, winning eighteen Ulster Senior League titles and eighteen Ulster Senior Cup titles. They also played several seasons in the AIB League before merging with Collegians in 1999 to form Belfast Harlequins.[4]The club left its historic home on the Ormeau Road (one of the earliest international rugby venues in Ireland[5]) after a series of sectarian arson attacks, including the burning of its pavilion. The club, with a mainly Protestant membership, was perceived as being \"isolated in a zone of working-class nationalism\".[6][7]","title":"North of Ireland F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:North of Ireland F.C. players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:North_of_Ireland_F.C._players"}],"text":"See also Category:North of Ireland F.C. players","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"The following NIFC players represented Ireland at full international level.","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British and Irish Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Ireland_Rugby_Miscellany_2007-2"}],"sub_title":"British and Irish Lions","text":"The following NIFC players also represented the British and Irish Lions.[2]","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Robert Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alexander_(rugby_player_and_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Neil Doak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Doak"}],"sub_title":"Ireland cricket team","text":"The following NIFC players also represented Ireland at cricket.Robert Alexander\nNeil Doak","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Ireland Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Cup_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ulster Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Cup_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ulster Senior League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Senior_League_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ulster Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Junior_Cup"}],"text":"All-Ireland Cup: 1\n1934-35\nUlster Senior Cup: 18\n1884–85, 1892–93, 1893–94, 1894–95, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1900–01, 1901–02, 1907–08, 1919–20, 1929–30, 1934–35, 1938–39, 1954–55, 1968–69, 1972–73\nUlster Senior League: 18 (1 shared)\n1891–92, 1892–93, 1893–94, 1894–95, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1900–01, 1901–02, 1908–09, 1920–21, 1926-27 (shared), 1945–46, 1954–55, 1958–59, 1965–66, 1991–92\nUlster Junior Cup: 9\n†1894-95, †1906-07, †1907-08, †1908-09, †1935-36, †1953-54, †1956-57, †1962-63, †1984-85† Won by 2nd XV","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hassan, David (2003). \"Rugby Union, Irish Nationalism and National Identity in Northern Ireland\" (PDF). Football Studies. 6 (1). University of Ulster, Jordanstown.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/2003/FS0601d.pdf","url_text":"\"Rugby Union, Irish Nationalism and National Identity in Northern Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"www.irishrugby.ie\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishrugby.ie/23_7866.php?PHPSESSID=2ef47a7b8ce5adc00dfe62c38c3d6740","url_text":"\"www.irishrugby.ie\""}]},{"reference":"Cronin, Mike (200o). \"\"Catholics and Sport in Northern Ireland: Exclusiveness or Inclusiveness?\"\" (PDF). International Sports Studies. 2 (1). Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/ISS/ISS2201/ISS2201d.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Catholics and Sport in Northern Ireland: Exclusiveness or Inclusiveness?\"\""}]},{"reference":"O'Sullivan, John (3 May 2010). \"Planet rugby\". Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2010/0503/1224269590998.html","url_text":"\"Planet rugby\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times","url_text":"Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Brendan. \"RTÉ Sport: 1991: Gordon Hamilton Scores\". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 19 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070919040641/http://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/worldcup2007/moments1991.html","url_text":"\"RTÉ Sport: 1991: Gordon Hamilton Scores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89","url_text":"RTÉ"},{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/worldcup2007/moments1991.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ulsterbiography.co.uk\". www.ulsterbiography.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705103505/http://www.ulsterbiography.co.uk/biogsN.htm","url_text":"\"ulsterbiography.co.uk\""},{"url":"http://www.ulsterbiography.co.uk/biogsN.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersol
Bosch Solar Energy
["1 History","2 Structure and products","3 Management board","4 Notes","5 External links"]
German solar wafer and solar cell manufacturer This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bosch Solar Energy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bosch Solar Energy AGCompany typePublic (FWB: ES6)IndustryRenewable Energies, PhotovoltaicsFounded1997HeadquartersErfurt, GermanyKey peopleHolger von Hebel (CEO)Juergen Pressl (COO)Peter Schneidewind (CSO)Volker Nadenau (CTO)Number of employees1517 (as of 1 February 2010)Websitewww.bosch-solarenergy.de Bosch Solar Energy AG was a German solar wafer and solar cell manufacturer, based in Erfurt, which specialized in crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) products, as well as thin-film modules using amorphous silicon and CIGS absorber materials. The company consisted of various divisions for silicon, wafers, solar cells and modules, research and production facilities in Germany and France and plans were made to open a production line in Malaysia. It has been listed on the German stock exchange since 30 September 2005 and on 19 December 2005 its shares were admitted to the TecDAX. The enterprise was founded in 1997 as ErSol Solarstrom GmbH & Co. KG. In 2013, Robert Bosch GmbH announced that it will exit from the solar business. SolarWorld took over production in Arnstadt and continued to employ about 800 workers. The parent company also sold its shares of Aleo Solar. History Timeline: March 1997 Formation of a company as Ersol Solarstrom GmbH & Co. KG September 2005 Initial public offer June 2008 Robert Bosch GmbH becomes majority shareholder March 2009 Groundbreaking for a new production facility in Arnstadt September 2009 Change of name to Bosch Solar Energy AG November 2009 Takeover of: aleo Solar AG (68,7% majority shareholding) and Johanna Solar Technologie GmbH (> 60% majority shareholding) March 2013 Robert Bosch GmbH announced, the company will exit its solar business and sell or shut down all of these operations. May 2016 Bosch Solar Energy AG was deleted from the German commercial register. The company's legal form was changed to "Bosch Solar Services GmbH", based in Arnstadt, Germany, a service company for solar product-related services that no longer operates any manufacturing facilities itself. Structure and products Bosch Solar Energy is subdivided into four different divisions according to product groups. The various subsidiaries are responsible for these divisions: SRS Silicon Recycling Services The Bosch Solar Energy subsidiary SRS Silicon Recycling Services, Inc., specializes in the recycling of silicon. The scope of the ersol Group subsidiary currently covers silicon for solar and semiconductor applications, metallurgical grade silicon and support products. All grades of silicon. monocrystalline solar cell Bosch Solar Wafers Bosch Solar Wafers GmbH is a specialist manufacturer of monocrystalline ingots and wafers. The Bosch Solar Energy subsidiary currently produces the following products: Monocrystalline silicon ingots (p- and n-type) Monocrystalline silicon wafers (p- and n-type) Crystals and wafers with special twin structures. Solar Cells produces solar cells in the format 156 mm x 156 mm and is the core business sector. At a thickness of 200 µm and less, the average efficiency of monocrystalline ersol solar cells is around 17%. The share of production dedicated to higher-grade monocrystalline cells compared to multicrystalline solar cells is increasing and currently stands at about 80%. The parent company Bosch Solar Energy AG is responsible for production at its plants in Erfurt and Arnstadt. Bosch Solar Modules is accountable for all group activities relating to the production and sale of solar modules. The division incorporates Erfurt-based Bosch Solar Thin Film GmbH, which is devoted to the production of thin-film solar modules and achieves significant savings in the raw material silicon with the aid of thin-film technology. In addition, ersol markets crystalline solar modules from solar cells produced by ersol and other manufacturers through its Erfurt-based trading subsidiary Bosch Solar Modules GmbH. The division also has a crystalline module production line at the planning stage. Management board The management board of Bosch Solar Energy AG consists of four members: Holger von Hebel, CEO (responsibilities: Corporate Development, Finance/Controlling, Human Resources, Corporate Communications, IT, Legal Affairs and Post Merger Integration) Dr. Volker Nadenau, CTO (responsibilities: Research & Development, Process Development and Photovoltaic Strategy) Jürgen Pressl, COO (responsibilities: Manufacture of Ingots, Wafers, Solar Cells, Crystalline and Thin-film Solar Modules, Purchasing/Supply Chain Management) Peter Schneidewind, CSO (responsibilities: Sales, Marketing and Product Management) Notes ^ a b c "Bosch exits solar business". Photon. 25 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 30 July 2015. ^ "SolarWorld signs deal with Bosch to buy cell and module facilities in Germany". 26 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-11-29. ^ "German Handelsregisterauszug". Retrieved March 22, 2017. External links Corporate website of Bosch Solar Energy AG Bosch to acquire 51 percent stake in ersol Solar Energy Services vteBoschDivisions andsubsidiariesCurrent BSH Hausgeräte Gaggenau NEFF Balay Pitsos Bosch Rexroth Bosch Security Systems Bosch Solar Energy Dremel ETAS Worcester Zexel Former and defunct Blaupunkt² Fernseh² Indramat¹ Midas Consoles² SIBA Elektrik¹ Skil² Telex Communications¹ Joint ventures andshareholdings (anyof these are no longerin existence) Broadcast Television Systems² Fernseh² Japan Electronic Control System² SB LiMotive (50% with Samsung SDI, disbanded) Products Bosch 1886 Digifant engine management system Jetronic Motronic People Anna Bosch Robert Bosch Robert Bosch Jr. Franz Fehrenbach Gottlob Honold Places Bosch-Halle Gerlingen Robert-Bosch-Hospital Other Robert Bosch Foundation Fellowship Program Bosch process Robert Bosch Stiftung ¹Now integrated into other Bosch divisions or business groupings ²Sold Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solar wafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wafer"},{"link_name":"solar cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell"},{"link_name":"Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt"},{"link_name":"crystalline silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon"},{"link_name":"photovoltaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic"},{"link_name":"thin-film modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cells"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosh-exit-photon-1"},{"link_name":"TecDAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TecDAX"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Bosch GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH"},{"link_name":"SolarWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarWorld"},{"link_name":"Arnstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnstadt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aleo Solar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleo_Solar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosh-exit-photon-1"}],"text":"Bosch Solar Energy AG was a German solar wafer and solar cell manufacturer, based in Erfurt, which specialized in crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) products, as well as thin-film modules using amorphous silicon and CIGS absorber materials. The company consisted of various divisions for silicon, wafers, solar cells and modules, research and production facilities in Germany and France and plans were made to open a production line in Malaysia.[1] It has been listed on the German stock exchange since 30 September 2005 and on 19 December 2005 its shares were admitted to the TecDAX. The enterprise was founded in 1997 as ErSol Solarstrom GmbH & Co. KG.[citation needed]In 2013, Robert Bosch GmbH announced that it will exit from the solar business. SolarWorld took over production in Arnstadt and continued to employ about 800 workers.[2]\nThe parent company also sold its shares of Aleo Solar.[1]","title":"Bosch Solar Energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Bosch GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosh-exit-photon-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Timeline:March 1997Formation of a company as Ersol Solarstrom GmbH & Co. KGSeptember 2005Initial public offerJune 2008Robert Bosch GmbH becomes majority shareholderMarch 2009Groundbreaking for a new production facility in ArnstadtSeptember 2009Change of name to Bosch Solar Energy AGNovember 2009Takeover of: aleo Solar AG (68,7% majority shareholding) and Johanna Solar Technologie GmbH (> 60% majority shareholding)March 2013Robert Bosch GmbH announced, the company will exit its solar business and sell or shut down all of these operations.[1]May 2016Bosch Solar Energy AG was deleted from the German commercial register.[3] The company's legal form was changed to \"Bosch Solar Services GmbH\", based in Arnstadt, Germany, a service company for solar product-related services that no longer operates any manufacturing facilities itself.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klassieren.jpg"},{"link_name":"solar cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell"},{"link_name":"monocrystalline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystal"},{"link_name":"multicrystalline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystal"},{"link_name":"solar modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_module"}],"text":"Bosch Solar Energy is subdivided into four different divisions according to product groups. The various subsidiaries are responsible for these divisions:SRS Silicon Recycling Services The Bosch Solar Energy subsidiary SRS Silicon Recycling Services, Inc., specializes in the recycling of silicon. The scope of the ersol Group subsidiary currently covers silicon for solar and semiconductor applications, metallurgical grade silicon and support products. All grades of silicon.monocrystalline solar cellBosch Solar Wafers Bosch Solar Wafers GmbH is a specialist manufacturer of monocrystalline ingots and wafers. The Bosch Solar Energy subsidiary currently produces the following products:\nMonocrystalline silicon ingots(p- and n-type)Monocrystalline silicon wafers(p- and n-type)Crystals and wafers with special twin structures.\nSolar Cells produces solar cells in the format 156 mm x 156 mm and is the core business sector. At a thickness of 200 µm and less, the average efficiency of monocrystalline ersol solar cells is around 17%. The share of production dedicated to higher-grade monocrystalline cells compared to multicrystalline solar cells is increasing and currently stands at about 80%. The parent company Bosch Solar Energy AG is responsible for production at its plants in Erfurt and Arnstadt.\nBosch Solar Modules is accountable for all group activities relating to the production and sale of solar modules. The division incorporates Erfurt-based Bosch Solar Thin Film GmbH, which is devoted to the production of thin-film solar modules and achieves significant savings in the raw material silicon with the aid of thin-film technology. In addition, ersol markets crystalline solar modules from solar cells produced by ersol and other manufacturers through its Erfurt-based trading subsidiary Bosch Solar Modules GmbH. The division also has a crystalline module production line at the planning stage.","title":"Structure and products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"CTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technical_officer"},{"link_name":"COO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"CSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_sales_officer"}],"text":"The management board of Bosch Solar Energy AG consists of four members:Holger von Hebel, CEO (responsibilities: Corporate Development, Finance/Controlling, Human Resources, Corporate Communications, IT, Legal Affairs and Post Merger Integration)\nDr. Volker Nadenau, CTO (responsibilities: Research & Development, Process Development and Photovoltaic Strategy)\nJürgen Pressl, COO (responsibilities: Manufacture of Ingots, Wafers, Solar Cells, Crystalline and Thin-film Solar Modules, Purchasing/Supply Chain Management)\nPeter Schneidewind, CSO (responsibilities: Sales, Marketing and Product Management)","title":"Management board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bosh-exit-photon_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bosh-exit-photon_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bosh-exit-photon_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Bosch exits solar business\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304093256/http://www.photon.info/photon_news_detail_en.photon?id=75180"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.photon.info/photon_news_detail_en.photon?id=75180"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"SolarWorld signs deal with Bosch to buy cell and module facilities in Germany\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131129101038/http://www.pv-tech.org/news/official_solarworld_signs_deal_with_bosch_to_buy_cell_module_facilities_in"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pv-tech.org/news/official_solarworld_signs_deal_with_bosch_to_buy_cell_module_facilities_in"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"German Handelsregisterauszug\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.online-handelsregister.de/handelsregisterauszug/th/Jena/HRB/112186/Bosch-Solar-Energy-AG"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Bosch exits solar business\". Photon. 25 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 30 July 2015.\n\n^ \"SolarWorld signs deal with Bosch to buy cell and module facilities in Germany\". 26 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-11-29.\n\n^ \"German Handelsregisterauszug\". Retrieved March 22, 2017.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"monocrystalline solar cell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Klassieren.jpg/220px-Klassieren.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Ring_Road_(Shanghai)
Inner Ring Road (Shanghai)
["1 Exit list","2 See also","3 References"]
Elevated road in Shanghai, China Shanghai Inner Ring Road上海内环线Inner Ring Elevated Road内环高架路The Inner Ring Road at the North Caoxi Road Interchange with Humin Elevated Road.Route informationLength47.7 km (29.6 mi)ExistedOctober 1994–presentMajor junctionsOrbital around ShanghaiMajor intersectionsCounterclockwise from Yangpu Bridge:Yixian Elevated Road at Dabaishu InterchangeSouth-North Elevated Road at Gonghexin Road InterchangeYan'an Elevated Road at West Yan'an Road InterchangeHumin Elevated Road at North Caoxi Road InterchangeNorth-South Elevated Road at Luban Road InterchangeSouth Yanggao Road at Longyang Road InterchangeLuoshan Road and Longdong Avenue at Zhangjiang InterchangeMiddle Yanggao Road at Luoshan Road Interchange LocationCountryChinaProvinceShanghai Highway system Transport in China Inner Ring Road (simplified Chinese: 上海内环线; traditional Chinese: 上海內環線; pinyin: Shànghǎi Nèihuánxiàn; lit. 'Shanghai Inner Ring Line'), also known as Inner Ring Elevated Road (内环高架路; 內環高架路; Nèihuán Gāojiàlù), is an elevated expressway loop in the city of Shanghai. It was the first ring road around the city of Shanghai. The Puxi section of the road was completely grade-separated and complete in 1994, while the Pudong section of the road was completely grade-separated in 2009. Before the grade separation in Pudong, the road ran at street level, with traffic lights at intersections. The maximum speed on the expressway is 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), with two lanes in each direction. The Inner Ring Road crosses the Huangpu River twice, using the Yangpu and Nanpu bridges. Exit list Inner Ring Road Exit List District / Location km mi Exit Notes Huangpu River Nanpu Bridge Pudong New Area South Pudong Road Clockwise: Entrance ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Exit ramp only South Yanggao Road Pujian Road / Hunan Road Fangdian Road Clockwise: Entrance ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Exit ramp only Longdong Elevated Road Zhangjiang Interchange Luoshan Elevated Road Jinxiu Road Counter-clockwise: Exit ramp only Middle Yanggao Road Luoshan Road Interchange Zhangyang Road Clockwise: No interchangeCounter-clockwise: Exit ramp only Pudong Avenue Clockwise: Exit ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Entrance ramp only Huangpu River Yangpu Bridge Yangpu District Linqing Road Clockwise: Entrance ramp only (from Meizhou Road)Counter-clockwise: Exit ramp only Zhoujiazui Road Huangxing Road Clockwise: Entrance ramp only Siping Road Clockwise: Entrance ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: No interchange Hongkou District North Zhongshan Road No. 1 / No. 2 Counter-clockwise entrance ramp follows the Yixian Elevated Road entrance. Yixian Elevated RoadMiddle Ring Road (Clockwise only) via Dabaishu InterchangeClockwise: Exit ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Entrance ramp onlyNo access to the Inner Ring Road from the Middle Ring Road Guangzhong Road Clockwise: Exit ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Entrance ramp only Jing'an District North Xizang Road Clockwise: No interchangeCounter-clockwise: Exit ramp only North–South Elevated Road Gonghexin Road Interchange Hutai Road Putuo District Guangxin Road Clockwise: No interchangeCounter-clockwise: Exit ramp only Zhenping Road Clockwise: Exit ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: No interchange Wuning Road Jinshajiang Road Changning District Wuyi Road Clockwise: Entrance ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Exit ramp only Yan'an Elevated Road Counter-clockwise: Westbound (towards Hongqiao transportation hub) only Xinhua Road Clockwise: Exit ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Entrance ramp only Xuhui District Wuzhong Road Caobao Road Counter-clockwise: Exit ramp only Humin Elevated Road Caoxi Road InterchangeClockwise: Southboard (towards Xinzhuang Interchange) only West Longhua Road Clockwise: No interchangeCounter-clockwise: Exit ramp only Tianyaoqiao Road Clockwise: Entrance ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: No interchange South Wanping Road Clockwise: Entrance ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Exit ramp only South Ruijin Road Clockwise: Exit ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Entrance ramp only Huangpu District North–South Elevated Road Luban Road Interchange South Xizang Road Clockwise: No interchangeCounter-clockwise: Exit ramp only The Bund Clockwise: Entrance ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Exit ramp only South Zhongshan Road No. 1 Clockwise: Exit ramp onlyCounter-clockwise: Entrance ramp onlyAll while interchanging on to Nanpu Bridge. East Zhongshan Road No. 1 Lujiabang Road See also S20 Outer Ring Expressway: Another ring road in Shanghai References ^ a b 沪内环线浦东段快速化改造收尾 部分主线临时开放 (in Simplified Chinese). 2009-11-30. ^ 上海内环线高架路建设中的测绘保障 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2011-08-01. vteRoads and expressways of ShanghaiExpress roadsPrimary Inner Ring Middle Ring North-South Yan'an Auxiliary Beidi Bund Tunnel Caobao Dujiaqu Hongdi Hongmei Hongyu Huaxia Humin Husong Jiamin Jianhong Jungong Longdong Luoshan Songze Wuzhou Yixian ExpresswaysNational G2 (Jinghu)(Huning section) G15 (Shenhai) G40 (Hushan) G42 (Hurong)(Huning section) G50 (Huyu) G60 (Hukun) G92 (Hangzhou Bay Ring) G1503 (Shanghai Ring) Provincial S1 (Yingbin) S2 (Hulu) S3 (Hufeng) S4 (Hujin) S5 (Hujia) S6 (Huxiang) S7 (Huchong) S12 (Chonghai) S16 (Huyi) S19 (Xinwei) S20 (Outer Ring) S22 (Jia'an) S26 (Huchang) S32 (Shenjiahu) S36 (Tingfeng) HighwaysNational G204 G228 G312 G318 G320 G346
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[]
[{"title":"S20 Outer Ring Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S20_Outer_Ring_Expressway"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_flag
Flag of Europe
["1 Blazon","2 Symbolism","2.1 Marian interpretation","3 Specifications","4 Adoption and usage","4.1 1950–present: Council of Europe","4.2 1983–present: From European Communities to European Union","5 British consent","6 Derivative designs","6.1 Heraldry","7 Incorrect versions","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
Official symbol used by the Council of Europe and the European Union "European flag" redirects here. For a gallery of flags of countries in Europe, see Flags of Europe. Flag of EuropeEuropean flagFlag of EuropeFlag of the Council of EuropeFlag of the European UnionCircle of starsUse Symbol of Europe Union flag representing the EU (27 members) Council flag representing the Council of Europe (46 members) Proportion2:3Adopted9 December 1955 (CoE)29 June 1985 (EEC)DesignA circle of twelve five-pointed yellow stars on a blue field.Designed byCollaborative effort involving various people, including Arsène Heitz and Paul M. G. Lévy The flag of Europe or European flag consists of twelve golden stars forming a circle on a blue field. It is the official flag of the European Union. It was designed and adopted in 1955 by the Council of Europe (CoE) as a symbol for the whole of Europe. Since 1985, the flag has also been a symbol of the European Union (EU), whose 27 member states are all also CoE members, although in that year the EU had not yet assumed its present name or constitutional form (which came in steps in 1993 and 2009). Adoption by the EU, or EC as it then was, reflected long-standing CoE desire to see the flag used by other European organisations. Official EU use widened greatly in the 1990s. Nevertheless the flag has to date received no status in any of the EU's treaties. Its adoption as an official symbol was planned as part of the 2004 European Constitution but this failed to be ratified. Mention of the flag was removed in 2007 from the text of the Treaty of Lisbon, which was ratified. On the other hand, 16 EU members that year, plus France in 2017, have officially affirmed (by Declaration No. 5224) their attachment to the flag as an EU symbol. The flag is used by other European entities, such as unified sport teams under the rubric Team Europe. Blazon The blazon given by the EU in 1996 describe the design as: "On an azure field a circle of twelve golden mullets, their points not touching." Symbolism The flag used is the Flag of Europe, which consists of a circle of twelve golden stars on a blue background. Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the flag was adopted by the European Communities, the predecessors of the present European Union, in 1986. The Council of Europe gave the flag a symbolic description in the following terms, though the official symbolic description adopted by the EU omits the reference to the "Western world":Against the blue sky of the Western world, the stars symbolise the peoples of Europe in a form of a circle, a sign of union. Their number is invariably twelve, the figure twelve being the symbol of perfection and entirety.— Council of Europe. Paris, 7–9 December 1955. Other symbolic interpretations have been offered based on the account of its design by Paul M. Levy. The five-pointed star is used on many national flags and represents aspiration and education. Their golden colour is that of the sun, which is said to symbolise glory and enlightenment. Their arrangement in a circle represents the constellation of Corona Borealis and can be seen as a crown and the stability of government. The blue background resembles the sky and symbolises truth and the intellect. It is also the colour traditionally used to represent the Virgin Mary. In many paintings of the Virgin Mary as Stella Maris she is crowned with a circle of twelve stars. Marian interpretation Further information: Crown of Immortality and Circle of stars Statue of the Blessed Virgin in Strasbourg Cathedral (1859) Arms of monk and priest Prosper Guéranger (1805–1875) In 1987, following the adoption of the flag by the EC, Arsène Heitz (1908–1989), one of the designers who had submitted proposals for the flag's design, suggested a religious inspiration for it. He stated that the circle of stars was based on the iconographic tradition of showing the Blessed Virgin Mary as the Woman of the Apocalypse, wearing a "crown of twelve stars". Heitz also made a connection to the date of the flag's adoption, 8 December 1955, coinciding with the Feast of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Paul M. G. Lévy, then Director of Information at the Council of Europe responsible for designing the flag, in a 1989 statement maintained that he had not been aware of any religious connotations. In an interview given 26 February 1998, Lévy denied not only awareness of the Marian connection, but also denied that the final design of a circle of twelve stars was Heitz's. To the question "Who really designed the flag?" Lévy replied: I did, and I calculated the proportions to be used for the geometric design. Arsène Heitz, who was an employee in the mail service, put in all sorts of proposals, including the 15-star design. But he submitted too many designs. He wanted to do the European currencies with 15 stars in the corner. He wanted to do national flags incorporating the Council of Europe flag. Carlo Curti Gialdino (2005) has reconstructed the design process to the effect that Heitz's proposal contained varying numbers of stars, from which the version with twelve stars was chosen by the Committee of Ministers meeting at Deputy level in January 1955 as one out of two remaining candidate designs. Lévy's 1998 interview apparently gave rise to a new variant of the Marian anecdote. An article published in Die Welt in August 1998 alleged that it was Lévy himself who was inspired to introduce a Marian element as he walked past a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary. An article posted in La Raison in February 2000 further connected the donation of a stained glass window for Strasbourg Cathedral by the Council of Europe on 21 October 1956. This window, a work by Parisian master Max Ingrand, shows a blessing Madonna underneath a circle of 12 stars on dark blue ground. The overall design of the Madonna is inspired by the banner of the cathedral's Congrégation Mariale des Hommes, and the twelve stars are found on the statue venerated by this congregation inside the cathedral (twelve is also the number of members of the congregation's council). The Regional Office for Cultural Affairs describe this stained glass window called "Le vitrail de l'Europe de Max Ingrand" (The Glass Window of Europe of Max Ingrand). Specifications Construction sheet According to graphical specifications published online by the Council of Europe in 2004, the flag is rectangular with 2:3 proportions: its fly (width) is one and a half times the length of its hoist (height). Twelve yellow stars are centred in a circle (the radius of which is a third of the length of the hoist) upon a blue background. All the stars are upright (one point straight up), have five points and are spaced equally, like the hour positions on the face of a clock. The diameter of each star is equal to one-ninth of the height of the hoist. The colours are regulated in the 1996 guide by the EC, and equivalently in the 2004 guide by the Council of Europe. The base colour of the flag is defined as Pantone "Reflex Blue", while the golden stars are portrayed in Pantone "Yellow": Azure Gold Pantone Reflex Blue Yellow RGB #003399 #FFCC00 CMYK 100.80.0.0 0.21.100.0 The 2013 logo of the Council of Europe has the colours: Azure Gold Pantone PMS 287 PMS 116 RGB #1E448A #FDCB0B CMYK 100.67.0.40 0.20.100.0 Adoption and usage The twelve-star "flag of Europe" was designed in 1950 and officially adopted by the Council of Europe in 1955. The same flag was adopted by the European Parliament in 1983. The European Council adopted it as an "emblem" for the European Communities in 1985. Its status in the European Communities was inherited by the European Union upon its formation in 1993. The proposal to adopt it as official flag of the European Union failed with the ratification of the European Constitution in 2005, and mention of all emblems suggesting statehood was removed from the Treaty of Lisbon of 2007, although sixteen member states signed a declaration supporting the continued use of the flag. In 2007, the European Parliament officially adopted the flag for its own use. 1950–present: Council of Europe The flag of Europe flown alongside the Flag of France on Villa Schutzenberger, seat of the European Audiovisual Observatory, an institution within the Council of Europe (2011 photograph) The Council of Europe in 1950 appointed a committee to study the question of adopting a symbol. Numerous proposals were looked into. Among the unsuccessful proposals was the flag of Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi's International Paneuropean Union, which he had himself recently adopted for the European Parliamentary Union. The design was a blue field with a red cross inside an orange circle at the centre. Kalergi was very committed to defending the cross as "the great symbol of Europe's moral unity", the Red Cross in particular being "recognized by the whole world, by Christian and non-Christian nations as a symbol of international charity and of the brotherhood of man", but the proposal was rejected by Turkey (a member of the Council of Europe since 1949) on grounds of its religious associations in spite of Kalergi's suggestion of adding a crescent alongside the cross to overcome the Muslim objections. Other proposals included the flag was the European Movement, which had a large green E on a white background, a design was based on the Olympic rings, eight golden rings on a blue background, rejected due to the rings' similarity with "dial", "chain" and "zeros", or a large yellow star on a blue background, rejected due to its equality with the flag of the Belgian Congo. The Consultative Assembly narrowed their choice to two designs. One was by Salvador de Madariaga, the founder of the College of Europe, who suggested a constellation of stars on a blue background (positioned according to capital cities, with a large star for Strasbourg, the seat of the council). He had circulated his flag round many European capitals and the concept had found favour. The second was a variant by Arsène Heitz, who worked for the council's postal service and had submitted dozens of designs, one of which was accepted by the Assembly. The design was similar to Salvador de Madariaga's, but rather than a constellation, the stars were arranged in a circle. Arsène Heitz was one of several people who proposed a circle of gold stars on a blue background. None of his proposals perfectly match the design that was adopted. Paul Levy claims that he was the one who designed the template for the flag, not Arsène Heitz. In 1987, Heitz would claim that his inspiration had been the crown of twelve stars of the Woman of the Apocalypse, often found in Marian iconography (see below). On 25 September 1953, the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe recommended that a blue flag with fifteen gold stars be adopted as an emblem for the organisation, the number fifteen reflecting the number of states of the Council of Europe. West Germany objected to the fifteen-star design, as one of the members was Saar Protectorate, and to have its own star would imply sovereignty for the region. The Committee of Ministers (the council's main decision making body) agreed with the Assembly that the flag should be a circle of stars, but opted for a fixed number of twelve stars, "representing perfection and entirety". The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on 25 October 1955 agreed to this. Paul M. G. Lévy drew up the exact design of the new flag. Officially adopted on 8 December 1955, the flag was unveiled at the Château de la Muette in Paris on 13 December 1955. Unsuccessful proposals Kalergi's Paneuropean Union proposal "Eight rings" proposal, reminiscent of the Western Union Standard "Single-star" proposal Madariaga's "constellation" proposal Fifteen-star proposal adopted by the Consultative Assembly in 1953 For the flag of the Council of Europe, many stylistic proposals were made in regards to colours and symbolism. These first proposals were made 19 January 1950 by Paul Levy in a letter to the Secretary-General. He proposed that the flag should contain a cross for several reasons. Firstly, the cross symbolizes roads crossing, and also represents the east, the west, the north, and the south with its arms. Furthermore, the cross appears in most of the European Council members' flags, and it is the oldest and most noble symbol in Europe. Moreover, the cross depicted Christianity. As far as the colours are concerned, he proposed them to be white and green, colours of the European Movement, which was of great significance since 1947. Green also depicted hope, and the green cross over a white background was a design that had not been used yet. Finally, Levy proposed that the arms of Strasbourg was an important element to be added as it represented where the council would be, and being located in the heart of the cross meant that the council was the point where the European roads met. Shortly after this design considerations by Paul Levy, on 27 July 1950, Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, president of the Pan-European movement wrote a memorandum which contained some rules that a flag for such union should follow. The rules he stated where: It should be a symbol of our common civilisation. It should present a European emblem. It should not provoke any national rivalry. It should represent tradition. It should be beautiful and dignified. After these statements, Coudenhove-Kalergi proposed that the Pan-European movement flag would be the perfect one to fit these criteria 15 July 1951, the consultative assembly put forward a final memorandum on the European flag. The symbols proposed where the following A cross: Symbol of Christianity, Europe's crossroads, reminiscent of the crusades, and present in half of the member state's flags. An "E": Used by the European Movement. A white star in a circle: Symbol used in 1944–45 by the armies of liberation. Multiple stars: Each star could represent a member. They could be green on a white background, white stars on a red background, or silver stars for associate members, and golden stars for full members. Strasbourg's Coat of Arms: To symbolize the official seat of the Council of Europe. A sun: It would represent dawning hope. A triangle: It would represent culture. Furthermore, several colours were also proposed: Multi-coloured: It was proposed that the flag could contain all the colours the flags of the member states had. Green and White: These were the colours of the European Movement. Blue: Symbol of peace and neutrality, as other colours were already used for other movements such as black for mourning, red for bolshevism, or green for Islam. In the end, the flag of Europe was chosen to have 12 five-pointed golden stars in a circle over a blue background, probably inspired by the Pan-European flag and other designs such as Salvador de Madariaga's and Arsène Heitz's proposals. Alternative proposals Flag Date Designer Description Sources 1920 Unknown Obverse and reverse of the European flag proposed in an anonymous pan-European brochure from 1920. 1930 Unknown Anonymous sketch flag for the United States of Europe 23 August 1949 Camille Manné Flag proposal by Camille Manné, a Strasbourg Citizen, which incorporated all the colours of the European flags, made by doing a statistical analysis of the colours of the European flags. Its design is in the form of four horizontal stripes, blue, green, yellow and black, and a chevron horizontally divided in red and white adjacent to the hoist. The chevron also has the colours of Strasbourg. 5 June 1950 Coudenhove-Kalergi The count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi proposed to Jacques-Camille Paris, Secretary General of the European Council, about using the Paneuropean movement flag. 15 July 1951 Martin-Levy One of the curators of the Strasbourg Museum and member of the Secretariat-General, Martin-Levy, proposed a white ground with a green cross bearing in the centre the coat-of-arms of the Town of Strasbourg. The cross is shifted slightly towards the hoist in the manner of Scandinavian flags. Coudenhove-Kalergi The Count Coudenhove-Kalergi proposed a white flag bearing a red symmetrical cross, also known as the flag of St. George. Prince de Schwarzenberg The Prince de Schwarzenberg proposed that the "first European symbol", the labarum of Constantine, should be adopted. A red flag with a yellow symmetrical cross. Lucien Philippe Fifteen five-pointed green stars in three rows on a white ground. Louis Wirion Louis Wirion, Luxembourg expert in heraldry, proposed a design based on the Martin-Levy proposal, reversing the colours and doing away with the Strasbourg coat of arms. However he agreed that the white ground should be left with a green cross provided the Strasbourg coat of arms at the centre was only used for the pennants of Council personages and flags flown on Council buildings, and omitted in all other cases. Sommier of Neuilly Sommier proposed a design based in the European Movement flag, with a green "E" detached from the hoist over a white ground. Alwin Mondon Alwin Mondon, a cartographer of Bad Godesberg, proposed a white triangle, symbol of culture, on various fields. (One of them shown) Muller of Wiesbaden Muller of Wiesbaden proposed a red flag bearing the word "Europa" in gold lettering, with a golden sun and a white hand making the sign of the oath. Harmignies Harmignies suggested creating a new heraldic device: a Cross of Europe. This cross would consist of four "E"s backed on to a square. He proposed a flag consisting of a green Cross of Europe on a white ground. Poucher Poucher proposed a federal flag which was virtually the reverse of the flag of the United States of America, with blue bands and a red quarter in one corner. H.C.? H.C. proposed a horizontally-divided blue-red flag, the upper blue and the lower red. This is the international code sign of the letter "E". Furthermore, these two colours also correspond to those generally adopted by the right and left wing parties respectively. 26 September 1951 Coudenhove-Kalergi A slight variation of the Paneuropean movement flag that the count Cudenhove-Kalergi proposed but later verbally expressed his intention of withdrawing his proposal. J. E. Dylan In January 1951 J.E.Dylan proposed on a letter this and other flag with the Star of Liberation surrounded by stars (one for each union member). He also proposed these two designs to have a blue background. The council put forward this proposal, which had a green flag with a white and red Star of Liberation, and the Strasbourg coat of arms on the upper left-hand corner. The star in a circle was in 1944-5 the insignia of the armies of Liberation. Unknown A similar design to Louis Wirion's flag proposal, but the cross is symmetrical. This design was proposed by those who believed that a green cross on a white background would be too easily soiled. Unknown A white Cross of St. Andrew over a green ground. The cross represents one of the oldest and most popular European emblems which has appeared in the case of the Cross of Burgundy, emblem of the "Grand Duchy of the West". 15 October 1951 Arsène Heitz Arsène Heitz proposed a green flag, colour of Charlemagne's standard which the Pope Leo III gave to him at his coronation, and a red cross fimbriated in yellow. Red depicts the bloodshed in fratricidal struggles and yellow being the colour of the Pope and Christianity. Arsène Heitz Slight variation of the Cross of St.George, with the heart of the cross located closer to the hoist, in the style of the Nordic Cross. Probably inspired or derived from Count Coudenhove-Kalergi's proposal, so that it wasn't a replica of England's flag. 1 December 1951 Salvador de Madariaga Salvador de Madariaga chose to depict each capital of the member states at that time with a star. The bigger star depicted Strasbourg. Stars were chosen as they depicted the country, but without the need of frontiers. Furthermore, they were eight-pointed depicting the eight chief directions of the compass. 5 January 1952 Arsène Heitz A green standard, colour of Charlemagne's standard, with a red cross fimbriated with gold. Each member state, when using the flag, could insert their coat of arms in the heart of the cross. 12 May 1952 Paul Levy Turkey objected to the Paneuropean proposal due to the fact that there was Christian representation with the red cross, but no Islamic representation. Therefore, Paul Levy proposed adding a small crescent at one of the upper corners of the sun in the flag. 15 November 1952 Arsène Heitz Set of European flags which start to resemble more the actual flag of the EU. They show circles of yellow five-pointed stars on a blue field. Heitz, as in his previous January proposal, he suggested that each member state could add its own flag to the design. 25 September 1953 Members of the Council of Europe Fifteen golden five-pointed stars in a circle representing union, over a blue (azure) background. (on the official documents, "sky-blue" does not refer to the shade, but to the symbolism of the colour. The French translation, the heraldic description and hatching pattern, and colour illustrations make it clear that the background was azure (blue) and not light blue.) 12 November 1954 Arsène Heitz Blue flag with a yellow eight-pointed star in a red circle. The design is probably inspired in the Paneuropean flag, but instead of having a yellow cross, the shape of a compass rose is added to represent all of Europe. 25 December 1954 Blue flag with a red and white eight-pointed compass rose in the middle, probably chosen so that all member states felt represented. 11 September 1955 Blue flag with a star in the middle surrounded by twelve secondary stars. This is the most similar flag to the current one, with 12 stars instead of 15, and a star in the middle to probably represent Strasbourg or union. 9 December 1955 Committee of European Ministers Blue field with a five-pointed 12-star circle 1983–present: From European Communities to European Union Vertical flag of Europe This article appears to be slanted towards recent events. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. (August 2019) Following Expo 58 in Brussels, the flag caught on and the Council of Europe lobbied for other European organisations to adopt the flag as a sign of European unity. The European Parliament took the initiative in seeking a flag to be adopted by the European Communities. Shortly after the first direct elections in 1979 a draft resolution was put forward on the issue. The resolution proposed that the Communities' flag should be that of the Council of Europe and it was adopted by the Parliament on 11 April 1983. "Flag and emblem" for the European Communities proposed in the 1985 Adonnino Report The June 1984 European Council (the Communities' leaders) summit in Fontainebleau stressed the importance of promoting a European image and identity to citizens and the world. The European Council appointed an ad hoc committee, named "Committee for 'a People's Europe'" (Adonnino Committee). This committee submitted a substantial report, including wide-ranging suggestions, from organising a "European lottery" to campaigning for the introduction of local voting rights for foreign nationals throughout Europe. Under the header of "strengthening of the Community's image and identity", the Committee suggested the introduction of "a flag and an emblem", recommending a design based on the Council of Europe flag, but with the addition of "a gold letter E" in the center of the circle of stars. The European Council held in Milan on 28/29 June 1985 largely followed the recommendations of the Adonnino Committee. But as the adoption of a flag was strongly reminiscent of a national flag representing statehood and was extremely controversial with some member states (in particular the United Kingdom, as the proposed flag closely resembled the Queen's personal standard), the Council of Europe's "flag of Europe" design was adopted, without the letter E, only with the official status of a "logo". This compromise was widely disregarded from the beginning, and the "European logo", in spite of the explicit language of giving it the status of a "logo", was referred to as the "Community flag" or even "European flag" from the outset. The Communities began to use the "emblem" as its de facto flag from 1986, raising it outside the Berlaymont building (the seat of the European Commission) for the first time on 29 May 1986. The European Union, which was established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 to replace the European Communities and encompass its functions, has retained de facto use of the "Community logo" of the EC. Technically and officially, the "European flag" as used by the European Union remains not a "flag" but "a Community 'logo' — or 'emblem' — eligible to be reproduced on rectangular pieces of fabric". In 1997, the "Central and Eastern Eurobarometer" poll included a section intending to "discover the level of public awareness of the European Union" in what were then candidate countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Interviewees were shown "a sticker of the European flag" and asked to identify it. Responses considered correct were: the European Union, the European Community, the Common Market, and "Europe in general". 52% of those interviewed gave one of the correct answers, 15% gave a wrong answer (naming another institution, such as NATO or the United Nations), and 35% could or would not identify it. The "flag barcode" In 2002, Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas designed a symbol, dubbed the "barcode", which displayed the colours of the national flags of the EU member states in vertical stripes. It was reported as a replacement for the European flag, which was not the intention. It was not adopted by the EU or any other organisation at the time, but an updated version was used in the visual identity of the Austrian EU Presidency in 2006. The official status of the emblem as the flag of the European Union was to be formalised as part of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. However, as the proposed treaty failed ratification, the mention of all state-like emblems, including the flag, were not included in the replacement Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force in 2009. Instead, a separate declaration by sixteen Member States was included in the final act of the Treaty of Lisbon stating that the flag, the anthem, the motto and the currency and Europe Day "will for them continue as symbols to express the sense of community of the people in the European Union and their allegiance to it." In reaction to the removal of the flag from the treaty, the European Parliament, which had supported the inclusion of such symbols, backed a proposal to use these symbols "more often" on behalf of the Parliament itself; Jo Leinen, MEP for Germany, suggested that the Parliament should take "an avant-garde role" in their use. In September 2008, the Parliament's Committee on Constitutional Affairs proposed a formal change in the institution's rules of procedure to make "better use of the symbols". Specifically, the flag would be present in all meeting rooms (not just the hemicycle) and at all official events. The proposal was passed on 8 October 2008 by 503 votes to 96 (15 abstentions). In 2015, a set of commemorative Euro coins was issued on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the emblem by the European Communities. Further information: Pan-Europeanism and Colour revolutions In April 2004, the European flag was flown on behalf of the European Space Agency, by Dutch astronaut André Kuipers while on board the International Space Station, in reference to the Framework Agreement establishing the legal basis for co-operation between the European Space Agency and the European Union. Following the 2004 Summer Olympics, President Romano Prodi expressed his hope "to see the EU Member State teams in Beijing carry the flag of the European Union alongside their own national flag as a symbol of our unity". Use of the flag has also been reported as representing the European team at the Ryder Cup golf competition in the early 2000s, although most European participants preferred to use their own national flags. The flag has been widely used by advocates of European integration since the late 1990s or early 2000s. It is often displayed in the context of Europe Day, on 9 May. Outside the EU, it was used in the context of several of the "colour revolutions" during the 2000s. In Belarus, it was used on protest marches alongside the white-red-white flag and other flags of opposition movements, such as Zubr, during the protests of 2004–2006. The flag was used widely in a 2007 pro-EU march in Minsk. Similar uses were reported from Moldova in 2009. In Georgia, the flag has been on most government buildings since the coming to power of Mikheil Saakashvili (2007), who used it during his inauguration, stating: " flag is Georgia's flag as well, as far as it embodies our civilisation, our culture, the essence of our history and perspective, and our vision for the future of Georgia." It was used in 2008 by pro-western Serbian voters ahead of an election. Protesters in Kyiv waving Ukrainian and European flags during the Euromaidan demonstrations in 2013 The flag became a symbol of European integration of Ukraine in the 2010s, particularly after Euromaidan. Ukraine is not a part of the EU but is a member of the Council of Europe. The flag is used by the Cabinet of Ukraine, Prime Minister of Ukraine, and MFA UA during official meetings. It was flown during the 2013 Euromaidan protests in Ukraine, and in 2016 by the pro-EU faction in the EU membership referendum campaigns in the United Kingdom. The flag has also been adopted as a symbol for EU policies and expansionism by EU-sceptics. In an early instance, Macedonian protesters burned "the flag of the EU" in the context of EU involvement in the 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia. In the 2005 Islamic protests against the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons, the Danish flag was most frequently burned, but (as the cartoons were reprinted in many European countries), some protesters opted for burning "the EU flag" instead. Protesters during the Greek government-debt crisis of 2012 "burned the EU flag and shouted 'EU out' ". Burning of the EU flag has been reported from other anti-EU rallies since. By the 2010s, the association of the emblem with the EU had become so strong that the Council of Europe saw it necessary to design a new logo, to "avoid confusion", officially adopted in 2013. The EU emblem ("EU flag") is depicted on the euro banknotes. Euro coins also display a circle of twelve stars on both the national and common sides. It is also depicted on many driving licences and vehicle registration plates issued in the Union. Diplomatic missions of EU member states fly the EU flag alongside their national flag. In October 2000, the then-new British Embassy in Berlin sparked controversy between the UK and Germany and the EU when the embassy did not have a second external flagpole for the EU flag. After diplomatic negotiations, it was agreed that the outside flagpole would have the diplomatic Union Flag while inside the embassy, the EU flag would accompany the UK flag. Some member states' national airlines such as Lufthansa have the EU flag alongside their national flags on aircraft as part of their aircraft registration codes, but this is not an EU-mandated directive. A number of logos used by EU institutions, bodies and agencies are derived from the design and colours of the EU emblem. Other emblems make reference to the European flag, such as the EU organic food label that uses the twelve stars but reorders them into the shape of a leaf on a green background. The original logo of the European Broadcasting Union used the twelve stars on a blue background adding ray beams to connect the countries. There was a proposal in 2003 to deface national civil ensigns with the EU emblem. The proposal was rejected by Parliament in 2004. The flag is usually flown by the government of the country holding the rotating presidency Council of Ministers. In 2009, Czech President Václav Klaus, a eurosceptic, refused to fly the flag from his castle. In response, Greenpeace projected an image of the flag onto the castle and attempted to fly the flag from the building themselves. Extraordinary flying of the flag is common on Europe Day, celebrated annually on 9 May. On Europe Day 2008, the flag was flown for the first time above the German Reichstag. The flag has also been displayed in the context of EU military operations (EUFOR Althea). A KOD demonstration in Warsaw, Poland against the ruling Law and Justice party, on 7 May 2016 European flag upside down at the Pride in London parade, just after the Brexit referendum in June 2016 Flag of the EU in the top left corner of a 100 euro banknote (second series) European Central Bank logo The EU uses the emblem in a number of ways, here on vehicle registration plates. The "D" in this photo indicates Germany (Deutschland). In Italy the European Flag must be displayed alongside the national flag in official ceremonies and over public buildings. The European Flag is placed on numerous municipal flagpoles in Paris, on a par with the flag of France; here in front of the Louvre Palace. Order of precedence at the state visit of Greek prime minister Antonis Samaras in Berlin (24 August 2012): The Greek flag takes the first order of precedence, followed by the German flag on the right (seen on the left when facing the building) and the European flag in third order, on the left. German border sign Sixteen out of twenty-seven member states in 2007 signed the declaration recognising "the flag with a circle of twelve golden stars on a blue background" as representing "the sense of community of the people in the European Union and their allegiance to it." In 2017, president of France Emmanuel Macron signed a declaration endorsing the 2007 statement, so that, as of 2018, 17 out of 27 member states have recognised the emblem as a flag representing "allegiance to the EU": Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. Italy has incorporated the EU flag into its flag code. According to an Italian law passed in 2000, it is mandatory for most public offices and buildings to hoist the European Flag alongside the Italian national flag (Law 22/1998 and Presidential Decree 121/2000). Outside official use, the flag may not be used for "aims incompatible with European values". The 2000 Italian flag code expressly replaces the Italian flag with the European flag in precedence when dignitaries from other EU countries visit – for example the EU flag would be in the middle of a group of three flags rather than the Italian flag. In Germany, the federal flag code of 1996 is only concerned with the German flag, but some of the states have legislated additional provisions for the European flag, such as Bavaria in its flag regulation of 2001, which mandates that the European flag take the third order of precedence, after the federal and state flags, except on Europe Day, where it is to take the first order of precedence. In Ireland on occasions of "European Union Events" (for example, at a European Council meeting), where the European flag is flown alongside all national flags of member states, the national flags are placed in alphabetical order (according to their name in the main language of that state) with the European flag either at the head, or the far-right, of the order of flags. In most member states, use of the EU flag is only de facto and not regulated by legislation, and as such subject to ad hoc revision. In national usage, national protocol usually demands the national flag takes precedence over the European flag (which is usually displayed to the right of the national flag from the observer's perspective). In November 2014, the speaker of the Hungarian Parliament László Kövér ordered the removal of the EU flag from the parliament building, following an incident in which a member of parliament had "defenestrated" two EU flags from a fourth story window. In November 2015, the newly elected Polish government under Beata Szydło removed the EU flag from government press conferences. British consent In Oxford, after a post-Brexit law, consent is required for use of the EU flag Derivative designs The design of the European flag has been used in a variation, such as that of the Council of Europe mentioned above, and also to a greater extent such as the flag of the Western European Union (WEU; now defunct), which uses the same colours and the stars but has a number of stars based on membership and in a semicircle rather than a circle. It is also defaced with the initials of the former Western European Union in two languages. The European Parliament used its own flag from 1973, but never formally adopted it. It fell out of use with the adoption of the twelve-star flag by the Parliament in 1983. The flag followed the yellow and blue colour scheme however instead of twelve stars there were the letters EP and PE (initials of the European Parliament in the six community languages at the time) surrounded by a wreath. Sometime later, the Parliament chose to use a logo consisting of a stylised hemicycle and the EU flag at the bottom right. The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina, imposed by High Representative Carlos Westendorp after the country's parliament failed to agree on a design, is reminiscent of the symbolism of the EU flag, using the same blue and yellow colours; also, the stars (although of a different number and colour) are a direct reference to those of the European flag. Likewise, Kosovo uses blue, yellow and stars in its flag, which has been mocked as a "none too subtle nod to the flag of the European Union, which is about to become Kosovo's new best friend as it takes over protector status from the United Nations". The flag of the Brussels-Capital Region (introduced in 2016) consists of a yellow iris with a white outline upon a blue background. Its colours are based on the colours of the Flag of Europe, because Brussels is considered the unofficial capital of the EU. The blue and yellow colours of the Brussels flag are those of the European Union, of which Brussels is the de facto capital city. The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina was partly based on the European flag. Logo of the Council of Europe Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1958–1972) Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1973–1980) Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1981–1985) Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1986–2002) The flag of Kosovo was partly based on the European flag. Flag of the Western European Union (1993–1995) Flag of the Western European Union (1995–2011) Flag of the Assembly of the Western European Union Flag of the European Parliament (1973–1983) Flag of the European Maritime Safety Agency Flag of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EU emblem for certification of organic agricultural products Heraldry See also: Armorial of Europe The coat of arms of the chairman of the European Union Military Committee (CEUMC), the highest-ranking officer within the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), depicts the European emblem as a coat of arms, i.e. emblazoned on an escutcheon. In heraldic terms, this makes the European flag is the banner of arms, i.e. the flag form of this coat of arms. In English blazon, the arms is On an azure field a circle of 12 golden mullets, their points not touching. Several EU publications related to the CSDP generally, and its prospective development as a defence arm, have also displayed the European emblem in this manner, albeit as a graphical design element rather than an official symbol. Chairman Michail Kostarakos wearing the heraldic badge Heraldic badge Moldovan and Ukrainian flags displayed as supporters, symbolising the EU's border assistance mission since 2005 The European emblem emblazoned on a chair at the occasion of the 2004 signing of the European Constitution in Rome The European emblem emblazoned on the Eiffel Tower in 2008 The European emblem emblazoned on the carpet in the European Court of Human Rights Incorrect versions Wrong flags The stars are upside down. The stars point outwards instead of in one direction. The stars should be arranged like a face of a clock, which is not the case in this flag. Correct flag Correct flag See also Symbols of Europe#Flag Symbols of the European Union European Fisheries Control Agency#Pennant Flags of the European Union's precursors Flag of the Western Union Flag of the Western European Union Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community Flags of other European unification movements Flag of the Paneuropean Union (adopted 1922) Hertensteiner Cross of the federalist movements (used in 1946) Federalist flag of the European Movement (adopted 1948) Other continental flags Flag of the African Union Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union Notes ^ Alternatively, it is sometimes called the flag of the European Union when representing the EU. The name "flag of the European Union" is used in e.g. the Italian law no. 22 of 5 February 1998 (bandiera dell'Unione europea), and by the Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe (Le drapeau de l'Union européenne, 2016). ^ Some flags were proposed on several occasions. Therefore, the dates shown are the oldest dates on which the flag was first recorded. ^ Most of the documents sourced are from the Council of Europe webpage. Furthermore, some reconstructions were assisted by images of the flag sketches stored in the Digital Research in European Studies. Other reconstructions were made from descriptions in the documents and images provided by the European Council. ^ Probably Louis Wirion, who had already talked about reverting the colours in his first proposal. References ^ "The European flag". Council of Europe. Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ "Emblème du Conseil de l'Europe". Council of Europe. 9 December 1955. Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ a b c d "Council of Europe's Emblems". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007. ^ The European flag, Council of Europe. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ "The European flag". The Council of Europe in brief. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ "Teams at the 2020 Ryder Cup at Whistling Straits, Kohler, WI, Sept. 22-27 brought to you by Rydercup.com". Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019. ^ a b (in French) Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen (1996), p. 3: Description symbolique: Sur le fond bleu du ciel, les étoiles figurant les peuples d'Europe forment un cercle en signe d'union. Elles sont au nombre invariable de douze, symbole de la perfection et de la plénitude...Description héraldique: Sur fond azur, un cercle composé de douze étoiles d'or à cinq rais, dont les pointes ne se touchent pas. c.f. "Graphical specifications for the European Emblem". European Commission. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2004. ^ "Thirty-sixth meeting of the ministers' deputies: resolution (55) 32" (PDF). Council of Europe. 9 December 1955. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2008. ^ "Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen" (in French). 1996. p. 3. Description symbolique: Sur le fond bleu du ciel, les étoiles figurant les peuples d'Europe forment un cercle en signe d'union. Elles sont au nombre invariable de douze, symbole de la perfection et de la plénitude...Description héraldique: Sur fond azur, un cercle composé de douze étoiles d'or à cinq rais, dont les pointes ne se touchent pas. ^ "Graphical specifications for the European Emblem". European Commission. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2004. ^ a b "European Union Flag : University of Dayton, Ohio". udayton.edu. Retrieved 20 February 2019. ^ a b c "Real politics, at last?". The Economist. 28 October 2004. Retrieved 14 August 2011. ^ "Large full version of the window". venez-chez-domi.fr. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009. ^ p. 309 of "Armorial des prélats Français du XIXème siècle" ^ a b c Carlo Curti Gialdino, I Simboli dell'Unione europea, Bandiera – Inno – Motto – Moneta – Giornata. Roma: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato S.p.A., 2005. ISBN 88-240-2503-X, pp. 80–85. Gialdino is here cited after a translation of the Italian text published by the Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe (cvce.eu): Irrespective of the statements by Paul M. G. Levy and the recent reconstruction by Susan Hood, crediting Arsène Heitz with the original design still seems to me the soundest option. In particular, Arsène Heitz himself, in 1987, laid claim to his own role in designing the flag and to its religious inspiration when he said that 'the flag of Europe is the flag of Our Lady' . Secondly, it is worth noting the testimony of Father Pierre Caillon, who refers to a meeting with Arsène Heitz. Caillon tells of having met the former Council of Europe employee by chance in August 1987 at Lisieux in front of the Carmelite monastery. It was Heitz who stopped him and declared "I was the one who designed the European flag. I suddenly had the idea of putting the 12 stars of the Miraculous Medal of the Rue du Bac on a blue field. My proposal was adopted unanimously on 8 December 1955, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. I am telling you this, Father, because you are wearing the little blue cross of the Blue Army of Our Lady of Fatima". ^ "European Union: Myths on the flag". Flags of the World. 2002 . Retrieved 4 August 2007. "While Count Coudenhove-Kalergi in a personal statement maintained that three leading Catholics within the Council had subconsciously chosen the twelve stars on the model of Apocalypse 12:1, Paul M.G. Lévy, Press Officer of the Council from 1949 to 1966, explained in 1989 that there was no religious intention whatsoever associated with the choice of the circle of twelve stars." Peter Diem, 11 June 2002. ^ Pinzka, Thomas (26 August 1998). "Der Sternenkranz ist die Folge eines Gelübdes" . Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 3 November 2018. ^ "L'origine chrétienne du drapeau européen" (in French). atheisme.org. Retrieved 21 January 2009. ^ "Congrégation Mariale des Hommes" (in French). Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg. 4 February 2004. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2009. ^ "Le vitrail de l'Europe de Max Ingrand" (in French). DRAC Alsace. Retrieved 14 October 2017. ^ a b "Graphical specifications for the European flag". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 12 June 2004. "PANTONE REFLEX BLUE corresponds in the web-palette colour RGB:0/0/153 (hexadecimal: 000099) and PANTONE YELLOW corresponds in the web-palette colour RGB:255/204/0 (hexadecimal: FFCC00)." ^ a b The 1996 guideline does not include any recommendation for RGB values. The 2004 guideline published online by the CoE recommends "RGB:0/51/153 (hexadecimal: 003399)" for "PANTONE REFLEX BLUE" and "RGB:255/204/0 (hexadecimal: FFCC00)" for "PANTONE YELLOW" for the web palette (the limited 12 bit color space popular at the time). These recommendations are by no means objective or universal. Other recommendations for "Reflex Blue" include: #0c1c8c (pantonecolors.org Archived 5 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) #001489 (pantone.com Archived 14 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine) #00209F (colourlovers.com) #001789 (e-paint.co.uk) #171796 (encycolorpedia.com) The former Pantone "Yellow" is now called "Yellow C", with recommended RGB value #FEDD00 (CMYK 0.1.100.0). (pantone.com) Archived 12 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b (in French) Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen (1996), p. 6: Le jaune est obtenu avec 100% de «Process Yellow». En mélangeant 100% de «Process Cyan» avec 80% de «Process Magenta», on obtient un bleu très semblable au Reflex Blue Pantone. ^ a b Council of Europe's new visual identity- Guide, Council of EUrope, 2013. ^ a b RGB and CMYK values are those given in the 2013 recommendation. Pantone recommendations for PMS 287: RGB #003087, CMYK 100.75.2.18 (pantone.com Archived 1 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine); for PMS 116: RGB #FFCD00, CMYK 0.14.100.0 (pantone.com Archived 25 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine). ^ Final Act, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007 C 306–2, p. 267 Declaration 52, consolidated EU treaties. ^ "EU Parliament set to use European flag, anthem". EU Business. 11 September 2008. Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2008. The proposal was passed on 8 October 2008 by 503 votes to 96 (15 abstentions). Kubosova, Lucia (9 October 2008). "No prolonged mandate for Barroso, MEPs warn". EUobserver. Retrieved 9 October 2008. ^ a b c d e f g CVCE (ed.). "The European flag: questions and answers". Retrieved 25 June 2014. ^ (in French) Letter to the secretary general of the Council of Europe from Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, Council of Europe. ^ Johan Fornäs, Signifying Europe (2012), p. 131. ^ a b Council of Europe fahnenversand.de ^ (in French) Letter from Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi regarding a Muslim modification to the Pan-Europa flag design, Council of Europe. ^ European Movement crwflags.com Proposals for the European flag Archived 15 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine crwflags.com ^ a b Murphy, Sean (25 January 2006). "Memorandum on the Role of Irish Chief Herald Slevin in the Design of the European Flag". Centre for Irish Genealogical and Historical Studies. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2009. ^ "Lettre d'Arsène Heitz à Filippo Caracciolo (Strasbourg, 5 janvier 1952)". CVCE. Retrieved 25 June 2014. ^ "Weekly broadcast of the Council of Europe, 6th October, 1953". Council of Europe. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ Rejected: Designs for the European Flag. Wirklichkeit Books. 10 December 2020. pp. 103–108. ISBN 9783948200039. ^ "Proposals for European flags from Arsène Heitz (1952–1955)". CVCE. 8 November 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ "Recommendation 56(1) of the Consultative Assembly on the choice of an emblem for the Council of Europe (25 September 1953)". CVCE. Retrieved 25 June 2014. ^ "Account by Paul M. G. Lévy, a Belgian Holocaust survivor on the creation of the European flag". CVCE. Retrieved 25 June 2014. ^ a b "Memorandum from Paul Levy to Jacques-Camille Paris (Secretary General) about having a cross on the European flag". Council of Europe. 19 January 2020. ^ "Memorandum from Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi on the European flag (Gstaad, 27 July 1950)". CVCE.EU by UNI.LU. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2021. ^ "Memorandum presented to the Council of Europe by Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi". Council of Europe. 26 January 2020. ^ "Memorandum of the Secretariat General on the European Flag". Council of Europe. 26 January 2020. ^ "European Flag". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "CVCE.eu". CVCE.eu. 3 January 2020. ^ "Das Neue Europa Mit Dem Dauernden Frieden. Die Unionisierung Mitteleuropas. ". Cornell University Library. 3 January 2020. ^ "Sketch of a flag for the United States of Europe ("Union Stati Europa")". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Proposal by Camille Manné (Founder of the SICOP printing firm, Bischheim, Alsace, France)". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Flag showing the design by Camille Manet (Founder of the SICOP printing firm, Bischheim, Alsace, France)". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Memorandum of the Secretariat General on the European Flag". 3 January 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Proposals for flags submitted to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe (December 1951)". CVCE.eu. 3 January 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Memorandum from Paul Levy to Antoine Fischer (Saisons d'Alsace?) – 12 proposals for a flag". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Letter from Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi to Jacques-Camille Paris (Secretary General) about using the red cross of the united states of Europe". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Memorandum presented to the Council of Europe by Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi about using the red cross of the United States of Europe". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "etter from Louis Wirion (Luxembourg) to Paul Levy – proposals for a flag". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Letter from J. Dynan (Associated Press) to Paul Levy – proposals for a flag". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Letter from Arsène Heitz to Paul Levy. He proposes a red cross". council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ a b "European Flag: Memorandum by the Secretariat-General". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h "Proposals for European flags from Arsène Heitz (1952–1955)". CVCE.eu. 3 January 2020. ^ "Salvador de Madariaga proposes a design for the European flag". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Letter from Arsène Heitz to F. Caracciolo (Clerk of the Assembly). He proposes a red cross on a green background, inspired by Charlemagne's standard". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Extract of a letter from George Coedes on the Turks and the cross". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Letter from Paul Levy to Salvador de Madariaga on Turkish opposition to a cross". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Letter from Paul Levy to Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi on Turkish opposition to a cross". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Letter from Paul Levy to Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi. He suggests how to proceed as regards his proposal for a crescent shape to be added". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Design by Arsène Heitz – blue flag with the Turkish flag surrounded by stars in the top left-hand corner". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Design by Arsène Heitz – blue flag with the British flag on the top left, and 15 stars laid out in two concentric circles in the middle". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Design by Arsène Heitz – blue flag with the French flag on the top left, and 15 stars laid out in two concentric circles in the middle". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "REPORT on the choice of an emblem for the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe". Council of Europe. 21 September 1953. ^ "Emblem adopted by the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe in 1953". Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe. 25 September 1953. ^ "Azure design with a wreath of 15 stars in the middle". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "The Assembly adopts a heraldic description of the flag design". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Design by Arsène Heitz – Blue flag with a yellow eight-pointed star in a red circle". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Design by Arsène Heitz – Blue flag with a red and white eight-pointed compass rose in the middle". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "Design by Arsène Heitz – Blue flag with a star in the middle surrounded by twelve secondary stars". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ "The Committee of Ministers chooses the 12-star flag on an azure background as the European Flag. The European Community adopt the same flag in 1986". Council of Europe. 3 January 2020. ^ a b Regarding The "Adonnino Report" – Report to the European Council by the ad hoc committee "On a People's Europe", A 10.04 COM 85, SN/2536/3/85. ^ "bearing in mind the independence and the different nature of the two organizations, the Committee proposes to the European Council that the European Community emblem and flag should be a blue rectangle with, in the center, a circle of twelve five-pointed gold stars which do not touch, surrounding a gold letter E, of the design already used by the Commission." Adonnino Report, p. 31. ^ Tobias Theiler, Political Symbolism and European Integration, Manchester University Press, 2005 p. 61–65. ^ "not a compromise that the Commission itself cared much to abide by: from the outset, it generally used the terms 'Community flag' or, bolder still, 'European flag'." Tobias Theiler, Political Symbolism and European Integration, Manchester University Press, 2005 p. 6. ^ "Raising of the European flag in front of the Berlaymont (Brussels, 29 May 1986)". CVCE. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2014. ^ Nicole Scicluna, European Union Constitutionalism in Crisis, Routledge (2014), p. 56. ^ Countries polled: Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia (joined 2004), Bulgaria and Romania (joined 2007). Central and Eastern Eurobarometer, Issue 8, European Commission, March 1998. ^ "Down with EU stars, run up stripes". BBC News. 8 May 2002. ^ "EU barcode". OMA projects. ^ "Austrian EU Presidency Logo". Dexigner. ^ "Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Austria, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia and the Slovak Republic declare that the flag with a circle of twelve golden stars on a blue background, the anthem based on the 'Ode to Joy' from the Ninth Symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, the motto 'United in diversity', the euro as the currency of the European Union and Europe Day on 9 May will for them continue as symbols to express the sense of community of the people in the European Union and their allegiance to it." Final Act, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007 C 306–2, p. 267 ^ Beunderman, Mark (11 July 2007). "MEPs defy member states on EU symbols". EUobserver. Retrieved 12 July 2007. ^ "EU Parliament set to use European flag, anthem". EU Business. 11 September 2008. Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2008. ^ Kubosova, Lucia (9 October 2008). "No prolonged mandate for Barroso, MEPs warn". EUobserver. Retrieved 9 October 2008. ^ "To mark the 30th anniversary of the decision by EU leaders to adopt the flag as an EU emblem, the 19 euro area countries are issuing a special commemorative coin. Following an online competition held in 2015 by the European Commission, citizens and residents of the euro area selected the design created by Georgios Stamatopoulos, an engraver at the Bank of Greece. It comprises 12 stars that morph into human figures embracing the birth of a new Europe." (europa.eu) ^ "Further steps towards a European space policy". European Space Agency. Retrieved 11 February 2009. ^ Olympic Games 2004 – Congratulations from President Prodi, European Commission, 30 August 2004. ^ "While some fans of the European players in golf's Ryder Cup unfurl the flag of the European Union, many persist in waving their national flags despite the multinational composition of the European team." Alan Bairner, Sport, Nationalism, and Globalization: European and North American Perspectives (2001), p. 2. Rachman, Gideon (22 September 2006). "The Ryder Cup and Euro-nationalism". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 August 2008. ^ Mite (20 October 2004). "Belarus: Scores Arrested, Opposition Leader Hospitalized After Minsk Protests". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 5 August 2007. Myers, Steven Lee; Chivers, C.J. (20 March 2006). "Election is landslide for leader of Belarus". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2016. ^ "Belarusians had European March in Minsk". charter97.org. 14 October 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2007. ^ "Romania slams Moldova's sanctions". News.bbc.co.uk. 9 April 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2017. ^ Petersen, Alex (1 May 2007). "Comment – Georgia: Brussels on its mind". EUobserver. Retrieved 1 May 2007. ^ Gutterman, Steve (26 January 2004). "Saakashvili Sworn in as New President". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018. ^ Petersen, Alexandros (2 May 2007). "Georgia: Brussels on its mind". Global Power Europe. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2007. ^ a b c "Photo from Reuters Pictures". Reuters Images, on Daylife. 9 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2008. ^ "Government portal :: November 26, a meeting of the Government". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ Grätz, Jonas (9 December 2013). "Revolution on Euromaidan". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 3 April 2018. ^ "Politics of brutal pressure". The Economist. 23 November 2013. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. ^ "The Evolution Of Euromaidan". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. ^ The Times 27 June 2001, p. 14, cited after Ian Jeffries, The Former Yugoslavia at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition, Routledge (2003), p. 296. ^ G. Delanty in: David Denney (ed.), Living in Dangerous Times: Fear, Insecurity, Risk and Social Policy (2009), p. 124. ^ Blaming Sara B. Hobolt, James Tilley, Europe?: Responsibility Without Accountability in the European Union (2014), p. 3. ^ e.g. Jess Casey, Cork group burns flag during anti-EU rally outside City Hall, Evening Echo, 10 May 2017 ^ "The euro". European Central Bank. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2007. ^ "Euro coins". European Central Bank. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007. ^ a b "European Union: Legal use of the flag". Flags of the World. 10 September 2005. Archived from the original on 18 November 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009. ^ Helm, Toby. "Embassy flagpole flies in the face of EU diplomacy". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2019. ^ Reid, Jenni. "Lufthansa flies a pro-European message ahead of EU elections". Retrieved 17 February 2020. ^ "Emblems". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 28 December 2007. ^ "Rejected proposal of a European civil ensign". Flags of the World. Retrieved 14 April 2008. ^ "Greenpeace screen EU flag on Prague Castle". Aktuálně.cz. 7 January 2009. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022. ^ Rasmussen, Rina Valeur. "Celebration of Europe Day 9 May 2007 in Denmark". Politeia. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2007. ^ Rasmussen, Rina Valeur (9 May 2007). "London Eye lights up in colours of the European flag". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2007. ^ "EUFOR Welcome Ceremony/Unfolding EU flag". NATO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2008. ^ "Official Journal of the European Union, 2007 C 306–2, p. 267". ^ "Meeting of the EUROPEAN COUNCIL held on 19 October 2017". European Council. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.EDER, FLORIAN (19 October 2017). "Manu joins EU flag club". Retrieved 3 November 2017. Cross, Tony (20 October 2017). "Macron squares up to Eurosceptics on EU flag, Brexit". Retrieved 3 November 2017. ^ The Rules of Protocol regarding national holidays and the use of the Italian flag (2001) Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Department of Protocol (2001). LAW No. 22 of 5 February 1998: "General Rules Governing the Use of the Flags of the Italian Republic and the European Union". ^ FlaggAO (BGBl. I S. 1729) 13. November 1996. ^ Flaggen-Verwaltungsanordnung (VwAoFlag) in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 4. Dezember 2001 "§ 3 (1) Grundsätzlich werden die bayerische Staatsflagge, die Bundesflagge und, soweit möglich, die Europaflagge gemeinsam gesetzt. (2) 1 Der Bundesflagge gebührt die bevorzugte Stelle. 2 Sie ist grundsätzlich in der Mitte zu setzen, rechts anschließend, vom Innern des Gebäudes mit dem Blick zur Straße gesehen, die bayerische Staatsflagge und links die Europaflagge. 3 Am Europatag ist die Europaflagge an bevorzugter Stelle zu hissen." ^ "An Bhratach Náisiúnta / The National Flag". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original (RTF) on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007. ^ "Order for European Union Events The European Union Flag: The national flags in order of their name in their primary local language." "Flying Flags in the United Kingdom" (PDF). Flag Institute. March 2010. ^ President of Hungarian parliament orders removal of EU flag, The Budapest Beacon 17 November 2014. ^ "EU flags disappear from Polish government press briefings". Business Standard India. Business Standard. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2021. ^ EU flag must be removed from outside former MEP's house, council orders, BBC, 23 May 2024 ^ "Western European Union". Flags of the World. Retrieved 11 February 2009. ^ "European Parliament". Flags of the World. 28 October 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2007. ^ "New flag imposed on Bosnians". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2017. "Bosnia and Herzegovina – The 1998 Flag Change – Westendorp Commission – The Choice)". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2009. ^ "Kosovo's fiddly new flag". The Economist. 18 February 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2009.Quetteville, Harry de (19 February 2008). "Kosovo will need more than a new flag". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2017."flag of Kosovo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 December 2017. ^ "Un nouveau look pour la région Bruxelles-capitale". brusselslife.be (in French). Retrieved 23 December 2016. "Quant aux couleurs, elles rappellent celles du drapeau de l'Union européenne dont Bruxelles est la Capitale" ^ a b "Gewest gaat voor nieuwe vlag met hartjeslogo" . brusselsnieuws.be (in Dutch). Brussels. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ "BBC News | Europe | New flag imposed on Bosnians". Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ^ "Publications Office – Interinstitutional Style Guide – Annex A1 – Graphics guide to the European emblem". publications.europa.eu. Retrieved 28 December 2021. ^ "European Commission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flag of Europe. Council of Europe on the flag Council of Europe historical files on the flag EU's graphical specifications for the flag The symbols of the European Union: The flag of the Council Europe. Virtual Centre for Knowledge on Europe European Union at Flags of the World Memorandum on design and designer of European flag vteSymbols of EuropeStates Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Europe Emblem (flag) Anthem Europe Day European Union Emblem (flag) Anthem Europe Day Motto (EU) Euro sign vteFlags of EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta vteCoats of arms of EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta Portals: Europe European Union Heraldry
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flags of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_stars"},{"link_name":"blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"EU's treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"2004 European Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"European flag\" redirects here. For a gallery of flags of countries in Europe, see Flags of Europe.The flag of Europe or European flag[note 1] consists of twelve golden stars forming a circle on a blue field. It is the official flag of the European Union. It was designed and adopted in 1955 by the Council of Europe (CoE) as a symbol for the whole of Europe.[4]Since 1985, the flag has also been a symbol of the European Union (EU), whose 27 member states are all also CoE members, although in that year the EU had not yet assumed its present name or constitutional form (which came in steps in 1993 and 2009). Adoption by the EU, or EC as it then was, reflected long-standing CoE desire to see the flag used by other European organisations.[5] Official EU use widened greatly in the 1990s. Nevertheless the flag has to date received no status in any of the EU's treaties. Its adoption as an official symbol was planned as part of the 2004 European Constitution but this failed to be ratified. Mention of the flag was removed in 2007 from the text of the Treaty of Lisbon, which was ratified. On the other hand, 16 EU members that year, plus France in 2017, have officially affirmed (by Declaration No. 5224) their attachment to the flag as an EU symbol.The flag is used by other European entities, such as unified sport teams under the rubric Team Europe.[6]","title":"Flag of Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"azure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"mullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullet_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996guide-8"}],"text":"The blazon given by the EU in 1996 describe the design as: \"On an azure field a circle of twelve golden mullets, their points not touching.\"[7]","title":"Blazon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circle of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_stars"},{"link_name":"European Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36th2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996guide2-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"twelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_(number)#Religion"},{"link_name":"Paul M. Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_M._G._L%C3%A9vy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0fe-12"},{"link_name":"Corona Borealis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Borealis"},{"link_name":"Stella Maris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0fe-12"}],"text":"The flag used is the Flag of Europe, which consists of a circle of twelve golden stars on a blue background. Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the flag was adopted by the European Communities, the predecessors of the present European Union, in 1986. The Council of Europe gave the flag a symbolic description in the following terms,[8] though the official symbolic description adopted by the EU omits the reference to the \"Western world\":[9][10]Against the blue sky of the Western world, the stars symbolise the peoples of Europe in a form of a circle, a sign of union. Their number is invariably twelve, the figure twelve being the symbol of perfection and entirety.— Council of Europe. Paris, 7–9 December 1955.Other symbolic interpretations have been offered based on the account of its design by Paul M. Levy. The five-pointed star is used on many national flags and represents aspiration and education. Their golden colour is that of the sun, which is said to symbolise glory and enlightenment.[11]Their arrangement in a circle represents the constellation of Corona Borealis and can be seen as a crown and the stability of government. The blue background resembles the sky and symbolises truth and the intellect. It is also the colour traditionally used to represent the Virgin Mary. In many paintings of the Virgin Mary as Stella Maris she is crowned with a circle of twelve stars.[11]","title":"Symbolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crown of Immortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Immortality"},{"link_name":"Circle of stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_stars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Virgin_Mary_in_the_Cathedral_of_Strasbourg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shield_of_Dom_Gu%C3%A9ranger.svg"},{"link_name":"Prosper Guéranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Gu%C3%A9ranger"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Woman of the Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gialdino-16"},{"link_name":"Feast of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Paul M. G. Lévy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_M._G._L%C3%A9vy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gialdino-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gialdino-16"},{"link_name":"Die Welt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Max Ingrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ingrand"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origine-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Marian interpretation","text":"Further information: Crown of Immortality and Circle of starsStatue of the Blessed Virgin in Strasbourg Cathedral (1859)Arms of monk and priest Prosper Guéranger (1805–1875)[14]In 1987, following the adoption of the flag by the EC, Arsène Heitz (1908–1989), one of the designers who had submitted proposals for the flag's design, suggested a religious inspiration for it. He stated that the circle of stars was based on the iconographic tradition of showing the Blessed Virgin Mary as the Woman of the Apocalypse, wearing a \"crown of twelve stars\".[12][15]Heitz also made a connection to the date of the flag's adoption, 8 December 1955, coinciding with the Feast of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary.Paul M. G. Lévy, then Director of Information at the Council of Europe responsible for designing the flag, in a 1989 statement maintained that he had not been aware of any religious connotations.[16]In an interview given 26 February 1998, Lévy denied not only awareness of the Marian connection, but also denied that the final design of a circle of twelve stars was Heitz's. To the question \"Who really designed the flag?\" Lévy replied:I did, and I calculated the proportions to be used for the geometric design. Arsène Heitz, who was an employee in the mail service, put in all sorts of proposals, including the 15-star design. But he submitted too many designs. He wanted to do the European currencies with 15 stars in the corner. He wanted to do national flags incorporating the Council of Europe flag.[15]Carlo Curti Gialdino (2005) has reconstructed the design process to the effect that Heitz's proposal contained varying numbers of stars, from which the version with twelve stars was chosen by the Committee of Ministers meeting at Deputy level in January 1955 as one out of two remaining candidate designs.[15]Lévy's 1998 interview apparently gave rise to a new variant of the Marian anecdote. An article published in Die Welt in August 1998 alleged that it was Lévy himself who was inspired to introduce a Marian element as he walked past a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary.[17]An article posted in La Raison in February 2000 further connected the donation of a stained glass window for Strasbourg Cathedral by the Council of Europe on 21 October 1956. This window, a work by Parisian master Max Ingrand, shows a blessing Madonna underneath a circle of 12 stars on dark blue ground.[18] The overall design of the Madonna is inspired by the banner of the cathedral's Congrégation Mariale des Hommes, and the twelve stars are found on the statue venerated by this congregation inside the cathedral (twelve is also the number of members of the congregation's council).[19] The Regional Office for Cultural Affairs describe this stained glass window called \"Le vitrail de l'Europe de Max Ingrand\" (The Glass Window of Europe of Max Ingrand).[20]","title":"Symbolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU_Flag_specification.svg"},{"link_name":"fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_(flag)"},{"link_name":"hoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(flag)"},{"link_name":"radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius"},{"link_name":"face of a clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_face"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoEguide-22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996guide-8"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoEguide-22"},{"link_name":"Pantone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantone"},{"link_name":"Reflex Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reflex_Blue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoE2013-25"}],"text":"Construction sheetAccording to graphical specifications published online by the Council of Europe in 2004, the flag is rectangular with 2:3 proportions: its fly (width) is one and a half times the length of its hoist (height). Twelve yellow stars are centred in a circle (the radius of which is a third of the length of the hoist) upon a blue background. All the stars are upright (one point straight up), have five points and are spaced equally, like the hour positions on the face of a clock. The diameter of each star is equal to one-ninth of the height of the hoist.[21]The colours are regulated in the 1996 guide by the EC,[7] and equivalently in the 2004 guide by the Council of Europe.[21] The base colour of the flag is defined as Pantone \"Reflex Blue\", while the golden stars are portrayed in Pantone \"Yellow\":The 2013 logo of the Council of Europe has the colours:[24]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council"},{"link_name":"European Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Constitution"},{"link_name":"statehood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehood"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"contradictory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles"}],"text":"The twelve-star \"flag of Europe\" was designed in 1950 and officially adopted by the Council of Europe in 1955. The same flag was adopted by the European Parliament in 1983. The European Council adopted it as an \"emblem\" for the European Communities in 1985. Its status in the European Communities was inherited by the European Union upon its formation in 1993. The proposal to adopt it as official flag of the European Union failed with the ratification of the European Constitution in 2005, and mention of all emblems suggesting statehood was removed from the Treaty of Lisbon of 2007, although sixteen member states signed a declaration supporting the continued use of the flag.[26] In 2007, the European Parliament officially adopted the flag for its own use.[27][contradictory]","title":"Adoption and usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strasbourg-76_all%C3%A9e_de_la_Robertsau_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Flag of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_France"},{"link_name":"Villa Schutzenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Schutzenberger"},{"link_name":"European Audiovisual Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Audiovisual_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENA_page-29"},{"link_name":"Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi"},{"link_name":"International Paneuropean Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paneuropean_Union"},{"link_name":"European Parliamentary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Union"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"religious associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOTW_proposals-32"},{"link_name":"crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"European Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement"},{"link_name":"large green E on a white background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_flag"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Olympic rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_rings"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOTW_proposals-32"},{"link_name":"Salvador de Madariaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga"},{"link_name":"College of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENA_page-29"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irish-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENA_page-29"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Woman of the Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Marian iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_iconography"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Marian_interpretation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist-13"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Saar Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irish-35"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"representing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_(number)#Symbolism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENA_page-29"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Paul M. G. Lévy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_M._G._L%C3%A9vy"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levy-41"},{"link_name":"Château de la Muette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Muette"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COE_page-3"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENA_page-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg"},{"link_name":"Paneuropean Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paneuropean_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proposed_flag_for_Europe,_designed_in_1954_by_members_of_the_Council_of_Europe.png"},{"link_name":"Western Union Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_flag_proposal_4.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salvador_de_Madariaga_Flag_Proposal_(01_December_1951).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proposed_15-star_flag_of_Europe_(1953).png"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-42"},{"link_name":"Pan-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_identity"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Pan-European movement flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paneuropean_Union"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"the crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"European Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_flag"},{"link_name":"1944–45 by the armies of liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"European Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_flag"}],"sub_title":"1950–present: Council of Europe","text":"The flag of Europe flown alongside the Flag of France on Villa Schutzenberger, seat of the European Audiovisual Observatory, an institution within the Council of Europe (2011 photograph)The Council of Europe in 1950 appointed a committee to study the question of adopting a symbol.\nNumerous proposals were looked into.[28]Among the unsuccessful proposals was the flag of Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi's International Paneuropean Union, which he had himself recently adopted for the European Parliamentary Union.[29]\nThe design was a blue field with a red cross inside an orange circle at the centre. \nKalergi was very committed to defending the cross as \"the great symbol of Europe's moral unity\", the Red Cross in particular being \"recognized by the whole world, by Christian and non-Christian nations[,] as a symbol of international charity and of the brotherhood of man\",[30] but the proposal was rejected by Turkey (a member of the Council of Europe since 1949) on grounds of its religious associations[31] in spite of Kalergi's suggestion of adding a crescent alongside the cross to overcome the Muslim objections.[32]Other proposals included the flag was the European Movement, which had a large green E on a white background,[33]\na design was based on the Olympic rings, eight golden rings on a blue background, rejected due to the rings' similarity with \"dial\", \"chain\" and \"zeros\", or a large yellow star on a blue background, rejected due to its equality with the flag of the Belgian Congo.[31]The Consultative Assembly narrowed their choice to two designs. One was by Salvador de Madariaga, the founder of the College of Europe, who suggested a constellation of stars on a blue background[28] (positioned according to capital cities, with a large star for Strasbourg, the seat of the council). He had circulated his flag round many European capitals and the concept had found favour.[34] \nThe second was a variant by Arsène Heitz, who worked for the council's postal service and had submitted dozens of designs,[35] one of which was accepted by the Assembly. The design was similar to Salvador de Madariaga's, but rather than a constellation, the stars were arranged in a circle.[28] Arsène Heitz was one of several people who proposed a circle of gold stars on a blue background.[36][37] None of his proposals perfectly match the design that was adopted.[38] Paul Levy claims that he was the one who designed the template for the flag, not Arsène Heitz.\nIn 1987, Heitz would claim that his inspiration had been the crown of twelve stars of the Woman of the Apocalypse, often found in Marian iconography (see below).[12]On 25 September 1953, the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe recommended that a blue flag with fifteen gold stars be adopted as an emblem for the organisation, the number fifteen reflecting the number of states of the Council of Europe.[39] West Germany objected to the fifteen-star design, as one of the members was Saar Protectorate, and to have its own star would imply sovereignty for the region.[34][better source needed] The Committee of Ministers (the council's main decision making body) agreed with the Assembly that the flag should be a circle of stars, but opted for a fixed number of twelve stars, \"representing perfection and entirety\".[28] The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on 25 October 1955 agreed to this. Paul M. G. Lévy drew up the exact design of the new flag.[40] Officially adopted on 8 December 1955, the flag was unveiled at the Château de la Muette in Paris on 13 December 1955.[3][28]Unsuccessful proposals\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKalergi's Paneuropean Union proposal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Eight rings\" proposal, reminiscent of the Western Union Standard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Single-star\" proposal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadariaga's \"constellation\" proposal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFifteen-star proposal adopted by the Consultative Assembly in 1953For the flag of the Council of Europe, many stylistic proposals were made in regards to colours and symbolism. These first proposals were made 19 January 1950 by Paul Levy in a letter to the Secretary-General. He proposed that the flag should contain a cross for several reasons. Firstly, the cross symbolizes roads crossing, and also represents the east, the west, the north, and the south with its arms. Furthermore, the cross appears in most of the European Council members' flags, and it is the oldest and most noble symbol in Europe. Moreover, the cross depicted Christianity. As far as the colours are concerned, he proposed them to be white and green, colours of the European Movement, which was of great significance since 1947. Green also depicted hope, and the green cross over a white background was a design that had not been used yet. Finally, Levy proposed that the arms of Strasbourg was an important element to be added as it represented where the council would be, and being located in the heart of the cross meant that the council was the point where the European roads met.[41]Shortly after this design considerations by Paul Levy, on 27 July 1950, Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, president of the Pan-European movement wrote a memorandum which contained some rules that a flag for such union should follow. The rules he stated where:[42]It should be a symbol of our common civilisation.\nIt should present a European emblem.\nIt should not provoke any national rivalry.\nIt should represent tradition.\nIt should be beautiful and dignified.After these statements, Coudenhove-Kalergi proposed that the Pan-European movement flag would be the perfect one to fit these criteria[43]15 July 1951, the consultative assembly put forward a final memorandum on the European flag. The symbols proposed where the following[44]A cross: Symbol of Christianity, Europe's crossroads, reminiscent of the crusades, and present in half of the member state's flags.\nAn \"E\": Used by the European Movement.\nA white star in a circle: Symbol used in 1944–45 by the armies of liberation.\nMultiple stars: Each star could represent a member. They could be green on a white background, white stars on a red background, or silver stars for associate members, and golden stars for full members.\nStrasbourg's Coat of Arms: To symbolize the official seat of the Council of Europe.\nA sun: It would represent dawning hope.\nA triangle: It would represent culture.Furthermore, several colours were also proposed:Multi-coloured: It was proposed that the flag could contain all the colours the flags of the member states had.\nGreen and White: These were the colours of the European Movement.\nBlue: Symbol of peace and neutrality, as other colours were already used for other movements such as black for mourning, red for bolshevism, or green for Islam.In the end, the flag of Europe was chosen to have 12 five-pointed golden stars in a circle over a blue background, probably inspired by the Pan-European flag and other designs such as Salvador de Madariaga's and Arsène Heitz's proposals.","title":"Adoption and usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe_(vertical).svg"},{"link_name":"Expo 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_58"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENA_page-29"},{"link_name":"European Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities"},{"link_name":"direct elections in 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COE_page-3"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENA_page-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe_Adonnino_proposal.svg"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adonnino-82"},{"link_name":"European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council"},{"link_name":"Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"ad hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adonnino-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"national flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_flag"},{"link_name":"statehood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehood"},{"link_name":"Queen's personal standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Elizabeth_II#Personal_Flag"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Berlaymont building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlaymont_building"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COE_page-3"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Eurobarometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobarometer"},{"link_name":"Common Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Common_Market"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union-europea_segun_rem-koolhaas.svg"},{"link_name":"Rem Koolhaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas"},{"link_name":"EU Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lisbon-symbols-declaration-92"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Jo Leinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Leinen"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Committee on Constitutional Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Constitutional_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"commemorative Euro coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_euro_commemorative_coins"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Pan-Europeanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Europeanism"},{"link_name":"Colour revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_revolutions"},{"link_name":"André Kuipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Kuipers"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Romano Prodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi"},{"link_name":"in Beijing [viz., the 2008 games]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"Europe Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Day"},{"link_name":"colour revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_revolutions"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"white-red-white flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-red-white_flag"},{"link_name":"opposition movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_opposition"},{"link_name":"Zubr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubr_(political_organization)"},{"link_name":"protests of 2004–2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"in 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2009_Moldovan_parliamentary_election_protests"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romania_slams_Moldova's_sanctions-102"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Mikheil Saakashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_demonstration"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"MFA UA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFA_UA"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"pro-EU faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"EU membership referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"EU-sceptics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-sceptic"},{"link_name":"2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Islamic protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy#Violent_protests"},{"link_name":"Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy"},{"link_name":"Danish flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_flag"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Greek government-debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoE2013-25"},{"link_name":"euro banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_banknotes"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Euro coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_coins"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"driving licences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_license"},{"link_name":"vehicle registration plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOTW_legal-117"},{"link_name":"Diplomatic missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy"},{"link_name":"British Embassy in Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Embassy_in_Berlin"},{"link_name":"diplomatic Union Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_Kingdom#Flags"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"national airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"Lufthansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europa_logos-120"},{"link_name":"EU organic food label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_certification#Europe"},{"link_name":"European Broadcasting Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union"},{"link_name":"deface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(flag)"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"rotating presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Václav Klaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus"},{"link_name":"eurosceptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosceptic"},{"link_name":"Greenpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czech-122"},{"link_name":"Europe Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Day"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-106"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(building)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-106"},{"link_name":"EU military operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_military_operations"},{"link_name":"EUFOR Althea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUFOR_Althea"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KOD_demonstration,_Warsaw_May_7_2016_21.jpg"},{"link_name":"KOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defence_of_Democracy"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Law and Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pride_in_London_2016_-_A_man_in_a_kilt_with_the_European_flag_during_the_parade.png"},{"link_name":"Pride in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_in_London"},{"link_name":"Brexit referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Europa_series_100_%E2%82%AC_obverse_side.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg"},{"link_name":"European Central Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saksen-Anhalt_license_plate_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"vehicle registration plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mrs._Laura_Bush_and_daughter,_Barbara_Bush,_are_greeted_by_Italian_Prime_Minister_Silvio_Berlusconi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU_Flag_Louvre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"flag of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louvre Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82_-_Angela_Merkel_-_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_(9).jpg"},{"link_name":"Antonis Samaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Samaras"},{"link_name":"the right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister"},{"link_name":"building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Chancellery_(Berlin)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BadElster_Grenze4383.JPG"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"27 member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Italian national flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"European values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_values"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOTW_legal-117"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Italy_flag_law-128"},{"link_name":"German flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Europe Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Day"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Protocol_IE-131"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"László Kövér","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_K%C3%B6v%C3%A9r"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"newly elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Beata Szydło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beata_Szyd%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"1983–present: From European Communities to European Union","text":"Vertical flag of EuropeFollowing Expo 58 in Brussels, the flag caught on and the Council of Europe lobbied for other European organisations to adopt the flag as a sign of European unity.[28] \nThe European Parliament took the initiative in seeking a flag to be adopted by the European Communities. Shortly after the first direct elections in 1979 a draft resolution was put forward on the issue. The resolution proposed that the Communities' flag should be that of the Council of Europe[3] and it was adopted by the Parliament on 11 April 1983.[28]\"Flag and emblem\" for the European Communities proposed in the 1985 Adonnino Report[78]The June 1984 European Council (the Communities' leaders) summit in Fontainebleau stressed the importance of promoting a European image and identity to citizens and the world. The European Council appointed an ad hoc committee, named \"Committee for 'a People's Europe'\" (Adonnino Committee).This committee submitted a substantial report, including wide-ranging suggestions, from organising a \"European lottery\" to campaigning for the introduction of local voting rights for foreign nationals throughout Europe.[78] Under the header of \"strengthening of the Community's image and identity\", the Committee suggested the introduction of \"a flag and an emblem\", recommending a design based on the Council of Europe flag, but with the addition of \"a gold letter E\" in the center of the circle of stars.[79] The European Council held in Milan on 28/29 June 1985 largely followed the recommendations of the Adonnino Committee. But as the adoption of a flag was strongly reminiscent of a national flag representing statehood and was extremely controversial with some member states (in particular the United Kingdom, as the proposed flag closely resembled the Queen's personal standard), the Council of Europe's \"flag of Europe\" design was adopted, without the letter E, only with the official status of a \"logo\".[80] This compromise was widely disregarded from the beginning, and the \"European logo\", in spite of the explicit language of giving it the status of a \"logo\", was referred to as the \"Community flag\" or even \"European flag\" from the outset.[81]The Communities began to use the \"emblem\" as its de facto flag from 1986, raising it outside the Berlaymont building (the seat of the European Commission) for the first time on 29 May 1986.[82]The European Union, which was established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 to replace the European Communities and encompass its functions, has retained de facto use of the \"Community logo\" of the EC.[3] Technically and officially, the \"European flag\" as used by the European Union remains not a \"flag\" but \"a Community 'logo' — or 'emblem' — [...] eligible to be reproduced on rectangular pieces of fabric\".[83]In 1997, the \"Central and Eastern Eurobarometer\" poll included a section intending to \"discover the level of public awareness of the European Union\" in what were then candidate countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Interviewees were shown \"a sticker of the European flag\" and asked to identify it. Responses considered correct were: the European Union, the European Community, the Common Market, and \"Europe in general\". 52% of those interviewed gave one of the correct answers, 15% gave a wrong answer (naming another institution, such as NATO or the United Nations), and 35% could or would not identify it.[84]The \"flag barcode\"In 2002, Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas designed a symbol, dubbed the \"barcode\", which displayed the colours of the national flags of the EU member states in vertical stripes. It was reported as a replacement for the European flag, which was not the intention. It was not adopted by the EU or any other organisation at the time, but an updated version was used in the visual identity of the Austrian EU Presidency in 2006.[85][86][87]The official status of the emblem as the flag of the European Union was to be formalised as part of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. However, as the proposed treaty failed ratification, the mention of all state-like emblems, including the flag, were not included in the replacement Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force in 2009.Instead, a separate declaration by sixteen Member States was included in the final act of the Treaty of Lisbon stating that the flag, the anthem, the motto and the currency and Europe Day \"will for them continue as symbols to express the sense of community of the people in the European Union and their allegiance to it.\"[88]In reaction to the removal of the flag from the treaty, the European Parliament, which had supported the inclusion of such symbols, backed a proposal to use these symbols \"more often\" on behalf of the Parliament itself; Jo Leinen, MEP for Germany, suggested that the Parliament should take \"an avant-garde role\" in their use.[89][clarification needed]In September 2008, the Parliament's Committee on Constitutional Affairs proposed a formal change in the institution's rules of procedure to make \"better use of the symbols\". Specifically, the flag would be present in all meeting rooms (not just the hemicycle) and at all official events.[90] The proposal was passed on 8 October 2008 by 503 votes to 96 (15 abstentions).[91]In 2015, a set of commemorative Euro coins was issued on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the emblem by the European Communities.[92]Further information: Pan-Europeanism and Colour revolutionsIn April 2004, the European flag was flown on behalf of the European Space Agency, by Dutch astronaut André Kuipers while on board the International Space Station, in reference to the Framework Agreement establishing the legal basis for co-operation between the European Space Agency and the European Union.[93]Following the 2004 Summer Olympics, President Romano Prodi expressed his hope \"to see the EU Member State teams in Beijing [viz., the 2008 games] carry the flag of the European Union alongside their own national flag as a symbol of our unity\".[94]\nUse of the flag has also been reported as representing the European team at the Ryder Cup golf competition in the early 2000s, although most European participants preferred to use their own national flags.[95]The flag has been widely used by advocates of European integration since the late 1990s or early 2000s. It is often displayed in the context of Europe Day, on 9 May. \nOutside the EU, it was used in the context of several of the \"colour revolutions\" during the 2000s. In Belarus, it was used on protest marches alongside the white-red-white flag and other flags of opposition movements, such as Zubr, during the protests of 2004–2006.[96] The flag was used widely in a 2007 pro-EU march in Minsk.[97] Similar uses were reported from Moldova in 2009.[failed verification][98]In Georgia, the flag has been on most government buildings since the coming to power of Mikheil Saakashvili (2007),[99] who used it during his inauguration,[100] stating: \"[the European] flag is Georgia's flag as well, as far as it embodies our civilisation, our culture, the essence of our history and perspective, and our vision for the future of Georgia.\"[101]It was used in 2008 by pro-western Serbian voters ahead of an election.[102]Protesters in Kyiv waving Ukrainian and European flags during the Euromaidan demonstrations in 2013The flag became a symbol of European integration of Ukraine in the 2010s, particularly after Euromaidan. Ukraine is not a part of the EU but is a member of the Council of Europe. The flag is used by the Cabinet of Ukraine, Prime Minister of Ukraine, and MFA UA during official meetings.[103] It was flown during the 2013 Euromaidan protests in Ukraine,[104][105][106]\nand in 2016 by the pro-EU faction in the EU membership referendum campaigns in the United Kingdom.The flag has also been adopted as a symbol for EU policies and expansionism by EU-sceptics. \nIn an early instance, Macedonian protesters burned \"the flag of the EU\" in the context of EU involvement in the 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia.[107]\nIn the 2005 Islamic protests \nagainst the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons, the Danish flag was most frequently burned, but (as the cartoons were reprinted in many European countries), some protesters opted for burning \"the EU flag\" instead.[108]\nProtesters during the Greek government-debt crisis of 2012 \"burned the EU flag and shouted 'EU out' \".[109]\nBurning of the EU flag has been reported from other anti-EU rallies since.[110]By the 2010s, the association of the emblem with the EU had become so strong that the Council of Europe saw it necessary to design a new logo, to \"avoid confusion\", officially adopted in 2013.[24]The EU emblem (\"EU flag\") is depicted on the euro banknotes.[111] Euro coins also display a circle of twelve stars on both the national and common sides.[112]It is also depicted on many driving licences and vehicle registration plates issued in the Union.[113] Diplomatic missions of EU member states fly the EU flag alongside their national flag. In October 2000, the then-new British Embassy in Berlin sparked controversy between the UK and Germany and the EU when the embassy did not have a second external flagpole for the EU flag. After diplomatic negotiations, it was agreed that the outside flagpole would have the diplomatic Union Flag while inside the embassy, the EU flag would accompany the UK flag.[114] Some member states' national airlines such as Lufthansa have the EU flag alongside their national flags on aircraft as part of their aircraft registration codes, but this is not an EU-mandated directive.[115]A number of logos used by EU institutions, bodies and agencies are derived from the design and colours of the EU emblem.[116]Other emblems make reference to the European flag, such as the EU organic food label that uses the twelve stars but reorders them into the shape of a leaf on a green background. The original logo of the European Broadcasting Union used the twelve stars on a blue background adding ray beams to connect the countries.There was a proposal in 2003 to deface national civil ensigns with the EU emblem. The proposal was rejected by Parliament in 2004.[117]The flag is usually flown by the government of the country holding the rotating presidency Council of Ministers.\nIn 2009, Czech President Václav Klaus, a eurosceptic, refused to fly the flag from his castle. In response, Greenpeace projected an image of the flag onto the castle and attempted to fly the flag from the building themselves.[118]Extraordinary flying of the flag is common on Europe Day, celebrated annually on 9 May.[102][119][120] On Europe Day 2008, the flag was flown for the first time above the German Reichstag.[102]The flag has also been displayed in the context of EU military operations (EUFOR Althea).[121]A KOD demonstration in Warsaw, Poland against the ruling Law and Justice party, on 7 May 2016\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuropean flag upside down at the Pride in London parade, just after the Brexit referendum in June 2016\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the EU in the top left corner of a 100 euro banknote (second series)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuropean Central Bank logo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe EU uses the emblem in a number of ways, here on vehicle registration plates. The \"D\" in this photo indicates Germany (Deutschland).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn Italy the European Flag must be displayed alongside the national flag in official ceremonies and over public buildings.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe European Flag is placed on numerous municipal flagpoles in Paris, on a par with the flag of France; here in front of the Louvre Palace.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrder of precedence at the state visit of Greek prime minister Antonis Samaras in Berlin (24 August 2012): The Greek flag takes the first order of precedence, followed by the German flag on the right (seen on the left when facing the building) and the European flag in third order, on the left.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGerman border signSixteen out of twenty-seven member states in 2007 signed the declaration recognising \"the flag with a circle of twelve golden stars on a blue background\" as representing \"the sense of community of the people in the European Union and their allegiance to it.\"[122]\nIn 2017, president of France Emmanuel Macron signed a declaration endorsing the 2007 statement,[123]\nso that, as of 2018, 17 out of 27 member states have recognised the emblem as a flag representing \"allegiance to the EU\":\nAustria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain.Italy has incorporated the EU flag into its flag code. According to an Italian law passed in 2000, it is mandatory for most public offices and buildings to hoist the European Flag alongside the Italian national flag (Law 22/1998 and Presidential Decree 121/2000). Outside official use, the flag may not be used for \"aims incompatible with European values\".[113]\nThe 2000 Italian flag code expressly replaces the Italian flag with the European flag in precedence when dignitaries from other EU countries visit – for example the EU flag would be in the middle of a group of three flags rather than the Italian flag.[124] In Germany, the federal flag code of 1996 is only concerned with the German flag,[125] but some of the states have legislated additional provisions for the European flag, such as Bavaria in its flag regulation of 2001, which mandates that the European flag take the third order of precedence, after the federal and state flags, except on Europe Day, where it is to take the first order of precedence.[126]In Ireland[127][128] \non occasions of \"European Union Events\" (for example, at a European Council meeting), where the European flag is flown alongside all national flags of member states, the national flags are placed in alphabetical order (according to their name in the main language of that state) with the European flag either at the head, or the far-right, of the order of flags.In most member states, use of the EU flag is only de facto and not regulated by legislation, and as such subject to ad hoc revision. In national usage, national protocol usually[clarification needed] demands the national flag takes precedence over the European flag (which is usually displayed to the right of the national flag from the observer's perspective). In November 2014, the speaker of the Hungarian Parliament László Kövér ordered the removal of the EU flag from the parliament building, following an incident in which a member of parliament had \"defenestrated\" two EU flags from a fourth story window.[129] In November 2015, the newly elected Polish government under Beata Szydło removed the EU flag from government press conferences.[130][citation needed]","title":"Adoption and usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"}],"text":"In Oxford, after a post-Brexit law, consent is required for use of the EU flag[131]","title":"British consent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flag of the Western European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union"},{"link_name":"defaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(flag)"},{"link_name":"Western European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"community languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"hemicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicycle"},{"link_name":"flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"High Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Representative_for_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Carlos Westendorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Westendorp"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BandH-138"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"its flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoK-139"},{"link_name":"flag of the Brussels-Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN-141"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"de facto capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN-141"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg"},{"link_name":"Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg"},{"link_name":"Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg"},{"link_name":"Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg"},{"link_name":"Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kosovo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_(1993-1995).svg"},{"link_name":"Flag of the Western European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg"},{"link_name":"Flag of the Western European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assembly_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_European_Parliament_(1973-1983).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_European_Maritime_Safety_Agency.svg"},{"link_name":"European Maritime Safety Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Maritime_Safety_Agency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_EMCDDA.svg"},{"link_name":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organic-Logo.svg"},{"link_name":"certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_certification"}],"text":"The design of the European flag has been used in a variation, such as that of the Council of Europe mentioned above, and also to a greater extent such as the flag of the Western European Union (WEU; now defunct), which uses the same colours and the stars but has a number of stars based on membership and in a semicircle rather than a circle. It is also defaced with the initials of the former Western European Union in two languages.[132]The European Parliament used its own flag from 1973, but never formally adopted it. It fell out of use with the adoption of the twelve-star flag by the Parliament in 1983. The flag followed the yellow and blue colour scheme however instead of twelve stars there were the letters EP and PE (initials of the European Parliament in the six community languages at the time) surrounded by a wreath.[133] Sometime later, the Parliament chose to use a logo consisting of a stylised hemicycle and the EU flag at the bottom right.The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina, imposed by High Representative Carlos Westendorp after the country's parliament failed to agree on a design, is reminiscent of the symbolism of the EU flag, using the same blue and yellow colours; also, the stars (although of a different number and colour) are a direct reference to those of the European flag.[134]Likewise, Kosovo uses blue, yellow and stars in its flag, which has been mocked as a \"none too subtle nod to the flag of the European Union, which is about to become Kosovo's new best friend as it takes over protector status from the United Nations\".[135]The flag of the Brussels-Capital Region (introduced in 2016) consists of a yellow iris with a white outline upon a blue background. Its colours are based on the colours of the Flag of Europe, because Brussels is considered the unofficial capital of the EU.[136][137]The blue and yellow colours of the Brussels flag are those of the European Union, of which Brussels is the de facto capital city.[137]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina was partly based on the European flag.[138]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of the Council of Europe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1958–1972)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1973–1980)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1981–1985)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1986–2002)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe flag of Kosovo was partly based on the European flag.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the Western European Union (1993–1995)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the Western European Union (1995–2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the Assembly of the Western European Union\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the European Parliament (1973–1983)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the European Maritime Safety Agency\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEU emblem for certification of organic agricultural products","title":"Derivative designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armorial of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"chairman of the European Union Military Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_European_Union_Military_Committee"},{"link_name":"Common Security and Defence Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy"},{"link_name":"escutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"banner of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_of_arms"},{"link_name":"blazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Informal_meeting_of_defence_ministers_(FAC)._Arrivals_Michail_Kostarakos_(36892148436).jpg"},{"link_name":"Michail Kostarakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Kostarakos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Europe.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EUBAM_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"supporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporter"},{"link_name":"EU's border assistance mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Border_Assistance_Mission_to_Moldova_and_Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU_Roma_Musei_Capitolini_close-up_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"European Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Eiffel_Tower_00003_(2744637971).jpg"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Court_of_Human_Rights,_courtroom,_2014_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"}],"sub_title":"Heraldry","text":"See also: Armorial of EuropeThe coat of arms of the chairman of the European Union Military Committee (CEUMC), the highest-ranking officer within the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), depicts the European emblem as a coat of arms, i.e. emblazoned on an escutcheon. In heraldic terms, this makes the European flag is the banner of arms, i.e. the flag form of this coat of arms. In English blazon, the arms is On an azure field a circle of 12 golden mullets, their points not touching.[139]Several EU publications related to the CSDP generally, and its prospective development as a defence arm, have also displayed the European emblem in this manner, albeit as a graphical design element rather than an official symbol.[140]Chairman Michail Kostarakos wearing the heraldic badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeraldic badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMoldovan and Ukrainian flags displayed as supporters, symbolising the EU's border assistance mission since 2005\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe European emblem emblazoned on a chair at the occasion of the 2004 signing of the European Constitution in Rome\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe European emblem emblazoned on the Eiffel Tower in 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe European emblem emblazoned on the carpet in the European Court of Human Rights","title":"Derivative designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_flag,_upside_down.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_flag,_incorrect_star_rotation.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_flag,_incorrect_star_positions.svg"},{"link_name":"clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_face"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg"}],"text":"Wrong flags\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe stars are upside down.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe stars point outwards instead of in one direction.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe stars should be arranged like a face of a clock, which is not the case in this flag.Correct flag\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCorrect flag","title":"Incorrect versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"law no. 22 of 5 February 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/98022l.htm"},{"link_name":"Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_virtuel_de_la_connaissance_sur_l%27Europe"},{"link_name":"Le drapeau de l'Union européenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cvce.eu/obj/le_drapeau_de_l_union_europeenne-fr-c0e88f08-81df-47ff-9d03-38d4a06e12d7.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Date_Clarification_46-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Main_Source_47-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Possible_Designer_61-0"}],"text":"^ Alternatively, it is sometimes called the flag of the European Union when representing the EU. The name \"flag of the European Union\" is used in e.g. the Italian law no. 22 of 5 February 1998 (bandiera dell'Unione europea), and by the Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe (Le drapeau de l'Union européenne, 2016).^ Some flags were proposed on several occasions. Therefore, the dates shown are the oldest dates on which the flag was first recorded.\n\n^ Most of the documents sourced are from the Council of Europe webpage.\nFurthermore, some reconstructions were assisted by images of the flag sketches stored in the Digital Research in European Studies. Other reconstructions were made from descriptions in the documents and images provided by the European Council.\n\n^ Probably Louis Wirion, who had already talked about reverting the colours in his first proposal.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Arms of monk and priest Prosper Guéranger (1805–1875)[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Shield_of_Dom_Gu%C3%A9ranger.svg/165px-Shield_of_Dom_Gu%C3%A9ranger.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Construction sheet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/EU_Flag_specification.svg/300px-EU_Flag_specification.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The flag of Europe flown alongside the Flag of France on Villa Schutzenberger, seat of the European Audiovisual Observatory, an institution within the Council of Europe (2011 photograph)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Strasbourg-76_all%C3%A9e_de_la_Robertsau_%283%29.jpg/220px-Strasbourg-76_all%C3%A9e_de_la_Robertsau_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vertical flag of Europe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_Europe_%28vertical%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Europe_%28vertical%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"\"Flag and emblem\" for the European Communities proposed in the 1985 Adonnino Report[78]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Europe_Adonnino_proposal.svg/150px-Flag_of_Europe_Adonnino_proposal.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The \"flag barcode\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Union-europea_segun_rem-koolhaas.svg/220px-Union-europea_segun_rem-koolhaas.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Protesters in Kyiv waving Ukrainian and European flags during the Euromaidan demonstrations in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_005.jpg/220px-Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_005.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Symbols of Europe#Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe#Flag"},{"title":"Symbols of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union"},{"title":"European Fisheries Control Agency#Pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Fisheries_Control_Agency#Pennant"},{"title":"Flag of the Western Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_Union"},{"title":"Flag of the Western European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union"},{"title":"Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"},{"title":"Paneuropean Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paneuropean_Union"},{"title":"Hertensteiner Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertensteiner_Cross"},{"title":"federalist movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union"},{"title":"Federalist flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_flag"},{"title":"European Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement"},{"title":"Flag of the African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union"},{"title":"Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union"}]
[{"reference":"\"The European flag\". Council of Europe. Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/about-us/the-european-flag","url_text":"\"The European flag\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe","url_text":"Council of Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Emblème du Conseil de l'Europe\". Council of Europe. 9 December 1955. Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rm.coe.int/16804ef667","url_text":"\"Emblème du Conseil de l'Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe","url_text":"Council of Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Council of Europe's Emblems\". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090528195931/http://www.coe.int/t/dgal/dit/ilcd/Fonds/Themes/Flags/Res%2855%2932_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Thirty-sixth meeting of the ministers' deputies: resolution (55) 32\""},{"url":"http://www.coe.int/t/dgal/dit/ilcd/fonds/themes/flags/Res(55)32_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen\" (in French). 1996. p. 3. Description symbolique: Sur le fond bleu du ciel, les étoiles figurant les peuples d'Europe forment un cercle en signe d'union. Elles sont au nombre invariable de douze, symbole de la perfection et de la plénitude...Description héraldique: Sur fond azur, un cercle composé de douze étoiles d'or à cinq rais, dont les pointes ne se touchent pas.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/guide_graphique_relatif_a_l_embleme_europeen_1996-fr-93eedaa0-b431-4ca8-ac7b-113ca01c0395.html","url_text":"\"Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graphical specifications for the European Emblem\". European Commission. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. 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Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg. 4 February 2004. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081114001435/http://www.cathedrale-strasbourg.fr/congregation_mariale.aspx","url_text":"\"Congrégation Mariale des Hommes\""},{"url":"http://www.cathedrale-strasbourg.fr/congregation_mariale.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Le vitrail de l'Europe de Max Ingrand\" (in French). DRAC Alsace. Retrieved 14 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://docpatdrac.hypotheses.org/jep-2015/jep2015-20-vitrail-europe-max-ingrand","url_text":"\"Le vitrail de l'Europe de Max Ingrand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graphical specifications for the European flag\". Council of Europe. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Bergamin
Claudio Bergamin
["1 Artwork","2 References","3 External links"]
Claudio Bergamin is a Chilean/Italian fantasy artist. He creates album covers for rock bands and book covers for paranormal authors. Artwork Bergamin's style is realistic fantasy illustration. He has created artwork for a wide number of rock and metal bands from Europe and America such as Paradox, Criminal, Chilean pop icons Lucybell, the "metal god" Rob Halford, the Dutch musician Arjen Lucassen, for whom he created all the artwork of Lost in the New Real. He then created two album covers for the finnish band Battle Beast. Over several years, he has created artwork for the classic argentinean band Rata Blanca including the cover of the album Tormenta Eléctrica. In recent years, he has created art inspired by the world of the paranormal, working independently, as well as professionally on book covers for leading cryptozoology researchers such as Lyle Blackburn and Loren Coleman. Similarly, he has produced illustrations in close collaboration with public personalities of the paranormal, such as Travis Walton (Fire in the Sky) and Bob Gimlin (Patterson–Gimlin film). In 2017, AFM Records commissioned the album cover of Phoenix, the return of the Swedish band Nocturnal Rites. Also during 2017, the British heavy metal band Judas Priest entrusted him with the creation of the cover artwork of their 2018 album Firepower, released on March 9 of 2018. References ^ "Interview with PARADOX". Thoughts Of Metal. January 28, 2008. ^ "CRIMINAL Announce New Album Title". Babblermouth. April 8, 2005. ^ "Details about Lucybell's new record Lucybell" (in Spanish). RocknVivo. July 14, 2010. ^ "Live at Saitama Super Arena" (in Spanish). Rockaxis. Retrieved November 20, 2011. ^ "Interview with cover artist Claudio Bergamin + Juuso Soinio, Battle Beast". Audio Video. Retrieved December 18, 2017. ^ "JUDAS PRIEST Members Discuss 'Firepower' Lyrics, Cover Artwork (Video)". Blabbermouth. 18 January 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ "JUDAS PRIEST's RICHIE FAULKNER Is 'Super Proud' Of 'Firepower' Album". Blabbermouth. 31 January 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018. External links Official website Encyclopaedia Metallum Facebook Fanpage
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Claudio Bergamin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_(German_band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paradox-1"},{"link_name":"Criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Criminal-2"},{"link_name":"Lucybell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucybell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucybell-3"},{"link_name":"Rob Halford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Halford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rob_Halford-4"},{"link_name":"Arjen Lucassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Lucassen"},{"link_name":"Lost in the New Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_the_New_Real"},{"link_name":"Battle Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Beast_(band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battle_Beast-5"},{"link_name":"Rata Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rata_Blanca"},{"link_name":"Tormenta Eléctrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tormenta_El%C3%A9ctrica"},{"link_name":"cryptozoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptozoology"},{"link_name":"Lyle Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Loren Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Travis Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Fire in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_in_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"Patterson–Gimlin film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson%E2%80%93Gimlin_film"},{"link_name":"AFM Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFM_Records"},{"link_name":"Nocturnal Rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_Rites"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Judas Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest"},{"link_name":"Firepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firepower_(album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firepower-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judas_Priest-7"}],"text":"Bergamin's style is realistic fantasy illustration. He has created artwork for a wide number of rock and metal bands from Europe and America such as Paradox,[1] Criminal,[2] Chilean pop icons Lucybell,[3] the \"metal god\" Rob Halford,[4] the Dutch musician Arjen Lucassen, for whom he created all the artwork of Lost in the New Real. He then created two album covers for the finnish band Battle Beast.[5] Over several years, he has created artwork for the classic argentinean band Rata Blanca including the cover of the album Tormenta Eléctrica. In recent years, he has created art inspired by the world of the paranormal, working independently, as well as professionally on book covers for leading cryptozoology researchers such as Lyle Blackburn and Loren Coleman. Similarly, he has produced illustrations in close collaboration with public personalities of the paranormal, such as Travis Walton (Fire in the Sky) and Bob Gimlin (Patterson–Gimlin film). In 2017, AFM Records commissioned the album cover of Phoenix, the return of the Swedish band Nocturnal Rites. Also during 2017, the British heavy metal band Judas Priest entrusted him with the creation of the cover artwork of their 2018 album Firepower, released on March 9 of 2018.[6][7]","title":"Artwork"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Interview with PARADOX\". Thoughts Of Metal. January 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.telenet.be/mettal/ThoughtsOfMetal/interviews/interviewparadox0108.htm","url_text":"\"Interview with PARADOX\""}]},{"reference":"\"CRIMINAL Announce New Album Title\". Babblermouth. April 8, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/criminal-announce-new-album-title/","url_text":"\"CRIMINAL Announce New Album Title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Details about Lucybell's new record Lucybell\" (in Spanish). RocknVivo. July 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://rocknvivo.com/2010/07/14/detalles-sobre-el-nuevo-disco-de-lucybell/","url_text":"\"Details about Lucybell's new record Lucybell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live at Saitama Super Arena\" (in Spanish). Rockaxis. Retrieved November 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rockaxis.com.co/vanguardia/discos/halford/live-at-saitama-super-arena","url_text":"\"Live at Saitama Super Arena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with cover artist Claudio Bergamin + Juuso Soinio, Battle Beast\". Audio Video. Retrieved December 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://audiovideo.fi/artikkeli/interview-cover-artist-claudio-bergamin-juuso-soinio-battle-beast","url_text":"\"Interview with cover artist Claudio Bergamin + Juuso Soinio, Battle Beast\""}]},{"reference":"\"JUDAS PRIEST Members Discuss 'Firepower' Lyrics, Cover Artwork (Video)\". Blabbermouth. 18 January 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/judas-priest-members-discuss-firepower-lyrics-cover-artwork-video/","url_text":"\"JUDAS PRIEST Members Discuss 'Firepower' Lyrics, Cover Artwork (Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"JUDAS PRIEST's RICHIE FAULKNER Is 'Super Proud' Of 'Firepower' Album\". Blabbermouth. 31 January 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/judas-priests-richie-faulkner-is-super-proud-of-firepower-album/","url_text":"\"JUDAS PRIEST's RICHIE FAULKNER Is 'Super Proud' Of 'Firepower' Album\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://users.telenet.be/mettal/ThoughtsOfMetal/interviews/interviewparadox0108.htm","external_links_name":"\"Interview with PARADOX\""},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/criminal-announce-new-album-title/","external_links_name":"\"CRIMINAL Announce New Album Title\""},{"Link":"http://rocknvivo.com/2010/07/14/detalles-sobre-el-nuevo-disco-de-lucybell/","external_links_name":"\"Details about Lucybell's new record Lucybell\""},{"Link":"http://rockaxis.com.co/vanguardia/discos/halford/live-at-saitama-super-arena","external_links_name":"\"Live at Saitama Super Arena\""},{"Link":"http://audiovideo.fi/artikkeli/interview-cover-artist-claudio-bergamin-juuso-soinio-battle-beast","external_links_name":"\"Interview with cover artist Claudio Bergamin + Juuso Soinio, Battle Beast\""},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/judas-priest-members-discuss-firepower-lyrics-cover-artwork-video/","external_links_name":"\"JUDAS PRIEST Members Discuss 'Firepower' Lyrics, Cover Artwork (Video)\""},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/judas-priests-richie-faulkner-is-super-proud-of-firepower-album/","external_links_name":"\"JUDAS PRIEST's RICHIE FAULKNER Is 'Super Proud' Of 'Firepower' Album\""},{"Link":"http://www.claudiobergamin.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Claudio_Bergamin/152559/","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Metallum"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/claudiobergamin.art/","external_links_name":"Facebook Fanpage"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebsi
Sebsi
["1 References"]
Traditional Moroccan cannabis pipe Sebsi A sebsi or sibsi (Berber: ⵙⴱⵙⵉ) is a traditional Moroccan cannabis pipe with a narrow clay bowl called a skuff (or shkaff), with a fine metal screen. To this a hardwood stem is attached, which may be up to 46 cm (18 in) long. The sebsi has traditionally been used to smoke kief, which in Morocco refers to the best parts of the cannabis finely chopped and mixed with tobacco or other herbs. The sebsi provides a small, low-temperature serving of herb (usually about 25 mg), compared with larger traditional smoking devices like the chillum of India and Jamaica. References Look up سبسي in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ^ "Moroccan hashish journey". Cannabis Culture. 2003-05-21. Retrieved 2020-07-19. ^ 2006 World Drug Report: Analysis. United Nations Publications. 1 January 2006. pp. 2120–. ISBN 978-92-1-148214-0. This Cannabis-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Morocco-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sebse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages"},{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"hardwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"kief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kief"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"chillum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillum_(pipe)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"SebsiA sebsi or sibsi (Berber: ⵙⴱⵙⵉ) is a traditional Moroccan cannabis pipe with a narrow clay bowl called a skuff (or shkaff), with a fine metal screen. To this a hardwood stem is attached, which may be up to 46 cm (18 in) long.The sebsi has traditionally been used to smoke kief, which in Morocco refers to the best parts of the cannabis finely chopped and mixed with tobacco or other herbs.[1] The sebsi provides a small, low-temperature serving of herb (usually about 25 mg), compared with larger traditional smoking devices like the chillum of India and Jamaica.[2]","title":"Sebsi"}]
[{"image_text":"Sebsi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sebse.jpg/220px-Sebse.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Moroccan hashish journey\". Cannabis Culture. 2003-05-21. Retrieved 2020-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cannabisculture.com/content/2003/05/21/2860/","url_text":"\"Moroccan hashish journey\""}]},{"reference":"2006 World Drug Report: Analysis. United Nations Publications. 1 January 2006. pp. 2120–. ISBN 978-92-1-148214-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk8wDdoxTZsC&pg=PA2120","url_text":"2006 World Drug Report: Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-148214-0","url_text":"978-92-1-148214-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perepechikha
Perepechikha
["1 Geography","2 References"]
Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaPerepechikha ПерепечихаVillagePerepechikhaShow map of Vologda OblastPerepechikhaShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 60°32′N 40°24′E / 60.533°N 40.400°E / 60.533; 40.400CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictVozhegodsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Perepechikha (Russian: Перепечиха) is a rural locality (a village) in Yavengskoye Rural Settlement, Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 17 as of 2002. Geography Perepechikha is located 18 km northeast of Vozhega (the district's administrative centre) by road. Maryinskaya is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Деревня Перепечиха на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Расстояние от Перепечихи до Вожеги vteRural localities in Vozhegodsky DistrictA-M Abaturikha Agafonovskaya Alferyevskaya Andreyevskaya Anisimovskaya Ankudinovskaya Antsiferovskaya Antsiferovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Anufriyevskaya Baranikha Baranovskaya Barkanovskaya Baza Beketovo Beketovskaya Belavinskaya Blinovskaya Bolshaya Klimovskaya Bolshaya Nazarovskaya Bolshoye Ramenye Bor Borisovo Boyarskaya Bucherovskaya Bukhara Bykovo Bykovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Bykovskaya (Yuchkinskoye Rural Settlement) Checheninskaya Chernovskaya Chichirino Danilovskaya Derevenka Dorkovskaya Dorovikha Drovdil Dubrovinskaya Fatyanovo Fedyayevskaya Fedyuninskaya Filatovskaya Fominskaya Fomishchevo Funikovo Galuninskaya Gashkovo Glazunovskaya Gora (Tiginskoye Rural Settlement) Gora (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Gorka (Beketovskoye Rural Settlement) Gorka (Mishutinskoye Rural Settlement) Gridinskaya Grishinskaya Grishkovskaya Gubinskaya Ignatovskaya Isakovo Isakovskaya Ivankovo Ivanovskaya (Mishutinsky Selsoviet) Ivanovskaya (Vozhegodsky Selsoviet) Ivoninskaya Kadnikovsky Karpovskaya Karpovskaya Khmelevskaya Khmylitsa Khodinskaya Kholdynka Kholuy Khvostovo (Beketovskoye Rural Settlement) Khvostovo (Yuchkinskoye Rural Settlement) Kladovka Klimovskaya (Mishutinsky Selsoviet) Klimovskaya (Nizhneslobodsky Selsoviet) Konechnaya (Lipino-Kalikinsky Selsoviet) Konechnaya (Punemsky Selsoviet) Konevka Korgozero Korotkovskaya Korotyginskaya Korovinskaya Koryakinskaya Kostyuninskaya Kozlovo (Beketovskoye Rural Settlement) Kozlovo (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Krapivino Kropufinskaya Kubinskaya Kuklinskaya Kuritsino Kurshiyevskaya Kutilovo Kuznetsovskaya Leshchevka Levinskaya (Nizhneslobodskoye Rural Settlement) Levinskaya (Tiginskoye Rural Settlement) Levkovskaya Lobanikha Loshchinskaya Lukyanovskaya Lupachikha Malaya Nazarovskaya Malaya Maleyevskaya Maloye Ramenye Manuilovskaya Maryinskaya Matveyevskaya Miguyevskaya Mikhaylovskaya Mikheyevskaya Mishutinskaya Mitinskaya (Nizhneslobodskoye Rural Settlement) Mitinskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Mitrofanovo Molodyozhny Munskaya Mushchininskaya Myshino Mytnik N-Z Nadporozhye Navolok Nazarovskaya Nefedovskaya Nefedovskaya Nekrasovskaya Nikitino Nikitinskaya Nikolskaya Nikulskaya Nizhnyaya Novaya Novozhilikha Ogarkovskaya Ogibalovo Okulovskaya (Nizhneslobodsky Selsoviet) Okulovskaya (Ramensky Selsoviet) Okulovskaya-1 Olekhovskaya Olshukovskaya Olyushino Olyushinskaya Osiyevskaya Ospodarevskaya Otradnoye Ozhiginskaya Padinskaya Pankovo Panteleyevskaya Patrakeyevskaya Pavlovskaya (Nizhneslobodsky Selsoviet) Pavlovskaya (Vozhegodsky Selsoviet) Pavlovskaya (Yavengsky Selsoviet) Pekhtach Pelevikha Perepechikha Peshkovo Pesok (Tavengsky Selsoviet) Pesok (Tiginsky Selsoviet) Pestinskaya Petrovka Petrovo Petrovskaya Pilyevo Podolnaya Podsosenye Pogorelka Pogorelovo Pokrovskaya Pokrovskoye Popovka Kalikinskaya Popovka (Mishutinskoye Rural Settlement) Popovka (Vozhegodskoye Urban Settlement) Popovka (Yukchinskoye Rural Settlement) Porokhino Pozdeyevskaya Pozhar Pozharishche Proletarsky Rakishevo Repnyakovskaya Rubtsovo Ruchyevskaya Safonovskaya Salnik Samoylovskaya Savinskaya (Tiginsky Selsoviet) Savinskaya (Vozhegodsky Selsoviet) Semyonovskaya (Beketovsky Selsoviet) Semyonovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Senkinskaya Shchegolikha Shchekotovskaya Sigovskaya Soroginskaya Sorozhinskaya Sosnovitsa Stepanikha (Tiginskoye Rural Settlement) Stepanikha (Vozhegodskoye Urban Settlement) Stepanovskaya Stolbikha Strokavino Surkovskaya Syamba Syrnevo Tarasovskaya (Beketovsky Selsoviet) Tarasovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Tigino Timoninskaya Timoshinskaya Tingotomo Todelovskaya Tupitsyno Turabovskaya Turovo Tyurikovskaya Uglenskaya Ugol Ulitinskaya Vafunenskaya Vasilyevskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Vasilyevskaya (Yuchkinskoye Rural Settlement) Vershina Voskresenskoye Vysokaya Yagrysh Yakhrenga Yakovlevo Yakuninskaya Yakushevskaya Yakutinskaya Yefimovskaya Yekimovskaya Yelenskaya Yemelyanovskaya Yereminskaya Yesinskaya Yeskinskaya Yurkovskaya Zabereznik Zaozerye Zarechnaya Zasukhonskaya Zavrag Zinenskaya Zuyevo This Vozhegodsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Vozhegodsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vozhegodsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Perepechikha (Russian: Перепечиха) is a rural locality (a village) in Yavengskoye Rural Settlement, Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 17 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Perepechikha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vozhega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vozhega"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Perepechikha is located 18 km northeast of Vozhega (the district's administrative centre) by road. Maryinskaya is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perepechikha&params=60_32_N_40_24_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"60°32′N 40°24′E / 60.533°N 40.400°E / 60.533; 40.400"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/vozhegodskiy-rayon/derevnya-perepechiha/","external_links_name":"Деревня Перепечиха на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_perepechiha_vozhega","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Перепечихи до Вожеги"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perepechikha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerotypia
Aerotypia
["1 References"]
Genus of moths Aerotypia Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Gelechiidae Genus: AerotypiaWalsingham, 1911 Species: A. pleurotella Binomial name Aerotypia pleurotellaWalsingham, 1911 Aerotypia is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It contains the species Aerotypia pleurotella, which is found in Morelos, Mexico. The wingspan is 40–42 mm. The forewings are ochreous, fading to ochreous white from below the middle to the dorsum. From the base below the costa to the apex runs a straight white streak of even width throughout, above it the ochreous ground-colour is tinged with pale olivaceous fuscous to the costa, as also narrowly along its lower margin, making it very clearly defined. The hindwings are pale brownish fuscous, tending to fade to paler from the costa to the dorsum. References ^ funet.fi ^ Biol. centr.-amer. Lep. Heterocera 4 : 82 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Taxon identifiersAerotypia Wikidata: Q4688504 Wikispecies: Aerotypia ButMoth: 585.0 CoL: 8ZYYZ EoL: 95080 GBIF: 1850510 IRMNG: 1007925 LepIndex: 114543 Open Tree of Life: 3235032 This article on a moth of the family Gelechiidae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Gelechiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelechiidae"},{"link_name":"Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelos"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Aerotypia is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It contains the species Aerotypia pleurotella, which is found in Morelos, Mexico.[1]The wingspan is 40–42 mm. The forewings are ochreous, fading to ochreous white from below the middle to the dorsum. From the base below the costa to the apex runs a straight white streak of even width throughout, above it the ochreous ground-colour is tinged with pale olivaceous fuscous to the costa, as also narrowly along its lower margin, making it very clearly defined. The hindwings are pale brownish fuscous, tending to fade to paler from the costa to the dorsum.[2]","title":"Aerotypia"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/gelechiidae/aerotypia/","external_links_name":"funet.fi"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/mobotbca_15_04_00#page/n97/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Biol. centr.-amer. Lep. Heterocera 4 : 82"},{"Link":"https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/buttmoth/resource/c1727662-2d1e-426f-818c-d144552a747c?q=585.0+&view_id=3ae940ca-69b8-430b-9cb8-8b509cac5289&field=Author&value=","external_links_name":"585.0"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8ZYYZ","external_links_name":"8ZYYZ"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/95080","external_links_name":"95080"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1850510","external_links_name":"1850510"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1007925","external_links_name":"1007925"},{"Link":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=114543","external_links_name":"114543"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3235032","external_links_name":"3235032"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerotypia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Library
University of Toronto Libraries
["1 Partnerships and collaboration","2 Branches[12]","3 Chief librarians","4 References","5 External links"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) University of Toronto LibrariesLocationToronto, Ontario, CanadaTypeAcademic libraryEstablished1892Branches40CollectionItems collectedBooks, journals, newspapers, sound recordings, databases, maps, drawings and manuscriptsSize12+ million print books, 5.6 million microforms, 1.9 million digital books, 150,467 journal titles, 29,554 linear metres archival materialOther informationEmployees500Websitelibrary.utoronto.ca The University of Toronto Libraries system is the largest academic library in Canada and is ranked third among peer institutions in North America, behind only Harvard and Yale. The system consists of 40 libraries located on University of Toronto's three university campuses: St. George (downtown Toronto), Mississauga and Scarborough. This array of college libraries, special collections, and specialized libraries and information centres supports the teaching and research requirements of 215 graduate programs, over 60 professional programs, and more than 700 undergraduate degree programs. In addition to more than 12 million print volumes in 341 languages, the library system currently provides access to 150,467 journal titles, millions of electronic resources in various forms and almost 30,000 linear metres of archival material. More than 150,000 new print volumes are acquired each year. The largest library in the system is the Robarts Library, which houses the main collection of social sciences and humanities research resources at the University of Toronto. The Robarts Library complex is also home to the central Libraries’ administrative offices, exhibit galleries, Scotiabank Information Commons, Centre for Teaching Support & Innovation, Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library, Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library, Map & Data Library, Petro Jacyk Central & East European Resource Centre and the Media Commons. Robarts Library is only accessible to University of Toronto students, faculty, staff, and those with a valid ID card. The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library is connected to Robarts Library and is open to the public. It houses both the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections and the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services. It is Canada's largest rare book library and its holdings include books, manuscripts, maps, and graphic and audiovisual material covering a broad range of subjects and time periods. Also located in St. George campus, the Gerstein Science Information Centre is the main library for the science and health science disciplines. In addition to the centre's comprehensive print collection, there is a vast selection of health and scientific databases and indexes available online. Partnerships and collaboration The University of Toronto Libraries system is a member of the Association of Research Libraries, Canadian Association of Research Libraries, and the Ontario Council of University Libraries. Branches Main John P. Robarts Research Library Gerstein Science Information Centre U of T Mississauga Library U of T Scarborough Library Colleges Emmanuel College Library Innis College Library Caven Library (Knox College) Robertson Davies Library (Massey College) Ivey Library (New College) John M. Kelly Library (St. Michael's College) John W. Graham Library (Trinity College & Wycliffe College) University College Library E. J. Pratt Library (Victoria College) Subject Eberhard Zeidler Library (architecture) Astronomy and Astrophysics Library (closed, merged with Physics Library) Department of Art Library Milt Harris Library (business) A. D. Allen Library (chemistry) Criminology Information Service & Library Harry R. Abbott Library (dentistry) Noranda Earth Sciences Library Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library (East Asian studies) OISE Library (education) Engineering and Computer Science Library First Nations House Library Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library (Hong Kong studies) Newman Library (industrial relations and human resources) Bora Laskin Law Library (law) Mathematical Sciences Library (mathematics and the statistical sciences) Pontifical Institute of Mediæval Studies Library Music Library Physics Library Petro Jacyk Central & East European Resource Centre (Russia & East Central Europe studies) Chief librarians University Librarian John McCaul (1843–1852) John William Small (1852–1853) Alexander Lorimer (1854–1868) John Edgeworth Thomson (1868–1972) William Henry Van der Smissen (1873–1891) Hugh Hornby Langton (1892–1923) William Stewart Wallace (1923–1954) Chief Librarian Robert Harold Blackburn (1954–1981) Marilyn Sharrow (1982–1985) Carol Moore (1986–2011) Larry Paul Alford (2011–present) References ^ "Principal Component Scores ARL Library Investment Index Description and Worksheets". ARL Statistics. Retrieved 25 January 2016. ^ a b "About". University of Toronto Libraries. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024. ^ Libraries, University of Toronto (2014-11-26). "Members of the public". onesearch.library.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ "Robarts Library stack access (floors 9-13)". onesearch.library.utoronto.ca. 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2019-08-26. ^ Libraries, University of Toronto. "Visit | University of Toronto Libraries". onesearch.library.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ a b "About Us". fisher.library.utoronto.ca. 2012-05-15. Retrieved 2019-08-26. ^ Sung, Jenny (15 April 2016). "Rare books: Thomas Fisher library has Canada's largest collection". globalnews.ca retrieved 11 March 2021. ^ "About us | Gerstein Science Information Centre". gerstein.library.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2019-08-26. ^ Administrator. "List of ARL Members". Association of Research Libraries. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ "Members". Canadian Association of Research Libraries. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ "University of Toronto | Ontario Council of University Libraries". ocul.on.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ "Libraries and Departments". University of Toronto Libraries. University of Toronto Libraries. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024. ^ "Research Resources in Physics". www.physics.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2024-05-09. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Toronto libraries. University of Toronto Libraries Blackburn, Robert H. (1989). Evolution of the heart: A history of the University of Toronto library up to 1981. Toronto: University of Toronto Library. Heritage University of Toronto: Our Ongoing History in Images, Text & Rich Media The University of Toronto Archives and Record Management Services holds the archival papers of Robert H. Blackburn, the university librarian from 1958 to 1982 and the Librarians' Association of the University of Toronto (LAUT) vteUniversity of TorontoCampuses St George Scarborough Mississauga Colleges Innis Knox Massey New Regis St. Michael's Trinity University Victoria Emmanuel Woodsworth Wycliffe Faculties Applied Science and Engineering Arts and Science Astronomy and Astrophysics Architecture, Landscape and Design Medieval Studies Mathematics Public Health Dentistry Fields Institute Information Law Medicine Global Affairs Music Pharmacy Mediaeval Studies Public Policy and Governance Education Child Study Management Theology Places Libraries Gerstein Mississauga Robarts Thomas Fisher Annesley Hall Back Campus Fields Bahen Centre Chestnut Residence Convocation Hall Goldring Centre Graduate House Hart House Koffler Student Centre Massey Building Newman Centre Philosopher's Walk President's Estate Queen's Park Soldiers' Tower 1 Spadina Crescent Stewart Observatory Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre Varsity Arena Varsity Stadium Culture Coat of arms Students' Union The Varsity The Newspaper The Medium Massey Lectures Watts Lectures CIUT-FM Hart House Theatre Hart House Review Varsity Blues Football Men's ice hockey Women's ice hockey Rowing Men's soccer Jennings Cup Blue Sky Solar Racing Toronto School Related Press Schools Theoretical Astrophysics Koffler Scientific Reserve SciNet Consortium University Health Network Unity Health Toronto People Alumni Faculty Presidents Chancellors Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"academic library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_library"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Robarts Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robarts_Library"},{"link_name":"Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Yu_Tung_East_Asian_Library"},{"link_name":"Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Charles_Lee_Canada-Hong_Kong_Library"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fisher_Rare_Book_Library"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Toronto_Archives_and_Records_Management_Services&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gerstein Science Information Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerstein_Science_Information_Centre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The University of Toronto Libraries system is the largest academic library in Canada and is ranked third among peer institutions in North America, behind only Harvard and Yale.[1] The system consists of 40 libraries located on University of Toronto's three university campuses: St. George (downtown Toronto), Mississauga and Scarborough.[2] This array of college libraries, special collections, and specialized libraries and information centres supports the teaching and research requirements of 215 graduate programs, over 60 professional programs, and more than 700 undergraduate degree programs. In addition to more than 12 million print volumes in 341 languages, the library system currently provides access to 150,467 journal titles, millions of electronic resources in various forms and almost 30,000 linear metres of archival material.[2] More than 150,000 new print volumes are acquired each year.The largest library in the system is the Robarts Library, which houses the main collection of social sciences and humanities research resources at the University of Toronto. The Robarts Library complex is also home to the central Libraries’ administrative offices, exhibit galleries, Scotiabank Information Commons, Centre for Teaching Support & Innovation, Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library, Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library, Map & Data Library, Petro Jacyk Central & East European Resource Centre and the Media Commons. Robarts Library is only accessible to University of Toronto students, faculty, staff, and those with a valid ID card.[3][4]The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library is connected to Robarts Library and is open to the public.[5] It houses both the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections and the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services.[6] It is Canada's largest rare book library and its holdings include books, manuscripts, maps, and graphic and audiovisual material covering a broad range of subjects and time periods.[6][7]Also located in St. George campus, the Gerstein Science Information Centre is the main library for the science and health science disciplines. In addition to the centre's comprehensive print collection, there is a vast selection of health and scientific databases and indexes available online.[8]","title":"University of Toronto Libraries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association of Research Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Research_Libraries"},{"link_name":"Canadian Association of Research Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Research_Libraries"},{"link_name":"Ontario Council of University Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Council_of_University_Libraries"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The University of Toronto Libraries system is a member of the Association of Research Libraries, Canadian Association of Research Libraries, and the Ontario Council of University Libraries.[9][10][11]","title":"Partnerships and collaboration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John P. Robarts Research Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robarts_Library"},{"link_name":"Gerstein Science Information Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerstein_Science_Information_Centre"},{"link_name":"U of T Mississauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Mississauga"},{"link_name":"U of T Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Scarborough"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Innis College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innis_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Knox College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Massey College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"New College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"St. Michael's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Michael%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Wycliffe College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Victoria College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Yu_Tung_East_Asian_Library"},{"link_name":"Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Charles_Lee_Canada-Hong_Kong_Library"},{"link_name":"Bora Laskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_Laskin"},{"link_name":"Petro Jacyk Central & East European Resource Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pjrc.library.utoronto.ca"}],"text":"MainJohn P. Robarts Research Library\nGerstein Science Information Centre\nU of T Mississauga Library\nU of T Scarborough LibraryCollegesEmmanuel College Library\nInnis College Library\nCaven Library (Knox College)\nRobertson Davies Library (Massey College)\nIvey Library (New College)\nJohn M. Kelly Library (St. Michael's College)\nJohn W. Graham Library (Trinity College & Wycliffe College)\nUniversity College Library\nE. J. Pratt Library (Victoria College)SubjectEberhard Zeidler Library (architecture)\nAstronomy and Astrophysics Library (closed, merged with Physics Library)[13]\nDepartment of Art Library\nMilt Harris Library (business)\nA. D. Allen Library (chemistry)\nCriminology Information Service & Library\nHarry R. Abbott Library (dentistry)\nNoranda Earth Sciences Library\nCheng Yu Tung East Asian Library (East Asian studies)\nOISE Library (education)\nEngineering and Computer Science Library\nFirst Nations House Library\nRichard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library (Hong Kong studies)\nNewman Library (industrial relations and human resources)\nBora Laskin Law Library (law)\nMathematical Sciences Library (mathematics and the statistical sciences)\nPontifical Institute of Mediæval Studies Library\nMusic Library\nPhysics Library\nPetro Jacyk Central & East European Resource Centre (Russia & East Central Europe studies)","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Stewart Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stewart_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Robert Harold Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Blackburn"}],"text":"University LibrarianJohn McCaul (1843–1852)\nJohn William Small (1852–1853)\nAlexander Lorimer (1854–1868)\nJohn Edgeworth Thomson (1868–1972)\nWilliam Henry Van der Smissen (1873–1891)\nHugh Hornby Langton (1892–1923)\nWilliam Stewart Wallace (1923–1954)Chief LibrarianRobert Harold Blackburn (1954–1981)\nMarilyn Sharrow (1982–1985)\nCarol Moore (1986–2011)\nLarry Paul Alford (2011–present)","title":"Chief librarians"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Valverde
Mariana Valverde
["1 Selected works","2 References","3 External links"]
Canadian criminologist Mariana ValverdeFRSCNationalityCanadianAcademic backgroundEducationBrock University (BA)York University (MA, PhD)ThesisFrench Romantic socialism and the critique of political economyAcademic workDisciplineCriminologist, sociologistSub-disciplineSociology of lawInstitutionsTrent UniversityYork UniversityUniversity of Toronto Websitehttp://www.individual.utoronto.ca/marianavalverde/ Mariana Valverde FRSC is a Canadian criminologist and sociologist. She is currently a professor in the Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies at the University of Toronto. Her research mainly focuses on the sociology of law. She is also an occasional contributor to Spacing magazine. In 2000 Mariana Valverde won the Herbert Jacob book prize from the Law and Society Association for her book Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom (Cambridge University Press, 1998). Mariana Valverde is the daughter of Spanish poet and philosopher José María Valverde. Selected works Valverde, Mariana. (1991). The Age of Light, Soap, and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada 1880s-1920s. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Valverde, Mariana. (1998). Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Valverde, Mariana. (2003). Law’s Dream of a Common Knowledge. Princeton University Press. Valverde, Mariana. (2006). Law and Order: Signs, Meanings, Myths. Routledge. Valverde, Mariana. (2012). Everyday law on the Street: City Governance in an Age of Diversity. Chicago University Press. References ^ Faculty list, Centre of Criminology. University of Toronto. Archived February 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Mariana Valverde, Author at Spacing National". ^ Winners of the Herbert Jacob book prize. Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine The Law and Society Association. Accessed August 29, 2008. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Other IdRef This biography of a Canadian sociologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Santboi%C3%A0
FC Santboià
["1 History","2 Season to season","3 References","4 External links"]
Association football club in Spain Football clubSantboiàFull nameFutbol Club SantboiàFounded1908; 116 years ago (1908)GroundJoan Baptista Milà, Sant Boi, Catalonia, SpainCapacity2,500PresidentRamón AndreuHead coachAlberto FernándezLeagueLliga Elit2022-23Primera Catalana – Group 3, 4th Home colours Away colours Futbol Club Santboià is a Spanish football team based in Sant Boi de Llobregat, in the autonomous community of Catalonia. Founded in 1908 it plays in Lliga Elit, holding home matches at Estadi Municipal Joan Baptista Milà, with a capacity for 2,500 seats. History The club was founded in 1908 as Foot-ball Club Samboyano. Its founders were Joan Baptista Milà, Francesc and Modest Amat, Mateu Puig, Boi Mestres, Jacint Ros, Mateu Parés, Enric Beltràn and the brothers Massana. Season to season Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey 1940/41 5 1ª Reg. B 7th 1941/42 5 1ª Reg. B 5th 1942/43 5 1ª Reg. B 10th 1943/44 5 1ª Reg. B 5th 1944/45 5 1ª Reg. B 4th 1945/46 5 1ª Reg. B 6th 1946/47 DNP 1947/48 5 1ª Reg. B 12th 1948/49 5 1ª Reg. B — 1949/50 5 1ª Reg. B — 1950/51 5 1ª Reg. B 11th 1951/52 5 1ª Reg. B 9th 1952/53 5 1ª Reg. B 1st 1953/54 4 1ª Reg. 14th 1954/55 4 1ª Reg. 3rd 1955/56 4 1ª Reg. 8th 1956/57 3 3ª 9th 1957/58 3 3ª 10th 1958/59 3 3ª 11th 1959/60 3 3ª 11th 1960/61 3 3ª 16th 1961/62 4 1ª Reg. 6th 1962/63 4 1ª Reg. 3rd 1963/64 4 1ª Reg. 11th 1964/65 4 1ª Reg. 8th 1965/66 4 1ª Reg. 5th 1966/67 4 1ª Reg. 9th 1967/68 4 1ª Reg. 1st Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey 1968/69 3 3ª 10th 1969/70 3 3ª 14th 1970/71 4 Reg. Pref. 20th 1971/72 5 1ª Reg. 11th 1972/73 5 1ª Reg. 7th 1973/74 5 1ª Reg. 9th 1974/75 5 1ª Reg. 6th 1975/76 5 1ª Reg. 2nd 1976/77 5 1ª Reg. 1st 1977/78 5 Reg. Pref. 13th 1978/79 5 Reg. Pref. 12th 1979/80 5 Reg. Pref. 13th 1980/81 5 Reg. Pref. 1st 1981/82 4 3ª 16th 1982/83 4 3ª 10th 1983/84 4 3ª 11th 1984/85 4 3ª 18th 1985/86 5 Reg. Pref. 13th 1986/87 5 Reg. Pref. 1st 1987/88 4 3ª 18th 1988/89 5 Reg. Pref. 11th 1989/90 5 Reg. Pref. 14th 1990/91 5 Reg. Pref. 12th 1991/92 6 Pref. Terr. 2nd 1992/93 5 1ª Cat. 7th 1993/94 5 1ª Cat. 7th 1994/95 5 1ª Cat. 1st 1995/96 4 3ª 3rd Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey 1996/97 4 3ª 10th 1997/98 4 3ª 17th 1998/99 4 3ª 18th 1999/00 5 1ª Cat. 4th 2000/01 4 3ª 18th 2001/02 5 1ª Cat. 18th 2002/03 5 1ª Cat. 9th 2003/04 5 1ª Cat. 1st 2004/05 4 3ª 6th 2005/06 4 3ª 6th 2006/07 4 3ª 7th 2007/08 4 3ª 4th 2008/09 4 3ª 4th 2009/10 4 3ª 3rd 2010/11 3 2ªB 20th 2011/12 4 3ª 6th 2012/13 4 3ª 15th 2013/14 4 3ª 18th 2014/15 5 1ª Cat. 2nd 2015/16 5 1ª Cat. 2nd 2016/17 5 1ª Cat. 1st 2017/18 4 3ª 13th 2018/19 4 3ª 19th 2019/20 5 1ª Cat. 3rd 1 season in Segunda División B 28 seasons in Tercera División References ^ "FC Santboia - Primera Catalana G 2". www.resultados-futbol.com. Retrieved 2020-04-14. ^ "The latest news from FC Santboia: squad, results, table". www.besoccer.com. Retrieved 2020-04-14. ^ "Futbol Club Santboià :: La Futbolteca. Enciclopedia del Fútbol Español" (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2020-04-14. External links Official website Futbolme team profile (in Spanish) vteTercera Federación – Group 5 « Group 4 Group 6 » 2023–24 clubs Badalona Castelldefels Girona B Grama L'Escala L'Hospitalet Mollerussa Montañesa Olot Peralada Pobla Mafumet Prat Rapitenca Reus FCR San Cristóbal Tona Vilafranca Vilassar de Mar Federation: Catalonia (FCF)
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_NCAA_University_Division_men%27s_basketball_rankings
1966–67 NCAA University Division men's basketball rankings
["1 Legend","2 AP Poll","3 UPI Poll","4 References"]
1966–67 NCAA University Division men's basketball rankingsSeason1966–67NCAA Tournament1967Preseason No. 1UCLANCAA Tournament ChampionsUCLA NCAA University Division men's basketball rankings ← 1965–66 1967–68 → The 1966–67 NCAA University Division men's basketball rankings was made up of two human polls, the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll. Legend   Increase in ranking   Decrease in ranking   New to rankings from previous week Italics   Number of first place votes (#–#)   Win–loss record т Tied with team above or below also with this symbol AP Poll Preseason Week 2Dec. 6Week 3Dec. 13Week 4Dec. 20Week 5Dec. 27Week 6Jan. 3Week 7Jan. 10Week 8Jan. 17Week 9Jan. 24Week 10Jan. 31Week 11Feb. 7Week 12Feb. 14Week 13Feb. 21Week 14Feb. 28FinalMar. 71.UCLAUCLA (1–0)UCLA (3–0)UCLA (3–0)UCLA (5–0)UCLA (8–0)UCLA (9–0)UCLA (12–0)UCLA (14–0)UCLA (15–0)UCLA (17–0)UCLA (19–0)UCLA (21–0)UCLA (23–0)UCLA (25–0)1.2.UTEPUTEP (2–0)UTEP (5–0)Louisville (6–0)Louisville (8–0)Louisville (11–0)Louisville (13–0)Louisville (14–1)North Carolina (12–1)North Carolina (13–1)North Carolina (14–1)Louisville (20–2)Louisville (22–2)Louisville (23–3)Louisville (23–3)2.3.KentuckyKentucky (1–0)Louisville (3–0)North Carolina (5–0)North Carolina (7–0)North Carolina (9–0)New Mexico (11–1)Houston (14–1)Houston (14–1)Louisville (16–2)Louisville (18–2)Princeton (19–1)Western Kentucky (20–1)North Carolina (20–3)Kansas (20–3)3.4.DukeLouisville (1–0)Kentucky (2–1)UTEP (6–1)UTEP (7–1)New Mexico (9–1)Houston (13–1)North Carolina (12–1)Louisville (15–2)UTEP (14–2)Princeton (17–1)North Carolina (16–2)Kansas (17–3)Kansas (19–3)North Carolina (21–4)4.5.LouisvilleHouston (2–0)New Mexico (4–0)Michigan State (4–0)New Mexico (7–1)Houston (11–1)North Carolina (11–1)Princeton (13–1)Princeton (13–1)Princeton (14–1)Houston (15–2)Western Kentucky (18–1)North Carolina (18–3)Princeton (22–2)Princeton (23–2)5.6.New MexicoNew Mexico (2–0)North Carolina (3–0)New Mexico (5–1)Houston (9–1)UTEP (8–2)UTEP (10–2)UTEP (11–2)UTEP (12–2)Houston (14–2)Western Kentucky (16–1)Kansas (15–3)Princeton (20–2)Western Kentucky (21–2)Western Kentucky (23–2)6.7.HoustonDuke (1–1)BYU (3–0)Cincinnati (5–0)Cincinnati (7–0)Providence (8–2)Princeton (11–1)Kansas (11–2)Kansas (12–3)Kansas (12–3)Kansas (13–3)Houston (16–3)Houston (19–3)Houston (21–3)Houston (23–3)7.8.Western KentuckyNorth Carolina (2–0)Michigan State (4–0)Houston (8–1)St. John's (5–0)Cincinnati (8–1)Kansas (10–2)Florida (11–1)Western Kentucky (14–1)Western Kentucky (14–1)UTEP (15–3)UTEP (16–4)Syracuse (19–2)Tennessee (18–4)Tennessee (20–5)8.9.North CarolinaBYUHouston (4–1)Kansas (6–1)Vanderbilt (8–1)Kansas (9–2)Providence (9–3)New Mexico (11–3)Vanderbilt (13–2)Vanderbilt (14–2)Providence (14–3)Vanderbilt (17–3)Tennessee (17–4)UTEP (19–5)Boston College (19–2)9.10.CincinnatiCincinnati (2–0)Cincinnati (3–0)Vanderbilt (6–1)Michigan State (5–1)Bradley (9–2)Florida (9–1)Providence (11–3)Providence (11–3)Providence (13–3)Boston College (12–1)Syracuse (17–2)UTEP (17–5)Boston College (17–2)UTEP (20–5)10.Preseason Week 2Dec. 6Week 3Dec. 13Week 4Dec. 20Week 5Dec. 27Week 6Jan. 3Week 7Jan. 10Week 8Jan. 17Week 9Jan. 24Week 10Jan. 31Week 11Feb. 7Week 12Feb. 14Week 13Feb. 21Week 14Feb. 28FinalMar. 7Dropped:Western Kentucky (1–1)Dropped:Duke (1–3)Dropped:BYU (3–2)Kentucky (3–2)Dropped:Kansas (6–2)Dropped:Vanderbilt (8–2)Michigan State (5–3)Dropped:Cincinnati (9–2)Bradley (9–4)NoneDropped:Florida (11–3)New Mexico (11–5)NoneDropped:Vanderbilt (15–3)Dropped:Providence (15–4)Boston College (13–2)Dropped:Vanderbilt (17–4)Dropped:Syracuse (19–4)None UPI Poll Preseason Week 2Dec. 6Week 3Dec. 13Week 4Dec. 20Week 5Dec. 27Week 6Jan. 3Week 7Jan. 10Week 8Jan. 17Week 9Jan. 24Week 10Jan. 31Week 11Feb. 7Week 12Feb. 14Week 13Feb. 21Week 14Feb. 28FinalMar. 71.UCLAUCLA (1–0)UCLA (3–0)UCLA (3–0)UCLA (5–0)UCLA (8–0)UCLA (9–0)UCLA (12–0)UCLA (14–0)UCLA (15–0)UCLA (17–0)UCLA (19–0)UCLA (21–0)UCLA (23–0)UCLA (25–0)1.2.UTEPUTEP (2–0)UTEP (5–0)North Carolina (5–0)Louisville (8–0)Louisville (11–0)Louisville (13–0)Louisville (14–1)North Carolina (12–1)North Carolina (13–1)North Carolina (14–1)Louisville (20–2)Louisville (22–2)Louisville (23–3)Louisville (23–3)2.3.KentuckyKentucky (1–0)Michigan State (4–0)Louisville (6–0)North Carolina (7–0)North Carolina (9–0)North Carolina (11–1)North Carolina (12–1)Houston (14–1)Louisville (16–2)Louisville (18–2)North Carolina (16–2)North Carolina (18–3)North Carolina (20–3)North Carolina (21–4)3.4.DukeMichigan State (2–0)Kentucky (2–1)UTEP (6–1)UTEP (7–1)New Mexico (9–1)New Mexico (11–1)Houston (14–1)Louisville (15–2)UTEP (14–2)Princeton (17–1)Princeton (19–1)Kansas (17–3)Kansas (19–3)Kansas (20–3)4.5.Michigan StateHouston (2–0)Louisville (3–0)Michigan State (4–0)New Mexico (7–1)Cincinnati (8–1)Houston (13–1)UTEP (11–2)UTEP (12–2)Houston (14–2)Houston (15–2)Kansas (15–3)Western Kentucky (20–1)Princeton (22–2)Princeton (23–2)5.6.HoustonLouisville (1–0)BYU (3–0)New Mexico (5–1)Cincinnati (7–0)Houston (11–1)UTEP (10–2)Kansas (11–2)Princeton (13–1)Princeton (14–1)UTEP (15–3)Western Kentucky (18–1)Princeton (20–2)Houston (21–3)Houston (23–3)6.7.LouisvilleNew Mexico (2–0)New Mexico (4–0)Cincinnati (5–0)Michigan State (5–1)UTEP (8–2)Kansas (10–2)Princeton (13–1)Kansas (12–3)Kansas (12–3)Kansas (13–3)UTEP (16–4)Houston (19–3)Western Kentucky (21–2)Western Kentucky (23–2)7.8.BYUBYU (1–0)North Carolina (3–0)Houston (8–1)Houston (9–1)Providence (8–2)Cincinnati (9–2)New Mexico (11–3)Cincinnati (12–3)Vanderbilt (14–2)Western Kentucky (16–1)Houston (16–3)Tennessee (17–4)Tennessee (18–4)UTEP (20–5)8.9.Western KentuckyNorth Carolina (2–0)Kansas (5–0)Kansas (6–1)Vanderbilt (8–1)Kansas (9–2)Princeton (11–1)Florida (11–1)Western Kentucky (14–1)Western Kentucky (14–1)Providence (14–3)Vanderbilt (17–3)UTEP (17–5)UTEP (19–5)Tennessee (20–5)9.10.ProvidenceVirginia Tech (2–0)Cincinnati (3–0)Boston College (6–0)Boston College (8–0)Vanderbilt (8–2)Vanderbilt (10–2)Vanderbilt (12–2)Vanderbilt (13–2)Providence (13–3)Vanderbilt (15–3)Utah State (17–3)Boston College (15–2)Boston College (17–2)Boston College (19–2)10.11.NebraskaDuke (1–1)Vanderbilt (4–0)Vanderbilt (6–1)St. John's (5–0)Western Kentucky (9–1)Providence (9–3)Boston College (12–1)Providence (11–3)Cincinnati (11–6)Boston College (12–1)Boston College (13–2)Syracuse (19–2)Vanderbilt (19–4)Toledo (23–1)11.12.Boston CollegeCincinnati (2–0) тBoston College (4–0)BYU (3–2)Kansas (6–2)Boston College (9–1)Western Kentucky (10–1)Providence (11–3)St. John's (12–1)Boston College (12–1)Syracuse (15–2)Syracuse (17–2)Utah State (18–3)St. John's (20–3)St. John's (22–3)12.13.Dayton тNebraska (1–0) тHouston (4–1)Illinois (2–1)Tennessee (4–0)Bradley (9–2)Boston College (10–1)Western Kentucky (12–1)Boston College (12–1)Tennessee (11–3)Toledo (14–1)Tennessee (15–4)Vanderbilt (17–4)Providence (18–6)Tulsa (19–7)13.14.Kansas тKansas (2–0)Illinois (2–1)St. John's (4–0)West Virginia (5–0)St. John's (7–1)Florida (9–1)St. John's (11–1)Utah State (11–3)Tulsa (13–3)Duke (10–5) тDuke (12–5)Providence (16–5)Duke (13–6)Utah State (20–5) т14.15.North CarolinaProvidence (1–0)West Virginia (4–0)Tennessee (4–0)Princeton (6–0)Michigan State (5–3)Dayton (11–1) тDayton (12–2)New Mexico (11–5) тToledo (13–0)Utah State (14–3) тProvidence (15–4)Duke (13–6)Toledo (21–1)Vanderbilt (20–5) т15.16.New Mexico тBoston College (2–0)Loyola-Chicago (3–0)Florida (4–0)Seattle (7–1)Seattle (9–1)Seattle (10–2) тTennessee (7–3) тTennessee (9–3) тSt. John's (12–2) тTennessee (13–4)Toledo (16–1)Toledo (18–1)Tulsa (18–6)Pacific (21–3)16.17.Loyola-Chicago тLoyola-Chicago (1–0)Virginia Tech (2–1)West Virginia (5–0)Western Kentucky (7–1)Utah State (7–2)Mississippi State (9–1) тToledo (9–0) тMississippi State (11–1)Syracuse (12–2) тCincinnati (12–7)Florida (17–4)St. John's (18–3)Dayton (21–4)Providence (20–6)17.18.CincinnatiVanderbilt (2–0)Providence (3–0) тBradley (5–1)Kentucky (4–3) тDayton (10–1) тSt. John's (10–2) тSyracuse (11–2) тBYU (10–5)Utah (11–6)Northwestern (9–5)Cincinnati (12–9)BYU (12–7)Florida (20–4)New Mexico (18–7)18.19.Colorado StateColorado State (2–0)St. John's (2–0) тColorado (5–1) тVirginia Tech (4–1) тPrinceton (8–1) тTennessee (6–2) тMississippi State (11–1)Florida (11–3) тNew Mexico (11–5)Tulsa (14–4)St. John's (16–3)Florida (18–4)Syracuse (19–4)Duke (13–7)19.20.St. John'sDayton (2–0)Seattle (3–0)Western Kentucky (4–1) тColorado State (4–3) тMississippi State (7–0) тFlorida (7–1)Iowa (8–2) тSMU (8–3) тUtah State (10–3) тTulsa (11–3) тNorthwestern (7–4) тDuke (8–5)St. John's (13–3)Tulsa (15–5)Virginia Tech (16–4)Utah State (18–5)Florida (21–4)20.Preseason Week 2Dec. 6Week 3Dec. 13Week 4Dec. 20Week 5Dec. 27Week 6Jan. 3Week 7Jan. 10Week 8Jan. 17Week 9Jan. 24Week 10Jan. 31Week 11Feb. 7Week 12Feb. 14Week 13Feb. 21Week 14Feb. 28FinalMar. 7Dropped:Western Kentucky (1–1)St. John's (1–0)Dropped:Duke (1–3)NebraskaColorado StateDaytonDropped:Kentucky (3–2)Loyola-ChicagoVirginia TechProvidenceSeattleDropped:BYUIllinoisFloridaBradleyColoradoDropped:TennesseeWest VirginiaKentuckyVirginia TechColorado StateMississippi StateDropped:Bradley (9–4)Michigan StateUtah StateDropped:CincinnatiSeattleIowaSMUDropped:DaytonToledoSyracuseTulsaDropped:Utah StateMississippi StateBYUFloridaNorthwesternDropped:UtahNew MexicoDropped:NorthwesternDropped:CincinnatiTulsa (16–6)Dropped:BYUVirginia TechDropped:Dayton (21–5)Syracuse (19–5) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game. Random House. 2009. p. 742. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2. ^ a b c d e f ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game. Random House. 2009. p. 743. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2. vteNCAA Division I men's basketball rankings 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AP Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Poll"},{"link_name":"Coaches Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaches_Poll"}],"text":"The 1966–67 NCAA University Division men's basketball rankings was made up of two human polls, the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll.","title":"1966–67 NCAA University Division men's basketball rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"UTEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTEP_Miners_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Lobos_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Houston_Cougars_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Friars_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Western Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Michigan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"St. John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_St._John%27s_Redmen_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"BYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Cougars_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Braves_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orangemen_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"}],"text":"Preseason [1]Week 2Dec. 6[1]Week 3Dec. 13[1]Week 4Dec. 20[1]Week 5Dec. 27[1]Week 6Jan. 3[1]Week 7Jan. 10[1]Week 8Jan. 17[1]Week 9Jan. 24[1]Week 10Jan. 31[1]Week 11Feb. 7[1]Week 12Feb. 14[1]Week 13Feb. 21[2]Week 14Feb. 28[2]FinalMar. 7[2]1.UCLAUCLA (1–0)UCLA (3–0)UCLA (3–0)UCLA (5–0)UCLA (8–0)UCLA (9–0)UCLA (12–0)UCLA (14–0)UCLA (15–0)UCLA (17–0)UCLA (19–0)UCLA (21–0)UCLA (23–0)UCLA (25–0)1.2.UTEPUTEP (2–0)UTEP (5–0)Louisville (6–0)Louisville (8–0)Louisville (11–0)Louisville (13–0)Louisville (14–1)North Carolina (12–1)North Carolina (13–1)North Carolina (14–1)Louisville (20–2)Louisville (22–2)Louisville (23–3)Louisville (23–3)2.3.KentuckyKentucky (1–0)Louisville (3–0)North Carolina (5–0)North Carolina (7–0)North Carolina (9–0)New Mexico (11–1)Houston (14–1)Houston (14–1)Louisville (16–2)Louisville (18–2)Princeton (19–1)Western Kentucky (20–1)North Carolina (20–3)Kansas (20–3)3.4.DukeLouisville (1–0)Kentucky (2–1)UTEP (6–1)UTEP (7–1)New Mexico (9–1)Houston (13–1)North Carolina (12–1)Louisville (15–2)UTEP (14–2)Princeton (17–1)North Carolina (16–2)Kansas (17–3)Kansas (19–3)North Carolina (21–4)4.5.LouisvilleHouston (2–0)New Mexico (4–0)Michigan State (4–0)New Mexico (7–1)Houston (11–1)North Carolina (11–1)Princeton (13–1)Princeton (13–1)Princeton (14–1)Houston (15–2)Western Kentucky (18–1)North Carolina (18–3)Princeton (22–2)Princeton (23–2)5.6.New MexicoNew Mexico (2–0)North Carolina (3–0)New Mexico (5–1)Houston (9–1)UTEP (8–2)UTEP (10–2)UTEP (11–2)UTEP (12–2)Houston (14–2)Western Kentucky (16–1)Kansas (15–3)Princeton (20–2)Western Kentucky (21–2)Western Kentucky (23–2)6.7.HoustonDuke (1–1)BYU (3–0)Cincinnati (5–0)Cincinnati (7–0)Providence (8–2)Princeton (11–1)Kansas (11–2)Kansas (12–3)Kansas (12–3)Kansas (13–3)Houston (16–3)Houston (19–3)Houston (21–3)Houston (23–3)7.8.Western KentuckyNorth Carolina (2–0)Michigan State (4–0)Houston (8–1)St. John's (5–0)Cincinnati (8–1)Kansas (10–2)Florida (11–1)Western Kentucky (14–1)Western Kentucky (14–1)UTEP (15–3)UTEP (16–4)Syracuse (19–2)Tennessee (18–4)Tennessee (20–5)8.9.North CarolinaBYUHouston (4–1)Kansas (6–1)Vanderbilt (8–1)Kansas (9–2)Providence (9–3)New Mexico (11–3)Vanderbilt (13–2)Vanderbilt (14–2)Providence (14–3)Vanderbilt (17–3)Tennessee (17–4)UTEP (19–5)Boston College (19–2)9.10.CincinnatiCincinnati (2–0)Cincinnati (3–0)Vanderbilt (6–1)Michigan State (5–1)Bradley (9–2)Florida (9–1)Providence (11–3)Providence (11–3)Providence (13–3)Boston College (12–1)Syracuse (17–2)UTEP (17–5)Boston College (17–2)UTEP (20–5)10.Preseason [1]Week 2Dec. 6[1]Week 3Dec. 13[1]Week 4Dec. 20[1]Week 5Dec. 27[1]Week 6Jan. 3[1]Week 7Jan. 10[1]Week 8Jan. 17[1]Week 9Jan. 24[1]Week 10Jan. 31[1]Week 11Feb. 7[1]Week 12Feb. 14[1]Week 13Feb. 21[2]Week 14Feb. 28[2]FinalMar. 7[2]Dropped:Western Kentucky (1–1)Dropped:Duke (1–3)Dropped:BYU (3–2)Kentucky (3–2)Dropped:Kansas (6–2)Dropped:Vanderbilt (8–2)Michigan State (5–3)Dropped:Cincinnati (9–2)Bradley (9–4)NoneDropped:Florida (11–3)New Mexico (11–5)NoneDropped:Vanderbilt (15–3)Dropped:Providence (15–4)Boston College (13–2)Dropped:Vanderbilt (17–4)Dropped:Syracuse (19–4)None","title":"AP Poll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"UTEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTEP_Miners_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Michigan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Houston_Cougars_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"BYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Cougars_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Western Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Friars_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Dayton_Flyers_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Lobos_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Tigers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Loyola-Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_Ramblers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Utah State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Aggies_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Rockets_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Braves_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orangemen_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Utes_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Colorado State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Rams_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Buffaloes_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"St. John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_St._John%27s_Redmen_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Chieftains_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"SMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMU_Mustangs_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Northwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-2"}],"text":"Preseason [1]Week 2Dec. 6[1]Week 3Dec. 13[1]Week 4Dec. 20[1]Week 5Dec. 27[1]Week 6Jan. 3[1]Week 7Jan. 10[1]Week 8Jan. 17[1]Week 9Jan. 24[1]Week 10Jan. 31[1]Week 11Feb. 7[1]Week 12Feb. 14[1]Week 13Feb. 21[2]Week 14Feb. 28[2]FinalMar. 7[2]1.UCLAUCLA (1–0)UCLA (3–0)UCLA (3–0)UCLA (5–0)UCLA (8–0)UCLA (9–0)UCLA (12–0)UCLA (14–0)UCLA (15–0)UCLA (17–0)UCLA (19–0)UCLA (21–0)UCLA (23–0)UCLA (25–0)1.2.UTEPUTEP (2–0)UTEP (5–0)North Carolina (5–0)Louisville (8–0)Louisville (11–0)Louisville (13–0)Louisville (14–1)North Carolina (12–1)North Carolina (13–1)North Carolina (14–1)Louisville (20–2)Louisville (22–2)Louisville (23–3)Louisville (23–3)2.3.KentuckyKentucky (1–0)Michigan State (4–0)Louisville (6–0)North Carolina (7–0)North Carolina (9–0)North Carolina (11–1)North Carolina (12–1)Houston (14–1)Louisville (16–2)Louisville (18–2)North Carolina (16–2)North Carolina (18–3)North Carolina (20–3)North Carolina (21–4)3.4.DukeMichigan State (2–0)Kentucky (2–1)UTEP (6–1)UTEP (7–1)New Mexico (9–1)New Mexico (11–1)Houston (14–1)Louisville (15–2)UTEP (14–2)Princeton (17–1)Princeton (19–1)Kansas (17–3)Kansas (19–3)Kansas (20–3)4.5.Michigan StateHouston (2–0)Louisville (3–0)Michigan State (4–0)New Mexico (7–1)Cincinnati (8–1)Houston (13–1)UTEP (11–2)UTEP (12–2)Houston (14–2)Houston (15–2)Kansas (15–3)Western Kentucky (20–1)Princeton (22–2)Princeton (23–2)5.6.HoustonLouisville (1–0)BYU (3–0)New Mexico (5–1)Cincinnati (7–0)Houston (11–1)UTEP (10–2)Kansas (11–2)Princeton (13–1)Princeton (14–1)UTEP (15–3)Western Kentucky (18–1)Princeton (20–2)Houston (21–3)Houston (23–3)6.7.LouisvilleNew Mexico (2–0)New Mexico (4–0)Cincinnati (5–0)Michigan State (5–1)UTEP (8–2)Kansas (10–2)Princeton (13–1)Kansas (12–3)Kansas (12–3)Kansas (13–3)UTEP (16–4)Houston (19–3)Western Kentucky (21–2)Western Kentucky (23–2)7.8.BYUBYU (1–0)North Carolina (3–0)Houston (8–1)Houston (9–1)Providence (8–2)Cincinnati (9–2)New Mexico (11–3)Cincinnati (12–3)Vanderbilt (14–2)Western Kentucky (16–1)Houston (16–3)Tennessee (17–4)Tennessee (18–4)UTEP (20–5)8.9.Western KentuckyNorth Carolina (2–0)Kansas (5–0)Kansas (6–1)Vanderbilt (8–1)Kansas (9–2)Princeton (11–1)Florida (11–1)Western Kentucky (14–1)Western Kentucky (14–1)Providence (14–3)Vanderbilt (17–3)UTEP (17–5)UTEP (19–5)Tennessee (20–5)9.10.ProvidenceVirginia Tech (2–0)Cincinnati (3–0)Boston College (6–0)Boston College (8–0)Vanderbilt (8–2)Vanderbilt (10–2)Vanderbilt (12–2)Vanderbilt (13–2)Providence (13–3)Vanderbilt (15–3)Utah State (17–3)Boston College (15–2)Boston College (17–2)Boston College (19–2)10.11.NebraskaDuke (1–1)Vanderbilt (4–0)Vanderbilt (6–1)St. John's (5–0)Western Kentucky (9–1)Providence (9–3)Boston College (12–1)Providence (11–3)Cincinnati (11–6)Boston College (12–1)Boston College (13–2)Syracuse (19–2)Vanderbilt (19–4)Toledo (23–1)11.12.Boston CollegeCincinnati (2–0) тBoston College (4–0)BYU (3–2)Kansas (6–2)Boston College (9–1)Western Kentucky (10–1)Providence (11–3)St. John's (12–1)Boston College (12–1)Syracuse (15–2)Syracuse (17–2)Utah State (18–3)St. John's (20–3)St. John's (22–3)12.13.Dayton тNebraska (1–0) тHouston (4–1)Illinois (2–1)Tennessee (4–0)Bradley (9–2)Boston College (10–1)Western Kentucky (12–1)Boston College (12–1)Tennessee (11–3)Toledo (14–1)Tennessee (15–4)Vanderbilt (17–4)Providence (18–6)Tulsa (19–7)13.14.Kansas тKansas (2–0)Illinois (2–1)St. John's (4–0)West Virginia (5–0)St. John's (7–1)Florida (9–1)St. John's (11–1)Utah State (11–3)Tulsa (13–3)Duke (10–5) тDuke (12–5)Providence (16–5)Duke (13–6)Utah State (20–5) т14.15.North CarolinaProvidence (1–0)West Virginia (4–0)Tennessee (4–0)Princeton (6–0)Michigan State (5–3)Dayton (11–1) тDayton (12–2)New Mexico (11–5) тToledo (13–0)Utah State (14–3) тProvidence (15–4)Duke (13–6)Toledo (21–1)Vanderbilt (20–5) т15.16.New Mexico тBoston College (2–0)Loyola-Chicago (3–0)Florida (4–0)Seattle (7–1)Seattle (9–1)Seattle (10–2) тTennessee (7–3) тTennessee (9–3) тSt. John's (12–2) тTennessee (13–4)Toledo (16–1)Toledo (18–1)Tulsa (18–6)Pacific (21–3)16.17.Loyola-Chicago тLoyola-Chicago (1–0)Virginia Tech (2–1)West Virginia (5–0)Western Kentucky (7–1)Utah State (7–2)Mississippi State (9–1) тToledo (9–0) тMississippi State (11–1)Syracuse (12–2) тCincinnati (12–7)Florida (17–4)St. John's (18–3)Dayton (21–4)Providence (20–6)17.18.CincinnatiVanderbilt (2–0)Providence (3–0) тBradley (5–1)Kentucky (4–3) тDayton (10–1) тSt. John's (10–2) тSyracuse (11–2) тBYU (10–5)Utah (11–6)Northwestern (9–5)Cincinnati (12–9)BYU (12–7)Florida (20–4)New Mexico (18–7)18.19.Colorado StateColorado State (2–0)St. John's (2–0) тColorado (5–1) тVirginia Tech (4–1) тPrinceton (8–1) тTennessee (6–2) тMississippi State (11–1)Florida (11–3) тNew Mexico (11–5)Tulsa (14–4)St. John's (16–3)Florida (18–4)Syracuse (19–4)Duke (13–7)19.20.St. John'sDayton (2–0)Seattle (3–0)Western Kentucky (4–1) тColorado State (4–3) тMississippi State (7–0) тFlorida (7–1)Iowa (8–2) тSMU (8–3) тUtah State (10–3) тTulsa (11–3) тNorthwestern (7–4) тDuke (8–5)St. John's (13–3)Tulsa (15–5)Virginia Tech (16–4)Utah State (18–5)Florida (21–4)20.Preseason [1]Week 2Dec. 6[1]Week 3Dec. 13[1]Week 4Dec. 20[1]Week 5Dec. 27[1]Week 6Jan. 3[1]Week 7Jan. 10[1]Week 8Jan. 17[1]Week 9Jan. 24[1]Week 10Jan. 31[1]Week 11Feb. 7[1]Week 12Feb. 14[1]Week 13Feb. 21[2]Week 14Feb. 28[2]FinalMar. 7[2]Dropped:Western Kentucky (1–1)St. John's (1–0)Dropped:Duke (1–3)NebraskaColorado StateDaytonDropped:Kentucky (3–2)Loyola-ChicagoVirginia TechProvidenceSeattleDropped:BYUIllinoisFloridaBradleyColoradoDropped:TennesseeWest VirginiaKentuckyVirginia TechColorado StateMississippi StateDropped:Bradley (9–4)Michigan StateUtah StateDropped:CincinnatiSeattleIowaSMUDropped:DaytonToledoSyracuseTulsaDropped:Utah StateMississippi StateBYUFloridaNorthwesternDropped:UtahNew MexicoDropped:NorthwesternDropped:CincinnatiTulsa (16–6)Dropped:BYUVirginia TechDropped:Dayton (21–5)Syracuse (19–5)","title":"UPI Poll"}]
[]
null
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[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waldorf-Astoria_Collection
Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts
["1 History","2 Accommodations","3 Properties","3.1 Current properties","3.2 Properties in development","3.3 Former properties","4 References","5 External links"]
Luxury hotel chain Waldorf Astoria Hotels & ResortsCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryHospitalityFoundedJanuary 2006; 18 years ago (2006-01)Number of locations37 (as of December 03, 2020)ServicesLuxury hotels and resortsOwnerHilton WorldwideWebsitewww.hilton.com/en/waldorf-astoria/ Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts, formerly The Waldorf-Astoria Collection, is a luxury hotel and resort brand of Hilton Worldwide. It is positioned as the flagship brand within Hilton's portfolio, being used on hotels which offer the highest standards of facilities and service. As of December 31, 2019, it had 32 locations with 9,821 rooms in 15 countries and territories, including 2 that are owned or leased (with 463 rooms) and 30 that are managed (with 9,358 rooms). History In January 2006, Hilton Hotels Corporation announced that it would launch a luxury hotel chain called The Waldorf Astoria Collection, branded after its flagship Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City. In July 2009, the Dakota Mountain Lodge opened in Park City, Utah; it later dropped the "Dakota Mountain Lodge" title and is now known simply as Waldorf Astoria Park City. It is the first ski resort to join the portfolio. In January 2014, the Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah opened in Dubai, on the Palm Jumeirah. In October 2014, Hilton Worldwide announced the sale of the Waldorf Astoria New York hotel to Chinese firm Anbang Insurance Group for $1.95 billion. The Hilton group continues to operate the hotel under a 100-year management contract with the buyer. In March 2024, Hilton announced its expansion of the Waldorf Astoria brand into branded residences, with the first standalone residence project outside the USA planned for Downtown Dubai, aiming for a 2028 opening in collaboration with NABNI Developments and designs by Carlos Ott Architects and Hirsch Bedner Associates. Accommodations U.S. Americas(excl. U.S.) Europe Middle E.& Africa 0Asia 0Pacific Total 2013 Properties 14 2 4 3 1 24 Rooms 7,292 1,232 1,042 703 260 10,529 2014 Properties 13 2 6 3 2 26 Rooms 6,926 1,232 1,361 703 431 10,653 2015 Properties 12 2 6 3 2 25 Rooms 6,671 1,137 1,361 703 431 10,303 2016 Properties 13 2 6 3 2 26 Rooms 6,577 1,126 1,361 703 436 10,203 2017 Properties 13 2 6 3 3 27 Rooms 5,666 1,126 1,361 703 723 9,579 2018 Properties 15 2 6 4 4 31 Rooms 6,171 1,126 1,361 949 895 10,502 2019 Properties 14 2 6 5 5 32 Rooms 5,965 257 1,361 1,224 1,014 9,821 2020 Properties 14 2 6 5 6 33 Rooms 5,913 261 1,361 1,224 1,259 10,018 2021 Properties 12 2 6 5 6 31 Rooms 4,535 261 1,361 1,224 1,259 8,640 2022 Properties 12 3 6 7 6 34 Rooms 4,489 425 1,361 1,867 1,259 9,401 2023 Properties 12 3 6 8 6 35 Rooms 4,598 422 1,361 2,200 1,259 9,840 Properties Current properties The following table details the current properties of Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts, in alphabetical order. Properties in operation No. Property Location Country Opening/Reopening year 1 Grand Wailea, A Waldorf Astoria Resort Wailea United States 2007 (1991 as the Grand Hyatt Wailea) 2 Ho'olei at Grand Wailea Wailea United States 2008 3 Rome Cavalieri, A Waldorf Astoria Hotel Rome Italy 2008 (1963 as the Cavalieri Hilton) 4 The Roosevelt New Orleans, A Waldorf Astoria Hotel New Orleans United States 2009 (1893 as the Hotel Grunewald) 5 Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands 2014 (in buildings from 1665–1687) 6 Waldorf Astoria Atlanta Buckhead Atlanta United States 2018 (2008 as The Mansion on Peachtree; 2012 as the Mandarin Oriental, Atlanta) 7 Waldorf Astoria Bangkok Bangkok Thailand 2019 8 Waldorf Astoria Beijing Beijing China 2014 9 Waldorf Astoria Berlin Berlin Germany 2013 10 Waldorf Astoria Beverly Hills Beverly Hills United States 2017 11 Waldorf Astoria Cairo Heliopolis Cairo Egypt 2023 12 Waldorf Astoria Cancún Cancún Mexico 2022 13 Waldorf Astoria Chicago Chicago United States 2012 (2009 as The Elysian) 14 Waldorf Astoria Chengdu Chengdu China 2017 15 Waldorf Astoria Doha West Bay Doha Qatar 2023 16 Waldorf Astoria Dubai International Financial Centre Dubai United Arab Emirates 2019 17 Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah Dubai United Arab Emirates 2013 18 Waldorf Astoria Jeddah - Qasr Al Sharq Jeddah Saudi Arabia 2006 19 Waldorf Astoria Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel 2014 (1929–35 as the Palace Hotel) 20 Waldorf Astoria Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwait 2022 21 Waldorf Astoria Las Vegas Las Vegas United States 2018 (2009–18 as the Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas) 22 Waldorf Astoria Los Cabos Pedregal Cabo San Lucas Mexico 2019 (2009 as Capella Pedregal, 2014 as The Resort at Pedregal) 23 Waldorf Astoria Lusail Doha Lusail Qatar 2022 24 Waldorf Astoria Maldives Ithaafushi Kaafu Atoll Maldives 2019 25 Waldorf Astoria Monarch Beach Dana Point United States 2021 26 Waldorf Astoria New York New York City United States 2006 (first opened in 1931, joined the Hilton chain in 1949, currently closed for renovations) 27 Waldorf Astoria Orlando Orlando United States 2009 28 Waldorf Astoria Panama Panama City Panama 2013 29 Waldorf Astoria Park City Park City United States 2009 30 Waldorf Astoria Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah United Arab Emirates 2013 31 Waldorf Astoria Seychelles Platte Island Île Platte Seychelles 2024 32 Waldorf Astoria Shanghai on the Bund Shanghai China 2011 (old wing built 1911; 1920s-30s as the Shanghai Club) 33 Waldorf Astoria Versailles - Trianon Palace Versailles France 2009 (built 1910) 34 Waldorf Astoria Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. United States 2022 (erected 1899, converted to hotel in 2016 as the Trump International Hotel, Washington, D.C.) 35 Waldorf Astoria Xiamen Xiamen China 2020 Properties in development The following table lists Waldorf Astoria properties in development. Properties in development/renovation Property Location Country Projected opening year Waldorf Astoria Bali Bali Indonesia TBA Waldorf Astoria Costa Rica Cacique Guanacaste Costa Rica 2025 Waldorf Astoria Hainan Baoting Resort Baoting China 2025 Waldorf Astoria Hanoi Hanoi Vietnam 2026 (1999 as Hilton Hanoi Opera) Waldorf Astoria Jaipur Jaipur India 2027 Waldorf Astoria Jakarta Jakarta Indonesia 2027 Waldorf Astoria Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 2025 Waldorf Astoria Lake Tahoe Lake Tahoe United States 2027 Waldorf Astoria London Admiralty Arch London United Kingdom 2025 Waldorf Astoria Miami Miami United States 2027 Waldorf Astoria Osaka Osaka Japan 2025 Waldorf Astoria San Francisco San Francisco United States TBA Waldorf Astoria San Miguel de Allende San Miguel de Allende Mexico 2025 Waldorf Astoria Sanya Sanya China TBA Waldorf Astoria Sydney Sydney Australia 2026 Waldorf Astoria Tanger Tangier Morocco 2026 Waldorf Astoria Tokyo Nihonbashi Tokyo Japan 2026 Former properties The following table lists properties formerly branded as a Waldorf Astoria. Properties are sorted by the chronological order of their departure from the Waldorf Astoria system. Former properties Property Location Country Closing year El San Juan San Juan United States Downgraded to Hilton brand in July 2011. Following extensive renovation, again reflagged under Curio Collection in December 2018 before departing Hilton Worldwide for Fairmont in January 2020. The Bentley London London United Kingdom Departed Hilton Worldwide in January 2012 Beach House at Manafaru Manafaru Maldives Departed Hilton Worldwide in July 2012 London Syon Park London United Kingdom Downgraded to Hilton brand in March 2013 Naples Grande Beach Resort Naples United States Departed Hilton Worldwide in September 2014 The Boulders Scottsdale United States Downgraded to Curio Collection in 2015 The Reach Key West United States Downgraded to Curio Collection in December 2019 El Conquistador Fajardo United States Departed Hilton Worldwide in May 2021 Boca Beach Club Boca Raton United States Departed Hilton Worldwide in July 2021 Boca Raton Resort Boca Raton United States Departed Hilton Worldwide in July 2021 La Quinta Resort & Club La Quinta United States Downgraded to Curio Collection in November 2021 Casa Marina Key West United States Downgraded to Curio Collection in March 2022 Arizona Biltmore Phoenix United States Reflagged under LXR in May 2024 The Caledonian Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom Downgraded to Curio Collection in June 2024 References ^ a b "Inline XBRL Viewer". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-19. ^ a b "Hilton Hotels Corporation Extends World's Greatest Hotel Name to Create Luxury Brand Line: The Waldorf=Astoria Collection". Business Wire. Retrieved 2020-11-19. ^ "Tourism column: Naples resort joins Waldorf-Astoria". The News-Press. Retrieved 2008-08-09. ^ "Guests of Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah spoiled by luxurious choices". Dubaichronicle.com. 12 January 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ Charles V. Bagli (6 October 2014). "Waldorf-Astoria to Be Sold in a $1.95 Billion Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ Bown, Chris (2024-03-22). "Hilton builds residence brand". THP News. Retrieved 2024-03-22. ^ "2013 Annual Report" (PDF). www.ir.hilton.com. p. 7. ^ "2014 Annual Report" (PDF). www.media.investis.com. p. 8. ^ "2015 Annual Report" (PDF). www.ir.hilton.com. p. 8. ^ "2016 Annual Report" (PDF). www.corporatereport.com. p. 9. ^ "2017 Annual Report" (PDF). www.corporatereport.com. p. 8. ^ "2018 Form 10-K". www.sec.gov. p. 7. ^ "2019 Form 10-K" (PDF). www.corporatereport.com. p. 8. ^ "2020 Annual Report" (PDF). www.corporatereport.com. p. 9. ^ "2021 Form 10-K" (PDF). www.corporatereport.com. p. 9. ^ "2022 Form 10-K" (PDF). www.stories-editor.hilton.com. p. 9. ^ "2023 Form 10-K" (PDF). www.stories-editor.hilton.com. p. 9. ^ "Waldorf Astoria Home Page". Retrieved May 17, 2018. ^ "Rome Cavalieri, A Waldorf Astoria Hotel". Waldorf Astoria. ^ "Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam Luxury Hotel and Spa". Hilton. ^ "Bangkok Luxury Hotels - Waldorf Astoria Bangkok". Hilton. ^ "Waldorf Astoria Berlin Hotel - 5-Star Luxury Hotel in Berlin, Germany". Hilton. ^ "Waldorf Astoria Makes its Debut in Heliopolis, Egypt". Hospitality Net. 22 August 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2024. ^ "Dubai Luxury Hotels - Waldorf Astoria Dubai International Financial Centre". Hilton. ^ "Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah". Waldorf Astoria. ^ "Jeddah Luxury Hotels and 5 Star Vacations - Qasr Al Sharq". Hilton. ^ "Waldorf Astoria Jerusalem Hotel - Luxury Hotels in Jerusalem". Hilton. ^ "Waldorf Astoria makes its landmark debut in Kuwait". Hospitality Net. 25 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022. ^ Jena Tesse Fox (16 May 2018). "Mandarin Oriental Las Vegas to become a Waldorf Astoria". Retrieved 17 May 2018. ^ "Waldorf Astoria Maldives Ithaafushi". Waldorf Astoria. ^ Nancy Trejos (3 January 2017). "Waldorf Astoria New York to shut down for renovation". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ Breandan Krisel (25 January 2017). "Waldorf Astoria Interiors Could Be Landmarked By February". Patch.com. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ "New York's Waldorf Astoria Hotel Finds a Rocky Path to Condo Conversion". The Wall Street Journal. ^ Bailey, Steve (11 July 2014). "Hotel Review: Waldorf Astoria Panama in Panama City". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ "Dakota Mountain Lodge Opens In Park City, Utah". 20 August 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Peter Greenberg Worldwide—The Waldorf Astoria Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates". Petergreenberg.com. 4 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ "Waldorf Astoria Ras Al Khaimah". Waldorf Astoria. ^ "Waldorf Astoria expands presence with new Seychelles opening". Hotel Management Network. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024. ^ "Waldorf Astoria Versailles - Trianon Palace". Hilton. ^ "Trump DC hotel reopens as a Waldorf Astoria — but be ready to pay up". MSN. ^ "Xiamen, China Welcomes Waldorf Astoria". ^ "Hilton Expands Luxury Portfolio in the Caribbean and Latin America with Signing of First Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Property in Costa Rica". www.stories.hilton.com. Retrieved 2022-12-28. ^ "Hilton Buka 4 Jaringan Hotel Baru di Indonesia, Ini Rinciannya". Liputan 6. 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2022. ^ "Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Expands with planned opening in Kuala Lumpur". Hospitality Net. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022. ^ "Hitlon to debut Waldorf Astoria Lake Tahoe in 2027". Hospitality Design. December 21, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2023. ^ "Reuben property billionaires plot £180m deal to fund Admiralty Arch hotel project". ^ "Hilton Signs Waldorf Astoria in Osaka". ^ Hess, Glenden (25 August 2016). "Waldorf Astoria to Open in San Francisco – SFLUXE". Sfluxe.net. Retrieved 2016-09-01. ^ "Hilton Is Bringing a New Waldorf Astoria to San Miguel de Allende". www.travelmarketreport.com. Retrieved 2022-12-16. ^ Cummins, Carolyn (2023-02-21). "Andrew and Nicola Forrest buy Sydney's Waldorf Astoria for $575m". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ "Morocco's first Waldorf Astoria debuts with milestone signing in Tanger". Hospitality Net. 23 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Waldorf Astoria to make Japan debut in Tokyo | TTG Asia". ^ Ferrara, Katherine. "Former Waldorf Astoria Naples gets name change, renovation". Travel Weekly. Retrieved 1 July 2022. ^ "Curio Collection by Hilton Lands in Key West as The Reach Shines After Multi-Million-Dollar Renovation". Business Wire. 21 January 2020. External links Official website vteHilton WorldwideLuxury Conrad Hotels & Resorts LXR Hotels & Resorts Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Signia by Hilton Lifestyle Canopy by Hilton Curio Collection by Hilton Tapestry Collection by Hilton Tempo by Hilton Motto by Hilton Full Service Hilton Hotels & Resorts DoubleTree by Hilton Focused Service Hilton Garden Inn Hampton by Hilton Tru by Hilton Spark by Hilton All Suites Embassy Suites by Hilton Homewood Suites by Hilton Home2 Suites by Hilton LivSmart Studios by Hilton Vacation Ownership Hilton Vacation Club Hilton Club Hilton Grand Vacations Loyalty program Hilton Honors Former divisions Carte Blanche Card Coral by Hilton Denizen Hotels Park Place Entertainment Scandic Hotels Hotels portal vteHotel chainsAccor Luxury Banyan Tree Fairmont Orient Express Raffles Sofitel Premium Grand Mercure MGallery Mövenpick Pullman Swissôtel Midscale Adagio Mantra Mercure Novotel Suite Novotel Economy HotelF1 Ibis Budget Styles Ennismore DELANO Gleneagles The Hoxton HYDE JO&JOE Mama Shelter MONDRIAN Morgans Originals Rixos SLS Best Western Aiden Best Western Best Western Plus Best Western Premier BW Premier Collection BW Signature Collection Executive Residency GLō Sadie Vīb SureStay SureStay Studio SureStay Plus SureStay Collection BTG Homeinns Homeinn Motel 168 Choice Hotels Ascend Collection Cambria Clarion / Clarion Pointe Comfort Country Inn & Suites Econo Lodge Everhome Suites MainStay Suites Park Plaza / Park Inn Quality Inn Radisson Radisson Blu Radisson Collection Radisson Individuals Radisson Red Rodeway Inn Sleep Inn Suburban Studios WoodSpring Suites Global Hotel Alliance Anantara Avani Corinthia The Doyle Collection Elewana Collection Fauchon Hospitality GLO Kempinski The Leela Marco Polo Niccolo Nikki Beach Oaks Outrigger Pan Pacific Sukhothai Sun International Tivoli hihotels Downtowner Inns Master Host Inns Passport Inns Red Carpet Inn Scottish Inns Hilton canopy Conrad Curio Collection DoubleTree Embassy Suites Graduate Hampton Hilton Garden Inn Hilton Grand Vacations Hilton Home2 Suites Homewood Suites tru Waldorf Astoria HuazhuDeutsche Hospitality Zleep Hyatt Alila ALG Andaz Destination Grand Hyatt Hyatt Hyatt Centric Hyatt House Hyatt Place Hyatt Regency Hyatt Zilara / Hyatt Ziva JdV by Hyatt Park Hyatt Unbound Collection Graduate IHG ANA Avid Candlewood Suites Crowne Plaza Even Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express Hotel Indigo InterContinental Kimpton Regent Staybridge Suites Indian Hotels Company (IHCL) Ginger Taj Vivanta ITC Hotels Fortune ITC WelcomHotels Jinjiang 7 Days Inn Jin Jiang Hotels Jinjiang Inn Louvre Hotels Metropolo Vienna Radisson (outside North America) PPHE Hotel Group Rezidor Hotel Group Marriott (list) Luxury Bulgari EDITION JW Marriott The Luxury Collection Ritz-Carlton St. Regis W Premium Autograph Collection Delta Design Gaylord Le Méridien Marriott Conference Centers Executive Apartments Golf Marriott Vacation Club Grand Residences Renaissance Sheraton Tribute Westin Select AC Aloft Courtyard Element Fairfield Four Points Moxy Protea Residence Inn SpringHill TownePlace Okura Nikko Hotel JAL Nikko Okura Shangri-La Kerry Shangri-La Traders SonestaRed Lion Hotels Americas Best Value Inns Canadas Best Value Inns GuestHouse Hotel RL Knights Inn Red Lion Hotels Red Lion Inn & Suites Settle Inn 3 Palms Hotels & Resorts America's Best Inns Country Hearth Inns & Suites Jameson Inn Lexington Hotels & Inns Wyndham AmericInn Baymont Days Inn Dolce Hawthorn Howard Johnson's La Quinta Microtel Ramada Super 8 Travelodge TRYP Wingate Wyndham Wyndham Garden Wyndham Grand Others A&O Ace Aerowisata Aitken Spence Aman Amaya APA Coast Apex Aqua-Aston Archipelago The Ascott Limited Azerai Azimut Bahia Principe B&B Beaches Belmond Budget Host Budget Suites of America Cachet Canad Inns Canalta Carlton Center Parcs Europe Center Parcs UK and Ireland Ceylon Cheval Blanc Cinnamon citizenM Citrus Club Med Club Quarters Cobblestone COMO Continental Cordis / Langham Corinthia Couples Dalata Dan Dedica Anthology Disney Experiences Dorsett Drury Dusit easyHotel ExecuStay Extended Stay America Fiesta Inn Four Seasons Go Grecotel Hard Rock / Reverb Hoshino Hotel Sogo Iberostar InTown Suites / Uptown Suites Isrotel Jetwing Symphony Jumeirah Kuriftu The Leading Hotels of the World lemon tree Loews Lotte Magnuson Mamaison Mandarin Oriental Margaritaville / Camp Margaritaville / Compass Hotels / St. Somewhere Masters Inn Meliá MGM Resorts Millennium & Copthorne Minor Hotels Miyako Montage Motel 6 / Studio 6 Motel One NH Oberoi Trident Oetker Collection Omni OYO Rooms Pan Pacific Paradores The Peninsula Penta Hotels Pestana Pousadas de Portugal Preferred Premier Inn Prime Plaza Prince QT Red Planet Red Roof Inn / Red Roof Plus / The Red Collection / HomeTowne Studios Relais & Châteaux RIU Rocco Forte Rosewood Rotana Royal Orchid Rydges Sahid Sandals Beaches Sandman Santika Indonesia Scandic Seda Serena Sonder Soneva Standard Starhotels Summit Sutton Place Swiss-Belhotel Thistle Thon Toyoko Inn Travelodge UK Trump Tune Virgin Warwick Yotel Defunct Adam's Mark Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts Allegro Resorts AmeriHost Inn AmeriSuites Capital Bars Crest Cross Country Inn Denizen Esso Motor Hotel Exel Inn Forte Four Pillars Fred Harvey Friendship Inn Gran Dorado Great Southern Hiway House The Hotel Collection Imperial 400 Jack Tar Jurys Inn Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott Parliament House Motor Inn Patio Promus Real Royal Inns of America Shoney's Inn Starwood Statler Summerfield Suites Susse Chalet Swallow Tage Inn United Hotels Company of America Vantage Hospitality Wilson World Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businesswire-2"},{"link_name":"luxury hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_hotel"},{"link_name":"resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort_hotel"},{"link_name":"Hilton Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10K-1"}],"text":"Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts, formerly The Waldorf-Astoria Collection,[2] is a luxury hotel and resort brand of Hilton Worldwide. It is positioned as the flagship brand within Hilton's portfolio, being used on hotels which offer the highest standards of facilities and service. As of December 31, 2019, it had 32 locations with 9,821 rooms in 15 countries and territories, including 2 that are owned or leased (with 463 rooms) and 30 that are managed (with 9,358 rooms).[1]","title":"Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilton Hotels Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Hotels_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Waldorf Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businesswire-2"},{"link_name":"Park City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_Dubai_Palm_Jumeirah"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Palm Jumeirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Jumeirah"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Waldorf Astoria New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hirsch Bedner Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsch_Bedner_Associates"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In January 2006, Hilton Hotels Corporation announced that it would launch a luxury hotel chain called The Waldorf Astoria Collection, branded after its flagship Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City.[2] In July 2009, the Dakota Mountain Lodge opened in Park City, Utah; it later dropped the \"Dakota Mountain Lodge\" title and is now known simply as Waldorf Astoria Park City. It is the first ski resort to join the portfolio.[3]In January 2014, the Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah opened in Dubai, on the Palm Jumeirah.[4] In October 2014, Hilton Worldwide announced the sale of the Waldorf Astoria New York hotel to Chinese firm Anbang Insurance Group for $1.95 billion. The Hilton group continues to operate the hotel under a 100-year management contract with the buyer.[5]In March 2024, Hilton announced its expansion of the Waldorf Astoria brand into branded residences, with the first standalone residence project outside the USA planned for Downtown Dubai, aiming for a 2028 opening in collaboration with NABNI Developments and designs by Carlos Ott Architects and Hirsch Bedner Associates.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accommodations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Current properties","text":"The following table details the current properties of Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts, in alphabetical order.[18]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Properties in development","text":"The following table lists Waldorf Astoria properties in development.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former properties","text":"The following table lists properties formerly branded as a Waldorf Astoria. Properties are sorted by the chronological order of their departure from the Waldorf Astoria system.","title":"Properties"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Inline XBRL Viewer\". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1585689/000158568920000013/hlt-20191231.htm","url_text":"\"Inline XBRL Viewer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilton Hotels Corporation Extends World's Greatest Hotel Name to Create Luxury Brand Line: The Waldorf=Astoria Collection\". Business Wire. Retrieved 2020-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060117005489/en/Hilton-Hotels-Corporation-Extends-Worlds-Greatest-Hotel-Name-to-Create-Luxury-Brand-Line-The-WaldorfAstoria-Collection","url_text":"\"Hilton Hotels Corporation Extends World's Greatest Hotel Name to Create Luxury Brand Line: The Waldorf=Astoria Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tourism column: Naples resort joins Waldorf-Astoria\". The News-Press. Retrieved 2008-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news-press.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080721/COLUMNISTS14/80721025/1030/COLUMNISTS","url_text":"\"Tourism column: Naples resort joins Waldorf-Astoria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News-Press","url_text":"The News-Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Guests of Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah spoiled by luxurious choices\". Dubaichronicle.com. 12 January 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2014/01/12/waldorf-astoria-dubai-palm-jumeirah/","url_text":"\"Guests of Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah spoiled by luxurious choices\""}]},{"reference":"Charles V. Bagli (6 October 2014). \"Waldorf-Astoria to Be Sold in a $1.95 Billion Deal\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/07/nyregion/waldorf-astoria-hotel-to-be-sold-for-195-billion.html","url_text":"\"Waldorf-Astoria to Be Sold in a $1.95 Billion Deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bown, Chris (2024-03-22). \"Hilton builds residence brand\". THP News. Retrieved 2024-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://tophotel.news/hilton-builds-residence-brand/","url_text":"\"Hilton builds residence brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Annual Report\" (PDF). www.ir.hilton.com. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.hilton.com/~/media/Files/H/Hilton-Worldwide-IR-V3/annual-report/Hilton_2013_AR.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Annual Report\" (PDF). www.media.investis.com. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.investis.com/H/Hilton-Worldwide/annual-report/hilton-2014-ar.pdf","url_text":"\"2014 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Annual Report\" (PDF). www.ir.hilton.com. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.hilton.com/~/media/Files/H/Hilton-Worldwide-IR-V3/annual-report/2015-annual-report1.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Annual Report\" (PDF). www.corporatereport.com. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corporatereport.com/hilton/2016/ar/_pdf/Hilton_2016_AR.pdf","url_text":"\"2016 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Annual Report\" (PDF). www.corporatereport.com. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corporatereport.com/hilton/2017/ar/_pdf/Hilton_2017_AR.pdf","url_text":"\"2017 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Form 10-K\". www.sec.gov. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1585689/000158568919000034/q42018hwh10-k.htm","url_text":"\"2018 Form 10-K\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Form 10-K\" (PDF). www.corporatereport.com. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corporatereport.com/hilton/2019/ar/downloads/hilton_2020_10k.pdf","url_text":"\"2019 Form 10-K\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Annual Report\" (PDF). www.corporatereport.com. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corporatereport.com/hilton/2020/ar/downloads/hilton_2020_10k.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Form 10-K\" (PDF). www.corporatereport.com. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corporatereport.com/hilton/2021/ar/downloads/Hilton_2021_10k.pdf","url_text":"\"2021 Form 10-K\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Form 10-K\" (PDF). www.stories-editor.hilton.com. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://stories-editor.hilton.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HILTON-WORLDWIDE-INC_10K_2023_V1.pdf","url_text":"\"2022 Form 10-K\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Form 10-K\" (PDF). www.stories-editor.hilton.com. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://stories-editor.hilton.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2023-Annual-Report-10-K.pdf","url_text":"\"2023 Form 10-K\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria Home Page\". Retrieved May 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://waldorfastoria3.hilton.com/en/hotels/index.html","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rome Cavalieri, A Waldorf Astoria Hotel\". Waldorf Astoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://waldorfastoria3.hilton.com/en/hotels/italy/rome-cavalieri-a-waldorf-astoria-hotel-ROMHIWA/index.html","url_text":"\"Rome Cavalieri, A Waldorf Astoria Hotel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam Luxury Hotel and Spa\". Hilton.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/amswawa-waldorf-astoria-amsterdam/","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam Luxury Hotel and Spa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangkok Luxury Hotels - Waldorf Astoria Bangkok\". Hilton.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/bkkwawa-waldorf-astoria-bangkok/","url_text":"\"Bangkok Luxury Hotels - Waldorf Astoria Bangkok\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria Berlin Hotel - 5-Star Luxury Hotel in Berlin, Germany\". Hilton.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/berwawa-waldorf-astoria-berlin/","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Berlin Hotel - 5-Star Luxury Hotel in Berlin, Germany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria Makes its Debut in Heliopolis, Egypt\". Hospitality Net. 22 August 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41009958.html","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Makes its Debut in Heliopolis, Egypt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dubai Luxury Hotels - Waldorf Astoria Dubai International Financial Centre\". Hilton.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/dxbwawa-waldorf-astoria-dubai-international-financial-centre/","url_text":"\"Dubai Luxury Hotels - Waldorf Astoria Dubai International Financial Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah\". Waldorf Astoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://waldorfastoria3.hilton.com/en/hotels/uae/waldorf-astoria-dubai-palm-jumeirah-DXBPDWA/index.html","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeddah Luxury Hotels and 5 Star Vacations - Qasr Al Sharq\". Hilton.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/jedwawa-waldorf-astoria-jeddah-qasr-al-sharq/","url_text":"\"Jeddah Luxury Hotels and 5 Star Vacations - Qasr Al Sharq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria Jerusalem Hotel - Luxury Hotels in Jerusalem\". Hilton.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/jrswawa-waldorf-astoria-jerusalem/","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Jerusalem Hotel - Luxury Hotels in Jerusalem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria makes its landmark debut in Kuwait\". Hospitality Net. 25 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41008435.html","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria makes its landmark debut in Kuwait\""}]},{"reference":"Jena Tesse Fox (16 May 2018). \"Mandarin Oriental Las Vegas to become a Waldorf Astoria\". Retrieved 17 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotelmanagement.net/transactions/will-mandarin-oriental-las-vegas-become-a-waldorf-astoria","url_text":"\"Mandarin Oriental Las Vegas to become a Waldorf Astoria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria Maldives Ithaafushi\". Waldorf Astoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://waldorfastoria3.hilton.com/en/hotels/maldives/waldorf-astoria-maldives-ithaafushi-MLEONWA/index.html","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Maldives Ithaafushi\""}]},{"reference":"Nancy Trejos (3 January 2017). \"Waldorf Astoria New York to shut down for renovation\". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 10 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/roadwarriorvoices/2017/01/03/waldorf-astoria-new-york-shut-down-renovation/96103272/","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria New York to shut down for renovation\""}]},{"reference":"Breandan Krisel (25 January 2017). \"Waldorf Astoria Interiors Could Be Landmarked By February\". Patch.com. Retrieved 10 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://patch.com/new-york/midtown-nyc/waldorf-astoria-interiors-could-be-landmarked-february","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Interiors Could Be Landmarked By February\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York's Waldorf Astoria Hotel Finds a Rocky Path to Condo Conversion\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-yorks-waldorf-astoria-hotel-finds-a-rocky-path-to-condo-conversion-11651492804","url_text":"\"New York's Waldorf Astoria Hotel Finds a Rocky Path to Condo Conversion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Steve (11 July 2014). \"Hotel Review: Waldorf Astoria Panama in Panama City\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/13/travel/hotel-review-waldorf-astoria-panama-in-panama-city.html","url_text":"\"Hotel Review: Waldorf Astoria Panama in Panama City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dakota Mountain Lodge Opens In Park City, Utah\". 20 August 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elitetraveler.com/travel/travel-news/dakota-mountain-lodge-opens-in-park-city-utah","url_text":"\"Dakota Mountain Lodge Opens In Park City, Utah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Greenberg Worldwide—The Waldorf Astoria Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates\". Petergreenberg.com. 4 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://petergreenberg.com/2017/02/04/peter-greenberg-worldwide-waldorf-astoria-ras-al-khaimah-ras-al-khaimah-united-arab-emirates-february-4-2017/","url_text":"\"Peter Greenberg Worldwide—The Waldorf Astoria Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria Ras Al Khaimah\". Waldorf Astoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://waldorfastoria3.hilton.com/en/hotels/uae/waldorf-astoria-ras-al-khaimah-RKTWAWA/index.html","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Ras Al Khaimah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria expands presence with new Seychelles opening\". Hotel Management Network. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotelmanagement-network.com/news/waldorf-astoria-new-opening-seychelles/","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria expands presence with new Seychelles opening\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria Versailles - Trianon Palace\". Hilton.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/cdgtpwa-waldorf-astoria-versailles-trianon-palace/","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Versailles - Trianon Palace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trump DC hotel reopens as a Waldorf Astoria — but be ready to pay up\". MSN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/trump-dc-hotel-reopens-as-a-waldorf-astoria-but-be-ready-to-pay-up/ar-AAY0n0P?li=BBnbklE","url_text":"\"Trump DC hotel reopens as a Waldorf Astoria — but be ready to pay up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN","url_text":"MSN"}]},{"reference":"\"Xiamen, China Welcomes Waldorf Astoria\".","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.hilton.com/waldorf/news/xiamen-china-welcomes-waldorf-astoria","url_text":"\"Xiamen, China Welcomes Waldorf Astoria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilton Expands Luxury Portfolio in the Caribbean and Latin America with Signing of First Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Property in Costa Rica\". www.stories.hilton.com. Retrieved 2022-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://stories.hilton.com/releases/hilton-expands-luxury-portfolio-caribbean-and-latin-america-signing-of-first-waldorf-astoria-hotels-resorts-property-in-costa-rica","url_text":"\"Hilton Expands Luxury Portfolio in the Caribbean and Latin America with Signing of First Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Property in Costa Rica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilton Buka 4 Jaringan Hotel Baru di Indonesia, Ini Rinciannya\". Liputan 6. 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/5620883/hilton-buka-4-jaringan-hotel-baru-di-indonesia-ini-rinciannya","url_text":"\"Hilton Buka 4 Jaringan Hotel Baru di Indonesia, Ini Rinciannya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Expands with planned opening in Kuala Lumpur\". Hospitality Net. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41008163.html","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Expands with planned opening in Kuala Lumpur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hitlon to debut Waldorf Astoria Lake Tahoe in 2027\". Hospitality Design. December 21, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hospitalitydesign.com/news/hotels-resorts/waldorf-astoria-lake-tahoe/","url_text":"\"Hitlon to debut Waldorf Astoria Lake Tahoe in 2027\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reuben property billionaires plot £180m deal to fund Admiralty Arch hotel project\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/reuben-property-billionaires-plot-180m-deal-to-fund-admiralty-arch-hotel-project-12483009","url_text":"\"Reuben property billionaires plot £180m deal to fund Admiralty Arch hotel project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilton Signs Waldorf Astoria in Osaka\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41007357.html","url_text":"\"Hilton Signs Waldorf Astoria in Osaka\""}]},{"reference":"Hess, Glenden (25 August 2016). \"Waldorf Astoria to Open in San Francisco – SFLUXE\". Sfluxe.net. Retrieved 2016-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://sfluxe.net/san-francisco-welcomes-new-waldorf-astoria-property/","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria to Open in San Francisco – SFLUXE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilton Is Bringing a New Waldorf Astoria to San Miguel de Allende\". www.travelmarketreport.com. Retrieved 2022-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelmarketreport.com/articles/%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Hilton-Is-Bringing-a-New-Waldorf-Astoria-to-San-Miguel-de-Allende","url_text":"\"Hilton Is Bringing a New Waldorf Astoria to San Miguel de Allende\""}]},{"reference":"Cummins, Carolyn (2023-02-21). \"Andrew and Nicola Forrest buy Sydney's Waldorf Astoria for $575m\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/andrew-and-nicola-forrest-buy-sydney-s-waldorf-astoria-for-575m-20230221-p5cm8v.html","url_text":"\"Andrew and Nicola Forrest buy Sydney's Waldorf Astoria for $575m\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morocco's first Waldorf Astoria debuts with milestone signing in Tanger\". Hospitality Net. 23 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41008538.html","url_text":"\"Morocco's first Waldorf Astoria debuts with milestone signing in Tanger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldorf Astoria to make Japan debut in Tokyo | TTG Asia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ttgasia.com/2020/11/04/waldorf-astoria-to-make-japan-debut-in-tokyo/","url_text":"\"Waldorf Astoria to make Japan debut in Tokyo | TTG Asia\""}]},{"reference":"Ferrara, Katherine. \"Former Waldorf Astoria Naples gets name change, renovation\". Travel Weekly. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelweekly.com/North-America-Travel/Former-Waldorf-Astoria-Naples-gets-name-change-and-renovation","url_text":"\"Former Waldorf Astoria Naples gets name change, renovation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curio Collection by Hilton Lands in Key West as The Reach Shines After Multi-Million-Dollar Renovation\". Business Wire. 21 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200121005735/en/Curio-Collection-by-Hilton-Lands-in-Key-West-as-The-Reach-Shines-After-Multi-Million-Dollar-Renovation","url_text":"\"Curio Collection by Hilton Lands in Key West as The Reach Shines After Multi-Million-Dollar Renovation\""}]}]
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Waldorf Astoria Bangkok\""},{"Link":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/berwawa-waldorf-astoria-berlin/","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria Berlin Hotel - 5-Star Luxury Hotel in Berlin, Germany\""},{"Link":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41009958.html","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria Makes its Debut in Heliopolis, Egypt\""},{"Link":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/dxbwawa-waldorf-astoria-dubai-international-financial-centre/","external_links_name":"\"Dubai Luxury Hotels - Waldorf Astoria Dubai International Financial Centre\""},{"Link":"https://waldorfastoria3.hilton.com/en/hotels/uae/waldorf-astoria-dubai-palm-jumeirah-DXBPDWA/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah\""},{"Link":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/jedwawa-waldorf-astoria-jeddah-qasr-al-sharq/","external_links_name":"\"Jeddah Luxury Hotels and 5 Star Vacations - Qasr Al Sharq\""},{"Link":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/jrswawa-waldorf-astoria-jerusalem/","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria Jerusalem Hotel - Luxury Hotels in Jerusalem\""},{"Link":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41008435.html","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria makes its landmark debut in Kuwait\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotelmanagement.net/transactions/will-mandarin-oriental-las-vegas-become-a-waldorf-astoria","external_links_name":"\"Mandarin Oriental Las Vegas to become a Waldorf Astoria\""},{"Link":"https://waldorfastoria3.hilton.com/en/hotels/maldives/waldorf-astoria-maldives-ithaafushi-MLEONWA/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria Maldives Ithaafushi\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/roadwarriorvoices/2017/01/03/waldorf-astoria-new-york-shut-down-renovation/96103272/","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria New York to shut down for renovation\""},{"Link":"http://patch.com/new-york/midtown-nyc/waldorf-astoria-interiors-could-be-landmarked-february","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria Interiors Could Be Landmarked By February\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-yorks-waldorf-astoria-hotel-finds-a-rocky-path-to-condo-conversion-11651492804","external_links_name":"\"New York's Waldorf Astoria Hotel Finds a Rocky Path to Condo Conversion\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/13/travel/hotel-review-waldorf-astoria-panama-in-panama-city.html","external_links_name":"\"Hotel Review: Waldorf Astoria Panama in Panama City\""},{"Link":"https://www.elitetraveler.com/travel/travel-news/dakota-mountain-lodge-opens-in-park-city-utah","external_links_name":"\"Dakota Mountain Lodge Opens In Park City, Utah\""},{"Link":"http://petergreenberg.com/2017/02/04/peter-greenberg-worldwide-waldorf-astoria-ras-al-khaimah-ras-al-khaimah-united-arab-emirates-february-4-2017/","external_links_name":"\"Peter Greenberg Worldwide—The Waldorf Astoria Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates\""},{"Link":"https://waldorfastoria3.hilton.com/en/hotels/uae/waldorf-astoria-ras-al-khaimah-RKTWAWA/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria Ras Al Khaimah\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotelmanagement-network.com/news/waldorf-astoria-new-opening-seychelles/","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria expands presence with new Seychelles opening\""},{"Link":"https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/cdgtpwa-waldorf-astoria-versailles-trianon-palace/","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria Versailles - Trianon Palace\""},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/trump-dc-hotel-reopens-as-a-waldorf-astoria-but-be-ready-to-pay-up/ar-AAY0n0P?li=BBnbklE","external_links_name":"\"Trump DC hotel reopens as a Waldorf Astoria — but be ready to pay up\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.hilton.com/waldorf/news/xiamen-china-welcomes-waldorf-astoria","external_links_name":"\"Xiamen, China Welcomes Waldorf Astoria\""},{"Link":"https://stories.hilton.com/releases/hilton-expands-luxury-portfolio-caribbean-and-latin-america-signing-of-first-waldorf-astoria-hotels-resorts-property-in-costa-rica","external_links_name":"\"Hilton Expands Luxury Portfolio in the Caribbean and Latin America with Signing of First Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Property in Costa Rica\""},{"Link":"https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/5620883/hilton-buka-4-jaringan-hotel-baru-di-indonesia-ini-rinciannya","external_links_name":"\"Hilton Buka 4 Jaringan Hotel Baru di Indonesia, Ini Rinciannya\""},{"Link":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41008163.html","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Expands with planned opening in Kuala Lumpur\""},{"Link":"https://hospitalitydesign.com/news/hotels-resorts/waldorf-astoria-lake-tahoe/","external_links_name":"\"Hitlon to debut Waldorf Astoria Lake Tahoe in 2027\""},{"Link":"https://news.sky.com/story/reuben-property-billionaires-plot-180m-deal-to-fund-admiralty-arch-hotel-project-12483009","external_links_name":"\"Reuben property billionaires plot £180m deal to fund Admiralty Arch hotel project\""},{"Link":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41007357.html","external_links_name":"\"Hilton Signs Waldorf Astoria in Osaka\""},{"Link":"http://sfluxe.net/san-francisco-welcomes-new-waldorf-astoria-property/","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria to Open in San Francisco – SFLUXE\""},{"Link":"https://www.travelmarketreport.com/articles/%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Hilton-Is-Bringing-a-New-Waldorf-Astoria-to-San-Miguel-de-Allende","external_links_name":"\"Hilton Is Bringing a New Waldorf Astoria to San Miguel de Allende\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/andrew-and-nicola-forrest-buy-sydney-s-waldorf-astoria-for-575m-20230221-p5cm8v.html","external_links_name":"\"Andrew and Nicola Forrest buy Sydney's Waldorf Astoria for $575m\""},{"Link":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/announcement/41008538.html","external_links_name":"\"Morocco's first Waldorf Astoria debuts with milestone signing in Tanger\""},{"Link":"https://www.ttgasia.com/2020/11/04/waldorf-astoria-to-make-japan-debut-in-tokyo/","external_links_name":"\"Waldorf Astoria to make Japan debut in Tokyo | TTG Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.travelweekly.com/North-America-Travel/Former-Waldorf-Astoria-Naples-gets-name-change-and-renovation","external_links_name":"\"Former Waldorf Astoria Naples gets name change, renovation\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200121005735/en/Curio-Collection-by-Hilton-Lands-in-Key-West-as-The-Reach-Shines-After-Multi-Million-Dollar-Renovation","external_links_name":"\"Curio Collection by Hilton Lands in Key West as The Reach Shines After Multi-Million-Dollar Renovation\""},{"Link":"https://www.hilton.com/en/waldorf-astoria/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands
List of political parties in the United States Virgin Islands
["1 List","1.1 Registered parties","1.2 Other parties","1.3 Defunct parties","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Politics of the United States Virgin Islands Constitution United States Constitution Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands Executive Government Governor Albert Bryan Lieutenant Governor Tregenza Roach Cabinet Legislature Legislature President of the Legislature Myron D. Jackson Judiciary Court System Supreme Court District Court Superior Court Elections Elections Political Parties Democratic Party Independent Citizens Movement Republican Party Political party strength Divisions Districts and sub-districts Islands St. Croix St. Thomas St. John Federal relations Federal representation United States House of Representatives Delegate of the U.S. Virgin Islands Stacey Plaskett (D) Politics of the United States Politics portal vte This article lists political parties in the United States Virgin Islands. The United States Virgin Islands has a three-party system, and many additional candidates run as independents. List Registered parties Party Ideology Yearfounded Membership(March 2024) 2022gubernatorialvote Territorialexecutiveoffices Territoriallegislativeseats Democratic Party Modern liberalism 1948 20,102 12,157 (1st)(56.14%) 2 / 2 11 / 15 Republican Party Conservatism 1948 976 No candidate 0 / 2 0 / 15 Independent Citizens Movement Reformism 1968 768 740 (3rd)(3.42%) 0 / 2 0 / 15 Other parties Party Ideology Yearfounded Green Party Green politics – Defunct parties Party Notes Years active People's Party Supported Puerto Rican immigrant interests. 1950s Progressive Guide Supported progressive causes such as social welfare. 1937–1952 United People's Party Formed in 1974 out of the United Caribbean Association of Black People and the Black Power movement. Anti-colonial in nature. c. 1974 Unity PartyUnity-Democratic Ideological splinter of the Democratic party out of the Progressive Guide. Dominated island politics in the 50s and successfully took over the Democratic Party by means of fraud in 1962. 1952–1962 See also Politics of the United States Virgin Islands List of political parties by country Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands References ^ "Active-Voter-Statistics-March-2024" (PDF). VI Vote. Retrieved 6 April 2024. ^ a b c d Alexander, Robert J (1982). POLITICAL PARTIES OF THE AMERICAS (2 ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 747–749. ISBN 0-313-23754-9. External links http://www.vivote.gov/ vtePolitical parties in the United States Virgin Islands Democratic Party Independent Citizens Movement Republican Party Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of the United States Virgin Islands Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands vteList of political parties in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dkyo
Tokyo Imperial Palace
["1 History","1.1 Edo castle","1.2 The old palace","1.3 Present palace","2 Grounds","2.1 Kyūden","2.2 Fukiage Garden","3 East Gardens","3.1 Tōkagakudō (Music Hall)","3.2 Ninomaru Garden","3.3 Suwa no Chaya","4 Kitanomaru","5 Kōkyo-gaien","6 Gallery","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°40′57″N 139°45′08″E / 35.6825°N 139.7521°E / 35.6825; 139.7521Usual residence of the Emperor of Japan Tokyo Imperial Palace皇居Seimon Ishibashi bridge, which leads to the main gate of the Imperial PalaceFormer namesEdo CastleGeneral informationClassificationImperial Palace, the Imperial Household Agency, Three Palace Sanctuaries such as the imperial family housing area of related facilitiesAddress1-1 Chiyoda, Chiyoda-ku 100-0001 TokyoTown or cityTokyoCountryJapanCoordinates35°40′57″N 139°45′08″E / 35.6825°N 139.7521°E / 35.6825; 139.7521GroundsCirca 1.15 km2 (0.44 sq mi) (Imperial Household Agency management part)Circa 2.30 km2 (0.89 sq mi) (total area, including Kokyo Gaien National Garden) The Tokyo Imperial Palace (皇居, Kōkyo, literally 'Imperial Residence') is the main residence of the Emperor of Japan. It is a large park-like area located in the Chiyoda district of the Chiyoda ward of Tokyo and contains several buildings including the Fukiage Palace (吹上御所, Fukiage gosho) where the Emperor has his living quarters, the main palace (宮殿, Kyūden) where various ceremonies and receptions take place, some residences of the Imperial Family, an archive, museums and administrative offices. The 1.15-square-kilometer (0.44 sq mi) palace grounds and gardens are built on the site of the old Edo Castle. History Edo castle Main article: Edo Castle The Kyūden shortly after its completion in the late 1800s Aerial photo of the Kyūden around 1935 Kenanfu, Tokyo Imperial Palace After the capitulation of the shogunate and the Meiji Restoration, the inhabitants, including the Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, were required to vacate the premises of the Edo Castle. Leaving the Kyoto Imperial Palace on 26 November 1868, the Emperor arrived at the Edo Castle, made it to his new residence and renamed it to Tōkei Castle (東京城, Tōkei-jō). At this time, Tōkyō had also been called Tōkei. He left for Kyōto again, and after coming back on 9 May 1869, it was renamed to Imperial Castle (皇城, Kōjō). Previous fires had destroyed the Honmaru area containing the old donjon (which itself burned in the 1657 Meireki fire). On the night of 5 May 1873, a fire consumed the Nishinomaru Palace (formerly the shōgun's residence), and the new imperial Palace Castle (宮城, Kyūjō) was constructed on the site in 1888. The castle has many gardens. June, 1902. Tokyo Imperial Palace Imperial Palace in Tokyo 1908 A non-profit "Rebuilding Edo-jo Association" (NPO法人 江戸城再建) was founded in 2004 with the aim of a historically correct reconstruction of at least the main donjon. In March 2013, Naotaka Kotake, head of the group, said that "the capital city needs a symbolic building", and that the group planned to collect donations and signatures on a petition in support of rebuilding the tower. A reconstruction blueprint had been made based on old documents. The Imperial Household Agency at the time had not indicated whether it would support the project. The old palace In the Meiji period, most structures from the Edo Castle disappeared. Some were cleared to make way for other buildings, while others were destroyed by earthquakes and fire. For example, the wooden double bridges (二重橋, Nijūbashi) over the moat were replaced with stone and iron bridges. The buildings of the Imperial Palace constructed in the Meiji era were constructed of wood. Their design employed traditional Japanese architecture in their exterior appearance while the interiors were an eclectic mixture of fashionable Japanese and European elements. The ceilings of the grand chambers were coffered with Japanese elements; however, Western chairs, tables and heavy curtains furnished the spaces. The floors of the public rooms had parquets or carpets, while the residential spaces used traditional tatami mats. The main audience hall was the central part of the palace. It was the largest building in the compound. Guests were received there for public events. The floor space was more than 223 tsubo or approximately 737.25 m2 (7,935.7 sq ft). In the interior, the coffered ceiling was traditional Japanese-style, while the floor was parquetry. The roof was styled similarly to the Kyoto Imperial Palace, but was covered with (fireproof) copper plates rather than Japanese cypress shingles. In the late Taishō and early Shōwa period, more concrete buildings were added, such as the headquarters of the Imperial Household Ministry and the Privy Council. These structures exhibited only token Japanese elements. From 1888 to 1948, the compound was called Palace Castle (宮城, Kyūjō). On the night of 25 May 1945, most structures of the Imperial Palace were destroyed in the Allied firebombing raid on Tokyo. According to the US bomber pilot Richard Lineberger, Emperor's Palace was the target of their special mission on July 29, 1945, and was hit with 2000-pound bombs. In August 1945, in the closing days of World War II, Emperor Hirohito met with his Privy Council and made decisions culminating in the surrender of Japan at an underground air-raid shelter on the palace grounds referred to as His Majesty's Library (御文庫附属室, Obunko Fuzokushitsu). Due to the large-scale destruction of the Meiji-era palace, a new main palace hall (宮殿, Kyūden) and residences were constructed on the western portion of the site in 1964–1968, designed by architect Junzō Yoshimura. The area was renamed Imperial Residence (皇居, Kōkyo) in 1948, while the eastern part was renamed East Garden (東御苑, Higashi-Gyoen) and became a public park in 1968. Interior images of the Meiji-era palace Higashidamari-no-Ma Chigusa-no-Ma Hōmei-Den Kiri-no-Ma Nishidamari-no-Ma Throne hall Present palace Map of the Imperial Palace and surrounding gardens The present Imperial Palace encompasses the retrenchments of the former Edo Castle. The modern Kyūden (宮殿) designed for various imperial court functions and receptions is located in the old Nishinomaru section of the palace grounds. On a much more modest scale, the Fukiage Palace (吹上御所, Fukiage gosho), the official residence of the Emperor and empress, is located in the Fukiage Garden. Designed by Japanese architect Shōzō Uchii the modern residence was completed in 1993. This residence is currently (July 2020) not in use and being prepared for Naruhito, who for the time being keeps his primary residence at the former Tōgū Palace, renamed Akasaka Palace (赤坂御所, Akasaka gosho) while he resides there. Except for the Imperial Household Agency and the East Gardens, the main grounds of the palace are generally closed to the public, except for reserved guided tours from Tuesdays to Saturdays (which access only the Kyūden Totei Plaza in front of the Chowaden). Each New Year (January 2) and Emperor's Birthday (February 23), the public is permitted to enter through the Nakamon (inner gate) where they gather in the Kyūden Totei Plaza. The Imperial Family appears on the balcony before the crowd and the Emperor normally gives a short speech greeting and thanking the visitors and wishing them good health and blessings. Parts of the Fukiage garden are sometimes open to the general public. The old Honmaru, Ninomaru, and Sannomaru compounds now comprise the East Gardens, an area with public access containing administrative and other public buildings. The Kitanomaru Park is located to the north and is the former northern enceinte of Edo Castle. It is a public park and is the site of the Nippon Budokan. To the south is Kokyo Gaien National Garden. Though much of the site is off limits to the public, there have been multiple instances of tourists attempting to trespass on the palace grounds by swimming in the moat. In 2008, a British tourist stripped naked, repeatedly dove into and swam across the moat in an attempt to avoid being arrested, and used stones and a plastic pole as weapons when faced by staff and local police officers. A similar incident took place in 2013, in which two drunken tourists decided to try to sneak into the palace building after removing their clothing and entering the water near Sakurada Gate. Grounds Kyūden Aerial image of the Kyūden Chōwaden Reception Hall, the largest structure of the palace Emperor Naruhito greets the public at the Chōwaden Reception Hall following his accession in 2019 Map of the Kyūden The Imperial Palace (宮殿, Kyūden) and the headquarters of the Imperial Household Agency are located in the former Nishinomaru enceinte (West Citadel) of the Edo Castle. The main buildings of the palace grounds, including the Kyūden (宮殿) main palace, home of the liaison conference of the Imperial General Headquarters, were severely damaged by the fire of May 1945. Today's palace consists of multiple modern structures that are interconnected. The palace complex was finished in 1968 and was constructed of steel-framed reinforced concrete structures produced domestically, with two stories above ground and one story below. The buildings of the Imperial Palace were constructed by the Takenaka Corporation in a modernist style with clear Japanese architectural references such as the large, gabled hipped roof, columns and beams. The complex consists of six wings, including: Seiden State Function Hall Hōmeiden State Banquet Hall Chōwaden Reception Hall Rensui Dining Room Chigusa Chidori Drawing Room and The Emperor's work office Halls include the Minami-Damari, Nami-no-Ma, multiple corridors, Kita-Damari, Shakkyō-no-Ma, Shunju-no-Ma, Seiden-Sugitoe (Kaede), Seiden-Sugitoe (Sakura), Take-no-Ma, Ume-no-Ma and Matsu-no-Ma. Famous Nihonga artists such as Maeda Seison were commissioned to paint the artworks. The Kyūden is used for both receiving state guests and holding official state ceremonies and functions. The Matsu-no-Ma (Pine Chamber) is the throne room. The Emperor gives audiences to the Prime Minister in this room, as well as appointing or dismissing ambassadors and Ministers of State. It is also the room where the Prime Minister and Chief Justice is appointed to office. Fukiage Garden The Fukiage Garden has carried the name since the Edo period and is used as the residential area for the Imperial Family. The Fukiage Palace (吹上御所, Fukiage gosho), achieved in 1993, was used as the primary residence of Akihito from December 8, 1993, to March 2020. After a period of refurbishment, Naruhito, Masako and Aiko moved in in September 2021. The Fukiage Ōmiya Palace (吹上大宮御所, Fukiage Ōmiya-gosho) in the northern section was originally the residence of Emperor Showa and Empress Kōjun and was called the Fukiage Palace. After the Emperor's death in 1989, the palace was renamed the Fukiage Ōmiya Palace and was the residence of the Empress Dowager until her death in 2000. It is currently not in use. The palace precincts include the Three Palace Sanctuaries (宮中三殿, Kyūchū-sanden). Parts of the Imperial Regalia of Japan are kept here and the sanctuary plays a religious role in imperial enthronements and weddings. East Gardens Main article: Imperial Palace East Garden The East Gardens is where most of the administrative buildings for the palace are located and encompasses the former Honmaru and Ninomaru areas of Edo Castle, a total of 210,000 m2 (2,300,000 sq ft). Located on the grounds of the East Gardens is the Imperial Tokagakudo Music Hall, the Music Department of the Board of Ceremonies of the Imperial Household, the Archives and Mausolea Department Imperial Household Agency, structures for the guards such as the Saineikan dojo, and the Museum of the Imperial Collections. Several structures that were added since the Meiji period were removed over time to allow construction of the East Garden. In 1932, the kuretake-ryō was built as a dormitory for imperial princesses, however this building was removed prior to the construction of the present gardens. Other buildings such as stables and housing were removed to create the East Garden in its present configuration. Construction work began in 1961 with a new pond in the Ninomaru, as well as the repair and restoration of various keeps and structures from the Edo period. On 30 May 1963, the area was declared by the Japanese government a "Special Historic Relic" under the Cultural Properties Protection Law. Tōkagakudō (Music Hall) Tōkagakudō (Music Hall) The Tōkagakudō (桃華楽堂, Peach Blossom Music Hall) is located to the east of the former main donjon of Edo Castle in the Honmaru. Designed by Kenji Imai, this music hall was built in commemoration of the 60th birthday of Empress Kōjun on 6 March 1963. The ferro-concrete building covers a total area of 1,254 m2 (13,500 sq ft). The hall is octagon-shaped and each of its eight outer walls is decorated with differently designed mosaic tiles. Construction began in August 1964 and was completed in February 1966. Ninomaru Garden Symbolic trees representing each prefecture in Japan are planted in the northwestern corner of Ninomaru enceinte. Such trees have been donated from each prefecture and there are total of 260, covering 30 varieties. The small Ninomaru Garden at the foot of the castle hill was originally planted in 1636 by Kobori Enshu, a famed landscape artist and garden designer, but it was destroyed by fire in 1867. The current layout was created in 1968, based on a plan drawn up during the reign of ninth shogun, Tokugawa Ieshige. Suwano-chaya Tea House Suwa no Chaya The Suwa no Chaya (諏訪の茶屋) is a teahouse that was located in the Fukiage Garden during the Edo period. It moved to the Akasaka Palace after the Meiji restoration, but was reconstructed in its original location in 1912. It was moved to its present location during the construction of the East Garden. Kitanomaru The Kitanomaru Park is located to the north and is the former northern enceinte of Edo Castle. It is a public park and is the site of Nippon Budokan Hall. This garden contains a bronze monument to Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa (北白川宮能久親王, Kitashirakawa-no-miya Yoshihisa-shinnō). Kōkyo-gaien Main article: Kokyo Gaien National Garden The Kokyo Gaien National Garden consists of outer gardens that ring the Imperial Palace. It contain bronze monuments to Kusunoki Masashige (楠木正成) and to Wake no Kiyomaro (和気清麻呂). Gallery The Imperial Palace and the Imperial Household Agency Ote-mon gate and main entrance to the East Garden Imperial Palace moat and guard tower Imperial Palace front entrance field with Chiyoda office buildings in the background Building of the Imperial Household Agency on the grounds of the Imperial Palace Suwa no chaya teahouse in the Ninomaru Garden Saineikan dōjō for the guards Building of the former Privy Council in the East Garden area, one of the few buildings from the pre-war Showa period New ambassadors arrive at the palace to hand in their accreditation to the Emperor to be picked up from Tokyo Station either in a limousine or the carriage. Music Department of the Board of Ceremonies Museum of the Imperial Collections Archives and Mausolea Department The moat of the Imperial Palace in spring Public walkway, Edo East Garden Moat of the Imperial Palace Meeting between Emperor Naruhito and former U.S. President Donald Trump with First Lady Melania Trump and Empress Masako One of the entrances for supporting staff buildings Fujimi-yagura (Mt Fuji-view keep), guard building within the inner grounds of the Imperial Palace Pond in the East Garden Mounted Imperial Police around the Imperial Palace References ^ a b "皇居へ行ってみよう" . Kunai-chō. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ 皇居 - 通信用語の基礎知識. Wdic.org (in Japanese). February 4, 2010. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2015. ^ Tom (September 27, 2015). "Lovely 1908 Photo of the Tokyo Imperial Palace". Cool Old Photos. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019. ^ "Rebuilding "Edo-jo" Association". Archived from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2008. ^ NPO wants to restore Edo Castle glory. Daily Yomiuri. March 21, 2013. Archived March 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ Lineberger, Richard C. (2003). "The night we bombed the Emperor's Palace". Air Power History. 50 (3): 42. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 – via The Free Library by Farlex. ^ "Time Wears on Imperial Shelter". The Japan News. Yomiuri Shimbun. August 1, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2015. ^ "The Imperial Residence". The Imperial Household Agency. Archived from the original on December 18, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2015. ^ "Naked swimmer evades police in Tokyo palace moat". Reuters. October 8, 2008. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021. ^ "Drunk Brits swim to palace, arrested". The Japan Times. April 16, 2013. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021. ^ Takahiro Fukada (January 20, 2010). "Imperial Palace resides in otherworldly expanse: History abounds in cultural and religious preserve in heart of metropolis". The Japan Times. p. 3. ^ "The Imperial Palace: Photos". kunaicho.go.jp. Imperial Household Agency. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2015. ^ "The Imperial Palace and other Imperial Household Establishments". Imperial Household Agency. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008. ^ 1966 – Tokagakudo Music Hall – Kenji Imai, Architecture Tokyo, accessed February 12, 2024. ^ "Ninomaru and San-nomaru - Tokyo Cultural Heritage Map". Tokyo Cultural Heritage Map, Tokyo Metropolitan Board of Education. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"皇居","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B1%85"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda,_Chiyoda,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Fukiage Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukiage_Palace"},{"link_name":"Imperial Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Edo Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunaicho1-1"}],"text":"Usual residence of the Emperor of JapanThe Tokyo Imperial Palace (皇居, Kōkyo, literally 'Imperial Residence') is the main residence of the Emperor of Japan. It is a large park-like area located in the Chiyoda district of the Chiyoda ward of Tokyo and contains several buildings including the Fukiage Palace (吹上御所, Fukiage gosho) where the Emperor has his living quarters, the main palace (宮殿, Kyūden) where various ceremonies and receptions take place, some residences of the Imperial Family, an archive, museums and administrative offices.The 1.15-square-kilometer (0.44 sq mi) palace grounds and gardens are built on the site of the old Edo Castle.[1]","title":"Tokyo Imperial Palace"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Imperial_Palace_pic_08.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenanfu.JPG"},{"link_name":"shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Yoshinobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu"},{"link_name":"Edo Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Castle"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Imperial Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Imperial_Palace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"user-generated source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content"},{"link_name":"donjon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donjon"},{"link_name":"1657 Meireki fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Meireki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kokyo_Nijubashi_0010.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Palace_1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Edo castle","text":"The Kyūden shortly after its completion in the late 1800sAerial photo of the Kyūden around 1935Kenanfu, Tokyo Imperial PalaceAfter the capitulation of the shogunate and the Meiji Restoration, the inhabitants, including the Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, were required to vacate the premises of the Edo Castle. Leaving the Kyoto Imperial Palace on 26 November 1868, the Emperor arrived at the Edo Castle, made it to his new residence and renamed it to Tōkei Castle (東京城, Tōkei-jō). At this time, Tōkyō had also been called Tōkei. He left for Kyōto again, and after coming back on 9 May 1869, it was renamed to Imperial Castle (皇城, Kōjō).[2][user-generated source]Previous fires had destroyed the Honmaru area containing the old donjon (which itself burned in the 1657 Meireki fire). On the night of 5 May 1873, a fire consumed the Nishinomaru Palace (formerly the shōgun's residence), and the new imperial Palace Castle (宮城, Kyūjō) was constructed on the site in 1888. The castle has many gardens.June, 1902. Tokyo Imperial PalaceImperial Palace in Tokyo 1908[3]A non-profit \"Rebuilding Edo-jo Association\" (NPO法人 江戸城再建) was founded in 2004 with the aim of a historically correct reconstruction of at least the main donjon. In March 2013, Naotaka Kotake, head of the group, said that \"the capital city needs a symbolic building\", and that the group planned to collect donations and signatures on a petition in support of rebuilding the tower. A reconstruction blueprint had been made based on old documents. The Imperial Household Agency at the time had not indicated whether it would support the project.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"Japanese architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecture"},{"link_name":"parquets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parquet"},{"link_name":"tatami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatami"},{"link_name":"tsubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement"},{"link_name":"Japanese cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cypress"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Ministry"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Allied firebombing raid on Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"special mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Emperor Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Junzō Yoshimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junz%C5%8D_Yoshimura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Higashidamari-no-Ma_of_Meiji_Palace.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chigusa-no-Ma_of_Meiji_Palace.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houmei-Den_of_Meiji_Palace.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiri-no-Ma_of_Meiji_Palace.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nishidamari-no-Ma_of_Meiji_Palace.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Building_of_Meiji_Palace.JPG"}],"sub_title":"The old palace","text":"In the Meiji period, most structures from the Edo Castle disappeared. Some were cleared to make way for other buildings, while others were destroyed by earthquakes and fire. For example, the wooden double bridges (二重橋, Nijūbashi) over the moat were replaced with stone and iron bridges. The buildings of the Imperial Palace constructed in the Meiji era were constructed of wood. Their design employed traditional Japanese architecture in their exterior appearance while the interiors were an eclectic mixture of fashionable Japanese and European elements. The ceilings of the grand chambers were coffered with Japanese elements; however, Western chairs, tables and heavy curtains furnished the spaces. The floors of the public rooms had parquets or carpets, while the residential spaces used traditional tatami mats.The main audience hall was the central part of the palace. It was the largest building in the compound. Guests were received there for public events. The floor space was more than 223 tsubo or approximately 737.25 m2 (7,935.7 sq ft). In the interior, the coffered ceiling was traditional Japanese-style, while the floor was parquetry. The roof was styled similarly to the Kyoto Imperial Palace, but was covered with (fireproof) copper plates rather than Japanese cypress shingles.In the late Taishō and early Shōwa period, more concrete buildings were added, such as the headquarters of the Imperial Household Ministry and the Privy Council. These structures exhibited only token Japanese elements.From 1888 to 1948, the compound was called Palace Castle (宮城, Kyūjō). On the night of 25 May 1945, most structures of the Imperial Palace were destroyed in the Allied firebombing raid on Tokyo. According to the US bomber pilot Richard Lineberger, Emperor's Palace was the target of their special mission on July 29, 1945, and was hit with 2000-pound bombs.[6] In August 1945, in the closing days of World War II, Emperor Hirohito met with his Privy Council and made decisions culminating in the surrender of Japan at an underground air-raid shelter on the palace grounds referred to as His Majesty's Library (御文庫附属室, Obunko Fuzokushitsu).[7]Due to the large-scale destruction of the Meiji-era palace, a new main palace hall (宮殿, Kyūden) and residences were constructed on the western portion of the site in 1964–1968, designed by architect Junzō Yoshimura. The area was renamed Imperial Residence (皇居, Kōkyo) in 1948, while the eastern part was renamed East Garden (東御苑, Higashi-Gyoen) and became a public park in 1968.Interior images of the Meiji-era palaceHigashidamari-no-Ma\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChigusa-no-Ma\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHōmei-Den\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKiri-no-Ma\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNishidamari-no-Ma\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThrone hall","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Map.png"},{"link_name":"Fukiage Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukiage_Palace"},{"link_name":"Shōzō Uchii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Uchii"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tōgū Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%AB_Palace"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency"},{"link_name":"New Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year"},{"link_name":"Emperor's Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Birthday"},{"link_name":"Kitanomaru Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanomaru_Park"},{"link_name":"enceinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceinte"},{"link_name":"public park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_park"},{"link_name":"Nippon Budokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Budokan"},{"link_name":"Kokyo Gaien National Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokyo_Gaien_National_Garden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sakurada Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurada_Gate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Present palace","text":"Map of the Imperial Palace and surrounding gardensThe present Imperial Palace encompasses the retrenchments of the former Edo Castle. The modern Kyūden (宮殿) designed for various imperial court functions and receptions is located in the old Nishinomaru section of the palace grounds. On a much more modest scale, the Fukiage Palace (吹上御所, Fukiage gosho), the official residence of the Emperor and empress, is located in the Fukiage Garden. Designed by Japanese architect Shōzō Uchii the modern residence was completed in 1993.[8] This residence is currently (July 2020) not in use and being prepared for Naruhito, who for the time being keeps his primary residence at the former Tōgū Palace, renamed Akasaka Palace (赤坂御所, Akasaka gosho) while he resides there.Except for the Imperial Household Agency and the East Gardens, the main grounds of the palace are generally closed to the public, except for reserved guided tours from Tuesdays to Saturdays (which access only the Kyūden Totei Plaza in front of the Chowaden). Each New Year (January 2) and Emperor's Birthday (February 23), the public is permitted to enter through the Nakamon (inner gate) where they gather in the Kyūden Totei Plaza. The Imperial Family appears on the balcony before the crowd and the Emperor normally gives a short speech greeting and thanking the visitors and wishing them good health and blessings. Parts of the Fukiage garden are sometimes open to the general public.The old Honmaru, Ninomaru, and Sannomaru compounds now comprise the East Gardens, an area with public access containing administrative and other public buildings.The Kitanomaru Park is located to the north and is the former northern enceinte of Edo Castle. It is a public park and is the site of the Nippon Budokan. To the south is Kokyo Gaien National Garden.Though much of the site is off limits to the public, there have been multiple instances of tourists attempting to trespass on the palace grounds by swimming in the moat. In 2008, a British tourist stripped naked, repeatedly dove into and swam across the moat in an attempt to avoid being arrested, and used stones and a plastic pole as weapons when faced by staff and local police officers.[9] A similar incident took place in 2013, in which two drunken tourists decided to try to sneak into the palace building after removing their clothing and entering the water near Sakurada Gate.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Tokyo_Imperial_Palace.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chowaden_Reception_Hall,_Imperial_Palace_Tokyo,_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chōwaden Reception Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dwaden_Reception_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Naruhito_20190504b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naruhito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhito"},{"link_name":"Chōwaden Reception Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dwaden_Reception_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map-of-the-Kyuden-Tokyo-Imperial-Palace-2019.png"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-11"},{"link_name":"Imperial General Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"Takenaka Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takenaka_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Chōwaden Reception Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dwaden_Reception_Hall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nihonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonga"},{"link_name":"Maeda Seison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeda_Seison"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Ministers of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers_of_State"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"appointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Investiture"}],"sub_title":"Kyūden","text":"Aerial image of the KyūdenChōwaden Reception Hall, the largest structure of the palaceEmperor Naruhito greets the public at the Chōwaden Reception Hall following his accession in 2019Map of the KyūdenThe Imperial Palace (宮殿, Kyūden) and the headquarters of the Imperial Household Agency are located in the former Nishinomaru enceinte (West Citadel) of the Edo Castle.[11]The main buildings of the palace grounds, including the Kyūden (宮殿) main palace, home of the liaison conference of the Imperial General Headquarters, were severely damaged by the fire of May 1945. Today's palace consists of multiple modern structures that are interconnected. The palace complex was finished in 1968 and was constructed of steel-framed reinforced concrete structures produced domestically, with two stories above ground and one story below. The buildings of the Imperial Palace were constructed by the Takenaka Corporation in a modernist style with clear Japanese architectural references such as the large, gabled hipped roof, columns and beams.The complex consists of six wings, including:Seiden State Function Hall\nHōmeiden State Banquet Hall\nChōwaden Reception Hall\nRensui Dining Room\nChigusa Chidori Drawing Room and\nThe Emperor's work officeHalls include the Minami-Damari, Nami-no-Ma, multiple corridors, Kita-Damari, Shakkyō-no-Ma, Shunju-no-Ma, Seiden-Sugitoe (Kaede), Seiden-Sugitoe (Sakura), Take-no-Ma, Ume-no-Ma and Matsu-no-Ma.[12] Famous Nihonga artists such as Maeda Seison were commissioned to paint the artworks.The Kyūden is used for both receiving state guests and holding official state ceremonies and functions. The Matsu-no-Ma (Pine Chamber) is the throne room. The Emperor gives audiences to the Prime Minister in this room, as well as appointing or dismissing ambassadors and Ministers of State. It is also the room where the Prime Minister and Chief Justice is appointed to office.","title":"Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Fukiage Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukiage_Palace"},{"link_name":"Akihito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihito"},{"link_name":"Naruhito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhito"},{"link_name":"Masako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Masako"},{"link_name":"Aiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiko,_Princess_Toshi"},{"link_name":"Empress Kōjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Djun"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Three Palace Sanctuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Palace_Sanctuaries"},{"link_name":"Imperial Regalia of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Regalia_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"imperial enthronements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthronement_of_the_Japanese_Emperor"}],"sub_title":"Fukiage Garden","text":"The Fukiage Garden has carried the name since the Edo period and is used as the residential area for the Imperial Family.The Fukiage Palace (吹上御所, Fukiage gosho), achieved in 1993, was used as the primary residence of Akihito from December 8, 1993, to March 2020. After a period of refurbishment, Naruhito, Masako and Aiko moved in in September 2021.The Fukiage Ōmiya Palace (吹上大宮御所, Fukiage Ōmiya-gosho) in the northern section was originally the residence of Emperor Showa and Empress Kōjun and was called the Fukiage Palace. After the Emperor's death in 1989, the palace was renamed the Fukiage Ōmiya Palace and was the residence of the Empress Dowager until her death in 2000.[13] It is currently not in use.The palace precincts include the Three Palace Sanctuaries (宮中三殿, Kyūchū-sanden). Parts of the Imperial Regalia of Japan are kept here and the sanctuary plays a religious role in imperial enthronements and weddings.","title":"Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojo"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Imperial Collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Imperial_Collections"}],"text":"The East Gardens is where most of the administrative buildings for the palace are located and encompasses the former Honmaru and Ninomaru areas of Edo Castle, a total of 210,000 m2 (2,300,000 sq ft). Located on the grounds of the East Gardens is the Imperial Tokagakudo Music Hall, the Music Department of the Board of Ceremonies of the Imperial Household, the Archives and Mausolea Department Imperial Household Agency, structures for the guards such as the Saineikan dojo, and the Museum of the Imperial Collections.Several structures that were added since the Meiji period were removed over time to allow construction of the East Garden. In 1932, the kuretake-ryō was built as a dormitory for imperial princesses, however this building was removed prior to the construction of the present gardens. Other buildings such as stables and housing were removed to create the East Garden in its present configuration.Construction work began in 1961 with a new pond in the Ninomaru, as well as the repair and restoration of various keeps and structures from the Edo period. On 30 May 1963, the area was declared by the Japanese government a \"Special Historic Relic\" under the Cultural Properties Protection Law.","title":"East Gardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T%C5%8Dkagakud%C5%8D_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kenji Imai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Imai_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Empress Kōjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Djun"}],"sub_title":"Tōkagakudō (Music Hall)","text":"Tōkagakudō (Music Hall)The Tōkagakudō (桃華楽堂, Peach Blossom Music Hall) is located to the east of the former main donjon of Edo Castle in the Honmaru. Designed by Kenji Imai,[14] this music hall was built in commemoration of the 60th birthday of Empress Kōjun on 6 March 1963. The ferro-concrete building covers a total area of 1,254 m2 (13,500 sq ft). The hall is octagon-shaped and each of its eight outer walls is decorated with differently designed mosaic tiles. Construction began in August 1964 and was completed in February 1966.","title":"East Gardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kobori Enshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobori_Masakazu"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieshige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieshige"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suwano-chaya_Tea_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Ninomaru Garden","text":"Symbolic trees representing each prefecture in Japan are planted in the northwestern corner of Ninomaru enceinte. Such trees have been donated from each prefecture and there are total of 260, covering 30 varieties.The small Ninomaru Garden at the foot of the castle hill was originally planted in 1636 by Kobori Enshu, a famed landscape artist and garden designer, but it was destroyed by fire in 1867. The current layout was created in 1968, based on a plan drawn up during the reign of ninth shogun, Tokugawa Ieshige.[15]Suwano-chaya Tea House","title":"East Gardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"teahouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teahouse"},{"link_name":"Akasaka Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akasaka_Palace"}],"sub_title":"Suwa no Chaya","text":"The Suwa no Chaya (諏訪の茶屋) is a teahouse that was located in the Fukiage Garden during the Edo period. It moved to the Akasaka Palace after the Meiji restoration, but was reconstructed in its original location in 1912.It was moved to its present location during the construction of the East Garden.","title":"East Gardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kitanomaru Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanomaru_Park"},{"link_name":"enceinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceinte"},{"link_name":"public park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_park"},{"link_name":"Nippon Budokan Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Budokan_Hall"},{"link_name":"Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Kitashirakawa_Yoshihisa"}],"text":"The Kitanomaru Park is located to the north and is the former northern enceinte of Edo Castle. It is a public park and is the site of Nippon Budokan Hall.This garden contains a bronze monument to Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa (北白川宮能久親王, Kitashirakawa-no-miya Yoshihisa-shinnō).","title":"Kitanomaru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kokyo Gaien National Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokyo_Gaien_National_Garden"},{"link_name":"Kusunoki Masashige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusunoki_Masashige"},{"link_name":"Wake no Kiyomaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_no_Kiyomaro"}],"text":"The Kokyo Gaien National Garden consists of outer gardens that ring the Imperial Palace. It contain bronze monuments to Kusunoki Masashige (楠木正成) and to Wake no Kiyomaro (和気清麻呂).","title":"Kōkyo-gaien"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Central_View.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ote-mon_gate_Edo_Castle_Tokyo_Japan_by_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%A1%9C%E7%94%B0%E5%B7%BD%E6%AB%93.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_palace_front_entrance_field.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Household_Agency.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kokyo0097.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saineikan_at_the_Imperial_Palace_in_Tokyo.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Former_Privy_council.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Ambassador_on_Kyuden_Totei_Plaza.JPG"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Music_Department_of_the_Board_of_Ceremonies_of_the_Imperial_Household_Agency.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sannomaru_Shozokan_190928a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archives_and_Mausolea_Department_191009a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%9A%87%E5%B1%85_%E4%B8%8B%E9%81%93%E7%81%8C%E6%BF%A0.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Garden_Edo_Castle_Tokyo_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Moat_of_The_Imperial_Palace.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_and_First_Lady_Melania_Trump_at_the_Imperial_Palace_(47958716021).jpg"},{"link_name":"Naruhito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhito"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Melania Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Trump"},{"link_name":"Empress Masako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Masako"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%9A%87%E5%B1%85%E3%83%BB%E6%A1%94%E6%A2%97%E9%96%80.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujimi-yagura_1_by_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Palace_East_Garden_Panorama_by_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD_%E5%BE%A1%E5%B9%B8%E9%80%9A%E3%82%8A_%E9%A8%8E%E9%A6%AC%E9%9A%8A.jpg"}],"text":"The Imperial Palace and the Imperial Household Agency\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOte-mon gate and main entrance to the East Garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tImperial Palace moat and guard tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tImperial Palace front entrance field with Chiyoda office buildings in the background\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuilding of the Imperial Household Agency on the grounds of the Imperial Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSuwa no chaya teahouse in the Ninomaru Garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaineikan dōjō for the guards\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuilding of the former Privy Council in the East Garden area, one of the few buildings from the pre-war Showa period\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNew ambassadors arrive at the palace to hand in their accreditation to the Emperor to be picked up from Tokyo Station either in a limousine or the carriage.[citation needed]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMusic Department of the Board of Ceremonies\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMuseum of the Imperial Collections\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArchives and Mausolea Department\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe moat of the Imperial Palace in spring\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPublic walkway, Edo East Garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMoat of the Imperial Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMeeting between Emperor Naruhito and former U.S. President Donald Trump with First Lady Melania Trump and Empress Masako\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the entrances for supporting staff buildings\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFujimi-yagura (Mt Fuji-view keep), guard building within the inner grounds of the Imperial Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPond in the East Garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMounted Imperial Police around the Imperial Palace","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"The Kyūden shortly after its completion in the late 1800s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace_pic_08.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Imperial_Palace_pic_08.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial photo of the Kyūden around 1935","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F.jpg/220px-%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kenanfu, Tokyo Imperial Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kenanfu.JPG/220px-Kenanfu.JPG"},{"image_text":"June, 1902. Tokyo Imperial Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kokyo_Nijubashi_0010.jpg/220px-Kokyo_Nijubashi_0010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Imperial Palace in Tokyo 1908[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tokyo_Palace_1908.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Palace_1908.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Imperial Palace and surrounding gardens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Map.png/220px-Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Map.png"},{"image_text":"Aerial image of the Kyūden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aerial_image_of_Tokyo_Imperial_Palace.png/220px-Aerial_image_of_Tokyo_Imperial_Palace.png"},{"image_text":"Chōwaden Reception Hall, the largest structure of the palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chowaden_Reception_Hall%2C_Imperial_Palace_Tokyo%2C_2017.jpg/220px-Chowaden_Reception_Hall%2C_Imperial_Palace_Tokyo%2C_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emperor Naruhito greets the public at the Chōwaden Reception Hall following his accession in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Emperor_Naruhito_20190504b.jpg/220px-Emperor_Naruhito_20190504b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Kyūden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Map-of-the-Kyuden-Tokyo-Imperial-Palace-2019.png/220px-Map-of-the-Kyuden-Tokyo-Imperial-Palace-2019.png"},{"image_text":"Tōkagakudō (Music Hall)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/T%C5%8Dkagakud%C5%8D_2012.JPG/220px-T%C5%8Dkagakud%C5%8D_2012.JPG"},{"image_text":"Suwano-chaya Tea House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Suwano-chaya_Tea_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Suwano-chaya_Tea_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"皇居へ行ってみよう\" [Let's go to the Imperial Palace]. Kunai-chō. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018. [The Imperial Palace ... is approximately 1,150,000 m2 in size, or about 25 times the size of the Tokyo Dome. In addition to the palace where His Majesty the Emperor conducts his business, the Imperial Palace includes the Imperial Household Agency building and the East Gardens.]","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/kids/kokyo/","url_text":"\"皇居へ行ってみよう\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunai-ch%C5%8D","url_text":"Kunai-chō"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180109190916/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/kids/kokyo/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"皇居 - 通信用語の基礎知識. Wdic.org (in Japanese). February 4, 2010. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wdic.org/w/CUL/%E7%9A%87%E5%B1%85","url_text":"皇居 - 通信用語の基礎知識"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309091020/http://www.wdic.org/w/CUL/%E7%9A%87%E5%B1%85","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tom (September 27, 2015). \"Lovely 1908 Photo of the Tokyo Imperial Palace\". Cool Old Photos. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://coololdphotos.com/lovely-1908-photo-of-the-tokyo-imperial-palace/","url_text":"\"Lovely 1908 Photo of the Tokyo Imperial Palace\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044328/https://coololdphotos.com/lovely-1908-photo-of-the-tokyo-imperial-palace/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rebuilding \"Edo-jo\" Association\". Archived from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://npo-edojo.org/","url_text":"\"Rebuilding \"Edo-jo\" Association\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170306055403/http://npo-edojo.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lineberger, Richard C. (2003). \"The night we bombed the Emperor's Palace\". Air Power History. 50 (3): 42. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 – via The Free Library by Farlex.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+night+we+bombed+the+Emperor%27s+Palace-a0108551529","url_text":"\"The night we bombed the Emperor's Palace\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205202/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+night+we+bombed+the+Emperor%27s+Palace-a0108551529","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Time Wears on Imperial Shelter\". The Japan News. Yomiuri Shimbun. August 1, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150804023604/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0002326226","url_text":"\"Time Wears on Imperial Shelter\""},{"url":"http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0002326226","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Imperial Residence\". The Imperial Household Agency. Archived from the original on December 18, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/shisetsu/gosho.html","url_text":"\"The Imperial Residence\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151218013306/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/shisetsu/gosho.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Naked swimmer evades police in Tokyo palace moat\". Reuters. October 8, 2008. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. 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The Japan Times. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20100120i1.html","url_text":"\"Imperial Palace resides in otherworldly expanse: History abounds in cultural and religious preserve in heart of metropolis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Imperial Palace: Photos\". kunaicho.go.jp. Imperial Household Agency. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/shisetsu/kyuden-ph.html","url_text":"\"The Imperial Palace: Photos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency","url_text":"Imperial Household Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190428034321/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/shisetsu/kyuden-ph.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Imperial Palace and other Imperial Household Establishments\". Imperial Household Agency. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080212045945/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e07/ed07-01-02-01.html","url_text":"\"The Imperial Palace and other Imperial Household Establishments\""},{"url":"http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e07/ed07-01-02-01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ninomaru and San-nomaru - Tokyo Cultural Heritage Map\". Tokyo Cultural Heritage Map, Tokyo Metropolitan Board of Education. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syougai.metro.tokyo.jp/bunkazai/heritagemap/chiyoda/chiyoda03.html","url_text":"\"Ninomaru and San-nomaru - Tokyo Cultural Heritage Map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190619192507/http://www.syougai.metro.tokyo.jp/bunkazai/heritagemap/chiyoda/chiyoda03.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Adair_(serjeant)
James Adair (serjeant-at-law)
["1 Career","2 Politics","3 Conduct","4 Death and burial","5 Works","6 References"]
James Adair, KS (c.1743 – 21 July 1798) was an Irish-born judge, serjeant-at-law, and Member of Parliament, who spent his career based in London. Career Adair was admitted to Peterhouse, Cambridge, and took a B.A. in 1764, and M.A. in 1767. He was educated in law and a due course called to the bar by the society of Lincoln's Inn. In the early part of the reign of George III he was ranked among the advocates of the popular side; in 1771, he was employed as counsel in the famous case of the House of Commons against the printers of Letters of Junius, and in this and other instances gave so much satisfaction to the citizens, that, on the death of John Glynn, he was elected Recorder of London, a post he held until 1789. In 1774, he took the degree of serjeant-at-law and afterwards confined his practice chiefly to the Court of Common Pleas. On his promotion to be a king's serjeant in 1782, he took the lead in that court for several years. Following the split of the Whig Party after the French Revolution, he attached himself to the moderate party of Edmund Burke's division. In 1794 he was one of the counsels for the crown against Thomas Hardy, Horne Tooke, and others, but had no very active part assigned him. In April 1788 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society In 1796, he led against the crown, with Thomas Erskine as his junior, in defence of William Stone, who was accused of treason but acquitted. He was counsel to the Board of Ordnance, and also served as Chief Justice of Chester from 1796 to his death. Politics At different times Adair held a seat in Parliament. He sat as MP for Cockermouth from 1775 to 1780, and from 1793 until his death was a member for Higham Ferrers. Conduct His manner as a speaker was somewhat coarse, but it was impressive. He had great copiousness and fluency of delivery, and his powers of reasoning were of the highest order. Death and burial Adair died suddenly at his house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, on 21 July 1798. He was buried in Bunhill Fields burial ground. Works Adair was author of several tracts. Thoughts on the Dismission of Officers for their Conduct in Parliament (1764). Observations on the Power of Alienation in the Crown (1768). Discussions of the Law of Libels (1785). References ^ "Adair, James (ADR759J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ a b c d Rose, Hugh James (1857). "Adair, James". A New General Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 1 AA–ANS. London: B. Fellowes et al. pp. 84–85. ^ Davis, Michael T. (2008) . "Adair, James (c. 1743–1798)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/80. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: "Adair, James (d.1798)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ "Library and Archive cataloge". Royal Society. Retrieved 6 December 2010. ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "C" (part 5) ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 3) Parliament of Great Britain Preceded byGeorge JohnstoneFletcher Norton Member of Parliament for Cockermouth 1775–1780 With: Ralph Gowland Succeeded byJohn LowtherJohn Baynes-Garforth Preceded byJohn Lee Member of Parliament for Higham Ferrers 1793–1798 Succeeded byStephen Thurston Adey Legal offices Preceded byEdward Bearcroft Chief Justice of Chester 1796–1798 Succeeded byWilliam Grant Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Belgium United States Netherlands Poland Other SNAC
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In the early part of the reign of George III he was ranked among the advocates of the popular side; in 1771, he was employed as counsel in the famous case of the House of Commons against the printers of Letters of Junius, and in this and other instances gave so much satisfaction to the citizens, that, on the death of John Glynn, he was elected Recorder of London,[2] a post he held until 1789.[3]In 1774, he took the degree of serjeant-at-law and afterwards confined his practice chiefly to the Court of Common Pleas. On his promotion to be a king's serjeant in 1782, he took the lead in that court for several years. Following the split of the Whig Party after the French Revolution, he attached himself to the moderate party of Edmund Burke's division. In 1794 he was one of the counsels for the crown against Thomas Hardy, Horne Tooke, and others, but had no very active part assigned him.[2] In April 1788 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society[4]In 1796, he led against the crown, with Thomas Erskine as his junior, in defence of William Stone, who was accused of treason but acquitted.He was counsel to the Board of Ordnance, and also served as Chief Justice of Chester from 1796 to his death.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Cockermouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockermouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Higham Ferrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham_Ferrers_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"At different times Adair held a seat in Parliament. He sat as MP for Cockermouth from 1775 to 1780,[5] and from 1793 until his death was a member for Higham Ferrers.[6]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"His manner as a speaker was somewhat coarse, but it was impressive. He had great copiousness and fluency of delivery, and his powers of reasoning were of the highest order.","title":"Conduct"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngb-2"},{"link_name":"Bunhill Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunhill_Fields"}],"text":"Adair died suddenly at his house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, on 21 July 1798.[2] He was buried in Bunhill Fields burial ground.","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngb-2"}],"text":"Adair was author of several tracts.[2]Thoughts on the Dismission of Officers for their Conduct in Parliament (1764).\nObservations on the Power of Alienation in the Crown (1768).\nDiscussions of the Law of Libels (1785).","title":"Works"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Cricket_League
Huddersfield Cricket League
["1 Member clubs","1.1 Former clubs","2 Notable players","3 Overseas professionals","4 References","5 External links"]
Cricket league in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Huddersfield Cricket League" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Huddersfield Cricket League is the premier cricket competition in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England. The league has been in existence since 1891 with teams representing suburbs of Huddersfield and villages in the Huddersfield district area. There are now 41 teams in the league. Now there are teams from South Yorkshire and Saddleworth, as well as clubs that have joined the league from the now defunct Huddersfield Central Cricket League and former Central Yorkshire Cricket League. A number of local players have come from the Huddersfield League to play for in the English County Championship, mainly for Yorkshire and have gone on to represent England. Other county players and international players have played club cricket in the Huddersfield League. Member clubs The league currently, as of 2024, is split into 7 sections, where club's first and second teams play. Elland has won the most 1st XI competitions, leagues and various cups, with 42 trophies in the history of the league. Broad Oak with 32 trophies have had most success in 2nd XI competitions. Here are the clubs playing in the league during the 2024 season (they are linked to the locality where they are based): Almondbury Almondbury Wesleyans Armitage Bridge Barkisland Birkby Rose Hill Broad Oak Cartworth Moor Clayton West Cumberworth United Delph & Dobcross Denby Denby Dale Edgerton & Dalton Emley Clarence Flockton Golcar Hall Bower Holmbridge Holmfirth Honley Hoylandswaine Kirkheaton Kirkburton Lascelles Hall Lepton Highlanders Linthwaite Marsden Meltham Mirfield Mirfield Parish Cavaliers Moorlands CC Rastrick Scholes Shelley Shepley Skelmanthorpe Slaithwaite Thongsbridge Thurstonland Upperthong Former clubs Source: Bradey Mills Cawthorne Elland Friarmere Halifax Huddersfield Kexborough Linthwaite Hall Lockwood Meltham Mills Micklehurst Paddock Primrose Hill Notable players Many Huddersfield Cricket League players have gone on to play First-class and Test cricket. Almondbury Eddie Leadbeater (1927–2011) – Yorkshire Warwickshire and England Almondbury Wesleyans Gurman Randhawa - Durham Armitage Bridge Schofield Haigh – Yorkshire and England Robert Moorhouse – Yorkshire Fred Moorhouse – Warwickshire Broad Oak Charlie Roebuck - Yorkshire Steven Crook - Lancashire, Northamptonshire, Middlesex Gurman Randhawa - Durham Tony Palladino - Derbyshire Cawthorne Nathan Buck - Northamptonshire Delph & Dobcross Arron Lilley – Lancashire Kyle Hogg – Lancashire Michael Smethurst – Lancashire Elland Richard Blakey – Yorkshire and England Ajmal Shahzad – Yorkshire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire and England Emley Clarence Matthew Wood – Yorkshire Golcar Arnie Sidebottom – Yorkshire and England Holmfirth Allan Lamb – Northamptonshire and England Arnie Sidebottom – Yorkshire and England Ryan Sidebottom – Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire and England Tom Craddock – Essex Max Morley – Durham (Max is more commonly known for winning the ITV 'Love Island' television programme in 2015) Honley Arnie Sidebottom – Yorkshire and England Craig White – Yorkshire and England Matthew Wood – Yorkshire Steven Crook – Lancashire, Northamptonshire, Middlesex Hoylandswaine Ryan Robinson – Durham Alex Morris – Yorkshire, Hampshire Zac Morris – Hampshire Richard Wilkinson – Yorkshire Kirkheaton George Hirst – Yorkshire and England Wilfred Rhodes – Yorkshire and England Lascelles Hall Arnie Sidebottom – Yorkshire and England Matthew Wood – Yorkshire Lepton Highlanders Phil Mustard – Durham and England Linthwaite Barrie Leadbeater – Yorkshire (umpire) Chris Schofield – Lancashire, Surrey and England Meltham Ryan Sidebottom – Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire and England Neil Carter – Warwickshire Paddock Chris Balderstone – Yorkshire, Leicestershire and England Percy Holmes – Yorkshire and England Willie Watson – Yorkshire, Leicestershire and England. Primrose Hill Ken Taylor – Yorkshire and England Scholes Peter Drysdale – Northern Districts Shelley Matthew Friedlander – Northamptonshire, Boland Mohammed Azharullah – Northamptonshire Shepley Darren Gough – Yorkshire, Essex and England Skelmanthorpe Ronnie Irani – Lancashire, Essex and England Overseas professionals Most of the teams have had professional players who have come from overseas. A few notable ones include: Barkisland Tinashe Panyangara – Zimbabwe Tim Seifert - New Zealand Broad Oak Vikram Rathour - India Amay Khurasiya - India Henry Cooper - Northern Districts and New Zealand A Golcar Atul Bedade – India Sonny Ramadhin (guest) – West Indies Holmfirth Tony Gray – West Indies Andrew Hudson – South Africa Honley Ian Harvey (guest) – Australia Kirkheaton Andrew Hudson – South Africa Linthwaite Deighton Butler – West Indies Vikram Rathour – India Lascelles Hall Garth Le Roux – South Africa Marsden Atul Wassan – India Abdur Rehman – Pakistan Meltham Dilip Doshi – India Madan Lal – India Shahid Mahmood – Pakistan Paddock Mansoor Akhtar – Pakistan Gary Sobers (guest) – West Indies Rastrick Amir Sohail Pakistan Asif Afridi Pakistan Scholes Wasim Jaffer – India Shelley Muthumudalige Pushpakumara – Sri Lanka Mohammad Ramzan – Pakistan Shepley Trent Copeland – Australia Slaithwaite Pragyan Ojha – India References ^ Huddersfield Cricket League Tables ^ Huddersfield Cricket League Roll of Honour ^ Huddersfield Cricket League Roll of Honour ^ Warner, David (2012). The Yorkshire County Cricket Club: 2012 Yearbook (114th ed.). Ilkley, Yorkshire: Great Northern Books. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-1-905080-06-9. External links Huddersfield Cricket League website The Cricket History of Calderdale and Kirklees – find out about Histories of many of the Drakes League teams
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Saddleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddleworth"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Central Cricket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Central_Cricket_League"},{"link_name":"English County Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Championship"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"}],"text":"The Huddersfield Cricket League is the premier cricket competition in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England.The league has been in existence since 1891 with teams representing suburbs of Huddersfield and villages in the Huddersfield district area. There are now 41 teams in the league. Now there are teams from South Yorkshire and Saddleworth, as well as clubs that have joined the league from the now defunct Huddersfield Central Cricket League and former Central Yorkshire Cricket League.A number of local players have come from the Huddersfield League to play for in the English County Championship, mainly for Yorkshire and have gone on to represent England. Other county players and international players have played club cricket in the Huddersfield League.","title":"Huddersfield Cricket League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Almondbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almondbury"},{"link_name":"Almondbury Wesleyans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almondbury"},{"link_name":"Armitage Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armitage_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Barkisland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkisland"},{"link_name":"Birkby Rose Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkby,_Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"Broad Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linthwaite"},{"link_name":"Cartworth Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmfirth"},{"link_name":"Clayton West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_West"},{"link_name":"Cumberworth United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Cumberworth"},{"link_name":"Delph & Dobcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delph"},{"link_name":"Denby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Denby"},{"link_name":"Denby Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denby_Dale"},{"link_name":"Edgerton & Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton,_Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"Emley Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emley,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Flockton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flockton"},{"link_name":"Golcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golcar"},{"link_name":"Hall Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Bower"},{"link_name":"Holmbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmbridge"},{"link_name":"Holmfirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmfirth"},{"link_name":"Honley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honley"},{"link_name":"Hoylandswaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoylandswaine"},{"link_name":"Kirkheaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkheaton"},{"link_name":"Kirkburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkburton"},{"link_name":"Lascelles Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"Lepton Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepton,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Linthwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linthwaite"},{"link_name":"Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsden,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Meltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltham"},{"link_name":"Mirfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfield"},{"link_name":"Mirfield Parish Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfield"},{"link_name":"Moorlands CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfield"},{"link_name":"Rastrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrick"},{"link_name":"Scholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholes,_Holme_Valley"},{"link_name":"Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Shepley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepley"},{"link_name":"Skelmanthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelmanthorpe"},{"link_name":"Slaithwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaithwaite"},{"link_name":"Thongsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thongsbridge"},{"link_name":"Thurstonland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurstonland"},{"link_name":"Upperthong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upperthong"}],"text":"The league currently, as of 2024, is split into 7 sections, where club's first and second teams play.[1]Elland has won the most 1st XI competitions, leagues and various cups, with 42 trophies in the history of the league. Broad Oak with 32 trophies have had most success in 2nd XI competitions. [2]Here are the clubs playing in the league during the 2024 season (they are linked to the locality where they are based):Almondbury\nAlmondbury Wesleyans\nArmitage Bridge\nBarkisland\nBirkby Rose Hill\nBroad Oak\nCartworth Moor\nClayton West\nCumberworth United\nDelph & Dobcross\nDenby\nDenby Dale\nEdgerton & Dalton\nEmley Clarence\nFlockton\nGolcar\nHall Bower\nHolmbridge\nHolmfirth\nHonley\n\n\nHoylandswaine\nKirkheaton\nKirkburton\nLascelles Hall\nLepton Highlanders\nLinthwaite\nMarsden\nMeltham\nMirfield\nMirfield Parish Cavaliers\nMoorlands CC\nRastrick\nScholes\nShelley\nShepley\nSkelmanthorpe\nSlaithwaite\nThongsbridge\nThurstonland\nUpperthong","title":"Member clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Former clubs","text":"Source:[3]Bradey Mills\nCawthorne\nElland\nFriarmere\nHalifax\nHuddersfield\nKexborough\nLinthwaite Hall\nLockwood\nMeltham Mills\nMicklehurst\nPaddock\nPrimrose Hill","title":"Member clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Test cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"Eddie Leadbeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Leadbeater"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YB-4"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Schofield Haigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schofield_Haigh"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Robert Moorhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moorhouse"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Fred Moorhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Moorhouse"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Steven Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Crook"},{"link_name":"Tony Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Palladino"},{"link_name":"Nathan Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Buck"},{"link_name":"Arron Lilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arron_Lilley"},{"link_name":"Kyle Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Hogg"},{"link_name":"Richard Blakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Blakey"},{"link_name":"Ajmal Shahzad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmal_Shahzad"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wood_(Yorkshire-born_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Arnie Sidebottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnie_Sidebottom"},{"link_name":"Allan Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Ryan Sidebottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sidebottom"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Tom Craddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Craddock_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Max Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Morley"},{"link_name":"Love Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Island_(2015_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Craig White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_White"},{"link_name":"Alex Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Morris"},{"link_name":"George Hirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hirst"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Phil Mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Mustard"},{"link_name":"Barrie Leadbeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Leadbeater"},{"link_name":"umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_umpire"},{"link_name":"Chris Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Schofield"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Neil Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Carter_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Chris Balderstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Balderstone"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Percy Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Willie Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Watson_(England_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Ken Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Taylor_(cricketer,_born_1935)"},{"link_name":"Peter Drysdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Drysdale_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Friedlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Friedlander"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Azharullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azharullah"},{"link_name":"Darren Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Gough"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Irani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Irani"}],"text":"Many Huddersfield Cricket League players have gone on to play First-class and Test cricket.Almondbury\n\nEddie Leadbeater (1927–2011)[4] – Yorkshire Warwickshire and England\nAlmondbury Wesleyans\n\nGurman Randhawa - Durham\nArmitage Bridge\n\nSchofield Haigh – Yorkshire and England\nRobert Moorhouse – Yorkshire\nFred Moorhouse – Warwickshire\nBroad Oak \n\nCharlie Roebuck - Yorkshire\nSteven Crook - Lancashire, Northamptonshire, Middlesex\nGurman Randhawa - Durham\nTony Palladino - Derbyshire\n\nCawthorne \n\nNathan Buck - Northamptonshire\nDelph & Dobcross\n\nArron Lilley – Lancashire\nKyle Hogg – Lancashire\nMichael Smethurst – Lancashire\nElland\n\nRichard Blakey – Yorkshire and England\nAjmal Shahzad – Yorkshire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire and England\nEmley Clarence\n\nMatthew Wood – Yorkshire\nGolcar\n\nArnie Sidebottom – Yorkshire and England\nHolmfirth\n\nAllan Lamb – Northamptonshire and England\nArnie Sidebottom – Yorkshire and England\nRyan Sidebottom – Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire and England\nTom Craddock – Essex\nMax Morley – Durham (Max is more commonly known for winning the ITV 'Love Island' television programme in 2015)\nHonley\n\nArnie Sidebottom – Yorkshire and England\nCraig White – Yorkshire and England\nMatthew Wood – Yorkshire\nSteven Crook – Lancashire, Northamptonshire, Middlesex\nHoylandswaine\n\nRyan Robinson – Durham\nAlex Morris – Yorkshire, Hampshire\nZac Morris – Hampshire\nRichard Wilkinson – Yorkshire\nKirkheaton\n\nGeorge Hirst – Yorkshire and England\nWilfred Rhodes – Yorkshire and England\n\n\nLascelles Hall\n\nArnie Sidebottom – Yorkshire and England\nMatthew Wood – Yorkshire\nLepton Highlanders\n\nPhil Mustard – Durham and England\nLinthwaite\n\nBarrie Leadbeater – Yorkshire (umpire)\nChris Schofield – Lancashire, Surrey and England\nMeltham\n\nRyan Sidebottom – Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire and England\nNeil Carter – Warwickshire\nPaddock\n\nChris Balderstone – Yorkshire, Leicestershire and England\nPercy Holmes – Yorkshire and England\nWillie Watson – Yorkshire, Leicestershire and England.\nPrimrose Hill\n\nKen Taylor – Yorkshire and England\nScholes\n\nPeter Drysdale – Northern Districts\nShelley\n\nMatthew Friedlander – Northamptonshire, Boland\nMohammed Azharullah – Northamptonshire\nShepley\n\nDarren Gough – Yorkshire, Essex and England\nSkelmanthorpe\n\nRonnie Irani – Lancashire, Essex and England","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tinashe Panyangara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinashe_Panyangara"},{"link_name":"Tim Seifert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Seifert"},{"link_name":"Vikram Rathour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Rathour"},{"link_name":"Amay Khurasiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amay_Khurasiya"},{"link_name":"Atul Bedade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Bedade"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sonny Ramadhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Ramadhin"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Tony Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gray_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hudson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ian Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Deighton Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deighton_Butler"},{"link_name":"Vikram Rathour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Rathour"},{"link_name":"Garth Le Roux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Le_Roux"},{"link_name":"Atul Wassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Wassan"},{"link_name":"Abdur Rehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rehman_(cricketer,_born_1980)"},{"link_name":"Dilip Doshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilip_Doshi"},{"link_name":"Madan Lal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Lal"},{"link_name":"Shahid Mahmood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Mahmood"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Mansoor Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoor_Akhtar"},{"link_name":"Gary Sobers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Sobers"},{"link_name":"Amir Sohail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Sohail"},{"link_name":"Wasim Jaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasim_Jaffer"},{"link_name":"Muthumudalige Pushpakumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthumudalige_Pushpakumara"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Ramzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ramzan_(cricketer,_born_1970)"},{"link_name":"Trent Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Copeland"},{"link_name":"Pragyan Ojha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragyan_Ojha"}],"text":"Most of the teams have had professional players who have come from overseas. A few notable ones include:Barkisland\n\nTinashe Panyangara – Zimbabwe\nTim Seifert - New Zealand\nBroad Oak\n\nVikram Rathour - India\nAmay Khurasiya - India\nHenry Cooper - Northern Districts and New Zealand A\nGolcar\n\nAtul Bedade – India\nSonny Ramadhin (guest) – West Indies\nHolmfirth\n\nTony Gray – West Indies\nAndrew Hudson – South Africa\nHonley\n\nIan Harvey (guest) – Australia\nKirkheaton\n\nAndrew Hudson – South Africa\nLinthwaite\n\nDeighton Butler – West Indies\nVikram Rathour – India\nLascelles Hall\n\nGarth Le Roux – South Africa\n\n\n\n\nMarsden\n\nAtul Wassan – India\nAbdur Rehman – Pakistan\nMeltham\n\nDilip Doshi – India\nMadan Lal – India\nShahid Mahmood – Pakistan\nPaddock\n\nMansoor Akhtar – Pakistan\nGary Sobers (guest) – West Indies\nRastrick\n\nAmir Sohail Pakistan\nAsif Afridi Pakistan\nScholes\n\nWasim Jaffer – India\nShelley\n\nMuthumudalige Pushpakumara – Sri Lanka\nMohammad Ramzan – Pakistan\nShepley\n\nTrent Copeland – Australia\nSlaithwaite\n\nPragyan Ojha – India","title":"Overseas professionals"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Warner, David (2012). The Yorkshire County Cricket Club: 2012 Yearbook (114th ed.). Ilkley, Yorkshire: Great Northern Books. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-1-905080-06-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905080-06-9","url_text":"978-1-905080-06-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MJ-12
Majestic 12
["1 History","2 Analysis","3 Alleged members","4 References","5 Further reading","6 Notes","7 External links"]
This article is about the purported secret committee. For other uses, see Majestic 12 (disambiguation). Purported organization that appears in UFO conspiracy theories Majestic 12, also known as Majic-12, and MJ-12 for short, is a purported organization that appears in UFO conspiracy theories. The organization is claimed to be the code name of an alleged secret committee of scientists, military leaders, and government officials, formed in 1947 by an executive order by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to facilitate recovery and investigation of alien spacecraft. The concept originated in a series of supposedly leaked secret government documents first circulated by ufologists in 1984. Upon examination, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) declared the documents to be "completely bogus", and many ufologists consider them to be an elaborate hoax. Majestic 12 remains popular among some UFO conspiracy theorists and the concept has appeared in popular culture including television, film and literature. History On May 31, 1987, it was widely reported that British ufologist Timothy Good claimed to be in possession of 1950s-era UFO documents. The documents purported to reveal a secret committee of 12, supposedly formed in 1947 by an executive order by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, and explain how the crash of an alien spacecraft at Roswell in July 1947 had been concealed, how the recovered alien technology could be exploited, and how the U.S. should engage with extraterrestrial life in the future. According to researchers, ufologist Jaime Shandera had, in 1984, received an envelope containing film which, when developed, showed images of eight pages of documents that appeared to be briefing papers describing "Operation Majestic 12". The concept of "Majestic 12" emerged during a period in the 1980s when ufologists believed there had been a cover-up of the Roswell UFO incident and speculated some secretive upper tier of the U.S. government was responsible. Shandera and his ufologist colleagues Stanton T. Friedman and Bill Moore say they later received a series of anonymous messages that led them to find what has been called the "Cutler/Twining memo" in 1985 while searching declassified files in the National Archives. Purporting to be written by President Eisenhower's assistant Robert Cutler to General Nathan F. Twining and containing a reference to Majestic 12, the memo is widely held to be a forgery, likely planted as part of a hoax. Historian Robert Goldberg wrote that the ufologists came to believe the story despite the documents being "obviously planted to bolster the legitimacy of the briefing papers". Claiming to be connected to the United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations, a man named Richard Doty told filmmaker Linda Moulton Howe that the MJ-12 story was true, and showed Howe unspecified documents purporting to prove the existence of small, gray humanoid aliens originating from the Zeta Reticuli star system. Doty reportedly promised to supply Howe with film footage of UFOs and an interview with an alien being, although no footage ever materialized. Soon, distrust and suspicion led to disagreements within the ufology community over the authenticity of the MJ-12 documents, and Moore was accused of taking part in an elaborate hoax, while other ufologists and debunkers such as Philip J. Klass were accused of being "disinformation agents". Analysis First page of the alleged Majestic 12 memo with FBI markings Klass's investigation of the MJ-12 documents found that Robert Cutler was actually out of the country on the date he supposedly wrote the "Cutler/Twining memo", and that the Truman signature was "a pasted-on photocopy of a genuine signature—including accidental scratch marks—from a memo that Truman wrote to Vannevar Bush on October 1, 1947". Klass dismissed theories that the documents were part of a disinformation campaign as "ridiculous", saying they contained numerous flaws that could never fool Soviet or Chinese intelligence. Other discrepancies noted by Klass included the use of a distinctive date format that matched one used in Moore's personal letters, and a conversation reported by Brad Sparks in which Moore confided that he was contemplating creating and releasing some hoax Top Secret documents in hopes that such bogus documents would encourage former military and intelligence officials who knew about the government's (alleged) UFO coverup to break their oaths of secrecy. The FBI began its own investigation of the supposed "secret" documents and quickly formed doubts as to their authenticity. The United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations stated that no such committee had ever been authorized or formed, and that the documents were "bogus". The FBI subsequently declared the MJ-12 documents to be "completely bogus". Later in 1996, a document called the MJ-12 "Special Operations Manual" circulated among ufologists. It is also widely considered to be a fake and "a continuation of the MJ-12 myth". Ufologists Linda Moulton Howe and Stanton T. Friedman believed the MJ-12 documents to be authentic. Friedman examined the documents and argued that the United States government has conspired to cover up knowledge of a crashed extraterrestrial spacecraft. According to journalist Howard Blum the name "Majestic 12" had been prefigured in the UFO community when Bill Moore asked National Enquirer reporter Bob Pratt in 1982 to collaborate on a novel called MAJIK-12. Because of this, Blum writes, Pratt had always been inclined to think the Majestic 12 documents are a hoax. Scientific skeptic author Brian Dunning investigated the history of the subject, and reported his findings in the 2016 Skeptoid podcast episode "The Secret History of Majestic 12". He cited ufologist Bill Moore's suspicion that, rather than a hoax perpetrated by the UFO community, the papers were actually part of a disinformation campaign of the US government meant to deflect attention from secret Air Force projects. Alleged members The following individuals were described in the Majestic 12 documents as "designated members" of Majestic 12. Lloyd Berkner Detlev Bronk Vannevar Bush James Forrestal Gordon Gray Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter Jerome Clarke Hunsaker Donald H. Menzel Robert M. Montague Sidney Souers Nathan F. Twining Hoyt Vandenberg References ^ Donovan, Barna William (2011-07-20). Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious. McFarland. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-0786486151. Retrieved 17 September 2014. ^ a b "FBI – Majestic 12 Part 1 of 1". An FBI archive containing details of "Majestic 12". Retrieved April 10, 2011. ^ a b c d e f Robert Alan Goldberg (2008), Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America, Yale University Press, pp. 189–231, ISBN 978-0-300-13294-6 ^ a b Peter Knight (2003), Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp. 490–, ISBN 978-1-57607-812-9 ^ "UFO memo: Aliens crashed". The Bismarck Tribune. 31 May 1987. p. 1. ^ a b Kendrick Frazier (2010), The Hundredth Monkey: And Other Paradigms of the Paranormal, Prometheus Books, Publishers, pp. 338–, ISBN 978-1-61592-401-1 ^ Klass, Philip. "The New Bogus Majestic-12 Documents". CSI. Retrieved 10 July 2017. ^ Brenda Denzler (2001), The Lure of the Edge: Scientific Passions, Religious Beliefs, and the Pursuit of UFOs, University of California Press, pp. 190–, ISBN 978-0-520-93027-8 ^ Howard Blum (1991), Out there: the government's secret quest for extraterrestrials, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0-671-66260-8 ^ Dunning, Brian (July 19, 2016). "Skeptoid #528: The Secret History of Majestic 12". Skeptoid. Retrieved 17 June 2017. Further reading Stanton T. Friedman, TOP SECRET/MAJIC, 1997, Marlowe & Co., ISBN 1-56924-741-2 Philip J. Klass, The MJ-12 Crashed Saucer Documents, Skeptical Inquirer, vol XII, #2, Winter 1987–88, 137–46. Reprinted (sans figures) as chapter 7 of The UFO Invasion. Philip J. Klass, The MJ-12 Papers – part 2, Skeptical Inquirer, vol XII, #3, Spring 1988, 279–89. Philip J. Klass, MJ-12 Papers "Authenticated"?, Skeptical Inquirer, vol 13, #3, Spring 1989, 305–09. Reprinted as chapter 8 of The UFO Invasion. Philip J. Klass, New Evidence of MJ-12 Hoax, Skeptical Inquirer, vol 14, #2, Winter 1990, 135–40. Reprinted as chapter 9 of The UFO Invasion. Also reprinted in The Outer Edge: *Classic Investigations of the Paranormal, edited by Joe Nickell, Barry Karr, and Tom Genoni, CSICOP, 1996. Joe Nickell and John F. Fischer, The Crashed Saucer Forgeries, International UFO Reporter, March 1990, 4–12. Curtis Peebles, Watch the Skies: a Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth, 1994, Smithsonian Press, ISBN 1-56098-343-4, pp. 264–68. Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, 1995, Random House, ISBN 0-394-53512-X, p. 90. Kathryn S. Olmsted, Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11. Chapter 6: Trust No One: Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories from the 1970s to the 1990s. 2009 Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975395-6 Notes a Not to be confused with the Twining memo of 1947 establishing Project Sign External links MAJESTIC 12 Files at the Internet Archive FBI site on Majestic 12 National archives memo on Cutler memo vteUFOs Ufology Claimed sightingsGeneral List of reported UFO sightings Sightings in outer space Pre-20th century Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC) Air ship of Clonmacnoise (740s) 1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg 1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel 1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund José Bonilla observation (1883) Airship wave (1896–97) Aurora (1897) 20th century Los Angeles (1942) Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946) Kenneth Arnold (1947) 1947 craze Flight 105 (1947) Roswell (1947) Rhodes (1947) Mantell (1948) Chiles-Whitted (1948) Gorman Dogfight (1948) Mariana (1950) McMinnville photographs (1950) Sperry (1950) Lubbock Lights (1951) Nash-Fortenberry (1952) Washington, D.C. (1952) Flatwoods monster (1952) Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955) Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956) Antônio Villas Boas (1957) Levelland (1957) Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961) Lonnie Zamora incident (1964) Solway Firth Spaceman (1964) Exeter (1965) Kecksburg (1965) Westall (1966) Falcon Lake (1967) Shag Harbour (1967) Jimmy Carter (1969) Finnish Air Force (1969) Pascagoula Abduction (1973) John Lennon UFO incident (1974) Travis Walton incident (1975) Tehran (1976) Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977) Operação Prato (1977) Zanfretta incident (1978) Valentich disappearance (1978) Kaikoura Lights (1978) Robert Taylor incident (1979) Val Johnson incident (1979) Manises (1979) Cash–Landrum incident (1980) Rendlesham Forest (1980) Trans-en-Provence (1981) Japan Air Lines (1986) Ilkley Moor (1987) Voronezh incident (1989) Belgian UFO wave (1990) Ariel School (1994) Varginha (1996) Phoenix Lights (1997) 21st century USS Nimitz UFO incident (2004) Campeche, Mexico (2004) O'Hare Airport (2006) Alderney (2007) Norway (2009) USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents (2014) Jetpack man (2020–21) High-altitude object events (2023) David Grusch claims (2023) Confirmed hoaxes Maury Island hoax (1947) Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947) Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949) Southern England (1967) Majestic 12 (1985) Gulf Breeze (1987–88) Alien Autopsy (1995 film) Morristown (2009) Sightings by country Africa (South Africa) Albania Argentina Australia Belarus Belgium Brazil Canada China Czech Republic France Greece India Indonesia Iran Italy Mexico Nepal New Zealand Norway Poland Russia Spain (Canary Islands) Sweden United Kingdom United States Types of UFOs Black triangle Flying saucer Foo fighter Ghost rockets Green fireballs Mystery airship Space jellyfish Types of alleged extraterrestrial beings Energy beings Grey aliens Insectoids Little green men Nordic aliens Reptilian humanoids Studies Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government The Flying Saucers Are Real (1947–1950) Project Sign (1948) Project Grudge (1949) Flying Saucer Working Party (1950) Project Magnet (1950–1962) Project Blue Book (1952–1970) Robertson Panel (1953) Ruppelt report (1956) National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980) Condon Report (1966–1968) Institute 22 (1978–?) Project Condign (1997–2000) Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012) Identification studies of UFOs Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current) NASA's UAP independent study team Hypotheses Ancient astronauts Cryptoterrestrial Extraterrestrial Interdimensional Psychosocial Nazi UFOs Time-traveller Trotskyist-Posadism Conspiracy theories Area 51 Storm Area 51 Bob Lazar Dulce Base Men in black Project Serpo InvolvementAbduction claims History Entities Claimants Narrative Perspectives Insurance Other Implants Cattle mutilation Close encounter Contactee Crop circles Government responses GEIPAN Organizations Ufologists Culture Fiction Religions list Skepticism List of scientific skeptics Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Category vteConspiracy theoriesList of conspiracy theoriesOverviewCore topics Antiscience Cabals deep state éminence grise power behind the throne Civil / Criminal / Political conspiracies Conspiracy Crisis actors Deception Dystopia Espionage Global catastrophe scenarios Hidden message Pseudohistory Pseudoscience Secrecy Secret societies Urban legends and myths Psychology Attitude polarization Cognitive dissonance Communal reinforcement Confirmation bias Denialism Locus of control Machiavellianism Mass psychogenic illness moral panics Paranoia Psychological projection Astronomy and outer space 2012 phenomenon Nibiru cataclysm Ancient astronauts Apollo Moon landings Flat Earth Hollow Moon Reptilians UFOs Alien abduction Area 51 Black Knight satellite Cryptoterrestrial / Extraterrestrial / Interdimensional hypothesis Dulce Base Estimate of the Situation (1948) Lake Michigan Triangle MJ-12 Men in black Nazi UFOs Die Glocke Project Serpo Hoaxes Dundy County (1884) Maury Island (1947) Roswell (1947) Twin Falls (1947) Aztec, New Mexico (1949) Southern England (1967) Ilkley Moor (1987) Gulf Breeze (1987–88) Alien autopsy (1995) Morristown (2009) Deaths and disappearancesAssassination / suicide theories Zachary Taylor (1850) Louis Le Prince (1890) Lord Kitchener (1916) Tom Thomson (1917) Władysław Sikorski (1943) Benito Mussolini (1945) Adolf Hitler (1945) Subhas Chandra Bose (1945) Johnny Stompanato (1958) Marilyn Monroe (1962) John F. Kennedy (1963) Lee Harvey Oswald (1963) Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966) Harold Holt (1967) Martin Luther King Jr. (1968) Robert F. Kennedy (1968) Salvador Allende (1973) Aldo Moro (1978) Renny Ottolina (1978) Pope John Paul I (1978) Airey Neave (1979) Olof Palme (1986) Zia-ul-Haq (1988) GEC-Marconi scientists (1980s–90s) Turgut Özal (1993) Vince Foster (1993) Kurt Cobain (1994) Yitzhak Rabin (1995) Diana, Princess of Wales (1997) Alois Estermann (1998) Nepalese royal family (2001) Yasser Arafat (2004) Benazir Bhutto (2007) Osama bin Laden (2011) Hugo Chávez (2013) Seth Rich (2016) Alejandro Castro (2018) Jeffrey Epstein (2019) Sushant Singh Rajput (2020) John McAfee (2021) Accidents / disasters Mary Celeste (1872) RMS Titanic (1912) Great Kantō earthquake (1923) Lynmouth Flood (1952) Dyatlov Pass (1959) Lost Cosmonauts (1950s–60s) JAT Flight 367 (1972) United Air Lines Flight 553 (1972) South African Airways Flight 295 (1987) Khamar-Daban (1993) MS Estonia (1994) TWA Flight 800 (1996) EgyptAir Flight 990 (1999) Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014) Other cases Joan of Arc (1431) Yemenite children (1948–54) Elvis Presley (1977) Jonestown (1978) Body double hoax Paul McCartney Avril Lavigne Vladimir Putin Melania Trump Energy, environment Agenda 21 California drought manipulation Climate change denial false theories Free energy suppression HAARP Red mercury False flag allegations USS Maine (1898) RMS Lusitania (1915) Reichstag fire (1933) Pearl Harbor (1941) USS Liberty (1967) Lufthansa Flight 615 (1972) Widerøe Flight 933 (1982) KAL Flight 007 (1983) Mozambican presidential jet (1986) Pan Am Flight 103 (1988) Oklahoma City bombing (1995) 9/11 attacks (2001) advance knowledge WTC collapse Madrid train bombing (2004) London bombings (2005) Smolensk air disaster (2010) Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014) Denial of the 7 October attacks (2023) Gender and sexuality Alpha / beta males Anti-LGBT anti-gender movement Chemicals drag panic gay agenda gay Nazis myth HIV/AIDS stigma United States Homintern Lavender scare Recruitment Grooming litter box hoax Transvestigation GamerGate Ideology in incel communities Larries / Gaylors Satanic panic Soy and masculinity Health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccination autism MMR Thiomersal in chiropractic misinformation Aspartame Big Pharma Chemtrails COVID-19 Ivermectin lab leak vaccines in Canada / Philippines / United States Ebola Electronic harassment Germ theory denialism GMOs HIV/AIDS denialism origins theories oral polio AIDS hypothesis Lepers' plot Medbeds SARS (2003) Water fluoridation Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning Race, religion and/or ethnicity Bhagwa Love Trap CERN ritual hoax COVID-19 and xenophobia Freemasons French Revolution  Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s) German POWs post-WWII Priory of Sion Product labeling Halal Kosher Tartarian Empire War against Islam White genocide Antisemitic Andinia Plan Blood libel Cohen Plan Doctors' plot during the Black Death Epsilon Team George Soros Holocaust denial Trivialization International Jewish conspiracy Committee of 300 Cultural Bolshevism / Jewish Bolshevism Żydokomuna Judeo-Masonic plot The Protocols of the Elders of Zion World War II Z.O.G. Judeopolonia Killing of Jesus Kalergi Plan New World Order Rothschilds Stab-in-the-back myth Christian / Anti-Christian Anti-Catholic Jesuits Popish Plot Vatican Bible Giuseppe Siri Islamophobic Counter-jihad Bihar human sacrifice Eurabia Great Replacement Love jihad Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry Trojan Horse scandal Genocide denial /Denial of mass killings Armenian Bangladesh Bosnian Cambodian The Holocaust Holodomor Nanjing Rwandan Sayfo Serbs during WWII RegionalAmericas(outside the United States) Argentina Andinia Plan Canada Avro Arrow cancellation Leuchter report Peru Casa Matusita Venezuela Daktari Ranch affair Golpe Azul Middle East / North Africa In the Arab world 10 agorot Cairo fire Israel-related animal theories Iran Western-backed Iranian Revolution Israel Pallywood Russia Alaska payment Dulles' Plan Golden billion Petrograd Military Organization Rasputin Ukraine bioweapons South Asia /Southeast Asia India Cow vigilante violence Greater Bangladesh Pakistan Jinnahpur Philippines Tallano gold Thailand Finland Plot Turkey 2016 coup attempt Ergenekon Operation Sledgehammer Gezi Park protests Sèvres syndrome Üst akıl Other European Euromyth Ireland German Plot Italy Itavia Flight 870 Lithuania Statesmen (conspiracy theory) Roman Republic First Catilinarian conspiracy Spain Mano Negra affair Sweden Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet UK Clockwork Orange plot Elm Guest House Harold Wilson Voting pencil United States Barack Obama citizenship religion parentage "Obamagate" / Spygate Biden–Ukraine Black helicopters CIA and JFK CIA assistance to bin Laden Clinton body count Cultural Marxism FBI secret society FEMA camps Georgia Guidestones Jade Helm 15 Montauk Project Philadelphia Experiment Pizzagate The Plan (Washington, D.C.) Project Azorian QAnon Pastel incidents Saddam–al-Qaeda Sandy Hook (2012) Trump–Ukraine "Vast right-wing conspiracy" Vietnam War POW/MIA issue / Stab-in-the-back myth 2020 election Italygate "Pence Card" Maricopa County ballot audit Stop the Steal Other Dead Internet theory NESARA/GESARA New Coke Phantom time / New chronology Shadow government claims Bilderberg Illuminati synarchism Shakespearean authorship Pseudolaw Admiralty law Freeman on the land movement Redemption movement Sovereign citizens Strawman theory Tax protesters Satirical Acre Bielefeld Birds Aren't Real Li's field Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme See also Argument from ignorance Conspiracy Encyclopedia Conspiracy fiction Conspirituality Dogma pseudoskepticism Falsifiability Fringe science Historical negationism Online youth radicalization Paranormal Prejudice hate speech Radicalization Science by press conference Superstition
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Majestic 12 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic_12_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"UFO conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"code name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_name"},{"link_name":"executive order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"alien spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_saucer"},{"link_name":"ufologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufology"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donovan2011-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI_bogus-2"}],"text":"This article is about the purported secret committee. For other uses, see Majestic 12 (disambiguation).Purported organization that appears in UFO conspiracy theoriesMajestic 12, also known as Majic-12, and MJ-12 for short, is a purported organization that appears in UFO conspiracy theories. The organization is claimed to be the code name of an alleged secret committee of scientists, military leaders, and government officials, formed in 1947 by an executive order by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to facilitate recovery and investigation of alien spacecraft. The concept originated in a series of supposedly leaked secret government documents first circulated by ufologists in 1984. Upon examination, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) declared the documents to be \"completely bogus\", and many ufologists consider them to be an elaborate hoax.[1][2] Majestic 12 remains popular among some UFO conspiracy theorists and the concept has appeared in popular culture including television, film and literature.","title":"Majestic 12"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timothy Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Good"},{"link_name":"Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg2008-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight2003-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg2008-3"},{"link_name":"cover-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover-up"},{"link_name":"Roswell UFO incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg2008-3"},{"link_name":"Stanton T. Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_T._Friedman"},{"link_name":"Bill Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Moore_(ufologist)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_reference_name_Aa"},{"link_name":"National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration"},{"link_name":"Nathan F. Twining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_F._Twining"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frazier-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg2008-3"},{"link_name":"Linda Moulton Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe"},{"link_name":"Zeta Reticuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Reticuli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg2008-3"},{"link_name":"Philip J. Klass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Klass"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight2003-4"}],"text":"On May 31, 1987, it was widely reported that British ufologist Timothy Good claimed to be in possession of 1950s-era UFO documents. The documents purported to reveal a secret committee of 12, supposedly formed in 1947 by an executive order by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, and explain how the crash of an alien spacecraft at Roswell in July 1947 had been concealed, how the recovered alien technology could be exploited, and how the U.S. should engage with extraterrestrial life in the future.[3][4]\n[5] According to researchers, ufologist Jaime Shandera had, in 1984, received an envelope containing film which, when developed, showed images of eight pages of documents that appeared to be briefing papers describing \"Operation Majestic 12\".[3]The concept of \"Majestic 12\" emerged during a period in the 1980s when ufologists believed there had been a cover-up of the Roswell UFO incident and speculated some secretive upper tier of the U.S. government was responsible.[3] Shandera and his ufologist colleagues Stanton T. Friedman and Bill Moore say they later received a series of anonymous messages that led them to find what has been called the \"Cutler/Twining memo\"[a] in 1985 while searching declassified files in the National Archives. Purporting to be written by President Eisenhower's assistant Robert Cutler to General Nathan F. Twining and containing a reference to Majestic 12, the memo is widely held to be a forgery, likely planted as part of a hoax.[6] Historian Robert Goldberg wrote that the ufologists came to believe the story despite the documents being \"obviously planted to bolster the legitimacy of the briefing papers\".[3]Claiming to be connected to the United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations, a man named Richard Doty told filmmaker Linda Moulton Howe that the MJ-12 story was true, and showed Howe unspecified documents purporting to prove the existence of small, gray humanoid aliens originating from the Zeta Reticuli star system. Doty reportedly promised to supply Howe with film footage of UFOs and an interview with an alien being, although no footage ever materialized.[3]Soon, distrust and suspicion led to disagreements within the ufology community over the authenticity of the MJ-12 documents, and Moore was accused of taking part in an elaborate hoax, while other ufologists and debunkers such as Philip J. Klass were accused of being \"disinformation agents\".[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Majestic_12_Part_1_of_1_(page_4_crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vannevar Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Office_of_Special_Investigations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI_bogus-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denzler2001-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg2008-3"},{"link_name":"Howard Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Blum"},{"link_name":"National Enquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Enquirer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blum1991-9"},{"link_name":"Scientific skeptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_movement"},{"link_name":"Brian Dunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)"},{"link_name":"disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunning-10"}],"text":"First page of the alleged Majestic 12 memo with FBI markingsKlass's investigation of the MJ-12 documents found that Robert Cutler was actually out of the country on the date he supposedly wrote the \"Cutler/Twining memo\", and that the Truman signature was \"a pasted-on photocopy of a genuine signature—including accidental scratch marks—from a memo that Truman wrote to Vannevar Bush on October 1, 1947\". Klass dismissed theories that the documents were part of a disinformation campaign as \"ridiculous\", saying they contained numerous flaws that could never fool Soviet or Chinese intelligence. Other discrepancies noted by Klass included the use of a distinctive date format that matched one used in Moore's personal letters, and a conversation reported by Brad Sparks in which Moore confided that he was contemplating creating and releasing some hoax Top Secret documents in hopes that such bogus documents would encourage former military and intelligence officials who knew about the government's (alleged) UFO coverup to break their oaths of secrecy.[7]The FBI began its own investigation of the supposed \"secret\" documents and quickly formed doubts as to their authenticity. The United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations stated that no such committee had ever been authorized or formed, and that the documents were \"bogus\". The FBI subsequently declared the MJ-12 documents to be \"completely bogus\".[2]Later in 1996, a document called the MJ-12 \"Special Operations Manual\" circulated among ufologists. It is also widely considered to be a fake and \"a continuation of the MJ-12 myth\".[8]Ufologists Linda Moulton Howe and Stanton T. Friedman believed the MJ-12 documents to be authentic. Friedman examined the documents and argued that the United States government has conspired to cover up knowledge of a crashed extraterrestrial spacecraft.[3]According to journalist Howard Blum the name \"Majestic 12\" had been prefigured in the UFO community when Bill Moore asked National Enquirer reporter Bob Pratt in 1982 to collaborate on a novel called MAJIK-12. Because of this, Blum writes, Pratt had always been inclined to think the Majestic 12 documents are a hoax.[9]Scientific skeptic author Brian Dunning investigated the history of the subject, and reported his findings in the 2016 Skeptoid podcast episode \"The Secret History of Majestic 12\". He cited ufologist Bill Moore's suspicion that, rather than a hoax perpetrated by the UFO community, the papers were actually part of a disinformation campaign of the US government meant to deflect attention from secret Air Force projects.[10]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frazier-6"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Berkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Berkner"},{"link_name":"Detlev Bronk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlev_Bronk"},{"link_name":"Vannevar Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush"},{"link_name":"James Forrestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Forrestal"},{"link_name":"Gordon Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_H._Hillenkoetter"},{"link_name":"Jerome Clarke Hunsaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker"},{"link_name":"Donald H. Menzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Howard_Menzel"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Miller_Montague"},{"link_name":"Sidney Souers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Souers"},{"link_name":"Nathan F. Twining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Farragut_Twining"},{"link_name":"Hoyt Vandenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg"}],"text":"The following individuals were described in the Majestic 12 documents as \"designated members\" of Majestic 12.[6]Lloyd Berkner\nDetlev Bronk\nVannevar Bush\nJames Forrestal\nGordon Gray\nRoscoe H. Hillenkoetter\nJerome Clarke Hunsaker\nDonald H. Menzel\nRobert M. Montague\nSidney Souers\nNathan F. Twining\nHoyt Vandenberg","title":"Alleged members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanton T. Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_T._Friedman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56924-741-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56924-741-2"},{"link_name":"Philip J. Klass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Klass"},{"link_name":"Barry Karr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Karr"},{"link_name":"CSICOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry"},{"link_name":"Joe Nickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell"},{"link_name":"International UFO Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_UFO_Reporter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curtis Peebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Peebles"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56098-343-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-343-4"},{"link_name":"Carl Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan"},{"link_name":"The Demon-Haunted World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-53512-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53512-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-975395-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975395-6"}],"text":"Stanton T. Friedman, TOP SECRET/MAJIC, 1997, Marlowe & Co., ISBN 1-56924-741-2\nPhilip J. Klass, The MJ-12 Crashed Saucer Documents, Skeptical Inquirer, vol XII, #2, Winter 1987–88, 137–46. Reprinted (sans figures) as chapter 7 of The UFO Invasion.\nPhilip J. Klass, The MJ-12 Papers – part 2, Skeptical Inquirer, vol XII, #3, Spring 1988, 279–89.\nPhilip J. Klass, MJ-12 Papers \"Authenticated\"?, Skeptical Inquirer, vol 13, #3, Spring 1989, 305–09. Reprinted as chapter 8 of The UFO Invasion.\nPhilip J. Klass, New Evidence of MJ-12 Hoax, Skeptical Inquirer, vol 14, #2, Winter 1990, 135–40. Reprinted as chapter 9 of The UFO Invasion. Also reprinted in The Outer Edge: *Classic Investigations of the Paranormal, edited by Joe Nickell, Barry Karr, and Tom Genoni, CSICOP, 1996.\nJoe Nickell and John F. Fischer, The Crashed Saucer Forgeries, International UFO Reporter, March 1990, 4–12.\nCurtis Peebles, Watch the Skies: a Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth, 1994, Smithsonian Press, ISBN 1-56098-343-4, pp. 264–68.\nCarl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, 1995, Random House, ISBN 0-394-53512-X, p. 90.\nKathryn S. Olmsted, Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11. Chapter 6: Trust No One: Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories from the 1970s to the 1990s. 2009 Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975395-6","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_reference_name_Aa"},{"link_name":"Twining memo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twining_memo"},{"link_name":"Project Sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sign"}],"text":"a Not to be confused with the Twining memo of 1947 establishing Project Sign","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"First page of the alleged Majestic 12 memo with FBI markings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Majestic_12_Part_1_of_1_%28page_4_crop%29.jpg/220px-Majestic_12_Part_1_of_1_%28page_4_crop%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Donovan, Barna William (2011-07-20). Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious. McFarland. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-0786486151. Retrieved 17 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bJkhqU1IXHAC&pg=PA107","url_text":"Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786486151","url_text":"978-0786486151"}]},{"reference":"\"FBI – Majestic 12 Part 1 of 1\". An FBI archive containing details of \"Majestic 12\". Retrieved April 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.fbi.gov/Majestic%2012/Majestic%2012%20Part%201%20of%201/at_download/file","url_text":"\"FBI – Majestic 12 Part 1 of 1\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Alan Goldberg (2008), Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America, Yale University Press, pp. 189–231, ISBN 978-0-300-13294-6","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8e5YELGGFAC&pg=PA189","url_text":"Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13294-6","url_text":"978-0-300-13294-6"}]},{"reference":"Peter Knight (2003), Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp. 490–, ISBN 978-1-57607-812-9","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&pg=PA490","url_text":"Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-812-9","url_text":"978-1-57607-812-9"}]},{"reference":"\"UFO memo: Aliens crashed\". The Bismarck Tribune. 31 May 1987. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94301319/ufo-memo-aliens-crashed/","url_text":"\"UFO memo: Aliens crashed\""}]},{"reference":"Kendrick Frazier (2010), The Hundredth Monkey: And Other Paradigms of the Paranormal, Prometheus Books, Publishers, pp. 338–, ISBN 978-1-61592-401-1","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iJ1v3bggyr8C&pg=PA338","url_text":"The Hundredth Monkey: And Other Paradigms of the Paranormal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-401-1","url_text":"978-1-61592-401-1"}]},{"reference":"Klass, Philip. \"The New Bogus Majestic-12 Documents\". CSI. Retrieved 10 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csicop.org/si/show/new_bogus_majestic-12_documents","url_text":"\"The New Bogus Majestic-12 Documents\""}]},{"reference":"Brenda Denzler (2001), The Lure of the Edge: Scientific Passions, Religious Beliefs, and the Pursuit of UFOs, University of California Press, pp. 190–, ISBN 978-0-520-93027-8","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BnQU2Q65lWsC&pg=PA190","url_text":"The Lure of the Edge: Scientific Passions, Religious Beliefs, and the Pursuit of UFOs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93027-8","url_text":"978-0-520-93027-8"}]},{"reference":"Howard Blum (1991), Out there: the government's secret quest for extraterrestrials, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0-671-66260-8","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RYTvAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Out there: the government's secret quest for extraterrestrials"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-66260-8","url_text":"978-0-671-66260-8"}]},{"reference":"Dunning, Brian (July 19, 2016). \"Skeptoid #528: The Secret History of Majestic 12\". Skeptoid. Retrieved 17 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)","url_text":"Dunning, Brian"},{"url":"https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4528","url_text":"\"Skeptoid #528: The Secret History of Majestic 12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts","url_text":"Skeptoid"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bJkhqU1IXHAC&pg=PA107","external_links_name":"Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious"},{"Link":"https://vault.fbi.gov/Majestic%2012/Majestic%2012%20Part%201%20of%201/at_download/file","external_links_name":"\"FBI – Majestic 12 Part 1 of 1\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8e5YELGGFAC&pg=PA189","external_links_name":"Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&pg=PA490","external_links_name":"Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94301319/ufo-memo-aliens-crashed/","external_links_name":"\"UFO memo: Aliens crashed\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iJ1v3bggyr8C&pg=PA338","external_links_name":"The Hundredth Monkey: And Other Paradigms of the Paranormal"},{"Link":"http://www.csicop.org/si/show/new_bogus_majestic-12_documents","external_links_name":"\"The New Bogus Majestic-12 Documents\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BnQU2Q65lWsC&pg=PA190","external_links_name":"The Lure of the Edge: Scientific Passions, Religious Beliefs, and the Pursuit of UFOs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RYTvAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Out there: the government's secret quest for extraterrestrials"},{"Link":"https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4528","external_links_name":"\"Skeptoid #528: The Secret History of Majestic 12\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/majestic-12-files","external_links_name":"MAJESTIC 12 Files"},{"Link":"https://vault.fbi.gov/Majestic%2012/","external_links_name":"FBI site on Majestic 12"},{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov/foia/ufos.html#mj12","external_links_name":"National archives memo on Cutler memo"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Diercks
Friedrich Diercks
["1 See also","2 References"]
Friedrich Diercks or Friedrich Ernst (June 18, 1796 – 1848) was born at Burg (castle) Gödens near the village of Neustadtgödens. In February 1814 he joined the Oldenburg Regiment of the Duke of Oldenburg, and he remained a soldier until June 1819. In 1831, Friedrich Diercks received land at Mill Creek in Austin County and began writing letters to friends in Oldenburg and Westphalia. Upon reading about the favorable conditions in Austin's colony, he and his family set out for Texas. On April 16 Ernst obtained a league of land on the west bank of the west fork of Mill Creek in Austin's colony. Ernst became well known as a benefactor to new German immigrants and acquired the nickname "father of the immigrants". Later, he became a justice of the peace in Austin County and sold lots from his league to new immigrants. The resulting settlement, Industry, was the first German town in Texas. Diercks died in 1848. See also Caroline Ernst Diercks' daughter References ^ "Chronology of Central European Colonization in Texas". ^ "TSHA | Germans". Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States This Texas biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Friedrich Diercks"}]
[]
[{"title":"Caroline Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Ernst"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_7
Japan National Route 7
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
National highway in Japan National Route 7国道7号Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and TourismLength559.6 km (347.7 mi)Distance includes bypasses signed with the same route numberExisted4 December 1952–presentMajor junctionsNorth end National Route 4 / National Route 45 in Aomori, AomoriMajor intersections National Route 49 National Route 290 National Route 112 National Route 47 National Route 107 National Route 105 National Route 13 National Route 105 National Route 101 National Route 280 South end National Route 8 / National Route 17 / National Route 113 / National Route 116 / National Route 289 / National Route 350 / National Route 402 in Niigata, Niigata LocationCountryJapan Highway system National highways of Japan Expressways of Japan ← National Route 6→ National Route 8 Japan National Route 7 in Noshiro, Akita Prefecture National Route 7 (国道7号, Kokudō Nanagō) is a major north-south national highway on the Sea of Japan side of the island of Honshū, Japan. It traverses four prefectures, with Niigata at its southern end, then Yamagata, Akita, and finally, Aomori at its northern end. The 471.8-kilometer (293.2 mi) long highway begins at an intersection with national routes 8, 17, 113, 116, 289, 350, and 402 in the capital of Niigata, Niigata. Travelling north, the highway links the prefectural capitals Akita and Aomori. In central Aomori the highway ends at the northern terminus of National Route 4 and National Route 45. Route description The main line of National Route 7 has a length of 471.8 kilometers (293.2 mi). When bypasses signed as National Route 7 are included, its total distance increases to 559.6 kilometers (347.7 mi). The highway's origin and southern terminus lies in Chuo-ku, Niigata at junction with national routes 8, 17, 113, 116, 289, 350, and 402. The highway passes through Shibata, Murakami, Tsuruoka, Sakata, Yurihonjō, Akita, Noshiro, Ōdate, and Hirosaki. Its endpoint and northern terminus lies in Aomori at a junction with national routes 4 and 45. History What eventually became National Route 7 between Aburakawa-juku in present-day Aomori and Tsuchizakiminato-juku in Akita was established during the Edo period by Tokugawa Ieyasu as the Ushū Hama Kaidō and Ushū Kaidō, subroutes of the Ōshū Kaidō. National Route 7 was established by the Cabinet of Japan roughly along the aforementioned section of the Ushū Kaidō as well as a new road south to Niigata on 4 December 1952 as First Class National Highway 7 between Niigata and Aomori. It's designationation was changed to General National Highway 7 on 1 April 1965. Major intersections All junctions listed are at-grade intersections unless noted otherwise. PrefectureLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes NiigataNiigata0.00.0 National Route 8 south / National Route 17 south / National Route 113 east / National Route 116 south / National Route 289 east / National Route 350 west / National Route 402 south / Niigata Prefecture Route 565 southSouthern terminus; southern end of concurrency with routes 8, 113, and 350 0.10.062Niigata Prefecture Route 565 north 0.90.56 National Route 113 east / National Route 350 westNorthern end of concurrency with routes 113 and 350 1.40.87Niigata Prefecture Route 33 south – Niigata Station 2.31.4Niigata Prefecture Route 3 east / Niigata Prefecture Route 464 north – Niigata City Office, Furumachi, Niigata West Port, Taihei Bridge 3.11.9Niigata Prefecture Route 51 west – Niigata Station Minamiguchi 4.42.7 National Route 8 south / National Route 49 eastShichikuyama Interchange; southern end of limited-access highway; northern end of concurrency with National Route 8 7.04.3Niigata Prefecture Route 4 (Akamichi) – Yamanoshita, OroshidanchiTakeo Interchange 8.95.5Niigata City Route 3 – Ōgata, EguchiOyachi Interchange; northbound exit, southbound entrance 9.86.1Niigata Prefecture Route 3 – Ōgata, Taihei BridgeEbigase Interchange 11.16.9 Niigata Prefecture Route 17 – Niigata Airport, Mokko Estate, Taihei Bridge, Nihonkai-Tōhoku ExpresswayHitoichi Interchange 13.18.1Niigata Prefecture Route 27 south – MatsuhamaNiigata Prefecture Route 398 north – NiizakiNigorikawa Interchange 15.79.8Niigata Prefecture Route 324 – Toyosaka Station, Niigata Race Course, Hokubu Industrial EstateRace Course Interchange 18.611.6Niigata Prefecture Route 46 – Fukushimagata, ShimamichoToyosaka Interchange 19.512.1Toyosaka Parking Area Seirō20.612.8Niigata Prefecture Route 556 – Niigata East Port, Fujiyose, National Route 113Higashiko Interchange; northbound exit, southbound entrance 21.213.2Unnamed municipal roadDaibukoya Interchange; no southbound exit 22.714.1Niigata Prefecture Route 204 – License Center, Hasuno, National Route 113Hasuno Interchange 24.515.2Niigata Prefecture Route 3 – Shunji Memorial Park, SasakiSeiro Interchange 25.615.9 Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway – Murakami, NiigataSeiro-Shibata Interchange (E7 exit 4) Shibata26.616.5 National Route 460 west – Agano, Tsukioka Spa, Central ShibataShibata Interchange; northern end of limited-access highway 29.018.0Niigata Prefecture Route 544 north 29.918.6Niigata Prefecture Route 21 – Shunji Memorial Park, Shibata Castle 30.418.9 National Route 290 south – Gosen, Shibata HospitalSouthern end of National Route 290 concurrency 32.019.9 National Route 290 north – SugataniNorthern end of National Route 290 concurrency 33.220.6Niigata Prefecture Route 60 / Niigata Prefecture Route 390 33.420.8Niigata Prefecture Route 343 north 35.221.9Niigata Prefecture Route 545 38.523.9Niigata Prefecture Route 292 Tainai40.725.3Niigata Prefecture Route 343 south / Niigata Prefecture Route 591 west – Muramatsuhama 41.725.9Niigata Prefecture Route 54 (Akane Street) north 44.227.5Niigata Prefecture Route 173 north 46.428.8Niigata Prefecture Route 53 south – Tarugahashi Park, Tainai KannonNiigata Prefecture Route 493 north – Kurokawa Murakami50.631.4Niigata Prefecture Route 493 south 51.532.0 National Route 113 – Momozakihama, National Route 345, Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway, Nanyo, Sekikawa 53.233.1Niigata Prefecture Route 182 west – Kanaya, Murakami City Arakawa Branch Office 53.233.1 Niigata Prefecture Route 142 – National Route 290, National Route 345, Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway, Sekikawa 56.234.9 National Route 290 south – SekikawaNiigata Prefecture Route 286 west – Central Murakami, Nihonkai-Tōhoku ExpresswaySouthern end of National Route 290 concurrency 57.435.7Niigata Prefecture Route 207 east 58.636.4Niigata Prefecture Route 3 south – Sasagawanagare, Senami OnsenUnsigned northern terminus of National Route 290 64.440.0 Niigata Prefecture Route 208 east – Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway 68.742.7Niigata Prefecture Route 291 south 70.743.9Niigata Prefecture Route 310 north 83.251.7Niigata Prefecture Route 6 north – Kangawa, National Route 345 90.055.9Niigata Prefecture Route 249 north 99.261.6 National Route 345 south – SasagawanagareSouthern end of National Route 345 concurrency 103.564.3Niigata Prefecture Route 52 east – Fuya Station YamagataTsuruoka107.766.9 National Route 345 north – Kinomata, OnabeNorthern end of National Route 345 concurrency 116.572.4 Yamagata Prefecture Route 44 east – Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway, Atsumi Onsen, Atsumi Onsen Station, Tsuruoka City Office 123.977.0 Yamagata Prefecture Route 61 east – Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway, Suganodai, Yamairagawa 129.280.3 Yamagata Prefecture Route 334 east – Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway, Sanze Station 130.781.2Yamagata Prefecture Route 50 north – Yunohama, Yura 132.382.2Yamagata Prefecture Route 131 west – YunohamaSouthern end of Yamagata Prefecture Route 131 concurrency 135.083.9Yamagata Prefecture Route 131 east – YunohamaNorthern end of Yamagata Prefecture Route 131 concurrency 137.285.3Yamagata Prefecture Route 335 – Uzen-Mizusawa Station, Yutagawa, Tagawa 137.785.6Yamagata Prefecture Route 38 north – OyamaYamagata Prefecture Route 334 west – National Route 345, Tagawa 139.386.6 Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway – Sakata, NiigataTsuruoka-nishi Interchange (E7 exit 16) 140.787.4Yamagata Prefecture Route 332 north – Yamagata, Central Tsuruoka, National Route 112 141.487.9Yamagata Prefecture Route 338 – Yunohama, Oyama, Yutagawa 143.289.0 Yamagata Expressway – Yamagata, AkitaTsuruoka Interchange (E48 exit 12) 143.989.4 National Route 112 north – Yunohama, OhamaYamagata Prefecture Route 47 east – Mount Haguro, Tsuruoka City OfficeSouthern end of National Route 112 concurrency 146.190.8Yamagata Prefecture Route 332 – Yunohama, Central Tsuruoka 147.491.6 National Route 112 south – Yamagata, SagaeYamagata Prefecture Route 350 south – Takarada, HodashiNorthern end of National Route 112 concurrency Mikawa151.093.8Yamagata Prefecture Route 341 – Yunohama, Tachikawa, Fujishima 153.695.4 Yamagata Prefecture Route 33 – Shonai Airport, Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway, Tachikawa, Amarume 154.796.1Yamagata Prefecture Route 356 – Hamnaka, Inoko Sakata157.998.1Yamagata Prefecture Route 357 – Kuromori 160.399.6 Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway – Yamagata, Niigata, AkitaSakata Interchange (E7 exit 19) 161.7100.5Yamagata Prefecture Route 38 west – YunohamaSouthern end of Yamagata Prefecture Route 38 concurrency 162.3100.8Yamagata Prefecture Route 38 east – to Osaki, Shinjō, National Route 47 eastInterchange; western terminus of unsigned National Route 47, northern end of Yamagata Prefecture Route 38 concurrency 164.5102.2Yamagata Prefecture Route 353 north – Central Sakata, Sakata Port, Sankyo Warehouse, Honma Art MuseumPartial interchange 168.1104.5 National Route 47 east – Osaki, Shinjō, Nihonkai-Tōhoku ExpresswayYamagata Prefecture Route 40 west – City HallNorthern end of unsigned National Route 47 concurrency 169.6105.4Yamagata Prefecture Route 352 – Sakata Station, Oishi 170.6106.0 National Route 344 east – Kaneyama, YawataYamagata Prefecture Route 40 west – Sakata Station 172.3107.1 Yamagata Prefecture Route 352 – Central Sakata, Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway, Fukura, Yuza 174.0108.1 National Route 112 south – Sakatakita Port, Ohama WharfInterchange 175.6109.1 Yamagata Prefecture Route 59 east – Yawata, Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway Yuza178.5110.9Yamagata Prefecture Route 369 east – Mutsushinden 179.8111.7Yamagata Prefecture Route 374 east 181.2112.6Yamagata Prefecture Route 208 east – Ninotaki, Yuza Station 184.2114.5Yamagata Prefecture Route 375 east – Shimofujisaki 186.6115.9 National Route 345 south – Tachikawa, YawataSouthern end of National Route 345 concurrency 187.2116.3 National Route 345 north – Jūroku Rakan Iwa, Nishihama Bathing Place, ChokaionsenkyoNorthern end of National Route 345 concurrency 189.7117.9Yamagata Prefecture Route 210 (Chokai Blue Line) – Jūroku Rakan Iwa, Chokaionsenkyo, Mount Chōkai, Odaira Mountain CottageTwo-quadrant interchange 192.2119.4 National Route 345 south – Jūroku Rakan Iwa, ChokaionsenkyoNorthern terminus of National Route 345 AkitaNikaho205.0127.4 Akita Prefecture Route 58 east – Nikaho City Hall, Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway 211.9131.7 Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway – Akita Airport, Akita, Kisakata, Sakata,Konoura Interchange (E7 exit 12) 212.5132.0Akita Prefecture Route 290 – Konoura Station, KoideInterchange 218.8136.0Akita Prefecture Route 32 east – Yashima, Chōkai PlateauAkita Prefecture Route 166 north – Nikaho Station 219.6136.5 Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway – Akita Airport, Akita, Kisakata, Sakata,Nikaho Interchange (E7 exit 13) Yurihonjō227.0141.1Akita Prefecture Route 43 (Chōkai Green Line) east – Chōkai Plateau, Nishime Station 231.9144.1 National Route 105 north / National Route 107 east / National Route 108 east / National Route 341 – Yuzawa, Yokote, Daisen, Akita Prefectural University, Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway, Central HonjōSouthern terminus of unsigned National Route 341 241.5150.1 National Route 341 north – MatsugasakiNorthern end of unsigned National Route 341 concurrency 243.7151.4 National Route 341 – Matsugasaki, KamedaInterchange 250.2155.5 Akita Prefecture Route 44 east – Akita Airport, Yuwa, Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway Akita256.8159.6Akita Prefecture Route 43 east – Yuwa, Shimohama industrial area 261.6162.6Akita Prefecture Route 56 north – Daisen, National Route 13Interchange 264.5164.4Akita Prefecture Route 65 south – Yuwa, Omoriyama ZooInterchange 266.6165.7Akita Prefecture Route 65 – Mukaihama, WariyamaInterchange 269.5167.5 National Route 13 south / National Route 101 north – Yokote, DaisenAkita Prefecture Route 26 east – Akita Station, City Office, Prefecture OfficeSouthern terminus of unsigned National Route 101 271.0168.4Akita Prefecture Route 65 south – Mukaihama 273.5169.9 Akita Prefecture Route 56 south – Central Akita, Akita ExpresswaySouthern end of Akita Prefecture Route 56 concurrency 275.2171.0Akita Prefecture Route 231 east – Kamishinjo 276.7171.9Akita Prefecture Route 56 north (Ohama Street) – Oga Quasi-National ParkNorthern end of Akita Prefecture Route 56 concurrency 276.9172.1Akita Prefecture Route 112 north – Kurokawa Katagami281.6175.0Akita Prefecture Route 124 east – Akita Prefectural Museum, Koizumikata Park 285.8177.6Akita Route 41 south – Soegawa, Takaoka Akita286.3177.9 Akita Expressway – Noshiro, Ōdate, Akita, Kitakami National Route 101 north – Oga, TennoNorthern end of unsigned National Route 101 concurrency; Continuous green T interchange; E7 exit 9 (Shōwa-Ogahantō Interchange) Katagami287.8178.8Akita Prefecture Route 229 – Ōkubo Station, Toyokawa 292.1181.5 National Route 285 east – Moriyoshi, GojōmeAkita Prefecture Route 104 south – Iitagawa Ikawa293.1182.1Akita Prefecture Route 303 south – Iitagawa Branch Office 294.9183.2Akita Prefecture Route 228 east – Ikawa Town Office Gojōme296.2184.1Akita Prefecture Route 219 north – Hachirōgata Town Office Hachirōgata298.2185.3 Akita Prefecture Route 15 north – Akita Expressway 300.5186.7Akita Prefecture Route 220 east – Gojōme 301.4187.3Akita Prefecture Route 219 south – Hachirōgata Mitane308.0191.4Akita Prefecture Route 54 west – Oga, Ōgata Akita Prefecture Route 37 north – Akita Expressway, Kamikoani 311.2193.4Akita Prefecture Route 217 north – Moritake 317.0197.0Akita Prefecture Route 211 east – Ukawa 317.2197.1Akita Prefecture Route 212 east – Moritake, Moritake Station 319.0198.2 National Route 101 south – Ōga, ŌgataSouthern end of National Route 101 concurrency 320.0198.8 Akita Expressway – Noshiro, Ōdate, Akita, KitakamiHachiryū Interchange (E7 exit 12) Noshiro324.7201.8 Akita Expressway – Ōdate, Aomori, Akita, KitakamiNoshiro-minami Interchange (E7 exit 13) 329.3204.6 National Route 101 north – Central Noshiro, AjigasawaNorthern end of National Route 101 concurrency 329.9205.0Akita Prefecture Route 205 north – Noshiro StationAkita Prefecture Route 210 south – Moritake 333.5207.2Akita Prefecture Route 150 north – Higashinoshiro Station 334.4207.8 Akita Expressway – Ōdate, Aomori, Akita, KitakamiAkita Prefecture Route 64 east – HappōNoshiro-higashi Interchange (E7 exit 14) 335.8208.7Akita Prefecture Route 4 south – Moritake, Hiyama Castle Ruins 344.1213.8Akita Prefecture Route 205 north – Tomine Station 346.5215.3 Akita Expressway south – Akita, KitakamiAkita Prefecture Route 317 east – FutatsuiFutatsui-Shirakami Interchange (E7 exit 15) 349.1216.9Akita Prefecture Route 202 north – UmenaiAkita Prefecture Route 203 south – Futatsui 351.0218.1Akita Prefecture Route 322 – Fujisato, Shirakami-Sanchi, FutatsuiInterchange 352.3218.9Akita Prefecture Route 322 north – Futatsui, Kimimachizaka Park 353.0219.3Akita Prefecture Route 3 south – Moriyoshi Kitaakita358.8222.9 Akita Prefecture Route 325 south – Odate–Noshiro Airport 362.0224.9Akita Prefecture Route 196 east – Takanosu 366.1227.5Akita Prefecture Route 24 south – Takanosu, Kitaakita City Office 367.3228.2 National Route 105 south – Moriyoshi, Akita Expressway, Odate–Noshiro Airport, Moriyoshizan Dam 369.0229.3Akita Prefecture Route 200 north – Iwaya Ōdate375.8233.5Akita Prefecture Route 68 east – Yamase Dam, Koshiyama 377.3234.4 Akita Prefecture Route 52 east – Akita Expressway, Hinai 379.3235.7 National Route 103 north – Akita Expressway, Kazuno, Aomori, Hirosaki 382.2237.5Akita Prefecture Route 102 south – National Route 103, Kazuno, Hinai 383.9238.5Akita Prefecture Route 2 (Jukai Line) north – Ōdate Station 385.7239.7 Akita Prefecture Route 2 (Jukai Line) – Ōdate Station, Tōhoku Expressway, Kosaka, Ōdate Jukai Dome 387.2240.6Akita Prefecture Route 192 north – Hanaoka 388.1241.2 Akita Expressway – Kosaka, NoshiroŌdate-kita Interchange (E7 exit 27) 393.0244.2Akita Prefecture Route 68 west – Hanaoka AomoriHirakawa406.6252.6 National Route 282 south – Kazuno, Kosaka 409.0254.1 Tōhoku Expressway – Aomori, Morioka, SendaiIkarigaseki Interchange (E4 exit 50) 411.2255.5Aomori Prefecture Route 202 west – Ikarigaseki Station Ōwani415.0257.9 National Route 454 east – Lake Towada 417.3259.3Aomori Prefecture Route 198 (Kuradateoyu Street) west – Ōwani Spa Area 418.4260.0Aomori Prefecture Route 201 west – Ōwani Spa Area, Ōwani Onsen Ski Resort 420.1261.0Aomori Prefecture Route 201 east – Ōwani Spa Area, Ōwani Onsen Ski Resort 421.3261.8Aomori Prefecture Route 13 north – Kuroishi Hirosaki422.3262.4Aomori Prefecture Route 260 north – Central Hirosaki 422.6262.6 Tōhoku Expressway – Aomori, Morioka, ŌdateŌwani-Hirosaki Interchange (E4 exit 51) 423.7263.3Aomori Prefecture Route 41 (Hirosaki Loop Route) – Ishikawa, Hirakawa Hirakawa424.9264.0Aomori Prefecture Route 13 – Shirakami-Sanchi (Anmon Falls), Mount Iwaki, Kuroishi, Hirakawa Hirosaki427.4265.6Aomori Prefecture Route 144 – Hirakawa 429.9267.1 National Route 102 east / National Route 339 north – Lake Towada, Kuroishi, Tōhoku Expressway, InakadateAomori Prefecture Route 109 west – Central Hirosaki, Hirosaki CastleInterchange; southern terminus of unsigned National Route 339 431.5268.1Aomori Prefecture Route 3 west – Central HirosakiAkita Prefecture Route 268 east – Kuroishi 433.0269.1Kita-Ōdori – Central Hirosaki, Hirosaki Castle, NaijoshiInterchange 433.7269.5Aomori Prefecture Route 41 east – NaijoshiSouthern end of Aomori Prefecture Route 41 concurrency 435.2270.4Aomori Prefecture Route 41 west – AjigasawaNorthern end of Aomori Prefecture Route 41 concurrency 435.8270.8Aomori Prefecture Route 260 south Fujisaki436.4271.2 National Route 339 north – ItayanagiNorthern end of unsigned National Route 339 concurrency 437.4271.8 National Route 339 north (National Route 339 Bypass) – Goshogawara, ItayanagiAomori Prefecture Route 110 east – Kawabe Station 438.1272.2Aomori Prefecture Route 285 north – Kita-Tokiwa Station 438.5272.5Aomori Prefecture Route 131 440.2273.5Aomori Prefecture Route 38 – Goshogawara Aomori445.0276.5Aomori Prefecture Route 285 – Kita-Tokiwa Station 446.9277.7Aomori Prefecture Route 285 – Namioka Station 448.9278.9 Aomori Prefecture Route 27 east – Aomori Airport 452.0280.9  Tsugaru Expressway – Goshogawara, Tōhoku Expressway 453.5281.8 National Route 101 – Goshogawara 455.5283.0 National Route 101 south – DaishakaSouthern end of unsigned National Route 101 concurrency 457.2284.1Aomori Prefecture Route 247 east – Tsurugasaka 462.9287.6Aomori Prefecture Route 247 – Shinjō, Tsurugasaka 464.3288.5 National Route 7 north (Aomori Belt Highway) – Towada, Noheji, Lake Towada, Aomori Airport, Tōhoku Expressway, 466.4289.8Aomori Prefecture Route 234 – Aburakawa, Tsugaru-Shinjō StationInterchange 467.4290.4 National Route 280 north (Uchimanbe Bypass) – Cape Tappi, Sotogahama 470.5292.4Aomori Prefecture Route 247 west – IshieInterchange 470.9292.6 National Route 280 north – Sotogahama 471.4292.9Aomori Prefecture Route 44 eastNo access from northbound traffic 471.6293.0Aomori Prefecture Route 120 northSouthern end of Aomori Prefecture Route 120 concurrency 471.8293.2 National Route 4 south / National Route 45 south – Noheji, Towada, MoriokaNorthern terminus; northern end of concurrency with Aomori Prefecture Route 120 and National Route 101; highway continues as National Route 4, Aomori Prefecture Route 120, and unsigned National Route 45 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus      Incomplete access      Route transition Gallery Masaya-koji Street, near the terminus of Route 7 in Niigata City Shin-shin Bypass (limited-access highway) Seiro Interchange in Seirō, Niigata Prefectire Fukura Bypass in Yuza, Yamagata Prefecture Route 7 in Ōdate, Akita Prefecture Terminus of Route 7 in Aomori City See also Japan portal Roads portal References ^ "一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況" (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 19 February 2020. ^ "一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況" (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 10 October 2019. ^ "ja:一般国道７号" (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Tohoku Regional Development Bureau. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ "羽州街道交流会" (in Japanese). 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2019. ^ "一般国道の路線を指定する政令" (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 October 2019 – via Wikisource. External links Media related to Category:Route 7 (Japan) at Wikimedia Commons vte National highways of Japan1–58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 101–200 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201–300 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301–400 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401–507 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 Related topics Kaidō Gokishichidō Nihonbashi Prefectural road Route numbers in italics are no longer in use. Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Route_7_Futatsui_By-Pass_Akita_Prefecture_Noshiro_CIty_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Noshiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noshiro,_Akita"},{"link_name":"Akita Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"national highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_highways_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Honshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"prefectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Yamagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamagata_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Akita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Aomori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_8"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_17"},{"link_name":"113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_113"},{"link_name":"116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_116"},{"link_name":"289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_289"},{"link_name":"350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_350"},{"link_name":"402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_402"},{"link_name":"Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_(city)"},{"link_name":"Akita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_(city)"},{"link_name":"Aomori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_(city)"},{"link_name":"National Route 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_4"},{"link_name":"National Route 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_45"}],"text":"Japan National Route 7 in Noshiro, Akita PrefectureNational Route 7 (国道7号, Kokudō Nanagō) is a major north-south national highway on the Sea of Japan side of the island of Honshū, Japan. It traverses four prefectures, with Niigata at its southern end, then Yamagata, Akita, and finally, Aomori at its northern end. The 471.8-kilometer (293.2 mi) long highway begins at an intersection with national routes 8, 17, 113, 116, 289, 350, and 402 in the capital of Niigata, Niigata. Travelling north, the highway links the prefectural capitals Akita and Aomori. In central Aomori the highway ends at the northern terminus of National Route 4 and National Route 45.","title":"Japan National Route 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chuo-ku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo-ku,_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata,_Niigata"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_8"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_17"},{"link_name":"113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_113"},{"link_name":"116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_116"},{"link_name":"289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_289"},{"link_name":"350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_350"},{"link_name":"402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_402"},{"link_name":"Shibata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibata,_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murakami,_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Tsuruoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuruoka,_Yamagata"},{"link_name":"Sakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakata,_Yamagata"},{"link_name":"Yurihonjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurihonj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Akita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita,_Akita"},{"link_name":"Noshiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noshiro,_Akita"},{"link_name":"Ōdate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cdate"},{"link_name":"Hirosaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirosaki"},{"link_name":"Aomori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_(city)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_4"},{"link_name":"45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_45"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The main line of National Route 7 has a length of 471.8 kilometers (293.2 mi). When bypasses signed as National Route 7 are included, its total distance increases to 559.6 kilometers (347.7 mi).[2]\nThe highway's origin and southern terminus lies in Chuo-ku, Niigata at junction with national routes 8, 17, 113, 116, 289, 350, and 402. The highway passes through Shibata, Murakami, Tsuruoka, Sakata, Yurihonjō, Akita, Noshiro, Ōdate, and Hirosaki. Its endpoint and northern terminus lies in Aomori at a junction with national routes 4 and 45.[3]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aomori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_(city)"},{"link_name":"Akita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_(city)"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"Ushū Kaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ush%C5%AB_Kaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ōshū Kaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csh%C5%AB_Kaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_(city)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"What eventually became National Route 7 between Aburakawa-juku in present-day Aomori and Tsuchizakiminato-juku in Akita was established during the Edo period by Tokugawa Ieyasu as the Ushū Hama Kaidō and Ushū Kaidō, subroutes of the Ōshū Kaidō.[4]National Route 7 was established by the Cabinet of Japan roughly along the aforementioned section of the Ushū Kaidō as well as a new road south to Niigata on 4 December 1952 as First Class National Highway 7 between Niigata and Aomori. It's designationation was changed to General National Highway 7 on 1 April 1965.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"at-grade intersections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-grade_intersection"}],"text":"All junctions listed are at-grade intersections unless noted otherwise.","title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masaya-koji_Niigata_20131013.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seir%C5%8D_Interchange_6-May-2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seirō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seir%C5%8D,_Niigata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Route7_Fukura_Bypass_1_Yamagata_Prefecture_Yuza_Town_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keijo_Bridge1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ōdate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cdate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terminus_of_Japan_National_Route_7.jpg"}],"text":"Masaya-koji Street, near the terminus of Route 7 in Niigata City\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShin-shin Bypass (limited-access highway) Seiro Interchange in Seirō, Niigata Prefectire\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFukura Bypass in Yuza, Yamagata Prefecture\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoute 7 in Ōdate, Akita Prefecture\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTerminus of Route 7 in Aomori City","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Japan National Route 7 in Noshiro, Akita Prefecture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Route_7_Futatsui_By-Pass_Akita_Prefecture_Noshiro_CIty_1.jpg/220px-Route_7_Futatsui_By-Pass_Akita_Prefecture_Noshiro_CIty_1.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Japan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Japan"},{"title":"Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Roads"}]
[{"reference":"\"一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況\" [Road statistics by General National Highway route and prefecture] (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 19 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/ir/ir-data/tokei-nen/2016/pdf/d_genkyou26.pdf","url_text":"\"一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況\""}]},{"reference":"\"一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況\" (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 10 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/ir/ir-data/tokei-nen/2016/pdf/d_genkyou26.pdf","url_text":"\"一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況\""}]},{"reference":"\"ja:一般国道７号\" (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Tohoku Regional Development Bureau. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160501121058/http://www.thr.mlit.go.jp:80/road/koutsu/jikoku/route007.html","url_text":"\"ja:一般国道７号\""},{"url":"http://www.thr.mlit.go.jp/road/koutsu/jikoku/route007.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"羽州街道交流会\" (in Japanese). 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ushukaido.com/","url_text":"\"羽州街道交流会\""}]},{"reference":"\"一般国道の路線を指定する政令\" (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 October 2019 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%9B%BD%E9%81%93%E3%81%AE%E8%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A%E3%82%92%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%94%BF%E4%BB%A4","url_text":"\"一般国道の路線を指定する政令\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop_Connection
Hip Hop Connection
["1 History","2 Readers' Greatest Album","3 Readers' Best Album of the Year","4 Readers' Best Single of the Year","5 Readers' Best Group of the Year","6 Readers' Best of the 80s","7 100 Best Albums Ever","8 References","9 External links"]
British magazine This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hip Hop Connection" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hip Hop ConnectionEditorAndy CowanCategoriesMusic magazineFirst issue1988 (1988)Final issue2009CompanyInfamous InkCountryUnited KingdomBased inBathLanguageEnglishWebsite"Hip Hop Connection". Archived from the original on 7 November 2006.ISSN1465-4407 Hip Hop Connection (HHC) was the longest running monthly periodical devoted entirely to hip hop culture. It was described by rapper Chuck D as "the most important magazine in the world". History Under the editorship of Chris Hunt, the magazine published its first issue in July 1988, six months before The Source began in newsletter form. Prior to the first issue, the magazine's parent company had run a premium rate 0898 telephone information line using the same name, presented by Radio 1 DJ Dave Pearce. It invited MCs to call and record their own rhyme after listening to the best rhyme of the previous week. HHC's early issues were its biggest selling and saw Hunt bringing together a talented group of writers and photographers, including Ekow Eshun, Malu Halasa and Vie Marshall. Future television presenter and celebrity Normski was given his own section to showcase his rap photography. Hunt had two stints as editor before leaving for a final time in 1993. His longtime deputy Andy Cowan took over the title in November 1993. HHC changed owners several times (Popular Publications, Future Publishing, Ministry Of Sound, the Cambridge-based Infamous Ink). HHC and Popular Publications were owned by Music Maker Publications throughout the early 1990s until Music Maker was acquired by Future Publishing. Future sold the title to Ministry Of Sound in 2000. The first Ministry issue featured Mariah Carey on the front cover. Ministry tried to continue with a 'female artists only' cover policy, which had proved successful for their dance magazine but – after Kelis and Lauryn Hill – it became apparent that they were running out of suitable candidates. Ministry sold the title after one year and Andy Cowan continued to run and publish the magazine. In April 2006, Hip Hop Connection published its 200th edition, rerunning many classic interviews from its eighteen-year history. In 2009 the magazine published its final and 232nd issue. Readers' Greatest Album Pre 2000: Public Enemy - It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back 1995 to 2005: Raekwon - Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Readers' Best Album of the Year 2009: Roots Manuva - Slime & Reason • 2008: Panacea - Scenic Route • 2007: unknown • 2006: unknown • 2005: unknown • 2004: unknown • 2003: unknown • 2002: Jay-Z - The Blueprint • 2001: Eminem - The Marshall Mathers LP • 2000: The Roots - Things Fall Apart • 1999: Gang Starr - Moment of Truth • 1998: Company Flow - Funcrusher Plus • 1997: Rass Kass - Soul On Ice • 1996: Raekwon - Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... • 1995: The Notorious B.I.G. - Ready to Die • 1994: Cypress Hill - Black Sunday • 1993: unknown • 1992: unknown • 1991: OG Original Gangsta - Ice-T• 1990: Silver Bullet • 1989: N.W.A. - Straight Outta Compton Readers' Best Single of the Year 2009: unknown • 2008: unknown • 2007: unknown • 2006: unknown • 2005: Klashnekoff - It's Murda • 2004: unknown • 2003: unknown • 2002: Pharoahe Monch - Fuck You • 2001: M.O.P. - Ante Up • 2000: Pharoahe Monch - Simon Says • 1999: Canibus - Second Round K.O. • 1998: Gang Starr - You Know My Steez • 1997: Jeru The Damaja - Ya Playin Yaself • 1996: Mobb Deep - Shook Ones Part II • 1995: Craig Mack - Flava In Ya Ear • 1994: Onyx - Slam • 1993: unknown • 1992: unknown • 1991: unknown • 1990: unknown • 1989: Public Enemy - Fight The Power Readers' Best Group of the Year 2009: unknown 2008: unknown 2007: unknown 2006: unknown 2005: unknown 2004: unknown 2003: unknown 2002: unknown 2001: Dilated Peoples 2000: The Roots 1999: Gang Starr 1998: Company Flow 1997: unknown 1996: unknown 1995: unknown 1994: Wu-Tang Clan 1993: unknown 1992: unknown 1991: unknown 1990: unknown 1989: N.W.A. Readers' Best of the 80s Best Album: Public Enemy - It Takes A Nation Of Millions To Hold Us Back • Best Single: Public Enemy - Rebel Without A Pause • Best Group: Public Enemy • Best Rapper: Chuck D • Best DJ: Cash Money • Best British Artist: MC Duke • Best Record Label: Def Jam • Best Non Hiphop: Michael Jackson • Most Important Human Being: Nelson Mandela 100 Best Albums Ever Hip Hop Connection published its readers' favourite albums in its March 2000 issue. The result, wrote compiler Mansel Fletcher, was "the essential hip-hop list that beats all others straight into a bloody pulp". 100. No I.D., Accept Your Own and Be Yourself (The Black Album) ("Anyone into top-notch hip-hop blessed with tight rhymes and clear production shouldn't pass this by") 99. Public Enemy, Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black ("It marked their move away from the attentions of hip-hop fans, but was a grand gesture to bow out on" 98. Raw Fusion, Live from the Styleetron ("Reggae had a huge influence on their sound, while the faster beats hint at drum and bass years before it became an official brand") 97. Westside Connection, Bow Down ("Cube set aside his more political rap to fully embrace the G Thang temperament that was serving his other ex-N.W.A members so well") 96. Blak Twang, 19 Longtime ("Wit and intelligence over innovative, soulful production that successfully brought out Tai's conscious lyrics") 95. House of Pain, House of Pain ("In spite of his emerald isle ethnicity gimmick, leader Everlast was well schooled at the academy of rap") 94. Lootpack, Soundpieces: Da Antidote ("A careful blend of imaginative and clever lyrics… over DJ Rone's tight production") 93. Fugees, Blunted on Reality ("It had a mixed reception publicly, falling awkwardly between the stools of street and alternative hip-hop") 92. Mountain Brothers, Self Vol 1 ("Turning their back on samples, the Brothers record all their instrumentals live in the studio, which goes a long way in explaining the funky, organic feel") 91. Beastie Boys, Ill Communication ("That they received adoration from indie kids was hardly surprising, since Ill has fewer explicit hip-hop tracks than alternative songs") 90. Cocoa Brovaz, The Rude Awakening ("Reaffirmed New York as the home of innovative hip-hop in the late '90s") 89. First Down, World Service ("Sadly the public treated it with the kind of contempt only reserved for UK releases… First Down created hip-hop bohemian rhapsodies") 88. Das EFX, Dead Serious ("Whole legions of rappers moved in to bite their style to the extent it quickly became an irritating novelty") 87. The Goats, Tricks of the Shade ("Full of righteous fury bursting through dynamic tunes") 86. KRS-One, Return of the Boom Bap ("No emcee has ever sounded as sure of himself") 85. Lauryn Hill, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill ("Musical categories are unimportant when records are this accomplished") 84. MC Shan, Down by Law ("The archetypal document of its era") 83. Method Man, Tical ("The brooding darkness, eerie samples and off-key piano tones match Meth's style perfectly") 82. The Notorious B.I.G., Life After Death ("Even with production designed to broaden Biggie's appeal, he couldn't summon much cheer for his lyrics") 81. Organized Konfusion, Stress: The Extinction Agenda ("The mood had clearly darkened and with it the music, the beats, lyrics and flows") 80. Redman, Whut? Thee Album ("His tendency towards the lunatic is evident throughout") 79. Styles of Beyond, 2000 Fold ("Uptempo beats with complex space-age lyrics") 78. The X-Ecutioners, X-Pressions ("Funky enough to make a blind man dance") 77. 2Pac, All Eyez on Me ("Conceived by Death Row as the biggest and grandest gangsta rap album of the '90s") 76. Gang Starr, Hard to Earn ("Guru's simple but devastating flow laid down their hardest lyrics to date") 75. OutKast, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik ("A southern record that let you feel the sunshine") 74. Wu-Tang Clan, Wu-Tang Forever ("There are inevitably weak moments but any other group would kill for some of the tunes here") 73. Tha Alkaholiks, 21 & Over) ("What a relief to hear a crew doing their own thing when the rest of LA was slavishly copying the gangsta blueprint") 72. Brand Nubian, One for All ("This album was never likely to be forgotten in a hurry") 71. De La Soul, Stakes Is High ("Another rounded collection of fantastic songs that managed to entertain, amuse and provoke in equal measure") 70. Jeru the Damaja, The Sun Rises in the East ("Jeru was not content to let hip-hop languish in its gangsta gutter; he was determined to try and improve it") 69. Pete Rock & CL Smooth, The Main Ingredient ("The delivery was sophisticated and expressive without ever being soft or sentimental") 68. Xzibit, At the Speed of Life ("His mid-paced flows were not obviously west coast, but nor were they influenced by the banging joints emerging from NYC") 67. Common Sense, Resurrection ("Resurrection is a mellow and jazzy set but is never less than funky") 66. DMX, It's Dark and Hell Is Hot ("The latest artist to climb aboard the horrorcore bandwagon, DMX is crazy…") 65. KRS-One, KRS-One ("The Blastmaster still shows no sign of flagging in his determination to rule hip-hop") 64. The Roots, Do You Want More?!!!??! ("For a debut album it showed amazing maturity, especially as they were pioneering the world of live hip-hop") 63. Black Moon, Enta da Stage ("Over tight production, raw beats and rough musical samples came dark raps dealing with the reality of inner city street life") 62. Da Lench Mob, Guerillas in tha Mist ("Their murderous revolutionary ambitions them up alongside Paris in the controversy stakes") 61. Ice Cube, The Predator ("…captured a historical moment and a musical one – few albums share that unique distinction") 60. Main Source, Breaking Atoms ("The overall modd is fresh and jazzy, and the Large Professor's production is never short of inspired") 59. Redman, Muddy Waters ("Funkier than a room full of the finest cheeba smoke") 58. The Roots, Things Fall Apart ("…contained enough hard hip-hop tunes to keep aficionados of the roughest street sounds happy") 57. Pete Rock & CL Smooth, Mecca and the Soul Brother ("As fine a record as Pete Rock has ever produced") 56. Gravediggaz, Niggamortis ("Niggamortis had enough fine material to carry its weight of doom-laden words") 55. Beastie Boys, Licensed to Ill ("Every fan understood it was all a good joke while older people took it all deadly seriously") 54. Black Star, Mos Def & Talib Kweli Are Black Star ("Every listen to this complex but accessible album reveals new lyrical gems") 53. Cypress Hill, Black Sunday ("…gothic darkness and a cartoonish obsession with smoking dope") 52. Gunshot, Patriot Games ("…warmly received critically, especially by an alternative press thrilled to find a rap record that didn't offend their liberal sensibilities") 51. Jeru the Damaja, Wrath of the Math ("He comes on like the spiritual heir to KRS-One's title of chief edutainer") 50. Wild Style Original Soundtrack ("It captures the spirits of hip-hop's roots (c.1982) and, as such, is a must for all hip-hop fans") 49. Gang Starr, Daily Operation ("A harder sound in keeping with NYC at the time… they're unlikely to surpass this record in a hurry") 48. Ice Cube, AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted ("Ice has never been this angry or this focused since… He made a tighter record than almost everyone else in 1990") 47. Onyx, Bacdafucup ("Bacdafucup has a basic attraction that's still hard to beat") 46. StreetSounds Electro 1-10 ("Any excuse to listen to the computerised beats on these records and relive those moments is a good one") 45. Dianond D & the Psychotic Neurotics, Stunts, Blunts and Hip Hop ("One of hip-hop's great lost records") 44. EPMD, Strictly Business ("Their love for hip-hop as an art form was always clear") 43. A Tribe Called Quest, People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm ("A beautiful set of songs that inspired, amused and touched in equal measures") 42. Big Daddy Kane, Long Live the Kane ("Kane's fearsome reputation is based almost entirely on this record") 41. Soundbombing II ("A perfect demonstration of the wealth of talent at their disposal") 40. Smif-N-Wessun, Dah Shinin' ("A potent cocktail of compressed beats that were springy enough to get necks snapping and heavy lyrics that stayed on the right side of credible") 39. Boogie Down Productions, By All Means Necessary ("The album's success is as much a result of its hard, tight beats as the Blastmaster's lyricism") 38. Beastie Boys, Paul's Boutique ("An entire work of art that would be the bomb if it were released tomorrow and a miracle in the context of 1989") 37. The Roots, Illadelph Halflife ("It showed The Roots were even more innovative than previously thought") 36. The Beatnuts, The Beatnuts ("Hard as nails, straight out of New York and as funny as it was violent… a blast of polluted air from the capital of hip-hop") 35. Jurassic 5, Jurassic 5 ("A great LP conveying the feeling of summer block parties. One for the BBQ") 34. Souls of Mischief, 93 'til Infinity ("Their mellow sound (fairly unique at the time) seemed to match the lyrics and made for a sweet combination") 33. Dr. Octagon, Dr Octagon ("Over crazy, experimental beats (courtesy of The Automator) that are miraculously never less than funky, Keith goes off…") 32. De La Soul, De La Soul Is Dead ("Tunes like 'Millie Pulled a Pistol on Santa' and 'Saturday' are as good as anything to be found on 3 Feet High and Rising") 31. The Pharcyde, Bizarre Ride II the Pharcyde ("Their songs brought a smile to the faces of everyone who heard them, without ever falling into the realms of novelty") 30. Eric B. & Rakim, Follow the Leader ("It was never going to have quite same impact as their debut would be almost anyone else's best work") 29. Public Enemy, Yo! Bum Rush the Show ("As hard and solid as their uncompromising polemical stance") 28. Run-DMC, Raising Hell ("The finest moment from the godfathers of hip-hop… This record defined its era") 27. Eminem, The Slim Shady LP ("Few albums have featured such crazy raps but retained enough humour and accessibility to be so good") 26. Raekwon, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... ("What really bursts from the record is the soul inside – its passion is what makes it great") 25. Gang Starr, Step in the Arena ("Premier always let the freedom of jazz inform his production while Guru let its certainty breathe through his delivery") 24. GZA, Liquid Swords ("The Wu's rhyme master giving ample expression to his verbal gifts over RZA beats as tight as any he had produced") 23. Mobb Deep, The Infamous ("Darker than December and littered with off-key piano sounds that chilled the blood") 22. Showbiz and A.G., Runaway Slave ("Real uncut hip-hop from its opening beats to the final rap") 21. Slick Rick, The Great Adventures of Slick Rick ("Funky, funny and endlessly entertaining") 20. Ice-T, O.G. Original Gangster ("The stories are great and Ice's hustler savvy and sophistication burns through every cut") 19. Cypress Hill, Cypress Hill ("Their styles were fresher than good sushi and the murderous stories they recounted a perfect foil to the funky tunes") 18. Canibus, Can-I-Bus ("His power on the mic didn't rely on lyrical conceit or crazy abstraction, just simple force and confident delivery") 17. Company Flow, Funcrusher Plus ("It's too out there, too challenging to the ears, and only with repeated listening does their obtuse funk start to make sense") 16. Public Enemy, Fear of a Black Planet ("Never again would truly political rap reach an audience of this size or produce such a great record") 15. Gang Starr, Moment of Truth ("Despite their vintage they're still making futuristic records that never rely on formula") 14. Gang Starr, Full Clip: A Decade of Gang Starr ("…proves just why Guru's simple flow over Primo's incredible beats is such a potent combination") 13. The Notorious B.I.G., Ready to Die ("His hunger and despair can be heard all over this record") 12. Snoop Doggy Dogg, Doggystyle ("The tunes are still great and the beats bumping") 11. Dr. Dre, The Chronic ("What made the whole trunk-bumping package so great was Dre's production… Hundreds of albums since have tried to bite his style but none have managed it") 10. A Tribe Called Quest, The Low End Theory ("ATCQ came back with something harder, funkier and deeper than their light-hearted debut. It was a brave and bold move") 9. Boogie Down Productions, Criminal Minded ("…boasted lyrics that were always much more conscious than those of their competitors, and the beats broke new ground") 8. A Tribe Called Quest, Midnight Marauders ("Funky, funny, sweet but hard (where necessary) and utterly charming… There isn't a wasted note") 7. Ultramagnetic MCs, Critical Beatdown ("The tight funk-based tracks, the thumping drums and the inspiring selection of samples are perfect") 6. De La Soul, 3 Feet High and Rising ("…took rap somewhere it had never been before and, given the important role De La Soul's naivety played, it was probably an unrepeatable feat") 5. N.W.A, Straight Outta Compton ("Rappers have said many outrageous things on record since it was released, but NWA said it first and did it much better") 4. Eric B. & Rakim, Paid in Full ("Rarely has hip-hop heard an emcee so full of self-belief and with the raw skills to fulfil his boasts") 3. Nas, Illmatic ("Tighter than Lil' Kim's hotpants, there isn't a moment wasted on Illmatic… every track is a classic") 2. Wu-Tang Clan, Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) ("Their rhymes sounded like true life tales, something the west coast no longer even aspired to, and the passion was perceptible") 1. Public Enemy, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back ("Chuck D recently admitted he set out with the intention of making a record that girls wouldn't like… he undoubtedly succeeded)" References ^ "Hip-hop and it don't stop: What does the future hold for Hip-Hop". The Independent. 23 October 2011. ^ Gorman, Paul (2022). Totally Wired: The Rise and Fall of the Music Press (2023 paperback ed.). UK: Thames & Hudson. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-500-29746-9. ^ "unkut.com – A Tribute To Ignorance (Remix)". ^ Fletcher, Mansel (March 2000). "100 Best Albums Ever". Hip Hop Connection: 21–42. External links vteBritish contemporary-music magazinesPop Clash The Fly NME Observer Music Monthly Q Notion Classic rock Classic Rock Mojo R2 Uncut Modern rock Big Cheese Black Velvet Kerrang! Rock Sound Heavy metal Metal Hammer Terrorizer Zero Tolerance Dance DJ Magazine Mixmag Shook Tilllate Hip-hop Hip Hop Connection RWD Street Cred Instruments Computer Music Future Music Guitarist Rhythm Sound on Sound Total Guitar Other Crack The Wire Authority control databases MusicBrainz label
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chuck D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_D"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hip Hop Connection (HHC) was the longest running monthly periodical devoted entirely to hip hop culture.[1] It was described by rapper Chuck D as \"the most important magazine in the world\".[2]","title":"Hip Hop Connection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hunt"},{"link_name":"The Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Source_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Dave Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Ekow Eshun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekow_Eshun"},{"link_name":"Normski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normski"},{"link_name":"Future Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Ministry Of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_Of_Sound"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Music Maker Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Maker_Publications"},{"link_name":"Future Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Ministry Of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_Of_Sound"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Kelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelis"},{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Under the editorship of Chris Hunt, the magazine published its first issue in July 1988, six months before The Source began in newsletter form. Prior to the first issue, the magazine's parent company had run a premium rate 0898 telephone information line using the same name, presented by Radio 1 DJ Dave Pearce. It invited MCs to call and record their own rhyme after listening to the best rhyme of the previous week.HHC's early issues were its biggest selling and saw Hunt bringing together a talented group of writers and photographers, including Ekow Eshun, Malu Halasa and Vie Marshall. Future television presenter and celebrity Normski was given his own section to showcase his rap photography.Hunt had two stints as editor before leaving for a final time in 1993. His longtime deputy Andy Cowan took over the title in November 1993. HHC changed owners several times (Popular Publications, Future Publishing, Ministry Of Sound, the Cambridge-based Infamous Ink). HHC and Popular Publications were owned by Music Maker Publications throughout the early 1990s until Music Maker was acquired by Future Publishing. Future sold the title to Ministry Of Sound in 2000. The first Ministry issue featured Mariah Carey on the front cover. Ministry tried to continue with a 'female artists only' cover policy, which had proved successful for their dance magazine but – after Kelis and Lauryn Hill – it became apparent that they were running out of suitable candidates. Ministry sold the title after one year and Andy Cowan continued to run and publish the magazine. In April 2006, Hip Hop Connection published its 200th edition, rerunning many classic interviews from its eighteen-year history.In 2009 the magazine published its final and 232nd issue.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)"},{"link_name":"It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Takes_a_Nation_of_Millions_to_Hold_Us_Back"},{"link_name":"Raekwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raekwon"},{"link_name":"Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Built_4_Cuban_Linx..."}],"text":"Pre 2000: Public Enemy - It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back\n1995 to 2005: Raekwon - Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...","title":"Readers' Greatest Album"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roots Manuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_Manuva"},{"link_name":"Slime & Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slime_%26_Reason"},{"link_name":"Panacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panacea_(group)"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"The Blueprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blueprint"},{"link_name":"Eminem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem"},{"link_name":"The Marshall Mathers LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marshall_Mathers_LP"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"Things Fall Apart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart_(album)"},{"link_name":"Gang Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Starr"},{"link_name":"Moment of Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_Truth_(Gang_Starr_album)"},{"link_name":"Company Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Flow"},{"link_name":"Funcrusher Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funcrusher_Plus"},{"link_name":"Rass Kass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Kass"},{"link_name":"Soul On Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_on_Ice_(album)"},{"link_name":"Raekwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raekwon"},{"link_name":"Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Built_4_Cuban_Linx..."},{"link_name":"The Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"Ready to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_to_Die"},{"link_name":"Cypress Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Hill"},{"link_name":"Black Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sunday_(Cypress_Hill_album)"},{"link_name":"N.W.A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.W.A"},{"link_name":"Straight Outta Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Outta_Compton"}],"text":"2009: Roots Manuva - Slime & Reason •\n2008: Panacea - Scenic Route •\n2007: unknown •\n2006: unknown •\n2005: unknown •\n2004: unknown •\n2003: unknown •\n2002: Jay-Z - The Blueprint •\n2001: Eminem - The Marshall Mathers LP •\n2000: The Roots - Things Fall Apart •\n1999: Gang Starr - Moment of Truth •\n1998: Company Flow - Funcrusher Plus •\n1997: Rass Kass - Soul On Ice •\n1996: Raekwon - Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... •\n1995: The Notorious B.I.G. - Ready to Die •\n1994: Cypress Hill - Black Sunday •\n1993: unknown •\n1992: unknown •\n1991: OG Original Gangsta - Ice-T•\n1990: Silver Bullet •\n1989: N.W.A. - Straight Outta Compton","title":"Readers' Best Album of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Klashnekoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klashnekoff"},{"link_name":"Pharoahe Monch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoahe_Monch"},{"link_name":"M.O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.O.P."},{"link_name":"Ante Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Up_(song)"},{"link_name":"Pharoahe Monch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoahe_Monch"},{"link_name":"Simon Says","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Says_(Pharoahe_Monch_song)"},{"link_name":"Canibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canibus"},{"link_name":"Second Round K.O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Round_K.O."},{"link_name":"Gang Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Starr"},{"link_name":"You Know My Steez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Know_My_Steez"},{"link_name":"Jeru The Damaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeru_the_Damaja"},{"link_name":"Mobb Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobb_Deep"},{"link_name":"Shook Ones Part II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shook_Ones_(Part_II)"},{"link_name":"Craig Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mack"},{"link_name":"Flava In Ya Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flava_in_Ya_Ear"},{"link_name":"Onyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyx"},{"link_name":"Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slam_(Onyx_song)"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Fight The Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_the_Power_(Public_Enemy_song)"}],"text":"2009: unknown • \n2008: unknown •\n2007: unknown •\n2006: unknown •\n2005: Klashnekoff - It's Murda •\n2004: unknown •\n2003: unknown •\n2002: Pharoahe Monch - Fuck You •\n2001: M.O.P. - Ante Up •\n2000: Pharoahe Monch - Simon Says •\n1999: Canibus - Second Round K.O. •\n1998: Gang Starr - You Know My Steez •\n1997: Jeru The Damaja - Ya Playin Yaself •\n1996: Mobb Deep - Shook Ones Part II •\n1995: Craig Mack - Flava In Ya Ear •\n1994: Onyx - Slam •\n1993: unknown •\n1992: unknown •\n1991: unknown •\n1990: unknown •\n1989: Public Enemy - Fight The Power","title":"Readers' Best Single of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dilated Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_Peoples"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"Gang Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Starr"},{"link_name":"Company Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Flow"},{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan"},{"link_name":"N.W.A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.W.A"}],"text":"2009: unknown\n2008: unknown\n2007: unknown\n2006: unknown\n2005: unknown\n2004: unknown\n2003: unknown\n2002: unknown\n2001: Dilated Peoples\n2000: The Roots\n1999: Gang Starr\n1998: Company Flow\n1997: unknown\n1996: unknown\n1995: unknown\n1994: Wu-Tang Clan\n1993: unknown\n1992: unknown\n1991: unknown\n1990: unknown\n1989: N.W.A.","title":"Readers' Best Group of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)"},{"link_name":"It Takes A Nation Of Millions To Hold Us Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Takes_a_Nation_of_Millions_to_Hold_Us_Back"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rebel Without A Pause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Without_a_Pause"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chuck D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_D"},{"link_name":"MC Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Duke"},{"link_name":"Def Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"}],"text":"Best Album: Public Enemy - It Takes A Nation Of Millions To Hold Us Back •\nBest Single: Public Enemy - Rebel Without A Pause •\nBest Group: Public Enemy •\nBest Rapper: Chuck D •\nBest DJ: Cash Money •\nBest British Artist: MC Duke •\nBest Record Label: Def Jam •\nBest Non Hiphop: Michael Jackson •\nMost Important Human Being: Nelson Mandela","title":"Readers' Best of the 80s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"No I.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_I.D."},{"link_name":"Accept Your Own and Be Yourself (The Black Album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accept_Your_Own_and_Be_Yourself_(The_Black_Album)"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_91..._The_Enemy_Strikes_Black"},{"link_name":"Raw Fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_Fusion"},{"link_name":"Live from the Styleetron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_the_Styleetron"},{"link_name":"Reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"drum and bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bass"},{"link_name":"Westside Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westside_Connection"},{"link_name":"Bow Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Down"},{"link_name":"Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cube"},{"link_name":"G Thang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-funk"},{"link_name":"N.W.A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.W.A"},{"link_name":"Blak Twang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Twang"},{"link_name":"House of Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pain"},{"link_name":"House of Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pain_(album)"},{"link_name":"Everlast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everlast_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Lootpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lootpack"},{"link_name":"Soundpieces: Da Antidote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundpieces:_Da_Antidote"},{"link_name":"Fugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugees"},{"link_name":"Blunted on Reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunted_on_Reality"},{"link_name":"Mountain Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"Ill Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill_Communication"},{"link_name":"indie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Cocoa Brovaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smif-N-Wessun"},{"link_name":"The Rude Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rude_Awakening"},{"link_name":"Das EFX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_EFX"},{"link_name":"Dead Serious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Serious_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goats"},{"link_name":"KRS-One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRS-One"},{"link_name":"Return of the Boom Bap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Boom_Bap"},{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miseducation_of_Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"MC Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Shan"},{"link_name":"Down by Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_by_Law_(MC_Shan_album)"},{"link_name":"Method Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_Man"},{"link_name":"Tical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tical_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"Life After Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_After_Death"},{"link_name":"Organized Konfusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_Konfusion"},{"link_name":"Stress: The Extinction Agenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress:_The_Extinction_Agenda"},{"link_name":"Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redman_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Whut? Thee Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whut%3F_Thee_Album"},{"link_name":"Styles of Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styles_of_Beyond"},{"link_name":"2000 Fold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Fold"},{"link_name":"The X-Ecutioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Ecutioners"},{"link_name":"X-Pressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Pressions"},{"link_name":"2Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},{"link_name":"All Eyez on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Eyez_on_Me"},{"link_name":"Death Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Row_Records"},{"link_name":"gangsta rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangsta_rap"},{"link_name":"Gang Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Starr"},{"link_name":"Hard to Earn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_to_Earn"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"OutKast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OutKast"},{"link_name":"Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik"},{"link_name":"southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan"},{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Forever"},{"link_name":"Tha Alkaholiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Alkaholiks"},{"link_name":"21 & Over)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_%26_Over_(album)"},{"link_name":"Brand Nubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_Nubian"},{"link_name":"One for All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_for_All_(Brand_Nubian_album)"},{"link_name":"De La Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul"},{"link_name":"Stakes Is High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakes_Is_High"},{"link_name":"Jeru the Damaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeru_the_Damaja"},{"link_name":"The Sun Rises in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Rises_in_the_East"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock & CL Smooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock_%26_CL_Smooth"},{"link_name":"The Main Ingredient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Main_Ingredient_(Pete_Rock_%26_CL_Smooth_album)"},{"link_name":"Xzibit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xzibit"},{"link_name":"At the Speed of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Speed_of_Life"},{"link_name":"west coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"Common Sense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_(Common_album)"},{"link_name":"DMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMX_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"It's Dark and Hell Is Hot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Dark_and_Hell_Is_Hot"},{"link_name":"horrorcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrorcore"},{"link_name":"KRS-One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRS-One"},{"link_name":"KRS-One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRS-One_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"Do You Want More?!!!??!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_You_Want_More%3F!!!%3F%3F!"},{"link_name":"Black Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Moon_(group)"},{"link_name":"Enta da Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enta_da_Stage"},{"link_name":"Da Lench Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Lench_Mob"},{"link_name":"Guerillas in tha Mist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerillas_in_tha_Mist"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Ice Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cube"},{"link_name":"The Predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Predator_(Ice_Cube_album)"},{"link_name":"Main Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Source"},{"link_name":"Breaking Atoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Atoms"},{"link_name":"Large Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Professor"},{"link_name":"Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redman_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Muddy Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Waters_(album)"},{"link_name":"cheeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"Things Fall Apart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock & CL Smooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock_%26_CL_Smooth"},{"link_name":"Mecca and the Soul Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_and_the_Soul_Brother"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock"},{"link_name":"Gravediggaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravediggaz"},{"link_name":"Niggamortis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Feet_Deep"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"Licensed to Ill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_to_Ill"},{"link_name":"Black Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Star_(rap_duo)"},{"link_name":"Mos Def & Talib Kweli Are Black Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos_Def_%26_Talib_Kweli_Are_Black_Star"},{"link_name":"Cypress Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Hill"},{"link_name":"Black Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sunday_(Cypress_Hill_album)"},{"link_name":"Gunshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunshot_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jeru the Damaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeru_the_Damaja"},{"link_name":"Wrath of the Math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrath_of_the_Math"},{"link_name":"KRS-One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRS-One"},{"link_name":"Wild Style Original Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Style_Original_Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Gang Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Starr"},{"link_name":"Daily Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Operation"},{"link_name":"Ice Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cube"},{"link_name":"AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmeriKKKa%27s_Most_Wanted"},{"link_name":"Onyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyx_(hip_hop_group)"},{"link_name":"Bacdafucup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacdafucup"},{"link_name":"StreetSounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StreetSounds"},{"link_name":"Dianond D & the Psychotic Neurotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_D"},{"link_name":"Stunts, Blunts and Hip Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunts,_Blunts_and_Hip_Hop"},{"link_name":"EPMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPMD"},{"link_name":"Strictly Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Business_(EPMD_album)"},{"link_name":"A Tribe Called Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest"},{"link_name":"People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Instinctive_Travels_and_the_Paths_of_Rhythm"},{"link_name":"Big Daddy Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane"},{"link_name":"Long Live the Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Live_the_Kane"},{"link_name":"Soundbombing II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundbombing_II"},{"link_name":"their","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawkus_Records"},{"link_name":"Smif-N-Wessun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smif-N-Wessun"},{"link_name":"Dah Shinin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dah_Shinin%27"},{"link_name":"Boogie Down Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions"},{"link_name":"By All Means Necessary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_All_Means_Necessary"},{"link_name":"the Blastmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRS-One"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"Paul's Boutique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%27s_Boutique"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"Illadelph Halflife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illadelph_Halflife"},{"link_name":"The Beatnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatnuts"},{"link_name":"The Beatnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatnuts:_Street_Level"},{"link_name":"Jurassic 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_5"},{"link_name":"Jurassic 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_5_(album)"},{"link_name":"Souls of Mischief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souls_of_Mischief"},{"link_name":"93 'til Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93_%27til_Infinity"},{"link_name":"Dr. Octagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Octagon"},{"link_name":"Dr Octagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Octagonecologyst"},{"link_name":"The Automator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_the_Automator"},{"link_name":"Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_Keith"},{"link_name":"De La Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul"},{"link_name":"De La Soul Is Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul_Is_Dead"},{"link_name":"Millie Pulled a Pistol on Santa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millie_Pulled_a_Pistol_on_Santa/Keepin%27_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Roller_Skating_Jam_Named_%22Saturdays%22"},{"link_name":"3 Feet High and Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Feet_High_and_Rising"},{"link_name":"The Pharcyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pharcyde"},{"link_name":"Bizarre Ride II the Pharcyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarre_Ride_II_the_Pharcyde"},{"link_name":"Eric B. & Rakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_B._%26_Rakim"},{"link_name":"Follow the Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow_the_Leader_(Eric_B._%26_Rakim_album)"},{"link_name":"their debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_in_Full_(album)"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Yo! Bum Rush the Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo!_Bum_Rush_the_Show"},{"link_name":"Run-DMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-DMC"},{"link_name":"Raising Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_Hell_(album)"},{"link_name":"Eminem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem"},{"link_name":"The Slim Shady LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slim_Shady_LP"},{"link_name":"Raekwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raekwon"},{"link_name":"Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Built_4_Cuban_Linx..."},{"link_name":"Gang Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Starr"},{"link_name":"Step in the Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_in_the_Arena_(album)"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Premier"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"GZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GZA"},{"link_name":"Liquid Swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Swords"},{"link_name":"Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan"},{"link_name":"RZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RZA"},{"link_name":"Mobb Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobb_Deep"},{"link_name":"The Infamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Infamous"},{"link_name":"Showbiz and A.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showbiz_and_A.G."},{"link_name":"Runaway Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_Slave"},{"link_name":"Slick Rick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slick_Rick"},{"link_name":"The Great Adventures of Slick Rick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Adventures_of_Slick_Rick"},{"link_name":"Ice-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice-T"},{"link_name":"O.G. Original Gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.G._Original_Gangster"},{"link_name":"Cypress Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Hill"},{"link_name":"Cypress Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Hill_(album)"},{"link_name":"Canibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canibus"},{"link_name":"Can-I-Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can-I-Bus"},{"link_name":"Company Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Flow"},{"link_name":"Funcrusher Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funcrusher_Plus"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Fear of a Black Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_a_Black_Planet"},{"link_name":"political rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"Gang Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Starr"},{"link_name":"Moment of Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_Truth_(Gang_Starr_album)"},{"link_name":"Gang Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Starr"},{"link_name":"Full Clip: A Decade of Gang Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Clip:_A_Decade_of_Gang_Starr"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Primo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Premier"},{"link_name":"The Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"Ready to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_to_Die"},{"link_name":"Snoop Doggy Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Doggystyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggystyle"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dre"},{"link_name":"The Chronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronic"},{"link_name":"A Tribe Called Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest"},{"link_name":"The Low End Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Low_End_Theory"},{"link_name":"their light-hearted debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Instinctive_Travels_and_the_Paths_of_Rhythm"},{"link_name":"Boogie Down Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions"},{"link_name":"Criminal Minded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Minded"},{"link_name":"A Tribe Called Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest"},{"link_name":"Midnight Marauders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Marauders"},{"link_name":"Ultramagnetic MCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramagnetic_MCs"},{"link_name":"Critical Beatdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Beatdown"},{"link_name":"De La Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul"},{"link_name":"3 Feet High and Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Feet_High_and_Rising"},{"link_name":"N.W.A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.W.A"},{"link_name":"Straight Outta Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Outta_Compton"},{"link_name":"Eric B. & Rakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_B._%26_Rakim"},{"link_name":"Paid in Full","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_in_Full_(album)"},{"link_name":"emcee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies"},{"link_name":"Nas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas"},{"link_name":"Illmatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illmatic"},{"link_name":"Lil' Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Kim"},{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan"},{"link_name":"Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Wu-Tang_(36_Chambers)"},{"link_name":"the west coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)"},{"link_name":"It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Takes_a_Nation_of_Millions_to_Hold_Us_Back"},{"link_name":"Chuck D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_D"}],"text":"Hip Hop Connection published its readers' favourite albums in its March 2000 issue. The result, wrote compiler Mansel Fletcher, was \"the essential hip-hop list that beats all others straight into a bloody pulp\".[4]100. No I.D., Accept Your Own and Be Yourself (The Black Album) (\"Anyone into top-notch hip-hop blessed with tight rhymes and clear production shouldn't pass this by\")99. Public Enemy, Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black (\"It marked their move away from the attentions of hip-hop fans, but was a grand gesture to bow out on\"98. Raw Fusion, Live from the Styleetron (\"Reggae had a huge influence on their sound, while the faster beats hint at drum and bass years before it became an official brand\")97. Westside Connection, Bow Down (\"Cube set aside his more political rap to fully embrace the G Thang temperament that was serving his other ex-N.W.A members so well\")96. Blak Twang, 19 Longtime (\"Wit and intelligence over innovative, soulful production that successfully brought out Tai's conscious lyrics\")95. House of Pain, House of Pain (\"In spite of his emerald isle ethnicity gimmick, leader Everlast was well schooled at the academy of rap\")94. Lootpack, Soundpieces: Da Antidote (\"A careful blend of imaginative and clever lyrics… over DJ Rone's [sic] tight production\")93. Fugees, Blunted on Reality (\"It had a mixed reception publicly, falling awkwardly between the stools of street and alternative hip-hop\")92. Mountain Brothers, Self Vol 1 (\"Turning their back on samples, the Brothers record all their instrumentals live in the studio, which goes a long way in explaining the funky, organic feel\")91. Beastie Boys, Ill Communication (\"That they received adoration from indie kids was hardly surprising, since Ill has fewer explicit hip-hop tracks than alternative songs\")90. Cocoa Brovaz, The Rude Awakening (\"Reaffirmed New York as the home of innovative hip-hop in the late '90s\")89. First Down, World Service (\"Sadly the public treated it with the kind of contempt only reserved for UK releases… First Down created hip-hop bohemian rhapsodies\")88. Das EFX, Dead Serious (\"Whole legions of rappers moved in to bite their style to the extent it quickly became an irritating novelty\")87. The Goats, Tricks of the Shade (\"Full of righteous fury bursting through dynamic tunes\")86. KRS-One, Return of the Boom Bap (\"No emcee has ever sounded as sure of himself\")85. Lauryn Hill, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (\"Musical categories are unimportant when records are this accomplished\")84. MC Shan, Down by Law (\"The archetypal document of its era\")83. Method Man, Tical (\"The brooding darkness, eerie samples and off-key piano tones match Meth's style perfectly\")82. The Notorious B.I.G., Life After Death (\"Even with production designed to broaden Biggie's appeal, he couldn't summon much cheer for his lyrics\")81. Organized Konfusion, Stress: The Extinction Agenda (\"The mood had clearly darkened and with it the music, the beats, lyrics and flows\")80. Redman, Whut? Thee Album (\"His tendency towards the lunatic is evident throughout\")79. Styles of Beyond, 2000 Fold (\"Uptempo beats with complex space-age lyrics\")78. The X-Ecutioners, X-Pressions (\"Funky enough to make a blind man dance\")77. 2Pac, All Eyez on Me (\"Conceived by Death Row as the biggest and grandest gangsta rap album of the '90s\")76. Gang Starr, Hard to Earn (\"Guru's simple but devastating flow laid down their hardest lyrics to date\")75. OutKast, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik (\"A southern record that let you feel the sunshine\")74. Wu-Tang Clan, Wu-Tang Forever (\"There are inevitably weak moments but any other group would kill for some of the tunes here\")73. Tha Alkaholiks, 21 & Over) (\"What a relief to hear a crew doing their own thing when the rest of LA was slavishly copying the gangsta blueprint\")72. Brand Nubian, One for All (\"This album was never likely to be forgotten in a hurry\")71. De La Soul, Stakes Is High (\"Another rounded collection of fantastic songs that managed to entertain, amuse and provoke in equal measure\")70. Jeru the Damaja, The Sun Rises in the East (\"Jeru was not content to let hip-hop languish in its gangsta gutter; he was determined to try and improve it\")69. Pete Rock & CL Smooth, The Main Ingredient (\"The delivery was sophisticated and expressive without ever being soft or sentimental\")68. Xzibit, At the Speed of Life (\"His mid-paced flows were not obviously west coast, but nor were they influenced by the banging joints emerging from NYC\")67. Common Sense, Resurrection (\"Resurrection is a mellow and jazzy set but is never less than funky\")66. DMX, It's Dark and Hell Is Hot (\"The latest artist to climb aboard the horrorcore bandwagon, DMX is crazy…\")65. KRS-One, KRS-One (\"The Blastmaster still shows no sign of flagging in his determination to rule hip-hop\")64. The Roots, Do You Want More?!!!??! (\"For a debut album it showed amazing maturity, especially as they were pioneering the world of live hip-hop\")63. Black Moon, Enta da Stage (\"Over tight production, raw beats and rough musical samples came dark raps dealing with the reality of inner city street life\")62. Da Lench Mob, Guerillas in tha Mist (\"Their murderous revolutionary ambitions [lined] them up alongside Paris in the controversy stakes\")61. Ice Cube, The Predator (\"…captured a historical moment and a musical one – few albums share that unique distinction\")60. Main Source, Breaking Atoms (\"The overall modd is fresh and jazzy, and the Large Professor's production is never short of inspired\")59. Redman, Muddy Waters (\"Funkier than a room full of the finest cheeba smoke\")58. The Roots, Things Fall Apart (\"…contained enough hard hip-hop tunes to keep aficionados of the roughest street sounds happy\")57. Pete Rock & CL Smooth, Mecca and the Soul Brother (\"As fine a record as Pete Rock has ever produced\")56. Gravediggaz, Niggamortis (\"Niggamortis had enough fine material to carry its weight of doom-laden words\")55. Beastie Boys, Licensed to Ill (\"Every fan understood it was all a good joke while older people took it all deadly seriously\")54. Black Star, Mos Def & Talib Kweli Are Black Star (\"Every listen to this complex but accessible album reveals new lyrical gems\")53. Cypress Hill, Black Sunday (\"…gothic darkness and a cartoonish obsession with smoking dope\")52. Gunshot, Patriot Games (\"…warmly received critically, especially by an alternative press thrilled to find a rap record that didn't offend their liberal sensibilities\")51. Jeru the Damaja, Wrath of the Math (\"He comes on like the spiritual heir to KRS-One's title of chief edutainer\")50. Wild Style Original Soundtrack (\"It captures the spirits of hip-hop's roots (c.1982) and, as such, is a must for all hip-hop fans\")49. Gang Starr, Daily Operation (\"A harder sound in keeping with NYC at the time… they're unlikely to surpass this record in a hurry\")48. Ice Cube, AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted (\"Ice has never been this angry or this focused since… He made a tighter record than almost everyone else in 1990\")47. Onyx, Bacdafucup (\"Bacdafucup has a basic attraction that's still hard to beat\")46. StreetSounds Electro 1-10 (\"Any excuse to listen to the computerised beats on these records and relive those moments is a good one\")45. Dianond D & the Psychotic Neurotics, Stunts, Blunts and Hip Hop (\"One of hip-hop's great lost records\")44. EPMD, Strictly Business (\"Their love for hip-hop as an art form was always clear\")43. A Tribe Called Quest, People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm (\"A beautiful set of songs that inspired, amused and touched in equal measures\")42. Big Daddy Kane, Long Live the Kane (\"Kane's fearsome reputation is based almost entirely on this record\")41. Soundbombing II (\"A perfect demonstration of the wealth of talent at their disposal\")40. Smif-N-Wessun, Dah Shinin' (\"A potent cocktail of compressed beats that were springy enough to get necks snapping and heavy lyrics that stayed on the right side of credible\")39. Boogie Down Productions, By All Means Necessary (\"The album's success is as much a result of its hard, tight beats as the Blastmaster's lyricism\")38. Beastie Boys, Paul's Boutique (\"An entire work of art that would be the bomb if it were released tomorrow and a miracle in the context of 1989\")37. The Roots, Illadelph Halflife (\"It showed The Roots were even more innovative than previously thought\")36. The Beatnuts, The Beatnuts (\"Hard as nails, straight out of New York and as funny as it was violent… a blast of polluted air from the capital of hip-hop\")35. Jurassic 5, Jurassic 5 (\"A great LP conveying the feeling of summer block parties. One for the BBQ\")34. Souls of Mischief, 93 'til Infinity (\"Their mellow sound (fairly unique at the time) seemed to match the lyrics and made for a sweet combination\")33. Dr. Octagon, Dr Octagon (\"Over crazy, experimental beats (courtesy of The Automator) that are miraculously never less than funky, Keith goes off…\")32. De La Soul, De La Soul Is Dead (\"Tunes like 'Millie Pulled a Pistol on Santa' and 'Saturday' [sic] are as good as anything to be found on 3 Feet High and Rising\")31. The Pharcyde, Bizarre Ride II the Pharcyde (\"Their songs brought a smile to the faces of everyone who heard them, without ever falling into the realms of novelty\")30. Eric B. & Rakim, Follow the Leader (\"It was never going to have quite same impact as their debut [but] would be almost anyone else's best work\")29. Public Enemy, Yo! Bum Rush the Show (\"As hard and solid as their uncompromising polemical stance\")28. Run-DMC, Raising Hell (\"The finest moment from the godfathers of hip-hop… This record defined its era\")27. Eminem, The Slim Shady LP (\"Few albums have featured such crazy raps but retained enough humour and accessibility to be so good\")26. Raekwon, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... (\"What really bursts from the record is the soul inside – its passion is what makes it great\")25. Gang Starr, Step in the Arena (\"Premier always let the freedom of jazz inform his production while Guru let its certainty breathe through his delivery\")24. GZA, Liquid Swords (\"The Wu's rhyme master giving ample expression to his verbal gifts over RZA beats as tight as any he had produced\")23. Mobb Deep, The Infamous (\"Darker than December and littered with off-key piano sounds that chilled the blood\")22. Showbiz and A.G., Runaway Slave (\"Real uncut hip-hop from its opening beats to the final rap\")21. Slick Rick, The Great Adventures of Slick Rick (\"Funky, funny and endlessly entertaining\")20. Ice-T, O.G. Original Gangster (\"The stories are great and Ice's hustler savvy and sophistication burns through every cut\")19. Cypress Hill, Cypress Hill (\"Their styles were fresher than good sushi and the murderous stories they recounted a perfect foil to the funky tunes\")18. Canibus, Can-I-Bus (\"His power on the mic didn't rely on lyrical conceit or crazy abstraction, just simple force and confident delivery\")17. Company Flow, Funcrusher Plus (\"It's too out there, too challenging to the ears, and only with repeated listening does their obtuse funk start to make sense\")16. Public Enemy, Fear of a Black Planet (\"Never again would truly political rap reach an audience of this size or produce such a great record\")15. Gang Starr, Moment of Truth (\"Despite their vintage they're still making futuristic records that never rely on formula\")14. Gang Starr, Full Clip: A Decade of Gang Starr (\"…proves just why Guru's simple flow over Primo's incredible beats is such a potent combination\")13. The Notorious B.I.G., Ready to Die (\"His hunger and despair can be heard all over this record\")12. Snoop Doggy Dogg, Doggystyle (\"The tunes are still great and the beats bumping\")11. Dr. Dre, The Chronic (\"What made the whole trunk-bumping package so great was Dre's production… Hundreds of albums since have tried to bite his style but none have managed it\")10. A Tribe Called Quest, The Low End Theory (\"ATCQ came back with something harder, funkier and deeper than their light-hearted debut. It was a brave and bold move\")9. Boogie Down Productions, Criminal Minded (\"…boasted lyrics that were always much more conscious than those of their competitors, and the beats broke new ground\")8. A Tribe Called Quest, Midnight Marauders (\"Funky, funny, sweet but hard (where necessary) and utterly charming… There isn't a wasted note\")7. Ultramagnetic MCs, Critical Beatdown (\"The tight funk-based tracks, the thumping drums and the inspiring selection of samples are perfect\")6. De La Soul, 3 Feet High and Rising (\"…took rap somewhere it had never been before and, given the important role De La Soul's naivety played, it was probably an unrepeatable feat\")5. N.W.A, Straight Outta Compton (\"Rappers have said many outrageous things on record since it was released, but NWA said it first and did it much better\")4. Eric B. & Rakim, Paid in Full (\"Rarely has hip-hop heard an emcee so full of self-belief and with the raw skills to fulfil his boasts\")3. Nas, Illmatic (\"Tighter than Lil' Kim's hotpants, there isn't a moment wasted on Illmatic… every track is a classic\")2. Wu-Tang Clan, Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) (\"Their rhymes sounded like true life tales, something the west coast no longer even aspired to, and the passion was perceptible\")1. Public Enemy, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (\"Chuck D recently admitted he set out with the intention of making a record that girls wouldn't like… he undoubtedly succeeded)\"","title":"100 Best Albums Ever"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Hip-hop and it don't stop: What does the future hold for Hip-Hop\". The Independent. 23 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/hiphop-and-it-dont-stop-what-does-the-future-hold-for-hiphop-connection-922369.html","url_text":"\"Hip-hop and it don't stop: What does the future hold for Hip-Hop\""}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Paul (2022). Totally Wired: The Rise and Fall of the Music Press (2023 paperback ed.). UK: Thames & Hudson. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-500-29746-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gorman","url_text":"Gorman, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson","url_text":"Thames & Hudson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29746-9","url_text":"978-0-500-29746-9"}]},{"reference":"\"unkut.com – A Tribute To Ignorance (Remix)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unkut.com/2009/03/hip-hop-connection-ends-21-year-print-run/","url_text":"\"unkut.com – A Tribute To Ignorance (Remix)\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Mansel (March 2000). \"100 Best Albums Ever\". Hip Hop Connection: 21–42.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasnevo
Vasnevo
["1 Geography","2 References"]
Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaVasnevo ВасневоVillageVasnevoShow map of Vologda OblastVasnevoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°03′N 39°50′E / 59.050°N 39.833°E / 59.050; 39.833CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictVologodsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Vasnevo (Russian: Васнево) is a rural locality (a village) in Spasskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002. Geography Vasnevo is located 27 km south of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kolokolovo is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Деревня Васнево на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Расстояние от Васнева до Вологды vteRural localities in Vologodsky DistrictA-I Abakanovo Abakshino Abramovo Abramtsevo Afanasovo Aksenovo Akulovo Aleshino Alexandrovo Alexandrovskoye Alexeyevo Alexeyevo Alexeyevo Alexino (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Alexino (Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement) Alexino (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement) Anchakovo Anchutino Andrakovo Andreyevskoye Andronino Andronovo (Nesvoysky Selsoviet) Andronovo (Veprevsky Selsoviet) Androntsevo Andryushino Anfalovo Antonovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Antonovo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Antsiferovo (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement) Antsiferovo (Spasskoye Rural Settlement) Avdeyevo Babik Babikovo Babtsyno Bagrino Baklanikha Balobanovo Barachevo Barachevo Baralovo Barskoye Barskukovo Bedrino Beglovo Beketovo Beloye (Mayskoye Rural Settlement) Beloye (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement) Berezhok Bereznik Berezovka Besednoye Bilkovo Bobrovskoye Bogorodskoye Bolotovo Bolshoy Dvor Bolshoye Chertishchevo Bolshoye Boltino Boltutino Borborino Borilovo Borilovo-2 Borisoglebskoye Borisovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Borisovo (Prilukskoye Rural Settlement) Borodkino Bovykino Bragino Brodki Bryacha Bubyrevo Bugrino Burdukovo Burtsevo Buyanovo Chakhlovo Chemodanovo Cherepanikha Chernevo Cherneyevo Chuprovo Davydkovo Dekteri Demino (Nesvoysky Selsoviet) Demino (Vysokovsky Selsoviet) Derevenka Dereventsevo Derevkovo Derevyagino Dikaya Dilyalevo Dityatyevo Dmitriyevo Dmitriyevskoye (Novlensky Selsoviet) Dmitriyevskoye (Spassky Selsoviet) Dolgovo Dolgovo Domanovo Dor (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Dor (Pudegsky Selsoviet) Dor (Staroselsky Selsoviet) Dorkovo Doronkino Dorozhny Dovodchikovo Drozdovo Dubrovo Dubrovskoye Dudinskoye Dulepovo Dulovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Dulovo (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement) Duplino Duravino Durnevo Dyakontsevo Dyakovo Dyatkino Dyukovo Faleleyevo Fenino Fetinino Filisovo Filkino Filyutino Fofantsevo Fomkino Frolovskoye Fryazinovo GES Gavrilovo Glotovo Golenevo Golubkovo Goncharka Gorbovo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Gorbovo (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement) Gorka (Mayskoye Rural Settlement) Gorka (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement) Gorka-Ilyinskaya Gorka-Pokrovskaya Gorka-Pokrovskaya Gornoye Gorshkovo Gribkovo Gridenskoye Grishino Grozilovo Gulyayevo Gureikha Gureyevo Ignachevo Ignatovo Ilekino Ilyinskoye (Maysky Selsoviet) Ilyinskoye (Raboche-Krestyansky Selsoviet) Indalovo Irkhino Isakovo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Isakovo (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement) Isakovo (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement) Isayevo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Ivakino Ivanovka Ivanovskoye (Markovsky Selsoviet) Ivanovskoye (Spassky Selsoviet) Ivanovskoye (Veprevsky Selsoviet) Ivashevo Ivatino Ivlevo Ivlevskoye K-M Kalinkino Kargachevo Karpovskoye Kartsevo Kashkalino Katalovskoye Katunino Kedrovo Kelebardovo Kharachevo Khokhlevo Khomyakovo Khorobrets Khrebtovo Khripilevo Kindeyevo Kipelovo Kiriki-Ulita Kishkino Kishkino Kishkintso Klokunovo Klyushnikovo Knyaginino Knyazevo Knyazhevo Knyazhovo Kocheurovo Kolbino Kolbino Kolkino Kolokolovo Kolotilovo Koltseyevo Kolyshkino Komarovo Konishchevo Konshino Konstantinovo Koptsevo Kopylovo Korenevo Korobovo Korotkovo Kortsevo Korytovo Koskovo Kostino Kostromino Kosyakovo Kotelnikovo Kotlovo Kovshovo Kovylevo Kozhevnikovo Kozhino Kozino Kozitsyno Kraskovo Krasnovo Krasny Dvor Krivoye Kruglitsa Krugolka Kryazhevo Kryukovo Kuchino Kudrino Kudryavtsevo Kulakovo Kulemesovo Kuleshevo Kunovo Kurbatovo Kurdumovo Kurkino (Mayskoye Rural Settlement) Kurkino (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Kurovo Kurovskoye Kushchuba Kusyevo Kuvshinovo Kuzminskoye Kuznetsovka Lakhmino Lantyevo Lapach Larkino Laskovtsevo Lavkino Lavrentyevo Lebzino Legkoye Leskovo Leushkino Lifino Liminsky Linkovo Lisitsyno Lobkovo Lomtevo Loptunovo Luchnikovo Lukintsevo Lumba Lyagalovo Lyzlovo Makarovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Makarovo (Leskovskoye Rural Settlement) Makarovo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Malashkovo Malaya Gorka Malgino Malonovlenskoye Maloye Chertishchevo Manino Mardasovo Marfino Markovo (Leskovsky Selsoviet) Markovo (Markovsky Selsoviet) Maryino Maryinskoye (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Maryinskoye (Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement) Maryukhino Maslozavod Maslozavod Matveyevskoye (Kubensky Selsoviet) Matveyevskoye (Markovsky Selsoviet) Matveyevskoye (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Maurino Maurino (Podlesnoye Rural Settlement) Maurino (Spasskoye Rural Settlement) Maximishchevo Maxino Mayega Maysky Meldan Melnikovo Meniki Menshovskoye Michkovo Midyanovo Migunovo Mikhalevo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Mikhalevo (Podlesnoye Rural Settlement) Mikhaltsevo Milkovo Mineyka Minino (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Minino (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Mironositsa Mitenskoye Mitenskoye Mitropolye Mityukovo Molbishcha Molitvino Molochnaya Morino Moseykovo Mostishcha Mozhayskoye Muravyovo Myagrino Mynchakovo Myshkino N-R Nadeyeyvo Nagornoye Nagoronovo Nagorskoye Natsepino Nazarovo Nefedovo Nekrasovo Nepotyagovo Nesterovskoye Nesvoyskoye Neverovskoye Nevinnikovo Nikiforovo Nikitino (Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement) Nikitino (Spasskoye Rural Settlement) Nikulino (Kuebnskoye Rural Settlement) Nikulino (Markovskoye Rural Settlement) Nikulino (Mayskoye Rural Settlement) Nikulinskoye Nizhneye Nizma Norobovo Novgorodovo Novlenskoye Novoye (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Novoye (Leskovskoye Rural Settlement) Novoye (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement) Novoye (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement) Novy Istochnik Obraztsovo Obrosovo Obsakovo Obukhovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Obukhovo (Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement) Obukhovo (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement) Odoleikha Ogarkovo Ogibalovo Okhlopkovo Okulovo Olekhovo Oleshevo Omogayevo Opikhalino Opuchkovo Oreshnik Orlovo Osinnik Osinovka Osipovo Ostakhovo Ostanino Ostashevo Ostretsovo Ostretsovo Ostyunino Otekleyevo Otradnoye Ovsyannikovo Ozerkovo Pailovo Pakhtalovo Palkino Panovo Panteleyevo Papino Paprikha Parichino Pashinka Pavlikovo Pavlovo Pavshino (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Pavshino (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Perkhuryevo Perkhuryevo Peryevo Peryevo Peski Pesochnoye Pestovo Petrakovo (Mayskoye Rural Settlement) Petrakovo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Petrovskoye Petrushino Pevomaysky Pirogovo Pishchalino Plyushchevo Pochenga Pochinok (Kipelovsky Selsoviet) Pochinok (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Pochinok (Leskovskoye Rural Settlement) Pochinok (Spasskoye Rural Settlement) Pochinok-2 Podberevskoye Podberezye Podgorye Podol Podomartsevo Pogorelka Pogorelovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Pogorelovo (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement) Pogost Dmitriyevsky Pogost Onochest Pogost Voskresenye Pogostets Pokrovskoye Polyanki Polyany Pomygalovo Popadyino Popovka (Mayskoye Rural Settlement) Popovka (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Popovka (Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement) Popovo Popovskoye. Kubenskoye Rural Settlement Posykino Potanino Potrokhovo Pribytkovo Pribytkovo Prokhorovo Prokino (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Prokino (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement) Prokunino (Leskovskoye Rural Settlement) Prokunino (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement) Puchinino Pudega Putyatino Raskopino Rebrovo Redkino Reshetnikovo Rezvino Rodiontsevo Rogachyovo Rogozkino Romanovo Roslovskoye Roslyatino Rossolovo Rubtsovo Runovo S-Z Sarayevo Savkino Sazonovo Selezentsevo Seleznevo Selishcha Semenkovo (Goncharovsky Selsoviet) Semenkovo (Oktyabrsky Selsoviet) Semenkovo (Semenkovsky Selsoviet) Semenkovo (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement) Semigory Semigorye Semryukhovo Semshino Semyonovskoye (Novlensky Selsoviet) Semyonovskoye (Podlesnoy Selsoviet) Seredneye Sestrilka Sevastyanovo Severnaya Ferma Severovo Shadrino Shatalovo Shchapilino Shchekino Shcherbinino Shchetnikovo Shchipino Shchukarevo Shelygino Shilovo Shirogorye Shiryayevo Sholokhovo Shulgino Sidelnikovo Sidorovo Silino Sindosh Sinitsyno Skorbezhevo Skresenskoye Skripilovo Skryabino Slobodishcha Smykovo Snasudovo Sopyatino Sosnovka Spass Spasskoye Sporyshevo Stralevo Strelkovo Sukholomovo Sukholzhino Sulinskoye Susolovo Svetilki Svobodny Ugol Syama Sychevo Taraskovo Tarasovo Tatarinovo Tatarovo Telyachyevo Terpelka Tishinovo Trofimovo Trufanovo Tsypoglazovo Tupochelovo Turutino Tyutryumovo Utkino Vakhnevo Vakhrushevo Varlamovo Vasilyevskoye Vasilyovo Vasnevo Vasyunino Vatlanovo Vedrakovo Vedrovo Velikoye (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Velikoye (Prilukskoye Rural Settlement) Veprevo Vepri Vetskoye Viktovo Vinnikovo Virlovo Viselkino Vladychnevo Vladychnevo Vlasyevo Vodogino Volkovo (Podlesnoye Rural Settlement) Volkovo (Spasskoye Rural Settlement) Volochaninovo Volshnitsy Voronino Voskresenskoye (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Voskresenskoye (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement) Votolino Vozdvizhenye Vysochka Vysokovo Vysokovo-1 (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Vysokovo-1 (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Vysokovo-2 Yakovlevskoye Yakovtsevo Yakunino Yaminovo Yangosar Yarilovo Yarunovo Yarygino Yefimovo Yelgino Yelizarovo Yeltsyno Yelyakovo Yemelyanovo Yepifanka Yeremeyevo (Leskovskoye Rural Settlement) Yeremeyevo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement) Yermakovo Yermolovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement) Yermolovo (Mayskoye Rural Settlement) Yermolovskoye Yerofeyka Yeskino Yesyukovo Yesyunino Yevlashevo Yurovo Yuryevo Yuryevtsevo Zabolotnoye Zabolotye Zakharovo Zakharyino Zakobyaykino Zakryshkino Zalomaikha Zaonikiyevo Zaprudka Zarechnaya Zarya Zazvitsevo Zhavoronkovo Zhilino Zhukovo Zrelovo Zuyevo This Vologodsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_Valley
Uncanny valley
["1 Etymology","2 Hypothesis","3 Theoretical basis","3.1 Research","4 Design principles","5 Criticism","6 Similar effects","7 In visual effects","7.1 Virtual actors","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 General and cited sources","10 External links"]
Hypothesis that human replicas elicit revulsion This article is about the hypothesis. For other uses, see Uncanny valley (disambiguation). Hypothesized emotional response of subjects is plotted against anthropomorphism of a robot, according to Masahiro Mori's statements. The uncanny valley is the region of negative emotional response towards robots that seem "almost" human. Movement amplifies the emotional response. The uncanny valley (Japanese: 不気味の谷, Hepburn: bukimi no tani) effect is a hypothesized psychological and aesthetic relation between an object's degree of resemblance to a human being and the emotional response to the object. Examples of the phenomenon exist among robotics, 3D computer animations and lifelike dolls. The increasing prevalence of digital technologies (e.g., virtual reality, augmented reality, and photorealistic computer animation) has propagated discussions and citations of the "valley"; such conversation has enhanced the construct's verisimilitude. The uncanny valley hypothesis predicts that an entity appearing almost human will risk eliciting eerie feelings in viewers. Etymology As related to robotics engineering, robotics professor Masahiro Mori first introduced the concept in 1970 from his book titled Bukimi No Tani (不気味の谷), phrasing it as bukimi no tani genshō (不気味の谷現象, lit. 'uncanny valley phenomenon'). Bukimi no tani was translated literally as uncanny valley in the 1978 book Robots: Fact, Fiction, and Prediction written by Jasia Reichardt. Over time, this translation created an unintended association of the concept to Ernst Jentsch's psychoanalytic concept of the uncanny established in his 1906 essay On the Psychology of the Uncanny (German: Zur Psychologie des Unheimlichen), which was then critiqued and extended in Sigmund Freud's 1919 essay The Uncanny (German: Das Unheimliche). Hypothesis In an experiment involving the human lookalike robot Repliee Q2 (pictured above), the uncovered robotic structure underneath Repliee, and the actual human who was the model for Repliee, the human lookalike elicited the greatest degree of mirror neuron activity. Mori's original hypothesis states that as the appearance of a robot is made more human, some observers' emotional response to the robot becomes increasingly positive and empathetic, until it becomes almost human, at which point the response quickly becomes strong revulsion. However, as the robot's appearance continues to become less distinguishable from that of a human being, the emotional response becomes positive once again and approaches human-to-human empathy levels. When plotted on a graph, the reactions are indicated by a steep decrease followed by a steep increase (hence the "valley" part of the name) in the areas where anthropomorphism is closest to reality. This interval of repulsive response aroused by a robot with appearance and motion between a "somewhat human" and "fully human" entity is the uncanny valley effect. The name represents the idea that an almost human-looking robot seems overly "strange" to some human beings, produces a feeling of uncanniness, and thus fails to evoke the empathic response required for productive human–robot interaction. Theoretical basis A number of theories have been proposed to explain the cognitive mechanism causing the phenomenon: Mate selection: Automatic, stimulus-driven appraisals of uncanny stimuli elicit aversion by activating an evolved cognitive mechanism for the avoidance of selecting mates with low fertility, poor hormonal health, or ineffective immune systems based on visible features of the face and body that are predictive of those traits. Mortality salience: Viewing an "uncanny" robot elicits an innate fear of death and culturally supported defenses for coping with death's inevitability.... artially disassembled androids...play on subconscious fears of reduction, replacement, and annihilation: (1) A mechanism with a human façade and a mechanical interior plays on our subconscious fear that we are all just soulless machines. (2) Androids in various states of mutilation, decapitation, or disassembly are reminiscent of a battlefield after a conflict and, as such, serve as a reminder of our mortality. (3) Since most androids are copies of actual people, they are doppelgängers and may elicit a fear of being replaced, on the job, in a relationship, and so on. (4) The jerkiness of an android's movements could be unsettling because it elicits a fear of losing bodily control. Pathogen avoidance: Uncanny stimuli may activate a cognitive mechanism that originally evolved to motivate the avoidance of potential sources of pathogens by eliciting a disgust response. "The more human an organism looks, the stronger the aversion to its defects, because (1) defects indicate disease, (2) more human-looking organisms are more closely related to human beings genetically, and (3) the probability of contracting disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and other parasites increases with genetic similarity." The visual anomalies of androids, robots, and other animated human characters cause reactions of alarm and revulsion, similar to corpses and visibly diseased individuals. Sorites paradoxes: Stimuli with human and nonhuman traits undermine our sense of human identity by linking qualitatively different categories, human and nonhuman, by a quantitative metric: degree of human likeness. Violation of human norms: If an entity looks sufficiently nonhuman, its human characteristics are noticeable, generating empathy. However, if the entity looks almost human, it elicits our model of a human other and its detailed normative expectations. The nonhuman characteristics are noticeable, giving the human viewer a sense of strangeness. In other words, a robot which has an appearance in the uncanny valley range is not judged as a robot doing a passable job at pretending to be human, but instead as an abnormal human doing a bad job at seeming like a normal person. This has been associated with perceptual uncertainty and the theory of predictive coding. Conflicting perceptual cues: The negative effect associated with uncanny stimuli is produced by the activation of conflicting cognitive representations. Perceptual tension occurs when an individual perceives conflicting cues to category membership, such as when a humanoid figure moves like a robot, or has other visible robot features. This cognitive conflict is experienced as psychological discomfort (i.e., "eeriness"), much like the discomfort that is experienced with cognitive dissonance. Several studies support this possibility. Mathur and Reichling found that the time subjects took to gauge a robot face's human- or mechanical-resemblance peaked for faces deepest in the uncanny valley, suggesting that perceptually classifying these faces as "human" or "robot" posed a greater cognitive challenge. However, they found that while perceptual confusion coincided with the uncanny valley, it did not mediate the effect of the uncanny valley on subjects' social and emotional reactions—suggesting that perceptual confusion may not be the mechanism behind the uncanny valley effect. Burleigh and colleagues demonstrated that faces at the midpoint between human and non-human stimuli produced a level of reported eeriness that diverged from an otherwise linear model relating human-likeness to affect. Yamada et al. found that cognitive difficulty was associated with negative affect at the midpoint of a morphed continuum (e.g., a series of stimuli morphing between a cartoon dog and a real dog). Ferrey et al. demonstrated that the midpoint between images on a continuum anchored by two stimulus categories produced a maximum of negative affect, and found this with both human and non-human entities. Schoenherr and Burleigh provide examples from history and culture that evidence an aversion to hybrid entities, such as the aversion to genetically modified organisms ("Frankenfoods"). Finally, Moore developed a Bayesian mathematical model that provides a quantitative account of perceptual conflict. There has been some debate as to the precise mechanisms that are responsible. It has been argued that the effect is driven by categorization difficulty, configural processing, perceptual mismatch, frequency-based sensitization, and inhibitory devaluation. Threat to humans' distinctiveness and identity: Negative reactions toward very humanlike robots can be related to the challenge that this kind of robot leads to the categorical human – non-human distinction. Kaplan stated that these new machines challenge human uniqueness, pushing for a redefinition of humanness. Ferrari, Paladino and Jetten found that the increase of anthropomorphic appearance of a robot leads to an enhancement of threat to the human distinctiveness and identity. The more a robot resembles a real person, the more it represents a challenge to our social identity as human beings. Religious definition of human identity: The existence of artificial but humanlike entities is viewed by some as a threat to the concept of human identity. An example can be found in the theoretical framework of psychiatrist Irvin Yalom. Yalom explains that humans construct psychological defenses to avoid existential anxiety stemming from death. One of these defenses is 'specialness', the irrational belief that aging and death as central premises of life apply to all others but oneself. The experience of the very humanlike "living" robot can be so rich and compelling that it challenges humans' notions of "specialness" and existential defenses, eliciting existential anxiety. In folklore, the creation of human-like, but soulless, beings is often shown to be unwise, as with the golem in Judaism, whose absence of human empathy and spirit can lead to disaster, however good the intentions of its creator. Uncanny valley of the mind or AI: Due to rapid advancements in the areas of artificial intelligence and affective computing, cognitive scientists have also suggested the possibility of an "uncanny valley of mind". Accordingly, people might experience strong feelings of aversion if they encounter highly advanced, emotion-sensitive technology. Among the possible explanations for this phenomenon, both a perceived loss of human uniqueness and expectations of immediate physical harm are discussed by contemporary research. Research An empirically estimated uncanny valley for static robot face images A series of studies experimentally investigated whether uncanny valley effects exist for static images of robot faces. Mathur MB & Reichling DB used two complementary sets of stimuli spanning the range from very mechanical to very human-like: first, a sample of 80 objectively chosen robot face images from Internet searches, and second, a morphometrically and graphically controlled 6-face series set of faces. They asked subjects to explicitly rate the likability of each face. To measure trust toward each face, subjects completed an investment game to measure indirectly how much money they were willing to "wager" on a robot's trustworthiness. Both stimulus sets showed a robust uncanny valley effect on explicitly rated likability and a more context-dependent uncanny valley on implicitly rated trust. Their exploratory analysis of one proposed mechanism for the uncanny valley, perceptual confusion at a category boundary, found that category confusion occurs in the uncanny valley but does not mediate the effect on social and emotional responses. One study conducted in 2009 examined the evolutionary mechanism behind the aversion associated with the uncanny valley. A group of five monkeys were shown three images: two different 3D monkey faces (realistic, unrealistic), and a real photo of a monkey's face. The monkeys' eye-gaze was used as a proxy for preference or aversion. Since the realistic 3D monkey face was looked at less than either the real photo, or the unrealistic 3D monkey face, this was interpreted as an indication that the monkey participants found the realistic 3D face aversive, or otherwise preferred the other two images. As one would expect with the uncanny valley, more realism can result in less positive reactions, and this study demonstrated that neither human-specific cognitive processes, nor human culture explain the uncanny valley. In other words, this aversive reaction to realism can be said to be evolutionary in origin. As of 2011, researchers at University of California, San Diego and California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology were measuring human brain activations related to the uncanny valley. In one study using fMRI, a group of cognitive scientists and roboticists found the biggest differences in brain responses for uncanny robots in parietal cortex, on both sides of the brain, specifically in the areas that connect the part of the brain's visual cortex that processes bodily movements with the section of the motor cortex thought to contain mirror neurons. The researchers say they saw, in essence, evidence of mismatch or perceptual conflict. The brain "lit up" when the human-like appearance of the android and its robotic motion "didn't compute". Ayşe Pınar Saygın, an assistant professor from UCSD, stated that "The brain doesn't seem selectively tuned to either biological appearance or biological motion per se. What it seems to be doing is looking for its expectations to be met – for appearance and motion to be congruent." Viewer perception of facial expression and speech and the uncanny valley in realistic, human-like characters intended for video games and movies is being investigated by Tinwell et al., 2011. Consideration is also given by Tinwell et al. (2010) as to how the uncanny may be exaggerated for antipathetic characters in survival horror games. Building on the body of work already performed for android science, this research intends to build a conceptual mapping of the uncanny valley using 3D characters generated in a real-time gaming engine. The goal is to analyze how cross-modal factors of facial expression and speech can exaggerate the uncanny. Tinwell et al., 2011 have also introduced the notion of an 'unscalable' uncanny wall that suggests that a viewer's discernment for detecting imperfections in realism will keep pace with new technologies in simulating realism. A summary of Angela Tinwell's research on the uncanny valley, psychological reasons behind the uncanny valley and how designers may overcome the uncanny in human-like virtual characters is provided in her book, The Uncanny Valley in Games and Animation by CRC Press. Studies in 2015 and 2018 observed that autistic individuals were less affected by the uncanny valley, and autistic children even not at all. The suspected causes were their reduced sensibility for subtle facial changes and limited visual experiences due to diminished social motivation. In return, the social ostracism of autistics may be caused by the uncanny valley effect in the neurotypical society. The effort of autistic individuals to appear neurotypical may thereby be misinterpreted as neurotypical people behaving atypically "creepy". Outing or improved masking may help autistic individuals in such cases. Design principles A number of design principles have been proposed for avoiding the uncanny valley: Design elements should match in human realism. A robot may look uncanny when human and nonhuman elements are mixed. For example, both a robot with a synthetic voice or a human being with a human voice have been found to be less eerie than a robot with a human voice or a human being with a synthetic voice. For a robot to give a more positive impression, its degree of human realism in appearance should also match its degree of human realism in behavior. If an animated character looks more human than its movement, this gives a negative impression. Human neuroimaging studies also indicate matching appearance and motion kinematics are important. Reducing conflict and uncertainty by matching appearance, behavior, and ability. In terms of performance, if a robot looks too appliance-like, people expect little from it; if it looks too human, people expect too much from it. A highly human-like appearance leads to an expectation that certain behaviors are present, such as humanlike motion dynamics. This likely operates at a sub-conscious level and may have a biological basis. Neuroscientists have noted "when the brain's expectations are not met, the brain...generates a 'prediction error'. As human-like artificial agents become more commonplace, perhaps our perceptual systems will be re-tuned to accommodate these new social partners. Or perhaps, we will decide 'it is not a good idea to make so clearly in our image after all'." Human facial proportions and photorealistic texture should only be used together. A photorealistic human texture demands human facial proportions, or the computer generated character can result in the uncanny valley. Abnormal facial proportions, including those typically used by artists to enhance attractiveness (e.g., larger eyes), can look eerie with a photorealistic human texture. Criticism A number of criticisms have been raised concerning whether the uncanny valley exists as a unified phenomenon amenable to scientific scrutiny: The uncanny valley effect is a heterogeneous group of phenomena. Phenomena considered as exhibiting the uncanny valley effect can be diverse, involve different sense modalities, and have multiple, possibly overlapping causes. People's cultural heritage may have a considerable influence on how androids are perceived with respect to the uncanny valley. The uncanny valley effect may be generational. Younger generations, more used to computer-generated imagery (CGI), robots, and such, may be less likely to be affected by this hypothesized issue. The uncanny valley effect is simply a specific case of information processing such as categorization and frequency-based effects. In contrast to the assumption that the uncanny valley is based on a heterogeneous group of phenomena, recent arguments have suggested that uncanny valley-like phenomena simply represent the products of information processing such as categorization. Cheetham et al. have argued that the uncanny valley effect can be understood in terms of categorization processes, with a category boundary defining 'the valley'. Extending this argument, Burleigh and Schoenherr suggested that the effects associated with the uncanny valley can be divided into those attributable to the category boundary and individual exemplar frequency. Namely, the negative affective responses attributed to the uncanny valley were simply a result of the frequency of exposure, similar to the mere-exposure effect. By varying the frequency of training items, they were able to demonstrate a dissociation between cognitive uncertainty based on the category boundary and affective uncertainty based on the frequency of training exemplars. In a follow-up study, Schoenherr and Burleigh demonstrated that an instructional manipulation affected categorization accuracy but not ratings of negative affect. Thus, generational effects and cultural artifacts can be accounted for with basic information processing mechanisms. These and related findings have been used to argue that the uncanny valley is merely an artifact of having greater familiarity with members of human categories and does not reflect a unique phenomenon. The uncanny valley effect occurs at any degree of human likeness. Hanson has also stated that uncanny entities may appear anywhere in a spectrum ranging from the abstract (e.g., MIT's robot Lazlo) to the perfectly human (e.g., cosmetically atypical people). Capgras delusion is a relatively rare condition in which the patient believes that people (or, in some cases, things) have been replaced with duplicates. These duplicates are accepted rationally as identical in physical properties, but the irrational belief is held that the "true" entity has been replaced with something else. Some people with Capgras delusion claim that the duplicate is a robot. Ellis and Lewis argue that the delusion arises from an intact system for overt recognition coupled with a damaged system for covert recognition, which results in conflict over an individual being identifiable but not familiar in any emotional sense. This supports the opinion that the uncanny valley effect could occur due to issues of categorical perception that are particular to how the brain processes information. Good design can avoid the uncanny valley effect. David Hanson has criticized Mori's hypothesis that entities having an almost human appearance will necessarily be evaluated negatively. He has shown that the uncanny valley effect could be eliminated by adding neotenous, cartoonish features to entities that had formerly caused an uncanny valley effect. This method incorporates the idea that humans find characteristics appealing when they are reminiscent of the young of our own (as well as many other) species, as used in cartoons. Similar effects If the uncanny valley effect is the result of general cognitive processes, there should be evidence in evolutionary history and cultural artifacts. An effect similar to the uncanny valley was noted by Charles Darwin in 1839: The expression of this snake's face was hideous and fierce; the pupil consisted of a vertical slit in a mottled and coppery iris; the jaws were broad at the base, and the nose terminated in a triangular projection. I do not think I ever saw anything more ugly, excepting, perhaps, some of the vampire bats. I imagine this repulsive aspect originates from the features being placed in positions, with respect to each other, somewhat proportional to the human face; and thus we obtain a scale of hideousness.— Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle A similar "uncanny valley" effect could, according to the ethical-futurist writer Jamais Cascio, show up when humans begin modifying themselves with transhuman enhancements (cf. body modification), which aim to improve the abilities of the human body beyond what would normally be possible, be it eyesight, muscle strength, or cognition. So long as these enhancements remain within a perceived norm of human behavior, a negative reaction is unlikely, but once individuals supplant normal human variety, revulsion can be expected. However, according to this theory, once such technologies gain further distance from human norms, "transhuman" individuals would cease to be judged on human levels and instead be regarded as separate entities altogether (this point is what has been dubbed "posthuman"), and it is here that acceptance would rise once again out of the uncanny valley. Another example comes from "pageant retouching" photos, especially of children, which some find disturbingly doll-like. In visual effects A number of movies that use computer-generated imagery to show characters have been described by reviewers as giving a feeling of revulsion or "creepiness" as a result of the characters looking too realistic. Examples include the following: According to roboticist Dario Floreano, the baby character Billy in Pixar's groundbreaking 1988 animated short movie Tin Toy provoked negative audience reactions, which first caused the movie industry to consider the concept of the uncanny valley seriously. The 2001 movie Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, one of the first photorealistic computer-animated feature movies, provoked negative reactions from some viewers due to its near-realistic yet imperfect visual depictions of human characters. The Guardian critic Peter Bradshaw stated that while the movie's animation is brilliant, the "solemnly realist human faces look shriekingly phoney precisely because they're almost there but not quite". Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers wrote of the movie, "At first it's fun to watch the characters, But then you notice a coldness in the eyes, a mechanical quality in the movements". Several reviewers of the 2004 animated movie The Polar Express termed its animation eerie. CNN.com reviewer Paul Clinton wrote, "Those human characters in the film come across as downright... well, creepy. So The Polar Express is at best disconcerting, and at worst, a wee bit horrifying". The term "eerie" was used by reviewers Kurt Loder and Manohla Dargis, among others. Newsday reviewer John Anderson called the movie's characters "creepy" and "dead-eyed", and wrote that "The Polar Express is a zombie train". Animation director Ward Jenkins wrote an online analysis describing how changes to the Polar Express characters' appearance, especially to their eyes and eyebrows, could have avoided what he considered a feeling of deadness in their faces. In a review of the 2007 animated movie Beowulf, New York Times technology writer David Gallagher wrote that the movie failed the uncanny valley test, stating that the movie's villain, the monster Grendel, was "only slightly scarier" than the "closeups of our hero Beowulf's face... allowing viewers to admire every hair in his 3-D digital stubble". Some reviewers of the 2009 animated film A Christmas Carol criticized its animation as creepy. Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News said of the movie, "The motion-capture does no favors to co-stars Oldman, Colin Firth and Robin Wright Penn, since, as in 'Polar Express,' the animated eyes never seem to focus. And for all the photorealism, when characters get wiggly-limbed and bouncy as in standard Disney cartoons, it's off-putting". Mary Elizabeth Williams of Salon.com wrote of the film, "In the center of the action is Jim Carrey -- or at least a dead-eyed, doll-like version of Carrey". The 2011 animated movie Mars Needs Moms was widely criticized for being creepy and unnatural because of its style of animation. The movie was among the biggest box office bombs in history, which may have been due in part to audience revulsion. (Mars Needs Moms was produced by Robert Zemeckis's production company, ImageMovers, which had previously produced The Polar Express, Beowulf, and A Christmas Carol.) Reviewers had mixed opinions regarding whether the 2011 animated movie The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn was affected by the uncanny valley effect. Daniel D. Snyder of The Atlantic wrote, "Instead of trying to bring to life Herge's beautiful artwork, Spielberg and co. have opted to bring the movie into the 3D era using trendy motion-capture technique to recreate Tintin and his friends. Tintin's original face, while barebones, never suffered for a lack of expression. It's now outfitted with an alien and unfamiliar visage, his plastic skin dotted with pores and subtle wrinkles." He added, "In bringing them to life, Spielberg has made the characters dead.". N.B. of The Economist termed elements of the animation "grotesque", writing, "Tintin, Captain Haddock and the others exist in settings that are almost photo-realistic, and nearly all of their features are those of flesh-and-blood people. And yet they still have the sausage fingers and distended noses of comic-strip characters. It's not so much 'The Secret of the Unicorn' as 'The Invasion of the Body Snatchers'". However, other reviewers felt that the movie avoided the uncanny valley effect despite its animated characters' realism. Critic Dana Stevens of Slate wrote, "With the possible exception of the title character, the animated cast of Tintin narrowly escapes entrapment in the so-called 'uncanny valley'". Wired magazine editor Kevin Kelly wrote of the movie, "we have passed beyond the uncanny valley into the plains of hyperreality". In 2014, the titular protagonist of the movie Bob the Builder got a redesign which was described by some as "creepy". In the French movie Animal Kingdom: Let's Go Ape it uses motion capture, the apes were criticized for looking creepy. As this review points out, they have "weirdly humanoid figures" and "recognisably human faces". The 2019 film The Lion King, a remake of the 1994 film that featured photo-realistic digital animals instead of the earlier movie's more traditional animation, divided critics about the effectiveness of its imagery. Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post wrote that the images were so realistic that "2019 might best be remembered as the summer we left the Uncanny Valley for good". However, other critics felt that the realism of the animals and setting rendered the scenes where the characters sing and dance disturbing and "weird". The 2020 movie Sonic the Hedgehog was delayed for three months to make the title character's appearance less human-like and more cartoonish, after an extremely negative audience reaction to the movie's first trailer. Multiple commentators cited the CGI half-human half-cat characters in the 2019 movie Cats as an example of the uncanny valley effect, first after the release of the trailer for the movie and then after the movie's actual release. In the 2022 Disney animated movie Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers, the uncanny valley is mentioned when the animated duo visits a place where several realistic CGI characters, including a Cats cameo from the 2019 movie, are inhabitants. In the 2022 Disney+ series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law, the appearance of the main character, She-Hulk, who is depicted via CGI, was criticized by some reviewers as suffering from the uncanny valley effect, and negatively compared to the appearance of the Hulk in the same series. Virtual actors An increasingly common practice is to feature virtual actors in movies: CGI likenesses of real actors used because the original actor either looks too old for the part or is deceased. Sometimes a virtual actor is created with involvement from the original actor (who may contribute motion capture, audio, etc.), while at other times the actor has no involvement. Reviewers have often criticized the use of virtual actors for its uncanny valley effect, saying it adds an eerie feeling to the movie. Examples of virtual actors that have received such criticism include replicas of Arnold Schwarzenegger in Terminator Salvation (2009) and Terminator Genisys (2015), Jeff Bridges in Tron: Legacy (2010), Peter Cushing and Carrie Fisher in Rogue One (2016), and Will Smith in Gemini Man (2019). The use of virtual actors is in contrast with digital de-aging, which can involve simply removing wrinkles from actors' faces. This practice has generally not been criticised for uncanny valley effects. One exception is the 2019 movie The Irishman, in which Robert De Niro, Al Pacino and Joe Pesci were all de-aged to try to make them look as much as 50 years younger: one reviewer wrote that the actors' "hunched and stiff" body language stood in marked contrast to their facial appearance, while another wrote that when De Niro's character was in his 30s of age, he looked like he was 50. Deepfake software, which first began to be widely used during 2017, uses machine learning to graft one person's facial expressions onto another's appearance, thus providing an alternate approach to both creating virtual actors and digital de-aging. Various individuals have created web videos that use deepfake software to re-create some of the notable previous uses of virtual actors and de-aging in movies. Journalists have tended to praise these deepfake imitations, calling them "more naturalistic" and "objectively better" than the originals. 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"Review: 'She-Hulk: Attorney at Law' is so close yet so far from greatness". USA Today. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022. ^ Pulliam-Moore, Charles (17 August 2022). "SHE-HULK: ATTORNEY AT LAW IS PEAK UNCANNY VALLEY, BUT IT WORKS". The Verge. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022. ^ Howard, Kirsten (18 August 2022). "She-Hulk: Attorney at Law Episode 1 Review – A Normal Amount of Rage". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022. ^ Somma, Ryan (15 October 2009). "Will James Cameron's Avatar Escape the Uncanny Valley?". Ideonexus.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. Terminator: Salvation took advantage of the spooky effect, intentionally or not, with a computer animated Arnold Schwarzenegger cameo. ^ Wadsworth, Kyle (7 December 2009). "Scaling the Uncanny Valley". Gameinformer.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. This would be a welcome counterpoint to the relatively poor rendering of a virtual Arnold Schwarzenegger in Terminator Salvation. ^ Mungenast, Eric (2 July 2015). "'Terminator Genisys' more than adequate". East Valley Tribune. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2016. One notable technological problem stems from the attempt to make old Schwarzenegger look young again with some digital manipulation — it definitely doesn't cross over the uncanny valley. ^ Holtreman, Vic (16 December 2010). "'TRON: Legacy' Review – Screen Rant". Screenrant.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. ^ Dargis, Manohla (16 December 2010). "Following in Father's Parallel-Universe Footsteps". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. ^ Biancolli, Amy (16 December 2010). "TRON: Legacy". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. ^ McMillan, Graeme (18 December 2016). "'Rogue One': That Familiar Face Isn't Familiar Enough". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016. The Tarkin that appears in Rogue One is a mix of CGI and live-action, and it... doesn't work. — In fact, for a special effect that's still stuck in the depths of the uncanny valley, it's surprising just how much of the movie Tarkin appears in, quietly undermining every scene he's in by somehow seeming less real than the various inhuman aliens in the movie. ^ Lawler, Kelly (19 December 2016). "How the 'Rogue One' ending went wrong". USA Today. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2017. the Leia cameo is so jarring as to take the audience completely out of the film at its most emotional moment. Leia's appearance was meant to help the film end on a hopeful note but instead it ends on a weird and unsettling one ^ Chang, Justin (10 October 2019). "Review: Two Will Smiths don't double the pleasure in the ill-conceived 'Gemini Man'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. ^ Trenholm, Richard (1 December 2019). "The Irishman: De-aging De Niro was a waste of money". CNET. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. ^ a b c Miller, Matt (7 January 2020). "Some Deepfaker on YouTube Spent Seven Days Fixing the ###### De-Aging in The Irishman". Esquire. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020. ^ a b Muncy, Julie (8 September 2018). "This Video Uses the Power of Deepfakes to Re-Capture This Character's Cameo Appearance in Rogue One". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020. ^ "OCCLUSION VFX - Tron DeepFake". 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021 – via YouTube. General and cited sources Bartneck, C., Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., & Hagita, N. (2007). Is the uncanny valley an uncanny cliff? Proceedings of the 16th IEEE, RO-MAN 2007, Jeju, Korea, pp. 368–373. doi:10.1109/ROMAN.2007.4415111 Burleigh, T. J. & Schoenherr (2015). A reappraisal of the uncanny valley: categorical perception or frequency-based sensitization? Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1488. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01488. Burleigh, T. J., Schoenherr, J. R., & Lacroix, G. L. (2013). Does the uncanny valley exist? An empirical test of the relationship between eeriness and the human likeness of digitally created faces. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 759–771. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.021 Chaminade, T., Hodgins, J. & Kawato, M. (2007). Anthropomorphism influences perception of computer-animated characters' actions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(3), 206–216.Journal of Vision, 16(11):7, 1–25. doi:10.1167/16.11.7 Cheetham, M., Suter, P., & Jancke, L. (2011). The human likeness dimension of the "uncanny valley hypothesis": Behavioral and functional MRI findings. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 126. Ferrey, A., Burleigh, T. J., & Fenske, M. (2015). Stimulus-category competition, inhibition and affective devaluation: A novel account of the Uncanny Valley. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 249. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00249 Goetz, J., Kiesler, S., & Powers, A. (2003). Matching robot appearance and behavior to tasks to improve human-robot cooperation. Proceedings of the Twelfth IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. Lisbon, Portugal. Ishiguro, H. (2005). Android science: Toward a new cross-disciplinary framework. CogSci-2005 Workshop: Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science, 2005, pp. 1–6. Kageki, N. (2012). An uncanny mind (An interview with M. Mori). IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 19(2), 112–108. doi:10.1109/MRA.2012.2192819 Kätsyri, J. & Förger, K. & Mäkäräinen, M. & Takala, T. (2015). A review of empirical evidence on different uncanny valley hypotheses: support for perceptual mismatch as one road to the valley of eeriness. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 390. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00390 Misselhorn, C. (2009). Empathy with inanimate objects and the uncanny valley. Minds and Machines, 19(3), 345–359. Moore, R. K. (2012). A Bayesian explanation of the 'Uncanny Valley' effect and related psychological phenomena. Scientific Reports, 2, 864, doi:10.1038/srep00864. Mori, M. (1970/2012). The uncanny valley IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 19(2), 98–100. doi:10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811 Mori, M. (2005). On the Uncanny Valley. Proceedings of the Humanoids-2005 workshop: Views of the Uncanny Valley. 5 December 2005, Tsukuba, Japan. Pollick, F. E. (forthcoming). In search of the uncanny valley. In Grammer, K. & Juette, A. (Eds.), Analog communication: Evolution, brain mechanisms, dynamics, simulation. The Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. Ramey, C.H. (2005). The uncanny valley of similarities concerning abortion, baldness, heaps of sand, and humanlike robots. In Proceedings of the Views of the Uncanny Valley Workshop, IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots. Saygin, A.P., Chaminade, T., Ishiguro, H. (2010) The Perception of Humans and Robots: Uncanny Hills in Parietal Cortex. In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2716–2720). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. Saygin, A.P., Chaminade, T., Ishiguro, H., Driver, J. & Frith, C. (2011). The thing that should not be: Predictive coding and the uncanny valley in perceiving human and humanoid robot actions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(4), 413–422. doi:10.1093/scan/nsr025 Schoenherr, J. R. & Burleigh, T. J. (2014). Uncanny sociocultural categories. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1456. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01456 Seyama, J., & Nagayama, R. S. (2007). The uncanny valley: Effect of realism on the impression of artificial human faces. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 16(4), 337–351. doi:10.1162/pres.16.4.337 Tinwell, A., Grimshaw, M., & Williams, A. (2010) Uncanny Behaviour in Survival Horror Games. Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds, 2(1), pp. 3–25. Tinwell, A., Grimshaw, M., & Williams, A. (2011) The Uncanny Wall. International Journal of Arts and Technology, 4(3), pp. 326–341. Tinwell, A., Grimshaw, M., Abdel Nabi, D., & Williams, A. (2011) Facial expression of emotion and perception of the Uncanny Valley in virtual characters. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), pp. 741–749. Urgen, B. A. & Saygin, A. P. (2018). Uncanny valley as a window into predictive processing in the social brain. Neuropsychologia, 114, 181–185. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.027 Vinayagamoorthy, V. Steed, A. & Slater, M. (2005). Building Characters: Lessons Drawn from Virtual Environments. Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science: A CogSci 2005 Workshop. 25–26 July, Stresa, Italy, pp. 119–126. Yamada, Y., Kawabe, T., & Ihaya, K. (2013). Categorization difficulty is associated with negative evaluation in the "uncanny valley" phenomenon. Japanese Psychological Research, 55(1), 20–32. Zysk, W., Filkov, R., Feldmann, S. (2013). Bridging the Uncanny Valley - From 3D humanoid Characters to Virtual Tutors. The Second International Conference on E-Learning and E-Technologies in Education, ICEEE (2013), p. 54-59. ISBN 978-1-4673-5093-8, 2013 IEEE. doi:10.1109/ICeLeTE.2013.6644347 External links Uncanny valley at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTextbooks from Wikibooks Miklósi, Ádám and Korondi, Péter and Matellán, Vicente and Gácsi, Márta. "Ethorobotics: A New Approach to Human-Robot Relationship". Frontiers in Psychology, 2017, 8, p. 958 Your Brain on Androids UCSD news release about human brain and the uncanny valley. Views on the Uncanny Valley Almost too human and lifelike for comfort—research journal for an uncanny valley PhD project Relation between motion and appearance is communication between androids and humans The Uncanny valley Archived 19 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine - a visual explanation of the hypothesis with the application in gaming. Wired article: "Why is this man smiling?", June 2002.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uncanny valley (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mori_Uncanny_Valley.svg"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"Masahiro Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro_Mori_(roboticist)"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"3D computer animations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_animation"},{"link_name":"dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"augmented reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"photorealistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbiased_rendering"},{"link_name":"verisimilitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisimilitude"}],"text":"This article is about the hypothesis. For other uses, see Uncanny valley (disambiguation).Hypothesized emotional response of subjects is plotted against anthropomorphism of a robot, according to Masahiro Mori's statements. The uncanny valley is the region of negative emotional response towards robots that seem \"almost\" human. Movement amplifies the emotional response.The uncanny valley (Japanese: 不気味の谷, Hepburn: bukimi no tani) effect is a hypothesized psychological and aesthetic relation between an object's degree of resemblance to a human being and the emotional response to the object.\nExamples of the phenomenon exist among robotics, 3D computer animations and lifelike dolls. The increasing prevalence of digital technologies (e.g., virtual reality, augmented reality, and photorealistic computer animation) has propagated discussions and citations of the \"valley\"; such conversation has enhanced the construct's verisimilitude. The uncanny valley hypothesis predicts that an entity appearing almost human will risk eliciting eerie feelings in viewers.","title":"Uncanny valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masahiro Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro_Mori_(roboticist)"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mori2012-1"},{"link_name":"translated literally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Jasia Reichardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasia_Reichardt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ernst Jentsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Jentsch"},{"link_name":"psychoanalytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"uncanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misselhorn,_2009-4"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"As related to robotics engineering, robotics professor Masahiro Mori first introduced the concept in 1970 from his book titled Bukimi No Tani (不気味の谷), phrasing it as bukimi no tani genshō (不気味の谷現象, lit. 'uncanny valley phenomenon').[1] Bukimi no tani was translated literally as uncanny valley in the 1978 book Robots: Fact, Fiction, and Prediction written by Jasia Reichardt.[2] Over time, this translation created an unintended association of the concept to Ernst Jentsch's psychoanalytic concept of the uncanny established in his 1906 essay On the Psychology of the Uncanny (German: Zur Psychologie des Unheimlichen),[3][4] which was then critiqued and extended in Sigmund Freud's 1919 essay The Uncanny (German: Das Unheimliche).[5]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Repliee_Q2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Repliee Q2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actroid"},{"link_name":"mirror neuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuron"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinwell2014-6"},{"link_name":"empathetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mori33-7"},{"link_name":"uncanniness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanniness"},{"link_name":"human–robot interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mori33-7"}],"text":"In an experiment involving the human lookalike robot Repliee Q2 (pictured above), the uncovered robotic structure underneath Repliee, and the actual human who was the model for Repliee, the human lookalike elicited the greatest degree of mirror neuron activity.[6]Mori's original hypothesis states that as the appearance of a robot is made more human, some observers' emotional response to the robot becomes increasingly positive and empathetic, until it becomes almost human, at which point the response quickly becomes strong revulsion. However, as the robot's appearance continues to become less distinguishable from that of a human being, the emotional response becomes positive once again and approaches human-to-human empathy levels.[7] When plotted on a graph, the reactions are indicated by a steep decrease followed by a steep increase (hence the \"valley\" part of the name) in the areas where anthropomorphism is closest to reality.This interval of repulsive response aroused by a robot with appearance and motion between a \"somewhat human\" and \"fully human\" entity is the uncanny valley effect. The name represents the idea that an almost human-looking robot seems overly \"strange\" to some human beings, produces a feeling of uncanniness, and thus fails to evoke the empathic response required for productive human–robot interaction.[7]","title":"Hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cognitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive"},{"link_name":"selecting mates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_choice"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"hormonal health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system"},{"link_name":"immune systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhodes,_G._2002-8"},{"link_name":"Mortality salience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_salience"},{"link_name":"doppelgängers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pathogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruses"},{"link_name":"parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhodes,_G._2002-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sorites paradoxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorites_paradox"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SayginSCAN-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kiderra-15"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization"},{"link_name":"cognitive dissonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferrey2015-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathur2016-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burleigh2013-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamada2013-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferrey2015-16"},{"link_name":"genetically modified organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uncanny_sociocultural_categories-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burleigh2013-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamada2013-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferrey2015-16"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Irvin Yalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_Yalom"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"golem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"affective computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_computing"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"A number of theories have been proposed to explain the cognitive mechanism causing the phenomenon:Mate selection: Automatic, stimulus-driven appraisals of uncanny stimuli elicit aversion by activating an evolved cognitive mechanism for the avoidance of selecting mates with low fertility, poor hormonal health, or ineffective immune systems based on visible features of the face and body that are predictive of those traits.[8]\nMortality salience: Viewing an \"uncanny\" robot elicits an innate fear of death and culturally supported defenses for coping with death's inevitability.... [P]artially disassembled androids...play on subconscious fears of reduction, replacement, and annihilation: (1) A mechanism with a human façade and a mechanical interior plays on our subconscious fear that we are all just soulless machines. (2) Androids in various states of mutilation, decapitation, or disassembly are reminiscent of a battlefield after a conflict and, as such, serve as a reminder of our mortality. (3) Since most androids are copies of actual people, they are doppelgängers and may elicit a fear of being replaced, on the job, in a relationship, and so on. (4) The jerkiness of an android's movements could be unsettling because it elicits a fear of losing bodily control.[9]\nPathogen avoidance: Uncanny stimuli may activate a cognitive mechanism that originally evolved to motivate the avoidance of potential sources of pathogens by eliciting a disgust response. \"The more human an organism looks, the stronger the aversion to its defects, because (1) defects indicate disease, (2) more human-looking organisms are more closely related to human beings genetically, and (3) the probability of contracting disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and other parasites increases with genetic similarity.\"[8] The visual anomalies of androids, robots, and other animated human characters cause reactions of alarm and revulsion, similar to corpses and visibly diseased individuals.[10][11]\nSorites paradoxes: Stimuli with human and nonhuman traits undermine our sense of human identity by linking qualitatively different categories, human and nonhuman, by a quantitative metric: degree of human likeness.[12]\nViolation of human norms: If an entity looks sufficiently nonhuman, its human characteristics are noticeable, generating empathy. However, if the entity looks almost human, it elicits our model of a human other and its detailed normative expectations. The nonhuman characteristics are noticeable, giving the human viewer a sense of strangeness. In other words, a robot which has an appearance in the uncanny valley range is not judged as a robot doing a passable job at pretending to be human, but instead as an abnormal human doing a bad job at seeming like a normal person. This has been associated with perceptual uncertainty and the theory of predictive coding.[13][14][15]\nConflicting perceptual cues: The negative effect associated with uncanny stimuli is produced by the activation of conflicting cognitive representations. Perceptual tension occurs when an individual perceives conflicting cues to category membership, such as when a humanoid figure moves like a robot, or has other visible robot features. This cognitive conflict is experienced as psychological discomfort (i.e., \"eeriness\"), much like the discomfort that is experienced with cognitive dissonance.[16][17] Several studies support this possibility. Mathur and Reichling found that the time subjects took to gauge a robot face's human- or mechanical-resemblance peaked for faces deepest in the uncanny valley, suggesting that perceptually classifying these faces as \"human\" or \"robot\" posed a greater cognitive challenge.[18] However, they found that while perceptual confusion coincided with the uncanny valley, it did not mediate the effect of the uncanny valley on subjects' social and emotional reactions—suggesting that perceptual confusion may not be the mechanism behind the uncanny valley effect. Burleigh and colleagues demonstrated that faces at the midpoint between human and non-human stimuli produced a level of reported eeriness that diverged from an otherwise linear model relating human-likeness to affect.[19] Yamada et al. found that cognitive difficulty was associated with negative affect at the midpoint of a morphed continuum (e.g., a series of stimuli morphing between a cartoon dog and a real dog).[20] Ferrey et al. demonstrated that the midpoint between images on a continuum anchored by two stimulus categories produced a maximum of negative affect, and found this with both human and non-human entities.[16] Schoenherr and Burleigh provide examples from history and culture that evidence an aversion to hybrid entities, such as the aversion to genetically modified organisms (\"Frankenfoods\").[21] Finally, Moore developed a Bayesian mathematical model that provides a quantitative account of perceptual conflict.[22] There has been some debate as to the precise mechanisms that are responsible. It has been argued that the effect is driven by categorization difficulty,[19][20] configural processing, perceptual mismatch,[23] frequency-based sensitization,[24] and inhibitory devaluation.[16]\nThreat to humans' distinctiveness and identity: Negative reactions toward very humanlike robots can be related to the challenge that this kind of robot leads to the categorical human – non-human distinction. Kaplan[25] stated that these new machines challenge human uniqueness, pushing for a redefinition of humanness. Ferrari, Paladino and Jetten[26] found that the increase of anthropomorphic appearance of a robot leads to an enhancement of threat to the human distinctiveness and identity. The more a robot resembles a real person, the more it represents a challenge to our social identity as human beings.\nReligious definition of human identity: The existence of artificial but humanlike entities is viewed by some as a threat to the concept of human identity. An example can be found in the theoretical framework of psychiatrist Irvin Yalom. Yalom explains that humans construct psychological defenses to avoid existential anxiety stemming from death. One of these defenses is 'specialness', the irrational belief that aging and death as central premises of life apply to all others but oneself.[27] The experience of the very humanlike \"living\" robot can be so rich and compelling that it challenges humans' notions of \"specialness\" and existential defenses, eliciting existential anxiety. In folklore, the creation of human-like, but soulless, beings is often shown to be unwise, as with the golem in Judaism, whose absence of human empathy and spirit can lead to disaster, however good the intentions of its creator.[28]\nUncanny valley of the mind or AI: Due to rapid advancements in the areas of artificial intelligence and affective computing, cognitive scientists have also suggested the possibility of an \"uncanny valley of mind\".[29][30] Accordingly, people might experience strong feelings of aversion if they encounter highly advanced, emotion-sensitive technology. Among the possible explanations for this phenomenon, both a perceived loss of human uniqueness and expectations of immediate physical harm are discussed by contemporary research.","title":"Theoretical basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncanny_valley.png"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathur2016-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathur2016-18"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncanny_valley&action=edit"},{"link_name":"University of California, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_for_Telecommunications_and_Information_Technology"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"fMRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"cognitive scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science"},{"link_name":"roboticists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"parietal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe"},{"link_name":"visual cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortex"},{"link_name":"motor cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_cortex"},{"link_name":"mirror neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuron"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SayginSCAN-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kiderra-15"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"facial expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_expression"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"CRC Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press"},{"link_name":"autistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feng-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feng-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krauss-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krauss-41"},{"link_name":"Outing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outing"},{"link_name":"masking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_masking"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krauss-41"}],"sub_title":"Research","text":"An empirically estimated uncanny valley for static robot face images[18]A series of studies experimentally investigated whether uncanny valley effects exist for static images of robot faces. Mathur MB & Reichling DB[18] used two complementary sets of stimuli spanning the range from very mechanical to very human-like: first, a sample of 80 objectively chosen robot face images from Internet searches, and second, a morphometrically and graphically controlled 6-face series set of faces. They asked subjects to explicitly rate the likability of each face. To measure trust toward each face, subjects completed an investment game to measure indirectly how much money they were willing to \"wager\" on a robot's trustworthiness. Both stimulus sets showed a robust uncanny valley effect on explicitly rated likability and a more context-dependent uncanny valley on implicitly rated trust. Their exploratory analysis of one proposed mechanism for the uncanny valley, perceptual confusion at a category boundary, found that category confusion occurs in the uncanny valley but does not mediate the effect on social and emotional responses.One study conducted in 2009 examined the evolutionary mechanism behind the aversion associated with the uncanny valley. A group of five monkeys were shown three images: two different 3D monkey faces (realistic, unrealistic), and a real photo of a monkey's face. The monkeys' eye-gaze was used as a proxy for preference or aversion. Since the realistic 3D monkey face was looked at less than either the real photo, or the unrealistic 3D monkey face, this was interpreted as an indication that the monkey participants found the realistic 3D face aversive, or otherwise preferred the other two images. As one would expect with the uncanny valley, more realism can result in less positive reactions, and this study demonstrated that neither human-specific cognitive processes, nor human culture explain the uncanny valley. In other words, this aversive reaction to realism can be said to be evolutionary in origin.[31]As of 2011[update], researchers at University of California, San Diego and California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology were measuring human brain activations related to the uncanny valley.[32][33] In one study using fMRI, a group of cognitive scientists and roboticists found the biggest differences in brain responses for uncanny robots in parietal cortex, on both sides of the brain, specifically in the areas that connect the part of the brain's visual cortex that processes bodily movements with the section of the motor cortex thought to contain mirror neurons. The researchers say they saw, in essence, evidence of mismatch or perceptual conflict.[13] The brain \"lit up\" when the human-like appearance of the android and its robotic motion \"didn't compute\". Ayşe Pınar Saygın, an assistant professor from UCSD, stated that \"The brain doesn't seem selectively tuned to either biological appearance or biological motion per se. What it seems to be doing is looking for its expectations to be met – for appearance and motion to be congruent.\"[15][34][35]Viewer perception of facial expression and speech and the uncanny valley in realistic, human-like characters intended for video games and movies is being investigated by Tinwell et al., 2011.[36] Consideration is also given by Tinwell et al. (2010) as to how the uncanny may be exaggerated for antipathetic characters in survival horror games.[37] Building on the body of work already performed for android science, this research intends to build a conceptual mapping of the uncanny valley using 3D characters generated in a real-time gaming engine. The goal is to analyze how cross-modal factors of facial expression and speech can exaggerate the uncanny. Tinwell et al., 2011[38] have also introduced the notion of an 'unscalable' uncanny wall that suggests that a viewer's discernment for detecting imperfections in realism will keep pace with new technologies in simulating realism. A summary of Angela Tinwell's research on the uncanny valley, psychological reasons behind the uncanny valley and how designers may overcome the uncanny in human-like virtual characters is provided in her book, The Uncanny Valley in Games and Animation by CRC Press.Studies in 2015 and 2018 observed that autistic individuals were less affected by the uncanny valley,[39] and autistic children even not at all.[40] The suspected causes were their reduced sensibility for subtle facial changes and limited visual experiences due to diminished social motivation.[40] In return, the social ostracism of autistics may be caused by the uncanny valley effect in the neurotypical society.[41] The effort of autistic individuals to appear neurotypical may thereby be misinterpreted as neurotypical people behaving atypically \"creepy\".[41] Outing or improved masking may help autistic individuals in such cases.[41]","title":"Theoretical basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitchell_et_al.,_2011-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goetz,_Kiesler,_&_Powers,_2003-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SayginSCAN-13"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saygin2010-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saygin2011-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goetz,_Kiesler,_&_Powers,_2003-43"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SayginSCAN-13"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saygin2011-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"A number of design principles have been proposed for avoiding the uncanny valley:Design elements should match in human realism. A robot may look uncanny when human and nonhuman elements are mixed. For example, both a robot with a synthetic voice or a human being with a human voice have been found to be less eerie than a robot with a human voice or a human being with a synthetic voice.[42] For a robot to give a more positive impression, its degree of human realism in appearance should also match its degree of human realism in behavior.[43] If an animated character looks more human than its movement, this gives a negative impression.[44] Human neuroimaging studies also indicate matching appearance and motion kinematics are important.[13][45][46]\nReducing conflict and uncertainty by matching appearance, behavior, and ability. In terms of performance, if a robot looks too appliance-like, people expect little from it; if it looks too human, people expect too much from it.[43] A highly human-like appearance leads to an expectation that certain behaviors are present, such as humanlike motion dynamics. This likely operates at a sub-conscious level and may have a biological basis. Neuroscientists have noted \"when the brain's expectations are not met, the brain...generates a 'prediction error'. As human-like artificial agents become more commonplace, perhaps our perceptual systems will be re-tuned to accommodate these new social partners. Or perhaps, we will decide 'it is not a good idea to make [robots] so clearly in our image after all'.\"[13][46][47]\nHuman facial proportions and photorealistic texture should only be used together. A photorealistic human texture demands human facial proportions, or the computer generated character can result in the uncanny valley. Abnormal facial proportions, including those typically used by artists to enhance attractiveness (e.g., larger eyes), can look eerie with a photorealistic human texture.","title":"Design principles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heterogeneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterogeneous"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"computer-generated imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"information processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"mere-exposure effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uncanny_sociocultural_categories-21"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanson,_2005-53"},{"link_name":"Capgras delusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capgras_delusion"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saygin2011-46"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"David Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hanson_(robotics_designer)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanson,_2005-53"},{"link_name":"neotenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoteny"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanson,_2005-53"}],"text":"A number of criticisms have been raised concerning whether the uncanny valley exists as a unified phenomenon amenable to scientific scrutiny:The uncanny valley effect is a heterogeneous group of phenomena. Phenomena considered as exhibiting the uncanny valley effect can be diverse, involve different sense modalities, and have multiple, possibly overlapping causes. People's cultural heritage may have a considerable influence on how androids are perceived with respect to the uncanny valley.[48]\nThe uncanny valley effect may be generational. Younger generations, more used to computer-generated imagery (CGI), robots, and such, may be less likely to be affected by this hypothesized issue.[49]\nThe uncanny valley effect is simply a specific case of information processing such as categorization and frequency-based effects. In contrast to the assumption that the uncanny valley is based on a heterogeneous group of phenomena, recent arguments have suggested that uncanny valley-like phenomena simply represent the products of information processing such as categorization. Cheetham et al.[50] have argued that the uncanny valley effect can be understood in terms of categorization processes, with a category boundary defining 'the valley'. Extending this argument, Burleigh and Schoenherr[51] suggested that the effects associated with the uncanny valley can be divided into those attributable to the category boundary and individual exemplar frequency. Namely, the negative affective responses attributed to the uncanny valley were simply a result of the frequency of exposure, similar to the mere-exposure effect. By varying the frequency of training items, they were able to demonstrate a dissociation between cognitive uncertainty based on the category boundary and affective uncertainty based on the frequency of training exemplars. In a follow-up study, Schoenherr and Burleigh[52] demonstrated that an instructional manipulation affected categorization accuracy but not ratings of negative affect. Thus, generational effects and cultural artifacts can be accounted for with basic information processing mechanisms.[21] These and related findings have been used to argue that the uncanny valley is merely an artifact of having greater familiarity with members of human categories and does not reflect a unique phenomenon.\nThe uncanny valley effect occurs at any degree of human likeness. Hanson has also stated that uncanny entities may appear anywhere in a spectrum ranging from the abstract (e.g., MIT's robot Lazlo) to the perfectly human (e.g., cosmetically atypical people).[53] Capgras delusion is a relatively rare condition in which the patient believes that people (or, in some cases, things) have been replaced with duplicates. These duplicates are accepted rationally as identical in physical properties, but the irrational belief is held that the \"true\" entity has been replaced with something else. Some people with Capgras delusion claim that the duplicate is a robot. Ellis and Lewis argue that the delusion arises from an intact system for overt recognition coupled with a damaged system for covert recognition, which results in conflict over an individual being identifiable but not familiar in any emotional sense.[54] This supports the opinion that the uncanny valley effect could occur due to issues of categorical perception that are particular to how the brain processes information.[46][55]\nGood design can avoid the uncanny valley effect. David Hanson has criticized Mori's hypothesis that entities having an almost human appearance will necessarily be evaluated negatively.[53] He has shown that the uncanny valley effect could be eliminated by adding neotenous, cartoonish features to entities that had formerly caused an uncanny valley effect.[53] This method incorporates the idea that humans find characteristics appealing when they are reminiscent of the young of our own (as well as many other) species, as used in cartoons.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uncanny_sociocultural_categories-21"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Trigonocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachesis_muta"},{"link_name":"vampire bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_bat"},{"link_name":"The Voyage of the Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"transhuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhuman"},{"link_name":"body modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_modification"},{"link_name":"eyesight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyesight"},{"link_name":"muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openthefuture-57"},{"link_name":"transhuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhuman"},{"link_name":"posthuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthuman"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openthefuture-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"If the uncanny valley effect is the result of general cognitive processes, there should be evidence in evolutionary history and cultural artifacts.[21] An effect similar to the uncanny valley was noted by Charles Darwin in 1839:The expression of this [Trigonocephalus] snake's face was hideous and fierce; the pupil consisted of a vertical slit in a mottled and coppery iris; the jaws were broad at the base, and the nose terminated in a triangular projection. I do not think I ever saw anything more ugly, excepting, perhaps, some of the vampire bats. I imagine this repulsive aspect originates from the features being placed in positions, with respect to each other, somewhat proportional to the human face; and thus we obtain a scale of hideousness.— Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle[56]A similar \"uncanny valley\" effect could, according to the ethical-futurist writer Jamais Cascio, show up when humans begin modifying themselves with transhuman enhancements (cf. body modification), which aim to improve the abilities of the human body beyond what would normally be possible, be it eyesight, muscle strength, or cognition.[57] So long as these enhancements remain within a perceived norm of human behavior, a negative reaction is unlikely, but once individuals supplant normal human variety, revulsion can be expected. However, according to this theory, once such technologies gain further distance from human norms, \"transhuman\" individuals would cease to be judged on human levels and instead be regarded as separate entities altogether (this point is what has been dubbed \"posthuman\"), and it is here that acceptance would rise once again out of the uncanny valley.[57] Another example comes from \"pageant retouching\" photos, especially of children, which some find disturbingly doll-like.[58]","title":"Similar effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer-generated imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"Dario Floreano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Floreano"},{"link_name":"Pixar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"},{"link_name":"Tin Toy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Toy"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy:_The_Spirits_Within"},{"link_name":"photorealistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorealistic"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Peter Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Peter Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Travers"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"The Polar Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Polar_Express_(film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Kurt Loder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Loder"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Manohla Dargis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manohla_Dargis"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_(hero)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital_in_beowulf-71"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Williams"},{"link_name":"Salon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Mars Needs Moms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Needs_Moms"},{"link_name":"biggest box office bombs in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_box_office_bombs"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Robert Zemeckis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis"},{"link_name":"ImageMovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageMovers"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin:_The_Secret_of_the_Unicorn"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"The Invasion of the Body Snatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Dana Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Stevens_(critic)"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DanaTintin-80"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeyondUncanny-81"},{"link_name":"Bob the Builder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_the_Builder"},{"link_name":"redesign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_the_Builder_(character)#Design"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Animal Kingdom: Let's Go Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Kingdom:_Let%27s_Go_Ape"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"1994 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Sonic the Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(film)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_%27n_Dale:_Rescue_Rangers_(film)"},{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"She-Hulk: Attorney at Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She-Hulk:_Attorney_at_Law"},{"link_name":"She-Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She-Hulk"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"A number of movies that use computer-generated imagery to show characters have been described by reviewers as giving a feeling of revulsion or \"creepiness\" as a result of the characters looking too realistic. Examples include the following:According to roboticist Dario Floreano, the baby character Billy in Pixar's groundbreaking 1988 animated short movie Tin Toy provoked negative audience reactions, which first caused the movie industry to consider the concept of the uncanny valley seriously.[59][60]\nThe 2001 movie Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, one of the first photorealistic computer-animated feature movies, provoked negative reactions from some viewers due to its near-realistic yet imperfect visual depictions of human characters.[61][62][63] The Guardian critic Peter Bradshaw stated that while the movie's animation is brilliant, the \"solemnly realist human faces look shriekingly phoney precisely because they're almost there but not quite\".[64] Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers wrote of the movie, \"At first it's fun to watch the characters, [...] But then you notice a coldness in the eyes, a mechanical quality in the movements\".[65]\nSeveral reviewers of the 2004 animated movie The Polar Express termed its animation eerie. CNN.com reviewer Paul Clinton wrote, \"Those human characters in the film come across as downright... well, creepy. So The Polar Express is at best disconcerting, and at worst, a wee bit horrifying\".[66] The term \"eerie\" was used by reviewers Kurt Loder[67] and Manohla Dargis,[68] among others. Newsday reviewer John Anderson called the movie's characters \"creepy\" and \"dead-eyed\", and wrote that \"The Polar Express is a zombie train\".[69] Animation director Ward Jenkins wrote an online analysis describing how changes to the Polar Express characters' appearance, especially to their eyes and eyebrows, could have avoided what he considered a feeling of deadness in their faces.[70]\nIn a review of the 2007 animated movie Beowulf, New York Times technology writer David Gallagher wrote that the movie failed the uncanny valley test, stating that the movie's villain, the monster Grendel, was \"only slightly scarier\" than the \"closeups of our hero Beowulf's face... allowing viewers to admire every hair in his 3-D digital stubble\".[71]\nSome reviewers of the 2009 animated film A Christmas Carol criticized its animation as creepy. Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News said of the movie, \"The motion-capture does no favors to co-stars [Gary] Oldman, Colin Firth and Robin Wright Penn, since, as in 'Polar Express,' the animated eyes never seem to focus. And for all the photorealism, when characters get wiggly-limbed and bouncy as in standard Disney cartoons, it's off-putting\".[72] Mary Elizabeth Williams of Salon.com wrote of the film, \"In the center of the action is Jim Carrey -- or at least a dead-eyed, doll-like version of Carrey\".[73]\nThe 2011 animated movie Mars Needs Moms was widely criticized for being creepy and unnatural because of its style of animation. The movie was among the biggest box office bombs in history, which may have been due in part to audience revulsion.[74][75][76][77] (Mars Needs Moms was produced by Robert Zemeckis's production company, ImageMovers, which had previously produced The Polar Express, Beowulf, and A Christmas Carol.)\nReviewers had mixed opinions regarding whether the 2011 animated movie The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn was affected by the uncanny valley effect. Daniel D. Snyder of The Atlantic wrote, \"Instead of trying to bring to life Herge's beautiful artwork, Spielberg and co. have opted to bring the movie into the 3D era using trendy motion-capture technique to recreate Tintin and his friends. Tintin's original face, while barebones, never suffered for a lack of expression. It's now outfitted with an alien and unfamiliar visage, his plastic skin dotted with pores and subtle wrinkles.\" He added, \"In bringing them to life, Spielberg has made the characters dead.\".[78] N.B. of The Economist termed elements of the animation \"grotesque\", writing, \"Tintin, Captain Haddock and the others exist in settings that are almost photo-realistic, and nearly all of their features are those of flesh-and-blood people. And yet they still have the sausage fingers and distended noses of comic-strip characters. It's not so much 'The Secret of the Unicorn' as 'The Invasion of the Body Snatchers'\".[79] However, other reviewers felt that the movie avoided the uncanny valley effect despite its animated characters' realism. Critic Dana Stevens of Slate wrote, \"With the possible exception of the title character, the animated cast of Tintin narrowly escapes entrapment in the so-called 'uncanny valley'\".[80] Wired magazine editor Kevin Kelly wrote of the movie, \"we have passed beyond the uncanny valley into the plains of hyperreality\".[81]\nIn 2014, the titular protagonist of the movie Bob the Builder got a redesign which was described by some as \"creepy\".[82]\nIn the French movie Animal Kingdom: Let's Go Ape it uses motion capture, the apes were criticized for looking creepy. As this review points out, they have \"weirdly humanoid figures\" and \"recognisably human faces\".[83]\nThe 2019 film The Lion King, a remake of the 1994 film that featured photo-realistic digital animals instead of the earlier movie's more traditional animation, divided critics about the effectiveness of its imagery. Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post wrote that the images were so realistic that \"2019 might best be remembered as the summer we left the Uncanny Valley for good\".[84] However, other critics felt that the realism of the animals and setting rendered the scenes where the characters sing and dance disturbing and \"weird\".[85][86]\nThe 2020 movie Sonic the Hedgehog was delayed for three months to make the title character's appearance less human-like and more cartoonish, after an extremely negative audience reaction to the movie's first trailer.[87]\nMultiple commentators cited the CGI half-human half-cat characters in the 2019 movie Cats as an example of the uncanny valley effect, first after the release of the trailer for the movie[88][89][90] and then after the movie's actual release.[91]\nIn the 2022 Disney animated movie Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers, the uncanny valley is mentioned when the animated duo visits a place where several realistic CGI characters, including a Cats cameo from the 2019 movie, are inhabitants.[92]\nIn the 2022 Disney+ series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law, the appearance of the main character, She-Hulk, who is depicted via CGI, was criticized by some reviewers as suffering from the uncanny valley effect, and negatively compared to the appearance of the Hulk in the same series.[93][94][95]","title":"In visual effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"virtual actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_actor"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"Terminator Salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_Salvation"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Terminator Genisys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_Genisys"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Tron: Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron:_Legacy"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Peter Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cushing"},{"link_name":"Carrie Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Rogue One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_One"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Will Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smith"},{"link_name":"Gemini Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"digital de-aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-aging_in_film"},{"link_name":"The Irishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irishman"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"Joe Pesci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pesci"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-some_deepfaker-106"},{"link_name":"Deepfake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepfake"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-some_deepfaker-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-this_video-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-this_video-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-some_deepfaker-106"}],"sub_title":"Virtual actors","text":"An increasingly common practice is to feature virtual actors in movies: CGI likenesses of real actors used because the original actor either looks too old for the part or is deceased. Sometimes a virtual actor is created with involvement from the original actor (who may contribute motion capture, audio, etc.), while at other times the actor has no involvement. Reviewers have often criticized the use of virtual actors for its uncanny valley effect, saying it adds an eerie feeling to the movie. Examples of virtual actors that have received such criticism include replicas of Arnold Schwarzenegger in Terminator Salvation (2009)[96][97] and Terminator Genisys (2015),[98] Jeff Bridges in Tron: Legacy (2010),[99][100][101] Peter Cushing and Carrie Fisher in Rogue One (2016),[102][103] and Will Smith in Gemini Man (2019).[104]The use of virtual actors is in contrast with digital de-aging, which can involve simply removing wrinkles from actors' faces. This practice has generally not been criticised for uncanny valley effects. One exception is the 2019 movie The Irishman, in which Robert De Niro, Al Pacino and Joe Pesci were all de-aged to try to make them look as much as 50 years younger: one reviewer wrote that the actors' \"hunched and stiff\" body language stood in marked contrast to their facial appearance,[105] while another wrote that when De Niro's character was in his 30s of age, he looked like he was 50.[106]Deepfake software, which first began to be widely used during 2017, uses machine learning to graft one person's facial expressions onto another's appearance, thus providing an alternate approach to both creating virtual actors and digital de-aging. Various individuals have created web videos that use deepfake software to re-create some of the notable previous uses of virtual actors and de-aging in movies.[106][107][108] Journalists have tended to praise these deepfake imitations, calling them \"more naturalistic\"[107] and \"objectively better\"[106] than the originals.","title":"In visual effects"}]
[{"image_text":"Hypothesized emotional response of subjects is plotted against anthropomorphism of a robot, according to Masahiro Mori's statements. The uncanny valley is the region of negative emotional response towards robots that seem \"almost\" human. Movement amplifies the emotional response.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mori_Uncanny_Valley.svg/330px-Mori_Uncanny_Valley.svg.png"},{"image_text":"In an experiment involving the human lookalike robot Repliee Q2 (pictured above), the uncovered robotic structure underneath Repliee, and the actual human who was the model for Repliee, the human lookalike elicited the greatest degree of mirror neuron activity.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Repliee_Q2.jpg/190px-Repliee_Q2.jpg"},{"image_text":"An empirically estimated uncanny valley for static robot face images[18]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Uncanny_valley.png/350px-Uncanny_valley.png"}]
[{"title":"Android science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_science"},{"title":"Anthropocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism"},{"title":"Creepiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creepiness"},{"title":"Cross-race effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-race_effect"},{"title":"Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll"},{"title":"Frankenstein complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_complex"},{"title":"Minimal counterintuitiveness effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_counterintuitiveness_effect"},{"title":"Pareidolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia"},{"title":"Reborn doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reborn_doll"},{"title":"Virtual human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_human"}]
[{"reference":"Mori, M. (2012). \"The uncanny valley\". IEEE Robotics and Automation. 19 (2). Translated by MacDorman, K. F.; Kageki, Norri. New York City: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 98–100. doi:10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers","url_text":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMRA.2012.2192811","url_text":"10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811"}]},{"reference":"Kageki, Norri (12 June 2012). \"An Uncanny Mind: Masahiro Mori on the Uncanny Valley and Beyond\". IEEE Spectrum. New York City: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/an-uncanny-mind-masahiro-mori-on-the-uncanny-valley","url_text":"\"An Uncanny Mind: Masahiro Mori on the Uncanny Valley and Beyond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum","url_text":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers","url_text":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190724062732/https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/an-uncanny-mind-masahiro-mori-on-the-uncanny-valley","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jentsch, Ernst (25 August 1906). \"Zur Psychologie des Unheimlichen\" (PDF). Psychiatrisch-Neurologische Wochenschrift (in German). 8 (22): 195–198. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Jentsch","url_text":"Jentsch, Ernst"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191002042047/http://www.art3idea.psu.edu/locus/Jentsch_uncanny.pdf","url_text":"\"Zur Psychologie des Unheimlichen\""},{"url":"http://www.art3idea.psu.edu/locus/Jentsch_uncanny.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Misselhorn, Catrin (8 July 2009). \"Empathy with inanimate objects and the uncanny valley\". Minds and Machines. 19 (3). Heidelberg, Germnany: Springer: 345–359. doi:10.1007/s11023-009-9158-2. S2CID 2494335.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_(publisher)","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11023-009-9158-2","url_text":"10.1007/s11023-009-9158-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2494335","url_text":"2494335"}]},{"reference":"Freud, Sigmund (2003). The Uncanny. Translated by McLintock, D. New York City: Penguin Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 9780142437476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud","url_text":"Freud, Sigmund"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Publishing","url_text":"Penguin Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780142437476","url_text":"9780142437476"}]},{"reference":"Tinwell, Angela (4 December 2014). The Uncanny Valley in Games and Animation. CRC Press. pp. 165–. ISBN 9781466586956. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0pLNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA165","url_text":"The Uncanny Valley in Games and Animation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466586956","url_text":"9781466586956"}]},{"reference":"Mori, M (2012) [1970]. \"The uncanny valley\". IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine. 19 (2): 98–100. doi:10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. 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Retrieved 13 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://io9.gizmodo.com/this-video-uses-the-power-of-deepfakes-to-re-capture-th-1828907452","url_text":"\"This Video Uses the Power of Deepfakes to Re-Capture This Character's Cameo Appearance in Rogue One\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200113014628/https://io9.gizmodo.com/this-video-uses-the-power-of-deepfakes-to-re-capture-th-1828907452","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OCCLUSION VFX - Tron DeepFake\". 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tO_mg-Z4XWQ","url_text":"\"OCCLUSION VFX - Tron DeepFake\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/tO_mg-Z4XWQ","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenhain_(Sebnitz)
Lichtenhain (Sebnitz)
["1 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°56′40″N 14°14′22″E / 50.944579°N 14.239411°E / 50.944579; 14.239411Lichtenhain Lichtenhain is a village in Saxony, Germany, situated in the district of Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge. It lies on the S154 road that links Bad Schandau and Sebnitz. It was one of the villages that composed the municipality of Kirnitzschtal, but, since 1 October 2012, it has been part of the municipality of Sebnitz. The tourist attraction of the Lichtenhain Waterfall lies to the south of the village. It is 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) away on foot, but some 20 kilometres (12 mi) away by road, and is best approached by the S165 road from Bad Schandau, or the Kirnitzschtal tramway that parallels it. External links Media related to Lichtenhain at Wikimedia Commons 50°56′40″N 14°14′22″E / 50.944579°N 14.239411°E / 50.944579; 14.239411 This Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Lichtenhain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gasthof_amanger_lichtenhain.JPG/220px-Gasthof_amanger_lichtenhain.JPG"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidarka_Frajt
Božidarka Frajt
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Selected filmography","4.1 Television","4.2 Film","5 References","6 External links"]
Croatian actress (born 1940) Božidarka FrajtBornBožidarka Grublješić (1940-11-11) 11 November 1940 (age 83)Velika Žuljevica, Vrbas Banovina, Kingdom of YugoslaviaOther namesBožidarka FraitOccupationActressYears active1959–presentSpouseBoris GregorićChildrenBojana Gregorić VejzovićAwardsGolden Arena for Best Actress (1972)Vladimir Nazor Award (2010) Božidarka Frajt (Serbian: Божидарка Грубљешић) also spelled Frait; born 11 November 1940) is a Croatian actress. In her six decade long career, she has composed a prolific repertoire in Croatian television, film and theatre, but is best known for her role in cinéma vérité-style 1972 film The Living Truth, which earned her critical praise and a Golden Arena Award for Best Actress. In 2010, Frajt was awarded the Vladimir Nazor Award for lifetime achievement. Early life Božidarka Frajt was born Božidarka Grublješić on 11 November 1940. Born to an ethnic Bosnian Serb family, her exact birthplace is unknown due to the scarce information of her childhood. It is believed she was born in Velika Žuljevica under Kozara, and that she was taken to a concentration camp for Serbian kids in Sisak during the Kozara Offensive in 1942 along with thousands of other orphans. She was later adopted by Croatian Jews Katarina and Stjepan Frajt. At the age of 36, she found out about her Kozara heritage when a woman named Dara Grublješić identified her as her niece. Career Frajt made her acting debut in the 1959 Croatian-language film Lakat kao takav, directed by Ante Babaja. In 1963, Frajt interpreted the complex character Vera in the Yugoslav political film Licem u lice. The film directed by Branko Bauer gained critical acclaim, winning a Big Golden Arena Award for Best Film at the Pula Film Festival and critical praise. Her debut as a television actress came with the 1969 Sumorna Jesen, as "The Good Fairy". The plot lines of most of the episodes Frajt starred in were inspired by the experiences of screenwriter Ivan Šibl in World War II. In 1972, Frajt starred in the directorial debut film of Tomislav Radić The Living Truth. Her dynamic and dominant interpretation in the drama provided a direct dichotomy to the depressing nature of the film. Her performance instantly made her one of the most prominent film actresses of Yugoslavia, winning her a Golden Arena for Best Actress and commercial success. In a 1999 poll among 44 Croatian film consumers, The Living Truth was placed 20th on the list of all-time best Croatian films. Frajt had a major role in the 1977 Krešo Golik film Pucanj, sharing the protagonist role with Serbian actor Marko Nikolić. In 1978, she appeared as the middle-aged audio pedagogue protagonist Ljubica in another Golik production Ljubica. In 1981, Veljko Bulajić invited her to play the principal character in the film High Voltage, after her performance as Ljubica. In 1997, she voiced Grga (Melvin)'s mother in the Croatian-language animated feature Lapitch the Little Shoemaker. Frajt also dubbed Kala in the official 2005 Croatian version of the 1999 animated film Tarzan, and in 2013, Helen Mirren's character Dean Abigail Hardscrabble in the Croatian dub of Monsters University. For her services to Yugoslav film, she was awarded the Vladimir Nazor Award in 2010. Personal life Frajt was married to Croatian producer Boris Gregorić, with whom she had one child, Bojana, who is a prominent Croatian actress. Frajt currently lives in Zagreb. Selected filmography Television Year Title Role Notes 1969 Sumorna jesen Good Fairy 1969 Pod novim krovovima Vedrana 1977 Alpensaga Alpina Co-written 1978 Mačak pod šljemom Janja 1979 Svjetionik Iva's mother 1988 Zagubljen govor Danka 1988 Dirty Dozen Citizen 2006 Odmori se, zaslužio si Berta 2009 Zakon! Bruna Cameo role 2009 Stipe u gostima Cvita Film Year Title Role Notes 1959 Lakat kao takav Gordana 1960 Bolje je umeti The Daughter 1963 Licem u lice Vera 1965 Danovi na iskusnije Baba Milka 1967 Protest Ivanka Main role 1970 Pucanj Savka Main role 1970 Rosolino Paternò, soldato... Giatta Italian-language film 1970 Ana i Eva Walter's mistress 1972 The Living Truth Herself Main roleGolden Arena for Best Actress in 1972 1972 Kipic Ivana Main role 1974 Užička republika Nada 1975 Žena sa krajolikom 1975 Muke po Mati Mare 1976 Kuhinja Monika Main role 1976 Izdaja Josipa 1976 Vagon li Vera 1977 I tako dalje Branka 1977 Pucanj Savka Main role 1978 Ljubica Ljubica Main role 1979 Todora Todora Main role 1981 Ritam zločina Zdenka Main role 1981 High Voltage Sonja 1989 A Man Who Liked Funerals Zdenka 1995 Isprani Mother 1997 Russian meat Ida's mother 1997 Lapitch the Little Shoemaker Melvin's mother Voice role 1997 The Third Woman Ivanka 1998 The Three Men of Melita Žganjer Neighbour Cameo 1999 Red Dust Jasna 1999 Četverored 2000 Celestial Body Woman in line Cameo 2003 Here 2004 Accidental Co-Traveller Greta's mother 2005 Tarzan Kala Croatian dub 2011 Josef Julija 2011 Duh babe Ilonke Anka 2013 Monsters University Dean Abigail Hardscrabble Croatian dub References ^ (T.K.) Brigita Knežević (73): Imala sam dvije godine kad su me ustaše zatočili u logoru, Slobodna Dalmacija, 23 July 2015 ^ a b c d Marinović, Barbara (11 November 2018). "Jedna od najvećih hrvatskih glumica kao dijete ostala siroče, prošla i dječji logor, a potom izgradila ogromnu karijeru". jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 25 January 2021. ^ Bozidarka Frajt i Bojana Gregoric ^ Lakat kaolin takav IMDB ^ Ritchel, Elaine (20 July 2013). "Reintroducing legendary director Branko Bauer". Ikon Arts Foundation. ^ Jurica Pavičić (November 21, 2013). "Nikada Zagreb nije tako dobro snimljen kao u ovoj TV seriji". Jutarnji list. ^ "Hrabrost ratnika". Matica hrvatska. ^ Heidl, Janko (2011). "Istina o Živoj istini" . Zapis (in Croatian) (72). Croatian Film Association. Retrieved 14 August 2016. ^ "Živa istina". hrfilm.hr (in Croatian). Croatian Film Association. Retrieved 2016-08-14. ^ Heidl, Janko (28 February 2011). "I danas svježe ostvarenje". filmovi.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 2014-12-03. ^ Pucanj (in Croatian) ^ Ljubica at hrfilm.hr (in Croatian) ^ Hrvatski filmski arhiv: Popis hrvatskih dugometražnih filmova 1944. - 2006. ^ NE DAJ BOŽE NIKOM STRAHOTE KOJE JE PREŽIVELA MOJA MAJKA BOŽIDARKA FRAJT: Bojana Gregorić Vejzović iskreno o seriji Pogrešan čovek i životu na relaciji Zagreb-Beograd ^ (T.K.) Pravac Montevideo, Glas Slavonije, 18 August 2012 ^ Recept za srecu, brak nije lunapark, ali to moze nekad biti www.24sata.hr External links Božidarka Frajt at IMDb Awards for Božidarka Frajt vteGolden Arena for Best ActressAs Yugoslav Film Awards(1955–90) Tamara Marković (1955) Ljubinka Bobić (1957) Olga Spiridonović (1959) Dušica Žegarac (1960) Duša Počkaj (1961) Milena Dravić (1962) Majda Potokar (1963) Olivera Marković (1964) Majda Potokar (1965) Mira Stupica (1966) Mia Oremović (1968) Radmila Andrić (1969) Milena Dravić (1970) Dušica Žegarac (1971) Božidarka Frajt (1972) Ružica Sokić (1973) Majda Grbac (1974) Jagoda Kaloper (1975) Milena Zupančič (1976) Milena Zupančič (1977) Svetlana Bojković (1978) Gorica Popović (1979) Mirjana Karanović (1980) Mira Banjac (1981) Jelisaveta Sablić (1982) Ljiljana Međeši (1983) Sonja Savić (1984) Mirjana Karanović (1985) Mira Furlan (1986) Anica Dobra (1987) Neda Arnerić (1988) Snežana Bogdanović (1989) Mirjana Joković (1990) As Croatian Film Awards(1992–present) Mirta Zečević (1992) Alma Prica (1993) Katarina Bistrović-Darvaš (1995) Nataša Dorčić (1996) Ena Begović (1997) Sandra Lončarić (1998) Lucija Šerbedžija (1999) Dora Polić (2000) Lucija Šerbedžija (2001) Leona Paraminski (2002) Alma Prica (2003) Daria Lorenci (2004) Anja Šovagović-Despot (2005) Zrinka Cvitešić (2006) Nataša Dorčić (2007) Jadranka Đokić (2008) Dijana Vidušin (2009) Marija Škaričić (2010) Mirela Brekalo (2011) Ana Karić (2012) Nada Đurevska (2013) Areta Ćurković (2014) Tihana Lazović (2015) Ksenija Marinković (2016) Mia Petričević (2017) Doris Šarić-Kukuljica (2018) Hristina Popović (2019) Daria Lorenci Flatz (2020) Vanja Ćirić (2021) Lana Barić (2022) Tihana Lazović (2023) vteVladimir Nazor Award for Life Achievement in Film Oktavijan Miletić (1967) Branko Marjanović (1970) Fedor Hanžeković (1973) Branko Blažina (1974) Antun Nalis (1975) Rudolf Sremec (1976) Branko Majer (1977) Obrad Gluščević (1978) Branko Belan (1979) Branko Bauer (1980) Aleksandar Marks (1981) Mate Relja (1982) Krešo Golik (1983) Fadil Hadžić (1984) Nikola Tanhofer (1985) Vatroslav Mimica (1986) Ante Babaja (1987) Tomislav Pinter (1988) Frano Vodopivec (1989) Antun Vrdoljak (1990) Fabijan Šovagović (1991) Zvonimir Berković (1992) Radojka Tanhofer (1993) Pavao Štalter (1994) Željko Senečić (1995) Mia Oremović (1996) Tea Brunšmid (1997) Boris Dvornik (1998) Ante Peterlić (1999) Duško Jeričević (2000) Ernest Gregl (2001) Borivoj Dovniković (2002) Ilija Ivezić (2003) Vladimir Tadej (2004) Zoran Tadić (2005) Krsto Papić (2006) Arsen Dedić (2007) Bogdan Žižić (2008) Veljko Bulajić (2009) Božidarka Frajt (2010) Hrvoje Turković (2011) Ivica Rajković (2012) Nedeljko Dragić (2013) Ivo Štivičić (2014) Eduard Galić (2015) Božidar Smiljanić (2016) Rajko Grlić (2017) Rade Šerbedžija (2018) Vera Zima (2019) Branko Ivanda (2020) Petar Krelja (2021) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cinéma vérité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"The Living Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Living_Truth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JL-2"},{"link_name":"Golden Arena Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Arena_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Nazor Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nazor_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Božidarka Frajt (Serbian: Божидарка Грубљешић) also spelled Frait; born 11 November 1940) is a Croatian actress.[1]In her six decade long career, she has composed a prolific repertoire in Croatian television, film and theatre, but is best known for her role in cinéma vérité-style 1972 film The Living Truth, which earned her critical praise[2] and a Golden Arena Award for Best Actress. In 2010, Frajt was awarded the Vladimir Nazor Award for lifetime achievement.[3]","title":"Božidarka Frajt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosnian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JL-2"},{"link_name":"Velika Žuljevica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_%C5%BDuljevica"},{"link_name":"Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara"},{"link_name":"concentration camp for Serbian kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisak_children%27s_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Sisak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisak"},{"link_name":"Kozara Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara_Offensive"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JL-2"},{"link_name":"Croatian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JL-2"}],"text":"Božidarka Frajt was born Božidarka Grublješić on 11 November 1940. Born to an ethnic Bosnian Serb family, her exact birthplace is unknown due to the scarce information of her childhood.[2] It is believed she was born in Velika Žuljevica under Kozara, and that she was taken to a concentration camp for Serbian kids in Sisak during the Kozara Offensive in 1942 along with thousands of other orphans.[2] She was later adopted by Croatian Jews Katarina and Stjepan Frajt. At the age of 36, she found out about her Kozara heritage when a woman named Dara Grublješić identified her as her niece.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ante Babaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Babaja"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Licem u lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licem_u_lice"},{"link_name":"Branko Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Bauer"},{"link_name":"Big Golden Arena Award for Best Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Golden_Arena"},{"link_name":"Pula Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ivan Šibl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_%C5%A0ibl"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tomislav Radić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_Radi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"The Living Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Living_Truth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"dichotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HFS_Heidl-8"},{"link_name":"Golden Arena for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Arena_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrfilm-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmovi-10"},{"link_name":"Krešo Golik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kre%C5%A1o_Golik"},{"link_name":"Pucanj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucanj"},{"link_name":"Marko Nikolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Nikoli%C4%87_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ljubica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Veljko Bulajić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veljko_Bulaji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"High Voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Voltage_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lapitch the Little Shoemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapitch_the_Little_Shoemaker"},{"link_name":"Kala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_(Tarzan)"},{"link_name":"the 1999 animated film Tarzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Helen Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Mirren"},{"link_name":"Monsters University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Nazor Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nazor_Award"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Frajt made her acting debut in the 1959 Croatian-language film Lakat kao takav, directed by Ante Babaja.[4] In 1963, Frajt interpreted the complex character Vera in the Yugoslav political film Licem u lice. The film directed by Branko Bauer gained critical acclaim, winning a Big Golden Arena Award for Best Film at the Pula Film Festival and critical praise.[5]Her debut as a television actress came with the 1969 Sumorna Jesen, as \"The Good Fairy\". The plot lines of most of the episodes Frajt starred in were inspired by the experiences of screenwriter Ivan Šibl in World War II.[6]In 1972, Frajt starred in the directorial debut film of Tomislav Radić The Living Truth.[7] Her dynamic and dominant interpretation in the drama provided a direct dichotomy to the depressing nature of the film.[8] Her performance instantly made her one of the most prominent film actresses of Yugoslavia, winning her a Golden Arena for Best Actress and commercial success.[9] In a 1999 poll among 44 Croatian film consumers, The Living Truth was placed 20th on the list of all-time best Croatian films.[10]Frajt had a major role in the 1977 Krešo Golik film Pucanj, sharing the protagonist role with Serbian actor Marko Nikolić.[11] In 1978, she appeared as the middle-aged audio pedagogue protagonist Ljubica in another Golik production Ljubica.[12]In 1981, Veljko Bulajić invited her to play the principal character in the film High Voltage, after her performance as Ljubica.[13]In 1997, she voiced Grga (Melvin)'s mother in the Croatian-language animated feature Lapitch the Little Shoemaker. Frajt also dubbed Kala in the official 2005 Croatian version of the 1999 animated film Tarzan, and in 2013, Helen Mirren's character Dean Abigail Hardscrabble in the Croatian dub of Monsters University.[citation needed]For her services to Yugoslav film, she was awarded the Vladimir Nazor Award in 2010.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bojana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojana_Gregori%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Frajt was married to Croatian producer Boris Gregorić, with whom she had one child, Bojana, who is a prominent Croatian actress. Frajt currently lives in Zagreb.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Selected filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmigiano-Reggiano
Parmesan
["1 Production","2 Industry","3 Consumption","4 History","5 Aroma and chemical components","6 Definitions","7 Non-European Parmesan cheese","7.1 Non-European production","7.2 Adulteration controversy","8 Similar cheeses","8.1 Grana Padano","8.2 Gran Moravia","8.3 Reggianito","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Italian hard cheese For other uses, see Parmesan (disambiguation). "Parmigiano" and "Reggiano" redirect here. For the Emilian dialect, see Reggiano (dialect). For other uses, see Parmigiano (disambiguation). ParmesanCountry of originItalyRegion Emilia-Romagna Lombardy TownProvinces of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Bologna (west of the Reno) and Mantua (on the right/south bank of the Po)Source of milkCows (mostly Friesian and Reggiana cattle)PasteurisedNoTextureHardAging timeMinimum: 12 monthsVecchio: 18–24 monthsStravecchio: 24–36 monthsCertificationItaly: DOP: 1955EU: PDO: 1992 Related media on Commons The area in which Parmigiano Reggiano can be produced, according to EU and Italian PDO legislation Parmigiano Reggiano Parmesan (Italian: Parmigiano Reggiano, Italian: ) is an Italian hard, granular cheese produced from cow's milk and aged at least 12 months or, outside the European Union, a locally produced imitation. The full, legally protected, name of the Italian cheese is Parmigiano Reggiano. It is named after two of the areas which produce it, the Italian provinces of Parma and Reggio Emilia (Parmigiano is the Italian adjective for the city of Parma and Reggiano is the adjective for the region of Reggio Emilia); in addition to Reggio Emilia and Parma, it is also produced in the part of Bologna west of the River Reno and in Modena (all of the above being located in the Emilia-Romagna region), as well as in the part of Mantua (Lombardy) which is on the south bank of the River Po. The words Parmigiano Reggiano and Parmesan are protected designations of origin (PDO) for cheeses produced in these provinces under Italian and European law. Outside the EU, the name Parmesan is legally used for similar cheeses, with only the full Italian name unambiguously referring to PDO Parmigiano Reggiano. It has been called the "king of cheeses" and "practically perfect food". In 2023, the guide TasteAtlas picked Parmigiano Reggiano as the best cheese in the world. Production This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Parmesan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Parmigiano Reggiano is made from unpasteurised cow's milk. The whole milk of the morning milking is mixed with the naturally skimmed milk of the previous evening's milking, resulting in a part skim mixture. This mixture is pumped into copper-lined vats, which heat evenly and contribute copper ions to the mix. Copper-lined vats for the production of Parmigiano Reggiano Starter whey (containing a mixture of certain thermophilic lactic acid bacteria) is added, and the temperature is raised to 33–35 °C (91–95 °F). Calf rennet is added, and the mixture is left to curdle for 10–12 minutes. The curd is then broken up mechanically into small pieces (around the size of rice grains). The temperature is then raised to 55 °C (131 °F) with careful control by the cheese-maker. The curd is left to settle for 45–60 minutes. The compacted curd is collected in a piece of muslin before being divided in two and placed in molds. There are 1,100 litres (290 US gal) of milk per vat, producing two cheeses each. The curd making up each wheel at this point weighs around 45 kilograms (99 lb). The remaining whey in the vat was traditionally used to feed the pigs from which prosciutto di Parma was produced. The barns for these animals were usually just a few metres away from the cheese production rooms. Cracking open a wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese The cheese is put into a stainless steel, round form that is pulled tight with a spring-powered buckle so the cheese retains its wheel shape. After a day or two, the buckle is released and a plastic belt imprinted numerous times with the Parmigiano Reggiano name, the plant's number, and month and year of production is put around the cheese and the metal form is buckled tight again. The imprints take hold on the rind of the cheese in about a day and the wheel is then put into a brine bath to absorb salt for 20–25 days. After brining, the wheels are then transferred to the aging rooms in the plant for 12 months. Each cheese is placed on wooden shelves that can be 24 cheeses high by 90 cheeses long or 2,160 total wheels per aisle. Each cheese and the shelf underneath it is then cleaned manually or robotically every seven days, and the cheese is turned. A Parmigiano Reggiano factory maturation room Product process of Parmesan cheese At 12 months, the Consorzio del Formaggio Parmigiano Reggiano (lit. 'Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese Consortium') inspects every wheel. The cheese is tested by a master grader who taps each wheel to identify undesirable cracks and voids within the wheel. Wheels that pass the test are then heat-branded on the rind with the Consorzio's logo. Those that do not pass the test used to have their rinds marked with lines or crosses all the way around to inform consumers that they are not getting top-quality Parmigiano Reggiano; more recent practices simply have these lesser rinds stripped of all markings. Traditionally cows are fed only on grass or hay, producing grass-fed milk. Only natural whey culture is allowed as a starter, together with calf rennet. The only additive allowed is salt, which the cheese absorbs while being submerged for 20 days in brine tanks saturated to near-total salinity with Mediterranean sea salt. The product is aged a minimum of one year and an average of two years; an expert from the Consorzio typically conducts a sound test with a hammer to determine if a wheel has finished maturing. The cheese is produced daily, and it can show a natural variability. True Parmigiano Reggiano cheese has a sharp, complex fruity/nutty taste with a strong savory flavor and a slightly gritty texture. Inferior versions can impart a bitter taste. The average Parmigiano Reggiano wheel is about 18–24 cm (7–9 in) high, 40–45 cm (16–18 in) in diameter, and weighs 38 kg (84 lb). Industry Official logo of Parmigiano Reggiano All producers of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese belong to the Consorzio del Formaggio Parmigiano Reggiano (lit. 'Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese Consortium'), which was founded in 1928. Besides setting and enforcing the standards for the PDO, the Consorzio also sponsors marketing activities. As of 2017, about 3.6 million wheels (approx. 137,000 metric tons) of Parmesan are produced every year; they use about 18% of all the milk produced in Italy. Most workers in the Italian dairy industry (bergamini) belong to the Italian General Confederation of Labour. As older dairy workers retire, younger Italians have tended to work in factories or offices. Immigrants have filled that role, with 60% of the workers in the Parmesan industry now immigrants from India, almost all Sikhs. The Credito Emiliano bank in Italy accepts rolls of Parmesan cheese as collateral for debt for dairy farmers. Consumption Half a wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese carved with a Parmesan knife and communal fork Parmigiano Reggiano is commonly grated over pasta dishes, stirred into soups and risottos, and eaten on its own. It is often shaved or grated over other dishes such as salads. Slivers and chunks of the hardest parts of the crust (also called the rind) are sometimes simmered in soups, broths, and sauces to add flavor. They can also be broiled and eaten as a snack, if they have no wax on them, or infused in olive oil or used in a steamer basket while steaming vegetables. History Parmigiano Reggiano festival in Modena; each wheel (block of cheese) costs €490. Parmigiano Reggiano being taste-tested at a festival in Modena, with balsamic vinegar drizzled on top According to legend, Parmigiano Reggiano was created in the course of the Middle Ages in the comune (municipality) of Bibbiano, in the province of Reggio Emilia. Its production soon spread to the Parma and Modena areas. Historical documents show that in the 13th and 14th centuries, Parmigiano was already very similar to that produced today, which suggests its origins can be traced to far earlier. Some evidence suggests that the name was used for Parmesan cheese in Italy and France in the 17th-19th century. It was praised as early as 1348 in the writings of Boccaccio; in the Decameron, he invents a 'mountain, all of grated Parmesan cheese', on which 'dwell folk that do nought else but make macaroni and ravioli, and boil them in capon's broth, and then throw them down to be scrambled for; and hard by flows a rivulet of Vernaccia, the best that ever was drunk, and never a drop of water therein'. During the Great Fire of London of 1666, Samuel Pepys buried his "Parmazan cheese, as well as his wine and some other things" to preserve them. In the memoirs of Giacomo Casanova, he remarked that the name Parmesan was a misnomer common throughout an "ungrateful" Europe in his time (mid-18th century), as the cheese was produced in the comune (municipality) of Lodi, in Lombardy, not Parma. Though Casanova knew his table and claimed in his memoir to have been compiling a (never completed) dictionary of cheeses, his comment has been taken to refer mistakenly to a grana cheese similar to Parmigiano, Grana Padano, which is produced in the Lodi area. Parmigiano Reggiano has been the target of organized crime in Italy, particularly the Mafia or Camorra, which ambush delivery trucks on the Autostrada A1, in northern Italy, between Milan and Bologna, hijacking shipments. The cheese is ultimately sold in southern Italy. Between November 2013 and January 2015, an organised crime gang stole 2039 wheels of Parmigiano Reggiano from warehouses in northern and central Italy. October 27 is designated "Parmigiano Reggiano Day" by The Consortium of Parmigiano Reggiano. This day celebrating the "king of cheese" originated in response to the two earthquakes hitting the area of origin in May 2012. The devastation was profound, displacing tens of thousands of residents, collapsing factories, and damaging historical churches, bell towers, and other landmarks. Years of cheese production were lost during the disaster, about $50 million worth. In order to assist the cheese producers, Modena native chef Massimo Bottura created the recipe riso cacio e pepe. He invited the world to cook this new dish along with him launching "Parmigiano Reggiano Day"—October 27. Aroma and chemical components Cheese, Parmesan, HardNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy392 kcal (1,640 kJ)Carbohydrates3.22 gSugars0.8 gDietary fiber0.0 g Fat25.83 gSaturated16.41 gMonounsaturated7.52 gPolyunsaturated0.57 g Protein35.75 g VitaminsQuantity %DV†Vitamin A equiv.23% 207 μgThiamine (B1)3% 0.04 mgRiboflavin (B2)25% 0.33 mgNiacin (B3)2% 0.27 mgVitamin B65% 0.09 mgFolate (B9)2% 7 μgVitamin B1250% 1.2 μgVitamin C0% 0.0 mgVitamin D2% 19 IUVitamin E1% 0.22 mgVitamin K1% 1.7 μg MineralsQuantity %DV†Calcium91% 1184 mgIron5% 0.82 mgMagnesium10% 44 mgPhosphorus56% 694 mgPotassium3% 92 mgSodium70% 1602 mgZinc25% 2.75 mg Other constituentsQuantityWater29.16 g †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. Parmigiano has many aroma-active compounds, including various aldehydes and butyrates. Butyric acid and isovaleric acid together are sometimes used to imitate the dominant aromas. Parmigiano is also particularly high in glutamate, containing as much as 1.2 g of glutamate per 100 g of cheese. The high concentration of glutamate explains the strong umami taste of Parmigiano. Parmigiano cheese typically contains cheese crystals, semi-solid to gritty crystalline spots that at least partially consist of the amino acid tyrosine. Definitions A wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano manufactured in January 2014 in the comune (municipality) of Spilamberto with PDO marking and "Parmigiano Reggiano" written vertically around the complete edge of the wheel. An official certification will be stamped into the central oval when it is graded. Voice of America report showing production of the cheese and imitations using the name without authorization The name is legally protected in the European Union and, in Italy, exclusive control is exercised over the cheese's production and sale by The Consortium of Parmigiano Reggiano, which was created by a governmental decree. Each wheel must meet strict criteria early in the aging process, when the cheese is still soft and creamy, to merit the official seal and be placed in storage for aging. Because it is widely imitated, Parmigiano Reggiano has become an increasingly regulated product, and in 1955 it became what is known as a certified name (which is not the same as a brand name). In 2008, an EU court determined that the name Parmesan in Europe only refers to Parmigiano Reggiano and cannot be used for imitation Parmesan. Thus, in the European Union, Parmigiano Reggiano is a protected designation of origin (PDO – DOP in Italian); legally, the name refers exclusively to the Parmigiano Reggiano PDO cheese manufactured in a limited area in northern Italy. Special seals identify the product as authentic, with the identification number of the dairy, the production month and year, a code identifying the individual wheel and stamps regarding the length of aging. Non-European Parmesan cheese Parmesan cheese made outside of the European Union is a family of hard grating cheeses made from cow's milk and inspired by the original Italian cheese. They are generally pale yellow in color and usually used grated on dishes such as pasta, Caesar salad, and pizza. Some American generic Parmesan is sold already grated and has been aged for less than 12 months. Within the European Union, the term Parmesan may only be used, by law, to refer to Parmigiano Reggiano itself, which must be made in a restricted geographic area, using stringently defined methods. In many areas outside Europe the name Parmesan has become genericised and may denote any of a number of hard Italian-style grating cheeses. These cheeses, chiefly from the US and Argentina, are often commercialised under names intended to evoke the original, such as Parmesan, Parmigiana, Parmesana, Parmabon, Real Parma, Parmezan, or Parmezano. After the European ruling that "parmesan" could not be used as a generic name, Kraft renamed its grated cheese "Pamesello" in Europe. Non-European production Parmesan cheese is defined differently in various jurisdictions outside of Europe. In the United States, the Code of Federal Regulations includes a Standard of Identity for "Parmesan and Reggiano cheese". This defines both aspects of the production process and of the final result. In particular, Parmesan must be made of cow's milk, cured for 10 months or more, contain no more than 32% water, and have no less than 32% milkfat in its solids. Similarly, the Canadian regulation only defines moisture and fat levels, with no restriction on aging time. Kraft Foods is a major North American producer of grated Parmesan and has been selling it since 1945. A number of Wisconsin cheesemakers, some founded by Italian immigrants, produce Parmesan in whole wheels. A number of non-European parmesan producers have taken strong objection to the attempts of the European Union to globally control the trademark of the Parmesan name, claiming that it is more about control of trade than control of quality. Adulteration controversy Several American manufacturers have been investigated for allegedly going beyond the 4% cellulose limit (allowed as an anticaking agent for grated cheese, 21 CFR 133.146). In one case, FDA findings found "no Parmesan cheese was used to manufacture" a Pennsylvania manufacturer's grated cheese labeled "Parmesan", apparently made from a mixture of other cheeses and cellulose. The manufacturer pled guilty and received a sentence of three years’ probation, a $5,000 fine and 200 hours of community service. Similar cheeses See also: Grana (cheese) Grana Padano Main article: Grana Padano Grana Padano is an Italian cheese similar to Parmigiano Reggiano, but is produced mainly in Lombardy, where Padano refers to the Po Valley (Pianura Padana); the cows producing the milk may be fed silage as well as grass; the milk may contain slightly less fat, milk from several different days may be used, and must be aged a minimum of 9 months. Gran Moravia Gran Moravia is a cheese from the Czech Republic similar to Grana Padano and Parmigiano. Reggianito Main article: Reggianito Reggianito is an Argentine cheese similar to Parmigiano. Developed by Italian Argentine cheesemakers, the cheese is made in smaller wheels and aged for less time, but is otherwise broadly similar. See also Italy portalFood portal List of Italian cheeses Parmesan knife References ^ Case C-132/05 Commission v Germany European Commission Legal Service, July 2008 Archived 2019-04-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c Olmsted, Larry (19 November 2012). "Most Parmesan Cheeses In America Are Fake, Here's Why". Forbes. Retrieved 23 March 2020. ... that it has earned the nickname in the dairy industry, the 'king of cheeses'. ^ "Italy's practically perfect food". ^ "100 Best Rated Cheeses in the World". ^ Molly McDonough, "Why Copper Vats Matter", Culture: The Word on Cheese July 19, 2017 ^ "Standard di Produzione Archived 2006-05-13 at the Wayback Machine". Disciplinare del Formaggio Parmigiano Reggiano D.O.P. (fourth paragraph). Famiglia Gastaldello, 2005–2008. ^ a b "Learn the Difference Between Parmesan and Parmigiano Reggiano". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 23 March 2020. ^ "The Best Parmigiano Reggiano Tour". MichelleAltenberg.com. 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024. ^ Consorzio del Formaggio Parmigiano Reggiano, "The Consortium and its History" ^ Consorzio del Formaggio Parmigiano Reggiano, "2018 Export Projects" ^ CLAL (Italian dairy consulting company), "Italy: Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese Production" ^ Mitzman, Dany (25 June 2015). "The Sikhs who saved Parmesan". BBC News. Retrieved 5 February 2018. ^ Knowledge, HBS Working. "A Bank That Accepts Parmesan As Collateral: The Cheese Stands A Loan". Forbes. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ Henderson, Joanna (23 May 2022). "Why This Italian Bank Accepts Parmesan Cheese as Collateral for Loans". Lessons from History. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ "Discover Parmigiano Reggiano DOP". Eataly. 2 January 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ "7 Genius Uses For Parmesan Rinds". HuffPost. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2021. ^ Giovanni Boccaccio, Decamerone VIII 3. 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Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. ^ Qian, Michael; Reineccius, Gary. "Potent Aroma Compounds in Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese Studied Using a Dynamic Headspace (purge-trap) Method". Flavour and Fragrance Journal, Volume 18 Issue 3, 7 April 2003 (pp. 252–259). ^ "I Know What I Like: Understanding Odor Preferences". The Fragrance Foundation, 2008. ^ Amy Fleming (9 April 2013). "Umami: why the fifth taste is so important". Word of Mouth blog. The Guardian. parmesan is probably the most umami ingredient in western cookery ^ Marsha A. Echols Geographical Indications for Food Products – 2008 Page 190 – "A defence was that the name 'Parmesan' has become generic and so cannot be a protected designation of origin. The Court disagreed. It commented that 'in the present case it is far from clear that the designation parmesan has become ..." ^ Bernard O'Connor – The Law of Geographical Indications – Page 136 2004 – "... name "Parmesan" may not become generic. See on http://europe/eu/int, "Case Law". 44 Where a registered name contains within it the name of an agricultural product or foodstuff that is considered generic, the use of that generic name on ... ^ The Great Food Robbery: How Corporations Control Food 2012 "In 2008, however, the EU ruled that the same applied to all cheese produced under the name "Parmesan", a generic term widely used for cheeses produced around the world. The EU issued a similar ruling for Feta, claiming that it could be ... ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (6 October 2010). "Eat this! Parmigiano-Reggiano, the king of cheeses". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010. ^ Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross; Patel, Vinood B., eds. (15 October 2013). Handbook of cheese in health: Production, nutrition and medical sciences. Human Health Handbooks. Vol. 6. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. p. 264. doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-766-0. ISBN 978-90-8686-211-5. Retrieved 30 May 2014. ^ Hintz, Martin; Percy, Pam (26 February 2008). Wisconsin Cheese: A Cookbook and Guide to the Cheeses of Wisconsin – Martin Hintz, Pam Percy – Google Books. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762751969. Retrieved 30 May 2014. ^ Oxford Companion to Food, s.v. 'parmesan' ^ Cox, James (9 September 2003). "What's in a name?". USA Today. Retrieved 27 November 2014. ^ "Parmesan vs. Parmigiano: What's the Difference?". 26 March 2018. ^ a b Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services (1 April 2006), "§ 133.165: Parmesan and reggiano cheese", Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21 – Food and Drugs, Chapter I – Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services (continued) (Parts 1–1299), Part 133 – Cheeses and related cheese products, United States Government Publishing Office, pp. 338–339 ^ Legislative Services Branch (15 February 2023). "C.R.C., c. 870 B.08.033 (1) . (Naming the variety) Cheese". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. ^ Justin M. Waggoner (12 October 2007). "Acquiring a European Taste for Geographical Indications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2014. ^ Brodsy, Alyson. "U.S. cheese maker says it can produce Parmesan faster | Business | Indiana Daily Student". Idsnews.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014. ^ Paskin, Willa "A"; Juusty, Mariana "B"; Grandi, Alberto "C"; Stefanini, Giacomo "D"; Chinoto, Simone "E"; Matteski, Mike "F"; Foster, Aaron "G" (12 July 2023). "Is the Best Italian Parmesan Made in… Wisconsin?". Slate Magazine. transcript ^ "The EU tries to grab all the cheese". 8 June 2016. ^ "Trade battle ferments over European cheeses". PBS. 11 March 2014. ^ "Europe's claims about cheese curdle the blood in Wisconsin". 7 September 2003. ^ a b Lydia Mulvany. The Parmesan Cheese You Sprinkle on Your Penne Could Be Wood: Some Brands Promising 100 Percent Purity Contained No Parmesan at All. Bloomberg Business. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016. ^ DOJ Western PA. Castle Cheese Company Executive Michelle Myrter Sentenced in Adulterated Cheese Case "DOJ Press Release" 11 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2023. ^ Smetana, Jiří (15 February 2010). "Italové kupují český "parmazán" z Litovle" (in Czech). iDnes. Retrieved 10 November 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parmigiano-Reggiano. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parmesan (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmesan_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Reggiano (dialect)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggiano_(dialect)"},{"link_name":"Parmigiano (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmigiano_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Region_Parmigiano-Reggiano.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[parmiˈdʒaːno redˈdʒaːno]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_cheese#Hard_cheese"},{"link_name":"granular cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular_cheese"},{"link_name":"cow's milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_cattle"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Italian provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Reggio Emilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Emilia"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"River Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_(river)"},{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"Emilia-Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"River Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_(river)"},{"link_name":"protected designations of origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"similar cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Non-European_Parmesan_cheese"},{"link_name":"king of cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_cheeses"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FakeForbes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"TasteAtlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TasteAtlas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For other uses, see Parmesan (disambiguation).\"Parmigiano\" and \"Reggiano\" redirect here. For the Emilian dialect, see Reggiano (dialect). For other uses, see Parmigiano (disambiguation).The area in which Parmigiano Reggiano can be produced, according to EU and Italian PDO legislationParmigiano ReggianoParmesan (Italian: Parmigiano Reggiano, Italian: [parmiˈdʒaːno redˈdʒaːno]) is an Italian hard, granular cheese produced from cow's milk and aged at least 12 months or, outside the European Union, a locally produced imitation.The full, legally protected, name of the Italian cheese is Parmigiano Reggiano. It is named after two of the areas which produce it, the Italian provinces of Parma and Reggio Emilia (Parmigiano is the Italian adjective for the city of Parma and Reggiano is the adjective for the region of Reggio Emilia); in addition to Reggio Emilia and Parma, it is also produced in the part of Bologna west of the River Reno and in Modena (all of the above being located in the Emilia-Romagna region), as well as in the part of Mantua (Lombardy) which is on the south bank of the River Po.The words Parmigiano Reggiano and Parmesan are protected designations of origin (PDO) for cheeses produced in these provinces under Italian and European law.[1] Outside the EU, the name Parmesan is legally used for similar cheeses, with only the full Italian name unambiguously referring to PDO Parmigiano Reggiano.It has been called the \"king of cheeses\"[2] and \"practically perfect food\".[3] In 2023, the guide TasteAtlas picked Parmigiano Reggiano as the best cheese in the world.[4]","title":"Parmesan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cow's milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_cattle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parmigiano-Reggiano_Factory.png"},{"link_name":"whey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whey"},{"link_name":"thermophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophile"},{"link_name":"lactic acid bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria"},{"link_name":"rennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet"},{"link_name":"muslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin"},{"link_name":"wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parmigiano_reggiano_factory.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parmigiano-Reggiano.png"},{"link_name":"hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay"},{"link_name":"grass-fed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_feeding#Grass-fed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt#Edible_salt"},{"link_name":"salinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"savory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umami"},{"link_name":"diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter"}],"text":"Parmigiano Reggiano is made from unpasteurised cow's milk. The whole milk of the morning milking is mixed with the naturally skimmed milk of the previous evening's milking, resulting in a part skim mixture. This mixture is pumped into copper-lined vats, which heat evenly and contribute copper ions to the mix.[5]Copper-lined vats for the production of Parmigiano ReggianoStarter whey (containing a mixture of certain thermophilic lactic acid bacteria) is added, and the temperature is raised to 33–35 °C (91–95 °F). Calf rennet is added, and the mixture is left to curdle for 10–12 minutes. The curd is then broken up mechanically into small pieces (around the size of rice grains). The temperature is then raised to 55 °C (131 °F) with careful control by the cheese-maker. The curd is left to settle for 45–60 minutes. The compacted curd is collected in a piece of muslin before being divided in two and placed in molds. There are 1,100 litres (290 US gal) of milk per vat, producing two cheeses each. The curd making up each wheel at this point weighs around 45 kilograms (99 lb). The remaining whey in the vat was traditionally used to feed the pigs from which prosciutto di Parma was produced. The barns for these animals were usually just a few metres away from the cheese production rooms.Cracking open a wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano cheeseThe cheese is put into a stainless steel, round form that is pulled tight with a spring-powered buckle so the cheese retains its wheel shape. After a day or two, the buckle is released and a plastic belt imprinted numerous times with the Parmigiano Reggiano name, the plant's number, and month and year of production is put around the cheese and the metal form is buckled tight again. The imprints take hold on the rind of the cheese in about a day and the wheel is then put into a brine bath to absorb salt for 20–25 days. After brining, the wheels are then transferred to the aging rooms in the plant for 12 months. Each cheese is placed on wooden shelves that can be 24 cheeses high by 90 cheeses long or 2,160 total wheels per aisle. Each cheese and the shelf underneath it is then cleaned manually or robotically every seven days, and the cheese is turned.A Parmigiano Reggiano factory maturation roomProduct process of Parmesan cheeseAt 12 months, the Consorzio del Formaggio Parmigiano Reggiano (lit. 'Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese Consortium') inspects every wheel. The cheese is tested by a master grader who taps each wheel to identify undesirable cracks and voids within the wheel. Wheels that pass the test are then heat-branded on the rind with the Consorzio's logo. Those that do not pass the test used to have their rinds marked with lines or crosses all the way around to inform consumers that they are not getting top-quality Parmigiano Reggiano; more recent practices simply have these lesser rinds stripped of all markings.Traditionally cows are fed only on grass or hay, producing grass-fed milk. Only natural whey culture is allowed as a starter, together with calf rennet.[6]The only additive allowed is salt, which the cheese absorbs while being submerged for 20 days in brine tanks saturated to near-total salinity with Mediterranean sea salt. The product is aged a minimum of one year and an average of two years;[7] an expert from the Consorzio typically conducts a sound test with a hammer to determine if a wheel has finished maturing.[8] The cheese is produced daily, and it can show a natural variability. True Parmigiano Reggiano cheese has a sharp, complex fruity/nutty taste with a strong savory flavor and a slightly gritty texture. Inferior versions can impart a bitter taste.The average Parmigiano Reggiano wheel is about 18–24 cm (7–9 in) high, 40–45 cm (16–18 in) in diameter, and weighs 38 kg (84 lb).","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Parmigiano_reggiano.svg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parmesan&action=edit"},{"link_name":"metric tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Italian General Confederation of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"immigrants from India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Credito Emiliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credito_Emiliano"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Official logo of Parmigiano ReggianoAll producers of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese belong to the Consorzio del Formaggio Parmigiano Reggiano (lit. 'Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese Consortium'), which was founded in 1928.[9] Besides setting and enforcing the standards for the PDO, the Consorzio also sponsors marketing activities.[10]As of 2017[update], about 3.6 million wheels (approx. 137,000 metric tons) of Parmesan are produced every year; they use about 18% of all the milk produced in Italy.[11]Most workers in the Italian dairy industry (bergamini) belong to the Italian General Confederation of Labour. As older dairy workers retire, younger Italians have tended to work in factories or offices. Immigrants have filled that role, with 60% of the workers in the Parmesan industry now[when?] immigrants from India, almost all Sikhs.[12]The Credito Emiliano bank in Italy accepts rolls of Parmesan cheese as collateral for debt for dairy farmers.[13][14]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Half_wheel_parmesan_cheese.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parmesan knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmesan_knife"},{"link_name":"grated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grater"},{"link_name":"pasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta"},{"link_name":"soups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup"},{"link_name":"risottos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risotto"},{"link_name":"salads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Half a wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese carved with a Parmesan knife and communal forkParmigiano Reggiano is commonly grated over pasta dishes, stirred into soups and risottos, and eaten on its own. It is often shaved or grated over other dishes such as salads.[15]\nSlivers and chunks of the hardest parts of the crust (also called the rind) are sometimes simmered in soups, broths, and sauces to add flavor. They can also be broiled and eaten as a snack, if they have no wax on them, or infused in olive oil or used in a steamer basket while steaming vegetables.[16]","title":"Consumption"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parmigiano_reggiano.jpg"},{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vinegar_and_cheese.jpg"},{"link_name":"balsamic vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsamic_vinegar"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Bibbiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbiano"},{"link_name":"province of Reggio Emilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Emilia"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Boccaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio"},{"link_name":"Decameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Decameron"},{"link_name":"macaroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni"},{"link_name":"ravioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravioli"},{"link_name":"Vernaccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernaccia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pepys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy"},{"link_name":"grana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grana_(cheese)"},{"link_name":"Grana Padano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grana_Padano"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"organized crime in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Camorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camorra"},{"link_name":"Autostrada A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostrada_A1_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"northern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"southern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lacucinaitaliana.com-22"},{"link_name":"king of cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_cheeses"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lacucinaitaliana.com-22"},{"link_name":"Massimo Bottura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Bottura"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lacucinaitaliana.com-22"}],"text":"Parmigiano Reggiano festival in Modena; each wheel (block of cheese) costs €490.Parmigiano Reggiano being taste-tested at a festival in Modena, with balsamic vinegar drizzled on topAccording to legend, Parmigiano Reggiano was created in the course of the Middle Ages in the comune (municipality) of Bibbiano, in the province of Reggio Emilia. Its production soon spread to the Parma and Modena areas. Historical documents show that in the 13th and 14th centuries, Parmigiano was already very similar to that produced today,[when?] which suggests its origins can be traced to far earlier. Some evidence suggests that the name was used for Parmesan cheese in Italy and France in the 17th-19th century.[7]It was praised as early as 1348 in the writings of Boccaccio; in the Decameron, he invents a 'mountain, all of grated Parmesan cheese', on which 'dwell folk that do nought else but make macaroni and ravioli, and boil them in capon's broth, and then throw them down to be scrambled for; and hard by flows a rivulet of Vernaccia, the best that ever was drunk, and never a drop of water therein'.[17]During the Great Fire of London of 1666, Samuel Pepys buried his \"Parmazan cheese, as well as his wine and some other things\" to preserve them.[18]In the memoirs of Giacomo Casanova,[19] he remarked that the name Parmesan was a misnomer common throughout an \"ungrateful\" Europe in his time (mid-18th century), as the cheese was produced in the comune (municipality) of Lodi, in Lombardy, not Parma. Though Casanova knew his table and claimed in his memoir to have been compiling a (never completed) dictionary of cheeses, his comment has been taken to refer mistakenly to a grana cheese similar to Parmigiano, Grana Padano, which is produced in the Lodi area.[citation needed]Parmigiano Reggiano has been the target of organized crime in Italy, particularly the Mafia or Camorra, which ambush delivery trucks on the Autostrada A1, in northern Italy, between Milan and Bologna, hijacking shipments. The cheese is ultimately sold in southern Italy.[20] Between November 2013 and January 2015, an organised crime gang stole 2039 wheels of Parmigiano Reggiano from warehouses in northern and central Italy.[21]October 27 is designated \"Parmigiano Reggiano Day\" by The Consortium of Parmigiano Reggiano.[22] This day celebrating the \"king of cheese\" originated in response to the two earthquakes hitting the area of origin in May 2012. The devastation was profound, displacing tens of thousands of residents, collapsing factories, and damaging historical churches, bell towers, and other landmarks.[22] Years of cheese production were lost during the disaster, about $50 million worth. In order to assist the cheese producers, Modena native chef Massimo Bottura created the recipe riso cacio e pepe. He invited the world to cook this new dish along with him launching \"Parmigiano Reggiano Day\"—October 27.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor"},{"link_name":"aldehydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde"},{"link_name":"butyrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyric_acid"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Butyric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyric_acid"},{"link_name":"isovaleric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Methylbutanoic_acid"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid"},{"link_name":"umami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umami"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"cheese crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese_crystals"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Parmigiano has many aroma-active compounds, including various aldehydes and butyrates.[25] Butyric acid and isovaleric acid together are sometimes used to imitate the dominant aromas.[26]Parmigiano is also particularly high in glutamate, containing as much as 1.2 g of glutamate per 100 g of cheese. The high concentration of glutamate explains the strong umami taste of Parmigiano.[27]Parmigiano cheese typically contains cheese crystals, semi-solid to gritty crystalline spots that at least partially consist of the amino acid tyrosine.[citation needed]","title":"Aroma and chemical components"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unapproved_Parmigiano-Reggiano_wheel_on_shelf.JPG"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Spilamberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilamberto"},{"link_name":"PDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin"},{"link_name":"Voice of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"},{"link_name":"brand name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"protected designation of origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zeldes-31"}],"text":"A wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano manufactured in January 2014 in the comune (municipality) of Spilamberto with PDO marking and \"Parmigiano Reggiano\" written vertically around the complete edge of the wheel. An official certification will be stamped into the central oval when it is graded.Voice of America report showing production of the cheese and imitations using the name without authorizationThe name is legally protected in the European Union and, in Italy, exclusive control is exercised over the cheese's production and sale by The Consortium of Parmigiano Reggiano, which was created by a governmental decree. Each wheel must meet strict criteria early in the aging process, when the cheese is still soft and creamy, to merit the official seal and be placed in storage for aging. Because it is widely imitated, Parmigiano Reggiano has become an increasingly regulated product, and in 1955 it became what is known as a certified name (which is not the same as a brand name). In 2008, an EU court determined that the name Parmesan in Europe only refers to Parmigiano Reggiano and cannot be used for imitation Parmesan.[28][29][30] Thus, in the European Union, Parmigiano Reggiano is a protected designation of origin (PDO – DOP in Italian); legally, the name refers exclusively to the Parmigiano Reggiano PDO cheese manufactured in a limited area in northern Italy. Special seals identify the product as authentic, with the identification number of the dairy, the production month and year, a code identifying the individual wheel and stamps regarding the length of aging.[31]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"pasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta"},{"link_name":"Caesar salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_salad"},{"link_name":"pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FakeForbes-2"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"genericised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_trademark"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FakeForbes-2"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Parmesan cheese made outside of the European Union is a family of hard grating cheeses made from cow's milk and inspired by the original Italian cheese.[32] They are generally pale yellow in color and usually used grated on dishes such as pasta, Caesar salad, and pizza.[33] Some American generic Parmesan is sold already grated and has been aged for less than 12 months.[2]Within the European Union, the term Parmesan may only be used, by law, to refer to Parmigiano Reggiano itself, which must be made in a restricted geographic area, using stringently defined methods. In many areas outside Europe the name Parmesan has become genericised and may denote any of a number of hard Italian-style grating cheeses.[34][35] These cheeses, chiefly from the US and Argentina, are often commercialised under names intended to evoke the original, such as Parmesan, Parmigiana, Parmesana, Parmabon, Real Parma, Parmezan, or Parmezano.[2] After the European ruling that \"parmesan\" could not be used as a generic name, Kraft renamed its grated cheese \"Pamesello\" in Europe.[36]","title":"Non-European Parmesan cheese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Code of Federal Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations"},{"link_name":"Standard of Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_of_identity_for_food"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFR-133-37"},{"link_name":"milkfat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkfat"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFR-133-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Kraft Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Foods"},{"link_name":"grated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grated_cheese"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citba-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin cheesemakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_cheese"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate-Podcast-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Non-European production","text":"Parmesan cheese is defined differently in various jurisdictions outside of Europe. In the United States, the Code of Federal Regulations includes a Standard of Identity for \"Parmesan and Reggiano cheese\".[37] This defines both aspects of the production process and of the final result. In particular, Parmesan must be made of cow's milk, cured for 10 months or more, contain no more than 32% water, and have no less than 32% milkfat in its solids.[37] Similarly, the Canadian regulation only defines moisture and fat levels, with no restriction on aging time.[38]Kraft Foods is a major North American producer of grated Parmesan and has been selling it since 1945.[39][40] A number of Wisconsin cheesemakers, some founded by Italian immigrants, produce Parmesan in whole wheels.[41]A number of non-European parmesan producers have taken strong objection to the attempts of the European Union to globally control the trademark of the Parmesan name, claiming that it is more about control of trade than control of quality.[42][43][44]","title":"Non-European Parmesan cheese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anticaking agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticaking_agent"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dojPA-46"}],"sub_title":"Adulteration controversy","text":"Several American manufacturers have been investigated for allegedly going beyond the 4% cellulose limit (allowed as an anticaking agent for grated cheese, 21 CFR 133.146).[45] In one case, FDA findings found \"no Parmesan cheese was used to manufacture\" a Pennsylvania manufacturer's grated cheese labeled \"Parmesan\", apparently made from a mixture of other cheeses and cellulose. The manufacturer pled guilty and received a sentence of three years’ probation, a $5,000 fine and 200 hours of community service.[45][46]","title":"Non-European Parmesan cheese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grana (cheese)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grana_(cheese)"}],"text":"See also: Grana (cheese)","title":"Similar cheeses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grana Padano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grana_Padano"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Po Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Valley"},{"link_name":"silage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silage"}],"sub_title":"Grana Padano","text":"Grana Padano is an Italian cheese similar to Parmigiano Reggiano, but is produced mainly in Lombardy, where Padano refers to the Po Valley (Pianura Padana); the cows producing the milk may be fed silage as well as grass; the milk may contain slightly less fat, milk from several different days may be used, and must be aged a minimum of 9 months.","title":"Similar cheeses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gran Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gran_Moravia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Gran Moravia","text":"Gran Moravia is a cheese from the Czech Republic similar to Grana Padano and Parmigiano.[47]","title":"Similar cheeses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reggianito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggianito"},{"link_name":"Italian Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Argentines"}],"sub_title":"Reggianito","text":"Reggianito is an Argentine cheese similar to Parmigiano. Developed by Italian Argentine cheesemakers, the cheese is made in smaller wheels and aged for less time, but is otherwise broadly similar.","title":"Similar cheeses"}]
[{"image_text":"The area in which Parmigiano Reggiano can be produced, according to EU and Italian PDO legislation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Region_Parmigiano-Reggiano.png/220px-Region_Parmigiano-Reggiano.png"},{"image_text":"Parmigiano Reggiano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg/220px-Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg"},{"image_text":"Copper-lined vats for the production of Parmigiano Reggiano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Parmigiano-Reggiano_Factory.png/220px-Parmigiano-Reggiano_Factory.png"},{"image_text":"Cracking open a wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese"},{"image_text":"A Parmigiano Reggiano factory maturation room","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Parmigiano_reggiano_factory.jpg/220px-Parmigiano_reggiano_factory.jpg"},{"image_text":"Product process of Parmesan cheese","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Parmigiano-Reggiano.png/220px-Parmigiano-Reggiano.png"},{"image_text":"Official logo of Parmigiano Reggiano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Logo_Parmigiano_reggiano.svg/220px-Logo_Parmigiano_reggiano.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Half a wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese carved with a Parmesan knife and communal fork","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Half_wheel_parmesan_cheese.jpg/220px-Half_wheel_parmesan_cheese.jpg"},{"image_text":"Parmigiano Reggiano festival in Modena; each wheel (block of cheese) costs €490.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Parmigiano_reggiano.jpg/220px-Parmigiano_reggiano.jpg"},{"image_text":"Parmigiano Reggiano being taste-tested at a festival in Modena, with balsamic vinegar drizzled on top","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vinegar_and_cheese.jpg/220px-Vinegar_and_cheese.jpg"},{"image_text":"A wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano manufactured in January 2014 in the comune (municipality) of Spilamberto with PDO marking and \"Parmigiano Reggiano\" written vertically around the complete edge of the wheel. An official certification will be stamped into the central oval when it is graded.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Unapproved_Parmigiano-Reggiano_wheel_on_shelf.JPG/220px-Unapproved_Parmigiano-Reggiano_wheel_on_shelf.JPG"},{"image_text":"Voice of America report showing production of the cheese and imitations using the name without authorization"}]
[{"title":"Italy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"List of Italian cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_cheeses"},{"title":"Parmesan knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmesan_knife"}]
[{"reference":"Olmsted, Larry (19 November 2012). \"Most Parmesan Cheeses In America Are Fake, Here's Why\". Forbes. Retrieved 23 March 2020. ... that it has earned the nickname in the dairy industry, the 'king of cheeses'.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/larryolmsted/2012/11/19/the-dark-side-of-parmesan-cheese-what-you-dont-know-might-hurt-you/","url_text":"\"Most Parmesan Cheeses In America Are Fake, Here's Why\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Italy's practically perfect food\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190127-italys-practically-perfect-food","url_text":"\"Italy's practically perfect food\""}]},{"reference":"\"100 Best Rated Cheeses in the World\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tasteatlas.com/100-best-rated-cheeses-in-the-world","url_text":"\"100 Best Rated Cheeses in the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Learn the Difference Between Parmesan and Parmigiano Reggiano\". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thespruceeats.com/parmesan-vs-parmigiano-591198","url_text":"\"Learn the Difference Between Parmesan and Parmigiano Reggiano\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best Parmigiano Reggiano Tour\". MichelleAltenberg.com. 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://michellealtenberg.com/parmigiano-reggiano-tour/","url_text":"\"The Best Parmigiano Reggiano Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Mitzman, Dany (25 June 2015). \"The Sikhs who saved Parmesan\". BBC News. Retrieved 5 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33149580","url_text":"\"The Sikhs who saved Parmesan\""}]},{"reference":"Knowledge, HBS Working. \"A Bank That Accepts Parmesan As Collateral: The Cheese Stands A Loan\". Forbes. Retrieved 14 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/hbsworkingknowledge/2015/07/01/a-bank-that-accepts-parmesan-as-collateral-the-cheese-stands-a-loan/","url_text":"\"A Bank That Accepts Parmesan As Collateral: The Cheese Stands A Loan\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Joanna (23 May 2022). \"Why This Italian Bank Accepts Parmesan Cheese as Collateral for Loans\". Lessons from History. Retrieved 14 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/lessons-from-history/why-this-italian-bank-accepts-parmesan-cheese-as-collateral-for-loans-b07347c8230e","url_text":"\"Why This Italian Bank Accepts Parmesan Cheese as Collateral for Loans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discover Parmigiano Reggiano DOP\". Eataly. 2 January 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eataly.com/us_en/magazine/eataly-stories/discover-parmigiano-reggiano-dop/","url_text":"\"Discover Parmigiano Reggiano DOP\""}]},{"reference":"\"7 Genius Uses For Parmesan Rinds\". HuffPost. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/leftover-parmesan-rind_n_5785981ee4b03fc3ee4e762e","url_text":"\"7 Genius Uses For Parmesan Rinds\""}]},{"reference":"McMahon, Barbara (3 December 2006). \"It's hard cheese for Parmesan producers targeted by Mafia\". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/03/italy.barbaramcmahon1","url_text":"\"It's hard cheese for Parmesan producers targeted by Mafia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Maxi-furto di Parmigiano Reggiano: rubate 2mila forme, 11 arresti\" [Parmigiano Reggiano heist: 2000 wheels stolen, 11 arrested] (in Italian). 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2015-09-24/maxi-furto-parmigiano-reggiano-11-arresti-075622.shtml","url_text":"\"Maxi-furto di Parmigiano Reggiano: rubate 2mila forme, 11 arresti\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Touching Story Behind Parmigiano Reggiano Day\". La Cucina Italiana. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lacucinaitaliana.com/trends/events/the-touching-story-behind-parmigiano-reggiano-day","url_text":"\"The Touching Story Behind Parmigiano Reggiano Day\""}]},{"reference":"United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). \"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels\". Retrieved 28 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"United States Food and Drug Administration"},{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels","url_text":"\"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels\""}]},{"reference":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/","url_text":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1","url_text":"978-0-309-48834-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154","url_text":"30844154"}]},{"reference":"Amy Fleming (9 April 2013). \"Umami: why the fifth taste is so important\". Word of Mouth blog. The Guardian. parmesan is probably the most umami ingredient in western cookery","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/09/umami-fifth-taste","url_text":"\"Umami: why the fifth taste is so important\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Zeldes, Leah A. (6 October 2010). \"Eat this! Parmigiano-Reggiano, the king of cheeses\". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101230130201/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/10/06/eat-this-parmigiano-reggiano-the-king-of-cheeses/","url_text":"\"Eat this! Parmigiano-Reggiano, the king of cheeses\""},{"url":"http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/10/06/eat-this-parmigiano-reggiano-the-king-of-cheeses/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross; Patel, Vinood B., eds. (15 October 2013). Handbook of cheese in health: Production, nutrition and medical sciences. Human Health Handbooks. Vol. 6. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. p. 264. doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-766-0. ISBN 978-90-8686-211-5. 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(Naming the variety) Cheese\". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/c.r.c.,_c._870/page-27.html","url_text":"\"C.R.C., c. 870 B.08.033 (1) [S]. (Naming the variety) Cheese\""}]},{"reference":"Justin M. Waggoner (12 October 2007). \"Acquiring a European Taste for Geographical Indications\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074625/http://citba.org/pdf%20files/2007%20Waggoner%20paper.pdf","url_text":"\"Acquiring a European Taste for Geographical Indications\""},{"url":"http://citba.org/pdf%20files/2007%20Waggoner%20paper.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brodsy, Alyson. \"U.S. cheese maker says it can produce Parmesan faster | Business | Indiana Daily Student\". Idsnews.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. 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Slate Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/podcasts/decoder-ring/2023/07/parmesan-cheeses-journey-from-italy-to-wisconsin","url_text":"\"Is the Best Italian Parmesan Made in… Wisconsin?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The EU tries to grab all the cheese\". 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-tries-to-grab-all-the-cheese-parmesan-ttip-trade-common-names-feta/","url_text":"\"The EU tries to grab all the cheese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trade battle ferments over European cheeses\". PBS. 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/trade-battle-ferments-european-cheeses","url_text":"\"Trade battle ferments over European cheeses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"}]},{"reference":"\"Europe's claims about cheese curdle the blood in Wisconsin\". 7 September 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2003-09-07-0309060398-story.html","url_text":"\"Europe's claims about cheese curdle the blood in Wisconsin\""}]},{"reference":"Smetana, Jiří (15 February 2010). \"Italové kupují český \"parmazán\" z Litovle\" (in Czech). iDnes. Retrieved 10 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ekonomika.idnes.cz/italove-kupuji-cesky-parmazan-z-litovle-fdl-/ekoakcie.aspx?c=A100215_1335699_ekoakcie_fih","url_text":"\"Italové kupují český \"parmazán\" z Litovle\""}]}]
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Rigg"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081014102951/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/1/0/13102/13102.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pepys.info/1666/1666sep.html","external_links_name":"diary entry for 4 September, 1666"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170515112509/http://www.pepys.info/1666/1666sep.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/03/italy.barbaramcmahon1","external_links_name":"\"It's hard cheese for Parmesan producers targeted by Mafia\""},{"Link":"http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2015-09-24/maxi-furto-parmigiano-reggiano-11-arresti-075622.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Maxi-furto di Parmigiano Reggiano: rubate 2mila forme, 11 arresti\""},{"Link":"https://www.lacucinaitaliana.com/trends/events/the-touching-story-behind-parmigiano-reggiano-day","external_links_name":"\"The Touching Story Behind Parmigiano Reggiano Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels","external_links_name":"\"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/","external_links_name":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154","external_links_name":"30844154"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130105140815/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/104520040/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0","external_links_name":"Potent Aroma Compounds in Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese Studied Using a Dynamic Headspace (purge-trap) Method"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090203043112/http://www.senseofsmell.org/feature/odor/odor_whitepaper_3.php","external_links_name":"I Know What I Like: Understanding Odor Preferences"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/09/umami-fifth-taste","external_links_name":"\"Umami: why the fifth taste is so important\""},{"Link":"http://europe/eu/int","external_links_name":"http://europe/eu/int"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101230130201/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/10/06/eat-this-parmigiano-reggiano-the-king-of-cheeses/","external_links_name":"\"Eat this! Parmigiano-Reggiano, the king of cheeses\""},{"Link":"http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/10/06/eat-this-parmigiano-reggiano-the-king-of-cheeses/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D6whAgAAQBAJ&q=history+of+parmesan&pg=PA264","external_links_name":"Handbook of cheese in health: Production, nutrition and medical sciences"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3920%2F978-90-8686-766-0","external_links_name":"10.3920/978-90-8686-766-0"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=waPVq7au8NsC&q=history+of+parmesan&pg=PA151","external_links_name":"Wisconsin Cheese: A Cookbook and Guide to the Cheeses of Wisconsin – Martin Hintz, Pam Percy – Google Books"},{"Link":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/trade/2003-09-09-names_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"What's in a name?\""},{"Link":"https://www.thephcheese.com/parmesan-vs-parmigiano-whats-the-difference","external_links_name":"\"Parmesan vs. Parmigiano: What's the Difference?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-133/subpart-B/section-133.165","external_links_name":"\"§ 133.165: Parmesan and reggiano cheese\""},{"Link":"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/c.r.c.,_c._870/page-27.html","external_links_name":"\"C.R.C., c. 870 B.08.033 (1) [S]. (Naming the variety) Cheese\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074625/http://citba.org/pdf%20files/2007%20Waggoner%20paper.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Acquiring a European Taste for Geographical Indications\""},{"Link":"http://citba.org/pdf%20files/2007%20Waggoner%20paper.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140531124320/http://www.idsnews.com/news/story.aspx?id=45724","external_links_name":"\"U.S. cheese maker says it can produce Parmesan faster | Business | Indiana Daily Student\""},{"Link":"http://www.idsnews.com/news/story.aspx?id=45724","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://slate.com/podcasts/decoder-ring/2023/07/parmesan-cheeses-journey-from-italy-to-wisconsin","external_links_name":"\"Is the Best Italian Parmesan Made in… Wisconsin?\""},{"Link":"https://slate.com/transcripts/NjV3TEJTa0FHaC9naWNvRjdHcU12ajRTcmU1V2RPa0ludks1RnU0QzFycz0=","external_links_name":"transcript"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-tries-to-grab-all-the-cheese-parmesan-ttip-trade-common-names-feta/","external_links_name":"\"The EU tries to grab all the cheese\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/trade-battle-ferments-european-cheeses","external_links_name":"\"Trade battle ferments over European cheeses\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2003-09-07-0309060398-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Europe's claims about cheese curdle the blood in Wisconsin\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-16/the-parmesan-cheese-you-sprinkle-on-your-penne-could-be-wood","external_links_name":"The Parmesan Cheese You Sprinkle on Your Penne Could Be Wood: Some Brands Promising 100 Percent Purity Contained No Parmesan at All."},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdpa/pr/castle-cheese-company-executive-michelle-myrter-sentenced-adulterated-cheese-case","external_links_name":"Castle Cheese Company Executive Michelle Myrter Sentenced in Adulterated Cheese Case"},{"Link":"http://ekonomika.idnes.cz/italove-kupuji-cesky-parmazan-z-litovle-fdl-/ekoakcie.aspx?c=A100215_1335699_ekoakcie_fih","external_links_name":"\"Italové kupují český \"parmazán\" z Litovle\""},{"Link":"https://www.parmigianoreggiano.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4305074-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561035205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94000729","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph487795&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colwick_Country_Park
Colwick Country Park
["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Fauna and flora","4 References"]
Coordinates: 52°56′56″N 1°05′46″W / 52.949°N 1.096°W / 52.949; -1.096Country park in Colwick, Nottingham, England Colwick Country ParkTypeCountry parkLocationColwick, Nottingham, EnglandCoordinates52°56′56″N 1°05′46″W / 52.949°N 1.096°W / 52.949; -1.096Area250 acres (100 ha)Created1978Operated byNottingham City CouncilOpenAll year Colwick Country Park is a country park in Colwick, Nottingham, England. History The estate upon which the park resides dates back to 1362. The current house, Colwick Hall, was built in the late 18th century and is now a privately-owned hotel. The Country Park opened in 1978, with former gravel workings being landscaped and planted to form a recreational facility for Nottingham. A new visitor centre facility is planned. Facilities The park has two lakes, Main Lake covers 65 acres (26 ha) and West Lake covers 24 acres (9.7 ha). West Lake is home to the Nottingham City Open Water Swimming Centre with organised swimming sessions (with swimming not permitted at other times), it is also stocked with carp for fishing and has canoeing and sailing. There are educational facilities, children's play areas, wildlife areas, dog walking, orienteering, geocaching, bird watching and wildlife photography, cycling, horse riding and ranger led activities. There is a centre with activities including power boating, camp crafts and windsurfing. A Parkrun takes place every Saturday morning at 9am, except during pandemics, comprising one lap of Main Lake and two laps of West Lake. There is also a marina for mooring at the River Trent. Fauna and flora The Racecourse and Pool is a Site of Special Scientific Interest due to its dragonfly species, this site has recorded 16 species of dragonfly with 14 species breeding. There are around 220 recorded species of birds. References ^ "Colwick Park". Nottinghamshire County Council. ^ a b c "Colwick Country Park". Nottingham City Council. ^ a b "Colwick Country Park". Nottinghamshire Birdwatchers. Retrieved 8 July 2020. ^ Barlow, Jamie (14 August 2018). "Visitor centre planned for Colwick Country Park as part of £20m investment". ^ "Public and Corporate Adventure Sessions". Nottingham City Council. Nottingham City Council. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 2018-08-15. ^ "Colwick parkrun course". www.parkrun.org.uk. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colwick Country Park.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejano_Music_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year_%E2%80%94_Orchestra
Tejano Music Award for Album of the Year – Orchestra
["1 Recipients","2 See also","3 References","3.1 General","3.2 Specific","4 External links"]
Tejano Music Award for Album of the Year – Group/OrchestraAwarded forGroup/Orchestra Album of the YearCountryUnited StatesPresented byLocal television and radio stationsFirst awarded1981Currently held byLos Hermanos Farias (2013)Most awardsMazz (8)WebsiteTejano Music Awards The Tejano Music Award for Album of the Year – Group (formerly the Tejano Music Award for Album of the Year – Orchestra from 1981 to 1997) was an honor presented to albums by Tejano music groups/bands. Recipients Year Performing artist(s) Work Nominees Ref. 1981 Little Joe y La Familia Live for Schlitz 1982 Little Joe y La Familia Prieta Linda 1983 La Mafia Honey 1984 La Mafia Electrifying Mazz – The Force Little Joe y La Familia – No Quiero Mas Amar 1985 La Mafia Hot Stuff 1986 Mazz No. 16 1987 La Mafia 1986 1988 Mazz Beyond 1989 David Marez Sold Out 1990 Latin Breed Breaking the Rules 1991 Little Joe y La Familia No Te Olvidare La Sombra – Good Boys La Fiebre – On the Rise 1992 Mazz Para Nuestra Gente 1993 Selena Entre a Mi Mundo Culturas – Culturas Mazz – Lo Hare Por Ti 1994 Selena Live Mazz – Romanticos Que Nunca Ramiro Herrera – Pensamientos 1995 Selena Amor Prohibido Mazz – Que Es Spada Gary Hobbs – Se Que Hasta Corre 1996 Mazz Solo Para Ti Inocencia – Ahora Letty Guval – Amor de Mis Amores David Olivares – Aqui Esta Bob Gallarza – Body & Soul Elsa García – Diez Joel Nava – Joel Nava & The Border Fandango USA – Mas De tu Amor Ruben Ramos – Nueve Vidas Gary Hobbs – Soy el Mismo Jay Perez – The Voice Ram Herrera – Ven Mi Amor 1997 Pete Astudillo Como Te Extrano Jennifer Pena – Dulzura Mazz – Mariachi y Tradicion 1998 Bobby Pulido Llegaste A Me Vida 1999 Mazz Cuantas Veces Elida Reyna – EYA 1998 Emilio Navaira – A Mi Gente 2000 Kumbia Kings Amor, Familia y Respeto David Lee Garza – Nadie Como Yo Jay Perez – Siempre Contigo 2001 Mazz Quien Iva A Pensar 2002 Kumbia Kings Shhh! Jay Perez – De Mi Corasoul Mazz – Siempre Humilde 2003 Mazz Si Me Faltas Tu Jay Perez – Hombre en La Luna Ram Herrera – Ingrata Jennifer Pena – Libre Chris Perez – Una Noche Mas 2004 Mazz Live En El Valle 2005–2008 Not awarded 2009 Mazz The Legend Continues Elida Reyna – Domingo Jay Perez – La Voz del 2008 Ruben Ramos – Viva la Revolución TexMex Kadillaks – Me Gusta Tu 2010–2012 Not awarded 2013 Los Hermanos Farias Los Hermanos Farias Elida Reyna – Domingo Jay Perez – La Voz del 2008 Ruben Ramos – Viva la Revolución TexMex Kadillaks – Me Gusta Tu See also Texas portalMusic portalLatin music portal Music of Texas References General "Past Winners of the Tejano Music Awards". Texas Talent Musicians Association. Retrieved June 3, 2016. Specific ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Complete List Of Winners of the Tejano Music Awards". Retrieved June 10, 2016. ^ Flores Jr, Adolfo (December 9, 1990). "Tejano Music Celebrates in Awards Show". Del Rio News Herald. Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ "1991 Tejano Music Award Finalists". Colorado Springs Hispania News. February 21, 1991. Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ Burr, Ramiro (February 20, 1993). "Tejano contest finalists named". San Antonio Express-News. ^ Burr, Ramiro (February 20, 1994). "Navaira paces Tejano nominees". San Antonio Express-News. ^ "The 16th Annual Tejano Music Awards Nominees". Laonda.net. Retrieved 25 April 2016. ^ "22nd Annual Tejano Music Awards - Top 3 Finalists". Laonda.net. Retrieved 25 April 2016. External links Official site of the Tejano Music Awards vteTejano Music Awards categoriesGeneral Song of the Year Album of the Year (Tejano) Album of the Year (Conjunto) Album of the Year (Norteño) Vocalist Male Vocalist of the Year Female Vocalist of the Year Artist Entertainer of the Year Vocal Duo of the Year Best New Artist (Male) Best New Artist (Female) Best New Artist (Group) Special awards Lifetime Achievement Award Humanitarian of the Year Former awards Record of the Year Single of the Year Songwriter of the Year Best Tejano Crossover Song Instrumental of the Year Mexican Regional Song of the Year Music Video of the Year Album of the Year (Overall) Album of the Year (Group) Album of the Year (Orchestra) Album of the Year (Traditional) Album of the Year (Progressive) Album of the Year (Urban Tejano) Male Entertainer of the Year Female Entertainer of the Year Tejano Norteño Artist Most Promising Band of the Year Showband of the Year Tejano Gospel Music Artist Tejano Country Artist Tejano Country Song of the Year
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[]
[{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"title":"Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Music"},{"title":"Latin music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Latin_music"},{"title":"Music of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Texas"}]
[{"reference":"\"Past Winners of the Tejano Music Awards\". Texas Talent Musicians Association. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tejanomusicawards.com/past-award-winners","url_text":"\"Past Winners of the Tejano Music Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_organizations_in_the_United_States","url_text":"Texas Talent Musicians Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Complete List Of Winners of the Tejano Music Awards\". Retrieved June 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tejanomusicawards.com/past-award-winners","url_text":"\"Complete List Of Winners of the Tejano Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Flores Jr, Adolfo (December 9, 1990). \"Tejano Music Celebrates in Awards Show\". Del Rio News Herald. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/Worldbruce%20Wikipedia/clipnumber/36753/","url_text":"\"Tejano Music Celebrates in Awards Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Rio_News_Herald","url_text":"Del Rio News Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"1991 Tejano Music Award Finalists\". Colorado Springs Hispania News. February 21, 1991. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/Worldbruce%20Wikipedia/clipnumber/36746/","url_text":"\"1991 Tejano Music Award Finalists\""}]},{"reference":"Burr, Ramiro (February 20, 1993). \"Tejano contest finalists named\". San Antonio Express-News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burr, Ramiro (February 20, 1994). \"Navaira paces Tejano nominees\". San Antonio Express-News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The 16th Annual Tejano Music Awards Nominees\". Laonda.net. Retrieved 25 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laondanet.com/tejano/nominees.html","url_text":"\"The 16th Annual Tejano Music Awards Nominees\""}]},{"reference":"\"22nd Annual Tejano Music Awards - Top 3 Finalists\". Laonda.net. Retrieved 25 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laondanet.com/tejano/TMA-XXII/22ndTMATop3Nominees.html","url_text":"\"22nd Annual Tejano Music Awards - Top 3 Finalists\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_LT-2
Yakovlev AIR-16
["1 References"]
AIR-16 Role Touring cabin monoplaneType of aircraft National origin USSR Designer Vladimir Kotov & Yevgeniy Adler First flight not flown Number built 1 The Yakovlev AIR-16, also known as Yakovlev LT-2 or Yakovlev No.16 was a 4-seat cabin monoplane touring aircraft, designed and built in the USSR during 1937. Intended to be powered by a 220 hp (160 kW) Renault Bengali 6 engine, the AIR-16 was never flown. Sources differ but in his memoirs, Yevgeniy Adler, Kotovs successor, put the failure to fly down to inherent design weaknesses that were not able to be rectified. References ^ Gordon, Yefim; Dmitry; Sergey Komissarov (2005). OKB Yakovlev. Hinkley: Midland Publishing. pp. 43, 46. ISBN 1-85780-203-9.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Yakovlev AIR-16"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euschemoninae
Euschemon
["1 Taxonomy","1.1 Synonyms","2 Description","3 References"]
Genus of butterflies Regent skipper Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Hesperiidae Subfamily: EuschemoninaeKirby, 1897 Genus: EuschemonDoubleday, 1846 Species: E. rafflesia Binomial name Euschemon rafflesia(Macleay, ) Synonyms Several, see text Euschemon is a genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Euschemon rafflesia, commonly known as the regent skipper and is found in Australia. Taxonomy It was formerly often included in the tribe Tagiadini of the subfamily of spread-winged skippers, Pyrginae. However, it seems to be the single most distinct living skipper butterfly. Consequently, it is treated as a monotypic subfamily Euschemoninae, as was first proposed by William Forsell Kirby as early as 1897. Synonyms The regent skipper, in addition to the systematic uncertainties that have surrounded it for long, is a rather variable species. Consequently, it has been treated under a variety of names, which are nowadays considered junior synonyms. For example: Euschemon alba Mabille, Euschemon alboornatus Olliff, 1891 Euschemon viridis Waterhouse, 1932 Exometoeca rafflesia (Macleay, ) Hesperia rafflesia Macleay, William Sharp Macleay named the butterfly after Sir Stamford Raffles "to whose scientific ardour and indefatigable exertions in Java and Sumatra, every naturalist must feel himself indebted." Description Typical resting position The regent skipper is quite small relative to most butterflies, however, it is large relative to most species in the family Hesperiidae. Its common name refers to the gaudy coloration; mostly black with conspicuous yellow and red dots and bands. A notable trait of this butterfly are the males' frenulum and retinaculum which couple the fore- and hindwing together in flight. This structure is presumably plesiomorphic for most or all Macrolepidoptera, but is absent in all known Rhopalocera (butterflies) except the regent skipper and the Hedylidae (moth-butterflies). References ^ a b c Brower & Warren (2009) ^ Humphrey, Margaret (June 2006). "SUS Museums Newsletter: The Raffles Collection" (PDF). Sydney Museums. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2013. Brower, Andrew V.Z. & Warren, Andrew (2009): Tree of Life Web Project – Euschemoninae. Version of 2009-JUN-11. Retrieved 2009-DEC-24. Media related to Euschemon rafflesia at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Euschemon rafflesia at Wikispecies Taxon identifiersEuschemon rafflesia Wikidata: Q1796936 Wikispecies: Euschemon rafflesia AFD: Euschemon_rafflesia BioLib: 400690 BOLD: 365010 CoL: 3D8X8 EoL: 177250 GBIF: 5141650 iNaturalist: 342449 IRMNG: 10613600 LepIndex: 183666 NCBI: 509382 Open Tree of Life: 924803
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[{"image_text":"Typical resting position","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Euschemoninae.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris_Thomas
Norris Thomas
["1 References"]
American football player (born 1954) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Norris Thomas" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American football player Norris ThomasThomas, c. 1982No. 41Position:CornerbackPersonal informationBorn: (1954-05-03) May 3, 1954 (age 70)Inverness, Mississippi, U.S.Height:6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight:180 lb (82 kg)Career informationCollege:Southern MissNFL draft:1976 / Round: 9 / Pick: 257Career history Miami Dolphins (1977–1979) Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1980–1984) Career NFL statisticsInterceptions:9Fumble recoveries:7Defensive TDs:1Player stats at PFR Norris Thomas (born May 3, 1954) is a former professional American football cornerback who played nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Miami Dolphins and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was inducted into the Pascagoula Athletic Hall of Fame in 2016. References ^ "Norris Thomas". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved April 20, 2018. ^ "Pascagoula Athletic Hall of Fame 2016; Norris Thomas". gulflive.com. June 12, 2016. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018. vteMiami Dolphins 1976 NFL draft selections Larry Gordon Kim Bokamper Loaird McCreary Duriel Harris Melvin Mitchell Gary Davis John Owens Bob Simpson Norris Thomas Gary Fencik Don Testerman Dexter Pride Randy Young Darryl Brandford Bernie Head Bob Gissler Ron Holmes Mike Green Jeff Grantz This biographical article relating to an American football defensive back born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_standard
Traditional pop
["1 Origins","2 Mid-1940s to mid-1950s: height of popularity","3 Late 1950s to 1960s: decline","4 Advent of rock and roll","5 Revival","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Western popular music that generally predates the advent of rock and roll in the mid-1950s Not to be confused with Folk-pop. Traditional popOther namesClassic pop, pre-rock and roll popStylistic originsBroadway theatreTin Pan Alleyfolk musicswingshow tunesCultural origins1920s–1930s, United StatesDerivative formsPopRegional scenesJapan Traditional pop (also known as classic pop and pre-rock and roll pop) is Western pop music that generally pre-dates the advent of rock and roll in the mid-1950s. The most popular and enduring songs from this era of music are known as pop standards or American standards. The works of these songwriters and composers are usually considered part of the canon known as the "Great American Songbook". More generally, the term "standard" can be applied to any popular song that has become very widely known within mainstream culture. AllMusic defines traditional pop as "post-big band and pre-rock & roll pop music". Origins Classic pop includes the song output of the Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, and Hollywood show tune writers from approximately World War I to the 1950s, such as Irving Berlin, Frederick Loewe, Victor Herbert, Harry Warren, Harold Arlen, Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin, Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, Oscar Hammerstein, Johnny Mercer, Dorothy Fields, Hoagy Carmichael, and Cole Porter. Mid-1940s to mid-1950s: height of popularity Frank Sinatra at CBS Radio in 1944 The swing era made stars of many popular singers including the young Frank Sinatra, Dinah Shore, Jo Stafford, Perry Como, Peggy Lee, Patti Page, David Whitfield, and Bing Crosby. Two notable innovations were the addition of string sections and orchestral arrangements and more emphasis on the vocal performance. The addition of lush strings can be heard in much of the popular music throughout the 1940s and 1950s. In the early 1950s, as the dominance of swing gave way to the traditional pop music era, many of the vocalists associated with swing bands became even more popular, and were central figures in popular music. Late 1950s to 1960s: decline In the late 1950s, rock became a popular and prominent musical style. However, some pop singers who had been popular during the swing era or traditional pop music period were still big stars such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Ella Fitzgerald, Dinah Shore, Dean Martin, and Bing Crosby. Some of these vocalists faded with traditional pop music, while many vocalists became involved in 1960s vocal jazz and the rebirth of "swing music"; the swing music of the 1960s is sometimes referred to as easy listening and was, in essence, a revival of popularity of the "sweet" bands that had been popular during the swing era, but with more emphasis on the vocalist. Like the swing era, it too featured many songs of the Great American Songbook. Much of this music was made popular by Nelson Riddle and television-friendly singers like Rosemary Clooney, Dean Martin, and the cast of Your Hit Parade. Many artists made their mark with pop standards, particularly entertainer, vocal jazz and pop singers such as Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett, Doris Day, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Louis Armstrong, Nat King Cole (originally known as a jazz pianist), Lena Horne, Vic Damone, Johnny Mathis, Bobby Darin, Ella Fitzgerald, Carmen McRae, Barbra Streisand, Peggy Lee, Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Andy Williams, Frankie Laine, Nancy Wilson, Rita Reys, Liza Minnelli and Cleo Laine. Traditional pop had not completely faded from the music scene, even as late as the mid-1960s songs like "The Days of Wine and Roses" and "Moon River" topping the charts and being popular with both teenagers and adults, and in 1959–1960 the hit songs "The Battle of New Orleans (in 1814)" and "North to Alaska" by Johnny Horton were more popular with teenagers than with adults. In addition to the vocal jazz and/or 1960s swing music, many of these singers were involved in "less swinging", more traditional, vocal pop music during this period as well, especially Sinatra and Cole. The diverging tastes between the baby boomers and older Americans of the 1960s led to one of the earliest schisms in music radio. Whereas rock dominated contemporary hit radio (top 40), traditional pop formed the basis of middle of the road (MOR). In terms of 21st century radio formats, the top-40 hits of the 1950s and 1960s are played on oldies stations while the traditional pop hits are the province of adult standards (with some exceptions); due to aging demographics, both formats are fading in popularity in favor of classic hits and gold-based adult contemporary, respectively. Advent of rock and roll With the growing popularity of rock and roll in the 1950s, much of what baby boomers considered to be their parents' music, traditional pop, was pushed aside. Popular music sung by such performers as Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Ella Fitzgerald, Peggy Lee and their contemporaries was relegated in the 1960s and 1970s to television, where they remained very popular, Las Vegas club acts and elevator music. Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra continued to have many hit singles and albums until the late 1960s, however. Nashville country music borrowed heavily from traditional pop sounds in the late 1950s as Music Row sought to limit the growing influence of rock and roll on the genre; it remained popular until both the British Invasion, the deaths of two of Nashville's biggest country stars (Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves) in separate airplane crashes, and the growing influence of West Coast country music pushed it aside beginning in 1964. In 1983, Linda Ronstadt, a popular female vocalist of the rock era, elected to change direction. She collaborated with legendary arranger-conductor Nelson Riddle and released a successful album of standards from the 1940s and 1950s, What's New. It reached No. 3 on the Billboard pop chart, won a Grammy, and inspired Ronstadt to team up with Riddle for two more albums: 1984's Lush Life and 1986's For Sentimental Reasons. The gamble paid off, as all three albums became hits, the international concert tours were a success and Riddle picked up a few more Grammys in the process. Ronstadt's determination to produce these albums exposed a new generation to the sounds of the pre-swing and swing eras. Since then, other rock/pop stars have occasionally found success recording traditional pop music. Notable albums include Rod Stewart's It Had to Be You: The Great American Songbook, Willie Nelson's Stardust, Chaka Khan's Echoes of an Era and Carly Simon's Torch. Revival The appearance of the lounge subculture in the mid-1990s in the United States helped to enhance the revival and interest in the music, style, and performers of popular music before rock and roll. Many contemporary performers have worked in the style of classic pop and/or easy listening swing. Some jazz and popular music singers, such as Diana Krall are sustaining the tradition. See also Adult contemporary Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album Great American Songbook Jazz standard List of blues standards Oldies Pop music Pops orchestra Schlager music Sentimental ballad Sentimental Journey: Pop Vocal Classics (four-CD album) Show tune Standard (music) Tin Pan Alley References ^ "Traditional Pop | Music Highlights". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-04-10. ^ Gilliland, John (1994). Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s (audiobook). ISBN 978-1-55935-147-8. OCLC 31611854. ^ a b Gilliland, John (1969). "Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66: A skinny dip in the easy listening mainstream" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Show 22. ^ Gilliland 1969, show 23. ^ Gilliland 1969, show 13. ^ "Passed/Failed CLEO LAINE". The Independent. 1998-06-10. Retrieved 2023-11-22. ^ Channick, Robert (3 May 2018). "MeTV FM goes from low-power TV station to top-10 Chicago radio station". Chicago Tribune. ^ Green, Jesse (June 2, 1996). "The Song Is Ended". The New York Times Magazine. ^ Dawidoff, Nicholas (1997). In the Country of Country. Great Britain: Faber and Faber. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-571-19174-6. ^ "Rolling Stone". Rock's Venus. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2007. ^ "Work's out fine, best female voice in rock and roll". The Daily News. Retrieved May 4, 2007. ^ "The Linda Ronstadt Interview". Time. Retrieved April 9, 2007. ^ "Family Week". Linda Ronstadt: The Gamble Pays off Big. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved April 9, 2007. ^ "Jerry Jazz Musician". The Peter Levinson Interview. 19 April 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2007. ^ "Torch - Carly Simon | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved October 27, 2019. External links PopularSong.org Online Magazine Popular Songwriters and Singers vtePop musicStylistic origins Tin Pan Alley Traditional pop Rock and roll Styles Adult contemporary Christian Quiet storm Rhythmic Urban Alternative Paisley Underground Ambient Art Avant Beach Beat Brill Building Bubblegum Chamber Contemporary Christian music Country Bro-country Cowboy Cringe Dancehall Dance Freestyle Disco polo Dream Experimental Folk Hyperpop Hypnagogic Indie Dunedin sound Twee Operatic Orchestral Baroque Pop rap Pop rock Emo Jangle Pop metal Pop-punk Power Progressive Psychedelic Sophisti-pop Space age Sunshine Swamp Synth-pop Electropop Futurepop Teen Traditional Wonky Regional variantsAfrica Africa Afrobeats Moroccan The Americas American Argentine Brazilian (MPB) Latin Tropipop Mexican Nueva ola Asia Arabic Assyrian Azerbaijani Chinese Cantopop Hakka Hokkien Mandopop French Xinyao Zhongguo feng Chinoiserie Hong Kong English Indian Bhangra Filmi Hindutva Indonesian Iranian Japanese City Kayōkyoku Ryūkōka Shibuya-kei Kazakhstani Korean North South Lao Malaysian Pakistani Philippine Thai Vietnamese Europe Austropop Balkan pop-folk Chalga Laïko Manele Tallava Turbo-folk British Dutch Nederbeat New pop Eurodance Europop French pop French Mandopop Yé-yé Hungarian Italian Macedonian Čalgija Romanian Manele Russian Schlager Serbian Swedish Turkish SFR Yugoslavia Soviet VIA music Ukrainian Related topics Celebrity Bobby soxer Sasaeng fan Teenybopper Wota Honorific nicknames Music and fashion Pop music automation Popular music pedagogy Rockism and poptimism Songwriter Talent manager Talent agent Teen idol Boy band Girl group Verse–chorus form Virtual band Worldbeat vteEasy listening Beautiful music Chill-out music Lofi hip hop Elevator music Exotica Light music Lounge music Middle of the road Muzak Orchestral pop Space age pop Sunshine pop Traditional pop
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Folk-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk-pop"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"Great American Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Songbook"},{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_(music)"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Folk-pop.Traditional pop (also known as classic pop[citation needed] and pre-rock and roll pop) is Western pop music that generally pre-dates the advent of rock and roll in the mid-1950s. The most popular and enduring songs from this era of music are known as pop standards or American standards. The works of these songwriters and composers are usually considered part of the canon known as the \"Great American Songbook\". More generally, the term \"standard\" can be applied to any popular song that has become very widely known within mainstream culture.AllMusic defines traditional pop as \"post-big band and pre-rock & roll pop music\".[1][non-primary source needed]","title":"Traditional pop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"},{"link_name":"show tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_tune"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Irving Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Frederick Loewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Loewe"},{"link_name":"Victor Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Harry Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Warren"},{"link_name":"Harold Arlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Arlen"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kern"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Hart"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Fields"},{"link_name":"Hoagy Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoagy_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"Cole Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Classic pop includes the song output of the Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, and Hollywood show tune writers[citation needed] from approximately World War I to the 1950s, such as Irving Berlin, Frederick Loewe, Victor Herbert, Harry Warren, Harold Arlen, Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin, Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, Oscar Hammerstein, Johnny Mercer, Dorothy Fields, Hoagy Carmichael, and Cole Porter.[citation needed]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Sinatra_(1944_CBS_Radio_publicity_photo).jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Dinah Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah_Shore"},{"link_name":"Jo Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Stafford"},{"link_name":"Perry Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Como"},{"link_name":"Peggy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Lee"},{"link_name":"Patti Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Page"},{"link_name":"David Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Whitfield"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc40s-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Frank Sinatra at CBS Radio in 1944The swing era made stars of many popular singers including the young Frank Sinatra, Dinah Shore, Jo Stafford, Perry Como, Peggy Lee, Patti Page, David Whitfield, and Bing Crosby. Two notable innovations were the addition of string sections and orchestral arrangements and more emphasis on the vocal performance.[2] The addition of lush strings can be heard in much of the popular music throughout the 1940s and 1950s. In the early 1950s, as the dominance of swing gave way to the traditional pop music era, many of the vocalists associated with swing bands became even more popular, and were central figures in popular music.[citation needed]","title":"Mid-1940s to mid-1950s: height of popularity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doris Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Day"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"easy listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_listening"},{"link_name":"swing era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_era"},{"link_name":"Great American Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Songbook"},{"link_name":"Nelson Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Riddle"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Your Hit Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Hit_Parade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc22-3"},{"link_name":"Tony Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Sammy Davis Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr."},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Nat King Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_King_Cole"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc22-3"},{"link_name":"Lena Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Horne"},{"link_name":"Vic Damone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Damone"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mathis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_23-4"},{"link_name":"Bobby Darin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Darin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_13-5"},{"link_name":"Carmen McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_McRae"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Peggy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Lee"},{"link_name":"Sarah Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Dinah Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah_Washington"},{"link_name":"Andy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Williams"},{"link_name":"Frankie Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Laine"},{"link_name":"Nancy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(jazz_singer)"},{"link_name":"Rita Reys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Reys"},{"link_name":"Liza Minnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Minnelli"},{"link_name":"Cleo Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleo_Laine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Days of Wine and Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Wine_and_Roses_(song)"},{"link_name":"Moon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_River"},{"link_name":"The Battle of New Orleans (in 1814)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"North to Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_to_Alaska_(song)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Horton"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"music radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_radio"},{"link_name":"contemporary hit radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"middle of the road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"adult standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_standards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"classic hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_hits"},{"link_name":"gold-based adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music"}],"text":"In the late 1950s, rock became a popular and prominent musical style. However, some pop singers who had been popular during the swing era or traditional pop music period were still big stars such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Ella Fitzgerald, Dinah Shore, Dean Martin, and Bing Crosby.Some of these vocalists faded with traditional pop music, while many vocalists became involved in 1960s vocal jazz and the rebirth of \"swing music\"; the swing music of the 1960s is sometimes referred to as easy listening and was, in essence, a revival of popularity of the \"sweet\" bands that had been popular during the swing era, but with more emphasis on the vocalist. Like the swing era, it too featured many songs of the Great American Songbook. Much of this music was made popular by Nelson Riddle and television-friendly singers like Rosemary Clooney, Dean Martin, and the cast of Your Hit Parade.Many artists made their mark with pop standards, particularly entertainer, vocal jazz and pop singers such as Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra,[3] Tony Bennett, Doris Day, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Louis Armstrong, Nat King Cole (originally known as a jazz pianist),[3] Lena Horne, Vic Damone, Johnny Mathis,[4] Bobby Darin,[5] Ella Fitzgerald, Carmen McRae, Barbra Streisand, Peggy Lee, Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Andy Williams, Frankie Laine, Nancy Wilson, Rita Reys, Liza Minnelli and Cleo Laine.[6]Traditional pop had not completely faded from the music scene, even as late as the mid-1960s songs like \"The Days of Wine and Roses\" and \"Moon River\" topping the charts and being popular with both teenagers and adults, and in 1959–1960 the hit songs \"The Battle of New Orleans (in 1814)\" and \"North to Alaska\" by Johnny Horton were more popular with teenagers than with adults.[citation needed]In addition to the vocal jazz and/or 1960s swing music, many of these singers were involved in \"less swinging\", more traditional, vocal pop music during this period as well, especially Sinatra and Cole.The diverging tastes between the baby boomers and older Americans of the 1960s led to one of the earliest schisms in music radio. Whereas rock dominated contemporary hit radio (top 40), traditional pop formed the basis of middle of the road (MOR). In terms of 21st century radio formats, the top-40 hits of the 1950s and 1960s are played on oldies stations while the traditional pop hits are the province of adult standards (with some exceptions);[7] due to aging demographics, both formats are fading in popularity in favor of classic hits and gold-based adult contemporary, respectively.","title":"Late 1950s to 1960s: decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"baby boomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boomers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nashville country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_sound"},{"link_name":"Music Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Row"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawidoff-9"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Patsy Cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Cline"},{"link_name":"Jim Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Reeves"},{"link_name":"West Coast country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield_sound"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rocks_Venus-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Daily_News-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindaronstadt-12"},{"link_name":"Nelson Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Riddle"},{"link_name":"What's New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_New_(Linda_Ronstadt_album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard pop chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamblepaysoff-13"},{"link_name":"swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_music"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindaronstadtwithnelson-14"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"It Had to Be You: The Great American Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Had_to_Be_You:_The_Great_American_Songbook"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust_(Willie_Nelson_album)"},{"link_name":"Chaka Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka_Khan"},{"link_name":"Echoes of an Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_an_Era"},{"link_name":"Carly Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Simon"},{"link_name":"Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch_(Carly_Simon_album)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"With the growing popularity of rock and roll in the 1950s, much of what baby boomers considered to be their parents' music, traditional pop, was pushed aside.[8] Popular music sung by such performers as Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Ella Fitzgerald, Peggy Lee and their contemporaries was relegated in the 1960s and 1970s to television, where they remained very popular, Las Vegas club acts and elevator music. Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra continued to have many hit singles and albums until the late 1960s, however. Nashville country music borrowed heavily from traditional pop sounds in the late 1950s as Music Row sought to limit the growing influence of rock and roll on the genre;[9] it remained popular until both the British Invasion, the deaths of two of Nashville's biggest country stars (Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves) in separate airplane crashes, and the growing influence of West Coast country music pushed it aside beginning in 1964.In 1983, Linda Ronstadt, a popular female vocalist of the rock era,[10][11] elected to change direction.[12] She collaborated with legendary arranger-conductor Nelson Riddle and released a successful album of standards from the 1940s and 1950s, What's New. It reached No. 3 on the Billboard pop chart, won a Grammy, and inspired Ronstadt to team up with Riddle for two more albums: 1984's Lush Life and 1986's For Sentimental Reasons.[13] The gamble paid off, as all three albums became hits, the international concert tours were a success and Riddle picked up a few more Grammys in the process. Ronstadt's determination to produce these albums exposed a new generation to the sounds of the pre-swing and swing eras.[14]Since then, other rock/pop stars have occasionally found success recording traditional pop music. Notable albums include Rod Stewart's It Had to Be You: The Great American Songbook, Willie Nelson's Stardust, Chaka Khan's Echoes of an Era and Carly Simon's Torch.[15]","title":"Advent of rock and roll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lounge subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounge_music"},{"link_name":"Diana Krall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Krall"}],"text":"The appearance of the lounge subculture in the mid-1990s in the United States helped to enhance the revival and interest in the music, style, and performers of popular music before rock and roll. Many contemporary performers have worked in the style of classic pop and/or easy listening swing. Some jazz and popular music singers, such as Diana Krall are sustaining the tradition.","title":"Revival"}]
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[{"title":"Adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"title":"Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_Pop_Vocal_Album"},{"title":"Great American Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Songbook"},{"title":"Jazz standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_standard"},{"title":"List of blues standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blues_standards"},{"title":"Oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"title":"Pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"title":"Pops orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pops_orchestra"},{"title":"Schlager music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlager_music"},{"title":"Sentimental ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"title":"Sentimental Journey: Pop Vocal Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_Journey:_Pop_Vocal_Classics"},{"title":"Show tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_tune"},{"title":"Standard (music)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_(music)"},{"title":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"}]
[{"reference":"\"Traditional Pop | Music Highlights\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/traditional-pop-ma0000002961/artists","url_text":"\"Traditional Pop | Music Highlights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Gilliland, John (1994). Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s (audiobook). ISBN 978-1-55935-147-8. OCLC 31611854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland","url_text":"Gilliland, John"},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/partners/UNTML/browse/?start=0&fq=untl_collection%3AJGPC","url_text":"Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55935-147-8","url_text":"978-1-55935-147-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31611854","url_text":"31611854"}]},{"reference":"Gilliland, John (1969). \"Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66: A skinny dip in the easy listening mainstream\" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland","url_text":"Gilliland, John"},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=21","url_text":"\"Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66: A skinny dip in the easy listening mainstream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Chronicles","url_text":"Pop Chronicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries","url_text":"University of North Texas Libraries"}]},{"reference":"\"Passed/Failed CLEO LAINE\". The Independent. 1998-06-10. Retrieved 2023-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/passed-failed-cleo-laine-1164162.html","url_text":"\"Passed/Failed CLEO LAINE\""}]},{"reference":"Channick, Robert (3 May 2018). \"MeTV FM goes from low-power TV station to top-10 Chicago radio station\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-me-tv-fm-chicago-radio-20180427-story.html","url_text":"\"MeTV FM goes from low-power TV station to top-10 Chicago radio station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Green, Jesse (June 2, 1996). \"The Song Is Ended\". The New York Times Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/02/magazine/the-song-is-ended.html","url_text":"\"The Song Is Ended\""}]},{"reference":"Dawidoff, Nicholas (1997). In the Country of Country. Great Britain: Faber and Faber. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-571-19174-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19174-6","url_text":"0-571-19174-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Rolling Stone\". Rock's Venus. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070808092455/http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/intrs78.htm","url_text":"\"Rolling Stone\""},{"url":"http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/intrs78.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Work's out fine, best female voice in rock and roll\". The Daily News. Retrieved May 4, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/c821114.htm","url_text":"\"Work's out fine, best female voice in rock and roll\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Linda Ronstadt Interview\". Time. Retrieved April 9, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/arttm83.htm","url_text":"\"The Linda Ronstadt Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family Week\". Linda Ronstadt: The Gamble Pays off Big. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved April 9, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061022112831/http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artfam84.htm","url_text":"\"Family Week\""},{"url":"http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artfam84.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Jazz Musician\". The Peter Levinson Interview. 19 April 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jerryjazzmusician.com/mainHTML.cfm?page=levinson.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Jazz Musician\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torch - Carly Simon | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/torch-mw0000193526","url_text":"\"Torch - Carly Simon | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Canano
Giambattista Canano
["1 References"]
Italian anatomist and professor Giambattista or Giovanni Battista Canano (born 1515, died 29 January 1579) was a physician and anatomist, active mainly in his native Ferrara. His aristocratic family, of Greek ancestry, produced a number of physicians and scholars. His father, Ludovico Canano, was a notary. His grandfather was lecturer in medicine at Ferrara and physician at court. The family came to Italy from Greece in the 15th century. Canano's studies were most likely directed by his uncle Hippolito. He became professor of anatomy at the University of Ferrara in 1541. He was physician to Francesco d'Este in France in 1544, and personal physician to Physician to Pope Julius III from 1552 to 1555. He pursued most of his dissections at his own home, with his cousin Antonio Maria Canano. These surgeries were attended by leading physicians of the city. Canano was a colleague of Andreas Vesalius and Vesalius attributes to Canano the first observation of valves of veins, a crucial discovery that would lead to the understanding of the circulatory system. He published one volume of his own writings on anatomy, Musculorum humani corporis picturata dissectio, illustrated by Gerolamo da Carpi. It contained 20 pages with 27 illustrations. He never completed the later volumes. He may have been discouraged by the great success of Vesalius' De humani corporis fabrica, which covered the same subjects Canano was working on. However Canano's book was highly original, containing the first anatomical drawings of the lumbricals and interossei of the hand, and the first description and drawing of the palmaris brevis muscle and the oblique head of the adductor pollicis muscle, which was not observed by Vesalius and was unknown to Galen. Canano was the first to discover the palmaris brevis. References ^ a b c d e f Westfall, Richard S. "The Galileo Project". galileo.rice.edu. Rice University. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ a b c Rivista Fondazione Estense, ebe entry. ^ a b c Tubbs, R.S.; Shoja, M.M.; Loukas, M.; Agutter, P. (2019). History of Anatomy: An International Perspective. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-52425-1. Retrieved 2021-05-05. ^ a b Franklin, K. J. (November 1927). "Valves in Veins: An Historical Survey". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 21 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1177/003591572702100101. ISSN 0035-9157. PMC 2101797. PMID 19986134. ^ a b Štrkalj, G (2014). "Giambattista Canano and his myology". Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 60 (3): 290–292. doi:10.4103/0022-3859.138761. PMID 25121370. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF 2 WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiaru_Nature_Reserve
Kuiaru Nature Reserve
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 58°29′N 24°43′E / 58.48°N 24.72°E / 58.48; 24.72Protected area in Estonia Kuiaru Nature ReserveLocationEstoniaCoordinates58°29′N 24°43′E / 58.48°N 24.72°E / 58.48; 24.72Area222 haEstablished2007 Kuiaru Nature Reserve is a nature reserve which is located in Pärnu County, Estonia. The area of the nature reserve is 222 ha. The protected area was founded in 2007 to protect valuable habitat types and threatened species in Võlla village (former Are Parish) and in Kuiaru village (former Tori Parish). References ^ a b "Kuiaru looduskaitseala kaitse alla võtmine ja kaitse-eeskiri – Riigi Teataja". www.riigiteataja.ee. Retrieved 3 April 2021. ^ "Kuiaru Looduskaitseala". Protected Planet. Retrieved 2 April 2021. vteNature reserves of Estonia (Detailed list)Harju Alema Anija Kämbla Laukesoo Maapaju Mahtra Muraste Niinsoni Põhja-Kõrvemaa Orkjärve Paraspõllu Parila Ruila Suure-Aru Suurupi Ülgase Hiiu Hüti Kalana Kukka Kõpu Kõrgessaare Leigri Paope Pihla-Kaibaldi Tahkuna Tihu Ida-Viru Agusalu Muraka Puhatu Selisoo Järva Iidva Kareda Kurisoo Nõmme Mire Prandi Rumbi Silmsi Väätsa Jõgeva Aidu Altnurga Endla Kirikuraba Kivimurru Kärasi Mustallika Sopimetsa Tellise Võtikvere Lääne Leidissoo Marimetsa Nõva Silma Lääne-Viru Lasila Luusika Mahu-Rannametsa Ohepalu Paadenurme Sirtsi Suigu Toolse Tudusoo Uhtju Varangu Pärnu Audru Polder's Avaste Jäärumetsa Kabli Kalita Karinõmme Kergu Kihnu Islets Kikepera Kolga Kuiaru Laiksaare Lauaru Laulaste Lavassaare Lindi Luitemaa Lähkma Madissaare Metsaääre Mihkli Naissoo Nedrema Nehatu Nigula Nätsi-Võlla Paadrema Puhtu-Laelatu Pärnu Grasslands Sanga Siiraku Soo-otsa Sookuninga Sorgu Tolkuse Tuhu Vahenurme Vaiste Varbla Islets Vaskjõe Ännikse Põlva Akste Ihamaru Maruoru Meelva Valgesoo Veski Rapla Linnuraba Nabala-Tuhala Taarikõnnu Tillniidu Tõrasoo Vardi Saare Abruka Allirahu Haavassoo Kesknõmme Koimla Koorunõmme Laidevahe Laidu Island Liiva-Putla Pühametsa Rahuste Siplase Suuremõisa Bay Sääre Säärenõmme Teesu Viidumäe Viieristi Tartu Alam-Pedja Anne Järvselja Keeri-Karijärve Konguta Kärevere Padakõrve Peipsiveere Pähklisaare Raadi Ropka-Ihaste Välgi Valga Keisripalu Koorküla Riidaja Rubina Soontaga Tündre Viljandi Järveküla Kahvena Kurimetsa Lehtsaare Leppoja Maalasti Parika Raudna Võru Luhasoo Meenikunno Mõisamõtsa Parmu Piusa Caves Pähni Timmase
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kuiaru looduskaitseala kaitse alla võtmine ja kaitse-eeskiri – Riigi Teataja\". www.riigiteataja.ee. Retrieved 3 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/12816058","url_text":"\"Kuiaru looduskaitseala kaitse alla võtmine ja kaitse-eeskiri – Riigi Teataja\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuiaru Looduskaitseala\". Protected Planet. Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protectedplanet.net/339618","url_text":"\"Kuiaru Looduskaitseala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_Planet","url_text":"Protected Planet"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%27Longhi
De' Longhi
["1 History and trading","2 Products","3 Merger and acquisitions","4 Public trading","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Italian small appliance manufacturer De'Longhi S.p.A.Company typePublicTraded asBIT: DLGIndustryHome appliancesFounded1902; 122 years ago (1902)HeadquartersTreviso, ItalyArea servedWorldwideKey peopleGiuseppe De'Longhi (Chairman) Fabio De'Longhi (Vice Chairman) and (Chief Executive Officer)ProductsHeaters, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, espresso machines, kitchen appliances and small appliancesRevenue€2351.3 million (2020)Number of employees9000 (2020)Websitewww.delonghigroup.com De'Longhi S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: ; stylized as DēLonghi) is an Italian small appliance manufacturer based in Treviso, Italy. History and trading The company was founded by the De'Longhi family in 1902 as a small industrial parts manufacturing workshop. The company incorporated in 1950. Historically a major producer of portable heaters and air conditioners, the company has expanded to include nearly every category of small domestic appliances in the food preparation and cooking, as well as household cleaning and ironing, segments. Products De'Longhi is especially well known for the Artista Series espresso machines, the De'Longhi gelato maker as well as the Pinguino portable air conditioner. De'Longhi is known for the design of its products. Its Esclusivo line of kitchen appliances won the Red Dot design award in 2007. Home Furnishing News recognized the firm's Design Director Giocomo Borin as one of the 50 most influential designers in the world in 2006. De'Longhi's 2000 acquisition of Climaveneta S.p.A. and DLRadiators allowed De'Longhi to enter the commercial HVACR (heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration) market. Merger and acquisitions Its acquisition of the British appliance maker Kenwood for £45.9 million (about $66.7 million) in 2001 gave it access to Kenwood's Chinese factory. As a result, many of De'Longhi's products are now imported from China, while design and engineering remain largely in Italy. Acquisition of a majority stake in RC Group, a leading player in datacenter cooling, in 2006 has strengthened its presence in the HVACR market. In all, the company operates 13 production facilities and 30 international subsidiaries that support sales to 75 countries worldwide. International sales account for nearly 75 percent of the group's total revenues, which topped €1.63 billion in 2010. On 2 January 2012 the DeLclima group was set up as a demerger from De'Longhi. On 16 April 2012, De'Longhi bought perpetual rights to manufacture Braun branded products from Procter & Gamble in the small appliance segment. Procter & Gamble will continue to own the Braun brand. €50 million was paid immediately and €90 million will be paid over the next 15 years. In 2018, India-based Orient Electric partnered with De'Longhi to market small kitchen appliances in India. In November 2020, De'Longhi announced the acquisition of Capital Brands, which specialized in mixers for 420 million euros. Public trading Shares in the company are traded on Milan's stock exchange under the ticker symbol DLG. Revenues have steadily increased to nearly double the revenue from 2014. In 2022, revenue was €3,160,000,000. In October 2017, the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America and Allergy Standards Limited announced that five De'Longhi dehumidifiers have earned the Asthma and Allergy Friendly Certification. These are the first dehumidifiers to receive the program's mark. See also Italy portalCompanies portalCoffee portal Bialetti Cimbali Elektra (espresso machines) Faema FrancisFrancis Gaggia La Marzocco Rancilio Saeco References ^ a b "Corporate Investor Relations and Highlights". De'Longhi Group. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2021. ^ a b "Italy's De'Longhi buys Braun brand license". Reuters. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012. ^ "Giuseppe De'Longhi & family". Forbes. ^ Spinosa, Nicola (1990). El Arte de la corte de Nápoles en el siglo XVIII: Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, 7 marzo-6 mayo 1990 (in Spanish). Ministerio de Cultura, Dirección General de Bellas Artes y Archivos, Centro Nacional de Exposiciones. ISBN 978-84-7483-611-0. ^ "De'Longhi Group forms strategic partnership with Orient Electric in India". www.punekarnews.in. ^ Falson, Sarah (6 March 2007). "De'Longhi's Esclusivo range wins two international design gongs". applianceretailer.com.au. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ "De'Longhi PrimaDonna Class". Good Design. ^ "Italy's De'Longhi uses its in-house moulding to deliver designer brewing systems". Plastics News. 17 March 2016. ^ White, Dominic (17 February 2001). "Kenwood cooks up a £45.9m deal with Italy's De'Longhi". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 25 January 2016. ^ "De Longhi America Inc - Company Profile and News". Bloomberg.com. ^ "Mitsubishi Electric Enters into Agreement to Acquire Majority Interest in DeLclima". www.automotiveworld.com. ^ "Orient Electric partners Italy's De'Longhi Group to market small kitchen applian". Economic Times. ^ "Italy's De' Longhi to buy U.S. blender maker Capital Brands". Reuters. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2022. ^ Szostech, Michael (4 August 2023). "De'Longhi TrueBrew Coffee Maker". Canada Reviewed. Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ "Equities De' Longhi SpA". Financial Times. ^ "Reducing Humidity Creates Healthier Homes for Those With Asthma and Allergies" (Press release). GlobeNewswire. 16 October 2017. External links Media related to De'Longhi at Wikimedia Commons Official website Braun Household Kenwood vteCoffee in ItalyRoasters illy Lavazza Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group Caffè Pascucci Caffè del Doge Guglielmo Caffè Historicalcoffeehouses Antico Caffè Greco Caffè Bardi Caffè-Pasticceria Cova Caffè Florian Caffè Giubbe Rosse Caffè Lavena Caffè Michelangiolo Caffè Quadri Caffè San Marco Caffè Fiorio Caffè Gambrinus Gran Caffè Doney Palazzina Majani, Bologna Pedrocchi Café Antico Caffè Spinnato People Alfonso Bialetti Francesco Illy Luigi Lavazza Angelo Moriondo Technology Bialetti Caffitaly Cimbali FrancisFrancis De'Longhi Elektra Faema Gaggia La Marzocco Lelit Rancilio Saeco Smeg Drinks Affogato Barbajada Bicerin Bombardino Caffè corretto Caffè crema Caffè macchiato Cappuccino Espressino Espresso Lungo Ristretto Doppio Latte macchiato Marocchino Mocaccino Shakerato Gassosa al caffè Moretta Other Barista Caffè sospeso Easy Serving Espresso Pod Espresso machine IperEspresso ISSpresso Lavazza A Modo Mio Moka pot Neapolitan flip coffee pot Coffee portal   Italy portal vteHome appliance brands Amica Arçelik Arctic Beko Dawlance Defy Grundig Ariston Bertazzoni Bialetti Bissell Braun Breville Group Breville Kambrook Bork BSH Balay Bosch Constructa Gaggenau Neff Pitsos Profilo Siemens Thermador Bticino Colston-Ariston Cuisinart Danby De Dietrich Remeha De'Longhi Kenwood Dualit Dustbot Dyson Edesa Electrolux AEG Anova Frigidaire Kelvinator Lehel Parkinson Cowan White-Westinghouse Zanussi Elica Faema Fulgor Gaggia Giacomini Gree Haceb Haier Candy Fisher & Paykel GE Hoover Hotpoint Hamilton Beach Proctor Silex Havells Hisense Asko Gorenje Kelon IKEA InSinkErator iRobot Roomba Scooba JS Global Lifestyle Joyoung Kenmore Khind-Mistral Kleenmaid LG Liebherr Lofra Mabe Magic Bullet Magic Chef Medion Middleby AGA La Cornue Rangemaster Rayburn Viking Midea Eureka Miele Mitsubishi Moffat Morphy Richards Newell Crock-Pot Holmes Mr. Coffee Oster Sunbeam Olympic OXO Panasonic KDK Sanyo Pars Khazar Peerless-Premier Pensonic Philips Pyramis Saeco Samsung Dacor SEB Krups Moulinex Rowenta Supor Tefal Servis SharkNinja Sharp Sisil Skyworth Smeg Snowa Spectrum Black+Decker George Foreman Remington Russell Hobbs Toastmaster Sub-Zero Tiger Vestel Vestfrost Finlux Videocon Voltas Vorwerk West Bend Whirlpool Admiral Amana Bauknecht Hotpoint Indesit Inglis Jenn-Air KitchenAid Maytag Winia Zojirushi Zyliss Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Germany United States This Italian corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S.p.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.p.A."},{"link_name":"[deˈloŋɡi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"small appliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_appliance"},{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-2"}],"text":"De'Longhi S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [deˈloŋɡi]; stylized as DēLonghi) is an Italian small appliance manufacturer based in Treviso, Italy.[2]","title":"De' Longhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The company was founded by the De'Longhi family in 1902 as a small industrial parts manufacturing workshop.[3] The company incorporated in 1950.[4] Historically a major producer of portable heaters and air conditioners, the company has expanded to include nearly every category of small domestic appliances in the food preparation and cooking, as well as household cleaning and ironing, segments.[5]","title":"History and trading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"espresso machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso_machine"},{"link_name":"gelato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelato"},{"link_name":"air conditioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioner"},{"link_name":"Red Dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Climaveneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climaveneta"},{"link_name":"HVACR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVACR"}],"text":"De'Longhi is especially well known for the Artista Series espresso machines, the De'Longhi gelato maker as well as the Pinguino portable air conditioner.De'Longhi is known for the design of its products. Its Esclusivo line of kitchen appliances won the Red Dot design award in 2007.[6] Home Furnishing News recognized the firm's Design Director Giocomo Borin[7] as one of the 50 most influential designers in the world in 2006.[8]De'Longhi's 2000 acquisition of Climaveneta S.p.A. and DLRadiators allowed De'Longhi to enter the commercial HVACR (heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration) market.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood_Limited"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"datacenter cooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cooling"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%82%AC"},{"link_name":"DeLclima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLclima"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braun_(company)"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Its acquisition of the British appliance maker Kenwood for £45.9 million[9] (about $66.7 million) in 2001 gave it access to Kenwood's Chinese factory. As a result, many of De'Longhi's products are now imported from China, while design and engineering remain largely in Italy.Acquisition of a majority stake in RC Group, a leading player in datacenter cooling, in 2006 has strengthened its presence in the HVACR market.[10]In all, the company operates 13 production facilities and 30 international subsidiaries that support sales to 75 countries worldwide. International sales account for nearly 75 percent of the group's total revenues, which topped €1.63 billion in 2010.On 2 January 2012 the DeLclima group was set up as a demerger from De'Longhi.[11]On 16 April 2012, De'Longhi bought perpetual rights to manufacture Braun branded products from Procter & Gamble in the small appliance segment. Procter & Gamble will continue to own the Braun brand. €50 million was paid immediately and €90 million will be paid over the next 15 years.[2]In 2018, India-based Orient Electric partnered with De'Longhi to market small kitchen appliances in India.[12]In November 2020, De'Longhi announced the acquisition of Capital Brands, which specialized in mixers for 420 million euros.[13]","title":"Merger and acquisitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan's stock exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsa_Italiana"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma_and_Allergy_Foundation_of_America"},{"link_name":"Asthma and Allergy Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma_and_Allergy_Friendly"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Shares in the company are traded on Milan's stock exchange under the ticker symbol DLG. Revenues have steadily increased to nearly double the revenue from 2014. In 2022, revenue was €3,160,000,000.[14][15]In October 2017, the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America and Allergy Standards Limited announced that five De'Longhi dehumidifiers have earned the Asthma and Allergy Friendly Certification. These are the first dehumidifiers to receive the program's mark.[16]","title":"Public trading"}]
[]
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El Arte de la corte de Nápoles en el siglo XVIII: Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, 7 marzo-6 mayo 1990 (in Spanish). Ministerio de Cultura, Dirección General de Bellas Artes y Archivos, Centro Nacional de Exposiciones. 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Economic Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/consumer-durables-and-information-technology/consumer-electronics/orient-electric-partners-italys-delonghi-group-to-market-small-kitchen-appliances-in-india/66846574","url_text":"\"Orient Electric partners Italy's De'Longhi Group to market small kitchen applian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Italy's De' Longhi to buy U.S. blender maker Capital Brands\". Reuters. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-capital-brands-m-a-de-longhi-idUSKBN2830VY","url_text":"\"Italy's De' Longhi to buy U.S. blender maker Capital Brands\""}]},{"reference":"Szostech, Michael (4 August 2023). \"De'Longhi TrueBrew Coffee Maker\". Canada Reviewed. Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadareviewed.ca/delonghi-automatic-coffee-maker-truebrew-review/#frequently-asked-questions","url_text":"\"De'Longhi TrueBrew Coffee Maker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Equities De' Longhi SpA\". Financial Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=DLG:MIL","url_text":"\"Equities De' Longhi SpA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reducing Humidity Creates Healthier Homes for Those With Asthma and Allergies\" (Press release). GlobeNewswire. 16 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2017/10/16/1147969/0/en/Reducing-Humidity-Creates-Healthier-Homes-for-Those-With-Asthma-and-Allergies.html","url_text":"\"Reducing Humidity Creates Healthier Homes for Those With Asthma and Allergies\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisles
Aisles
["1 History","1.1 Formation, The Yearning (2001–2005)","1.2 Touring, In Sudden Walks (2006–2011)","1.3 4:45 AM (2011–2014)","1.4 Hawaii (2015–2022)","1.5 Beyond Drama (2023–present)","2 Discography","3 Musical style","4 Band members","5 References","6 External links"]
Chilean progressive rock band This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Aisles" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) AislesAisles performing in 2014Background informationOriginSantiago, ChileGenresProgressive rock, art rock, fusionYears active2004–presentLabelsPresagio Records, Musea, Mylodon, Melodic Revolution,Members Israel Gil Germán Vergara Rodrigo Sepúlveda Juan Pablo Gaete Felipe Candia Daniel Alejandro Concha Baird-Kerr Past members Sebastián Vergara Felipe González Luis Vergara Alejandro Meléndez Juan Carlos Raglianti Websitewww.aislesproject.com Aisles is a six-piece Chilean Progressive rock (colloquially known as “Prog”) band originally from Santiago, Chile. The band has been praised for its eclectic style, combining elements of rock, progressive rock, fusion, and latin music, among others. Aisles has toured South America, North America and Europe, participating in numerous Prog-rock festivals. The bands albums have been published in Europe, the United States, Japan, and in 2009 was nominated for "Best Foreign Record" by the Prog Awards for their second album, In Sudden Walks. Aisles third album, 4:45 AM, was released October 29, 2013 on Presagio Records. The band then released their fourth record, Hawaii on July 29, 2016. History Formation, The Yearning (2001–2005) Aisles was founded in 2001 by Germán Vergara (guitar, vocals), his brother Luis (keyboards), and their childhood friend Rodrigo Sepúlveda (guitar, vocals). In 2002, Alejandro Meléndez, hailing from Brazil, joined the band. Initially seeking lead singers, the band invited Germán and Luis' younger brother, Sebastián, to record a demo for auditioning purposes. However, upon discovering his impressive vocal abilities, they invited him to become their permanent vocalist, thus completing the band's initial lineup. After a period of playing gigs at local clubs and bars, the band entered the studio in 2003 with the aim of recording its first professional-level demo for promotional purposes. However, the band was well-satisfied with the quality of sound and musical performances and decided to release this effort as their first full-length album. The Yearning (2005) was mixed and mastered over a span of ten weeks, and was subsequently released and distributed in South America, Europe, the United States, and Japan, receiving generally positive reviews by specialized press. Françoise Couture of Allmusic wrote "The Yearning, Chilean band Aisles' first calling card, is a convincing disc of South American-flavored neo-progressive rock. Nothing gets reinvented. But the lads clearly know what they are doing." Additionally, Conor Fines of Prog Sphere stated "based on its own merits, Aisles' The Yearning is a very good debut. Melody, strong songwriting, admirable performances, and enough details in the music to be worth going back to quite a few times makes the album an unlikely winner." Touring, In Sudden Walks (2006–2011) After the release of its debut album, the band spent most of 2006 touring in the local circuit, playing in venues such as House of Rock, Subterráneo, and a number of theatres across the country. In 2006, Felipe González joined the band to play bass during live performances and in late 2007 Felipe Candia joined the band on drums to start rehearsals for Aisles' second album. The works for the band's second album extended for over a year. This time the group took a darker, more visual approach, mixing elements of music and drama, as shown in the opening track, "Mariachi". The broadening sound, the inclusion of genres such as Latin music, and the high sound quality and production made many consider the album a leap forward. In Sudden Walks was self-produced and released in January 2009. Once again, the album was well received by fans and critics. Cesar Inca of Prog Archives said "In Sudden Walks may have been one of the 5 most accomplished neo-prog albums of 2009. It is a lovely collection of inventive compositions and bold arrangements", while David Dashifen Kees of USA Progressive Music stated "From moment one, the album reveals a unique composition of sounds which display an understanding of music and a depth of theme and creativity that many other bands lack." In August 2009, Aisles was the only South American band invited to participate in the Crescendo Prog Rock festival in Saint-Palais Sur Mer, France, and was later nominated for the Prog Awards in Best Foreign Record category in Italy. After touring Europe, the band spent the rest of 2010 playing in its home country, in venues such as Sala SCD, Sala Master, Teatro Nemesio Antúnez, and Café del Teatro, among others. In late 2010, keyboardist Luis Vergara left the band due to musical differences. 4:45 AM (2011–2014) In the second half of 2011, Daniel Baird-Kerr joined the band as a full-time bassist to start rehearsals for the band's upcoming album. With a new line up, and a strong desire to internationalize their career, Aisles started working on their third album. 4:45 AM was recorded in several studios in Santiago between July 2012 and August 2013, with production duties taken by guitarist Germán Vergara. The album had a greater emphasis on visual aesthetics, taking elements from drama and other art forms. 4:45 AM was released in October 2013 through Presagio Records. The album was critically acclaimed; Brian McKinnon of Prog Rock Music Talk said: ""4:45 AM is nothing short of a masterwork of art. It is the reason people fall in love with music in the first place. An astounding piece of work for the ages". Breakout, one of Germany's most long-established rock magazines, chose "4:45 AM" as one of the best albums of the month. The album was released at a show on 22 October 2014, at Teatro Ladrón de Bicycletas, in Santiago de Chile. A couple of months before this shows, keyboardist Alejandro Meléndez left, and was replaced by his friend Juan Pablo Gaete. Hawaii (2015–2022) In July 2015, the band started writing songs for their upcoming new album at a beach house, where they stayed for a week. The recording sessions took place in November 2015, for ten days, at the prestigious Estudio del Sur, in Maria Pinto, 54 km west of the Chilean capital. 'Hawaii' is a two-disc concept album about human colonies established in space after the destruction of the Earth. Its twelve tracks explore the dilemmas and challenges that the individual and the human spirit would face in this futuristic scenario. The album was praised by the critics; it was chosen by Chilean premiere rock magazine as album of the year. The band toured Europe for the first time in their career in October 2016, following a release show at Cine Arte Alameda in Santiago. Aisles played in the Netherlands, France, Belgium and England. In September 2020 the band introduced their new singer, Israel Gil, and are currently working on their fifth studio album, to be released in 2021. Beyond Drama (2023–present) On 5th April 2023 the band released their latest album Beyond Drama. Discography The Yearning (2005) In Sudden Walks (2009) 4:45 AM (2013) Hawaii (2016) Live from Estudio del Sur EP (2018) Beyond Drama (2023) Musical style Over the course of its career, Aisles has experimented with elements from a variety of genres and styles, including progressive rock, neo-prog, symphonic rock, art rock, classical and Latin music. The band has often been praised by its eclecticism, lyrical content and musical execution. Band members Current members Israel Gil – lead vocals (2020–present) Germán Vergara – guitars, vocals, keyboards (2001–present) Felipe Candia – drums, percussion (2007-2009, 2010–present) Rodrigo Sepúlveda – guitars, vocals (2001–present) Juan Pablo Gaete – keyboards (2014–present) Daniel Alejandro Concha Baird-Kerr – bass (2013–present) Former members Sebastián Vergara – lead vocals (2002–2018) Luis Vergara – keyboards (2001–2010) Felipe González – bass (2005–2010) Alejandro Meléndez – keyboards (2002–2014) Marco Prado – drums, percussion (2005–2006) Juan Carlos Raglianti – drums, percussion (2009–2010) References ^ The Yearning – Aisles. Allmusic review. http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-yearning-mw0001897469 ^ The Yearning – Aisles. Prog sphere reviews http://www.prog-sphere.com/reviews/aisles-the-yearning/ ^ In Sudden Walks review. http://www.progarchives.com/review.asp?id=263687 ^ Aisles – In Sudden Walks http://usaprogmusic.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_simple_review&Itemid=28&review=442-Aisles-In-Sudden-Walks Archived 27 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Progressive Rock Review: 4:45 AM http://www.progrockmusictalk.com/2015/02/aisles445amreview.html Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Aisles Progressive Rock Band - Our News | Hawaii - 2016". Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017. ^ Aisles-Hawaii-Episode 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9fU-PSp1wc&t=182s ^ "Rockaxis | Plataforma de contenidos y servicios". ^ "Aisles Progressive Rock Band - Our News | Hawaii - 2016". Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017. ^ https://www.aislesproject.com ^ https://www.youtube.com/@dejenunnombre External links Official website Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
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Aisles has toured South America, North America and Europe, participating in numerous Prog-rock festivals. The bands albums have been published in Europe, the United States, Japan, and in 2009 was nominated for \"Best Foreign Record\" by the Prog Awards for their second album, In Sudden Walks.Aisles third album, 4:45 AM, was released October 29, 2013 on Presagio Records. The band then released their fourth record, Hawaii on July 29, 2016.","title":"Aisles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aisles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Formation, The Yearning (2001–2005)","text":"Aisles was founded in 2001 by Germán Vergara (guitar, vocals), his brother Luis (keyboards), and their childhood friend Rodrigo Sepúlveda (guitar, vocals). In 2002, Alejandro Meléndez, hailing from Brazil, joined the band. Initially seeking lead singers, the band invited Germán and Luis' younger brother, Sebastián, to record a demo for auditioning purposes. However, upon discovering his impressive vocal abilities, they invited him to become their permanent vocalist, thus completing the band's initial lineup.After a period of playing gigs at local clubs and bars, the band entered the studio in 2003 with the aim of recording its first professional-level demo for promotional purposes. However, the band was well-satisfied with the quality of sound and musical performances and decided to release this effort as their first full-length album. The Yearning (2005) was mixed and mastered over a span of ten weeks, and was subsequently released and distributed in South America, Europe, the United States, and Japan, receiving generally positive reviews by specialized press. Françoise Couture of Allmusic wrote \"The Yearning, Chilean band Aisles' first calling card, is a convincing disc of South American-flavored neo-progressive rock. Nothing gets reinvented. But the lads clearly know what they are doing.\"[1] Additionally, Conor Fines of Prog Sphere stated \"based on its own merits, Aisles' The Yearning is a very good debut. Melody, strong songwriting, admirable performances, and enough details in the music to be worth going back to quite a few times makes the album an unlikely winner.\"[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Touring, In Sudden Walks (2006–2011)","text":"After the release of its debut album, the band spent most of 2006 touring in the local circuit, playing in venues such as House of Rock, Subterráneo, and a number of theatres across the country. In 2006, Felipe González joined the band to play bass during live performances and in late 2007 Felipe Candia joined the band on drums to start rehearsals for Aisles' second album.The works for the band's second album extended for over a year. This time the group took a darker, more visual approach, mixing elements of music and drama, as shown in the opening track, \"Mariachi\". The broadening sound, the inclusion of genres such as Latin music, and the high sound quality and production made many consider the album a leap forward. In Sudden Walks was self-produced and released in January 2009. Once again, the album was well received by fans and critics. Cesar Inca of Prog Archives said \"In Sudden Walks may have been one of the 5 most accomplished neo-prog albums of 2009. It is a lovely collection of inventive compositions and bold arrangements\",[3] while David Dashifen Kees of USA Progressive Music stated \"From moment one, the album reveals a unique composition of sounds which display an understanding of music and a depth of theme and creativity that many other bands lack.\"[4]In August 2009, Aisles was the only South American band invited to participate in the Crescendo Prog Rock festival in Saint-Palais Sur Mer, France, and was later nominated for the Prog Awards in Best Foreign Record category in Italy. After touring Europe, the band spent the rest of 2010 playing in its home country, in venues such as Sala SCD, Sala Master, Teatro Nemesio Antúnez, and Café del Teatro, among others. In late 2010, keyboardist Luis Vergara left the band due to musical differences.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"4:45 AM (2011–2014)","text":"In the second half of 2011, Daniel Baird-Kerr joined the band as a full-time bassist to start rehearsals for the band's upcoming album. With a new line up, and a strong desire to internationalize their career, Aisles started working on their third album.4:45 AM was recorded in several studios in Santiago between July 2012 and August 2013, with production duties taken by guitarist Germán Vergara. The album had a greater emphasis on visual aesthetics, taking elements from drama and other art forms. 4:45 AM was released in October 2013 through Presagio Records. The album was critically acclaimed; Brian McKinnon of Prog Rock Music Talk said: \"\"4:45 AM is nothing short of a masterwork of art. It is the reason people fall in love with music in the first place. An astounding piece of work for the ages\".[5] Breakout, one of Germany's most long-established rock magazines, chose \"4:45 AM\" as one of the best albums of the month.[6] The album was released at a show on 22 October 2014, at Teatro Ladrón de Bicycletas, in Santiago de Chile.[7] A couple of months before this shows, keyboardist Alejandro Meléndez left, and was replaced by his friend Juan Pablo Gaete.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Hawaii (2015–2022)","text":"In July 2015, the band started writing songs for their upcoming new album at a beach house, where they stayed for a week. The recording sessions took place in November 2015, for ten days, at the prestigious Estudio del Sur, in Maria Pinto, 54 km west of the Chilean capital.[8]'Hawaii' is a two-disc concept album about human colonies established in space after the destruction of the Earth. Its twelve tracks explore the dilemmas and challenges that the individual and the human spirit would face in this futuristic scenario. The album was praised by the critics; it was chosen by Chilean premiere rock magazine as album of the year. [9]The band toured Europe for the first time in their career in October 2016, following a release show at Cine Arte Alameda in Santiago. Aisles played in the Netherlands, France, Belgium and England.[10]In September 2020 the band introduced their new singer, Israel Gil, and are currently working on their fifth studio album, to be released in 2021.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Beyond Drama (2023–present)","text":"On 5th April 2023 the band released their latest album Beyond Drama.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Yearning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yearning_(Aisles_album)"},{"link_name":"In Sudden Walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Sudden_Walks"},{"link_name":"4:45 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4:45_AM"}],"text":"The Yearning (2005)\nIn Sudden Walks (2009)\n4:45 AM (2013)\nHawaii (2016)\nLive from Estudio del Sur EP (2018)\nBeyond Drama (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"neo-prog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-prog"},{"link_name":"symphonic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_rock"},{"link_name":"art rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_rock"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"Latin music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)"}],"text":"Over the course of its career, Aisles has experimented with elements from a variety of genres and styles, including progressive rock, neo-prog, symphonic rock, art rock, classical and Latin music. 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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi_Medal
Movses Khorenatsi Medal
["1 References"]
Movses Khorenatsi MedalAwarded by  ArmeniaTypeMedal of cultural meritEstablished26 July 1993CountryArmeniaEligibilityMilitary and civiliansAwarded forSignificant contribution to the advancement of Armenian culturePrecedenceNext (higher)Anania Shirakatsi MedalNext (lower)Medal for Excellent Maintenance of Public OrderRibbon The Movses Khorenatsi Medal (Armenian: Մովսես Խորենացու մեդալ) is Armenia's highest cultural award. It is presented by the president of Armenia to people who have significantly contributed to the advancement of Armenian culture. Artist Richard Jeranian received the medal in 2011 and pianist Şahan Arzruni in 2015.Award certificate References ^ "The Medal of Services to the Motherland". Medals of the Republic of Armenia - Library - The President of the Republic of Armenia. ^ "The Medal of Movses Khorenatsi". Medals of the Republic of Armenia - Library - The President of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 2020-11-16. ^ "Հանրապետության նախագահի հրամանագրերը - Փաստաթղթեր - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Նախագահ". president.am (in Armenian). Retrieved 2022-02-09. ^ Mirror-Spectator, The Armenian (2016-01-07). "Pianist Sahan Arzruni Receives Movses Khorenatsi Medal". The Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Retrieved 2022-02-09. ^ "Հանրապետության նախագահի հրամանագրերը - Փաստաթղթեր - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Նախագահ". president.am (in Armenian). Retrieved 2022-02-09. This Armenia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to orders, decorations, and medals is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[{"reference":"\"The Medal of Services to the Motherland\". Medals of the Republic of Armenia - Library - The President of the Republic of Armenia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.president.am/en/medals/11/","url_text":"\"The Medal of Services to the Motherland\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Medal of Movses Khorenatsi\". Medals of the Republic of Armenia - Library - The President of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 2020-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.president.am/en/medals/18/","url_text":"\"The Medal of Movses Khorenatsi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Հանրապետության նախագահի հրամանագրերը - Փաստաթղթեր - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Նախագահ\". president.am (in Armenian). Retrieved 2022-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://president.am/hy/decrees/item/513","url_text":"\"Հանրապետության նախագահի հրամանագրերը - Փաստաթղթեր - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Նախագահ\""}]},{"reference":"Mirror-Spectator, The Armenian (2016-01-07). \"Pianist Sahan Arzruni Receives Movses Khorenatsi Medal\". The Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Retrieved 2022-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://mirrorspectator.com/2016/01/07/pianist-sahan-arzruni-receives-movses-khorenatsi-medal/","url_text":"\"Pianist Sahan Arzruni Receives Movses Khorenatsi Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Հանրապետության նախագահի հրամանագրերը - Փաստաթղթեր - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Նախագահ\". president.am (in Armenian). Retrieved 2022-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://president.am/hy/decrees/item/2199","url_text":"\"Հանրապետության նախագահի հրամանագրերը - Փաստաթղթեր - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Նախագահ\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Freeman_House_No._2
Wood Freeman House No. 2
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 35°15′2″N 91°44′40″W / 35.25056°N 91.74444°W / 35.25056; -91.74444Historic house in Arkansas, United States For other uses, see Freeman House (disambiguation). United States historic placeWood Freeman House No. 2U.S. National Register of Historic Places Location in ArkansasShow map of ArkansasLocation in United StatesShow map of the United StatesLocation703 W. Race St., Searcy, ArkansasCoordinates35°15′2″N 91°44′40″W / 35.25056°N 91.74444°W / 35.25056; -91.74444Arealess than one acreBuilt1935 (1935)ArchitectWood FreemanArchitectural styleLate 19th And 20th Century Revivals, English RevivalMPSWhite County MPSNRHP reference No.91001181Added to NRHPSeptember 5, 1991 The Wood Freeman House No. 2 is a historic house at 703 West Race Street in Searcy, Arkansas. It is a 1+1⁄2-story structure, with a wood frame and exterior finish of brick, stucco, and coral. It is basically rectangular in shape, with a projecting gable section at the left end, and a center entrance sheltered by a broad gable-roofed porch. A fieldstone chimney rises just to the right of the entrance. Built about 1935, it is a good local example of English Revival architecture. Wood Freeman House No. 1 is the other architecturally significant houses built by local builder Wood Freeman. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It was incorrectly listed as destroyed in the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program database. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in White County, Arkansas References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "NRHP nomination for Wood Freeman House No. 2". Arkansas Preservation. Retrieved September 12, 2015. ^ "Arkansas Historic Preservation Program database". Arkansas Preservation. Retrieved December 26, 2015. vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category This article about a property in Searcy County, Arkansas on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in White County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_White_County,_Arkansas"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Waiau
Lake Waiau
["1 Description","2 Temporary shrinkage 2010-2014","3 Mythology","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 19°48′41″N 155°28′39″W / 19.81125°N 155.47743°W / 19.81125; -155.47743Lake in Hawaii, United States Lake WaiauLake WaiauShow map of HawaiiLake WaiauShow map of Pacific OceanLocationMauna Kea, HawaiiCoordinates19°48′41″N 155°28′39″W / 19.81125°N 155.47743°W / 19.81125; -155.47743Catchment area13.5 ha (33 acres)Basin countriesUnited StatesMax. width100 m (330 ft)Surface area6,000 m2 (65,000 sq ft)Max. depth2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft)Surface elevation3,970 m (13,020 ft) Lake Waiau is a high-elevation lake located at 3,970 m (13,020 ft) above sea level on Mauna Kea, on the island of Hawaiʻi. It is arguably one of the highest lakes in the United States. After the evaporation of Ka Wai o Pele in 2018 and the short-lived lake in Halema'uma'u crater in 2020, Lake Waiau is the only lake on Hawaiʻi Island and one of very few lakes at all in the state of Hawaiʻi. It is relatively small, only about 100 m across, and varies in size as the water level rises and falls. At high water levels a small outlet stream appears at the northwest end, but it is absorbed into the ground after a short distance. The name means "swirling water" in Hawaiian, though it is usually rather placid. It usually freezes in winter, but aquatic insects such as midges and beetles can be found breeding in the water. Description Lake Waiau is located inside the Pu'u Waiau cinder cone at an altitude of 3970 m. It is approximately heart shaped and its diameter reaches about 100 m. The average surface area of the lake is around 6,000 m2 (65,000 sq ft; 0.60 ha; 1.5 acres). The size of its surface area fluctuates significantly over the year. It reaches its peak during spring with a maximal depth between 2 m and 2.5 m. By the end of the summer, it often has shrunk to one third of its original size with a maximal depth below 1 m. A spillover into the Pohakuloa Gulch occurs when the lake depth is more than 2.3 m. The lake is only fed by precipitation, which occurs primarily during the winter; its catchment area is about 135,000 m2 (1,450,000 sq ft; 13.5 ha; 33 acres), mostly located within the Pu'u Waiau cinder cone. The lake is an anomaly in the peak region of Mauna Kea as everywhere else the ground is unable to retain water. The exact nature of the impermeable ground layer of the lake is still unknown. It is assumed that fine-grained densely compressed ash, basalt rock or a small permafrost layer may play a role. No permafrost layer has been established so far for the lake area itself, but it was found at another location in the peak area. The bottom of the lake, however, is known to have a 7.5-metre (25 ft) thick sediment layer. Temporary shrinkage 2010-2014 Between 2010 and 2013 the lake shrank significantly. On 26 September 2013, the lake had been reduced to a mere puddle of less than 2% of its original surface size, with a reported width of 9 m (10 yd) and maximum depth of 23 cm (9 in). By December 2013, three months later, the maximum depth had dropped further to 13 cm (5 in). The exact causes for the water loss are unknown. The suspects are drought conditions and the thawing of an assumed permafrost layer under the lake leading to increased seepage. After the particularly wet winter of 2013/2014, however, the lake was back to around 75% of its original size by May 2014, and subsequently returned to its normal size. The drought conditions on Mauna Kea from 2010 to 2013 are currently believed to have been the primary reason for the water loss. Mythology The lake is of some importance in Hawaiian mythology. Aside from Poliʻahu, there are two additional snow deities, Lilinoe and Waiau, who are associated with Mauna Kea, and according to Westervelt, the lake was probably named after the goddess of the same, who used to bathe in it. Originally Hawaiians considered the whole peak region of Mauna Kea, including Lake Waiau, a sacred site, and only priests and chieftains were allowed to access it. Later, after the formation of the Hawaiian kingdom, the peak region was occasionally visited by members of the royal family. The last one to do so was Queen Emma in 1881, who also took a bath in the lake during her visit. Gallery view from above with a person for scale outlet stream Shrinkage October 2012 May 26, 2019 See also List of lakes in Hawaii References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lake Waiau ^ a b c Ehlmann, Bethany L.; Raymond Arvidson,; Bradley Jolliff,; Sarah Johnson,; Brian Ebel,; Nicole Lovenduski,; Julie Morris,; Jeffery Byers,; Nathan Snider,; Robert Criss,. Hydrologic and isotopic modeling of alpine Lake Waiau, Mauna Kea, Hawai'i. (1). Pacific Science. 2005. Archived 2014-06-11 at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Highest Lake in the USA". Retrieved 2008-10-11. ^ Alan C. Ziegler: Hawaiian Natural History, Ecology, and Evolution. University of Hawaii Press, 2002, ISBN 0824821904, S. 94 (excerpt, p. 94, at Google Books) ^ Jensen, Chelsea (2020-07-25). Lake Waiau remains full. West Hawaii Today, 25 July 2020. Retrieved from https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2020/07/25/hawaii-news/lake-waiau-remains-full-2/. ^ Disappearing Lake Waiau Is a Mystery to Scientists. Honolulu Star – Advertiser. 2013. (February 16, 2014). ^ Erin Miller: On the rise: Lake Waiau benefits from wetter weather Archived 2014-08-20 at the Wayback Machine. Hawaii Tribune Herald, 30. Mai 2014 ^ Jensen, Chelsea (2017-03-22). "Lake Waiau atop Mauna Kea nearly full or full since fall 2014". West Hawaii Today. Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. ^ Hawaiian Culture & Mauna Kea Archived 2014-02-22 at archive.today auf den Webseiten der Mauna Kea Visitor Information Station; retrieved, 22 February 2014) ^ H. Arlo Nimmo: Pele, Volcano Goddess of Hawai'i: A History. McFarland, 2011, ISBN 9780786463473, S. 28 (excerpt, p. 28, at Google Books) Bibliography Jane Ellen Massey: Lake Waiau: A Study of a Tropical Alpine Lake, Past and Present. University of Hawaii Press, 1978 Alfred H. Woodcock, Meyer Rubin, R. A. Duce: Deep Layer of Sediments in Alpine Lake in the Tropical Mid-Pacific. Science, New Series, Vol. 154, No. 3749 (Nov. 4, 1966), pp. 647–648 (JSTOR) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Waiau. Impermeable beds trap rain and snow at Mauna Kea's Lake Waiau. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 2003-06-19 Volcano Watch: Lake Waiau is shrinking fast at Hawaii 24/7 Lake Waiau, Hawaii, USA at lakelubbers.com Mauna Kea – The Hike To Lake Waiau at instanthawaii.com Lake Waiau (archived)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mauna Kea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Kea"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PaSc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ka Wai o Pele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_Wai_o_Pele"},{"link_name":"Halema'uma'u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halema%27uma%27u"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language"},{"link_name":"midges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midges"},{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"}],"text":"Lake in Hawaii, United StatesLake Waiau[1] is a high-elevation lake located at 3,970 m (13,020 ft) above sea level on Mauna Kea, on the island of Hawaiʻi. It is arguably one of the highest lakes in the United States.[2][3] After the evaporation of Ka Wai o Pele in 2018 and the short-lived lake in Halema'uma'u crater in 2020, Lake Waiau is the only lake on Hawaiʻi Island and one of very few lakes at all in the state of Hawaiʻi. It is relatively small, only about 100 m across, and varies in size as the water level rises and falls. At high water levels a small outlet stream appears at the northwest end, but it is absorbed into the ground after a short distance. The name means \"swirling water\" in Hawaiian, though it is usually rather placid. It usually freezes in winter, but aquatic insects such as midges and beetles can be found breeding in the water.","title":"Lake Waiau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PaSc-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PaSc-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ziegler-4"}],"text":"Lake Waiau is located inside the Pu'u Waiau cinder cone at an altitude of 3970 m. It is approximately heart shaped and its diameter reaches about 100 m. The average surface area of the lake is around 6,000 m2 (65,000 sq ft; 0.60 ha; 1.5 acres). The size of its surface area fluctuates significantly over the year. It reaches its peak during spring with a maximal depth between 2 m and 2.5 m. By the end of the summer, it often has shrunk to one third of its original size with a maximal depth below 1 m. A spillover into the Pohakuloa Gulch occurs when the lake depth is more than 2.3 m. The lake is only fed by precipitation, which occurs primarily during the winter; its catchment area is about 135,000 m2 (1,450,000 sq ft; 13.5 ha; 33 acres), mostly located within the Pu'u Waiau cinder cone.[2]The lake is an anomaly in the peak region of Mauna Kea as everywhere else the ground is unable to retain water. The exact nature of the impermeable ground layer of the lake is still unknown. It is assumed that fine-grained densely compressed ash, basalt rock or a small permafrost layer may play a role. No permafrost layer has been established so far for the lake area itself, but it was found at another location in the peak area. The bottom of the lake, however, is known to have a 7.5-metre (25 ft) thick sediment layer.[2][4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jensen2020-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jensen2017-8"}],"text":"Between 2010 and 2013 the lake shrank significantly. On 26 September 2013, the lake had been reduced to a mere puddle of less than 2% of its original surface size, with a reported width of 9 m (10 yd) and maximum depth of 23 cm (9 in). By December 2013, three months later, the maximum depth had dropped further to 13 cm (5 in).[5]The exact causes for the water loss are unknown. The suspects are drought conditions and the thawing of an assumed permafrost layer under the lake leading to increased seepage.[6]After the particularly wet winter of 2013/2014, however, the lake was back to around 75% of its original size by May 2014, and subsequently returned to its normal size. The drought conditions on Mauna Kea from 2010 to 2013 are currently believed to have been the primary reason for the water loss.[7][8]","title":"Temporary shrinkage 2010-2014"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poliʻahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli%CA%BBahu"},{"link_name":"chieftains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieftain"},{"link_name":"Queen Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKVIS-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nimmo-10"}],"text":"The lake is of some importance in Hawaiian mythology. Aside from Poliʻahu, there are two additional snow deities, Lilinoe and Waiau, who are associated with Mauna Kea, and according to Westervelt, the lake was probably named after the goddess of the same, who used to bathe in it. Originally Hawaiians considered the whole peak region of Mauna Kea, including Lake Waiau, a sacred site, and only priests and chieftains were allowed to access it. Later, after the formation of the Hawaiian kingdom, the peak region was occasionally visited by members of the royal family. The last one to do so was Queen Emma in 1881, who also took a bath in the lake during her visit.[9][10]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Waiau3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Waiau_person.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Waiau_outlet2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Waiau_at_Mauna_Kea_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Waiau_Panorama.jpg"}],"text":"view from above\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\twith a person for scale\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\toutlet stream\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShrinkage October 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMay 26, 2019","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1719061"}],"text":"Jane Ellen Massey: Lake Waiau: A Study of a Tropical Alpine Lake, Past and Present. University of Hawaii Press, 1978\nAlfred H. Woodcock, Meyer Rubin, R. A. Duce: Deep Layer of Sediments in Alpine Lake in the Tropical Mid-Pacific. Science, New Series, Vol. 154, No. 3749 (Nov. 4, 1966), pp. 647–648 (JSTOR)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of lakes in Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Hawaii"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Banking_Company
Halifax Banking Company
["1 References"]
The Halifax Banking Company was the first bank in Nova Scotia. Established in 1825, it was unable to obtain a charter from the Nova Scotia Legislative Assembly and operated as a private company. It became incorporated as a chartered bank in 1872 and enjoyed a period of rapid growth and prosperity. The bank was merged with the Canadian Bank of Commerce in 1903. The banking company was formed by eight prominent citizens of Halifax. They included Martin Gay Black, Henry Hezekiah Cogswell and Enos Collins. Cogswell was the first president and later Black served in this position as well. References the Halifax Banking Company
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Pasquini
Domenico Pasquini
["1 Sources"]
Italian painter Domenico Pasquini (1740–June 29, 1798) was an Italian painter, active in Poland and Russia, where he painted a portrait of Catherine the Great. He was a pupil of Giovanni Battista Tiepolo in Venice. He died in Italy 1798 Sources Zannandreis, Diego (1891). Giuseppe Biadego (ed.). Le vite dei pittori, scultori e architetti veronesi. Verona: Stabilimento Tipo-Litografico G. Franchini. p. 484. This article about an Italian painter born in the 18th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Zannandreis, Diego (1891). Giuseppe Biadego (ed.). Le vite dei pittori, scultori e architetti veronesi. Verona: Stabilimento Tipo-Litografico G. Franchini. p. 484.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/levitedeipittor00biadgoog","url_text":"Le vite dei pittori, scultori e architetti veronesi"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Top_Latin_Songs_Year-End_Chart
Billboard Hot Latin Songs Year-End Chart
["1 Top Songs of the Year","2 References"]
Mexican singer-songwriter Juan Gabriel had the best-performing Latin single in 1997, 1998 and 2001. The year-end charts for the Hot Latin Songs chart are published in the last issue of Billboard magazine every year. Initially, the chart was based on information provided by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, which collected airplay information from Latin radio stations in the United States. On the week ending October 20, 2012, the methodology was changed to track the best-performing Spanish-language songs based on digital downloads, streaming activity, and airplay from all radio stations in the country. The Year-End charts represent aggregated numbers from the weekly charts that were compiled for each artist, song and record company. Mexican singer-songwriters Ana Gabriel and Juan Gabriel have had the best-selling single of the year three times each. The Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences awarded Juan Gabriel the Person of Year Award for his professional accomplishments and commitment to philanthropic efforts. Venezuelan singer Franco De Vita's "Te Amo" ranked at number eight in 1989 and received a gold certification in Latin America and Spain for the album Al Norte del Sur. De Vita also wrote "Tal Vez", performed by Ricky Martin, the number-one single of 2003. Billboard magazine posthumously named singer Selena the Top Artist of the 1990s, due to her fourteen top-ten singles in the Hot Latin Songs chart (including seven number-one hits). Selena had the most successful singles of 1994 and 1995, "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más". Cuban singer-songwriter Jon Secada released the best-selling Latin album of 1992, titled Otro Día Más Sin Verte. The album earned a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album, and yielded three singles, "Angel", "Sentir" and the title song, which were among the top Latin singles from 1992 and 1993. Alejandro Fernández released his album Me Estoy Enamorando in 1997; its first single "Si Tú Supieras" won the Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Song of the Year and ended 1998 as the second most successful single. During the 1990s, Mexican singer Luis Miguel became the first Latin singer to receive two platinum certifications in the United States with his albums Romance and Segundo Romance; he also had eight songs ranking as top singles of the year. "A Puro Dolor", performed by Son by Four, became the best-performing Latin single from the 2000s in the United States. "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber holds the record for the longest run at number one in the Hot Latin Songs chart. It held this position for 56 non-consecutive weeks, and finished as the Top Latin Single of 2017 and 2018. The Spanish versions of "Livin' la Vida Loca" by Ricky Martin, "Bailamos" by Enrique Iglesias and "Hips Don't Lie" by Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean were among the most successful Latin singles of 1999 and 2006. The English versions of these songs all peaked at number one in the Billboard Hot 100. With his song "No Me Doy Por Vencido", Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi became the first artist to appear in the top ten for two consecutive years for the best-performing Latin singles with the same track. Top Songs of the Year Contents 1987 • 1988 • 1989 • 1990 • 1991 • 1992 • 1993 • 1994 • 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999 • 2000 • 2001 • 2002 • 2003 • 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009 • 2010 • 2011 • 2012 • 2013 • 2014 • 2015 • 2016 • 2017 • 2018  • 2019  • 2020  • 2021  • 2022 2023 →     ‡      – represents the best-performing single of the year. Year Rank Single Performer 1987 1 "De Mí Enamórate" ‡ Daniela Romo 1987 2 "En Bancarrota" Braulio García 1987 3 "Tú Carcel" Los Bukis 1987 4 "Hasta Que Te Conocí" Juan Gabriel 1987 5 "Es Mi Mujer" Emmanuel 1987 6 "El Pecado" Amanda Miguel 1987 7 "Lo Mejor de Tu Vida" Julio Iglesias 1987 8 "Doce Rosas" Lorenzo Antonio 1987 9 "Tu Dama de Hierro" Marisela 1987 10 "¿Y Quién Puede Ser?" José José 1988 1 "Ay Amor" ‡ Ana Gabriel 1988 2 "Qué Te Pasa" Yuri 1988 3 "Y Tú También Llorarás" José Luis Rodríguez "El Puma" 1988 4 "María" Franco 1988 5 "Debo Hacerlo" Juan Gabriel 1988 6 "Toco Madera" Raphael 1988 7 "Soy Así" José José 1988 8 "Un Alma en Pena" Lucía Méndez 1988 9 "La Ultima Luna" Emmanuel 1988 10 "Negra" Roberto Carlos 1989 1 "Como Tu Mujer" ‡ Rocío Dúrcal 1989 2 "Baila Mi Rumba" José Luis Rodríguez "El Puma" 1989 3 "La Incondicional" Luis Miguel 1989 4 "Como Tú" José José 1989 5 "Así Fue" Isabel Pantoja 1989 6 "Simplemente Amigos" Ana Gabriel 1989 7 "Mala Suerte" Vikki Carr 1989 8 "Te Amo" Franco De Vita 1989 9 "Hombres al Borde de un Ataque de Celos" Yuri 1989 10 "A Donde Vayas" Los Bukis 1990 1 "El Cariño Es Como Una Flor" ‡ Rudy La Scala 1990 2 "Tengo Todo Excepto a Tí" Luis Miguel 1990 3 "Cómo Fuí a Enamorarme de Tí" Los Bukis 1990 4 "Quiero Amanecer con Alguien" Daniela Romo 1990 5 "La Cima del Cielo" Ricardo Montaner 1990 6 "Quién Como Tú" Ana Gabriel 1990 7 "Lambada" Kaoma 1990 8 "Burbujas de Amor" Juan Luis Guerra 1990 9 "Amnesia" José José 1990 10 "Me Va a Extrañar" Ricardo Montaner 1991 1 "Es Demasiado Tarde" ‡ Ana Gabriel 1991 2 "Todo, Todo, Todo" Daniela Romo 1991 3 "Mi Deseo" Los Bukis 1991 4 "Cosas del Amor" Vikki Carr and Ana Gabriel 1991 5 "Sopa de Caracol" Banda Blanca 1991 6 "Te Pareces Tanto a Él" Myriam Hernández 1991 7 "Déjame Llorar" Ricardo Montaner 1991 8 "No Basta" Franco De Vita 1991 9 "Ahora" Ana Gabriel 1991 10 "No He Podido Verte" Emmanuel 1992 1 "Evidencias" ‡ Ana Gabriel 1992 2 "No Sé Tú" Luis Miguel 1992 3 "Inolvidable" Luis Miguel 1992 4 "Otro Día Más Sin Verte" Jon Secada 1992 5 "Mi Mayor Necesidad" Los Bukis 1992 6 "Amor Mío, ¿Qué Me Has Hecho?" Camilo Sesto 1992 7 "Si Piensas, Si Quieres" Roberto Carlos and Rocío Dúrcal 1992 8 "El Centro de Mi Corazón" Chayanne 1992 9 "Angel" Jon Secada 1992 10 "Torero" José Luis Rodríguez "El Puma" and Julio Iglesias 1993 1 "Me Estoy Enamorando" ‡ La Mafia 1993 2 "Mi Tierra" Gloria Estefan 1993 3 "Castillo Azul" Ricardo Montaner 1993 4 "Nunca Voy a Olvidarte" Cristian Castro 1993 5 "Muchacha Triste" Los Fantasmas del Caribe 1993 6 "Ayer" Luis Miguel 1993 7 "Sentir" Jon Secada 1993 8 "Piel Adentro" Ricardo Montaner 1993 9 "Un Corazón Hecho Pedazos" Ednita Nazario 1993 10 "Lástima Que Seas Ajena" Vicente Fernández 1994 1 "Amor Prohibido" ‡ Selena 1994 2 "Vida" La Mafia 1994 3 "Luna" Ana Gabriel 1994 4 "Pero Qué Necesidad" Juan Gabriel 1994 5 "Si Te Vas" Jon Secada 1994 6 "Donde Quiera Que Estés" Barrio Boyzz featuring Selena 1994 7 "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" Selena 1994 8 "Quisiera" Ricardo Montaner 1994 9 "Detrás de Mi Ventana" Yuri 1994 10 "El Día Que Me Quieras" Luis Miguel 1995 1 "No Me Queda Más" ‡ Selena 1995 2 "Fotos y Recuerdos" Selena 1995 3 "Tú Sólo Tú" Selena 1995 4 "Que No Me Olvide" Grupo Bronco 1995 5 "I Could Fall in Love" Selena 1995 6 "Una Mujer Como Tú" Marco Antonio Solís and Los Bukis 1995 7 "Nadie" La Mafia 1995 8 "Mi Forma de Sentir" Pedro Fernández 1995 9 "Toma Mi Amor" La Mafia 1995 10 "La Media Vuelta" Luis Miguel 1996 1 "Un Millón de Rosas" ‡ La Mafia 1996 2 "Amor" Cristian Castro 1996 3 "Por Amarte" Enrique Iglesias 1996 4 "Que Pena Me Das" Marco Antonio Solís 1996 5 "Como Te Extraño" Pete Astudillo 1996 6 "Si Tú Te Vas" Enrique Iglesias 1996 7 "No Te Vayas" Intocable 1996 8 "Amarte a Tí" Cristian Castro 1996 9 "No Llores Por Mí" Enrique Iglesias 1996 10 "Te Aprovechas" Grupo Limite 1997 1 "Te Sigo Amando" ‡ Juan Gabriel 1997 2 "El Destino" Juan Gabriel and Rocío Dúrcal 1997 3 "Ya Me Voy Para Siempre" Los Temerarios 1997 4 "Enamorado Por Primera Vez" Enrique Iglesias 1997 5 "Piensa en Mí" Grupo Mojado 1997 6 "Sólo en Tí" Enrique Iglesias 1997 7 "Así Como Te Conocí" Marco Antonio Solís 1997 8 "Por Debajo de la Mesa" Luis Miguel 1997 9 "Desesperadamente Enamorado" Jordi 1997 10 "Juguete" Grupo Limite 1998 1 "Así Fue" ‡ Juan Gabriel 1998 2 "Si Tú Supieras" Alejandro Fernández 1998 3 "A Pesar de Todos" Ana Gabriel 1998 4 "Vuelve" Ricky Martin 1998 5 "Por Mujeres Como Tú" Pepe Aguilar 1998 6 "No Sé Olvidar" Alejandro Fernández 1998 7 "Yo Nací Para Amarte" Alejandro Fernández 1998 8 "En el Jardín" Alejandro Fernández featuring Gloria Estefan 1998 9 "Por Qué Te Conocí" Los Temerarios 1998 10 "Suavemente" Elvis Crespo 1999 1 "Necesito Decirte" ‡ Conjunto Primavera 1999 2 "Loco" Alejandro Fernández 1999 3 "No Me Ames" Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony 1999 4 "Me Voy a Quitar de En Medio" Vicente Fernández 1999 5 "Livin' la Vida Loca" Ricky Martin 1999 6 "Si Te Pudiera Mentir" Marco Antonio Solís 1999 7 "Bailamos" Enrique Iglesias 1999 8 "Dejaría Todo" Chayanne 1999 9 "Me Estoy Acostumbrando a Tí" Pepe Aguilar 1999 10 "Creí" Tiranos del Norte 2000 1 "A Puro Dolor" ‡ Son by Four 2000 2 "Que Alguien Me Diga" Gilberto Santa Rosa 2000 3 "Fruta Fresca" Carlos Vives 2000 4 "Secreto de Amor" Joan Sebastian 2000 5 "El Listón de Tu Pelo" Los Angeles Azules 2000 6 "Muy Dentro de Mí" Marc Anthony 2000 7 "Te Hice Mal" Los Temerarios 2000 8 "Dímelo" Marc Anthony 2000 9 "Yo Sé Que Te Acordarás" Banda el Recodo 2000 10 "Desnuda" Ricardo Arjona 2001 1 "Abrázame Muy Fuerte" ‡ Juan Gabriel 2001 2 "Azul" Cristian Castro 2001 3 "Te Quisé Olvidar" MDO 2001 4 "O Me Voy o Te Vas" Marco Antonio Solís 2001 5 "Por Amarte Así" Cristian Castro 2001 6 "Cómo Se Cura una Herida" Jaci Velasquez 2001 7 "Yo Te Amo" Chayanne 2001 8 "La Bomba" Azul Azul 2001 9 "Despreciado" Lupillo Rivera 2001 10 "No Me Conoces Aún" Palomo 2002 1 "Y Tú Te Vas" ‡ Chayanne 2002 2 "Quítame Ese Hombre" Pilar Montenegro 2002 3 "Suerte" Shakira 2002 4 "Entra en Mi Vida" Sin Bandera 2002 5 "A Dios le Pido" Juanes 2002 6 "El Dolor de Tu Presencia" Jennifer Peña 2002 7 "Usted Se Me Llevó la Vida" Alexandre Pires 2002 8 "Tantita Pena" Alejandro Fernández 2002 9 "Yo Puedo Hacer" Ricardo Montaner 2002 10 "Yo Quería" Cristian Castro 2003 1 "Tal Vez" ‡ Ricky Martin 2003 2 "Fotografía" Juanes featuring Nelly Furtado 2003 3 "Una Vez Más" Conjunto Primavera 2003 4 "El Problema" Ricardo Arjona 2003 5 "Amame" Alexandre Pires 2003 6 "Mariposa Traicionera" Maná 2003 7 "Así Es La Vida" Olga Tañón 2003 8 "Que Me Quedes Tú" Shakira 2003 9 "Sedúceme" India 2003 10 "Sueña" Intocable 2004 1 "Más Que Tu Amigo" ‡ Marco Antonio Solís 2004 2 "Te Quise Tanto" Paulina Rubio 2004 3 "Cuidarte el Alma" Chayanne 2004 4 "Y Todo Queda en Nada" Ricky Martin 2004 5 "Vivo y Muero en Tu Piel" Jennifer Peña 2004 6 "Que de Raro Tiene" Los Temerarios 2004 7 "Ahora Quién" Marc Anthony 2004 8 "Tengo Ganas" Victor Manuelle 2004 9 "Que Lloro" Sin Bandera 2004 10 "Tú De Qué Vas" Franco De Vita 2005 1 "La Tortura" ‡ Shakira featuring Alejandro Sanz 2005 2 "La Camisa Negra" Juanes 2005 3 "Hoy Como Ayer" Conjunto Primavera 2005 4 "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" Daddy Yankee 2005 5 "Aire" Intocable 2005 6 "Eres Divina" Patrulla 81 2005 7 "Por Qué es Tan Cruel el Amor" Ricardo Arjona 2005 8 "Mayor Que Yo" Luny Tunes featuring Baby Ranks, Daddy Yankee, Tonny Tun Tun, Wisin & Yandel and Hector "El Bambino" 2005 9 "Víveme" Laura Pausini 2005 10 "Algo Más" La 5ª Estación 2006 1 "Down" ‡ R.K.M & Ken-Y 2006 2 "Hips Don't Lie" Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean 2006 3 "Rompe" Daddy Yankee 2006 4 "Aliado del Tiempo" Mariano Barba 2006 5 "Llame Pa' Verte" Wisin & Yandel 2006 6 "Caile" Tito "El Bambino" 2006 7 "Machucando" Daddy Yankee 2006 8 "Angelito" Don Omar 2006 9 "Un Beso" Aventura 2006 10 "Labios Compartidos" Maná 2007 1 "Mi Corazoncito" ‡ Aventura 2007 2 "Bendita Tu Luz" Maná featuring Juan Luis Guerra 2007 3 "Tu Recuerdo" Ricky Martin featuring La Mari and Tommy Torres 2007 4 "Dímelo" Enrique Iglesias 2007 5 "Sola" Hector "El Father" 2007 6 "¡Basta Ya!" Conjunto Primavera 2007 7 "Igual Que Ayer" R.K.M & Ken-Y 2007 8 "No Te Veo" Casa de Leones 2007 9 "Pegao" Wisin & Yandel featuring Los Vaqueros 2007 10 "De Tí Exclusivo" La Arrolladora Banda El Limón 2008 1 "Te Quiero" ‡ Flex 2008 2 "Si No Te Hubieras Ido" Maná 2008 3 "Dónde Están Corazón" Enrique Iglesias 2008 4 "Me Enamora" Juanes 2008 5 "Hasta el Día de Hoy" Los Dareyes de la Sierra 2008 6 "Para Siempre" Vicente Fernández 2008 7 "No Me Doy Por Vencido" Luis Fonsi 2008 8 "Gotas de Agua Dulce" Juanes 2008 9 "Sobre Mis Pies" La Arrolladora Banda El Limón 2008 10 "Estos Celos" Vicente Fernández 2009 1 "Te Presumo" ‡ Banda el Recodo 2009 2 "El Amor" Tito "El Bambino" 2009 3 "Por Un Segundo" Aventura 2009 4 "Ya Es Muy Tarde" La Arrolladora Banda El Limón 2009 5 "No Me Doy Por Vencido" Luis Fonsi 2009 6 "Lo Intentamos" Espinoza Paz 2009 7 "Aquí Estoy Yo" Luis Fonsi featuring David Bisbal, Aleks Syntek and Noel Schajris 2009 8 "Espero" Grupo Montéz de Durango 2009 9 "Loba" Shakira 2009 10 "Lloro Por Tí" Enrique Iglesias 2010 1 "Cuando Me Enamoro" ‡ Enrique Iglesias featuring Juan Luis Guerra 2010 2 "Al Menos" La Original Banda el Limón 2010 3 "Dile al Amor" Aventura 2010 4 "Dime Que Me Quieres" Banda el Recodo 2010 5 "Niña Bonita" Chino & Nacho 2010 6 "Ando Bien Pedo" Banda Los Recoditos 2010 7 "Me Gusta Todo de Ti" Banda el Recodo 2010 8 "Te Recordaré" El Trono de Mexico 2010 9 "Te Pido Perdón" Tito "El Bambino" 2010 10 "La Peinada" Chuy Lizarraga y su Banda Tierra Sinaloense 2011 1 "Corazón Sin Cara" ‡ Prince Royce 2011 2 "Taboo" Don Omar 2011 3 "Me Encantaria" Fidel Rueda 2011 4 "Danza Kuduro" Don Omar featuring Lucenzo 2011 5 "Give Me Everything" Pitbull featuring Ne-Yo, Afrojack, and Nayer 2011 6 "Te Amo y Te Amo" La Adictiva Banda San Jose de Mesillas 2011 7 "Ni Lo Intentes" Julion Alvarez y Su Norteno Banda 2011 8 "You" Romeo Santos 2011 9 "Cuanto Me Cuesta" La Arrolladora Banda El Limón 2011 10 "Ven a Bailar" Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull 2012 1 "Llamada de Mi Ex" ‡ La Arrolladora Banda El Limón 2012 2 "Dutty Love" Don Omar featuring Natti Natasha 2012 3 "Inténtalo" 3Ball MTY featuring El Bebeto and America Sierra 2012 4 "Bailando Por El Mundo" Juan Magan featuring Pitbull and El Cata 2012 5 "Ai Se Eu Te Pego" Michel Teló 2012 6 "Amor Confuso" Gerardo Ortíz 2012 7 "Lovumba" Daddy Yankee 2012 8 "Un Hombre Normal" Espinoza Paz 2012 9 "El Verdadero Amor Perdona" Maná featuring Prince Royce 2012 10 "Las Cosas Pequeñas" Prince Royce 2013 1 "Vivir Mi Vida" ‡ Marc Anthony 2013 2 "Limbo" Daddy Yankee 2013 3 "Darte un Beso" Prince Royce 2013 4 "Zumba" Don Omar 2013 5 "Propuesta Indecente" Romeo Santos 2013 6 "Algo Me Gusta de Ti" Wisin & Yandel featuring Chris Brown and T-Pain 2013 7 "Llévame Contigo" Romeo Santos 2013 8 "La Pregunta" J Alvarez 2013 9 "Loco" Enrique Iglesias featuring Romeo Santos 2013 10 "El Ruido de Tus Zapatos" La Arrolladora Banda El Limón 2014 1 "Bailando" ‡ Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente de Zona 2014 2 "Propuesta Indecente" Romeo Santos 2014 3 "Odio" Romeo Santos featuring Drake 2014 4 "El Perdedor" Enrique Iglesias featuring Marco Antonio Solís 2014 5 "Eres Mía" Romeo Santos 2014 6 "Darte un Beso" Prince Royce 2014 7 "6 AM" J Balvin featuring Farruko 2014 8 "Vivir Mi Vida" Marc Anthony 2014 9 "Adrenalina" Wisin featuring Jennifer Lopez and Ricky Martin 2014 10 "Hermosa Experiencia" Banda Sinaloense MS de Sergio Lizárraga 2015 1 "El Perdón" ‡ Nicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias 2015 2 "Propuesta Indecente" Romeo Santos 2015 3 "Hilito" Romeo Santos 2015 4 "Ay Vamos" J Balvin 2015 5 "Ginza" J Balvin 2015 6 "Te Metiste" Ariel Camacho y los Plebes del Rancho 2015 7 "La Gozadera" Gente de Zona featuring Marc Anthony 2015 8 "Fanatica Sensual" Plan B 2015 9 "Hablame de Ti" Banda Sinaloense MS de Sergio Lizarraga 2015 10 "Bailando" Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente de Zona 2016 1 "Hasta el Amanecer" ‡ Nicky Jam 2016 2 "Duele el Corazón" Enrique Iglesias featuring Wisin 2016 3 "Ginza" J Balvin 2016 4 "La Bicicleta" Carlos Vives and Shakira 2016 5 "Solo Con Verte" Banda Sinaloense MS de Sergio Lizarraga 2016 6 "Bobo" J Balvin 2016 7 "El Perdedor" Maluma featuring Yandel 2016 8 "Shaky Shaky" Daddy Yankee 2016 9 "Encantadora" Yandel 2016 10 "El Perdón" Nicky Jam and Enrique Iglesias 2017 1 "Despacito" ‡ Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber 2017 2 "Mi Gente" J Balvin & Willy William featuring Beyoncé 2017 3 "Chantaje" Shakira featuring Maluma 2017 4 "Felices los 4" Maluma 2017 5 "Escápate Conmigo" Wisin featuring Ozuna 2017 6 "El Amante" Nicky Jam 2017 7 "Súbeme la Radio" Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Zion & Lennox 2017 8 "Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos)" CNCO featuring Little Mix 2017 9 "Adiós Amor" Christian Nodal 2017 10 "Ahora Dice" Chris Jeday featuring Arcángel, J Balvin & Ozuna 2018 1 "Despacito" ‡ Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber 2018 2 "Mi Gente" J Balvin & Willy William featuring Beyoncé 2018 3 "Dura" Daddy Yankee 2018 4 "X" Nicky Jam and J Balvin 2018 5 "Te Boté" Casper Mágico, Nio García, Darell, Nicky Jam, Ozuna, and Bad Bunny 2018 6 "El Farsante" Ozuna and Romeo Santos 2018 7 "Échame la Culpa" Luis Fonsi and Demi Lovato 2018 8 "La Modelo" Ozuna and Cardi B 2018 9 "Sin Pijama" Becky G and Natti Natasha 2018 10 "Me Niego" Reik featuring Ozuna and Wisin 2019 1 "MIA" ‡ Bad Bunny featuring Drake 2019 2 "Taki Taki" DJ Snake featuring Selena Gomez, Ozuna and Cardi B 2019 3 "Con Calma" Daddy Yankee & Katy Perry featuring Snow 2019 4 "Calma" Pedro Capó and Farruko 2019 5 "Ella Quiere Beber" Anuel AA, and Romeo Santos 2019 6 "Otro Trago" Sech featuring Darell, Nicky Jam, Ozuna and Anuel AA 2019 7 "Callaíta" Bad Bunny featuring Tainy 2019 8 "Soltera" Lunay featuring Daddy Yankee and Bad Bunny 2019 9 "No Me Conoce" Jhay Cortez featuring J Balvin and Bad Bunny 2019 10 "Te Boté" Casper Magico, Nio García & Darell featuring Nicky Jam, Ozuna and Bad Bunny 2020 1 "Ritmo (Bad Boys for Life)" ‡ The Black Eyed Peas and J Balvin 2020 2 "Tusa" Karol G and Nicki Minaj 2020 3 "Vete" Bad Bunny 2020 4 "Yo Perreo Sola" Bad Bunny 2020 5 "Safaera" Bad Bunny 2020 6 "La Difícil" Bad Bunny 2020 7 "Sigues Con Él" Arcángel and Sech 2020 8 "Mamacita" Black Eyed Peas, Ozuna and J.Rey Soul 2020 9 "Si Veo a Tu Mamá" Bad Bunny 2020 10 "La Jeepeta" Nio Garcia, Anuel AA, Myke Towers, Brray and Juanka 2021 1 "Dakiti" ‡ Bad Bunny and Jhay Cortez 2021 2 "Telepatía" Kali Uchis 2021 3 "Hawái" Maluma and The Weeknd 2021 4 "La Noche de Anoche" Bad Bunny and Rosalía 2021 5 "Yonaguni" Bad Bunny 2021 6 "Todo de Ti" Rauw Alejandro 2021 7 "Pepas" Farruko 2021 8 "Bichota" Karol G 2021 9 "Fiel" Los Legendarios, Wisin and Jhay Cortez 2021 10 "Bandido" Myke Towers and Juhn 2022 1 "Me Porto Bonito" ‡ Bad Bunny and Chencho Corleone 2022 2 "Tití Me Preguntó" Bad Bunny 2022 3 "Moscow Mule" Bad Bunny 2022 4 "Mamiii" Becky G and Karol G 2022 5 "Provenza" Karol G 2022 6 "Efecto" Bad Bunny 2022 7 "Party" Bad Bunny and Rauw Alejandro 2022 8 "Después de la Playa" Bad Bunny 2022 9 "Pepas" Farruko 2022 10 "Ojitos Lindos" Bad Bunny and Bomba Estereo 2023 1 "Ella Baila Sola" ‡ Eslabon Armado and Peso Pluma 2023 2 "La Bebé" Yng Lvcas and Peso Pluma 2023 3 "Un x100to" Grupo Frontera and Bad Bunny 2023 4 "TQG" Karol G and Shakira 2023 5 "Bebe Dame" Grupo Frontera and Fuerza Regida 2023 6 "Where She Goes" Bad Bunny 2023 7 "Tití Me Preguntó" Bad Bunny 2023 8 "PRC" Peso Pluma and Natanael Cano 2023 9 "Por Las Noches" Peso Pluma 2023 10 "Me Porto Bonito" Bad Bunny Sources: 1987, 1988–1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 References ^ "Billboard Shakes Up Genre Charts With New Methodology". 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Retrieved November 22, 2023. vteBillboard Latin music chartsHot Latin Songs and Latin Airplay 1980s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Latin Pop Airplay 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Tropical Airplay 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Top Latin Albums 1990s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2020s Latin Pop Albums 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Regional Mexican Albums 1980s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Regional Mexican Airplay 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Tropical Albums 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Latin Rhythm Albums 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Other charts Latin Rhythm Airplay Related articles Billboard Hot Latin Songs Year-End Chart Top Latin Albums Year-End Chart Best-selling Latin albums Billboard Latin Music Awards List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Latin Songs chart List of number-one debuts on Billboard Top Latin Albums Billboard Regional Mexican Albums Year-end Chart, 1980s Billboard Regional Mexican Albums Year-end Chart, 1990s List of Latin songs on the Billboard Hot 100 Latin music portal
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Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Franco De Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_De_Vita"},{"link_name":"gold certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_certification"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Al Norte del Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Norte_del_Sur"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tal Vez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Vez"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shak-5"},{"link_name":"Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selena-6"},{"link_name":"Amor Prohibido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_Prohibido_(song)"},{"link_name":"No Me Queda Más","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Me_Queda_M%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardmag-7"},{"link_name":"Jon Secada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Secada"},{"link_name":"Otro Día Más Sin Verte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otro_D%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1s_Sin_Verte"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secada-8"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Latin_Pop_Album"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(Jon_Secada_song)"},{"link_name":"the title song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Another_Day_(Jon_Secada_song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardmag-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secada-8"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Me Estoy Enamorando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Estoy_Enamorando_(album)"},{"link_name":"Si Tú Supieras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_T%C3%BA_Supieras"},{"link_name":"Lo Nuestro Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Nuestro_Awards"},{"link_name":"Pop Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Nuestro_Award_for_Pop_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardmag-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-af-9"},{"link_name":"Luis Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Miguel"},{"link_name":"platinum certifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_certification"},{"link_name":"Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_(Luis_Miguel_album)"},{"link_name":"Segundo Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Romance"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miguel-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardmag-7"},{"link_name":"A Puro Dolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Puro_Dolor"},{"link_name":"Son by Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_by_Four"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-son-11"},{"link_name":"Despacito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despacito"},{"link_name":"Luis Fonsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Fonsi"},{"link_name":"Daddy Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy_Yankee"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Livin' la Vida Loca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livin%27_la_Vida_Loca"},{"link_name":"Bailamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailamos"},{"link_name":"Enrique Iglesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias"},{"link_name":"Hips Don't Lie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hips_Don%27t_Lie"},{"link_name":"Wyclef Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyclef_Jean"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ricky-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enrique-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shaki-14"},{"link_name":"No Me Doy Por Vencido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Me_Doy_Por_Vencido"},{"link_name":"Luis Fonsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Fonsi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt08-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt09-16"}],"text":"Mexican singer-songwriter Juan Gabriel had the best-performing Latin single in 1997, 1998 and 2001.The year-end charts for the Hot Latin Songs chart are published in the last issue of Billboard magazine every year. Initially, the chart was based on information provided by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, which collected airplay information from Latin radio stations in the United States. On the week ending October 20, 2012, the methodology was changed to track the best-performing Spanish-language songs based on digital downloads, streaming activity, and airplay from all radio stations in the country.[1] The Year-End charts represent aggregated numbers from the weekly charts that were compiled for each artist, song and record company.[2]Mexican singer-songwriters Ana Gabriel and Juan Gabriel have had the best-selling single of the year three times each. The Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences awarded Juan Gabriel the Person of Year Award for his professional accomplishments and commitment to philanthropic efforts.[3] Venezuelan singer Franco De Vita's \"Te Amo\" ranked at number eight in 1989 and received a gold certification in Latin America and Spain for the album Al Norte del Sur.[4] De Vita also wrote \"Tal Vez\", performed by Ricky Martin, the number-one single of 2003.[5] Billboard magazine posthumously named singer Selena the Top Artist of the 1990s, due to her fourteen top-ten singles in the Hot Latin Songs chart (including seven number-one hits).[6] Selena had the most successful singles of 1994 and 1995, \"Amor Prohibido\" and \"No Me Queda Más\".[7]Cuban singer-songwriter Jon Secada released the best-selling Latin album of 1992, titled Otro Día Más Sin Verte.[8] The album earned a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album, and yielded three singles, \"Angel\", \"Sentir\" and the title song, which were among the top Latin singles from 1992 and 1993.[7][8] Alejandro Fernández released his album Me Estoy Enamorando in 1997; its first single \"Si Tú Supieras\" won the Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Song of the Year and ended 1998 as the second most successful single.[7][9] During the 1990s, Mexican singer Luis Miguel became the first Latin singer to receive two platinum certifications in the United States with his albums Romance and Segundo Romance;[10] he also had eight songs ranking as top singles of the year.[7]\"A Puro Dolor\", performed by Son by Four, became the best-performing Latin single from the 2000s in the United States.[11] \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber holds the record for the longest run at number one in the Hot Latin Songs chart. It held this position for 56 non-consecutive weeks, and finished as the Top Latin Single of 2017 and 2018. The Spanish versions of \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" by Ricky Martin, \"Bailamos\" by Enrique Iglesias and \"Hips Don't Lie\" by Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean were among the most successful Latin singles of 1999 and 2006. The English versions of these songs all peaked at number one in the Billboard Hot 100.[12][13][14] With his song \"No Me Doy Por Vencido\", Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi became the first artist to appear in the top ten for two consecutive years for the best-performing Latin singles with the same track.[15][16]","title":"Billboard Hot Latin Songs Year-End Chart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt87-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardmag-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt99-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt00-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt01-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt02-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt03-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt04-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt05-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt06-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt07-26"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt08-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt09-16"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt10-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt11-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt12-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt13-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt14-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt15-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt16-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt17-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt18-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt19-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt20-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt21-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hlt22-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-htl23-40"}],"text":"‡      – represents the best-performing single of the year.Sources: 1987,[17] 1988–1998,[7] 1999,[18] 2000,[19] 2001,[20] 2002,[21] 2003,[22] 2004,[23] 2005,[24] 2006,[25] 2007,[26] 2008,[15] 2009,[16] 2010,[27] 2011.[28] 2012.[29] 2013.[30] 2014,[31] \n2015,[32] \n2016,[33] 2017,[34] \n2018[35] \n2019[36]\n2020[37]\n2021[38]\n2022[39]\n2023[40]","title":"Top Songs of the Year"}]
[{"image_text":"Mexican singer-songwriter Juan Gabriel had the best-performing Latin single in 1997, 1998 and 2001.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Juan_Gabriel_in_2006.jpg/220px-Juan_Gabriel_in_2006.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Billboard Shakes Up Genre Charts With New Methodology\". Billboard. 2012-10-11. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/billboard-shakes-up-genre-charts-with-new-1007978302.story","url_text":"\"Billboard Shakes Up Genre Charts With New Methodology\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016141813/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/billboard-shakes-up-genre-charts-with-new-1007978302.story","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (2008). \"How We Chart The Year\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708000354/http://www.biilboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2008/charts/how-we-chart.shtml","url_text":"\"How We Chart The Year\""},{"url":"http://www.biilboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2008/charts/how-we-chart.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Juan Gabriel Named 2009 Latin Recording Academy Person Of The Year\". Grammy. The Recording Academy. 2009-09-14. Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2010-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/news/juan-gabriel-named-2009-latin-recording-academy-person-of-the-year","url_text":"\"Juan Gabriel Named 2009 Latin Recording Academy Person Of The Year\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728023040/http://www.grammy.com/news/juan-gabriel-named-2009-latin-recording-academy-person-of-the-year","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Biografia de Franco de Vita\". Terra (in Spanish). Terra Networks. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. 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Archived from the original on 2010-04-03. Retrieved 2010-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100403132339/http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=490998","url_text":"\"Lo Nuestro 1998 – Historia de Premio Lo Nuestro\""},{"url":"http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=490998","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Sandra. \"allmusic ((( Luis Miguel > Biography )))\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2010-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p40380/biography","url_text":"\"allmusic ((( Luis Miguel > Biography )))\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best of 2000s – Latin Songs\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2015-11-24. 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Retrieved January 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/hot-latin-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Latin Songs - Year End 2015\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160523202700/http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/hot-latin-songs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Latin Songs - Year End 2016\". Billboard. 2016. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/hot-latin-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Latin Songs - Year End 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190328083134/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/hot-latin-songs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Latin Songs - Year End 2017\". Billboard. 2017. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/hot-latin-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Latin Songs - Year End 2017\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171213225009/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/hot-latin-songs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Latin Songs - Year End 2018\". Billboard. 2018. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2018/hot-latin-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Latin Songs - Year End 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221126012728/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2018/hot-latin-songs/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Latin Songs - Year End 2019\". Billboard. 2019. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Longueville
County of Longueville
["1 Origins","2 Changes","3 Separation and Return","4 List of Lords and Counts","5 See also","6 Notes and references"]
French noble title Count of Longueville is a French noble title, whose holder had the fiefdom of the County of Longueville. The County was elevated into a Duchy in 1505. Arms of the County of Longueville Origins The Lordship of Longueville was a fief that belonged to the Giffard family. William Marshal received half of this honour by right of his wife, Isabel de Clare, daughter of Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke in 1191. The heir of the other half was Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford. After 1204, William Marshal managed to keep his part, which in 1219 still belonged to his widow Isabel de Clare (Apr. 1172-1220) and her children in 1219. On the death of Isabelle de Clare, his son William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke gave his brother Richard his land in Normandy or the honours of Longueville and Orbec. Richard died childless, and Louis IX of France seized the lands. Changes In 1305, the county was given by Philip IV to his minister Enguerrand de Marigny, only for him to forfeit the title in 1314. It belonged to the family of the Counts of Evreux until the death of Philip of Navarre, brother of Charles the Bad in 1363. On 27 May 1364, Charles V offered the county of Longueville to Bertrand du Guesclin. The title of Comte de Longueville was awarded to Archibald Douglas, Earl of Wigton (d.1438), and his son William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas (d.1440) in gratitude for the assistance to the future Charles VII of France by the Scottish army led by Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, killed at the Battle of Verneuil in 1424. Upon the death of James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas and 3rd Earl of Avondale in 1488, all his titles were forfeited and subsequently the title was bestowed upon Jean de Dunois. The title remained in the hands of the Orléans-Longueville family until the death of Jean Louis Charles d'Orléans in 1694. Separation and Return In 1364, following the death of John II of France, the County of Tancarville was separated from the County of Longueville, while the city of Montivilliers was attached to the royal demesne. In 1505, the barony of Auffay was united to the county and subsequently, the Duchy of Longueville was created by King Louis XII of France for his first cousin once removed François d'Orléans, Count of Dunois, son of François d'Orléans, Count of Dunois, son of Jean d'Orléans, himself an illegitimate son of the Duke of Orléans. The title became extinct in 1694 following the death of Marie de Nemours. From 1648, Longueville was also Sovereign Prince of Neuchâtel, a Swiss territory. In 1654 the eighth duke was created a peer as Duke of Coulommiers but the peerage was never registered and so became extinct at his death. List of Lords and Counts Osbern de Bolbec Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham Walter Giffard, 2nd Earl of Buckingham William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, husband of Isabel de Clare, daughter of Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, himself great grandson to Rohese Giffard, daughter of Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville. Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke Enguerrand de Marigny (c. 1260–30 April 1315), chamberlain and minister of King Philip IV, Count of Longueville from 1305 to 1314. Philippe de Navarre (1336–1363), Count of Longueville. Childless. Bertrand du Guesclin (1320–13 July 1380), constable of France and Castile, Count of Longueville from 1364 Chamberlain, France, Pontorson captain, captain of Mount St. Michael, king of Granada, Duke of Molina. Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas († 26 June 1439), Count of Longueville, 2nd Duke of Touraine, the son of Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas. William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas († 24 November 1440), Count of Longueville, son of the previous. Jean de Dunois (23 November 1402 – 24 November 1468), a French captain during the Hundred Years' War, comrade in arms of Joan of Arc, Count of Dunois, Count of Longueville from 1443, Baron de Gex, lord of Parthenay of Valbonais, Claix, Grand Chamberlain of France, President of the Council of Thirty-Six. Francis II d’Orléans (1478–1513) Louis I d’Orléans (1480–1516) brother of the preceding. Claude d’Orléans (1508–1524) son of the preceding. Louis II d’Orléans (1510–1537) brother of the preceding. François III d’Orléans (1535–1551) son of the preceding. Léonor d’Orléans (1540–1573) first cousin of the preceding. Henri I d’Orléans (1568–1595) son of the preceding. Henri II d’Orléans (1595–1663) son of the preceding. Jean Louis Charles d’Orléans (1646–1668), son of the preceding. He resigned the title to his half-brother in 1668. Charles Paris d’Orléans (1668–1672) half-brother of the preceding. On his death the title went back to his half-brother. Jean Louis Charles d’Orléans (1672–1694). See also Duke of Longueville Notes and references ^ Powicke Maurice The Loss of Normandy, 1189-1204. Studies in the History of the Angevin Empire, Manchester University Press, 1913 (1960 edition), p {{.}} 344. ^ a b David Crouch, "Marshal, William (I), fourth earl of Pembroke (c.1146-1219)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, publishing Online, May 2007. ^ Ibid., p. 304, n. 111, after T. Stapleton (ed.), Magni rotuli Scaccarii Normannie t. II, p. cxxxviiii sharing and confirmation in 1200 by John Lackland, see Thomas D. Hardy, Rotuli chartarum in Turri Londinensi asservati, London, 1835, p. 47. ^ Powicke Maurice The Loss of Normandy, 1189-1204. Studies in the History of the Angevin Empire, Manchester University Press, 1913 (1960 edition), p {{.}} 260, after: L. Delisle (ed.) Norman Cartulary Philip Augustus, Louis VIII, St. Louis and Philip the Hardy, Caen, 1882 (rééd. Geneva Mégariotis Reprints, 1978), p {{.}} 14 n 74 (Act of 1204, Arch. nat. in box J 399). ^ L. Delisle (ed.) Norman Cartulary Philip Augustus, Louis VIII, St. Louis and Philip the Hardy, Caen, 1882 (rééd. Geneva Mégariotis Reprints, 1978), p {{.}} N 304 ° 1120 (Act of July 1219, Arch. nat. in box J 387). ^ D. J. Power, "Marshal, Richard, sixth earl of Pembroke (d. 1234)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
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The County was elevated into a Duchy in 1505.Arms of the County of Longueville","title":"County of Longueville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Longueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longueville-sur-Scie"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"Giffard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giffard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"William Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Isabel de Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_de_Clare,_4th_Countess_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-Marshal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_3rd_Earl_of_Hertford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-Marshal-2"},{"link_name":"William Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marshal,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Orbec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbec"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Lordship of Longueville was a fief that belonged to the Giffard family.[1] William Marshal received half of this honour by right of his wife, Isabel de Clare, daughter of Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke[2] in 1191.[3] The heir of the other half was Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford.[2] After 1204, William Marshal managed to keep his part,[4] which in 1219 still belonged to his widow Isabel de Clare (Apr. 1172-1220) and her children in 1219.[5] On the death of Isabelle de Clare, his son William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke gave his brother Richard his land in Normandy or the honours of Longueville and Orbec. Richard died childless, and Louis IX of France seized the lands.[6]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Enguerrand de Marigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enguerrand_de_Marigny"},{"link_name":"Counts of Evreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Evreux"},{"link_name":"Philip of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_Count_of_Longueville"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bad"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bertrand du Guesclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin"},{"link_name":"Archibald Douglas, Earl of Wigton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Douglas"},{"link_name":"William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas,_6th_Earl_of_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Charles VII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Battle of Verneuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verneuil"},{"link_name":"James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas and 3rd Earl of Avondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Douglas,_9th_Earl_of_Douglas_and_3rd_Earl_of_Avondale"},{"link_name":"Jean de Dunois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Dunois"},{"link_name":"Orléans-Longueville family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans-Longueville"},{"link_name":"Jean Louis Charles d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Louis_Charles_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"In 1305, the county was given by Philip IV to his minister Enguerrand de Marigny, only for him to forfeit the title in 1314. It belonged to the family of the Counts of Evreux until the death of Philip of Navarre, brother of Charles the Bad in 1363. On 27 May 1364, Charles V offered the county of Longueville to Bertrand du Guesclin. The title of Comte de Longueville was awarded to Archibald Douglas, Earl of Wigton (d.1438), and his son William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas (d.1440) in gratitude for the assistance to the future Charles VII of France by the Scottish army led by Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, killed at the Battle of Verneuil in 1424. Upon the death of James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas and 3rd Earl of Avondale in 1488, all his titles were forfeited and subsequently the title was bestowed upon Jean de Dunois. The title remained in the hands of the Orléans-Longueville family until the death of Jean Louis Charles d'Orléans in 1694.","title":"Changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Montivilliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montivilliers"},{"link_name":"royal demesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_demesne"},{"link_name":"barony of Auffay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auffay"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Longueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Longueville"},{"link_name":"Louis XII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Jean d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Marie de Nemours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Nemours"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Prince of Neuchâtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel"},{"link_name":"Duke of Coulommiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Longueville"}],"text":"In 1364, following the death of John II of France, the County of Tancarville was separated from the County of Longueville, while the city of Montivilliers was attached to the royal demesne. In 1505, the barony of Auffay was united to the county and subsequently, the Duchy of Longueville was created by King Louis XII of France for his first cousin once removed François d'Orléans, Count of Dunois, son of François d'Orléans, Count of Dunois, son of Jean d'Orléans, himself an illegitimate son of the Duke of Orléans. The title became extinct in 1694 following the death of Marie de Nemours. From 1648, Longueville was also Sovereign Prince of Neuchâtel, a Swiss territory. In 1654 the eighth duke was created a peer as Duke of Coulommiers but the peerage was never registered and so became extinct at his death.","title":"Separation and Return"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Giffard,_Lord_of_Longueville"},{"link_name":"Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Giffard,_1st_Earl_of_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Walter Giffard, 2nd Earl of Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Giffard,_2nd_Earl_of_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Isabel de Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_de_Clare,_4th_Countess_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Rohese Giffard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohese_Giffard"},{"link_name":"Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Giffard,_Lord_of_Longueville"},{"link_name":"Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marshal,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Enguerrand de Marigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enguerrand_de_Marigny"},{"link_name":"King Philip IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Philippe de Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_Count_of_Longueville"},{"link_name":"Bertrand du Guesclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin"},{"link_name":"Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Douglas"},{"link_name":"William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas,_6th_Earl_of_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Jean de Dunois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Dunois"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"Grand Chamberlain of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis I d’Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_duc_de_Longueville"},{"link_name":"Louis II d’Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Longueville"},{"link_name":"François III d’Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_III_d%E2%80%99Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Fronsac"},{"link_name":"Léonor d’Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onor_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_duc_de_Longueville"},{"link_name":"Henri I d’Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_I_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_duc_de_Longueville"},{"link_name":"Henri II d’Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_II_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Longueville"}],"text":"Osbern de Bolbec\nWalter Giffard, Lord of Longueville\nWalter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham\nWalter Giffard, 2nd Earl of Buckingham\nWilliam Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, husband of Isabel de Clare, daughter of Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, himself great grandson to Rohese Giffard, daughter of Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville.\nRichard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke\nEnguerrand de Marigny (c. 1260–30 April 1315), chamberlain and minister of King Philip IV, Count of Longueville from 1305 to 1314.\nPhilippe de Navarre (1336–1363), Count of Longueville. Childless.\nBertrand du Guesclin (1320–13 July 1380), constable of France and Castile, Count of Longueville from 1364 Chamberlain, France, Pontorson captain, captain of Mount St. Michael, king of Granada, Duke of Molina.\nArchibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas († 26 June 1439), Count of Longueville, 2nd Duke of Touraine, the son of Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas.\nWilliam Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas († 24 November 1440), Count of Longueville, son of the previous.\nJean de Dunois (23 November 1402 – 24 November 1468), a French captain during the Hundred Years' War, comrade in arms of Joan of Arc, Count of Dunois, Count of Longueville from 1443, Baron de Gex, lord of Parthenay of Valbonais, Claix, Grand Chamberlain of France, President of the Council of Thirty-Six.\nFrancis II d’Orléans (1478–1513)\nLouis I d’Orléans (1480–1516) brother of the preceding.\nClaude d’Orléans (1508–1524) son of the preceding.\nLouis II d’Orléans (1510–1537) brother of the preceding.\nFrançois III d’Orléans (1535–1551) son of the preceding.\nLéonor d’Orléans (1540–1573) first cousin of the preceding.\nHenri I d’Orléans (1568–1595) son of the preceding.\nHenri II d’Orléans (1595–1663) son of the preceding.\nJean Louis Charles d’Orléans (1646–1668), son of the preceding. He resigned the title to his half-brother in 1668.\nCharles Paris d’Orléans (1668–1672) half-brother of the preceding. On his death the title went back to his half-brother.\nJean Louis Charles d’Orléans (1672–1694).","title":"List of Lords and Counts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB-Marshal_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB-Marshal_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"T. Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stapleton_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Arch. nat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Archives_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Arch. nat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Archives_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ Powicke Maurice The Loss of Normandy, 1189-1204. Studies in the History of the Angevin Empire, Manchester University Press, 1913 (1960 edition), p {{.}} 344.\n\n^ a b David Crouch, \"Marshal, William (I), fourth earl of Pembroke (c.1146-1219)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, publishing Online, May 2007.\n\n^ Ibid., p. 304, n. 111, after T. Stapleton (ed.), Magni rotuli Scaccarii Normannie t. II, p. cxxxviiii sharing and confirmation in 1200 by John Lackland, see Thomas D. Hardy, Rotuli chartarum in Turri Londinensi asservati, London, 1835, p. 47.\n\n^ Powicke Maurice The Loss of Normandy, 1189-1204. Studies in the History of the Angevin Empire, Manchester University Press, 1913 (1960 edition), p {{.}} 260, after: L. Delisle (ed.) Norman Cartulary Philip Augustus, Louis VIII, St. Louis and Philip the Hardy, Caen, 1882 (rééd. Geneva Mégariotis Reprints, 1978), p {{.}} 14 n 74 (Act of 1204, Arch. nat. in box J 399).\n\n^ L. Delisle (ed.) Norman Cartulary Philip Augustus, Louis VIII, St. Louis and Philip the Hardy, Caen, 1882 (rééd. Geneva Mégariotis Reprints, 1978), p {{.}} N 304 ° 1120 (Act of July 1219, Arch. nat. in box J 387).\n\n^ D. J. Power, \"Marshal, Richard, sixth earl of Pembroke (d. 1234)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"Arms of the County of Longueville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Arms_of_the_County_of_Longueville.png/220px-Arms_of_the_County_of_Longueville.png"}]
[{"title":"Duke of Longueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Longueville"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3genes_Dom%C3%ADnguez
Diógenes Domínguez
["1 References","2 External links"]
Paraguayan footballer Diógenes DomínguezPersonal informationDate of birth 1902Place of birth ParaguayPosition(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls) Club Sportivo Luqueño International career Paraguay *Club domestic league appearances and goals Diógenes Domínguez (born 1902, date of death unknown) was a Paraguayan football forward who played for Paraguay in the 1930 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Club Sportivo Luqueño. Domínguez is deceased. References ^ 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay Archived November 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ https://www.lacapital.com.ar/ovacion/a-los-100-antildeos-murioacute-pancho-varallo-el-uacuteltimo-sobreviviente-del-mundial-1930-n357849.html External links FIFA profile vteParaguay squad – 1925 South American Championship third place GK Denis GK Torres DF Benítez Casco DF López de Filippis DF Mena Porta MF Álvarez MF Díaz MF Fleitas Solich MF G. Nessi FW Brizuela FW Casco FW Domínguez FW Fretes FW Molinas FW L. Nessi FW Ramírez FW Rivas Coach: Fleitas Solich vteParaguay squad – 1926 South American Championship fourth place GK Denis GK Recalde DF Rolón DF Sirvent MF Brizuela MF Duarte MF Fleitas Solich MF L. Nessi FW Domínguez FW Fretes FW López FW G. Nessi FW C. Ramírez FW P. Ramírez FW Vargas Peña Coach: Fleitas Solich vteParaguay squad – 1929 South American Championship runners-up GK Brunetti DF Benítez Casco DF Flores DF Olmedo MF Aguirre MF Díaz MF Etcheverry MF Santacruz MF Viccini FW Benítez Cáceres FW Domínguez FW Fretes FW González FW Nessi FW Sosa Lagos FW Urbieta Sosa Coach: Durand Laguna vteParaguay squad – 1930 FIFA World Cup MF Aguirre GK P. Benítez MF S. Benítez FW Benítez Cáceres FW Carreras DF Chamorro GK Denis MF Díaz FW Domínguez MF Etcheverry MF Florentín DF Flores MF Garcete FW González DF Miracca FW Nessi DF Olmedo FW Ortega FW Rivera FW Romero FW Vargas Peña (c) FW Villalba Coach: Laguna This biographical article related to a football forward from Paraguay is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paraguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1930 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Club Sportivo Luqueño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Sportivo_Luque%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Diógenes Domínguez (born 1902, date of death unknown) was a Paraguayan football forward who played for Paraguay in the 1930 FIFA World Cup.[1] He also played for Club Sportivo Luqueño. Domínguez is deceased.[2]","title":"Diógenes Domínguez"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=1/teams/team=43928.html","external_links_name":"1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111110091724/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D1/teams/team%3D43928.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.lacapital.com.ar/ovacion/a-los-100-antildeos-murioacute-pancho-varallo-el-uacuteltimo-sobreviviente-del-mundial-1930-n357849.html","external_links_name":"https://www.lacapital.com.ar/ovacion/a-los-100-antildeos-murioacute-pancho-varallo-el-uacuteltimo-sobreviviente-del-mundial-1930-n357849.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090402050141/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=48669/index.html","external_links_name":"FIFA profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%B3genes_Dom%C3%ADnguez&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gloria
Château Gloria
["1 History","2 Production","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°08′54″N 0°44′31″W / 45.14827°N 0.74185°W / 45.14827; -0.7418545°08′54″N 0°44′31″W / 45.14827°N 0.74185°W / 45.14827; -0.74185 Detail of a Château Gloria 1975 label Château Gloria is an unclassed Bordeaux wine from the Saint-Julien appellation. The winery is located in the central part of France’s Bordeaux wine region Haut-Médoc, in the commune of Saint-Julien-Beychevelle. Regarded as a well-made wine with the best characteristics of Saint-Julien, it is estimated by many to be on a par with the classed growths. The château also produces a second wine from its younger vines named Château Peymartin. History A relatively young estate, Château Gloria was founded and assembled by Monsieur Henri Martin who established the reputation of Gloria within the space of a generation. With the first acquisitions of 6 hectares (15 acres) of vines in 1942, and purchase of the chai of Château Saint-Pierre, Martin added to the estate over the years with land bought from the surrounding classed estates, including châteaux Saint-Pierre, Beychevelle, Léoville-Poyferré, Gruaud-Larose, Léoville-Barton, Ducru-Beaucaillou, Lagrange and a Saint-Julien property of Duhart-Milon, making up its present size. The estate was included in the proposal by INAO to revise the 1855 classification, and subsequently became listed in the private classification of Alexis Lichine. The current proprietor of the estate is Martin's son-in-law, Jean-Louis Triaud. Production The vineyard area extends 48 hectares (120 acres), with the grape variety distribution of 65% Cabernet Sauvignon, 25% Merlot, 5% Cabernet Franc and 5% Petit verdot. An average of 20,000 cases of the Grand vin are produced annually. Of the second wine Chateau Peymartin there are produced approximately 4,000 cases. References "Château Gloria technical file" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2009-01-04. (26.8 KB) (in French) Footnotes ^ a b Lichine, Alexis (1967). Alexis Lichine's Encyclopedia of Wines and Spirits. London: Cassell & Company Ltd. p. 277. ^ Johnson, Hugh (1971). The World Atlas of Wine. London: Mitchell Beazley Ltd. p. 80. ISBN 0-85533-002-3. ^ a b c Peppercorn, David (2003). Bordeaux. London: Mitchell Beazley. pp. 119–120. ISBN 1-84000-927-6. ^ a b c d Kissack, Chris, thewinedoctor.com. "Chateau Gloria". Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2007-12-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) External links Château Gloria official site (in French)
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The winery is located in the central part of France’s Bordeaux wine region Haut-Médoc, in the commune of Saint-Julien-Beychevelle.Regarded as a well-made wine with the best characteristics of Saint-Julien, it is estimated by many to be on a par with the classed growths.[1][2]The château also produces a second wine from its younger vines named Château Peymartin.","title":"Château Gloria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henri Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Martin_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDP-3"},{"link_name":"chai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Château Saint-Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Saint-Pierre"},{"link_name":"Beychevelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Beychevelle"},{"link_name":"Léoville-Poyferré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_L%C3%A9oville-Poyferr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gruaud-Larose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gruaud-Larose"},{"link_name":"Léoville-Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_L%C3%A9oville-Barton"},{"link_name":"Ducru-Beaucaillou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ducru-Beaucaillou"},{"link_name":"Lagrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Lagrange"},{"link_name":"Duhart-Milon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Duhart-Milon-Rothschild"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wd-g-4"},{"link_name":"INAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_National_des_Appellations_d%27Origine"},{"link_name":"1855 classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855"},{"link_name":"private classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Lichine%27s_classification_of_Bordeaux_wine"},{"link_name":"Alexis Lichine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Lichine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALE-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDP-3"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Triaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Triaud"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wd-g-4"}],"text":"A relatively young estate, Château Gloria was founded and assembled by Monsieur Henri Martin who established the reputation of Gloria within the space of a generation.[3] With the first acquisitions of 6 hectares (15 acres) of vines in 1942, and purchase of the chai of Château Saint-Pierre, Martin added to the estate over the years with land bought from the surrounding classed estates, including châteaux Saint-Pierre, Beychevelle, Léoville-Poyferré, Gruaud-Larose, Léoville-Barton, Ducru-Beaucaillou, Lagrange and a Saint-Julien property of Duhart-Milon, making up its present size.[3][4]The estate was included in the proposal by INAO to revise the 1855 classification, and subsequently became listed in the private classification of Alexis Lichine.[1][3]The current proprietor of the estate is Martin's son-in-law, Jean-Louis Triaud.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"grape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Sauvignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"Merlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlot"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc"},{"link_name":"Petit verdot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_verdot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wd-g-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wd-g-4"}],"text":"The vineyard area extends 48 hectares (120 acres), with the grape variety distribution of 65% Cabernet Sauvignon, 25% Merlot, 5% Cabernet Franc and 5% Petit verdot.[4]An average of 20,000 cases of the Grand vin are produced annually. Of the second wine Chateau Peymartin there are produced approximately 4,000 cases.[4]","title":"Production"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkandabad
Parkandabad
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 36°24′11″N 59°33′20″E / 36.40306°N 59.55556°E / 36.40306; 59.55556Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranParkandabad پركندابادvillageParkandabadCoordinates: 36°24′11″N 59°33′20″E / 36.40306°N 59.55556°E / 36.40306; 59.55556Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyMashhadBakhshCentralRural DistrictTusPopulation (2006) • Total268Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Parkandabad (Persian: پركنداباد, also Romanized as Parkandābād; also known as Parkandehābād and Perkanābād) is a village in Tus Rural District, in the Central District of Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 268, in 66 families. References ^ Parkandabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3077909" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Mashhad CountyCapital Mashhad DistrictsCentralCities Mashhad Rural Districts and villagesDarzab Abqad Aghzaghaneh Ahmadabad Amrudak Andad Ardak Barg Chah-e Amiq Sanat Khani Cheshmeh-e Alimva Derangabad Dezq Duleh Fakhrabad Gajvan Gandom Khvab Garmeh Gol Ezqand Govareshk Hesar Jaghneh Hazrati Kalateh-ye Cheshmeh Alimva Kharq Khorasanak Kolukhi Marian Mehdiabad Mehrabad Mian Margh Najm Nasrabad Neqab Qaleh Now-e Valiabad Sar Asiab-e Bala Saidabad Shah Taqi Taherabad Talqur Zak Kardeh Al Bahreh Bolghur Dar Biaban Firuzabad Gush Jong Kalateh-ye Arabha Kardeh Karimabad Kharkat Khvajeh Hoseynabad Kushkabad Mareshk Panj Maneh Sij Kenevist Abbasabad Abeshki Ahmadabad Amarghan-e Sofla Borjabad Borzeshabad Dastgerdan Deh Now-ye Kenar Gusheh Eyshabad-e Nizeh Farrokhabad Halali Halvai Hashemabad Hemmatabad Hendelabad Hojjatabad Jalalieh Joghri Kaj Derakht Kalateh-ye Chapar Qaleh Kalateh-ye Feyzabad Kalateh-ye Seyyed Sadeq Karimabad Kenar Gusheh Kenevist Kheyrabad Marghesh Mehdiabad Mehrabad-e Shor Shor Namdun Olang-e Asadi Pava Qasemabad Qiasabad-e Olya Sangbar Shahrabad Shir Hesar Shor Shor Shotorak Tabadakan Zeyn ol Din Miyan Velayat Abbasabad Abdolabad Akbarabad Asgariyeh Ashk-e Zari Bazeh Kalagh Boshnu Bozmargan Chah Molla Chahchah Chenar Sukhteh Dandaneh Devin Eshqabad Fathabad-e Gorgha Fathabad-e Yazdiha Filian-e Qaem Maqam Filian-e Sofla Gonabad Hasanabad-e Gorji Hoseynabad-e Gusheh Jalali Javadieh Kalateh-ye Qorban Kamin Geran Khan Saadat Kharabeh Amin Kurdeh Mohammadabad Nazeriyeh Nurabad Pain Deh Pariabad Qaderabad Reyhan Rezavieh Robatu Rowghan Garan Ruhabad Saghravan Sahl ol Din Sang-e Siah Sarvabad Shah Rah Shahin Qaleh Shir Hesar Soltanabad Tup Derakht Tabadkan Akhangan Aliabad Andorokh Avazi Bagh-e Farajerd Bahar Barqi Chah Darreh Darabad-e Shahzadeh Deh Mozaffar Deh Rud Deh Sorkh Eslamabad-e Chahar Gavareh Farkhad Faz Gamizdar Garab Gazargan Gazi Gevanduk Gonbadvaz Gorji-ye Olya Gorji-ye Sofla Govareshki Gujgi-ye Bala Hasan Shahab Hemmatabad Hemmatabad Hoseynabad-e Qorqi Jahiz Khaneh Kalateh-ye Qazi Kalateh-ye Teymuri Kanu Gerd Kazemabad-e Panjshanbeh Kholqabad-e Sofla Khorramabad Khvor-e Olya Khvor-e Sofla Khvor-e Vosta Khvosh Hava Kola Kub Lak Lag Maqsudabad Mashhad Industrial Estate Mohammadiyeh Moinabad-e Bala Moinabad-e Sofla Now Chah Parmeh Qaleh Now-e Andarekh Qaleh Now-e Faz Qarah Mohammad Qasr Qezel Qayeh Qorqi-ye Olya Qorqi-ye Sofla Rezvan Rud-e Khin Sang-e Atash Sar Tavus Shahid Kamju Shaye Siasak Sisabad Zirkan Tus Ahmadabad-e Moqbel Akbarabad Amerghan-e Tus Aminabad Amirabad Arvand Asheqan Ba Sharik Baghunabad Chahar Borj Chehel Hojreh Deheshk Dustabad Esfandian Eslamiyeh Esmailabad Esmailabad Ferizi Hajjiabad Hasan Khordu Hasanabad Jufurush Kal Zarkesh Kalateh-ye Barfi Kalateh-ye Nuri Kalateh-ye Seyyed Ali Kashaf Kazemabad Khatayan Khin-e Arab Khin-e Chomaqi Kushk-e Mehdi Loqmani Manzelabad Mashhad Qoli Mehdiabad Mesgaran Mohammadabad-e Ilkhani Moqimabad Mordar Keshan Nazerabad Now Deh Parkandabad Qaleh Now-e Avaraz Sar Asiab-e Pain Seyyedabad Shabankareh Shah Nil Shahid Hashemi Nizhad Shahrdansh Shamsabad Shurab Takhteh-ye Kazemabad Tus-e Olya Tus-e Sofla Zarkesh AhmadabadCities Malekabad Rural Districts and villagesPiveh Zhan Abrash Avareshk Bazeh Hur Beyramabad Deh Molla Delbaran Derakht-e Sefidar Dizbad-e Sofla Emam Taqi Eslam Qaleh Fakhr-e Davud Golboqra Gownjuk-e Olya Gownjuk-e Sofla Hajjiabad Hoseynabad Jamal Deh Kaj Olang Masumabad Neyzar Piveh Zhan Qasemabad Razun Robat Sefid Seyyedabad Sirzar Soltanabad-e Namak Takruk-e Sofla Zamanabad Ziarat Sarjam Abd ol Majid Amirabad Aqanj Baghcheh Balendar Bar Rud Bas Saruq Baz Howz-e Olya Boland Pey Bozveshk Dash Khaneh Deh Sorkh Deh-e Gheybi Estaj Ferezni Hasanabad Janid Deraz Nazarabad Orfi Owlang-e Amanabad Robat-e Khakestari Robat-e Toroq Sar Ghayeh Sar Nish Sharifabad Toroq RazaviyehCities Razaviyeh Rural Districts and villagesAbravan Ab Mal Abravan Arreh Biavand Chelmen Sang-e Olya Chelmen Sang-e Sofla Dom-e Rubah Giami Hasanabad Hoseynabad-e Gazband Jalalabad Jizabad-e Shahan Garmab Kalateh-ye Seyyeda Mashuleh Narimani-ye Olya Narimani-ye Sofla Nasrabad Qorqoruk-e Olya Qorqoruk-e Sofla Shurak-e Saburi Soleymani Tappeh Nader Taqiabad Teymurabad Meyami Ahmadabad Baz Howz-e Sofla Bidak Chelqi Chenarak Ebrahimabad Hasanabad Jimabad Kal Chuquki Khademabad Meyami Mir Bankesh Narband Orduluk Qaleh Khiaban Qazqan Qeshlaq Salarabad Tangal-e Shur-e Olya Tappeh Salam Pain Velayat Bereyli Borjmuri Buteh Gaz Buteh Mordeh Chahak Dahaneh-ye Chahal Derakht-e Bid Gav Borj Jar Khoshk-e Olya Jar Khoshk-e Sofla Kalateh Menar Kalateh-ye Abdol Kalateh-ye Hajj Ali Kalateh-ye Mirza Jani Kalateh-ye Qadam Kharzar Kuh Sefid-e Sofla Pas Khvori Qaleh Now-e Kalateh Menar Qaleh Pokhtuk Qarneh-ye Sofla Saleh Khani Shurak-e Maleki Iran portal This Mashhad County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_worship
Celebrity worship syndrome
["1 Classifications","1.1 Simple obsessional","1.2 Entertainment-social","1.3 Intense-personal","1.4 Love obsessional","1.5 Erotomanic","1.6 Borderline-pathological","2 Mental health","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Disorder involving obsession with celebrities Photo of Elvis Presley signing autographs for some young fans. Celebrity worship syndrome (CWS) or celebrity obsession disorder (COD) is an obsessive addictive disorder in which a person becomes overly involved with the details of a celebrity's personal and professional life. Psychologists have indicated that though many people obsess over film, television, sport and pop stars, the only common factor between them is that they are all figures in the public eye. Written observations of celebrity worship date back to the 19th century. Classifications Simple obsessional Simple obsessional stalking constitutes a majority of all stalking cases, anywhere from 69 to 79%, and is dominated by males. This form of stalking is generally associated with individuals who have shared previous personal relationships with their victims. However, this is not necessarily the case between a common member of the public exhibiting celebrity worship syndrome and the famous person with whom they are obsessed. Individuals that meet the criteria of being labeled as a "simple obsessional stalker" tend to share a set of characteristics including an inability to have successful personal relationships in their own lives, social awkwardness, feelings of powerlessness, a sense of insecurity, and very low self-esteem. Of these characteristics, low self-esteem plays a large role in the obsession that these individuals develop with their victim, in this case, the famous person. If the individual is unable to have any sort of connection to the celebrity with which they are obsessed, their own sense of self-worth may decline. Entertainment-social This level of admiration is linked to a celebrity's ability to capture the attention of their fans. Entertainment-social celebrity worship is used to describe a relatively low level of obsession. An example of a typical entertainment-social attitude would be "My friends and I like to discuss what my favorite celebrity has done." It may also be seen in the form of obsessively following celebrities on social media, although considered the lowest level of celebrity worship. It has been seen to have a number of negative effects with regards the development of unhealthy eating tendencies (eating disorders), anxiety, depression, poor body image and low self esteem, especially in young adolescents aged 13 to mid-20s. This can be supported by a study carried out on a group of female adolescents between the ages of (17–20). Intense-personal This is an intermediate level of obsession that is associated with neuroticism as well as behaviors linked to psychoticism. An example of an intense-personal attitude toward a celebrity would include claims such as "I consider my favorite celebrity to be my soul mate." It has been found that in particular, people who worship celebrities in this manner often have low self-esteem with regards to their body type, especially if they think that the celebrity is physically attractive. The effects of intense-personal celebrity worship on body image are seen in some cases of cosmetic surgery. Females who have high levels of obsession are more accepting of cosmetic surgery than those who do not obsess over celebrities to this extent. Love obsessional As the name suggests, individuals who demonstrate this sort of stalking behavior develop a love obsession with somebody who they have no personal relation to. Love obsessional stalking accounts for roughly 20–25% of all stalking cases. The people that demonstrate this form of stalking behavior are likely to have a mental disorder, commonly either schizophrenia or paranoia. Individuals that are love obsessional stalkers often convince themselves that they are in fact in a relationship with the subject of their obsession. For example, a woman who had been stalking David Letterman for a total of five years claimed to be his wife when she had no personal connection to him. Other celebrities who have fallen victim to this form of stalking include Jennifer Aniston, Halle Berry, Jodie Foster, and Mila Kunis, along with numerous other A-list stars. Erotomanic Erotomanic, originating from the word erotomania, refers to stalkers who genuinely believe that their victims are in love with them. The victims in this case are almost always well known within their community or within the media, meaning that they can range from small-town celebrities to famous personalities from Hollywood. Comprising less than 10% of all stalking cases, erotomanic stalkers are the least common. Unlike simple-obsessional stalkers, a majority of the individuals in this category of stalking are women. Similar to love-obsessional stalkers, the behavior of erotomanic stalkers may be a result of an underlying psychological disorder such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression. Individuals who have erotomania tend to believe that the celebrity with whom they are obsessed with is utilizing the media as a way to communicate with them by sending special messages or signals. Although these stalkers have unrealistic beliefs, they are less likely to seek any form of face-to-face interaction with their celebrity obsession, therefore posing less of a threat to them. Borderline-pathological This classification is the most severe level of celebrity worship. It is characterized by pathological attitudes and behaviors, as a result of celebrity worship. This includes willingness to commit crime on behalf of the celebrity who is the object of worship, or to spend money on common items used by the celebrity at some point, such as napkins. Mental health Evidence indicates that poor mental health is correlated with celebrity worship. Researchers have examined the relationship between celebrity worship and mental health in United Kingdom adult samples. One study found evidence to suggest that the intense-personal celebrity worship dimension was related to higher levels of depression and anxiety. Similarly, another study in 2004, found that the intense-personal celebrity worship dimension was not only related to higher levels of depression and anxiety, but also higher levels of stress, negative affect, and reports of illness. Both these studies showed no evidence for a significant relationship between either the entertainment-social or the borderline-pathological dimensions of celebrity worship and mental health. Another correlated pathology examined the role of celebrity interest in shaping body image cognitions. Among three separate UK samples (adolescents, students, and older adults), individuals selected a celebrity of their own sex whose body/figure they liked and admired, and then completed the Celebrity Attitude Scale along with two measures of body image. Significant relationships were found between attitudes toward celebrities and body image among female adolescents only. The findings suggested that, in female adolescence, there is an interaction between intense-personal celebrity worship and body image between the ages of 14 and 16, and some tentative evidence suggest that this relationship disappears at the onset of adulthood, which is between the ages of 17 and 20. These results are consistent with the authors who stress the importance of the formation of relationships with media figures, and suggest that relationships with celebrities perceived as having a good body shape may lead to a poor body image in female adolescents. This can be again supported by a study carried out, which investigated the link between mass media and its direct correlation to poor self-worth/ body image in a sample group of females between the ages of 17 and 20. Within a clinical context the effect of celebrity might be more extreme, particularly when considering extreme aspects of celebrity worship. Relationships between the three classifications of celebrity worship (entertainment-social, intense-personal and borderline-pathological celebrity worship and obsessiveness), ego-identity, fantasy proneness and dissociation were examined. Two of these variables drew particular attention: fantasy proneness and dissociation. Fantasy proneness involves fantasizing for a duration of time, reporting hallucinatory intensities as real, reporting vivid childhood memories, having intense religious and paranormal experiences. Dissociation is the lack of a normal integration of experiences, feelings, and thoughts in everyday consciousness and memory; in addition, it is related to a number of psychiatric problems. Though low levels of celebrity worship (entertainment-social) are not associated with any clinical measures, medium levels of celebrity worship (intense-personal) are related to fantasy proneness (approximately 10% of the shared variance), while high levels of celebrity worship (borderline-pathological) share a greater association with fantasy proneness (around 14% of the shared variance) and dissociation (around 3% of the shared variance, though the effect size of this is small and most probably due to the large sample size). This finding suggests that as "celebrity worship becomes more intense, and the individual perceives having a relationship with the celebrity, the more the individual is prone to fantasies." Celebrity worship syndrome can lead to the manifestation of unhealthy tendencies such as materialism and compulsive buying, which can be supported by a study carried out by Robert. A. Reeves, Gary. A. Baker and Chris. S. Truluck. The results of this study link high rates of celebrity worship to high rates of materialism and compulsive buying. A number of historical, ethnographic, netnographic and auto-ethnographic studies in diverse academic disciplines such as film studies, media studies, cultural studies and consumer research, which – unlike McCutcheon et al. focused mainly on a student sample (with two exceptions) – have actually studied real fans in the field, have come to very different conclusions that are more in line with Horton & Wohl's original concept of parasocial interaction or an earlier study by Leets. See also Anti-fan Fanaticism Fictosexuality Nijikon Obsessive love Paparazzi Parasocial interaction Sasaeng fan Stalking Stan (fan) Yandere References ^ Sansone, Randy A.; Sansone, Lori A. (2014). ""I'm Your Number One Fan"— A Clinical Look at Celebrity Worship". Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 11 (1–2): 39–43. ISSN 2158-8333. PMC 3960781. PMID 24653942. ^ "On the 18th-Century Origins of Celebrity Worship". Literary Hub. 2019-06-10. Archived from the original on 2020-12-12. Retrieved 2021-01-30. ^ a b "Profile of the Stalker". Campus Advocacy Network. University of Illinois at Chicago. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. ^ a b c Maltby J, Houran J, McCutcheon LE (January 2003). "A clinical interpretation of attitudes and behaviors associated with celebrity worship". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 191 (1): 25–9. doi:10.1097/00005053-200301000-00005. PMID 12544596. S2CID 6920516. ^ a b Kim JH, Lennon SJ (January 2007). "Mass media and self-esteem, body image, and eating disorder tendencies". Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. 25 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1177/0887302X06296873. S2CID 10966921. ^ a b Maltby J, Giles DC, Barber L, McCutcheon LE (February 2005). "Intense-personal celebrity worship and body image: evidence of a link among female adolescents". British Journal of Health Psychology. 10 (Pt 1): 17–32. doi:10.1348/135910704X15257. PMID 15826331. S2CID 18850637. ^ Maltby J, Day L (November 2011). "Celebrity worship and incidence of elective cosmetic surgery: evidence of a link among young adults" (PDF). The Journal of Adolescent Health. 49 (5): 483–9. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.12.014. PMID 22018562. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2019-08-16. ^ "Celebrity Stalking Victims". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-22. ^ Kamphuis JH, Emmelkamp PM (March 2000). "Stalking--a contemporary challenge for forensic and clinical psychiatry". The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science. 176 (3): 206–9. doi:10.1192/bjp.176.3.206. PMID 10755065. ^ "Psychology of stalking". Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. ^ Maltby, John; Day, Liz; McCutcheon, Lynn E.; Martin, Matthew M.; Cayanus, Jacob L. (2004-11-01). "Celebrity worship, cognitive flexibility, and social complexity". Personality and Individual Differences. 37 (7): 1475–1482. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.004. ISSN 0191-8869. Archived from the original on 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2021-05-10. ^ Sansone, Randy A.; Sansone, Lori A. (2014). ""I'm Your Number One Fan"— A Clinical Look at Celebrity Worship". Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 11 (1–2): 39–43. ISSN 2158-8333. PMC 3960781. PMID 24653942. ^ McCutcheon, Lynn E.; Zsila, Ágnes; Demetrovics, Zsolt (8 November 2021). "Celebrity worship and cognitive skills revisited: applying Cattell's two-factor theory of intelligence in a cross-sectional study". BMC Psychology. 9 (1): 174. doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00679-3. PMC 8574017. PMID 34749830. ^ Brooks, Samantha K. (2018-09-26). "FANatics: Systematic literature review of factors associated with celebrity worship, and suggested directions for future research". Current Psychology. 40 (2): 864–886. doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9978-4. ISSN 1936-4733. ^ Maltby J, Day L, McCutcheon LE, Houran J, Ashe D (January 2006). "Extreme celebrity worship, fantasy proneness and dissociation: Developing the measurement and understanding of celebrity worship within a clinical personality context". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (2): 273–83. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.004. ^ Stalking, threatening, and attacking public figures : a psychological and behavioral analysis. Meloy, J. Reid., Sheridan, Lorraine., Hoffmann, Jens (Jens M.), 1968-. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-804371-3. OCLC 271473057.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Reeves RA, Baker GA, Truluck CS (September 2012). "Celebrity worship, materialism, compulsive buying, and the empty self". Psychology & Marketing. 29 (9): 674–9. doi:10.1002/mar.20553. ^ Barbas S (2001). Movie Crazy: Fans, Stars and the Cult of Celebrity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ^ Hansen M (1991). "Pleasure, Ambivalence, Identification: Valentino and Female Spectatorship.". In Gledhill C (ed.). Stardom: Industry of Desire. London: Routledge. pp. 259–282. ^ Henry P, Caldwell M (2007). "Imprinting, Incubation and Intensification: Factors Contributing to Fan-Club Formation and Continuance.". In Cova B, Kozinets RV, Shankar A (eds.). Consumer Tribes. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 163–173. ^ Jenkins H (1992). Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. London: Routledge. ^ Kozinets RV (2001). "Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption". Journal of Consumer Research. 28 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1086/321948. ^ O'Guinn TC (1991). "Touching Greatness: The Central Midwest Barry Manilow Fan Club.". In Belk RW (ed.). Highways and Buyways: Naturalistic Research from the Consumer Behaviour Odyssey. Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research. pp. 102–111. ^ Richardson B, Turley (2006). "Support Your Local Team: Resistance, Subculture and the Desire for Distinction" (PDF). Advances in Consumer Research. 33: 175–180. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-03-27. ^ Stacey J (1994). Star Gazing: Hollywood Cinema and Female Spectatorship. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415091794. ^ Kozinets RV (1997). "I Want to Believe: A Netnography of The X-Philes' Subculture of Consumption". Advances in Consumer Research. 24: 470–475. ^ Holbrook MB (1987). "An Audiovisual Inventory of Some Fanatic Consumer Behavior: The 25-Cent Tour of a Jazz Collector's Home". Advances in Consumer Research. 14: 144–149. Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-03-27. ^ Wohlfeil M, Whelan S (2008). 'The Book of Stars': Some Alternative Insights into Celebrity Fandom. Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Conference 2008 at Aberdeen Business School. Aberdeen: Academy of Marketing. Archived from the original on 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2010-02-11. ^ Horton D, Wohl RR (1956). "Mass Communication and Parasocial Interaction". Psychiatry. 19 (1): 215–229. doi:10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049. PMID 13359569. ^ Leets L, de Becker G, Giles H (1995). "Fans: Exploring Expressed Motivations for Contacting Celebrities". Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 14 (1–2): 102–123. doi:10.1177/0261927X95141006. S2CID 220353226. Further reading Arnould EJ, Thompson CJ (March 2005). "Consumer culture theory (CCT): Twenty years of research". Journal of Consumer Research. 31 (4): 868–82. doi:10.1086/426626. Calder BJ, Tybout AM (1987). "What Consumer Research is... ". Journal of Consumer Research. 14 (1): 136–140. doi:10.1086/209101. Hirschman EC, Holbrook MB (1992). Postmodern Consumer Research: The Study of Consumption as Text. London: Sage. Holbrook MB (1995). Consumer Research: Introspective Essays on the Study of Consumption. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. McCutcheon LE, Lange R, Houran J (2002). "Conceptualization and Measurement of Celebrity Worship". British Journal of Psychology. 93 (1): 67–87. doi:10.1348/000712602162454. PMID 11839102. McCutcheon LE, Scott VB, Arugate MS, Parker J (2006). "Exploring the Link Between Attachment and the Inclination to Obsess About or Stalk Celebrities". North American Journal of Psychology. 8 (2): 289–300. vteFandomsBy typeGenre Fantasy fandom Furry fandom Science fiction fandom Yaoi fandom Medium-specific Anime and manga fandom Bibliophilia Cinephilia Disney fandom Disney adults Disneyland social club Donaldism Gamer Sports fan Production-specific A Song of Ice and Fire Beatlemania Deadhead Doctor Who EarthBound James Bond Janeite Juggalo Moonwalker MST3K MLP: FIM Parrothead Sherlock Holmes Star Wars Stargate Shrek Swiftie Tolkien Trekkie Twilight Demographics Anorak Anti-fan Celebrity worship syndrome Cult following Fan Furry Geek Groupie Nerd Otaku Sasaeng Shipper Stan Tifosi Ultras Waifu Organizationsand events Amateur press association Car club Boy racer Cruising Import scene Hot rodding Kustom Kulture Lowrider Club Supercar Season Cosplay Fan club Fan convention Fandom names Game club Historical reenactment Live action role-playing game Motorcycle club Harley Owners Group Organization for Transformative Works Railfan Stan Twitter Publicationsand activities Anime music video Autograph collecting Doujin Doujin music Doujinshi Fan art Fan edit Fan fiction Fan film Fan labor Fan mail Fan rice Fan translation Fanac Fan game Doujin soft Mod Fansite Fanspeak Fanzine Filk music Real person fiction Vidding Zine Conventions Anime list Comic book list Doujinshi Furry Gaming list Horror Multigenre Professional wrestling Science fiction list by date of establishment Topics Autograph Fan loyalty Fan service Odagiri effect
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elvis_signs_autographs_in_Minneapolis_1956.jpg"},{"link_name":"obsessive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive_love"},{"link_name":"addictive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictive_personality"},{"link_name":"celebrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"figures in the public eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_figure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Photo of Elvis Presley signing autographs for some young fans.Celebrity worship syndrome (CWS) or celebrity obsession disorder (COD) is an obsessive addictive disorder in which a person becomes overly involved with the details of a celebrity's personal and professional life.[1] Psychologists have indicated that though many people obsess over film, television, sport and pop stars, the only common factor between them is that they are all figures in the public eye. Written observations of celebrity worship date back to the 19th century.[2]","title":"Celebrity worship syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stalking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking"},{"link_name":"self-esteem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-esteem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stalking-3"}],"sub_title":"Simple obsessional","text":"Simple obsessional stalking constitutes a majority of all stalking cases, anywhere from 69 to 79%, and is dominated by males. This form of stalking is generally associated with individuals who have shared previous personal relationships with their victims. However, this is not necessarily the case between a common member of the public exhibiting celebrity worship syndrome and the famous person with whom they are obsessed. Individuals that meet the criteria of being labeled as a \"simple obsessional stalker\" tend to share a set of characteristics including an inability to have successful personal relationships in their own lives, social awkwardness, feelings of powerlessness, a sense of insecurity, and very low self-esteem. Of these characteristics, low self-esteem plays a large role in the obsession that these individuals develop with their victim, in this case, the famous person. If the individual is unable to have any sort of connection to the celebrity with which they are obsessed, their own sense of self-worth may decline.[3]","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maltby_2003-4"},{"link_name":"following celebrities on social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberstalking"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim_2007-5"}],"sub_title":"Entertainment-social","text":"This level of admiration is linked to a celebrity's ability to capture the attention of their fans. Entertainment-social celebrity worship is used to describe a relatively low level of obsession. An example of a typical entertainment-social attitude would be \"My friends and I like to discuss what my favorite celebrity has done.\"[4]\nIt may also be seen in the form of obsessively following celebrities on social media, although considered the lowest level of celebrity worship. It has been seen to have a number of negative effects with regards the development of unhealthy eating tendencies (eating disorders), anxiety, depression, poor body image and low self esteem, especially in young adolescents aged 13 to mid-20s. This can be supported by a study carried out on a group of female adolescents between the ages of (17–20).[5]","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neuroticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism"},{"link_name":"psychoticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoticism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maltby_2003-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15826331-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maltby_2011-7"}],"sub_title":"Intense-personal","text":"This is an intermediate level of obsession that is associated with neuroticism as well as behaviors linked to psychoticism. An example of an intense-personal attitude toward a celebrity would include claims such as \"I consider my favorite celebrity to be my soul mate.\"[4] It has been found that in particular, people who worship celebrities in this manner often have low self-esteem with regards to their body type, especially if they think that the celebrity is physically attractive.[6] The effects of intense-personal celebrity worship on body image are seen in some cases of cosmetic surgery. Females who have high levels of obsession are more accepting of cosmetic surgery than those who do not obsess over celebrities to this extent.[7]","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"love obsession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive_love"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"paranoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoia"},{"link_name":"David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stalking-3"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Aniston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston"},{"link_name":"Halle Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_Berry"},{"link_name":"Jodie Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Foster"},{"link_name":"Mila Kunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_Kunis"},{"link_name":"A-list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-list"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Love obsessional","text":"As the name suggests, individuals who demonstrate this sort of stalking behavior develop a love obsession with somebody who they have no personal relation to. Love obsessional stalking accounts for roughly 20–25% of all stalking cases. The people that demonstrate this form of stalking behavior are likely to have a mental disorder, commonly either schizophrenia or paranoia. Individuals that are love obsessional stalkers often convince themselves that they are in fact in a relationship with the subject of their obsession. For example, a woman who had been stalking David Letterman for a total of five years claimed to be his wife when she had no personal connection to him.[3] Other celebrities who have fallen victim to this form of stalking include Jennifer Aniston, Halle Berry, Jodie Foster, and Mila Kunis, along with numerous other A-list stars.[8]","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"erotomania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotomania"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"bipolar disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"},{"link_name":"major depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depression"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10755065-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Erotomanic","text":"Erotomanic, originating from the word erotomania, refers to stalkers who genuinely believe that their victims are in love with them. The victims in this case are almost always well known within their community or within the media, meaning that they can range from small-town celebrities to famous personalities from Hollywood. Comprising less than 10% of all stalking cases, erotomanic stalkers are the least common. Unlike simple-obsessional stalkers, a majority of the individuals in this category of stalking are women. Similar to love-obsessional stalkers, the behavior of erotomanic stalkers may be a result of an underlying psychological disorder such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression.[9]Individuals who have erotomania tend to believe that the celebrity with whom they are obsessed with is utilizing the media as a way to communicate with them by sending special messages or signals. Although these stalkers have unrealistic beliefs, they are less likely to seek any form of face-to-face interaction with their celebrity obsession, therefore posing less of a threat to them.[10]","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maltby_2003-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Borderline-pathological","text":"This classification is the most severe level of celebrity worship. It is characterized by pathological attitudes and behaviors, as a result of celebrity worship. This includes willingness to commit crime on behalf of the celebrity who is the object of worship, or to spend money on common items used by the celebrity at some point, such as napkins.[4][11][12]","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)"},{"link_name":"negative affect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_affect"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"body image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_image"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15826331-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim_2007-5"},{"link_name":"ego-identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identity"},{"link_name":"dissociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maltby_2006-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"netnographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netnography"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"auto-ethnographic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoethnography"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"film studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_studies"},{"link_name":"media studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_studies"},{"link_name":"cultural studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studies"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"parasocial interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_interaction"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Evidence indicates that poor mental health is correlated with celebrity worship.[13] Researchers have examined the relationship between celebrity worship and mental health in United Kingdom adult samples. One study found evidence to suggest that the intense-personal celebrity worship dimension was related to higher levels of depression and anxiety. Similarly, another study in 2004, found that the intense-personal celebrity worship dimension was not only related to higher levels of depression and anxiety, but also higher levels of stress, negative affect, and reports of illness. Both these studies showed no evidence for a significant relationship between either the entertainment-social or the borderline-pathological dimensions of celebrity worship and mental health.[14]Another correlated pathology examined the role of celebrity interest in shaping body image cognitions. Among three separate UK samples (adolescents, students, and older adults), individuals selected a celebrity of their own sex whose body/figure they liked and admired, and then completed the Celebrity Attitude Scale along with two measures of body image. Significant relationships were found between attitudes toward celebrities and body image among female adolescents only.[6]The findings suggested that, in female adolescence, there is an interaction between intense-personal celebrity worship and body image between the ages of 14 and 16, and some tentative evidence suggest that this relationship disappears at the onset of adulthood, which is between the ages of 17 and 20. These results are consistent with the authors who stress the importance of the formation of relationships with media figures, and suggest that relationships with celebrities perceived as having a good body shape may lead to a poor body image in female adolescents. This can be again supported by a study carried out, which investigated the link between mass media and its direct correlation to poor self-worth/ body image in a sample group of females between the ages of 17 and 20.[5]Within a clinical context the effect of celebrity might be more extreme, particularly when considering extreme aspects of celebrity worship. Relationships between the three classifications of celebrity worship (entertainment-social, intense-personal and borderline-pathological celebrity worship and obsessiveness), ego-identity, fantasy proneness and dissociation were examined. Two of these variables drew particular attention: fantasy proneness and dissociation. Fantasy proneness involves fantasizing for a duration of time, reporting hallucinatory intensities as real, reporting vivid childhood memories, having intense religious and paranormal experiences. Dissociation is the lack of a normal integration of experiences, feelings, and thoughts in everyday consciousness and memory; in addition, it is related to a number of psychiatric problems.[15]Though low levels of celebrity worship (entertainment-social) are not associated with any clinical measures, medium levels of celebrity worship (intense-personal) are related to fantasy proneness (approximately 10% of the shared variance), while high levels of celebrity worship (borderline-pathological) share a greater association with fantasy proneness (around 14% of the shared variance) and dissociation (around 3% of the shared variance, though the effect size of this is small and most probably due to the large sample size). This finding suggests that as \"celebrity worship becomes more intense, and the individual perceives having a relationship with the celebrity, the more the individual is prone to fantasies.\"[16]Celebrity worship syndrome can lead to the manifestation of unhealthy tendencies such as materialism and compulsive buying, which can be supported by a study carried out by Robert. A. Reeves, Gary. A. Baker and Chris. S. Truluck. The results of this study link high rates of celebrity worship to high rates of materialism and compulsive buying.[17]A number of historical,[18][19] ethnographic,[20][21][22][23][24][25] netnographic[26] and auto-ethnographic studies[27][28] in diverse academic disciplines such as film studies, media studies, cultural studies and consumer research, which – unlike McCutcheon et al. focused mainly on a student sample (with two exceptions) – have actually studied real fans in the field, have come to very different conclusions that are more in line with Horton & Wohl's[29] original concept of parasocial interaction or an earlier study by Leets.[30]","title":"Mental health"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Consumer culture theory (CCT): Twenty years of research\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F426626"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/426626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F426626"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/209101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F209101"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1348/000712602162454","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1348%2F000712602162454"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11839102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839102"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fandom"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fandom"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fandom"},{"link_name":"Fandoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom"},{"link_name":"Fantasy fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_fandom"},{"link_name":"Furry fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furry_fandom"},{"link_name":"Science fiction fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom"},{"link_name":"Yaoi fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi_fandom"},{"link_name":"Anime and manga fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom"},{"link_name":"Bibliophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliophilia"},{"link_name":"Cinephilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinephilia"},{"link_name":"Disney adults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_adult"},{"link_name":"Disneyland social club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland_social_club"},{"link_name":"Donaldism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaldism"},{"link_name":"Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer"},{"link_name":"Sports fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_fan"},{"link_name":"A Song of Ice and Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_fandom"},{"link_name":"Beatlemania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatlemania"},{"link_name":"Deadhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadhead"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_fandom"},{"link_name":"EarthBound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EarthBound_fandom"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_fandom"},{"link_name":"Janeite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janeite"},{"link_name":"Juggalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggalo"},{"link_name":"Moonwalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_fandom"},{"link_name":"MST3K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000"},{"link_name":"MLP: FIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_fandom"},{"link_name":"Parrothead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrothead"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_fandom"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_fandom"},{"link_name":"Shrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_fandom"},{"link_name":"Swiftie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swifties"},{"link_name":"Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_fandom"},{"link_name":"Trekkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekkie"},{"link_name":"Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_fandom"},{"link_name":"Anorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorak_(slang)"},{"link_name":"Anti-fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fan"},{"link_name":"Celebrity worship syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cult following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_following"},{"link_name":"Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(person)"},{"link_name":"Furry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fursona"},{"link_name":"Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek"},{"link_name":"Groupie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupie"},{"link_name":"Nerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerd"},{"link_name":"Otaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku"},{"link_name":"Sasaeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasaeng_fan"},{"link_name":"Shipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_(fandom)"},{"link_name":"Stan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_(fan)"},{"link_name":"Tifosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifosi"},{"link_name":"Ultras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras"},{"link_name":"Waifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waifu"},{"link_name":"Amateur press association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_press_association"},{"link_name":"Car club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_club"},{"link_name":"Boy racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_racer"},{"link_name":"Cruising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruising_(driving)"},{"link_name":"Import scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_scene"},{"link_name":"Hot rodding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_rod"},{"link_name":"Kustom Kulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustom_Kulture"},{"link_name":"Lowrider Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowrider_Club"},{"link_name":"Supercar Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercar_Season"},{"link_name":"Cosplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosplay"},{"link_name":"Fan club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_club"},{"link_name":"Fan convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_convention"},{"link_name":"Fandom names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fandom_names"},{"link_name":"Game club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_club"},{"link_name":"Historical reenactment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reenactment"},{"link_name":"Live action role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Motorcycle club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_club"},{"link_name":"Harley Owners Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Owners_Group"},{"link_name":"Organization for Transformative Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works"},{"link_name":"Railfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railfan"},{"link_name":"Stan Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Twitter"},{"link_name":"Anime music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_music_video"},{"link_name":"Autograph collecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph_collecting"},{"link_name":"Doujin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doujin"},{"link_name":"Doujin music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doujin_music"},{"link_name":"Doujinshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doujinshi"},{"link_name":"Fan art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_art"},{"link_name":"Fan edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_edit"},{"link_name":"Fan fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_fiction"},{"link_name":"Fan film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_film"},{"link_name":"Fan labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_labor"},{"link_name":"Fan mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_mail"},{"link_name":"Fan rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_rice"},{"link_name":"Fan translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_translation"},{"link_name":"Fanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanac"},{"link_name":"Fan game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_game"},{"link_name":"Doujin soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doujin_soft"},{"link_name":"Mod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_modding"},{"link_name":"Fansite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansite"},{"link_name":"Fanspeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanspeak"},{"link_name":"Fanzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanzine"},{"link_name":"Filk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filk_music"},{"link_name":"Real person fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_person_fiction"},{"link_name":"Vidding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidding"},{"link_name":"Zine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine"},{"link_name":"Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_convention"},{"link_name":"Anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_convention"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions"},{"link_name":"Comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_convention"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comic_book_conventions"},{"link_name":"Doujinshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doujinshi_convention"},{"link_name":"Furry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furry_convention"},{"link_name":"Gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_convention"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gaming_conventions"},{"link_name":"Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_convention"},{"link_name":"Multigenre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multigenre_conventions"},{"link_name":"Professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_conventions"},{"link_name":"Science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_convention"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_conventions"},{"link_name":"by date of establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fan_conventions_by_date_of_founding"},{"link_name":"Autograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph"},{"link_name":"Fan loyalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_loyalty"},{"link_name":"Fan service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_service"},{"link_name":"Odagiri effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odagiri_effect"}],"text":"Arnould EJ, Thompson CJ (March 2005). \"Consumer culture theory (CCT): Twenty years of research\". Journal of Consumer Research. 31 (4): 868–82. doi:10.1086/426626.\nCalder BJ, Tybout AM (1987). \"What Consumer Research is... \". Journal of Consumer Research. 14 (1): 136–140. doi:10.1086/209101.\nHirschman EC, Holbrook MB (1992). Postmodern Consumer Research: The Study of Consumption as Text. London: Sage.\nHolbrook MB (1995). Consumer Research: Introspective Essays on the Study of Consumption. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\nMcCutcheon LE, Lange R, Houran J (2002). \"Conceptualization and Measurement of Celebrity Worship\". British Journal of Psychology. 93 (1): 67–87. doi:10.1348/000712602162454. PMID 11839102.\nMcCutcheon LE, Scott VB, Arugate MS, Parker J (2006). \"Exploring the Link Between Attachment and the Inclination to Obsess About or Stalk Celebrities\". North American Journal of Psychology. 8 (2): 289–300.vteFandomsBy typeGenre\nFantasy fandom\nFurry fandom\nScience fiction fandom\nYaoi fandom\nMedium-specific\nAnime and manga fandom\nBibliophilia\nCinephilia\nDisney fandom\nDisney adults\nDisneyland social club\nDonaldism\nGamer\nSports fan\nProduction-specific\nA Song of Ice and Fire\nBeatlemania\nDeadhead\nDoctor Who\nEarthBound\nJames Bond\nJaneite\nJuggalo\nMoonwalker\nMST3K\nMLP: FIM\nParrothead\nSherlock Holmes\nStar Wars\nStargate\nShrek\nSwiftie\nTolkien\nTrekkie\nTwilight\nDemographics\nAnorak\nAnti-fan\nCelebrity worship syndrome\nCult following\nFan\nFurry\nGeek\nGroupie\nNerd\nOtaku\nSasaeng\nShipper\nStan\nTifosi\nUltras\nWaifu\nOrganizationsand events\nAmateur press association\nCar club\nBoy racer\nCruising\nImport scene\nHot rodding\nKustom Kulture\nLowrider Club\nSupercar Season\nCosplay\nFan club\nFan convention\nFandom names\nGame club\nHistorical reenactment\nLive action role-playing game\nMotorcycle club\nHarley Owners Group\nOrganization for Transformative Works\nRailfan\nStan Twitter\nPublicationsand activities\nAnime music video\nAutograph collecting\nDoujin\nDoujin music\nDoujinshi\nFan art\nFan edit\nFan fiction\nFan film\nFan labor\nFan mail\nFan rice\nFan translation\nFanac\nFan game\nDoujin soft\nMod\nFansite\nFanspeak\nFanzine\nFilk music\nReal person fiction\nVidding\nZine\nConventions\nAnime\nlist\nComic book\nlist\nDoujinshi\nFurry\nGaming\nlist\nHorror\nMultigenre\nProfessional wrestling\nScience fiction\nlist\nby date of establishment\nTopics\nAutograph\nFan loyalty\nFan service\nOdagiri effect","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Photo of Elvis Presley signing autographs for some young fans.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Elvis_signs_autographs_in_Minneapolis_1956.jpg/158px-Elvis_signs_autographs_in_Minneapolis_1956.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Anti-fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fan"},{"title":"Fanaticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanaticism"},{"title":"Fictosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictosexuality"},{"title":"Nijikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijikon"},{"title":"Obsessive love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive_love"},{"title":"Paparazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paparazzi"},{"title":"Parasocial interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_interaction"},{"title":"Sasaeng fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasaeng_fan"},{"title":"Stalking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking"},{"title":"Stan (fan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_(fan)"},{"title":"Yandere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandere"}]
[{"reference":"Sansone, Randy A.; Sansone, Lori A. (2014). \"\"I'm Your Number One Fan\"— A Clinical Look at Celebrity Worship\". Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 11 (1–2): 39–43. ISSN 2158-8333. PMC 3960781. PMID 24653942.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3960781","url_text":"\"\"I'm Your Number One Fan\"— A Clinical Look at Celebrity Worship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2158-8333","url_text":"2158-8333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3960781","url_text":"3960781"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24653942","url_text":"24653942"}]},{"reference":"\"On the 18th-Century Origins of Celebrity Worship\". Literary Hub. 2019-06-10. Archived from the original on 2020-12-12. 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Retrieved 2021-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886904000364","url_text":"\"Celebrity worship, cognitive flexibility, and social complexity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_and_Individual_Differences","url_text":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2004.02.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0191-8869","url_text":"0191-8869"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210510065921/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886904000364","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sansone, Randy A.; Sansone, Lori A. (2014). \"\"I'm Your Number One Fan\"— A Clinical Look at Celebrity Worship\". Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 11 (1–2): 39–43. ISSN 2158-8333. PMC 3960781. PMID 24653942.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3960781","url_text":"\"\"I'm Your Number One Fan\"— A Clinical Look at Celebrity Worship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovations_in_Clinical_Neuroscience","url_text":"Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2158-8333","url_text":"2158-8333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3960781","url_text":"3960781"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24653942","url_text":"24653942"}]},{"reference":"McCutcheon, Lynn E.; Zsila, Ágnes; Demetrovics, Zsolt (8 November 2021). \"Celebrity worship and cognitive skills revisited: applying Cattell's two-factor theory of intelligence in a cross-sectional study\". BMC Psychology. 9 (1): 174. doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00679-3. PMC 8574017. PMID 34749830.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8574017","url_text":"\"Celebrity worship and cognitive skills revisited: applying Cattell's two-factor theory of intelligence in a cross-sectional study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40359-021-00679-3","url_text":"10.1186/s40359-021-00679-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8574017","url_text":"8574017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34749830","url_text":"34749830"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Samantha K. (2018-09-26). \"FANatics: Systematic literature review of factors associated with celebrity worship, and suggested directions for future research\". Current Psychology. 40 (2): 864–886. doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9978-4. ISSN 1936-4733.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12144-018-9978-4","url_text":"\"FANatics: Systematic literature review of factors associated with celebrity worship, and suggested directions for future research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12144-018-9978-4","url_text":"10.1007/s12144-018-9978-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1936-4733","url_text":"1936-4733"}]},{"reference":"Maltby J, Day L, McCutcheon LE, Houran J, Ashe D (January 2006). \"Extreme celebrity worship, fantasy proneness and dissociation: Developing the measurement and understanding of celebrity worship within a clinical personality context\". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (2): 273–83. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2005.07.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.004"}]},{"reference":"Stalking, threatening, and attacking public figures : a psychological and behavioral analysis. Meloy, J. Reid., Sheridan, Lorraine., Hoffmann, Jens (Jens M.), 1968-. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-804371-3. OCLC 271473057.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/271473057","url_text":"Stalking, threatening, and attacking public figures : a psychological and behavioral analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804371-3","url_text":"978-0-19-804371-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/271473057","url_text":"271473057"}]},{"reference":"Reeves RA, Baker GA, Truluck CS (September 2012). \"Celebrity worship, materialism, compulsive buying, and the empty self\". Psychology & Marketing. 29 (9): 674–9. doi:10.1002/mar.20553.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmar.20553","url_text":"10.1002/mar.20553"}]},{"reference":"Barbas S (2001). Movie Crazy: Fans, Stars and the Cult of Celebrity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hansen M (1991). \"Pleasure, Ambivalence, Identification: Valentino and Female Spectatorship.\". In Gledhill C (ed.). Stardom: Industry of Desire. London: Routledge. pp. 259–282.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stardomindustryd00chri","url_text":"Stardom: Industry of Desire"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stardomindustryd00chri/page/n278","url_text":"259"}]},{"reference":"Henry P, Caldwell M (2007). \"Imprinting, Incubation and Intensification: Factors Contributing to Fan-Club Formation and Continuance.\". In Cova B, Kozinets RV, Shankar A (eds.). Consumer Tribes. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 163–173.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jenkins H (1992). Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. London: Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kozinets RV (2001). \"Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption\". Journal of Consumer Research. 28 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1086/321948.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F321948","url_text":"10.1086/321948"}]},{"reference":"O'Guinn TC (1991). \"Touching Greatness: The Central Midwest Barry Manilow Fan Club.\". In Belk RW (ed.). Highways and Buyways: Naturalistic Research from the Consumer Behaviour Odyssey. Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research. pp. 102–111.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Richardson B, Turley (2006). \"Support Your Local Team: Resistance, Subculture and the Desire for Distinction\" (PDF). Advances in Consumer Research. 33: 175–180. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-27. 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Advances in Consumer Research. 24: 470–475.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Holbrook MB (1987). \"An Audiovisual Inventory of Some Fanatic Consumer Behavior: The 25-Cent Tour of a Jazz Collector's Home\". Advances in Consumer Research. 14: 144–149. Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/6673/volumes/v14/NA-14","url_text":"\"An Audiovisual Inventory of Some Fanatic Consumer Behavior: The 25-Cent Tour of a Jazz Collector's Home\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327072609/http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/6673/volumes/v14/NA-14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wohlfeil M, Whelan S (2008). 'The Book of Stars': Some Alternative Insights into Celebrity Fandom. Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Conference 2008 at Aberdeen Business School. Aberdeen: Academy of Marketing. Archived from the original on 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2010-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101216034907/http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/am2008/","url_text":"'The Book of Stars': Some Alternative Insights into Celebrity Fandom"},{"url":"http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/am2008/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Horton D, Wohl RR (1956). \"Mass Communication and Parasocial Interaction\". Psychiatry. 19 (1): 215–229. doi:10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049. PMID 13359569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00332747.1956.11023049","url_text":"10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13359569","url_text":"13359569"}]},{"reference":"Leets L, de Becker G, Giles H (1995). \"Fans: Exploring Expressed Motivations for Contacting Celebrities\". Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 14 (1–2): 102–123. doi:10.1177/0261927X95141006. 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Journal of Consumer Research. 14 (1): 136–140. doi:10.1086/209101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F209101","url_text":"10.1086/209101"}]},{"reference":"Hirschman EC, Holbrook MB (1992). Postmodern Consumer Research: The Study of Consumption as Text. London: Sage.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Holbrook MB (1995). Consumer Research: Introspective Essays on the Study of Consumption. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McCutcheon LE, Lange R, Houran J (2002). \"Conceptualization and Measurement of Celebrity Worship\". British Journal of Psychology. 93 (1): 67–87. doi:10.1348/000712602162454. PMID 11839102.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1348%2F000712602162454","url_text":"10.1348/000712602162454"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839102","url_text":"11839102"}]},{"reference":"McCutcheon LE, Scott VB, Arugate MS, Parker J (2006). \"Exploring the Link Between Attachment and the Inclination to Obsess About or Stalk Celebrities\". North American Journal of Psychology. 8 (2): 289–300.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Folly_of_Anne
The Folly of Anne
["1 Cast","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
1914 film The Folly of AnneDirected byJohn B. O'BrienWritten byEllen FarleyGeorge PattulloStarringElmer CliftonLillian GishDistributed byMutual FilmRelease date November 14, 1914 (1914-11-14) Running time10 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent with English intertitles The Folly of Anne is a 1914 American short drama film directed by John B. O'Brien. Cast Elmer Clifton Donald Crisp Lillian Gish W. E. Lawrence (as William E. Lawrence) See also List of American films of 1914 Lillian Gish filmography References ^ The Folly of Anne at silentera.com External links The Folly of Anne at IMDb This 1910s short drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of American films of 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1914"},{"title":"Lillian Gish filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Gish_filmography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_Ibrahim_Ben_Ali
Saïd Ibrahim Ben Ali
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 References","4 Bibliography"]
Chief minister of The Comoros 1970-1972 Saïd Ibrahim Ben Ali Prince Said Ibrahim Ben Sultan Said Ali El Maceli Al Ba'alawi (17 April 1911 – 24 December 1975) was a Comorian politician. He served as a member of the French National Assembly from 1959 until 1970, and as Prime Minister of the Comoros from 2 April 1970 until 16 July 1972. He was the son of Sultan Said Ali Bin Sultan Said Omar, Sultan of Grande Comore. Biography Ibrahim was born in Antananarivo in Madagascar in 1911. His family included other Comorian politicians like Said Mohamed Jaffar, Said Atthoumani, and Said Ali Kemal. Said Ibrahim was educated at the Myre de Villers School in Antananarivo, Madagascar, with the view that he would be part of the local administration of the Comoros. He initially became an interpreter, and in 1938, after several requests, he obtained the post as Head of Administration to Grande Comore, then later the High Commissioner to Madagascar. After World War II, in 1946 he was appointed Governor. He made a pilgrimage to Mecca, remaining in Cairo where he met King Farouk, and visiting Al-Azhar University. In 1947/1948 he sought to organize an Arab League struggle against Israel. In 1951 he stood down, arguably to devote himself entirely to politics. He became the leader of the opposition Parti Blanc (White Party), later reconstituted as the Democratic Assembly of the Comoran People (Rassemblement Démocratique du Peuple Comorien—RDPC), in league with the Comorienne Agreement Party (CEP) of his half brother Prince Said Houssein, and in agreement with the Party of General Charles de Gaulle. He was a member of the French National Assembly. Finally, he was appointed Minister of Finance from 1957 to 1958. In 1959, Comoros got two seats in the French National Assembly, while remaining a single electoral district, and in 1962 and 1967, he teamed up with Mohamed Ahmed in elections. From 1958 to 1970 he was elected and reelected president of the Territorial Assembly and the Chamber of Deputies of the Comoros. After the death of Sheikh Mohamed Said, he became for a time the strongest politician in the Comoros. He was elected President of the Governing Council on 2 April 1970, and was re-elected on 28 June 1971. Amid calls from all sides of the political elite demanding independence, he maintained that there was "no political independence without economic independence" which implied cooperation between the Comoros and France. In 1971 the Legislature was hostile to him and he sought and obtained from France the dissolution of the Legislature, but the new assembly sought to overthrow the government in June 1972. He died in 1975 in Mecca after his pilgrimage. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia - a close friend of the prince - proposed to the prince's family to bury his body in Mecca or Medina. However, his two elder sons (Prince Said Ali Kemal and Prince Naçreddine) preferred to bury their father in the Comoros among his people and therefore King Faisal arranged for his body to be taken back to the Comoros via the King's private jet. Said Ibrahim was buried in his home city Iconi. He has sons and daughters who are well known politicians, ministers and lawyers: - Prince Said Ali Kemal, Prince Fahmi Said Ibrahim, Prince Mourad Said Ibrahim, Prince Faiz Said Ibrahim and Prince Moncef Said Ibrahim, Princess Sitina-Fatma (Lily), Princess Nourou, Princess Malika, Princess Hanazad, Princess Samira and Princess Thoueibat. Legacy Said Ibrahim is commemorated by the Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport, the international airport serving Moroni, capital of Comoros. The Prince Said Ibrahim Mosque in Ngazidja, Comoros, is named after him. References ^ Adeham Saïd Ibrahim National Assembly of France ^ Comoros: The Break with France, Helen Chapin Metz, accessed 2009-07-02 ^ Photo: three-foiled arches at Prince Said Ibrahim mosque Archived 2009-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 2009-07-01 Bibliography Biography at Comores-Online.com (in French) -- Google translation Authority control databases: People Sycomore
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sa%C3%AFd_Ibrahim_Ben_Ali.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince"},{"link_name":"Comorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"French National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Sultan Said Ali Bin Sultan Said Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Ali_bin_Said_Omar_of_Grande_Comore"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Grande Comore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_of_Grande_Comore&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Saïd Ibrahim Ben AliPrince Said Ibrahim Ben Sultan Said Ali El Maceli Al Ba'alawi (17 April 1911 – 24 December 1975) was a Comorian politician. He served as a member of the French National Assembly from 1959 until 1970, and as Prime Minister of the Comoros from 2 April 1970 until 16 July 1972. He was the son of Sultan Said Ali Bin Sultan Said Omar, Sultan of Grande Comore.","title":"Saïd Ibrahim Ben Ali"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antananarivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antananarivo"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Said Mohamed Jaffar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Mohamed_Jaffar"},{"link_name":"Said Atthoumani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Atthoumani"},{"link_name":"Said Ali Kemal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Ali_Kemal"},{"link_name":"Myre de Villers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myre_de_Villers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antananarivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antananarivo"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"King Farouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Farouk"},{"link_name":"Al-Azhar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Parti Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_Blanc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Democratic Assembly of the Comoran People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Assembly_of_the_Comoran_People&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rassemblement Démocratique du Peuple Comorien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_du_Peuple_Comorien&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Prince Said Houssein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Said_Houssein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"French National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies of the Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Mohamed Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Mohamed_Said&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Faisal of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia"}],"text":"Ibrahim was born in Antananarivo in Madagascar in 1911.[1] His family included other Comorian politicians like Said Mohamed Jaffar, Said Atthoumani, and Said Ali Kemal.Said Ibrahim was educated at the Myre de Villers School in Antananarivo, Madagascar, with the view that he would be part of the local administration of the Comoros. He initially became an interpreter, and in 1938, after several requests, he obtained the post as Head of Administration to Grande Comore, then later the High Commissioner to Madagascar.After World War II, in 1946 he was appointed Governor. He made a pilgrimage to Mecca, remaining in Cairo where he met King Farouk, and visiting Al-Azhar University. In 1947/1948 he sought to organize an Arab League struggle against Israel. In 1951 he stood down, arguably to devote himself entirely to politics. He became the leader of the opposition Parti Blanc (White Party), later reconstituted as the Democratic Assembly of the Comoran People (Rassemblement Démocratique du Peuple Comorien—RDPC),[2] in league with the Comorienne Agreement Party (CEP) of his half brother Prince Said Houssein, and in agreement with the Party of General Charles de Gaulle. He was a member of the French National Assembly. Finally, he was appointed Minister of Finance from 1957 to 1958. In 1959, Comoros got two seats in the French National Assembly, while remaining a single electoral district, and in 1962 and 1967, he teamed up with Mohamed Ahmed in elections. From 1958 to 1970 he was elected and reelected president of the Territorial Assembly and the Chamber of Deputies of the Comoros.After the death of Sheikh Mohamed Said, he became for a time the strongest politician in the Comoros. He was elected President of the Governing Council on 2 April 1970, and was re-elected on 28 June 1971. Amid calls from all sides of the political elite demanding independence, he maintained that there was \"no political independence without economic independence\" which implied cooperation between the Comoros and France.In 1971 the Legislature was hostile to him and he sought and obtained from France the dissolution of the Legislature, but the new assembly sought to overthrow the government in June 1972.He died in 1975 in Mecca after his pilgrimage. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia - a close friend of the prince - proposed to the prince's family to bury his body in Mecca or Medina. However, his two elder sons (Prince Said Ali Kemal and Prince Naçreddine) preferred to bury their father in the Comoros among his people and therefore King Faisal arranged for his body to be taken back to the Comoros via the King's private jet. Said Ibrahim was buried in his home city Iconi.He has sons and daughters who are well known politicians, ministers and lawyers:\n- Prince Said Ali Kemal, Prince Fahmi Said Ibrahim, Prince Mourad Said Ibrahim, Prince Faiz Said Ibrahim and Prince Moncef Said Ibrahim, Princess Sitina-Fatma (Lily), Princess Nourou, Princess Malika, Princess Hanazad, Princess Samira and Princess Thoueibat.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Said_Ibrahim_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Moroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Ngazidja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngazidja"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Said Ibrahim is commemorated by the Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport, the international airport serving Moroni, capital of Comoros.The Prince Said Ibrahim Mosque in Ngazidja, Comoros, is named after him.[3]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/histoire/princesaid.htm"},{"link_name":"Google translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//translate.google.com.au/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comores-online.com%2Fmwezinet%2Fhistoire%2Fprincesaid.htm&sl=fr&tl=en&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7399901#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Sycomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/6209"}],"text":"Biography at Comores-Online.com (in French) -- Google translationAuthority control databases: People \nSycomore","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/137th_Guards_Airborne_Regiment
137th Guards Airborne Regiment
["1 History","2 References"]
137th Guards Airborne RegimentRussian: 137-й парашютно-десантный Кубанский казачий ордена Красной Звезды полк137th Guards Airborne Regiment shoulder sleeve insigniaActive1948–presentCountry RussiaBranch Russian Airborne ForcesSizeRegimentPart of106th Guards Tula Airborne DivisionGarrison/HQRyazanMUN 41450EngagementsWar in Donbas• Battle of Ilovaisk2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine• Battle of Izyum• Battle of BakhmutDecorations Order of the Red StarCossacksCommandersCurrentcommanderGuards Colonel Roman Andreyevich BorsukMilitary unit The 137th Guards Airborne Regiment is a formation of the Russian Airborne Troops. It is part of the 106th Guards Tula Airborne Division. In 2014, the regiment was involved in the Russian military intervention in Ukraine. It fought again in the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. At the Battle of Izium (counteroffensive phrase) the unit fell into an ambush, losing their commander, Lieutenant Colonel Pavel Krivov. History The regiment was formed on 1 October 1948 in Ryazan as the 137th Guards Air-Landing Regiment of the 11th Guards Airborne Division. In 1949 it was converted into an airborne regiment. In May 1955 it became part of the 106th Guards Airborne Division after the 11th Guards Airborne Division was disbanded. A battalion of the regiment was involved in the August 1991 Soviet coup attempt, guarding the Russian White House against potential assault. References ^ a b Holm, Michael. "137/th Guards Parachute Regiment". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 2016-08-12. ^ Sutyagin, Igor (March 2015). "RUSI Briefing Paper: Russian Forces in Ukraine" (PDF). Royal United Services Institute. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2016. ^ "Error | VK". ^ William E. Odom, "The Collapse of the Soviet Military," 1998, 330-331. This article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Russian military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-fructose_oxidoreductase
Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase
["1 Structural studies","2 References"]
glucose-fructose oxidoreductaseIdentifiersEC no.1.1.99.28CAS no.94949-35-6 DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins In enzymology, a glucose-fructose oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.99.28) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction D-glucose + D-fructose ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D-gluconolactone + D-glucitol Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are D-glucose and D-fructose, whereas its two products are D-gluconolactone and D-glucitol. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-glucose:D-fructose oxidoreductase. Structural studies As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1H6A, 1H6B, 1H6C, 1H6D, 1OFG, 1RYD, and 1RYE. References Zachariou M; Scopes RK (1986). "Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase: a new enzyme isolated from Zymomonas mobilis that is responsible for sorbitol production". J. Bacteriol. 167 (3): 863–869. doi:10.1128/JB.167.3.863-869.1986. PMC 215953. PMID 3745122. Hardman MJ, Scopes RK (1988). "The kinetics of glucose-fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis". Eur. J. Biochem. 173 (1): 203–9. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13985.x. PMID 3356190. Kanagasundaram V, Scopes RK (1992). "Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of the structural gene encoding glucose-fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis". J. Bacteriol. 174 (5): 1439–47. doi:10.1128/jb.174.5.1439-1447.1992. PMC 206538. PMID 1537789. vteOxidoreductases: alcohol oxidoreductases (EC 1.1)1.1.1: NAD/NADP acceptor 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Aldo-keto reductase 1A1 1B1 1B10 1C1 1C3 1C4 7A2 Aldose reductase Beta-Ketoacyl ACP reductase Carbohydrate dehydrogenases Carnitine dehydrogenase D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) DXP reductoisomerase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HMG-CoA reductase IMP dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase L-threonine dehydrogenase L-xylulose reductase Malate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+) Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Sorbitol dehydrogenase Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 3β 3β-HSD NSDHL 11β 11β-HSD1 11β-HSD2 17β 1.1.2: cytochrome acceptor D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) Mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome) 1.1.3: oxygen acceptor Glucose oxidase L-gulonolactone oxidase Xanthine oxidase Alcohol oxidase 1.1.4: disulfide as acceptor Vitamin K epoxide reductase Vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive) 1.1.5: quinone/similar acceptor Malate dehydrogenase (quinone) Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase 1.1.99: other acceptors Choline dehydrogenase L2HGDH vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) Portal: Biology This EC 1.1 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymology"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.1.99.28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.1.99.28"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"catalyzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"substrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"D-glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-glucose"},{"link_name":"D-fructose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-fructose"},{"link_name":"products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"D-gluconolactone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D-gluconolactone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D-glucitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-glucitol"},{"link_name":"oxidoreductases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"systematic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes"}],"text":"In enzymology, a glucose-fructose oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.99.28) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactionD-glucose + D-fructose \n \n \n \n ⇌\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons }\n \n D-gluconolactone + D-glucitolThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are D-glucose and D-fructose, whereas its two products are D-gluconolactone and D-glucitol.This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-glucose:D-fructose oxidoreductase.","title":"Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_structure"},{"link_name":"PDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"1H6A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1H6A"},{"link_name":"1H6B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1H6B"},{"link_name":"1H6C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1H6C"},{"link_name":"1H6D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1H6D"},{"link_name":"1OFG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1OFG"},{"link_name":"1RYD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1RYD"},{"link_name":"1RYE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1RYE"}],"text":"As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1H6A, 1H6B, 1H6C, 1H6D, 1OFG, 1RYD, and 1RYE.","title":"Structural studies"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Silence
Industrial Silence
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Certifications","4 References"]
Album by Madrugada Industrial SilenceStudio album by MadrugadaReleased30 August 19995 July 2010 (Deluxe edition)Recorded1998, 1999GenreAlternative rockLength63:43LabelVirginProducerJohn AgnelloMadrugada chronology Industrial Silence(1999) The Nightly Disease(2001) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicPanorama.no Industrial Silence is the debut album by Norwegian alternative rock band Madrugada. The album contains the singles "Electric", "Higher" and "Beautyproof" plus live favourite "Vocal". A limited edition featuring a second disc containing three songs was initially released alongside the album. A fully remastered, Deluxe edition of the album was released on 5 July 2010. Disc 2 included all tracks from the early EP's, B-sides and four previously unheard demo recordings. The remaster was carried out by Greg Calbi at Sterling Sound in New York. As of 2002 the album has sold 250,000 copies according to Billboard magazine. Track listing No.TitleLength1."Vocal"6:282."Beautyproof"3:573."Shine"4:144."Higher"4:475."Sirens"6:166."Strange Colour Blue"5:067."This Old House"5:078."Electric"4:559."Salt"4:5310."Belladonna"4:2111."Norwegian Hammerworks Corp."5:2812."Quite Emotional"4:1813."Terraplane"4:05 Limited edition (disc 2)No.TitleLength1."Wheelchair"4:322."Move"4:123."Sweet Simone" (live demo version)4:13 Deluxe edition (Disc 2)No.TitleLength1."Wheelchair"4:322."Move"4:123."Sweet Simone" (live demo)4:134."Strange Colour Blue" (alternative version)4:315."Highway 2.000.000"4:106."Oceanliner"4:477."The Riverbed"4:458."Tonight I Have No Words For You"4:579."1990"3:1510."I'm Life's Wonderful Way Of Letting You Down"4:1211."Bill Skins Fifth"3:2712."Mother of Earth"4:2213."Legends and Bones" (from The Shit City Sessions)3:1214."Step Into My Mirror"3:0115."Hush Sleep Tonight" (1996 demo)3:4116."Shine" (1996 demo)4:0517."I'm In Love With You"4:3118."This Must Be The Song That Will Pay My Bills" (demo)5:09 Personnel Robert S. Burås - guitars, harmonica Sivert Høyem - vocals Frode Jacobsen - bass guitar Jon Lauvland Pettersen - drums, percussion Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Norway (IFPI Norway) Platinum 50,000* Summaries France & Germany — 50,000 Worldwide — 250,000 * Sales figures based on certification alone. References ^ Allmusic link ^ "link". Archived from the original on 2004-10-13. Retrieved 2007-01-10. ^ a b Williamson, Nigel (9 November 2002). "Global Music Pulse". Billboard. Retrieved 2 June 2018. ^ "IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993–2011" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. ^ Bie, Elisabeth (14 July 2000). "Norske plater selger i utlandet". Stavanger Aftenblad. Retrieved 13 March 2024. vteMadrugada Sivert Høyem Robert Burås Frode Jacobsen Erland Dahlen Jon Lauvland Pettersen Simen Vangen Marius Johansen Studio albums Industrial Silence (1999) The Nightly Disease (2001) Grit (2002) The Deep End (2005) Madrugada (2008) Live albums Live at Tralfamadore (2005) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1990s alternative rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_(music)"},{"link_name":"Madrugada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrugada_(band)"},{"link_name":"Greg Calbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Calbi"},{"link_name":"Sterling Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Sound"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-3"}],"text":"Industrial Silence is the debut album by Norwegian alternative rock band Madrugada. The album contains the singles \"Electric\", \"Higher\" and \"Beautyproof\" plus live favourite \"Vocal\".A limited edition featuring a second disc containing three songs was initially released alongside the album.A fully remastered, Deluxe edition of the album was released on 5 July 2010. Disc 2 included all tracks from the early EP's, B-sides and four previously unheard demo recordings. The remaster was carried out by Greg Calbi at Sterling Sound in New York.As of 2002 the album has sold 250,000 copies according to Billboard magazine.[3]","title":"Industrial Silence"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Vocal\"6:282.\"Beautyproof\"3:573.\"Shine\"4:144.\"Higher\"4:475.\"Sirens\"6:166.\"Strange Colour Blue\"5:067.\"This Old House\"5:078.\"Electric\"4:559.\"Salt\"4:5310.\"Belladonna\"4:2111.\"Norwegian Hammerworks Corp.\"5:2812.\"Quite Emotional\"4:1813.\"Terraplane\"4:05Limited edition (disc 2)No.TitleLength1.\"Wheelchair\"4:322.\"Move\"4:123.\"Sweet Simone\" (live demo version)4:13Deluxe edition (Disc 2)No.TitleLength1.\"Wheelchair\"4:322.\"Move\"4:123.\"Sweet Simone\" (live demo)4:134.\"Strange Colour Blue\" (alternative version)4:315.\"Highway 2.000.000\"4:106.\"Oceanliner\"4:477.\"The Riverbed\"4:458.\"Tonight I Have No Words For You\"4:579.\"1990\"3:1510.\"I'm Life's Wonderful Way Of Letting You Down\"4:1211.\"Bill Skins Fifth\"3:2712.\"Mother of Earth\"4:2213.\"Legends and Bones\" (from The Shit City Sessions)3:1214.\"Step Into My Mirror\"3:0115.\"Hush Sleep Tonight\" (1996 demo)3:4116.\"Shine\" (1996 demo)4:0517.\"I'm In Love With You\"4:3118.\"This Must Be The Song That Will Pay My Bills\" (demo)5:09","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Robert S. Burås - guitars, harmonica\nSivert Høyem - vocals\nFrode Jacobsen - bass guitar\nJon Lauvland Pettersen - drums, percussion","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"link\". Archived from the original on 2004-10-13. Retrieved 2007-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041013080828/http://www.panorama.no/vis.php?kat=1&did=1196","url_text":"\"link\""},{"url":"http://www.panorama.no/vis.php?kat=1&did=1196","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williamson, Nigel (9 November 2002). \"Global Music Pulse\". Billboard. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ0EAAAAMBAJ&q=Light+%26+Magic+ladytron+album+sales&pg=PA53","url_text":"\"Global Music Pulse\""}]},{"reference":"\"IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993–2011\" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105012246/http://www.ifpi.no/sok/lst_trofeer_sok.asp?type=artist","url_text":"\"IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993–2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"Bie, Elisabeth (14 July 2000). \"Norske plater selger i utlandet\". Stavanger Aftenblad. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftenbladet.no/kultur/i/Ljzpp/norske-plater-selger-i-utlandet","url_text":"\"Norske plater selger i utlandet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Aftenblad","url_text":"Stavanger Aftenblad"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Drew_Sr.
John Drew Sr.
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
19th-century Irish-American actor and theatre manager For his son of the same name, see John Drew Jr. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "John Drew Sr." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John DrewBornJonathan Henry Drewland(1827-09-03)September 3, 1827Dublin, IrelandDiedMay 21, 1862(1862-05-21) (aged 34)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Resting placeMount Vernon CemeterySpouse Louisa Lane Drew ​(m. 1850)​ChildrenLouisa DrewJohn Drew Jr.Georgiana Drew John Drew (September 3, 1827 – May 21, 1862) was an Irish-American stage actor and theatre manager.: 175  Early life Born Jonathan Henry Drewland in Dublin, Ireland,: 175  to Thomas L. Drewland and Louise Kanten, he was the fifth of six children. In 1832, he emigrated to the United States with his family to Boston, Massachusetts. As a child, he spent most of his life living in Boston. This is where he began acting. A younger brother, Frank Drew (1831–1903), also became an actor.: 179  Career After moving to the United States, Drew got a job in the theatrical company of Joseph J. Johlen (the theatre manager). He appeared in a number of Johlen's plays, including Uncle Mutch, The Barber Man, Canterbury of Livingston and The Progrist. Drew made his first New York appearance in 1846. He played Irish and light comedy parts with success in many American cities, and was the manager of the Arch Street Theatre in Philadelphia. Personal life John married Louisa Lane in 1848 this being her third marriage and his first. They had three children, Louisa (1852–1888), John Jr. (1853–1927), and Georgiana (1856–1893), the latter two of whom were accomplished actors (Georgiana married Maurice Barrymore in 1876, begetting the Barrymore family; this makes John Drew a great-great-grandfather of actress Drew Barrymore). Drew died at his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the early age of 34, after tripping, falling and fatally hitting his head during a party for daughter Georgiana. He was buried in Glenwood Cemetery in Philadelphia, which was later closed, and his remains were moved to Mount Vernon Cemetery. After his death, his wife Louisa took over the management of the Arch Street Theatre. The Arch Street survived until 1936 when it was demolished. References ^ a b c Moses, Montrose Jonas (1968) . Famous Actor-Families in America. New York: Benjamin Blom, Inc. LCCN 68-58994. ^ Lindsay, Suzanne Glover (5 September 2019). "The Drews and Barrymores: A Theatrical Dynasty at St. Stephen's!". www.ststephensphl.org. St. Stephens Episcopal Church. Retrieved 19 January 2022. ^ Wilson, Scott (19 August 2016). Resting Places: The Burial Site of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7864-7992-4. Retrieved 21 September 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Drew. John Drew Sr. at Find a Grave John Drew Sr at the Internet Broadway Database Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People Ireland Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Drew Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Drew_Jr."},{"link_name":"Irish-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moses-1"}],"text":"For his son of the same name, see John Drew Jr.John Drew (September 3, 1827 – May 21, 1862) was an Irish-American stage actor and theatre manager.[1]: 175","title":"John Drew Sr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moses-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moses-1"}],"text":"Born Jonathan Henry Drewland in Dublin, Ireland,[1]: 175 \nto Thomas L. Drewland and Louise Kanten, he was the fifth of six children. In 1832, he emigrated to the United States with his family to Boston, Massachusetts. As a child, he spent most of his life living in Boston. This is where he began acting. A younger brother, Frank Drew (1831–1903), also became an actor.[1]: 179","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Arch Street Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Street_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"After moving to the United States, Drew got a job in the theatrical company of Joseph J. Johlen (the theatre manager). He appeared in a number of Johlen's plays, including Uncle Mutch, The Barber Man, Canterbury of Livingston and The Progrist.Drew made his first New York appearance in 1846. He played Irish and light comedy parts with success in many American cities, and was the manager of the Arch Street Theatre in Philadelphia.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisa Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Lane_Drew"},{"link_name":"John Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Drew_Jr."},{"link_name":"Georgiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiana_Drew"},{"link_name":"Maurice Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Barrymore family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrymore_family"},{"link_name":"Drew Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Glenwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood_Memorial_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Cemetery_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"John married Louisa Lane in 1848 this being her third marriage and his first. They had three children, Louisa (1852–1888), John Jr. (1853–1927), and Georgiana (1856–1893), the latter two of whom were accomplished actors (Georgiana married Maurice Barrymore in 1876, begetting the Barrymore family; this makes John Drew a great-great-grandfather of actress Drew Barrymore).Drew died at his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the early age of 34, after tripping, falling and fatally hitting his head during a party for daughter Georgiana. He was buried in Glenwood Cemetery[2] in Philadelphia, which was later closed, and his remains were moved to Mount Vernon Cemetery. After his death, his wife Louisa took over the management of the Arch Street Theatre.[3] The Arch Street survived until 1936 when it was demolished.","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Moses, Montrose Jonas (1968) [first published 1906]. Famous Actor-Families in America. New York: Benjamin Blom, Inc. LCCN 68-58994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose_Jonas_Moses","url_text":"Moses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/68-58994","url_text":"68-58994"}]},{"reference":"Lindsay, Suzanne Glover (5 September 2019). \"The Drews and Barrymores: A Theatrical Dynasty at St. Stephen's!\". www.ststephensphl.org. St. Stephens Episcopal Church. Retrieved 19 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ststephensphl.org/news/drews-barrymores-part-1/9-2019","url_text":"\"The Drews and Barrymores: A Theatrical Dynasty at St. Stephen's!\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Scott (19 August 2016). Resting Places: The Burial Site of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7864-7992-4. Retrieved 21 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=mt.+vernon+cemetery+philadelphia&pg=PA208","url_text":"Resting Places: The Burial Site of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7992-4","url_text":"978-0-7864-7992-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Latvala
Jack Latvala
["1 Early life and education","2 Florida Senate","2.1 Elections","2.2 Issues and positions","2.3 Senate presidency","2.4 Sexual harassment accusations and resignation","3 References","4 External links"]
American politician Jack LatvalaMember of the Florida State SenateIn officeNovember 2, 2010 – January 5, 2018Preceded byCharlie JusticeSucceeded byEd HooperConstituency16th district (2010–12)20th district (2012–16)16th district (2016–18)In officeNovember 8, 1994 – November 5, 2002Preceded byCurt KiserSucceeded byRedistrictedConstituency19th district Personal detailsBorn (1951-11-03) November 3, 1951 (age 72)Oxford, Mississippi, U.S.Political partyRepublicanChildrenChris LatvalaAlma materStetson University (BA)ProfessionPublisher Jack Latvala (born November 3, 1951) is a Republican politician from Florida. He represented the Pinellas County area in the Florida Senate from 1994 to 2002, and again from 2010 to 2018. Latvala was also a candidate for Governor of Florida in 2018, but withdrew from the race and resigned from his position in the state Senate following allegations of sexual harassment and public corruption. Early life and education Latvala was born in Oxford, Mississippi, and moved to Florida in 1961, where he later attended Stetson University. He graduated in 1973 and later became the CEO of GCI Printing Services, which is based in Largo. Florida Senate Elections In 1994, Latvala ran for the Florida Senate from the 19th District, which included northern Pinellas and western Pasco Counties, defeating Democratic nominee Chuck Lehr 59.7 to 40.3%. In 1996, he won reelection over Sue Humphreys by a similar margin, and was reelected without opposition in 2000. Latvala could not run for reelection in 2002 due to term limits. In 2010, when Democratic State Senator Charlie Justice decided to run for Congress rather than reelection to his 16th District, Latvala opted to run in the Pinellas and Hillsborough County seat. He defeated Pinellas County School Board member Nina Hayden in the general election. After the 2012 decennial redistricting, Latvala ran in the 20th District, which was based exclusively in northern Pinellas County. Latvala defeated business owner Zahid Roy in the Republican primary, and deaf child welfare advocate Ashley Rhodes-Courter in the general election. The Tampa Bay Times endorsed Latvala for reelection, calling him "the most powerful independent voice among the Republicans," citing several instances in which he vocally opposed his own party. Latvala won nearly 58% of the vote in the general election. After court-ordered redistricting in 2016, Latvala's district was reconfigured to include northern Pinellas and southwestern Pasco Counties, and was renumbered the 16th. Issues and positions While serving in the Senate, Latvala strongly supported legislation that would give manufacturers a sales tax break for any equipment they purchased, declaring, "We're going to be able to bring back manufacturing in north Pinellas County" through the legislation. Controversially, he sponsored legislation that aimed to speed up the foreclosure process in Florida, with the purpose of clearing up the foreclosure backlog and benefiting the local economy. Latvala joined with Democrats in the Senate to vote against a proposal advocated for by the Florida House of Representatives that would prevent new state workers from joining the state's publicly funded pension program, noting, "One of the reasons they work for the government is not for the salary. They haven't had raises in six or seven years. It's for the pension and if we want to continue to have the quality of employees that we have, we need to continue to offer that pension." Additionally, he joined with several other senators, including Eleanor Sobel, to lead the opposition to Public Service Commissioner Lisa Edgar's renomination, asserting that "she does not do an adequate job of representing the ratepayers and consumers of the State of Florida," specifically calling attention to what he felt was her coziness with utility companies. Senate presidency Beginning almost immediately after his return to the Senate in 2010, Latvala sought the support of his Republican colleagues to become Senate president for the 2016–2018 legislative term. In the following years, Latvala lobbied for pledges while rival conservative Republican Senator Joe Negron did the same. The leadership fight proved contentious and divided the Republican caucus, particularly during a court-ordered redistricting of the chamber's lines in 2015. While Negron declared he had support from a majority of the caucus in August 2015, Latvala refused to concede. Latvala eventually conceded in November 2015, at the close of the special session to redraw the Senate districts. He endorsed Negron, who announced that Latvala would chair the Appropriations Committee during his presidency. Sexual harassment accusations and resignation In November 2017, six women accused Latvala of sexually harassing them. These accusations came from female staffers from both parties, as well as lobbyists. Photos also surfaced from a private investigator of Latvala kissing a lobbyist on the lips. The women's complaints describe repeated encroachment by Latvala onto their bodies. One of the women, a legislative staffer, filed a complaint with the Senate. In December 2017, a special master found probable cause that Latvala had inappropriate physical contact with the staffer. The report also found that Latvala may have violated public corruption laws by demanding physical intimacy in exchange for support for lobbyists' legislative initiatives. A separate report by a different investigator found evidence for similar allegations. On December 20, 2017, Latvala resigned from the Senate, effective January 5, 2018. References ^ Smith, Adam C. (August 16, 2017). "Jack Latvala on governor's race: 'I'm going to get in people's faces'". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved November 3, 2017. ^ a b Bousquet, Steve (December 20, 2017). "Jack Latvala resigns from the Florida Senate". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ^ a b Caputo, Marc; Dixon, Matt; Glorioso, Alexandra (November 3, 2017). "Six women accuse Florida Senate budget chair Latvala of groping, sexual harassment". Politico. Retrieved November 3, 2017. ^ McAuliffe, Danny (March 9, 2018). "Jack Latvala officially out of Governor's race". Florida Politics. Retrieved March 9, 2018. ^ "Jack Latvala for Florida Senate | About Jack". Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013. ^ "For Florida Senate, three independent voices". Tampa Bay Times. October 19, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ "Gov. Scott in Tampa to trumpet tax cut and big drop in state jobless rate". Tampa Bay Times. May 17, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ "New controversial bill could speed up foreclosure process in Florida: Critics say bill would hurt homeowners". ABC Action News. May 16, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ "Speaker Will Weatherford loses Senate showdown over Florida pensions". Tampa Bay Times. April 30, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ "Edgar gets Senate confirmation despite tough criticism". Tampa Bay Times. May 3, 2013. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ Bousquet, Steve (December 2, 2015). "Next Florida Senate President Joe Negron promises improved universities". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 19, 2016. ^ Bousquet, Steve (August 26, 2015). "Negron claims victory in Florida Senate power play, but Latvala won't concede". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 19, 2016. ^ Kennedy, John (November 5, 2015). "Florida Senate presidency fight ends — with Latvala backing Negron for top job". Palm Beach Post. Retrieved June 19, 2016. ^ Ceballos, Ana (December 20, 2017). "Jack Latvala sexual harassment probe could lead to criminal charges". Florida Politics. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ^ James Call, Tallahassee Democrat (December 21, 2017). "Jack Latvala resigns from the Florida Senate". tallahassee.com. External links Latvala for Governor Florida Senate Preceded byCurt Kiser Member of the Florida Senatefrom the 19th district 1994–2002 Succeeded byGary Siplin Preceded byCharlie Justice Member of the Florida Senatefrom the 16th district 2010–2012 Succeeded byThad Altman Preceded byAlan Hays Member of the Florida Senatefrom the 20th district 2012–2016 Succeeded byTom Lee Preceded byThad Altman Member of the Florida Senatefrom the 16th district 2016–2018 Succeeded byEd Hooper
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Pinellas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Senate"},{"link_name":"Governor of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_2018"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grope-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jack Latvala (born November 3, 1951) is a Republican politician from Florida. He represented the Pinellas County area in the Florida Senate from 1994 to 2002, and again from 2010 to 2018.Latvala was also a candidate for Governor of Florida in 2018,[1] but withdrew from the race and resigned from his position in the state Senate following allegations of sexual harassment and public corruption.[2][3][4]","title":"Jack Latvala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Stetson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetson_University"},{"link_name":"Largo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Latvala was born in Oxford, Mississippi, and moved to Florida in 1961, where he later attended Stetson University. He graduated in 1973 and later became the CEO of GCI Printing Services, which is based in Largo.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Florida Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Justice_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Elections","text":"In 1994, Latvala ran for the Florida Senate from the 19th District, which included northern Pinellas and western Pasco Counties, defeating Democratic nominee Chuck Lehr 59.7 to 40.3%. In 1996, he won reelection over Sue Humphreys by a similar margin, and was reelected without opposition in 2000. Latvala could not run for reelection in 2002 due to term limits.In 2010, when Democratic State Senator Charlie Justice decided to run for Congress rather than reelection to his 16th District, Latvala opted to run in the Pinellas and Hillsborough County seat. He defeated Pinellas County School Board member Nina Hayden in the general election.After the 2012 decennial redistricting, Latvala ran in the 20th District, which was based exclusively in northern Pinellas County. Latvala defeated business owner Zahid Roy in the Republican primary, and deaf child welfare advocate Ashley Rhodes-Courter in the general election. The Tampa Bay Times endorsed Latvala for reelection, calling him \"the most powerful independent voice among the Republicans,\" citing several instances in which he vocally opposed his own party.[6] Latvala won nearly 58% of the vote in the general election. After court-ordered redistricting in 2016, Latvala's district was reconfigured to include northern Pinellas and southwestern Pasco Counties, and was renumbered the 16th.[citation needed]","title":"Florida Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Florida House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Sobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Sobel"},{"link_name":"Public Service Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Public_Service_Commission"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Issues and positions","text":"While serving in the Senate, Latvala strongly supported legislation that would give manufacturers a sales tax break for any equipment they purchased, declaring, \"We're going to be able to bring back manufacturing in north Pinellas County\" through the legislation.[7] Controversially, he sponsored legislation that aimed to speed up the foreclosure process in Florida, with the purpose of clearing up the foreclosure backlog and benefiting the local economy.[8] Latvala joined with Democrats in the Senate to vote against a proposal advocated for by the Florida House of Representatives that would prevent new state workers from joining the state's publicly funded pension program, noting, \"One of the reasons they work for the government is not for the salary. They haven't had raises in six or seven years. It's for the pension and if we want to continue to have the quality of employees that we have, we need to continue to offer that pension.\"[9] Additionally, he joined with several other senators, including Eleanor Sobel, to lead the opposition to Public Service Commissioner Lisa Edgar's renomination, asserting that \"she does not do an adequate job of representing the ratepayers and consumers of the State of Florida,\" specifically calling attention to what he felt was her coziness with utility companies.[10]","title":"Florida Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senate president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Florida_Senate"},{"link_name":"Joe Negron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Negron"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Senate presidency","text":"Beginning almost immediately after his return to the Senate in 2010, Latvala sought the support of his Republican colleagues to become Senate president for the 2016–2018 legislative term. In the following years, Latvala lobbied for pledges while rival conservative Republican Senator Joe Negron did the same. The leadership fight proved contentious and divided the Republican caucus, particularly during a court-ordered redistricting of the chamber's lines in 2015. While Negron declared he had support from a majority of the caucus in August 2015, Latvala refused to concede.[11][12]Latvala eventually conceded in November 2015, at the close of the special session to redraw the Senate districts. He endorsed Negron, who announced that Latvala would chair the Appropriations Committee during his presidency.[13]","title":"Florida Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexually harassing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grope-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Sexual harassment accusations and resignation","text":"In November 2017, six women accused Latvala of sexually harassing them. These accusations came from female staffers from both parties, as well as lobbyists. Photos also surfaced from a private investigator of Latvala kissing a lobbyist on the lips.[3] The women's complaints describe repeated encroachment by Latvala onto their bodies.One of the women, a legislative staffer, filed a complaint with the Senate. In December 2017, a special master found probable cause that Latvala had inappropriate physical contact with the staffer. The report also found that Latvala may have violated public corruption laws by demanding physical intimacy in exchange for support for lobbyists' legislative initiatives.[14]A separate report by a different investigator found evidence for similar allegations.[2] On December 20, 2017, Latvala resigned from the Senate, effective January 5, 2018.[15]","title":"Florida Senate"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Smith, Adam C. (August 16, 2017). \"Jack Latvala on governor's race: 'I'm going to get in people's faces'\". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved November 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/jack-latvala-on-governors-race-im-going-to-get-in-peoples-faces/2333949","url_text":"\"Jack Latvala on governor's race: 'I'm going to get in people's faces'\""}]},{"reference":"Bousquet, Steve (December 20, 2017). \"Jack Latvala resigns from the Florida Senate\". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved December 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2017/12/20/jack-latvala-resigns-from-the-florida-senate/","url_text":"\"Jack Latvala resigns from the Florida Senate\""}]},{"reference":"Caputo, Marc; Dixon, Matt; Glorioso, Alexandra (November 3, 2017). \"Six women accuse Florida Senate budget chair Latvala of groping, sexual harassment\". Politico. Retrieved November 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2017/11/03/six-women-accuse-florida-senate-budget-chair-of-groping-sexual-harassment-115479","url_text":"\"Six women accuse Florida Senate budget chair Latvala of groping, sexual harassment\""}]},{"reference":"McAuliffe, Danny (March 9, 2018). \"Jack Latvala officially out of Governor's race\". Florida Politics. Retrieved March 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://floridapolitics.com/archives/258612-jack-latvala-officially-governors-race","url_text":"\"Jack Latvala officially out of Governor's race\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Latvala for Florida Senate | About Jack\". Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002011532/http://jacklatvala.com/index.php/about","url_text":"\"Jack Latvala for Florida Senate | About Jack\""},{"url":"http://jacklatvala.com/index.php/about","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"For Florida Senate, three independent voices\". Tampa Bay Times. October 19, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/editorials/for-florida-senate-three-independent-voices/1257299","url_text":"\"For Florida Senate, three independent voices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gov. Scott in Tampa to trumpet tax cut and big drop in state jobless rate\". Tampa Bay Times. May 17, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/personalfinance/floridas-unemployment-rate-falls-again/2121478","url_text":"\"Gov. Scott in Tampa to trumpet tax cut and big drop in state jobless rate\""}]},{"reference":"\"New controversial bill could speed up foreclosure process in Florida: Critics say bill would hurt homeowners\". ABC Action News. May 16, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/money/consumer/taking_action_for_you/new-controversial-bill-could-speed-up-foreclosure-process-in-florida","url_text":"\"New controversial bill could speed up foreclosure process in Florida: Critics say bill would hurt homeowners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Speaker Will Weatherford loses Senate showdown over Florida pensions\". Tampa Bay Times. April 30, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/gubernatorial/florida-pension-reform-dead-as-speaker-will-weatherford-loses-senate/2118449","url_text":"\"Speaker Will Weatherford loses Senate showdown over Florida pensions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edgar gets Senate confirmation despite tough criticism\". Tampa Bay Times. May 3, 2013. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130620165429/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/the-buzz-florida-politics/edgar-gets-senate-confirmation-despite-tough-criticism/2119109","url_text":"\"Edgar gets Senate confirmation despite tough criticism\""},{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/the-buzz-florida-politics/edgar-gets-senate-confirmation-despite-tough-criticism/2119109","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bousquet, Steve (December 2, 2015). \"Next Florida Senate President Joe Negron promises improved universities\". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/next-florida-senate-president-joe-negron-promises-improved-universities/2256200","url_text":"\"Next Florida Senate President Joe Negron promises improved universities\""}]},{"reference":"Bousquet, Steve (August 26, 2015). \"Negron claims victory in Florida Senate power play, but Latvala won't concede\". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/joe-negron-says-he-has-enough-votes-to-become-florida-senate-president-in/2242885","url_text":"\"Negron claims victory in Florida Senate power play, but Latvala won't concede\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, John (November 5, 2015). \"Florida Senate presidency fight ends — with Latvala backing Negron for top job\". Palm Beach Post. Retrieved June 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://postonpolitics.blog.palmbeachpost.com/2015/11/05/florida-senate-presidency-fight-ends-with-latvala-backing-negron-for-top-job/","url_text":"\"Florida Senate presidency fight ends — with Latvala backing Negron for top job\""}]},{"reference":"Ceballos, Ana (December 20, 2017). \"Jack Latvala sexual harassment probe could lead to criminal charges\". Florida Politics. Retrieved December 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://floridapolitics.com/archives/252100-probable-cause-jack-latvala","url_text":"\"Jack Latvala sexual harassment probe could lead to criminal charges\""}]},{"reference":"James Call, Tallahassee Democrat (December 21, 2017). \"Jack Latvala resigns from the Florida Senate\". tallahassee.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/2017/12/20/sen-jack-latvala-resigns/970441001/","url_text":"\"Jack Latvala resigns from the Florida Senate\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_de_Souza
Wilfred de Souza
["1 Political career","2 Background","3 Educational qualifications","4 Awards and achievements","5 References","6 External links"]
Indian politician (1927–2015) Wilfred de SouzaDe Souza in 20011st Deputy Chief Minister of GoaIn office16 January 1980 -18 September 1983In office25 January 1991 - 18 May 1993In officeJune 2005 -7 June 2007In office16 December 1994- 29 July 19985th Chief Minister of GoaIn office18 May 1993 – 2 April 1994Preceded byRavi S. NaikSucceeded byRavi S. NaikIn office8 April 1994 – 16 December 1994Preceded byRavi S. NaikSucceeded byPratapsingh RaneIn office30 July 1998 – 26 November 1998Preceded byPratapsingh RaneSucceeded byLuizinho FaleiroMember of the Goa Legislative AssemblyIn office1989–2007Preceded byconstituency establishedSucceeded byDilip ParulekarConstituencySaligaoIn office1980–1984Preceded byIlario Rual FernandesSucceeded byMalik Shrikant KeshavConstituencyCalanguteIn office1974–1977Preceded byVassudev N SarmalkarSucceeded byCota LourenceConstituencyBenaulim Personal detailsBorn(1927-04-23)23 April 1927Kampala, Protectorate of UgandaDied4 September 2015(2015-09-04) (aged 88)Panaji, Goa, IndiaNationalityIndianPolitical partyIndian National Congress Goa Rajiv Congress PartyNationalist Congress Party Trinamool CongressOccupationPoliticianProfessionSurgeon Wilfred de Souza GCIH FRCS FRCSE (23 April 1927 – 4 September 2015) was a surgeon and politician who served as Goa's first Deputy Chief Minister of Goa and chief minister on three occasions when he was a member of the Indian National Congress and the Goa Rajiv Congress Party, during his third tenure. Political career Dr de Souza is credited, together with allies such as Govind Panvelcar, with the first Congress Party victory in Goa in 1980. From 1963 until 1979 Goan politics had been dominated by the regional parties, particularly the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party. In July 1998 Dr de Souza formed the Goa Rajiv Congress Party as a splinter group of the INC. He was sworn in as Chief Minister for the third time on 30 July 1998 and remained in the post until 26 November 1998. In 1999, Dr de Souza joined the Nationalist Congress Party and was its Goa president from 1999 to June 2009. During this period he was Deputy Chief Minister in a coalition government with the INC from February 2005 to June 2007. He failed to retain his seat in the 2007 assembly election. After he left the party, Gurunath Kulkarni, national general secretary of the Nationalist Congress Party accused him of impeding the party's growth in Goa. In 2007, he was appointed the Deputy Chairperson of the State Planning Board. For the 2012 assembly election he was a member of the All India Trinamool Congress as head of the Goa branch of the party. During the election, he criticised the INC for corruption. Background He was born in Kampala, Uganda on 23 April 1927, to Dr. Tito Fermino de Souza and Alina Ana Maria de Souza, Ugandan Indian parents of Goan Catholic origin and descent who both immigrated from Anjuna, Goa. He died on 4 September 2015 after a brief illness and prior to that, he was admitted in Manipal Hospital. Educational qualifications M.B.B.S. (Bombay University); Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, England; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh; Honorary Fellow of the International College of Surgeons; Fellow of the Association of Surgeons of India. Awards and achievements Commander, Grand Cross of the Order of Dom Infante Henriques – from the Government of Portugal at the hands of the President of Portugal, H.E.Mario Soares; Dr. B. C. Roy Award – as "Eminent Medical Man & Statesman" from the Medical Council of India at the hands of the President of India, H.E. Shri K.R. Narayanan; The Silver Elephant Award – for services to Scouts & Guides by the President of India; Sons of India – award from the society for Advanced Studies in Medical Sciences at the hands of Swami Brijendramandji, Head Ramkrishna Mission; Jawaharlal Nehru Excellence Award – given by Institute of Economic Studies, New Delhi; Indira Gandhi Solidarity Award – given by Indian Solidarity Council, New Delhi; Rajiv Gandhi Excellence Award, 1992; International Gold Star Award – by Industrial Economic Forum, New Delhi; Super Achievers of India Award by Front for National Progress; Glory of India International Award – by International Friendship Association of India; Gold Award – by Shiromani Institute; In addition, he has worked in several hospitals in the UK 1957–1963; Consultant surgeon to Goa Medical College Panjim; Asilo Hospital Mapuca; Hospicio Hospital Margao; Holy Cross Hospital, Mapuca; C.M.M. Memorial Hospital, Panjim. . References ^ Vaz, J. Clement (1997). Profiles of eminent Goans, past and present. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-81-7022-619-2. ^ Mehra, Ajay. K; Schmdit, Laris Peter. "Regional/State Parties in India" (PDF). Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Retrieved 3 June 2018. ^ "De Souza blamed for impeding NCP's growth". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013. ^ "Trinamool Cong offers Willy state chief's post". The Times of India. 3 January 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. ^ a b "Know your MLA... – Recent Discussion". Osdir.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wilfred de Souza. Dr. Wilfred A. De Souza & Others vs Shri Tomazinho Cardozo Hon'Ble ... on 7 September 1998 vte Chief Ministers of Goa Dayanand Bandodkar Shashikala Kakodkar Pratapsingh Rane Churchill Alemao Luis Proto Barbosa Ravi S. Naik Wilfred de Souza Luizinho Faleiro Francisco Sardinha Manohar Parrikar Digambar Kamat Laxmikant Parsekar Pramod Sawant
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCIH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry"},{"link_name":"FRCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"FRCSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Deputy Chief Minister of Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Minister_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"chief minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Goa Rajiv Congress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Rajiv_Congress_Party"}],"text":"Wilfred de Souza GCIH FRCS FRCSE (23 April 1927 – 4 September 2015) was a surgeon and politician who served as Goa's first Deputy Chief Minister of Goa and chief minister on three occasions[1] when he was a member of the Indian National Congress and the Goa Rajiv Congress Party, during his third tenure.","title":"Wilfred de Souza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrawadi_Gomantak_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regional_Parties_in_India1-2"},{"link_name":"Goa Rajiv Congress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Rajiv_Congress_Party"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Congress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party"},{"link_name":"2007 assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Goa_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Congress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com-3"},{"link_name":"2012 assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Goa_legislative_assembly_election"},{"link_name":"All India Trinamool Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dr de Souza is credited, together with allies such as Govind Panvelcar, with the first Congress Party victory in Goa in 1980. From 1963 until 1979 Goan politics had been dominated by the regional parties, particularly the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party.[2]In July 1998 Dr de Souza formed the Goa Rajiv Congress Party as a splinter group of the INC. He was sworn in as Chief Minister for the third time on 30 July 1998 and remained in the post until 26 November 1998.In 1999, Dr de Souza joined the Nationalist Congress Party and was its Goa president from 1999 to June 2009. During this period he was Deputy Chief Minister in a coalition government with the INC from February 2005 to June 2007. He failed to retain his seat in the 2007 assembly election.After he left the party, Gurunath Kulkarni, national general secretary of the Nationalist Congress Party accused him of impeding the party's growth in Goa.[3]In 2007, he was appointed the Deputy Chairperson of the State Planning Board.For the 2012 assembly election he was a member of the All India Trinamool Congress as head of the Goa branch of the party. During the election, he criticised the INC for corruption.\n[4]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Ugandan Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Goan Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Anjuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuna"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"}],"text":"He was born in Kampala, Uganda on 23 April 1927, to Dr. Tito Fermino de Souza and Alina Ana Maria de Souza, Ugandan Indian parents of Goan Catholic origin and descent who both immigrated from Anjuna, Goa.He died on 4 September 2015 after a brief illness and prior to that, he was admitted in Manipal Hospital.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Know_your_MLA-5"}],"text":"M.B.B.S. (Bombay University);\nFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, England;\nFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh;\nHonorary Fellow of the International College of Surgeons;\nFellow of the Association of Surgeons of India.\n[5]","title":"Educational qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. B. C. Roy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._B._C._Roy_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Know_your_MLA-5"}],"text":"Commander, Grand Cross of the Order of Dom Infante Henriques – from the Government of Portugal at the hands of the President of Portugal, H.E.Mario Soares;\nDr. B. C. Roy Award – as \"Eminent Medical Man & Statesman\" from the Medical Council of India at the hands of the President of India, H.E. Shri K.R. Narayanan;\nThe Silver Elephant Award – for services to Scouts & Guides by the President of India;\nSons of India – award from the society for Advanced Studies in Medical Sciences at the hands of Swami Brijendramandji, Head Ramkrishna Mission;\nJawaharlal Nehru Excellence Award – given by Institute of Economic Studies, New Delhi;\nIndira Gandhi Solidarity Award – given by Indian Solidarity Council, New Delhi; Rajiv Gandhi Excellence Award, 1992;\nInternational Gold Star Award – by Industrial Economic Forum, New Delhi; Super Achievers of India Award by Front for National Progress;\nGlory of India International Award – by International Friendship Association of India;\nGold Award – by Shiromani Institute;In addition, he has worked in several hospitals in the UK 1957–1963; Consultant surgeon to Goa Medical College Panjim;\nAsilo Hospital Mapuca; Hospicio Hospital Margao; Holy Cross Hospital, Mapuca; C.M.M. Memorial Hospital, Panjim. .[5]","title":"Awards and achievements"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bassetts%27_Fancy_Dress_Ball
The Bassetts' Fancy Dress Ball
["1 Background","2 Cast","3 Plot","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
2nd episode of the 2nd season of Jeeves and Wooster "The Bassetts' Fancy Dress Ball"Jeeves and Wooster episodeEpisode no.Season 2Episode 2Directed bySimon LangtonOriginal air date21 April 1991 (1991-04-21)Episode chronology ← Previous"Jeeves Saves the Cow-Creamer" Next →"Pearls Mean Tears" List of episodes "The Bassetts' Fancy Dress Ball" is the second episode of the second series of the 1990s British comedy television series Jeeves and Wooster. It is also called "A Plan for Gussie". It first aired in the UK on 21 April 1991 (1991-04-21) on ITV. In the US, this episode was originally broadcast as the fifth episode of the fourth series of Jeeves and Wooster on 5 February 1995 on Masterpiece Theatre. The second episode of the second series was instead "Bertie Takes Gussie's Place At Deverill Hall". Background Adapted from The Code of the Woosters. Cast Jeeves – Stephen Fry Bertie Wooster – Hugh Laurie Sir Roderick Spode – John Turner Sir Watkyn Bassett – John Woodnutt Madeline Bassett – Diana Blackburn Stiffy Byng – Charlotte Attenborough Gussie Fink-Nottle – Richard Garnett Constable Oates – Campbell Morrison Rev. Stinker Pinker – Simon Treves Barmy Fotheringay-Phipps – Martin Clunes Oofy Prosser – Richard Dixon Plot Gussie Fink-Nottle has been keeping a notebook containing insulting observations on Sir Watkyn Bassett and Sir Roderick Spode, in order to keep his courage up about them. Gussie is naturally terrified of Spode, and even the smallest misunderstanding will put his life in jeopardy. Spode has two jobs—he is the leader of the Black Shorts, but also designs and sells women's underwear, being the proprietor of a lingerie shop called Eulalie Soeurs. He is perpetually in fear that his followers in his first role will discover his second one and it is the threat of this disclosure which is used by Bertie to stop him assaulting Gussie. Jeeves revealed the secret pseudonym "Eulalie". When Gussie loses the notebook, he calls on Bertie to help find it. Gussie (dressed as a devil) is assaulted by Spode (a Roman soldier). Bertie finds a way of keeping Spode from beating Gussie into a jelly telling Spode: "Spode, I know all about Eulalie." The Rev. Harold "Stinker" Pinker and Stephanie "Stiffy" Byng wish to marry, but Stiffy's guardian Sir Watkyn doesn't approve. Stiffy blackmails Bertie into helping her convince her guardian otherwise. Meanwhile Bertie comes into possession of a policeman's helmet. See also List of Jeeves and Wooster characters References ^ "Jeeves and Wooster Series 2, Episode 2". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 2 April 2019. ^ Taves, Brian (2006). P.G. Wodehouse and Hollywood: Screenwriting, Satires and Adaptations. London: McFarland & Company. pp. 192–195. ISBN 978-0-7864-2288-3. ^ "The Bassetts' Fancy Dress Ball (1991)". BFI. British Film Institute. 2019. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2019. ^ Wodehouse, P. G. (1 May 2008) . The Code of the Woosters (Reprinted ed.). Arrow Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-0099513759. External links "The Bassetts' Fancy Dress Ball" at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeeves and Wooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeeves_and_Wooster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Network"},{"link_name":"Masterpiece Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Bertie Takes Gussie's Place At Deverill Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Takes_Gussie%27s_Place_At_Deverill_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taves-2"}],"text":"2nd episode of the 2nd season of Jeeves and Wooster\"The Bassetts' Fancy Dress Ball\" is the second episode of the second series of the 1990s British comedy television series Jeeves and Wooster. It is also called \"A Plan for Gussie\".[1] It first aired in the UK on 21 April 1991 (1991-04-21) on ITV.In the US, this episode was originally broadcast as the fifth episode of the fourth series of Jeeves and Wooster on 5 February 1995 on Masterpiece Theatre. The second episode of the second series was instead \"Bertie Takes Gussie's Place At Deverill Hall\".[2]","title":"The Bassetts' Fancy Dress Ball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Code of the Woosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Code_of_the_Woosters"}],"text":"Adapted from The Code of the Woosters.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeeves"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"Bertie Wooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Wooster"},{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Sir Roderick Spode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Spode"},{"link_name":"John Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turner_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sir Watkyn Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Watkyn_Bassett"},{"link_name":"John Woodnutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodnutt"},{"link_name":"Madeline Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_Bassett"},{"link_name":"Diana Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diana_Blackburn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stiffy Byng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jeeves_characters#Stephanie_%22Stiffy%22_Byng"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Attenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Attenborough"},{"link_name":"Gussie Fink-Nottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gussie_Fink-Nottle"},{"link_name":"Richard Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Garnett_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Constable Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jeeves_characters#Constable_Eustace_Oates"},{"link_name":"Campbell Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Rev. Stinker Pinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jeeves_characters#Harold_%22Stinker%22_Pinker"},{"link_name":"Simon Treves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Treves"},{"link_name":"Martin Clunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Clunes"},{"link_name":"Oofy Prosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oofy_Prosser"},{"link_name":"Richard Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dixon_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Jeeves – Stephen Fry\nBertie Wooster – Hugh Laurie\nSir Roderick Spode – John Turner\nSir Watkyn Bassett – John Woodnutt\nMadeline Bassett – Diana Blackburn\nStiffy Byng – Charlotte Attenborough\nGussie Fink-Nottle – Richard Garnett\nConstable Oates – Campbell Morrison\nRev. Stinker Pinker – Simon Treves\nBarmy Fotheringay-Phipps – Martin Clunes\nOofy Prosser – Richard Dixon[3]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gussie Fink-Nottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gussie_Fink-Nottle"},{"link_name":"Sir Watkyn Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Watkyn_Bassett"},{"link_name":"Sir Roderick Spode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Spode"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Code_of_the_Woosters-4"},{"link_name":"Bertie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Wooster"},{"link_name":"Harold \"Stinker\" Pinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinker_Pinker"}],"text":"Gussie Fink-Nottle has been keeping a notebook containing insulting observations on Sir Watkyn Bassett and Sir Roderick Spode, in order to keep his courage up about them. Gussie is naturally terrified of Spode, and even the smallest misunderstanding will put his life in jeopardy. Spode has two jobs—he is the leader of the Black Shorts,[4] but also designs and sells women's underwear, being the proprietor of a lingerie shop called Eulalie Soeurs. He is perpetually in fear that his followers in his first role will discover his second one and it is the threat of this disclosure which is used by Bertie to stop him assaulting Gussie. Jeeves revealed the secret pseudonym \"Eulalie\". When Gussie loses the notebook, he calls on Bertie to help find it. Gussie (dressed as a devil) is assaulted by Spode (a Roman soldier). Bertie finds a way of keeping Spode from beating Gussie into a jelly telling Spode: \"Spode, I know all about Eulalie.\"The Rev. Harold \"Stinker\" Pinker and Stephanie \"Stiffy\" Byng wish to marry, but Stiffy's guardian Sir Watkyn doesn't approve. Stiffy blackmails Bertie into helping her convince her guardian otherwise.Meanwhile Bertie comes into possession of a policeman's helmet.","title":"Plot"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Jeeves and Wooster characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jeeves_and_Wooster_characters"}]
[{"reference":"\"Jeeves and Wooster Series 2, Episode 2\". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/jeeves_and_wooster/episodes/2/2/","url_text":"\"Jeeves and Wooster Series 2, Episode 2\""}]},{"reference":"Taves, Brian (2006). P.G. Wodehouse and Hollywood: Screenwriting, Satires and Adaptations. London: McFarland & Company. pp. 192–195. ISBN 978-0-7864-2288-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2288-3","url_text":"978-0-7864-2288-3"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bassetts' Fancy Dress Ball (1991)\". BFI. British Film Institute. 2019. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180108002655/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b2a16df","url_text":"\"The Bassetts' Fancy Dress Ball (1991)\""},{"url":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b2a16df","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wodehouse, P. G. (1 May 2008) [First published 1938 by Herbert Jenkins Ltd.]. The Code of the Woosters (Reprinted ed.). Arrow Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-0099513759.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse","url_text":"Wodehouse, P. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_%26_Jenkins","url_text":"Herbert Jenkins Ltd."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099513759","url_text":"978-0099513759"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Lloyd
Llewellyn Lloyd
["1 Rugby career","1.1 International career","1.2 International matches played","2 Bibliography","3 References"]
Welsh rugby union player Rugby playerLlewellyn LloydLloyd in Wales jerseyBirth nameGeorge Llewellyn LloydPlace of birthNewport, WalesPlace of deathNewport, WalesSchoolThe Leys School, CambridgeOccupation(s)solicitorRugby union careerPosition(s) Half backAmateur team(s)Years Team Apps (Points)1895-1904 Newport RFC ()International careerYears Team Apps (Points)1896-1903 Wales 12 (9) George Llewellyn Lloyd (1877 – 1 August 1957) was a Welsh international half-back who played club rugby for Newport and county rugby with Kent. He won 12 caps for Wales and captained the team on one occasion against Scotland. Rugby career Lloyd played as a back for Wales in an era before specialised positions were adopted and along with fellow Newport player Lou Phillips formed a strong partnership sharing half-back duties, working the scrummage and playing outside. Never seen as an explosive or attacking back, which would later typify Welsh play, he was seen as a player of calm nerves who could stay cool under pressure. Lloyd captained Newport for four seasons between 1899 and 1903, in the last three the team lost only 7 out of 89 matches. In early 1899 Lloyd completed the last of his law exams, qualifying as a solicitor. International career Jones made his début against Ireland in 1896 after the departure of Swansea backs Evan and David James; in an aggressive match played on a muddy pitch which Wales lost. Between Jones moving to London for a period and the year lost by Wales during the 'Gould Affair', he would not gain another cap until 1899. Paired with Phillips, Jones would make another six appearances before Phillips broke down during the 1901 Scottish game and never played for Wales again. For the next match Lloyd was dropped when the Welsh selectors switched to the Swansea pairing of Owen and Jones, the 'Dancing Dickies'. Lloyd was recalled during the 1901/02 season, mainly due to his club work with Welsh star player Gwyn Nicholls. In 1903 Lloyd retired from international rugby due to outside professional pressures. International matches played Wales  England 1900, 1901, 1903  Ireland 1896, 1899, 1902, 1903  Scotland 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903 Bibliography Parry-Jones, David (1999). Prince Gwyn, Gwyn Nicholls and the First Golden Era of Welsh Rugby. Bridgend: seren. ISBN 1-85411-262-7. Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3. Thomas, Wayne (1979). A Century of Welsh Rugby Players. Ansells Ltd. References ^ a b Newport RFC player profile Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Player Profile". Welsh Rugby Union. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ "Wales' rugby captains". scrum Rugby Union. BBC. 23 November 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2008. ^ a b c Thomas (1979), pg 20. ^ "Football". Evening Express. papuraunewyddcymru.llgc.org.uk. 11 February 1899. p. 2. Retrieved 14 July 2013. ^ Smith (1980), pg 131. ^ Smith (1980), pg 468. Rugby Union Captain Preceded byArthur Boucher Newport RFC Captain 1899-1903 Succeeded byGeorge Boots
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"half-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum-half_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_RFC"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welsh_captains-3"}],"text":"Rugby playerGeorge Llewellyn Lloyd (1877 – 1 August 1957) was a Welsh international half-back who played club rugby for Newport and county rugby with Kent. He won 12 caps for Wales and captained the team on one occasion against Scotland.[3]","title":"Llewellyn Lloyd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lou Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Phillips"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas20-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas20-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lloyd played as a back for Wales in an era before specialised positions were adopted and along with fellow Newport player Lou Phillips formed a strong partnership sharing half-back duties, working the scrummage and playing outside.[4] Never seen as an explosive or attacking back, which would later typify Welsh play, he was seen as a player of calm nerves who could stay cool under pressure.[4]Lloyd captained Newport for four seasons between 1899 and 1903, in the last three the team lost only 7 out of 89 matches. In early 1899 Lloyd completed the last of his law exams, qualifying as a solicitor.[5]","title":"Rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_James_(rugby_player)"},{"link_name":"David James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_James_(rugby_player)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith131-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas20-4"},{"link_name":"'Gould Affair'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Gould_(rugby_player)#The_Gould_Affair"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_RFC"},{"link_name":"Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicky_Owen"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Jones_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Gwyn Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn_Nicholls"}],"sub_title":"International career","text":"Jones made his début against Ireland in 1896 after the departure of Swansea backs Evan and David James;[6] in an aggressive match played on a muddy pitch which Wales lost.[4] Between Jones moving to London for a period and the year lost by Wales during the 'Gould Affair', he would not gain another cap until 1899. Paired with Phillips, Jones would make another six appearances before Phillips broke down during the 1901 Scottish game and never played for Wales again. For the next match Lloyd was dropped when the Welsh selectors switched to the Swansea pairing of Owen and Jones, the 'Dancing Dickies'. Lloyd was recalled during the 1901/02 season, mainly due to his club work with Welsh star player Gwyn Nicholls. In 1903 Lloyd retired from international rugby due to outside professional pressures.","title":"Rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith468-7"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"}],"sub_title":"International matches played","text":"Wales[7]England 1900, 1901, 1903\n Ireland 1896, 1899, 1902, 1903\n Scotland 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903","title":"Rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85411-262-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85411-262-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7083-0766-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-0766-3"}],"text":"Parry-Jones, David (1999). Prince Gwyn, Gwyn Nicholls and the First Golden Era of Welsh Rugby. Bridgend: seren. ISBN 1-85411-262-7.\nSmith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3.\nThomas, Wayne (1979). A Century of Welsh Rugby Players. Ansells Ltd.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Parry-Jones, David (1999). Prince Gwyn, Gwyn Nicholls and the First Golden Era of Welsh Rugby. Bridgend: seren. ISBN 1-85411-262-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85411-262-7","url_text":"1-85411-262-7"}]},{"reference":"Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-0766-3","url_text":"0-7083-0766-3"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Wayne (1979). A Century of Welsh Rugby Players. Ansells Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Player Profile\". Welsh Rugby Union. Retrieved 14 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wru.wales/player/?PlayGuid=GL414654","url_text":"\"Player Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wales' rugby captains\". scrum[V] Rugby Union. BBC. 23 November 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/welsh/7090659.stm","url_text":"\"Wales' rugby captains\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football\". Evening Express. papuraunewyddcymru.llgc.org.uk. 11 February 1899. p. 2. Retrieved 14 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://papuraunewyddcymru.llgc.org.uk/en/page/view/3283056","url_text":"\"Football\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faucia_(gens)
Faucia gens
["1 See also","2 References"]
The gens Faucia was a Roman family at Arpinum. It is known chiefly from a single individual, Marcus Faucius, an eques and a native of Arpinum, who was one of three commissioners sent in 46 BC to recover the dues of his municipium from its estates in Cisalpine Gaul. The rents from this land were the only fund for the repair of their temples and the cost of their sacrifices and festivals, and had perhaps been withheld due to the Civil War. Cicero recommended the commissioners to Marcus Junius Brutus, then praetor of Cisalpine Gaul. This otherwise unremarkable event is noteworthy because of the light it sheds on the local governments of Italy. See also List of Roman gentes References ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor. ^ Marcus Tullius Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares xiii. 11.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) GENSThis article about Roman gentes is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Faucia gens"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Roman gentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faucia_gens&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Riach
Ralph Riach
["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 References","5 External links"]
Scottish actor (1936–2022) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ralph Riach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ralph McKenzie Riach (26 January 1936 – 20 March 2022) was a Scottish actor from Elgin, Moray. Early years Riach was born on 26 January 1937 in Elgin, Scotland. He was educated at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland in Glasgow, and he worked in Perth on a variety of jobs before he began his acting career. Career Riach portrayed John McIver (better known as "TV John") in BBC One Scotland's comedy/drama Hamish Macbeth. His career began at the age of 50, when he appeared in Lost Empires (1986). He appeared in television shows including Chancer, Mosley, Taggart, Monarch of the Glen, Peak Practice, Doctor Finlay, and Tutti Frutti. Film appearances included The House of Mirth (2000), The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999), Braveheart (1995), Copying Beethoven (2006) and Cloud Atlas (2012). He also portrayed John Laurie in We're Doomed! The Dad's Army Story (2015). In 2014, he played a scene in Scottish feature film Time Teens: The Beginning directed by Ryan Alexander Dewar. He appeared in the short film Darkness in The Afternoon in 1999. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1990 Crossing the Line Laundry Manager 1995 Braveheart Priest No. 1 1997 In Praise of Older Women Conde 1998 Dangerous Beauty Lorenzo Gritti 1998 The Governess Mr. Hewlett 1999 My Life So Far Sir David Drummond 1999 The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc English Judge 2000 The House of Mirth Lord Hubert Dacy 2002 Anazapta Physician 2004 One Last Chance Mr. Murray 2004 The Rocket Post Old Donald 2006 Copying Beethoven Wenzel Schlemmer 2007 Death Defying Acts Mr. Robertson 2008 Is Anybody There? Clive 2008 Good Brunau 2012 Cloud Atlas Ernie 2014 What We Did on Our Holiday Jimmy Cazzarotto 2015 Time Teens The Meridian 2018 The Party's Just Beginning The Caller Television Year Title Role Notes 1986 Lost Empires Edinburgh Empire M.D. Episode #1.1 1986–2003 Taggart Various roles 5 episodes 1986 First Among Equals Frank Boyle Episode #1.8 1987 Tutti Frutti Barman Episode: "Don't You Rock Me Daddy-O" 1987 Watching Mr. Ambrose 2 episodes 1988 City Lights Glasgow Museum Official Episode: "I'm Willie, Fly Me" 1990 The Play on One Fr Maxwell Episode: "Changing Step" 1990–1991 Chancer Willy Stebbings 15 episodes 1991 4 Play John Breck Episode: "Ball on the States" 1991 Clarissa Uncle Anthony 3 episodes 1991, 1998 Casualty Mr. Nichol / Alex 2 episodes 1992 Rides Mr. Goodwin Episode: "Which One of You Is the Victim?" 1992 The Bill Gordon Ellis Episode: "Priorities" 1993 Screen Two Dr. Sutherland Episode: "The Long Roads" 1993–1994 Doctor Finlay Dr. Gilmore 10 episodes 1995 Kavanagh QC Malcolm Gibson Episode: "Heartland" 1995 Wycliffe Dr. Bonner Episode: "Lost Contact" 1995–1997 Hamish Macbeth TV John / Euan McIver 20 episodes 1997 Lloyds Bank Channel 4 Film Challenge Ted Episode: "Nurse Ajax" 1997, 2000 Peak Practice Malcolm McReadie / Mr. Rees 2 episodes 1998 Mosley Ramsay MacDonald 3 episodes 2000 Murder Rooms: Mysteries of theReal Sherlock Holmes The Strand Editor Episode: "The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes" 2000 Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) Mr. Asmodius Episode: "A Man of Substance" 2000 Brotherly Love Reverend McDonald 5 episodes 2000, 2001 Monarch of the Glen Geordie McCann 2 episodes 2001 The Russian Bride Larry Television film 2003 Canterbury Tales Mr Malcolm Wickens Episode: "The Miller's Tale" 2004 55 Degrees North Stanley Hanson Episode #1.5 2004 Quite Ugly One Morning Alexander Kinross Television film 2005 The Strange Case of Sherlock Holmes & Arthur Conan Doyle Cleeve 2006 Low Winter Sun Mister Gillot 2007 Wedding Belles John Eddie 2010–2011 Rosamunde Pilcher's Shades of Love Noel's Lawyer 3 episodes 2011 South Riding Lord Sedgmire Episode #1.3 2011 Young James Herriot Professor Henry Legge 3 episodes 2011–2013 Doctors Marcus Tidwell / Ron Wise 2012 New Tricks Colin Ogilvy Episode: "Glasgow UCOS" 2013 M.I. High Bodger Episode: "Grosse Encounters" 2015 Holby City Frank Thorpe Episode: "Cover Up" 2015 We're Doomed! The Dad's Army Story John Laurie Television film 2016 Shetland Man on Beach Episode #3.1 2017–2018 Fortitude Ralfi Sigurdson 9 episodes 2018 Grandpa's Great Escape Mr. Willkins Television film 2018 Still Game Old Ricky Episode: "Balls Up" References ^ "Ralph Riach | TVSA". www.tvsa.co.za. Retrieved 1 April 2022. ^ Marshall, Michelle (21 March 2022). "Ralph Riach dead: Braveheart and Taggart star dies aged 83 as tributes pour in for actor". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2022. ^ "Ralph Riach, 86". Classic Images. July 2022. p. 46. ^ "Copying Beethoven - Film Reviews". Sydney Morning Herald. 21 April 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2010. External links Ralph Riach at IMDb Ralph Riach discography at Discogs Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States This Scottish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Elgin, Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin,_Moray"}],"text":"Ralph McKenzie Riach (26 January 1936[1] – 20 March 2022)[2] was a Scottish actor from Elgin, Moray.","title":"Ralph Riach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elgin, Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin,_Moray"},{"link_name":"Royal Conservatoire of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Conservatoire_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-3"}],"text":"Riach was born on 26 January 1937 in Elgin, Scotland. He was educated at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland in Glasgow, and he worked in Perth on a variety of jobs before he began his acting career.[3]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC One Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Hamish Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Macbeth_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lost Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Empires"},{"link_name":"Chancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancer"},{"link_name":"Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosley_(TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"Taggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taggart"},{"link_name":"Monarch of the Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_of_the_Glen_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Peak Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Practice"},{"link_name":"Doctor Finlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Finlay"},{"link_name":"Tutti Frutti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutti_Frutti_(1987_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The House of Mirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Messenger:_The_Story_of_Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"Braveheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braveheart"},{"link_name":"Copying Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copying_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Cloud Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Atlas_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ryan Alexander Dewar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Alexander_Dewar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Riach portrayed John McIver (better known as \"TV John\") in BBC One Scotland's comedy/drama Hamish Macbeth. His career began at the age of 50, when he appeared in Lost Empires (1986). He appeared in television shows including Chancer, Mosley, Taggart, Monarch of the Glen, Peak Practice, Doctor Finlay, and Tutti Frutti.Film appearances included The House of Mirth (2000), The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999), Braveheart (1995), Copying Beethoven (2006) and Cloud Atlas (2012).[4] He also portrayed John Laurie in We're Doomed! The Dad's Army Story (2015). In 2014, he played a scene in Scottish feature film Time Teens: The Beginning directed by Ryan Alexander Dewar. He appeared in the short film Darkness in The Afternoon in 1999.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renwez
Renwez
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 49°50′25″N 4°36′10″E / 49.8403°N 4.6028°E / 49.8403; 4.6028 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Renwez}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Grand Est, FranceRenwezCommuneThe church and surroundings in Renwez Coat of armsLocation of Renwez RenwezShow map of FranceRenwezShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 49°50′25″N 4°36′10″E / 49.8403°N 4.6028°E / 49.8403; 4.6028CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentArdennesArrondissementCharleville-MézièresCantonBogny-sur-MeuseIntercommunalityVallées et Plateau d'ArdenneGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Annie Jacquet-FerroArea116.18 km2 (6.25 sq mi)Population (2021)1,637 • Density100/km2 (260/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code08361 /08150Elevation284 m (932 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Renwez (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% 19621,195—     19681,261+5.5% 19751,199−4.9% 19821,216+1.4% 19901,331+9.5% 19991,437+8.0% 20081,699+18.2% See also Communes of the Ardennes department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Renwez. vteCommunes of the Ardennes department Acy-Romance Aiglemont Aire Alincourt Alland'Huy-et-Sausseuil Amagne Ambly-Fleury Anchamps Angecourt Annelles Antheny Aouste Apremont Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles Arnicourt Arreux Artaise-le-Vivier Asfeld Attigny Aubigny-les-Pothées Auboncourt-Vauzelles Aubrives Auflance Auge Aure Aussonce Authe Autrecourt-et-Pourron Autruche Autry Auvillers-les-Forges Avançon Avaux Les Ayvelles Baâlons Bairon et ses environs Balan Balham Ballay Banogne-Recouvrance Barbaise Barby Bar-lès-Buzancy Bayonville Bazeilles Beaumont-en-Argonne Beffu-et-le-Morthomme Belleville-et-Châtillon-sur-Bar Belval Belval-Bois-des-Dames Bergnicourt La Berlière Bertoncourt La Besace Biermes Bièvres Bignicourt Blagny Blanchefosse-et-Bay Blanzy-la-Salonnaise Blombay Bogny-sur-Meuse Bossus-lès-Rumigny Bouconville Boult-aux-Bois Boulzicourt Bourcq Bourg-Fidèle Bouvellemont Brécy-Brières Brévilly Brienne-sur-Aisne Brieulles-sur-Bar Briquenay Brognon Bulson Buzancy Carignan Cauroy Cernion Chagny Chalandry-Elaire Challerange Champigneulle Champigneul-sur-Vence Champlin La Chapelle Chappes Charbogne Chardeny Charleville-Mézièrespref Charnois Château-Porcien Chatel-Chéhéry Le Châtelet-sur-Retourne Le Châtelet-sur-Sormonne Chaumont-Porcien Chémery-Chéhéry Chesnois-Auboncourt Cheveuges Chevières Chilly Chooz Chuffilly-Roche Clavy-Warby Cliron Condé-lès-Autry Condé-lès-Herpy Contreuve Cornay Corny-Machéroménil Coucy Coulommes-et-Marqueny La Croix-aux-Bois Daigny Damouzy Les Deux-Villes Deville Dom-le-Mesnil Dommery Donchery Doumely-Bégny Doux Douzy Draize Dricourt L'Écaille L'Échelle Écly Écordal Escombres-et-le-Chesnois Estrebay Étalle Éteignières Étrépigny Euilly-et-Lombut Évigny Exermont Fagnon Faissault Falaise Faux Fépin La Férée La Ferté-sur-Chiers Flaignes-Havys Fleigneux Fléville Fligny Flize Floing Foisches Fossé Fraillicourt Francheval La Francheville Le Fréty Fromelennes Fromy Fumay Germont Gernelle Gespunsart Girondelle Givet Givonne Givron Givry Glaire Gomont Grandchamp Les Grandes-Armoises Grandham Grandpré La Grandville Grivy-Loisy Gruyères Gué-d'Hossus Guignicourt-sur-Vence Guincourt Hagnicourt Ham-les-Moines Ham-sur-Meuse Hannappes Hannogne-Saint-Martin Hannogne-Saint-Rémy Haraucourt Harcy Hargnies Harricourt Haudrecy Haulmé Les Hautes-Rivières Hauteville Hauviné Haybes Herbeuval Herpy-l'Arlésienne Hierges La Horgne Houdilcourt Houldizy Illy Imécourt Inaumont Issancourt-et-Rumel Jandun Joigny-sur-Meuse Jonval Juniville Justine-Herbigny Laifour Lalobbe Lametz Lançon Landres-et-Saint-Georges Landrichamps Launois-sur-Vence Laval-Morency Leffincourt Lépron-les-Vallées Létanne Liart Linay Liry Logny-Bogny Longwé Lonny Lucquy Lumes Machault Maisoncelle-et-Villers Malandry Manre Maranwez Marby Marcq Margny Margut Marlemont Marquigny Mars-sous-Bourcq Marvaux-Vieux Matton-et-Clémency Maubert-Fontaine Mazerny Les Mazures Ménil-Annelles Ménil-Lépinois Mesmont Messincourt Mogues Moiry Mondigny Montcheutin Montcornet Montcy-Notre-Dame Le Mont-Dieu Montgon Monthermé Monthois Montigny-sur-Meuse Montigny-sur-Vence Mont-Laurent Montmeillant Mont-Saint-Martin Mont-Saint-Remy Mouron Mouzon Murtin-et-Bogny Nanteuil-sur-Aisne Neuflize Neufmaison Neufmanil La Neuville-à-Maire La Neuville-aux-Joûtes Neuville-Day La Neuville-en-Tourne-à-Fuy Neuville-lès-This La Neuville-lès-Wasigny Neuville-lez-Beaulieu Neuvizy Noirval Nouart Nouvion-sur-Meuse Nouzonville Novion-Porcien Novy-Chevrières Noyers-Pont-Maugis Oches Olizy-Primat Omicourt Omont Osnes Pauvres Perthes Les Petites-Armoises Poilcourt-Sydney Poix-Terron Pouru-aux-Bois Pouru-Saint-Remy Prez Prix-lès-Mézières Puilly-et-Charbeaux Puiseux Pure Quatre-Champs Quilly Raillicourt Rancennes Raucourt-et-Flaba Regniowez Remaucourt Remilly-Aillicourt Remilly-les-Pothées Renneville Renwez Rethelsubpr Revin Rilly-sur-Aisne Rimogne Rocquigny Rocroi Roizy La Romagne Rouvroy-sur-Audry Rubigny Rumigny La Sabotterie Sachy Sailly Saint-Aignan Saint-Clément-à-Arnes Sainte-Marie Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes Sainte-Vaubourg Saint-Fergeux Saint-Germainmont Saint-Jean-aux-Bois Saint-Juvin Saint-Lambert-et-Mont-de-Jeux Saint-Laurent Saint-Loup-en-Champagne Saint-Loup-Terrier Saint-Marceau Saint-Marcel Saint-Menges Saint-Morel Saint-Pierre-à-Arnes Saint-Pierremont Saint-Pierre-sur-Vence Saint-Quentin-le-Petit Saint-Remy-le-Petit Sapogne-et-Feuchères Sapogne-sur-Marche Saulces-Champenoises Saulces-Monclin Sault-lès-Rethel Sault-Saint-Remy Sauville Savigny-sur-Aisne Séchault Sécheval Sedansubpr Semide Semuy Senuc Seraincourt Sery Seuil Sévigny-la-Forêt Sévigny-Waleppe Signy-l'Abbaye Signy-le-Petit Signy-Montlibert Singly Sommauthe Sommerance Son Sorbon Sorcy-Bauthémont Sormonne Stonne Sugny Sury Suzanne Sy Tagnon Taillette Tailly Taizy Tannay Tarzy Tétaigne Thelonne Thénorgues Thilay Thin-le-Moutier This Le Thour Thugny-Trugny Toges Touligny Tourcelles-Chaumont Tournavaux Tournes Tourteron Tremblois-lès-Carignan Tremblois-lès-Rocroi Vandy Vaux-Champagne Vaux-en-Dieulet Vaux-lès-Mouron Vaux-lès-Mouzon Vaux-lès-Rubigny Vaux-Montreuil Vaux-Villaine Vendresse Verpel Verrières Viel-Saint-Remy Vieux-lès-Asfeld Villers-devant-le-Thour Villers-devant-Mouzon Villers-le-Tilleul Villers-le-Tourneur Villers-Semeuse Villers-sur-Bar Villers-sur-le-Mont Ville-sur-Lumes Ville-sur-Retourne Villy Vireux-Molhain Vireux-Wallerand Vivier-au-Court Voncq Vouzierssubpr Vrigne-aux-Bois Vrigne-Meuse Wadelincourt Wagnon Warcq Warnécourt Wasigny Wignicourt Williers Yoncq Yvernaumont pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Ardennes geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Ardennes department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ardennes_department"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Zamacois_y_Zabala
Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala
["1 Biography","2 Other selected works","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Spanish painter In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Zamacois and the second or maternal family name is Zabala. Eduardo Zamacois y ZabalaHis portrait by Raimundo de Madrazo (1863)BornEduardo María Zamacois y Zabala(1841-07-02)July 2, 1841Bilbao, SpainDiedJanuary 12, 1871(1871-01-12) (aged 29)Madrid, SpainNationalitySpanishKnown forpainterStyleGenre paintingSpouseLouise Marie Héloïse Perrin Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala (2 July 1841 – 12 January 1871) was a Spanish Academic painter who specialized in small-scale canvases. He was the father of the French writer Miguel Zamacoïs, brother of the writer Niceto de Zamacois, the singer Elisa Zamacois and the actor Ricardo Zamacois, and also an uncle of the writer Eduardo Zamacois and the music composer Joaquín Zamacois. Biography Eduardo María Zamacois y Zabala was born in Bilbao, Spain; the son of Professor Miguel Antonio de Zamacois y Berreteaga (1794–1863), and his second wife, Ruperta María del Pilar de Zabala y Arauco. His father was the founder and director of the Santiago de Vizcaya School of Humanities. His relatives included numerous artists: writers, actors and musicians. Of Basque ancestry, their surname originated in Hasparren, France, where it was originally spelled "Samacoys". The Inopportune Visit, ca. 1868 He received a thorough education, which included drawing classes with a local artist named Joaquín Balaca (c.1820-?). Later, when his father's school closed, the family moved to Madrid and, in 1856, he was enrolled at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, where he studied with Federico de Madrazo. In 1860, on Madrazo's recommendation, he went to Paris and attended the classes of Charles Gleyre in preparation for applying to the Ècole des Beaux-Arts. His application there was denied, so he turned to the workshops of Ernest Meissonier, where he found a position. The French Occupation A skillful business negotiator, he strove to gain access to as many European exhibitions as possible. Success came quickly. In 1861, he was commissioned to create decorative paintings in the quarters of the future king, Alfonso XII at the Palacio Real de Madrid. This work won him a grant from the Diputación Foral de Vizcaya , which enabled him to continue his studies. In 1862 and 1864, he was awarded medals at the National Exhibition of Fine Arts. He was married in Paris in 1865, to Louise Marie Héloise Perrin, whom he had met at the home of his friend, Jehan Georges Vibert. They had two children: Miguel Louis Pascual, who became a well-known journalist and playwright, and a posthumous daughter, Marie Hélène, (who married the painter, Jean Alfred Marioton). In 1866, he became good friends with the painter, Marià Fortuny, who did a portrait etching of him. During a trip to Rome, Zamacois also posed as a toreador for Fortuny's painting, The Spanish Wedding. Later, he contacted his friend, Adolphe Goupil, and put him in touch with Fortuny, which resulted in an exclusive contract with Goupil & Cie; a turning point in Fortuny's career. In 1870, he was awarded the Gold Medal at the Salon for his painting, The Education of a Prince. After a showing in London, one of his paintings was purchased by Charles Dickens. The Franco-Prussian War created difficulties that eventually forced him to return to Madrid. His arrival there coincided with the official coronation of King Amadeus I, and he attended the ceremonies. It was an unusually cold winter and he became ill the following day. He died there suddenly, aged 29, of what was described as "gangrenous angina" (possibly Diphtheria). In 1878, he was awarded a posthumous diploma by the École des Beaux-Arts and a major retrospective at the Exposition Universelle. Goupil & Cie also published a large volume of photographs of his major works. Other selected works The Favorite of the King, 1865–1867 Jesters Playing, 1868, Cochonnet Return to the Convent, 1868 Baptizing the Poor References ^ a b c d e Brief biography @ the Carmen Thyssen Museum. ^ a b c d Brief biography @ the Museo del Prado. Further reading Isabelle Collet, Zamacois, Fortuny, Meissonier, Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao, 2006 ISBN 84-87184-95-2 Javier Novo González, Los Zamacois de Bilbao, una saga de artistas, BBK, 2010 ISBN 978-84-8056-293-5 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala. ArtNet: More works by Zamacois. Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Catalonia Germany United States Artists RKD Artists ULAN Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academicism"},{"link_name":"Miguel Zamacoïs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Zamaco%C3%AFs"},{"link_name":"Niceto de Zamacois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niceto_de_Zamacois"},{"link_name":"Elisa Zamacois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa_Zamacois"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Zamacois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zamacois"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Zamacois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Zamacois"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Zamacois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Zamacois"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Zamacois and the second or maternal family name is Zabala.Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala (2 July 1841 – 12 January 1871) was a Spanish Academic painter who specialized in small-scale canvases. He was the father of the French writer Miguel Zamacoïs, brother of the writer Niceto de Zamacois, the singer Elisa Zamacois and the actor Ricardo Zamacois, and also an uncle of the writer Eduardo Zamacois and the music composer Joaquín Zamacois.","title":"Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-1"},{"link_name":"Hasparren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasparren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EDUARDO_ZAMACOIS_Y_ZABALA_-_La_Visita_Inoportuna_(Museo_de_Bellas_Artes_de_Bilbao,_c._1868._%C3%93leo_sobre_tabla,_23_x_29.5_cm).jpg"},{"link_name":"Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando"},{"link_name":"Federico de Madrazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_de_Madrazo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Gleyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gleyre"},{"link_name":"Ècole des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-1"},{"link_name":"Ernest Meissonier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Meissonier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zamacois_y_Zabala_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Palacio Real de Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_Real_de_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Diputación Foral de Vizcaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diputaci%C3%B3n_Foral_de_Vizcaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diputaci%C3%B3n_Foral_de_Vizcaya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-1"},{"link_name":"National Exhibition of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Exhibition_of_Fine_Arts_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-2"},{"link_name":"Jehan Georges Vibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehan_Georges_Vibert"},{"link_name":"Miguel Louis Pascual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Zamaco%C3%AFs"},{"link_name":"Jean Alfred Marioton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Alfred_Marioton"},{"link_name":"Marià Fortuny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C3%A0_Fortuny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-1"},{"link_name":"The Spanish Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spanish_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Goupil & Cie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goupil_%26_Cie"},{"link_name":"Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Amadeus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Diphtheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-1"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)"}],"text":"Eduardo María Zamacois y Zabala was born in Bilbao, Spain; the son of Professor Miguel Antonio de Zamacois y Berreteaga (1794–1863), and his second wife, Ruperta María del Pilar de Zabala y Arauco. His father was the founder and director of the Santiago de Vizcaya School of Humanities.[1] His relatives included numerous artists: writers, actors and musicians. Of Basque ancestry, their surname originated in Hasparren, France, where it was originally spelled \"Samacoys\".The Inopportune Visit, ca. 1868He received a thorough education, which included drawing classes with a local artist named Joaquín Balaca (c.1820-?). Later, when his father's school closed, the family moved to Madrid and, in 1856, he was enrolled at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, where he studied with Federico de Madrazo.[2]In 1860, on Madrazo's recommendation, he went to Paris and attended the classes of Charles Gleyre in preparation for applying to the Ècole des Beaux-Arts.[1] His application there was denied, so he turned to the workshops of Ernest Meissonier, where he found a position.[2]The French OccupationA skillful business negotiator, he strove to gain access to as many European exhibitions as possible. Success came quickly. In 1861, he was commissioned to create decorative paintings in the quarters of the future king, Alfonso XII at the Palacio Real de Madrid. This work won him a grant from the Diputación Foral de Vizcaya [es], which enabled him to continue his studies.[1] In 1862 and 1864, he was awarded medals at the National Exhibition of Fine Arts.[2]He was married in Paris in 1865, to Louise Marie Héloise Perrin, whom he had met at the home of his friend, Jehan Georges Vibert. They had two children: Miguel Louis Pascual, who became a well-known journalist and playwright, and a posthumous daughter, Marie Hélène, (who married the painter, Jean Alfred Marioton).In 1866, he became good friends with the painter, Marià Fortuny,[1] who did a portrait etching of him. During a trip to Rome, Zamacois also posed as a toreador for Fortuny's painting, The Spanish Wedding. Later, he contacted his friend, Adolphe Goupil, and put him in touch with Fortuny, which resulted in an exclusive contract with Goupil & Cie; a turning point in Fortuny's career.In 1870, he was awarded the Gold Medal at the Salon for his painting, The Education of a Prince.[2] After a showing in London, one of his paintings was purchased by Charles Dickens.The Franco-Prussian War created difficulties that eventually forced him to return to Madrid. His arrival there coincided with the official coronation of King Amadeus I, and he attended the ceremonies. It was an unusually cold winter and he became ill the following day. He died there suddenly, aged 29, of what was described as \"gangrenous angina\" (possibly Diphtheria).[1]In 1878, he was awarded a posthumous diploma by the École des Beaux-Arts and a major retrospective at the Exposition Universelle. Goupil & Cie also published a large volume of photographs of his major works.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EDUARDO_ZAMACOIS_Y_ZABALA_-_El_Favorito_del_Rey_(Colecci%C3%B3n_Frankel_Family_Trust,_Dallas,_1865-67._%C3%93leo_sobre_tabla,_56_x_45_cm).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EDUARDO_ZAMACOIS_Y_ZABALA_-_Bufones_jugando_al_Cochonnet_(Museo_de_Bellas_Artes_de_Bilbao,_1868._%C3%93leo_sobre_tabla,_46_x_35.6_cm).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cochonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EDUARDO_ZAMACOIS_Y_ZABALA_-_Regreso_al_Convento_(Museo_Carmen_Thyssen,_M%C3%A1laga,_1868._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo,_54.5_x_100.5_cm).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bautizo_de_pobre.jpg"}],"text":"The Favorite of the King, 1865–1867\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJesters Playing, 1868, Cochonnet\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReturn to the Convent, 1868\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBaptizing the Poor","title":"Other selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-87184-95-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87184-95-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-8056-293-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8056-293-5"}],"text":"Isabelle Collet, Zamacois, Fortuny, Meissonier, Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao, 2006 ISBN 84-87184-95-2\nJavier Novo González, Los Zamacois de Bilbao, una saga de artistas, BBK, 2010 ISBN 978-84-8056-293-5","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karay-a_language
Karay-a language
["1 History","2 Geographical distribution","2.1 Dialects","2.2 Intelligibility with Hiligaynon","3 Phonology","3.1 Vowels","3.2 Consonants","4 Orthography","4.1 Vowels","4.2 Consonants","5 Grammar","5.1 Nouns","5.2 Pronouns","6 Numbers","7 Common expressions","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
Visayan language Not to be confused with Karayá language. Karay-aHarayanKinaray-a, Hiniraya, Binisaya nga Karay-aNative toPhilippinesRegionAntique, southern and central Iloilo, southern part of Guimaras, southern Aklan, Occidental Mindoro particularly in Ilin Island, western Capiz, some parts of Palawan, and a few parts of SoccsksargenEthnicityKaray-aNative speakers600,000 (2010)Language familyAustronesian Malayo-PolynesianPhilippineCentral PhilippineBisayanWestern BisayanKaray-aWriting systemLatinOfficial statusOfficial language inRegional language in the PhilippinesRegulated byKomisyon sa Wikang FilipinoLanguage codesISO 639-3krjGlottologkina1250Area where Karay-a is spoken The Karay-a language (Kinaray-a, Binisayâ nga Kinaray-a or Hinaraya; English: Harayan) is an Austronesian regional language in the Philippines spoken by the Karay-a people, mainly in Antique. It is one of the Bisayan languages, mainly along with Aklanon/Malaynon, Capiznon, Cebuano, and Hiligaynon. History Kinaray-a, Kinaray-a Bukidnon, or Hiniraya, possibly deriving from “Iraya.” It was the primary language spoken by the majority of the Panay people whom the first Spanish colonizers encountered upon their arrival and subsequent settlement in Ogtong (now Oton, Iloilo) between the late 16th and early 17th centuries. This was before the linguistic evolution that eventually led to the Hiligaynon language of Iloilo gaining dominance as the common language over Kinaray-a on the island. However, in modern times, Kinaray-a remains in use as a primary language in the province of Antique and the western part of Iloilo province. Geographical distribution Kinaray-a is spoken mainly in Antique. It is also spoken in Iloilo province as a primary language in the city of Passi, in the municipalities of Alimodian, San Joaquin, Lambunao, Calinog, Leon, Miag-ao, Pavia, Badiangan, San Miguel, Guimbal, San Enrique, Tigbauan, Igbaras, Leganes, Pototan, Bingawan, San Rafael, Mina, Zarraga, Oton, Santa Barbara, Cabatuan, Janiuay, Maasin, New Lucena, Dueñas, Dingle, and Tubungan, and certain villages in Palawan and Mindanao – especially in the Soccsksargen region (particularly the province of Sultan Kudarat) by citizens who trace their roots to Antique or to Karay-a-speaking areas of Panay island. Inhabitants of most towns across the latter areas speak Kinaray-a while Hiligaynon is predominant around coastal areas particularly in Iloilo. It is also spoken in Iloilo City by a minority, particularly in the Arevalo district and few parts of southern Mindoro and parts Capiz and Aklan provinces, as well as Guimaras and some parts of Negros Occidental. Dialects Map of the Dialects of Panay Languages including Kinaray-a There has not been much linguistic study on the dialects of Kinaray-a. Speakers both of Kinaray-a and Hiligaynon would however admit to hearing the differences in the ways by which Kinaray-a speakers from different towns speak. Differences in vocabulary can also observed between and among the dialects. The differences and the degrees by which the dialects differ from each other depend largely on the area's proximity to another different language-speaking area. Thus, in Antique, there are, on the northern parts, varieties that are similar to Aklanon, the language of Aklan, its neighbor on the north. On the south, in Iloilo towns on the other hand, the dialects closely resemble that of the standard Kinaray-a spoken in San Jose de Buenavista, lowland Sibalom and Hamtic. A distinct dialect of Karay-a is spoken in central Iloilo where a lot of Hiligaynon loanwords are used and some Kinaray-a words are pronounced harder as in rigya or ja ('here') of southern Iloilo and San José de Buenavista area as compared to giya of Janiuay, Santa Barbara, and nearby towns. Two highly accented dialects of Kinaray-a can be heard in Anini-y and Tobias Fornier in Antique and San Joaquin, Leon, and Tubungan in Iloilo. Some dialects differ only on consonant preference like y vs h. e.g. bayi/bahi ('girl') or l vs r e.g. wala/wara. Some have distinct differences like sayëd/kadë ('ugly') and rangga/gëba ('defective'). Intelligibility with Hiligaynon Due to geographic proximity and mass media Kinaray-a-speakers can understand Hiligaynon (also known as Ilonggo) speakers. However, only Hiligaynon speakers who reside in Kinaray-a-speaking areas can understand the language. Those who come from other areas, like Iloilo City and Negros Island, have difficulty in understanding the language, if they can at all. It is a misconception among some Hiligaynon speakers that Kinaray-a is a dialect of Hiligaynon; the reality is that the two belong to two different, but related, branches of the Bisayan languages. However, most Karay-a also know Hiligaynon as their second language. To some extent, there is an intermediate dialect of Hiligaynon and Kinaray-a being spoken in Mindanao, mainly in Sultan Kudarat province. Phonology Vowels Front Central Back Close i ə~ɨ u Mid e~ɛ o Open a The phonemes /e/ and /o/ are used mostly in non-Karay·a words and were formerly allophonic with /i/ and /u/, respectively. The phonemes /i/ and /u/ may also be pronounced as and . Among some speakers, /u/ may be pronounced as , such as when subâ is uttered as instead of as /suˈbaʔ/. Vowel comparison of Karay·a, Hiligaynon and Tagalog cognates English Karay·a Hiligaynon Tagalog mine akën akon akin dark madëlëm madulom madilim food pagkaën pagkaon pagkain head ulo ulo ulo ball bola bola bola animal sapat, hayëp sapat hayop plant tanëm tanom pananim, halaman six anëm anom anim Consonants Kinaray-a Consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ voiced b d ɡ Fricative s h Tap/Flap ɾ Approximant l j w Orthography There are two official orthographic conventions currently in use: a four-vowel-grapheme system released by the Komisyon sa Polong Kinaray·a  in 2016 in coordination with the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF), and a six-vowel-grapheme system recommended by the KWF in 2018. The latter builds on Brigadier General Vicente Pangantihon 's introduction of a separate letter ⟨ə⟩ for /ɨ/ through the publication of Karay-a Rice Tradition Revisited, but using ⟨ë⟩ in ⟨ə⟩'s place. Karay·a writings predating Pangantihon's innovation had not graphemically distinguished between /ɨ/ and /u/. In 2018, the KWF elaborated, Harmonization is not compulsory for older users of the language or individual organizations; it is specifically aimed at helping the Department of Education and teachers to teach any of the native languages. Other organizations are free to adopt their own stylebook in their own publications. Vowels The 2018 Pangantihon–KWF orthography provides for six vowel letters: ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨ë⟩ (previously ⟨ə⟩), ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩. They do not form diphthongs with each other and always indicate a separate syllable: there are as many vowels as there are syllables. Informal writing, however, contravenes this orthographic rule such as, for example, when words such as balunggay, kambiyo, lanaw, puwede, ruweda and tuáw are written as *balunggai, *kambio, *lanao, *puede, *rueda and *tuao. ⟨Ë⟩, referred to as malëm·ëk nga ⟨i⟩ and which Pangantihon had originally written as ⟨ə⟩, represents /ɨ/, a phoneme that occurs natively in Karay·a and in some other languages spoken in the Philippines such as Ivadoy, Maranao and Pangasinan. ⟨Ë⟩ is also used for integrated words of relatively recent foreign origin. Separate glyphs for /e/ and /u/ were introduced with the arrival of the Castilians; namely ⟨e⟩ and ⟨u⟩. Consonants In line with the KWF's 2018 recommendation, the alphabet has 23 consonant letters: ⟨b⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨j⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨y⟩ and ⟨z⟩. Of the above, ⟨c⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨q⟩ and ⟨x⟩ are used only in names and unintegrated loan words. The digraph ⟨ng⟩ constitutes a single letter and represents the phoneme /ŋ/. In the old orthography, which followed the Castilian norms set forth by the Real Academia Española, this phoneme was represented by ⟨n͠g⟩, the tilde stretching over both letters in order to distinguish it from ⟨ng⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩, which represented the Castilian /ŋɡ/ and /ɲ/, respectively. In contrast to ⟨ng⟩, the digraph ⟨ts⟩, which represents /t͡ʃ/, is not counted as a distinct letter. Grammar This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2018) Nouns Noun cognacy between Kinaray-a, Malay and Tagalog Karay-a English meaning Malay English meaning Tagalog English meaning ayam dog ayam/anjing chicken/dog manok/aso chicken/dog bayi, bahi female, woman wanita female, woman babae female, woman bosong abdomen pusar/pusat navel/central puson/pusod stomach/navel, core kutî cat kucing cat kuting kitten damog fodder umpan/(pa)dang fodder/pasture kumpay/damo fodder/pasture, grass yawâ demon setan/awa demon/accusation demonyo/awa demon/pity makəl/uhong mushroom jamur mushroom kabuti mushroom kahig foot kaki foot paa to scrape (ground) Pronouns   Absolutive₁(emphatic) Absolutive₂(non-emphatic) Ergative₁(postposed) Ergative₂(preposed) Oblique 1st person singular ako takən nakən, ko akən kanakən 2nd person singular ikaw, kaw timo nimo, mo imo kanimo 3rd person singular - tana nana, na ana kanana, kana 1st person plural inclusive kita tatən natən, ta atən kanatən 1st person plural exclusive kami tamən namən amən kanamən 2nd person plural kamo tinyo ninyo, nyo inyo kaninyo 3rd person plural sanda tanda nanda anda kananda Numbers Number Kinaray-a Malay Tagalog 1 isara/sara satu isa 2 darwa dua dalawa 3 tatlo tiga tatlo 4 apat empat apat 5 lima lima lima 6 anəm enam anim 7 pito tujuh pito 8 walo lapan walo 9 siyam sembilan siyam 10 pulû (se)puluh sampu 11 napulû kag sara / unsi (from Spanish) (se)belas labing-isa/onse (from Spanish) 50 kalim-an/singkwenta (from Spanish) lima puluh limampu/singkwenta (from Spanish) 100 sangkagatos/sanggatos se ratus isang daan 1,000 sangkalibo/sanglibo se ribu isang libo 100,000 sangka gatos ka libo se ratus ribu isang daang libo 500,000 lima ka gatos ka libo lima ratus ribu lima daang libo 1,000,000 sangka milyon satu juta isang milyon Common expressions Saying Diin kaw maagto? (literally 'Where are you going?') is a common way to greet people. The question does not need to be answered directly. The usual answer is an action like Maninda (literally 'to buy something on the market') instead of Sa tinda (literally, 'to the market'.) Are you eating well? – Mayad man pangaën mo? Good. – Mayad. How are you feeling? – Musta bay pamatyagan mo? or: Ano bay pamatyag mo? (What do you feel?) I don't know. – Wara takën kamaan. / Waay takën kamaan (or simply: Maan a. / Ambay a. / Ilam a. – informal, usually an annoyed expression) Let's go! – Panaw / Halin ta rën! / Dali rën! (usually for hurrying up companions) Come together. – Iririmaw kita. / imaw kita. / Iribhanay kita./ Iririmaw tatən Why? – Manhaw/Wanhaw? (or: Andët haw/aw?)/ Insa haw? / Insaw? (informal) I love you. – Ginagugma ta (i)kaw. / palangga ta (i)kaw. My love/sweetheart. – Palangga ko. What is your name? – Ano ngaran mo? Good morning! – Mayad nga aga! Good afternoon! – Mayad nga hapon! Good evening! – Mayad nga gabiʔi! That one. – Amo kara. (Or simply: Ra/Ra ay.)(or: Amo ran)/ Amo ka di-a. How much? – Tag pira? Yes. – hə-əd. (Ho-ud)/ (h)ə-əd No. – Bukut./Bëkët. (Bëkën)/Indi Because. – Bangëd. Because of you. – Bangëd kanimo or Tëngëd kanimo. About you. – Nahanungëd kanimo or Parti kanimo. You know. – Man-an mo (or: Man-an mo man.) Hurry! – Dasiga! (lit. 'Fast!') or Dali-a! (lit. 'Hurry!') Again. – Liwan/Liwat/Riwan/Liwan (or: Uman ('again') / Umana (command to repeat).) Do you speak English? – Kamaan kaw maghambal kang Inglis? or Kama-an kaw mag-Inglis? It is fun to live. – Sadya mabuhi / Sadya ang mabuhi. Happy – Sadya Thank you – Salamat See also Language shift Hiligaynon Language revitalization Notes ^ The vowel "u" is called matig-a nga "o" (the hard "o"). Hence, when a syllable with a vowel is pronounced lightly, the vowel "i" is substituted with the vowel "e". The opposite rule applies to the vowel "u". The practice however, is not the norm. What is more controlling for using either the vowels "i" and "o" or the introduced vowels "e" and "u" is what appears to the Karay-as pleasing to their eyes and ears. When in doubt on what vowel to use, it is always safe to use the indigenous vowels. The introduced "ë" vowel has no substitute. It will always be used since many Kinaray-a words have a schwa vowel sound. References ^ a b Reid, Lawrence A. (2017). "Revisiting the Position of Philippine Languages in the Austronesian Family" (PDF). De La Salle University, Manila. ^ "2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A - Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables)" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-05-02. ^ Cruz-Lucero, Rosario; Acuña, Arbeen; Barrios, John E.; Javier, Dante; Manuel, Dante (2018). "Karay-a". In Our Islands, Our People: The Histories and Cultures of the Filipino Nation. ^ Yumpu.com. "Kinaray-a". yumpu.com. Retrieved 2022-08-11. ^ Sosa Peña, Andrew Rey (2019). "Aspect in Pototan Kinaray-a". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.91520. ^ Limpiada, Aimee (2015). The Phonology of Kinaray-a as Spoken in Antique. Philippine Normal University. ^ a b c R. Pefianco, Anna Cecilia; S. Tabuyan, Danny; M. Flores, Felicia; V. Ysúlat, Cornelio; D. Pagunsan, Ritchie (2016). Ortograpiya Kinaray-a. New York: Innobril. ISBN 978-1540619891. ^ a b Paa, Saúl (2018-10-30). "Filipino-Language Commission Clarifies Harmonization of Orthographies". Philippine News Agency. ^ P. Rendón, Jennifer (2012-08-14). "Retired Army General Authors Kinaray·a Dictionary". Philippine Star. ^ Caláwag Pangantihon, Vicente (2011). Kinaray·a–English Dictionary. External links Karay-a language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kinaray-a. Taramdan sa Lantipulong Kinaray·a, guide to grammar (Antiqueño dialect) Marayum Dictionary vteBisayan languagesAsi Asi Cebuan Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano Central Romblomanon Warayan Baybayanon Kinabalian Waray South Sorsogon (Gubat) Peripheral Ati Bantayanon Capiznon Hiligaynon Porohanon Masbateño North Sorsogon (Masbate) West Aklanon Caluyanon Kinaray-a Onhan Kuyan Cuyonon Ratagnon South Surigaonon Butuan-Tausug Butuanon Tausug (unclassified) Karolanos Magahat See also: Visayan peoples vtePhilippine languagesBatanic (Bashiic) Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Arta Dicamay Agta † Ilocano Cagayan Valley Atta Cagayan Agta Ga'dang Gaddang Ibanag Isnag Itawis Yogad Meso-Cordilleran Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cordilleran Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali Southern Cordilleran Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan Central Luzon Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Sambalic Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro Buhid Hanunoo Tawbuid Central PhilippineTagalogic Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Filipino Bikol Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisayan Akeanon Bantayanon Asi Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka (unclassified) Ata † Palawanic Aborlan Tagbanwa Batak Central Tagbanwa Palawano Taaw't Bato Subanen Western Subanon Danao Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Manobo Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Kagayanen Kamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo–Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Blaan Tboli Teduray Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Other branches Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Inagta Alabat Manide ReconstructedProto-Philippine †† indicates extinct status? indicates classification dispute vteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic Rukai Tsouic Tsou Kanakanavu Saaroa NorthernAtayalic Atayal Seediq NorthwestFormosan Saisiyat Pazeh † Kulon † Thao Babuza Favorlang † Papora-Hoanya † EastKavalanic Basay † Kavalan Luilang † Ami Amis Sakizaya Siraiyac Siraya † Taivoan † Southern ? Puyuma Paiwan Bunun Malayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic) Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Arta Dicamay Agta † Ilocano Cagayan Valley Atta Cagayan Agta Ga'dang Gaddang Ibanag Isnag Itawis Yogad Meso-Cordilleran Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cordilleran Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali Southern Cordilleran Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan Central Luzon Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Sambalic Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro Buhid Hanunoo Tawbuid Central PhilippineTagalogic Filipino Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Bikol Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisayan Akeanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka (unclassified) Ata † Palawanic Aborlan Tagbanwa Batak Central Tagbanwa Palawano Taaw't Bato Subanen Western Subanon Danao Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Manobo Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Kagayanen Kamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo–Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Blaan Tboli Teduray Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Other branches Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Inagta Alabat Manide Greater Barito *Barito Malagasy Bushi Deyah Malang Witu Balangan Ma'anyan Paku Lawangan Kohin Dohoi Siang Bakumpai Ngaju Ampanang Tunjung Sama–Bajaw Abaknon Bajaw Mapun Pangutaran Sama Sama West Coast Bajaw Yakan Basap *GreaterNorth Borneo *North Borneo *Northeast Sabah * Ida'an Bonggi Molbog ? Southwest Sabah *GreaterDusunic *Bisaya–Lotud Brunei Bisaya Lotud Dusunic Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Rungus / Momogun Klias River Kadazan Paitanic Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Abai Sungai Serudung GreaterMurutic * Tatana ? Papar Murutic Tagol Timugon Keningau Selungai Sembakung Baukan Okolod Paluan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Nonukan Tidong Sesayap Tidong North Sarawak * Kenyah / Bakung Sebob Tutoh Umaʼ Lasan Wahau Kenyah Penan ? Kelabit Lengilu Lundayeh Sa'ban Tring Berawan Belait Kiput Narom Tutong Bintulu Central Sarawak Kajaman Lahanan Sekapan Daro-Matu Kanowit–Tanjong Melanau Bukitan Punan Batu Sian Ukit Burusu Bah-Biau Punan Sajau Punan Merap Bukat Seru † Lelak † Kayanic Kayan Bahau Modang Segai Hovongan Aoheng Aput Punan Krio Dayak Murik Land Dayak Bakatiʼ Sara Laraʼ Bukar–Sadong Biatah Tringgus Jagoi Jangkang Kembayan Semandang Ribun Benyaduʼ Sanggau Malayo–Chamic *Aceh–Chamic Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat Iban–MalayanIbanic Iban Keninjal ? Mualang Remun Seberuang Malay Malaysian Indonesian Minangkabau Brunei/Kedayan Malay Bamayo Banjar Berau Malay Bangka Malay Bengkulu Col Duanoʼ Haji Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kendayan / Selako ? Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Musi Negeri Sembilan Malay Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Pontianak Malay Reman Malay Sarawak Malay Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi' Sundanese Sundanese Old Sundanese † Baduy Bantenese Cirebonese Rejang ? Rejang Moklenic ? Moken Moklen Sumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Enggano ? Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue Batak Alas Angkola Dairi Karo Simalungun Toba Mandailing Nasal ? Lampungic Lampung Lampung Nyo Lampung Api Komering Javanese Javanese Kawi / Old Javanese † Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Madurese Madurese Kangean Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa Balinese Sasak Sumbawa CelebicBungku–Tolaki Bahonsuai Bungku Kodeoha Kulisusu Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Padoe Rahambuu Tolaki Tomadino Waru Wawonii Muna–Buton Bonerate Busoa Cia-Cia Kaimbulawa Kumbewaha Lasalimu Liabuku Muna Pancana Tukang Besi Saluan–Banggai Andio Balantak Banggai Batui Bobongko Saluan Tomini–Tolitoli * Balaesang Boano ? Dampelas Dondo Lauje Pendau Taje Tajio Tomini Totoli ? Kaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona Kaili Mbelala Moma Pamona Rampi Sarudu Sedoa Topoiyo Uma Wotu–Wolio Kalao Kamaru Laiyolo Ledo Kaili * Wolio Wotu South SulawesiBugis Buginese Campalagian Embaloh Taman Makassar Makassarese Bentong Coastal Konjo Highland Konjo Selayar Seko–Badaic *Seko Budong-Budong Panasuan Seko Padang Seko Tengah Badaic Bada Behoa Napu Northern Mamuju Mandar Massenrempulu Duri Enrekang Maiwa Malimpung Pitu Ulunna Salu Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Dakka Pannei Ulumandaʼ Toraja Kalumpang Mamasa Pattae' Lawa Talondoʼ ? Toraja-Saʼdan Lemolang Isolates Chamorro Palauan Central Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima Bima Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu Hawu Dhao Sumba Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura Western Flores Komodo Manggarai Riung Rembong Rajong Kepoʼ Wae Rana Palu'e Ende Lio Nagé-Kéo Ngadha Rongga Soʼa Flores–Lembata Sika Kedang Lamaholot Lamaholot Alorese Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Kei–Tanimbar ? Kei Fordata Yamdena Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Timoric * Helong Tetum Idalaka Central Timor * Kemak Tukudede Mambai Bekais Wetar–Galoli ? Wetar Galoli Atauran Kawaimina Kairui Waimoa Midiki Naueti ? Habun ? Luangic–Kisaric ? Romang Kisar Leti Luang Makuva Rote–Meto Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii Uab Meto Amarasi Babar West Damar Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Telaʼa Southwest Maluku East Damar Teun Nila Serua Kowiai ? Kowiai Central Maluku * Teor-Kur West Ambelau Buru Lisela Hukumina † Moksela † Sula Mangole Taliabo East Banda Bati Geser Watubela Bobot Masiwang Hoti † Benggoi Salas Liana Nunusaku Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan Piru Bay ? Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano Sepa-Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG Tandia † Mor Waropen Warembori ? Yoke ? Halmahera SeaAmbel–Biga Ambel Biga Maya–Matbat Ma'ya Matbat Maden Maden Fiawat As As South Halmahera Gane Taba Buli Maba Patani Sawai Gebe CenderawasihBiakic Biak Dusner † Meoswar Roon Yapen Ambai Ansus Marau Wamesa Wooi Munggui Papuma Pom Serui-Laut Kurudu Wabo Southwest Yaur Yerisiam Umar OceanicAdmiralty Yapese ? Eastern Manus Baluan-Pam Lenkau Lou Nauna Penchal Western Northern Kaniet † Southern Kaniet † Seimat Wuvulu Aua Saint Matthias Mussau-Emira Tenis TemotuUtupua Amba Asumboa Tanimbili Vanikoro Teanu Lovono Tanema Reefs–Santa Cruz Äiwoo Engdewu / Nanggu Natügu / Santa Cruz Nalögo Noipx SoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal Bugotu Gela Lengo Birao Ghari Malango Talise Malaita–San Cristobal Longgu Sa'a Arosi Fagani Bauro Kahua Owa Marau Wawa ? † Toʼabaita Baelelea Baeggu Fataleka Lau Kwara'ae Wala Gula'alaa Kwaio Dori'o ꞋAreꞌare Oroha WesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez Bola Bulu Meramera Nakanai Bali-Vitu Bali Vitu New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik Kara Laxudumau Nalik Tiang Tigak Tungag Tabar Lihir Madara Notsi Madak Barok Lavatbura–Lamusong Madak St. George Bilur Fanamaket Guramalum † Kandas Konomala Label Lungalunga Niwer Mil Patpatar Ramoaaina Siar Sursurunga Tangga Tolai NorthwestSolomonic Babatana Bannoni Blablanga Cheke Holo Gao Ghanongga Hahon Hakö Halia Hoava Kazukuru † Kokota Kusaghe Laghu † Lungga Marovo Mono-Alu Nduke Nehan Papapana Petats Piva Ririo Roviana Saposa Simbo Solos Teop Tinputz Torau Ughele Uruava † Vaghua Vangunu Varisi Zabana Zazao Tomoip NorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ? Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Schouten Arop-Sissano Sera Sissano Ulau-Suain Tumleo Yakamul Kaiep Kairiru Terebu Biem Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Wogeo Huon Gulf Bukawa Kela Yabem Aribwatsa † Aribwaung Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Maralango Mari Musom Nafi Silisili Wampar Wampur Hote Iwal Kapin Kumalu Mangga Buang Mapos Buang Mumeng Piu Vehes Yamap Numbami Ngero–Vitiaz Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malalamai Mutu Awad Bing Bilibil Gedaged Marik Matukar Mindiri Takia Wab Lamogai Mouk-Aria Aigon Karore Kaulong † Miu Sengseng Aiklep Akolet Apalik Avau Bebeli Gimi Lesing-Gelimi Mangseng Solong Lote Mamusi Mengen Arop-Lukep Karnai Malasanga Mur Pano Mato Ronji Amara Maleu Mbula Sio Tami Papuan TipNuclear ʼAuhelawa Buhutu Bwanabwana Oya'oya Saliba Suau Unubahe Wagawaga Bwaidoka Diodio Iamalele Iduna Koluwawa Maiadomu Bunama Boselewa Dobu Duau Galeya Molima Mwatebu Sewa Bay Dawawa Kakabai Are Arifama-Miniafia Doga Gapapaiwa Ghayavi Kaninuwa Ubir Gweda Haigwai Maiwala Minaveha Taupota Tawala Yakaikeke Anuki Gumawana Kilivila–Misima Budibud Kilivila Misima Muyuw Nimoa–Sudest Nimoa Sudest SouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks Dorig Hiw Koro Lakon Lehali Lemerig Lo-Toga Löyöp Mota Mwerlap Mwesen Mwotlap Nume Olrat Vera’a Volow Vurës Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost Baetora Duidui Northeast Ambae Raga Sun̄wadaga Sun̄wadia South Pentecost Apma Sa Ske Sowa † Espiritu Santo Akei Aore † Araki Cape Cumberland Nokuku Kiai M̈av̈ea Merei-Tiale Mores Sakao Shark Bay Tamambo Tangoa Tasiriki Tolomako Tutuba Wusi NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu North Efate Nafsan Efatese Eton Lelepa Makura Daakaka Dalkalaen Lonwolwol Paamese Port Vato Southeast Ambrym Epi Baki Bierebo Bieria Lamen Lewo Maii Malakula Aulua Avava Aveteian Axamb Big Nambas Botovro Burmbar Bwenelang Larëvat Lendamboi Litzlitz Malfaxal Malua Bay Maskelynes Nahavaq Nasarian Nasvang Nāti Navwien Nese Neve'ei Neverver Ninde Nisvai Nitita Port Sandwich Rerep Sörsörian Tape Tirax Unua Northeast Malakula Vao Vivti Rutan Alovas Najit Njav South VanuatuErromango Erromanga / Sie Sorung † Ura Utaha / Ifo † Tanna Kwamera / South Tanna Lenakel / West Tanna North Tanna Southwest Tanna Whitesands / East Tanna Aneityum Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands Drehu Iaai Nengone New CaledonianSouthern Ajië Arhâ Arhö Ndrumbea Neku Numèè Orowe Tîrî Xârâcùù Xârâgurè Zire † Northern Bwatoo Caac Cèmuhî Fwâi Haeke Haveke Hmwaveke Jawe Kumak Nemi Nyâlayu Paicî Pije Pwaamei Pwapwâ Vamale Waamwang † Yuanga Micronesian Nauruan NuclearMicronesian Gilbertese Kosraean Marshallese Chuukic–PohnpeicChuukic Carolinian Chuukese Mapia † Mortlockese Namonuito Pááfang Puluwatese Satawalese Sonsorol Tanapag Tobian Ulithian Woleaian Pohnpeic Mokilese Ngatikese Pingelapese Pohnpeian CentralPacificWest Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua Rotuman Western Fijian East Fijian Gone Dau Lauan Lomaiviti PolynesianNuclearPolynesian Kapingamarangi Nuguria Nukumanu Nukuoro Ontong Java Sikaiana Takuu Tuvaluan Samoic Niuatoputapu † Samoan Tokelauan Eastern Austral Cook Islands Māori Hawaiian Mangareva Māori Moriori † Marquesan Penrhyn Rakahanga-Manihiki Rapa Rapa Nui Tahitian Tuamotuan Futunic Anuta Emae Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan Futunan / East Futunan Mele-Fila Pukapukan Rennellese Tikopia Wallisian / East Uvean West Uvean Tongic Niuafoʻou ? Niuean Tongan * indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status vteLanguages of the PhilippinesOfficial languages Filipino English Regional languages Bikol Cebuano Chavacano Hiligaynon Ibanag Ilocano Kapampangan Karay-a Maguindanao Maranao Pangasinan Tagalog Waray Indigenous languages(by region)Bangsamoro Iranun Pangutaran Sama Sama Tausug Yakan Bicol Region Albay Bikol Inagta Partido Manide Masbateño Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Northern Sorsogon Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bikol Southern Catanduanes Bikol Southern Sorsogon Cagayan Valley Arta Atta Bugkalot Central Cagayan Agta Dinapigue Agta Dupaningan Agta Gaddang Isinai Itawis Itbayat Ivatan Kalanguya Karao Malaweg Nagtipunan Agta Paranan Agta Paranan Yogad Calabarzon Inagta Alabat Manide Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget Caraga Agusan Ata Manobo Butuanon Higaonon Kamayo Mamanwa Surigaonon Central Luzon Abellen Ambala Antsi Botolan Casiguran Dumagat Agta Indi Kasiguranin Mariveleño Northern Alta Sambal Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget Central Visayas Bantayanon Eskayan Karolanos Magahat Porohanon Cordillera Atta Balangao Bontoc Ga'dang Ibaloi Ifugao Isnag Itawis Itneg Iwaak Kalanguya Kalinga Kankanaey Malaweg Tuwali Davao Region Blaan Davaoeño Kalagan Klata Mandaya Mansaka Obo Sangirese Sarangani Tagabawa Eastern Visayas Abaknon Baybay Kabalian Ilocos Region Bolinao Metro Manila Taglish Mimaropa Agutaynen Alangan Asi Batak Buhid Calamian Tagbanwa Central Tagbanwa Cuyonon Hanunoo Iraya Kagayanen Molbog Onhan Palawano Ratagnon Romblomanon Tadyawan Tawbuid Northern Mindanao Bukid Higaonon Ilianen Iranun Kamigin Matigsalug Subanen Western Bukidnon Soccsksargen Blaan Cotabato Manobo Ilianen Iranun Obo Tboli Tiruray Western Visayas Aklanon Ata Ati Caluyanon Capiznon Sulod Zamboanga Peninsula Subanen Immigrant languages Arabic Basque Chinese Hokkien Mandarin French German Japanese Korean Malay Indonesian Malaysian Sindhi Spanish status Sign languages Filipino Sign Language Historical languages Proto-Philippine Old Tagalog Old Cebuano
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karayá language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karay%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reid2017-1"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"regional language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_language"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Karay-a people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karay-a_people"},{"link_name":"Antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antique_(province)"},{"link_name":"Bisayan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisayan_languages"},{"link_name":"Aklanon/Malaynon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklanon_language"},{"link_name":"Capiznon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capiznon_language"},{"link_name":"Cebuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language"},{"link_name":"Hiligaynon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiligaynon_language"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Karayá language.The Karay-a language (Kinaray-a, Binisayâ nga Kinaray-a or Hinaraya; English: Harayan)[1] is an Austronesian regional language in the Philippines spoken by the Karay-a people, mainly in Antique.It is one of the Bisayan languages, mainly along with Aklanon/Malaynon, Capiznon, Cebuano, and Hiligaynon.","title":"Karay-a language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panay"},{"link_name":"Ogtong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogtong"},{"link_name":"linguistic evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_shift"},{"link_name":"Hiligaynon language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiligaynon_language"},{"link_name":"Iloilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo_City"},{"link_name":"common language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kinaray-a, Kinaray-a Bukidnon, or Hiniraya, possibly deriving from “Iraya.” It was the primary language spoken by the majority of the Panay people whom the first Spanish colonizers encountered upon their arrival and subsequent settlement in Ogtong (now Oton, Iloilo) between the late 16th and early 17th centuries. This was before the linguistic evolution that eventually led to the Hiligaynon language of Iloilo gaining dominance as the common language over Kinaray-a on the island. However, in modern times, Kinaray-a remains in use as a primary language in the province of Antique and the western part of Iloilo province.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antique_(province)"},{"link_name":"Iloilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Passi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passi_City"},{"link_name":"Alimodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimodian"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Lambunao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambunao"},{"link_name":"Calinog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calinog,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Miag-ao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miag-ao"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Badiangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badiangan"},{"link_name":"San Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Guimbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimbal,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"San Enrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Enrique,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Tigbauan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigbauan"},{"link_name":"Igbaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbaras"},{"link_name":"Leganes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leganes,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Pototan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pototan"},{"link_name":"Bingawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingawan"},{"link_name":"San Rafael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Rafael,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Zarraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarraga"},{"link_name":"Oton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oton"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Cabatuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabatuan,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Janiuay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janiuay"},{"link_name":"Maasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasin,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"New Lucena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lucena"},{"link_name":"Dueñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due%C3%B1as,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingle,_Iloilo"},{"link_name":"Tubungan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubungan"},{"link_name":"Palawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Soccsksargen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccsksargen"},{"link_name":"Sultan Kudarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Kudarat"},{"link_name":"Antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antique_(province)"},{"link_name":"Hiligaynon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiligaynon_language"},{"link_name":"Iloilo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo_City"},{"link_name":"Arevalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arevalo,_Iloilo_City"},{"link_name":"Mindoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindoro"},{"link_name":"Capiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capiz"},{"link_name":"Aklan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklan"},{"link_name":"Guimaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimaras"},{"link_name":"Negros Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negros_Occidental"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kinaray-a is spoken mainly in Antique. It is also spoken in Iloilo province as a primary language in the city of Passi, in the municipalities of Alimodian, San Joaquin, Lambunao, Calinog, Leon, Miag-ao, Pavia, Badiangan, San Miguel, Guimbal, San Enrique, Tigbauan, Igbaras, Leganes, Pototan, Bingawan, San Rafael, Mina, Zarraga, Oton, Santa Barbara, Cabatuan, Janiuay, Maasin, New Lucena, Dueñas, Dingle, and Tubungan, and certain villages in Palawan and Mindanao – especially in the Soccsksargen region (particularly the province of Sultan Kudarat) by citizens who trace their roots to Antique or to Karay-a-speaking areas of Panay island. Inhabitants of most towns across the latter areas speak Kinaray-a while Hiligaynon is predominant around coastal areas particularly in Iloilo. It is also spoken in Iloilo City by a minority, particularly in the Arevalo district and few parts of southern Mindoro and parts Capiz and Aklan provinces, as well as Guimaras and some parts of Negros Occidental.[4]","title":"Geographical distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Languages_of_Panay_and_their_Dialects.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pe%C3%B1a2019-5"},{"link_name":"Aklanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklanon_language"},{"link_name":"San Jose de Buenavista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_de_Buenavista"},{"link_name":"Sibalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibalom"},{"link_name":"Hamtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamtic"},{"link_name":"Anini-y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anini-y"},{"link_name":"Tobias Fornier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Fornier"}],"sub_title":"Dialects","text":"Map of the Dialects of Panay Languages including Kinaray-aThere has not been much linguistic study on the dialects of Kinaray-a. Speakers both of Kinaray-a and Hiligaynon would however admit to hearing the differences in the ways by which Kinaray-a speakers from different towns speak.[5] Differences in vocabulary can also observed between and among the dialects.The differences and the degrees by which the dialects differ from each other depend largely on the area's proximity to another different language-speaking area. Thus, in Antique, there are, on the northern parts, varieties that are similar to Aklanon, the language of Aklan, its neighbor on the north. On the south, in Iloilo towns on the other hand, the dialects closely resemble that of the standard Kinaray-a spoken in San Jose de Buenavista, lowland Sibalom and Hamtic. A distinct dialect of Karay-a is spoken in central Iloilo where a lot of Hiligaynon loanwords are used and some Kinaray-a words are pronounced harder as in rigya or ja ('here') of southern Iloilo and San José de Buenavista area as compared to giya of Janiuay, Santa Barbara, and nearby towns. Two highly accented dialects of Kinaray-a can be heard in Anini-y and Tobias Fornier in Antique and San Joaquin, Leon, and Tubungan in Iloilo.Some dialects differ only on consonant preference like y vs h. e.g. bayi/bahi ('girl') or l vs r e.g. wala/wara. Some have distinct differences like sayëd/kadë ('ugly') and rangga/gëba ('defective').","title":"Geographical distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hiligaynon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiligaynon_language"},{"link_name":"Iloilo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo_City"},{"link_name":"Negros Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negros_Island"}],"sub_title":"Intelligibility with Hiligaynon","text":"Due to geographic proximity and mass media Kinaray-a-speakers can understand Hiligaynon (also known as Ilonggo) speakers. However, only Hiligaynon speakers who reside in Kinaray-a-speaking areas can understand the language. Those who come from other areas, like Iloilo City and Negros Island, have difficulty in understanding the language, if they can at all.It is a misconception among some Hiligaynon speakers that Kinaray-a is a dialect of Hiligaynon; the reality is that the two belong to two different, but related, branches of the Bisayan languages.However, most Karay-a also know Hiligaynon as their second language. To some extent, there is an intermediate dialect of Hiligaynon and Kinaray-a being spoken in Mindanao, mainly in Sultan Kudarat province.","title":"Geographical distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allophonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophonic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"The phonemes /e/ and /o/ are used mostly in non-Karay·a words and were formerly allophonic with /i/ and /u/, respectively. The phonemes /i/ and /u/ may also be pronounced as [ɪ] and [ʊ].[6] Among some speakers, /u/ may be pronounced as [ə], such as when subâ is uttered as [səˈbaʔ] instead of as /suˈbaʔ/.","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consonants","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Komisyon sa Polong Kinaray·a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komisyon_sa_Polong_Kinaray%C2%B7a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ceb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisyon_sa_Polong_Kinaray%C2%B7a"},{"link_name":"Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisyon_sa_Wikang_Filipino"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pefianco&al2016-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paa2018-8"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General"},{"link_name":"Vicente Pangantihon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Pangantihon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Pangantihon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rend%C3%B3n2012-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pangantihon2011-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paa2018-8"},{"link_name":"Harmonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_reform"},{"link_name":"Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"native languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"There are two official orthographic conventions currently in use: a four-vowel-grapheme system released by the Komisyon sa Polong Kinaray·a [ceb] in 2016 in coordination with the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF),[7] and a six-vowel-grapheme system recommended by the KWF in 2018.[8] The latter builds on Brigadier General Vicente Pangantihon [es]'s introduction of a separate letter ⟨ə⟩ for /ɨ/ through the publication of Karay-a Rice Tradition Revisited,[9] but using ⟨ë⟩ in ⟨ə⟩'s place. Karay·a writings predating Pangantihon's innovation had not graphemically distinguished between /ɨ/ and /u/.[10] In 2018, the KWF elaborated,[8]Harmonization is not compulsory for older users of the language or individual organizations; it is specifically aimed at helping the Department of Education and teachers to teach any of the native languages. Other organizations are free to adopt their own stylebook in their own publications.","title":"Orthography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"languages spoken in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Ivadoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivadoy_language"},{"link_name":"Maranao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_language"},{"link_name":"Pangasinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasinan_language"},{"link_name":"Castilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"The 2018 Pangantihon–KWF orthography provides for six vowel letters: ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨ë⟩ (previously ⟨ə⟩), ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩.[a] They do not form diphthongs with each other and always indicate a separate syllable: there are as many vowels as there are syllables. Informal writing, however, contravenes this orthographic rule such as, for example, when words such as balunggay, kambiyo, lanaw, puwede, ruweda and tuáw are written as *balunggai, *kambio, *lanao, *puede, *rueda and *tuao.⟨Ë⟩, referred to as malëm·ëk nga ⟨i⟩ and which Pangantihon had originally written as ⟨ə⟩, represents /ɨ/, a phoneme that occurs natively in Karay·a and in some other languages spoken in the Philippines such as Ivadoy, Maranao and Pangasinan. ⟨Ë⟩ is also used for integrated words of relatively recent foreign origin.Separate glyphs for /e/ and /u/ were introduced with the arrival of the Castilians; namely ⟨e⟩ and ⟨u⟩.","title":"Orthography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pefianco&al2016-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pefianco&al2016-7"},{"link_name":"Castilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Real Academia Española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"In line with the KWF's 2018 recommendation,[7] the alphabet has 23 consonant letters: ⟨b⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨j⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨y⟩ and ⟨z⟩. Of the above, ⟨c⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨q⟩ and ⟨x⟩ are used only in names and unintegrated loan words.[7]The digraph ⟨ng⟩ constitutes a single letter and represents the phoneme /ŋ/. In the old orthography, which followed the Castilian norms set forth by the Real Academia Española, this phoneme was represented by ⟨n͠g⟩, the tilde stretching over both letters in order to distinguish it from ⟨ng⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩, which represented the Castilian /ŋɡ/ and /ɲ/, respectively.In contrast to ⟨ng⟩, the digraph ⟨ts⟩, which represents /t͡ʃ/, is not counted as a distinct letter.","title":"Orthography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nouns","title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pronouns","title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Saying Diin kaw maagto? (literally 'Where are you going?') is a common way to greet people. The question does not need to be answered directly. The usual answer is an action like Maninda (literally 'to buy something on the market') instead of Sa tinda (literally, 'to the market'.)Are you eating well? – Mayad man pangaën mo?\nGood. – Mayad.\nHow are you feeling? – Musta bay pamatyagan mo? or: Ano bay pamatyag mo? (What do you feel?)\nI don't know. – Wara takën kamaan. / Waay takën kamaan (or simply: Maan a. / Ambay a. / Ilam a. – informal, usually an annoyed expression)\nLet's go! – Panaw / Halin ta rën! / Dali rën! (usually for hurrying up companions)\nCome together. – Iririmaw kita. / imaw kita. / Iribhanay kita./ Iririmaw tatən\nWhy? – Manhaw/Wanhaw? (or: Andët haw/aw?)/ Insa haw? / Insaw? (informal)\nI love you. – Ginagugma ta (i)kaw. / palangga ta (i)kaw.\nMy love/sweetheart. – Palangga ko.\nWhat is your name? – Ano ngaran mo?\nGood morning! – Mayad nga aga!\nGood afternoon! – Mayad nga hapon!\nGood evening! – Mayad nga gabiʔi!\nThat one. – Amo kara. (Or simply: Ra/Ra ay.)(or: Amo ran)/ Amo ka di-a.\nHow much? – Tag pira?\nYes. – hə-əd. (Ho-ud)/ (h)ə-əd\nNo. – Bukut./Bëkët. (Bëkën)/Indi\nBecause. – Bangëd.\nBecause of you. – Bangëd kanimo or Tëngëd kanimo.\nAbout you. – Nahanungëd kanimo or Parti kanimo.\nYou know. – Man-an mo (or: Man-an mo man.)\nHurry! – Dasiga! (lit. 'Fast!') or Dali-a! (lit. 'Hurry!')\nAgain. – Liwan/Liwat/Riwan/Liwan (or: Uman ('again') / Umana (command to repeat).)\nDo you speak English? – Kamaan kaw maghambal kang Inglis? or Kama-an kaw mag-Inglis?\nIt is fun to live. – Sadya mabuhi / Sadya ang mabuhi.\nHappy – Sadya\nThank you – Salamat","title":"Common expressions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"}],"text":"^ The vowel \"u\" is called matig-a nga \"o\" (the hard \"o\"). Hence, when a syllable with a vowel is pronounced lightly, the vowel \"i\" is substituted with the vowel \"e\". The opposite rule applies to the vowel \"u\". The practice however, is not the norm. What is more controlling for using either the vowels \"i\" and \"o\" or the introduced vowels \"e\" and \"u\" is what appears to the Karay-as pleasing to their eyes and ears. When in doubt on what vowel to use, it is always safe to use the indigenous vowels. The introduced \"ë\" vowel has no substitute. It will always be used since many Kinaray-a words have a schwa vowel sound.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the Dialects of Panay Languages including Kinaray-a","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Map_of_the_Languages_of_Panay_and_their_Dialects.png/220px-Map_of_the_Languages_of_Panay_and_their_Dialects.png"}]
[{"title":"Language shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_shift"},{"title":"Hiligaynon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiligaynon_language"},{"title":"Language revitalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revitalization"}]
[{"reference":"Reid, Lawrence A. (2017). \"Revisiting the Position of Philippine Languages in the Austronesian Family\" (PDF). De La Salle University, Manila.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/Combined%20Files/A94.%202017.%20Revisiting%20the%20Position%20of%20Philippine%20Languages%20in%20the%20Austronesian%20Family.pdf","url_text":"\"Revisiting the Position of Philippine Languages in the Austronesian Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_University","url_text":"De La Salle University, Manila"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A - Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables)\" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%20PDF.pdf","url_text":"\"2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A - Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables)\""}]},{"reference":"Cruz-Lucero, Rosario; Acuña, Arbeen; Barrios, John E.; Javier, Dante; Manuel, Dante (2018). \"Karay-a\". In Our Islands, Our People: The Histories and Cultures of the Filipino Nation.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Yumpu.com. \"Kinaray-a\". yumpu.com. Retrieved 2022-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/14461519/kinaray-a","url_text":"\"Kinaray-a\""}]},{"reference":"Sosa Peña, Andrew Rey (2019). \"Aspect in Pototan Kinaray-a\". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.91520.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336319347_Aspect_in_Pototan_Kinaray-a","url_text":"\"Aspect in Pototan Kinaray-a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.31348.91520","url_text":"10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.91520"}]},{"reference":"Limpiada, Aimee (2015). The Phonology of Kinaray-a as Spoken in Antique. Philippine Normal University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R. Pefianco, Anna Cecilia; S. Tabuyan, Danny; M. Flores, Felicia; V. Ysúlat, Cornelio; D. Pagunsan, Ritchie (2016). Ortograpiya Kinaray-a. New York: Innobril. ISBN 978-1540619891.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dungugkinaray-a.com/libro/ortograpiya-kinaray-a","url_text":"Ortograpiya Kinaray-a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1540619891","url_text":"978-1540619891"}]},{"reference":"Paa, Saúl (2018-10-30). \"Filipino-Language Commission Clarifies Harmonization of Orthographies\". Philippine News Agency.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1052580","url_text":"\"Filipino-Language Commission Clarifies Harmonization of Orthographies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_News_Agency","url_text":"Philippine News Agency"}]},{"reference":"P. Rendón, Jennifer (2012-08-14). \"Retired Army General Authors Kinaray·a Dictionary\". Philippine Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/region/2012/08/14/838141/retired-army-general-authors-kinaray-dictionary","url_text":"\"Retired Army General Authors Kinaray·a Dictionary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Star","url_text":"Philippine Star"}]},{"reference":"Caláwag Pangantihon, Vicente (2011). Kinaray·a–English Dictionary.","urls":[]}]
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