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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siward_(Abbot_of_Abingdon)	Siward (abbot of Abingdon)	["1 References","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]	Siward (died 1048) was Abbot of Abingdon in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire) and a bishop in the Diocese of Canterbury. Siward was a monk at Glastonbury until he was appointed Abbot of Abingdon in 1030. He was made coadjutor to the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1044, Kelly asserts Siward was titled Bishop of St Martin's, but Somner finds no evidence of this, and claims Siward was consecrated Bishop of Uppsala. However no Bishops of Uppsala are dated to this time and it is probably a confusion with a later Siward who was connected to Uppsala in the period 1123–1142. The Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis explains that Siward was chosen by Archbishop Eadsige of Canterbury to carry out the archbishop's duties. This was due to the archbishop's own ill heath, and was carried out with King King Edward's consent. Eadsige elevated Siward to the rank of bishop, but no mention is made of the title of this bishopric. At Abingdon Siward was replaced by Æthelstan but he retained interest in his former position. Datable between 1044 and 1048 he was involved in a legal dispute between a noble named Brihtwine and the Abbey regarding land held at Leckhampstead. In the time of King Cnut this land had passed from the Abbey to Brihtwine's father Brihtmund for three generations. The abbey claimed that these generations had passed with Brihtmund, his wife and elder son. Brihtwine, a younger son, argued otherwise. In a writ, Siward supported the abbey's case, but the matter was not resolved until after Siward's death. Siward resigned from his position at Canterbury in 1048 due to ill health. He returned to Abingdon and died a few months later (the same year). He was buried at Abingdon. As a result of the death some land and personal treasures including the furnishings of his chapel were given to Abingdon Abbey References ^ Ford, David Nash (2006). "Siward of Abingdon (d.1048)". Royal Berkshire History. Nash Ford Publishing. Retrieved 16 June 2011. ^ Kelly, S. E. 2000. Charters of Abingdon, part 1. Anglo-Saxon Charters 7 ^ a b Somner, William & Battely, Nicolas; Battely (ed.) The Antiquities of Canterbury: In Two Parts. (The First Part. The Antiquities of Canterbury; Or a Survey of that Ancient City, with the Suburbs and Cathedral, &c, Volume 1) (2nd ed.) (R. Knaplock, 1703) pp. 131–132 ^ Hudson 2007, pp. 187–189. ^ Hudson 2007, pp. 189–191. ^ Hudson 2007, p. 195. Bibliography Hudson, John (2007). Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis: The history of the Church of Abingdon. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929937-9. OCLC 50099829. External links Siweard 7 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England "Siward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25651. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) This article about an individual bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glastonbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbhsa-1"},{"link_name":"coadjutor to the Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Bishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Martin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Martin%27s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Uppsala"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somner-3"},{"link_name":"Siward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwardus_(Bishop_of_Uppsala)"},{"link_name":"Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Ecclesie_Abbendonensis"},{"link_name":"Eadsige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadsige"},{"link_name":"King Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2007187%E2%80%93189-4"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_of_Abingdon"},{"link_name":"Leckhampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leckhampstead,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Cnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2007189%E2%80%93191-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somner-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2007195-6"}],"text":"Siward was a monk at Glastonbury until he was appointed Abbot of Abingdon in 1030.[1] He was made coadjutor to the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1044, Kelly asserts Siward was titled Bishop of St Martin's,[2] but Somner finds no evidence of this, and claims Siward was consecrated Bishop of Uppsala.[3] However no Bishops of Uppsala are dated to this time and it is probably a confusion with a later Siward who was connected to Uppsala in the period 1123–1142.The Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis explains that Siward was chosen by Archbishop Eadsige of Canterbury to carry out the archbishop's duties. This was due to the archbishop's own ill heath, and was carried out with King King Edward's consent. Eadsige elevated Siward to the rank of bishop, but no mention is made of the title of this bishopric.[4]At Abingdon Siward was replaced by Æthelstan but he retained interest in his former position. Datable between 1044 and 1048 he was involved in a legal dispute between a noble named Brihtwine and the Abbey regarding land held at Leckhampstead. In the time of King Cnut this land had passed from the Abbey to Brihtwine's father Brihtmund for three generations. The abbey claimed that these generations had passed with Brihtmund, his wife and elder son. Brihtwine, a younger son, argued otherwise. In a writ, Siward supported the abbey's case, but the matter was not resolved until after Siward's death.[5]Siward resigned from his position at Canterbury in 1048 due to ill health. He returned to Abingdon and died a few months later (the same year).[3] He was buried at Abingdon. As a result of the death some land and personal treasures including the furnishings of his chapel were given to Abingdon Abbey[6]","title":"Siward (abbot of Abingdon)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis: The history of the Church of Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Ecclesie_Abbendonensis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-929937-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929937-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"50099829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50099829"}],"text":"Hudson, John (2007). Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis: The history of the Church of Abingdon. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929937-9. OCLC 50099829.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ford, David Nash (2006). \"Siward of Abingdon (d.1048)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Russia	History of Freemasonry in Russia	["1 History","1.1 Grand Lodge of Russia","1.2 United Grand Lodge of Russia","2 Masonic organizations in Russia","3 See also","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links"]	Part of a series onFreemasonry Overview Grand Lodge Masonic lodge Masonic lodge officers Grand Master Prince Hall Freemasonry Regular Masonic jurisdiction Anglo-American Freemasonry Continental Freemasonry History History of Freemasonry Liberté chérie Masonic manuscripts Masonic bodies Masonic Masonic bodies York Rite Order of Mark Master Masons Holy Royal Arch Royal Arch Masonry Cryptic Masonry Knights Templar Red Cross of Constantine Scottish Rite Knight Kadosh Societas Rosicruciana Order of Royal and Select Masters Grand College of Rites Swedish Rite Order of Saint Thomas of Acon Royal Order of Scotland Order of Knight Masons Research Lodge Corks Side degrees The Shrine Royal Order of Jesters Tall Cedars of Lebanon The Grotto Masonic groups for women Women and Freemasonry Order of the Amaranth Order of the Eastern Star Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star Co-Freemasonry Masonic youth organizations DeMolay A.J.E.F. Job's Daughters International Order of the Rainbow for Girls Views on Masonry Anti-Masonry Anti-Masonic Party Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition Masonic conspiracy theories Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry Papal ban of Freemasonry Taxil hoax People and places Masonic Temple James Anderson Prince Hall William Preston Thomas Smith Webb Albert Mackey Albert Pike John the Evangelist John the Baptist William Schaw Elizabeth Aldworth List of Freemasons Lodge Mother Kilwinning Freemasons' Hall, London Mark Masons' Hall, London House of the Temple Solomon's Temple Detroit Masonic Temple List of Masonic buildings Related Masonic ritual and symbolism Great Architect of the Universe Square and Compasses Pigpen cipher Eye of Providence Hiram Abiff Chamber of Reflection List of Masonic Abbreviations Sprig of Acacia Masonic Landmarks Pike's Morals and Dogma Propaganda Due Dermott's Ahiman Rezon Volume of Sacred Law By country Barbados Belgium Canada China Croatia Denmark France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Lebanon Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mexico North Macedonia Philippines Portugal Romania Russia Scotland South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine Venezuela United States vte Menshikov Tower where the Masonic circle of Johann Georg Schwarz held its meetings Freemasonry in Russia started in the 18th century and has continued to the present day. Russian Freemasonry pursue humanistic and educational purposes, but more attention is given to ethical issues. It was a spiritual community of people united in an effort to contribute to the prosperity of the Motherland and the enlightenment of the people living in it. History Freemasonry was brought to Russia by foreign officers in service to the Russian military. Russian Freemasonry dates its foundation to the activities of Franz Lefort, Jacob Bruce and Patrick Gordon in the German Quarter of Moscow. James Keith is recorded as being master of a lodge in Saint Petersburg in 1732–34. Several years later his cousin John Keith, 3rd Earl of Kintore was appointed provincial grand master of Russia by the Grand Lodge of England. Catherine II's factotum Ivan Yelagin succeeded in reorganizing Russian Freemasonry into a far-reaching nationwide system that united some 14 lodges and about 400 government officials. He secured English authorization of the first Russian Grand Lodge and became its provincial grand master. He favoured an archaic ritual of blood initiation which involved a symbolic commingling of blood. Yelagin's chief rival was George von Reichel from Braunschweig who championed a different system introduced by Johann Wilhelm Kellner von Zinnendorf, the grand master of the Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany. At least seven lodges founded in 1772-76 acknowledged Reichel's authority. The Yelagin-Reichel feud was ended in 1776 by the unification of all the Russian lodges under the auspices of the Minerva zu den drei Palmen Lodge in Berlin. The following year Gustav III of Sweden went to St. Petersburg to initiate Grand Duke Paul into Masonry. Semyon Gamaleya (1743-1822), a Freemason, was the first to translate into Russian the major works of Jakob Böhme. In 1781, Nikolay Novikov and Ivan Schwarz, two professors of the Moscow University, set up the Learned Society of Friends in that city. They were dissatisfied with the Swedish Rite that was practised in St. Petersburg. Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel as the grand master of the lodges in Germany invited Schwarz to take part in the Wilhelmsbad Masonic Congress (1782) where Russia was recognized as the 8th autonomous province of the Rite of Strict Observance. A schism developed between the lodges of Moscow and St. Petersburg as the former drifted toward a form of Rosicrucianism. Catherine the Great suspected the Masons of turning her son Paul against herself, of being a tool in the hands of her enemy King of Prussia, and viewed their attitude toward women as backwards. In 1785, she clamped down upon Novikov's printing house and had some 461 titles confiscated. When she saw her new palace in Tsaritsyno adorned with ornamentation suggestive of the cryptic symbols of Freemasonry, Catherine had it pulled down. Novikov was later jailed, and other leading Freemasons had to flee Russia. Anti-Masonic measures were revoked as soon as Paul ascended the Russian throne in 1796. Increasingly haunted by the spectre of the French Revolution, Paul came to distrust Freemasonry and Martinism. Within three years of his reign all secret societies were suppressed, and the lodges closed of their own accord. Two years later Paul was assassinated. The lodges flourished under his successor Alexander I, although it remains unknown whether Alexander himself was an initiate. The most influential figure of this period was Alexander Labzin. Aleksandr Vitberg's design for Cathedral of Christ the Saviour was suggestive of a Masonic temple. The Grand Lodge Astraea was formed in 1815. It united nineteen smaller lodges and counted 1404 members. Its rival was the Swedish Provincial Lodge of Russia, with seven smaller feuding lodges under its umbrella and 230 members. Leo Tolstoy describes some of the rituals in his novel War and Peace and mentions Fyodor Klyucharyov, a noted Masonic poet. According to Filipp Vigel, Freemasonry did little but to provide a fashionable pastime for bored nobles. As Emperor Alexander grew increasingly conservative, the Masonic-style political clubs were outlawed in 1822. This interdict was extended by Nicholas I in the wake of the Decembrist revolt, since the Decembrists had sprung from the Masonic lodges. Freemasonry was legalized and enjoyed a brief revival after the Revolution of 1905. The Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples seceded from the Grand Orient de France, with Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov and Alexander Kerensky as its main leaders. In 1922, in the wake of the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks had all the lodges closed. Grand Lodge of Russia Main article: Grand Lodge of Russia In 1992 and 1993, on the territory of Russia, the Grande Loge Nationale Française, created the lodge: "Harmony" (Moscow), "Lotus" (Moscow), "New Astrea" (St. Petersburg), "Gamayun" (Voronezh). Georgiy Dergachev - First Grand Master of GLoR (1995-2002) Lodge "Harmony" was established on January 14, 1992, in Paris. This Lodge was created through the regularization of brothers from the lodge "Astrea» No. 100 GNLF. Lodge "New Astrea" was established on June 24, 1993, in St. Petersburg. The Voronezh-based lodge "Gamayun" was established on June 24, 1993, in St. Petersburg. Lodge "Lotus “ was established on October 12, 1993, in Moscow. The Grand Lodge of Russia was established 24 June 1995 in Moscow. The founders of the Grand Lodge of Russia are made up by the Grande Loge Nationale Française and the four lodges previously created on the territory of Russia ("Harmony", "Lotus", "Astrea", "Gamayun"). The first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Russia, through election, was Georgiy Dergachev. On the 2nd of July 2016, the GLoR counted near of 700 freemasons united over 33 Lodges. The current Grand Master of the GLoR is Andrei Vladimirovich Bogdanov. The Grand Lodge of Russia is an integral part of most of the represented Masonic bodies in the world - the regular Freemasonry has mutual recognition with the United Grand Lodge of England (1996) and more than 100 Grand Lodges in the world. United Grand Lodge of Russia Main article: United Grand Lodge of Russia In March 2001, about 100 Freemasons left the Grand Lodge of Russia. The reason for the exit was: the disagreement of the brothers with the domestic policy pursued by the then leadership of Grand Lodge of Russia. From the three-volume book on the history of Russian Freemasonry in the 20th century by the historian of Freemasonry Andrey Serkov it follows that the following lodges have left: Harmony No. 1, Lotus No. 2, Astrea No. 3, Jupiter No. 7, Quatuor Coronati No. 8 and the Orion No. 15. On April 16, 2001, a constituent assembly was held, after which it was announced the creation of the “Russian Grand Regular Lodge” (RGRL). In 2007, after the GLR assembly, a group of Masons, members of the Harmony, Lotus, Phoenix, left GLR. After the release of the members of the GLR, they held a meeting with the members of the Russian Grand Regular Lodge, during which it was decided to unite and choose their name - the Grand Lodge of Russia. A clarification was added to the new name, led by the Grand Master A. S.. In June 2008, some members of the association decided to establish relations with the Grand Lodge of France. On October 11, 2008, at its solemn assembly, under the patronage of the Grand Lodge of France, the United Grand Lodge of Russia (UGLR) was established. The United Grand Lodge of Russia was granted a patent of the Grand Lodge of France for the right to carry out work on the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. The United Grand Lodge of Russia was included in the establishment of 11 lodges. On the 2nd of July 2019, the UGLR counted near of 200 freemasons united over 11 Lodges. The current Grand Master of the UGLR is Yuri Arkhangelsky. Masonic organizations in Russia Grand Lodge of Russia - 700 members in 33 lodges; United Grand Lodge of Russia - 70 members in 5 lodges; Grand Orient of France - 100 members in 4 lodges; Grand Lodge of France - 10 members in 1 lodge; Women's Grand Lodge Of France - 30 sisters in 1 lodge; Le Droit Humain - 20 members in 1 lodges. See also History of Freemasonry List of Masonic Grand Lodges Bibliography Галахов А. Д. Обзор мистической литературы в царствование императора Александра I // Журнал министерства народного просвещения. 1875. No. 11. С. 94. Елагин И. П. Учение древнего любомудрия и богомудрия, или Наука свободных каменщиков; из разных творцов светских, духовных и мистических собранная и в 5 частях предложенная И. Е., великим российской провинциальной ложи мастером. Начато в 1786 г. Повесть о себе самом // Русский архив, 1864. — Вып. 1. — Стб. 93–110. Ешевский С. В. Московские масоны восьмидесятых годов прошедшего столетия (1780—1789) («Собрание Сочинений», т. III). М., 1870, 1900. Пыпин А. Н. Русское масонство в XVIII в. («Вестник Европы», 1867, No. 2); «Русское масонство до Новикова» (ib., 1868, No. 7); «Материалы для истории масонских лож» (ib., 1872, No. 7); «Очерки общественного движения при Александре I» Пекарский П. П. Дополнения к истории масонства в России XVIII столетия. Тукалевский В. Н. Искания русских масонов. СПб., 1911. Сочинения Лопухина: «Записки некоторых обстоятельств жизни и службы» (М., 1870 и Л., 1860); «Некоторые черты о внутренней церкви»; «Ό Ζηλοςοφος, искатель премудрости или духовный рыцарь»; «Излияние сердца, чувствующего благость единоначалия и ужасающегося, взирая на пагубные плоды и т. д.» Ковальков А. И. «Плод сердца, полюбившего истину, или собрание кратких рассуждений и т. д.» (М., 1811), «Созидание церкви внутренней и царства света Божия»; «Мысли о мистике и ее писателях»; «Масонские воспоминания Батенкова». Аржанухин С. В. Философские и общественно-политические взгляды русских масонов второй половины XVIII- первой четверти XIX вв. Дисс. на соиск. ... д-ра филос. наук. Екатеринбург, 1996. 398 с. Джейкоб М. К. Масонство // Мир Просвещения. Исторический словарь Захаров В. Ю. Основные этапы развития масонства в России, его соотношение с конституционализмом http://www.zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2008/6/Zakharov_masonry/ Электронный журнал «Знание. Понимание. Умение» 2008 Воспоминания о московском масонстве XVIII века. Перевод с немецкой рукописи / Перевод О. Балашовой // Русский архив, 1874. — Кн. 1. — Вып. 4. — Стб. 1031—1042. — Под загл.: Письмо неизвестного лица о московском масонстве XVIII века. Екатерина II. О видах добра (переписка с гр. А. С. Строгановым) // Русский архив, 1863. — Вып. 5/6. — Стб. 587—590. Ильин А. Я. Из дневника масона. 1775—1776 гг. // Чтения в Императорском Обществе истории и древностей российских (ЧОИДР), 1908. — Кн. 4. — Отд. 4. — С. 1–15. А. Ф. Керенский о деятельности российского масонства Кучурин В. В. Мистицизм и западноевропейский эзотеризм в религиозной жизни русского дворянства Масонство и русская литература XVIII - начала XIX вв. / Под редакцией В.И. Сахарова. — М., Эдиториал УРСС, 2000. Martin A. M. From the Holy Roman Empire to the Land of the Tsars: One Family’s Odyssey, 1768-1870 Oxford, 2022. Морамарко Микеле Масонство в прошлом и настоящем Michele Moramarko La Massoneria ieri e oggi Пер. с итал. В. П. Гайдука; Вступит. ст. В. И. Уколовой Прогресс, 1990, 304 pages Надгробная песнь масонов / Сообщ. Н. А. Боровков // Русская старина, 1898. — Т. 95. — No. 8. — С. 268. Незеленов А. И. Николай Иванович Новиков, издатель журналов 1769–1785 гг. — Репринтное воспроизведение издания 1875 г. — СПб.: Альфарет, 2009. — 470 с. Пятигорский А. М. Кто боится вольных каменщиков? Феномен масонства (Who's Afraid of Freemasons? Phenomenon of Freemasonry) перевод с англ. К. Боголюбова. Под общ. ред. К. Кобрина, Новое литературное обозрение, 2009, 448, Интеллектуальная история, ISBN 978-5-86793-663-1 Сахаров В. Чаяния ветхого Адама. Человек в философии русских масонов Сахаров В. Царство Астреи. Миф о Золотом веке в русской масонской литературе XVIII столетия Серков А. И. История русского масонства 1845 - 1945. — СПб.: Изд-во им. Н. И. Новикова, 1997. — 480 с. ISBN 5-87991-015-6 Серков А. И. История русского масонства после Второй мировой войны. — СПб.: Изд-во им. Н. И. Новикова, 1999. — 445 с. ISBN 5-87991-016-4 Серков А. И. История русского масонства XIX века. — СПб.: Изд-во им. Н. И. Новикова, 2000. — 400 с. ISBN 5-87991-017-2 Серков А. И. Русское масонство. 1731-2000 (Энциклопедический словарь) — М.: РОССПЭН, 2001. — 1224 с., илл. ISBN 5-8243-0240-5 Смит Д. Работа над диким камнем: Масонский орден и русское общество в XVIII веке Douglas Smith. Working the Rough Stone: Freemasonry and Society in Eighteenth-Century Russia. 1999, Авторизованный перевод с англ. К. Осповата и Д. Хитровой, Новое литературное обозрение, 2006, 224р., Historia Rossica, ISBN 5-86793-478-0 Соколовская Т. О. Русское масонство и его значение в истории общественного движения (XVIII и первая четверть XIX столетия) / Государственная публичная историческая библиотека России. — М.: ГПИБ, 1999. Соколовская Т. О. Статьи по истории русского масонства / Государственная публичная историческая библиотека России. — М.: ГПИБ, 2008. — 340 с. — 500 экз. — ISBN 5-85209-209-6 Степанов А. П. Принятие в масоны в 1815 году / Сообщ. П. А. Степанов // Русская старина, 1870. — Т. 1. — Изд. 3-е. — Спб., 1875. — С. 223–229. Исторический союз русских лож: Сборник статей и документов / Редактор-составитель С. Ю. Иванов. — СПб.: АИР. 2011. — 520 с. — ISBN 5-9902797-1-X; ISBN 978-5-9902797-1-1. References ^ Сергей Карпачев. Тайны масонских орденов. М.: «Яуза-Пресс», 2007. С. 29. ^ a b Andrew MacKillop, Steve Murdoch. Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers c. 1600-1800: A Study of Scotland and Empires. Brill Academic Publishers, 2003. Page 103. ^ Lelliĭ Petrovich Zamoĭskiĭ. Behind the façade of the Masonic Temple. Progress Publishers, 1989. Page 90. ^ Magnus Olausson. Catherine the Great and Gustav III. Boktryck AB, 1999. Page 170. ^ Raffaella Faggionato. A Rosicrucian Utopia in Eighteenth-Century Russia: The Masonic Circle of N.I. Novikov. Springer, 2005. Page 251. ^ Boris Telepnef. Outline of the History of Russian Freemasonry. Kessinger Publishing, 2003. Page 21. ^ Henri Troyat. Alexander of Russia: Napoleon's Conqueror. Grove Press, 2003. Page 36. ^ Konstantin Akinsha, Grigorij Kozlov, Sylvia Hochfield. The Holy Place: Architecture, Ideology, and History in Russia. Yale University Press, 2007. Page 30. ^ "Красное место — Енисейская губерния. Города и люди сто лет назад". ^ Lauren G. Leighton. The Esoteric Tradition in Russian Romantic Literature: Decembrism and Freemasonry. Penn State University, 1994. ^ a b c Сергей Карпачев. Масоны. Словарь. Великое искусство каменщиков. — М.: «АСТ: Олимп», 2008. — с. 82. — ISBN 978-5-17-051409-0 ^ Сергей Карпачев. Масоны. Словарь. Великое искусство каменщиков. — М.: «АСТ: Олимп», 2008 — ISBN 978-5-17-051409-0 Регуляризация — повторное прохождение масоном, принадлежащим к нерегулярной ложе обряда посвящения в орден, но уже в ложе регулярной (часто в сокращенной форме), имеющее целью уравнивание его в правах и обязанностях с остальными братьями ордена ^ "Commission on Information for Recognition » 2009 Commission Report". ^ Признается большинством регулярных ВЛ Европы, см. Сергей Карпачев. Масоны. Словарь. Великое искусство каменщиков. — М.: «АСТ: Олимп», 2008. — с. 82. — ISBN 978-5-17-051409-0. ^ "Commission on Information for Recognition » 2009 Commission Report". ^ Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon, Grand Lodge of Russia ^ "Commission on Information for Recognition » February 2005 Report". ^ "Commission on Information for Recognition » 2008 Report". ^ "Commission on Information for Recognition » 2009 Commission Report". ^ "Портал-Credo.ru: СПРАВКА: Великая ложа России и Объединённая Великая ложа России". ^ "Морамарко М. Масонство в прошлом и настоящем - Электронная Библиотека истории масонства". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freemasonry in Russia. Grand Lodge of Russia United Grand Lodge of Russia	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menshb7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Menshikov Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menshikov_Tower"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Schwarz"}],"text":"Menshikov Tower where the Masonic circle of Johann Georg Schwarz held its meetingsFreemasonry in Russia started in the 18th century and has continued to the present day. Russian Freemasonry pursue humanistic and educational purposes, but more attention is given to ethical issues. It was a spiritual community of people united in an effort to contribute to the prosperity of the Motherland and the enlightenment of the people living in it.","title":"History of Freemasonry in Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Franz Lefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Lefort"},{"link_name":"Jacob Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Patrick Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Gordon"},{"link_name":"German Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Quarter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"James Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Keith"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brill-2"},{"link_name":"John Keith, 3rd Earl of Kintore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keith,_3rd_Earl_of_Kintore"},{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brill-2"},{"link_name":"Catherine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_II"},{"link_name":"Ivan Yelagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Yelagin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"George von Reichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_von_Reichel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"Johann Wilhelm Kellner von Zinnendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wilhelm_Kellner_von_Zinnendorf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Landlodge_of_the_Freemasons_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Minerva zu den drei Palmen Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minerva_zu_den_drei_Palmen_Lodge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gustav III of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simeon_Gamaleya.jpg"},{"link_name":"Semyon Gamaleya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semyon_Gamaleya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jakob Böhme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Novikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov"},{"link_name":"Ivan Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Schwarz"},{"link_name":"Moscow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_University"},{"link_name":"Swedish Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Rite"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmsbad Masonic Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmsbad_Masonic_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rite of Strict Observance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_of_Strict_Observance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rosicrucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosicrucianism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Tsaritsyno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaritsyno_Park"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Martinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Alexander Labzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Labzin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vitberg_Cathedral.gif"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Vitberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Vitberg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Christ the Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Grand Lodge Astraea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Lodge_Astraea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"War and Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Klyucharyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Klyucharyov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Filipp Vigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipp_Vigel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Decembrist revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decembrist_revolt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Revolution of 1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905"},{"link_name":"Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Russia%27s_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Grand Orient de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Vissarionovich_Nekrasov"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kerensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"}],"text":"Freemasonry was brought to Russia by foreign officers in service to the Russian military. Russian Freemasonry dates its foundation to the activities of Franz Lefort, Jacob Bruce and Patrick Gordon in the German Quarter of Moscow.[1] James Keith is recorded as being master of a lodge in Saint Petersburg in 1732–34.[2] Several years later his cousin John Keith, 3rd Earl of Kintore was appointed provincial grand master of Russia by the Grand Lodge of England.[2]Catherine II's factotum Ivan Yelagin succeeded in reorganizing Russian Freemasonry into a far-reaching nationwide system that united some 14 lodges and about 400 government officials. He secured English authorization of the first Russian Grand Lodge and became its provincial grand master.[3] He favoured an archaic ritual of blood initiation which involved a symbolic commingling of blood.Yelagin's chief rival was George von Reichel from Braunschweig who championed a different system introduced by Johann Wilhelm Kellner von Zinnendorf, the grand master of the Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany. At least seven lodges founded in 1772-76 acknowledged Reichel's authority. The Yelagin-Reichel feud was ended in 1776 by the unification of all the Russian lodges under the auspices of the Minerva zu den drei Palmen Lodge in Berlin. The following year Gustav III of Sweden went to St. Petersburg to initiate Grand Duke Paul into Masonry.[4]Semyon Gamaleya (1743-1822), a Freemason, was the first to translate into Russian the major works of Jakob Böhme.In 1781, Nikolay Novikov and Ivan Schwarz, two professors of the Moscow University, set up the Learned Society of Friends in that city. They were dissatisfied with the Swedish Rite that was practised in St. Petersburg. Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel as the grand master of the lodges in Germany invited Schwarz to take part in the Wilhelmsbad Masonic Congress (1782) where Russia was recognized as the 8th autonomous province of the Rite of Strict Observance.[5] A schism developed between the lodges of Moscow and St. Petersburg as the former drifted toward a form of Rosicrucianism.[6]Catherine the Great suspected the Masons of turning her son Paul against herself, of being a tool in the hands of her enemy King of Prussia, and viewed their attitude toward women as backwards. In 1785, she clamped down upon Novikov's printing house and had some 461 titles confiscated. When she saw her new palace in Tsaritsyno adorned with ornamentation suggestive of the cryptic symbols of Freemasonry, Catherine had it pulled down. Novikov was later jailed, and other leading Freemasons had to flee Russia.Anti-Masonic measures were revoked as soon as Paul ascended the Russian throne in 1796. Increasingly haunted by the spectre of the French Revolution, Paul came to distrust Freemasonry and Martinism.[7] Within three years of his reign all secret societies were suppressed, and the lodges closed of their own accord. Two years later Paul was assassinated. The lodges flourished under his successor Alexander I, although it remains unknown whether Alexander himself was an initiate. The most influential figure of this period was Alexander Labzin.Aleksandr Vitberg's design for Cathedral of Christ the Saviour was suggestive of a Masonic temple.[8]The Grand Lodge Astraea was formed in 1815. It united nineteen smaller lodges and counted 1404 members. Its rival was the Swedish Provincial Lodge of Russia, with seven smaller feuding lodges under its umbrella and 230 members. Leo Tolstoy describes some of the rituals in his novel War and Peace and mentions Fyodor Klyucharyov, a noted Masonic poet. According to Filipp Vigel, Freemasonry did little but to provide a fashionable pastime for bored nobles.[9] As Emperor Alexander grew increasingly conservative, the Masonic-style political clubs were outlawed in 1822. This interdict was extended by Nicholas I in the wake of the Decembrist revolt, since the Decembrists had sprung from the Masonic lodges.[10]Freemasonry was legalized and enjoyed a brief revival after the Revolution of 1905. The Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples seceded from the Grand Orient de France, with Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov and Alexander Kerensky as its main leaders. In 1922, in the wake of the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks had all the lodges closed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grande Loge Nationale Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Loge_Nationale_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93._%D0%91._%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"},{"link_name":"Grand Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_(Masonic)"},{"link_name":"Andrei Vladimirovich Bogdanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Vladimirovich_Bogdanov"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"United Grand Lodge of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Grand Lodge of Russia","text":"In 1992 and 1993, on the territory of Russia, the Grande Loge Nationale Française, created the lodge: \"Harmony\" (Moscow), \"Lotus\" (Moscow), \"New Astrea\" (St. Petersburg), \"Gamayun\" (Voronezh).[11]Georgiy Dergachev - First Grand Master of GLoR (1995-2002)Lodge \"Harmony\" was established on January 14, 1992, in Paris. This Lodge was created through the regularization of brothers from the lodge \"Astrea» No. 100 GNLF.[12]\nLodge \"New Astrea\" was established on June 24, 1993, in St. Petersburg.\nThe Voronezh-based lodge \"Gamayun\" was established on June 24, 1993, in St. Petersburg.\nLodge \"Lotus “ was established on October 12, 1993, in Moscow.[11]The Grand Lodge of Russia was established 24 June 1995 in Moscow. The founders of the Grand Lodge of Russia are made up by the Grande Loge Nationale Française and the four lodges previously created on the territory of Russia (\"Harmony\", \"Lotus\", \"Astrea\", \"Gamayun\"). The first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Russia, through election, was Georgiy Dergachev.On the 2nd of July 2016, the GLoR counted near of 700 freemasons united over 33 Lodges. The current Grand Master of the GLoR is Andrei Vladimirovich Bogdanov.[13]The Grand Lodge of Russia is an integral part of most of the represented Masonic bodies in the world - the regular Freemasonry has mutual recognition with the United Grand Lodge of England (1996) and more than 100 Grand Lodges in the world.[11][14][15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_France"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"United Grand Lodge of Russia","text":"In March 2001, about 100 Freemasons left the Grand Lodge of Russia. The reason for the exit was: the disagreement of the brothers with the domestic policy pursued by the then leadership of Grand Lodge of Russia. From the three-volume book on the history of Russian Freemasonry in the 20th century by the historian of Freemasonry Andrey Serkov it follows that the following lodges have left: Harmony No. 1, Lotus No. 2, Astrea No. 3, Jupiter No. 7, Quatuor Coronati No. 8 and the Orion No. 15.[17]On April 16, 2001, a constituent assembly was held, after which it was announced the creation of the “Russian Grand Regular Lodge” (RGRL).In 2007, after the GLR assembly, a group of Masons, members of the Harmony, Lotus, Phoenix, left GLR. After the release of the members of the GLR, they held a meeting with the members of the Russian Grand Regular Lodge, during which it was decided to unite and choose their name - the Grand Lodge of Russia. A clarification was added to the new name, led by the Grand Master A. S..[18]In June 2008, some members of the association decided to establish relations with the Grand Lodge of France.On October 11, 2008, at its solemn assembly, under the patronage of the Grand Lodge of France, the United Grand Lodge of Russia (UGLR) was established. The United Grand Lodge of Russia was granted a patent of the Grand Lodge of France for the right to carry out work on the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. The United Grand Lodge of Russia was included in the establishment of 11 lodges.[19][20]On the 2nd of July 2019, the UGLR counted near of 200 freemasons united over 11 Lodges. The current Grand Master of the UGLR is Yuri Arkhangelsky.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"United Grand Lodge of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Orient of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_France"},{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_France"},{"link_name":"Women's Grand Lodge Of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Grand_Lodge_Of_France"},{"link_name":"Le Droit Humain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Droit_Humain"}],"text":"Grand Lodge of Russia - 700 members in 33 lodges;\nUnited Grand Lodge of Russia - 70 members in 5 lodges;\nGrand Orient of France - 100 members in 4 lodges;\nGrand Lodge of France - 10 members in 1 lodge;\nWomen's Grand Lodge Of France - 30 sisters in 1 lodge;\nLe Droit Humain - 20 members in 1 lodges.","title":"Masonic organizations in Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Учение древнего любомудрия и богомудрия, или Наука свободных каменщиков; из разных творцов светских, духовных и мистических собранная и в 5 частях предложенная И. Е., великим российской провинциальной ложи мастером. Начато в 1786 г. Повесть о себе самом","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//memoirs.ru/texts/Elagin1864.htm"},{"link_name":"Философские и общественно-политические взгляды русских масонов второй половины XVIII- первой четверти XIX вв.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dissercat.com/content/filosofskie-i-obshchestvenno-politicheskie-vzglyady-russkikh-masonov-vtoroi-poloviny-xviii-p"},{"link_name":"Масонство // Мир Просвещения. Исторический словарь","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ec-dejavu.ru/f/Freemasonry.html"},{"link_name":"http://www.zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2008/6/Zakharov_masonry/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2008/6/Zakharov_masonry/"},{"link_name":"Воспоминания о московском масонстве XVIII века. Перевод с немецкой рукописи / Перевод О. Балашовой // Русский архив, 1874. — Кн. 1. — Вып. 4. — Стб. 1031—1042. — Под загл.: Письмо неизвестного лица о московском масонстве XVIII века.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//memoirs.ru/texts/Mason_RA74K1V4.htm"},{"link_name":"Екатерина II. О видах добра (переписка с гр. А. С. Строгановым) // Русский архив, 1863. — Вып. 5/6. — Стб. 587—590.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.memoirs.ru/rarhtml/Ek2_OVD_RA63_56.htm"},{"link_name":"Из дневника масона. 1775—1776 гг.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//memoirs.ru/texts/Iliin.htm"},{"link_name":"А. Ф. Керенский о деятельности российского масонства","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071218193917/http://www.ruslanka.ru/lit/masker.html"},{"link_name":"Мистицизм и западноевропейский эзотеризм в религиозной жизни русского дворянства","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sofik-rgi.narod.ru/avtori/slovo_misl/kutchurin.htm"},{"link_name":"Масонство и русская литература XVIII - начала XIX вв.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.masonry.ru/articles/masonry.htm"},{"link_name":"From the Holy Roman Empire to the Land of the Tsars: One Family’s Odyssey, 1768-1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//global.oup.com/academic/product/from-the-holy-roman-empire-to-the-land-of-the-tsars-9780192844378?cc=us&lang=en&"},{"link_name":"Michele Moramarko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michele_Moramarko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Надгробная песнь масонов / Сообщ. Н. А. Боровков","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//memoirs.ru/texts/NadgrPMas_RS98t95n8.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-86793-663-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-86793-663-1"},{"link_name":"Чаяния ветхого Адама. Человек в философии русских масонов","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20030711132734/http://archives.narod.ru/Homo.htm"},{"link_name":"Царство Астреи. Миф о Золотом веке в русской масонской литературе XVIII столетия","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20030711122027/http://archives.narod.ru/Astrea.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-87991-015-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87991-015-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-87991-016-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87991-016-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-87991-017-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87991-017-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-8243-0240-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8243-0240-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-86793-478-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-86793-478-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-85209-209-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85209-209-6"},{"link_name":"Принятие в масоны в 1815 году / Сообщ. П. А. Степанов","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.memoirs.ru/rarhtml/1288Stepanov.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-9902797-1-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-9902797-1-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-9902797-1-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9902797-1-1"}],"text":"Галахов А. Д. Обзор мистической литературы в царствование императора Александра I // Журнал министерства народного просвещения. 1875. No. 11. С. 94.\nЕлагин И. П. Учение древнего любомудрия и богомудрия, или Наука свободных каменщиков; из разных творцов светских, духовных и мистических собранная и в 5 частях предложенная И. Е., великим российской провинциальной ложи мастером. Начато в 1786 г. Повесть о себе самом // Русский архив, 1864. — Вып. 1. — Стб. 93–110.\nЕшевский С. В. Московские масоны восьмидесятых годов прошедшего столетия (1780—1789) («Собрание Сочинений», т. III). М., 1870, 1900.\nПыпин А. Н. Русское масонство в XVIII в. («Вестник Европы», 1867, No. 2); «Русское масонство до Новикова» (ib., 1868, No. 7); «Материалы для истории масонских лож» (ib., 1872, No. 7); «Очерки общественного движения при Александре I»\nПекарский П. П. Дополнения к истории масонства в России XVIII столетия.\nТукалевский В. Н. Искания русских масонов. СПб., 1911.\nСочинения Лопухина: «Записки некоторых обстоятельств жизни и службы» (М., 1870 и Л., 1860); «Некоторые черты о внутренней церкви»; «Ό Ζηλοςοφος, искатель премудрости или духовный рыцарь»; «Излияние сердца, чувствующего благость единоначалия и ужасающегося, взирая на пагубные плоды и т. д.»\nКовальков А. И. «Плод сердца, полюбившего истину, или собрание кратких рассуждений и т. д.» (М., 1811), «Созидание церкви внутренней и царства света Божия»; «Мысли о мистике и ее писателях»; «Масонские воспоминания Батенкова».\nАржанухин С. В. Философские и общественно-политические взгляды русских масонов второй половины XVIII- первой четверти XIX вв. Дисс. на соиск. ... д-ра филос. наук. Екатеринбург, 1996. 398 с.\nДжейкоб М. К. Масонство // Мир Просвещения. Исторический словарь\nЗахаров В. Ю. Основные этапы развития масонства в России, его соотношение с конституционализмом http://www.zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2008/6/Zakharov_masonry/ Электронный журнал «Знание. Понимание. Умение» 2008\nВоспоминания о московском масонстве XVIII века. Перевод с немецкой рукописи / Перевод О. Балашовой // Русский архив, 1874. — Кн. 1. — Вып. 4. — Стб. 1031—1042. — Под загл.: Письмо неизвестного лица о московском масонстве XVIII века.\nЕкатерина II. О видах добра (переписка с гр. А. С. Строгановым) // Русский архив, 1863. — Вып. 5/6. — Стб. 587—590.\nИльин А. Я. Из дневника масона. 1775—1776 гг. // Чтения в Императорском Обществе истории и древностей российских (ЧОИДР), 1908. — Кн. 4. — Отд. 4. — С. 1–15.\nА. Ф. Керенский о деятельности российского масонства\nКучурин В. В. Мистицизм и западноевропейский эзотеризм в религиозной жизни русского дворянства\nМасонство и русская литература XVIII - начала XIX вв. / Под редакцией В.И. Сахарова. — М., Эдиториал УРСС, 2000.\nMartin A. M. From the Holy Roman Empire to the Land of the Tsars: One Family’s Odyssey, 1768-1870 Oxford, 2022.\nМорамарко Микеле Масонство в прошлом и настоящем Michele Moramarko La Massoneria ieri e oggi[21] Пер. с итал. В. П. Гайдука; Вступит. ст. В. И. Уколовой Прогресс, 1990, 304 pages\nНадгробная песнь масонов / Сообщ. Н. А. Боровков // Русская старина, 1898. — Т. 95. — No. 8. — С. 268.\nНезеленов А. И. Николай Иванович Новиков, издатель журналов 1769–1785 гг. — Репринтное воспроизведение издания 1875 г. — СПб.: Альфарет, 2009. — 470 с.\nПятигорский А. М. Кто боится вольных каменщиков? Феномен масонства (Who's Afraid of Freemasons? Phenomenon of Freemasonry) перевод с англ. К. Боголюбова. Под общ. ред. К. Кобрина, Новое литературное обозрение, 2009, 448, Интеллектуальная история, ISBN 978-5-86793-663-1\nСахаров В. Чаяния ветхого Адама. Человек в философии русских масонов\nСахаров В. Царство Астреи. Миф о Золотом веке в русской масонской литературе XVIII столетия\nСерков А. И. История русского масонства 1845 - 1945. — СПб.: Изд-во им. Н. И. Новикова, 1997. — 480 с. ISBN 5-87991-015-6\nСерков А. И. История русского масонства после Второй мировой войны. — СПб.: Изд-во им. Н. И. Новикова, 1999. — 445 с. ISBN 5-87991-016-4\nСерков А. И. История русского масонства XIX века. — СПб.: Изд-во им. Н. И. Новикова, 2000. — 400 с. ISBN 5-87991-017-2\nСерков А. И. Русское масонство. 1731-2000 (Энциклопедический словарь) — М.: РОССПЭН, 2001. — 1224 с., илл. ISBN 5-8243-0240-5\nСмит Д. Работа над диким камнем: Масонский орден и русское общество в XVIII веке Douglas Smith. Working the Rough Stone: Freemasonry and Society in Eighteenth-Century Russia. 1999, Авторизованный перевод с англ. К. Осповата и Д. Хитровой, Новое литературное обозрение, 2006, 224р., Historia Rossica, ISBN 5-86793-478-0\nСоколовская Т. О. Русское масонство и его значение в истории общественного движения (XVIII и первая четверть XIX столетия) / Государственная публичная историческая библиотека России. — М.: ГПИБ, 1999.\nСоколовская Т. О. Статьи по истории русского масонства / Государственная публичная историческая библиотека России. — М.: ГПИБ, 2008. — 340 с. — 500 экз. — ISBN 5-85209-209-6\nСтепанов А. П. Принятие в масоны в 1815 году / Сообщ. П. А. Степанов // Русская старина, 1870. — Т. 1. — Изд. 3-е. — Спб., 1875. — С. 223–229.\nИсторический союз русских лож: Сборник статей и документов / Редактор-составитель С. Ю. Иванов. — СПб.: АИР. 2011. — 520 с. — ISBN 5-9902797-1-X; ISBN 978-5-9902797-1-1.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Menshikov Tower where the Masonic circle of Johann Georg Schwarz held its meetings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Menshb7.jpg/260px-Menshb7.jpg"},{"image_text":"Semyon Gamaleya (1743-1822), a Freemason, was the first to translate into Russian the major works of Jakob Böhme.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Simeon_Gamaleya.jpg/260px-Simeon_Gamaleya.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aleksandr Vitberg's design for Cathedral of Christ the Saviour was suggestive of a Masonic temple.[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vitberg_Cathedral.gif/250px-Vitberg_Cathedral.gif"},{"image_text":"Georgiy Dergachev - First Grand Master of GLoR (1995-2002)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/%D0%93._%D0%91._%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2.jpg"}]	[{"title":"History of Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry"},{"title":"List of Masonic Grand Lodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Masonic_Grand_Lodges"}]	[{"reference":"\"Красное место — Енисейская губерния. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Dinosaur	Tim Goodyear	["1 Teenage Dinosaur","2 Teenage Dinosaur Comics Compilations","3 Works","4 In popular culture","5 Notes","6 External links"]	Tim GoodyearGoodyear at the 2009 Stumptown Comics Festival.BornTimothy Patrick Goodyear1977 (age 46–47)California, United StatesArea(s)Cartoonist, Writer, Penciller, InkerPseudonym(s)Teenage DinosaurT. Taco ChoadsmokerNotable worksVideo Tonfahttp://www.myspace.com/teenagedinosaur Timothy "Tim" Patrick Goodyear (born August 1977) is an American minicomics publisher, distributor, and comics artist from San Jose, California. He has been a contributor to Tim Root's Crappy Comics, Sean Aaberg's PORK, and has compiled several collaborative zines. Teenage Dinosaur Under the Teenage Dinosaur imprint, Goodyear publishes absurd and weird comic books. Dash Shaw Goddess Head 2005. Boy's Club 1 by Matt Furie (subsequent editions published by Buenaventura Press and now appearing monthly in The Believer magazine comics page). Negro Frankenstein by Al Frank Various, Bobby Madness Ariadne auf Naxos by Julia Gfrörer Teenage Dinosaur Comics Compilations With Sparkplug Comic Books and Tugboat Press , Teenage Dinosaur has published three major minicomics compilations, which have been released every Free Comic Book Day since 2008. Nerd Burglar Nerd Burglar is a one-off comics anthology edited by Andrice Arp and Jeremy Tiedeman that was published jointly by Teenage Dinosaur, Sparkplug Comic Books, and Tugboat Press for Free Comic Book Day 2008. Nerd Burglar was printed on vellum. It features short works by Bobby Madness, Elijah Brubaker, Chris Cilla, Sarah Oleksyk, Aron Nels Steinke, Jennifer Parks, Tim Root and Shawn Granton. The cover was drawn by Chris Cilla. Although free, due to the work by Bobby Madness and Chris Cilla the compilation now goes for $3–9 on eBay. With future editions, the publishers left a note in the indicia requesting that people charge "Free-99" for their joint Free Comic Book Day offerings. Bird Hurdler Bird Hurdler features a preview of Ariadne auf Naxos volume 2 by Julia Gfrörer, a Pop Gun War universe tale by Farel Dalrymple, a Thanksgiving story by Lisa Eisenberg, a brief Theo Ellsworth jam, and very short semiautobiographical minicomic stories by Zack Soto, & a disturbing vignette by Andrice Arp. The front cover was drawn by Arp, with the back cover by Gfrörer. Dope Flounder Class of Skookum High (published jointly with Alarming Press) Ryan Iverson, Jon Clark, Amanda Verwey, Karn, Beau von Tinklywinkle, Mark Thompson, Lily Gilbert, Seth Weber, Birch Cooper, Max Clotfelter, Sean Christensen (Awesome But True), Michael Aushenker, Moises Domingo Rios Blowjizzy Nizzy (published by pre-teen dinosaur) Art by goodyear. This is considered by many to be the first underground comic book, published in 1963. Works Video Tonfa The Punisher Series Child's Play Rockn'Roll 420 Killaz Knowledge For sheezle my neezle, this is my steez. Video Tonfa / Feedback split (with John Isaacson) In popular culture Goodyear appears as himself in Jesse Reklaw's book tour diary and self-help book Ten Thousand Things to Do. Goodyear has appeared outside doing things sometimes but enjoys the indoor gentleman lifestyle. He frequently sports a so-called Canadian Tuxedo, as seen in the compilation Dope Flounder. Notes ^ Teenage Dinosaur (teenage dinosaur) op Myspace ^ Nilsson, Emily (February 2013). "Tim Goodyear: Multiple Maniac, interviewed by Emily Nilsson". GRIDLords. Retrieved 24 March 2013. ^ a b boy’s club #1 (Teenage Dinosaur/Buenaventura Press) ^ a b c http://cometscomets.blogspot.com/2010/08/checklist.html ^ Goddess Head ^ "Nerd Burglar". www.sparkplugcomicbooks.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. ^ Midnight Fiction Reviews of Illustrated Fiction, Mini Comics, Small Press Comics, and Alternative Comics ^ Chris Cilla: Nerd Burglar ^ The Comics Reporter ^ a b Portland Zine Symposium 2009 ^ Midnight Fiction Reviews of Illustrated Fiction, Mini Comics, Small Press Comics, and Alternative Comics ^ Hi-Horse News: Bird Hurdler ^ Public Service: Dope Flounder « The Comics Journal ^ a b "Alarming Press". www.alarmingpress.net. Archived from the original on 2009-09-29. ^ Now! page 1 \| Flickr - Photo Sharing! ^ Feedback #7/ Video Tonfa split zine \| Overglued External links Biography portal Official website Photos and Drawings of Tim on Flickr	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"minicomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomic"},{"link_name":"comics artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_artist"},{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Sean Aaberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Aaberg"},{"link_name":"PORK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PORK_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gridlords-2"},{"link_name":"zines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine"}],"text":"Timothy \"Tim\" Patrick Goodyear (born August 1977)[1] is an American minicomics publisher, distributor, and comics artist from San Jose, California. He has been a contributor to Tim Root's Crappy Comics, Sean Aaberg's PORK,[2] and has compiled several collaborative zines.","title":"Tim Goodyear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-4"},{"link_name":"Dash Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Matt Furie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Furie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Buenaventura Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenaventura_Press"},{"link_name":"The Believer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Believer_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-4"},{"link_name":"Julia Gfrörer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gfr%C3%B6rer"}],"text":"Under the Teenage Dinosaur imprint, Goodyear publishes absurd and[3] weird[4] comic books.Dash Shaw Goddess Head[5] 2005.\nBoy's Club 1 by Matt Furie[3] (subsequent editions published by Buenaventura Press and now appearing monthly in The Believer magazine comics page).\nNegro Frankenstein by Al Frank[4]\nVarious, Bobby Madness[4]\nAriadne auf Naxos by Julia Gfrörer","title":"Teenage Dinosaur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sparkplug Comic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkplug_Comic_Books"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tugboatpress.com"},{"link_name":"Free Comic Book Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Comic_Book_Day"},{"link_name":"Andrice Arp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrice_Arp"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Free Comic Book Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Comic_Book_Day"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Free Comic Book Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Comic_Book_Day"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Julia Gfrörer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gfr%C3%B6rer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-10"},{"link_name":"Farel Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farel_Dalrymple"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-10"},{"link_name":"Theo Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Ellsworth"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Andrice Arp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrice_Arp"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-14"}],"text":"With Sparkplug Comic Books and Tugboat Press [1], Teenage Dinosaur has published three major minicomics compilations, which have been released every Free Comic Book Day since 2008.Nerd Burglar Nerd Burglar is a one-off comics anthology edited by Andrice Arp and Jeremy Tiedeman that was published jointly by Teenage Dinosaur, Sparkplug Comic Books,[6] and Tugboat Press for Free Comic Book Day 2008.Nerd Burglar was printed on vellum. It features short works by Bobby Madness, Elijah Brubaker, Chris Cilla, Sarah Oleksyk, Aron Nels Steinke,[7] Jennifer Parks, Tim Root and Shawn Granton. The cover was drawn by Chris Cilla.[8] Although free, due to the work by Bobby Madness and Chris Cilla the compilation now goes for $3–9 on eBay. With future editions, the publishers left a note in the indicia requesting that people charge \"Free-99\" for their joint Free Comic Book Day offerings.[9]Bird HurdlerBird Hurdler features a preview of Ariadne auf Naxos volume 2 by Julia Gfrörer,[10] a Pop Gun War universe tale by Farel Dalrymple, a Thanksgiving story by Lisa Eisenberg,[10] a brief Theo Ellsworth jam, and very short semiautobiographical minicomic stories by Zack Soto, & a disturbing[11] vignette by Andrice Arp. The front cover was drawn by Arp,[12] with the back cover by Gfrörer.Dope Flounder [13]\nClass of Skookum High (published jointly with Alarming Press[14])Ryan Iverson, Jon Clark, Amanda Verwey, Karn, Beau von Tinklywinkle, Mark Thompson, Lily Gilbert, Seth Weber, Birch Cooper, Max Clotfelter, Sean Christensen (Awesome But True),[15] Michael Aushenker, Moises Domingo Rios[14]Blowjizzy Nizzy (published by pre-teen dinosaur) Art by goodyear. This is considered by many to be the first underground comic book, published in 1963.","title":"Teenage Dinosaur Comics Compilations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Video TonfaThe Punisher Series\nChild's Play\nRockn'Roll 420 Killaz\nKnowledge\nFor sheezle my neezle, this is my steez.\nVideo Tonfa / Feedback split (with John Isaacson)[16]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesse Reklaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Reklaw"}],"text":"Goodyear appears as himself in Jesse Reklaw's book tour diary and self-help book Ten Thousand Things to Do. Goodyear has appeared outside doing things sometimes but enjoys the indoor gentleman lifestyle. He frequently sports a so-called Canadian Tuxedo, as seen in the compilation Dope Flounder.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Teenage Dinosaur (teenage dinosaur) op Myspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//myspace.com/teenagedinosaur"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gridlords_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Tim Goodyear: Multiple Maniac, interviewed by Emily Nilsson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gridlords.tumblr.com/post/41471902132/tim-goodyear-multiple-maniac-interviewed-by-emily"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_3-1"},{"link_name":"boy’s club #1 (Teenage Dinosaur/Buenaventura Press)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.playbackstl.com/content/view/7970/167/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-2"},{"link_name":"http://cometscomets.blogspot.com/2010/08/checklist.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cometscomets.blogspot.com/2010/08/checklist.html"},{"link_name":"user-generated source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Goddess Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dashshaw.com/goddesshead.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Nerd Burglar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081013184133/http://www.sparkplugcomicbooks.com/books/nerdburglar/pages/nerdburglar.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sparkplugcomicbooks.com/books/nerdburglar/pages/nerdburglar.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Midnight Fiction Reviews of Illustrated Fiction, Mini Comics, Small Press Comics, and Alternative Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.midnightfiction.com/reviews/reviews_comix_14.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Chris Cilla: Nerd Burglar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ccilla.blogspot.com/2008/04/nerd-burglar.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The Comics Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/briefings/cr_reviews/13728/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_10-1"},{"link_name":"Portland Zine Symposium 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.midnightfiction.com/shows/pdxzine_09.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Midnight Fiction Reviews of Illustrated Fiction, Mini Comics, Small Press Comics, and Alternative Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.midnightfiction.com/reviews/reviews_comix_16.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Hi-Horse News: Bird Hurdler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hihorsecomics.blogspot.com/2009/04/bird-hurdler.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Public Service: Dope Flounder « The Comics Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tcj.com/minicomics/public-service-dope-flounder/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated4_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated4_14-1"},{"link_name":"\"Alarming Press\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090929024820/http://www.alarmingpress.net/?view=teendino"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alarmingpress.net/?view=teendino"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Now! page 1 \| Flickr - Photo Sharing!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/awesomebuttrue/3465765841/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Feedback #7/ Video Tonfa split zine \| Overglued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.overglued.com/feedback-7-video-tonfa-split-zine/"}],"text":"^ Teenage Dinosaur (teenage dinosaur) op Myspace\n\n^ Nilsson, Emily (February 2013). \"Tim Goodyear: Multiple Maniac, interviewed by Emily Nilsson\". GRIDLords. Retrieved 24 March 2013.\n\n^ a b boy’s club #1 (Teenage Dinosaur/Buenaventura Press)\n\n^ a b c http://cometscomets.blogspot.com/2010/08/checklist.html [user-generated source]\n\n^ Goddess Head\n\n^ \"Nerd Burglar\". www.sparkplugcomicbooks.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-13.\n\n^ Midnight Fiction Reviews of Illustrated Fiction, Mini Comics, Small Press Comics, and Alternative Comics\n\n^ Chris Cilla: Nerd Burglar\n\n^ The Comics Reporter\n\n^ a b Portland Zine Symposium 2009\n\n^ Midnight Fiction Reviews of Illustrated Fiction, Mini Comics, Small Press Comics, and Alternative Comics\n\n^ Hi-Horse News: Bird Hurdler\n\n^ Public Service: Dope Flounder « The Comics Journal\n\n^ a b \"Alarming Press\". www.alarmingpress.net. Archived from the original on 2009-09-29.\n\n^ Now! page 1 \| Flickr - Photo Sharing!\n\n^ Feedback #7/ Video Tonfa split zine \| Overglued","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Nilsson, Emily (February 2013). \"Tim Goodyear: Multiple Maniac, interviewed by Emily Nilsson\". GRIDLords. Retrieved 24 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://gridlords.tumblr.com/post/41471902132/tim-goodyear-multiple-maniac-interviewed-by-emily","url_text":"\"Tim Goodyear: Multiple Maniac, interviewed by Emily Nilsson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nerd Burglar\". www.sparkplugcomicbooks.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081013184133/http://www.sparkplugcomicbooks.com/books/nerdburglar/pages/nerdburglar.html","url_text":"\"Nerd Burglar\""},{"url":"http://www.sparkplugcomicbooks.com/books/nerdburglar/pages/nerdburglar.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alarming Press\". www.alarmingpress.net. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_B%C3%A1rta	Aleš Bárta	["1 Prizes","2 External links"]	Czech organist Aleš Bárta (born 1960 in Rychnov nad Kněžnou, Czech Republic) is a Czech Organist. He began his studies at the Brno Conservatory (under Josef Pukl) and continued at the Academy of Music in Prague (Vaclav Rabas). He appears as soloist with leading Czech symphony and chamber orchestras, among them the Prague Symphony orchestra FOK, the Czech Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Prague Chamber Orchestra and the Czech Philharmonic. During his tour of Japan his appearance marked the opening of a new concert hall in Yokohama. Prizes 1982 - won the Anton Bruckner International Organ Competition in Linz 1983 - prize winner at the Franz Liszt International Organ Competition in Budapest 1984 - absolute winner of the Prague Spring International Organ Competition External links ArcoDiva.cz Bach - Cantatas.com Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Poland Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rychnov nad Kněžnou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rychnov_nad_Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEnou"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"Organist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organist"},{"link_name":"Brno Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"Josef Pukl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Pukl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Academy of Music in Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Music_in_Prague"},{"link_name":"Vaclav Rabas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaclav_Rabas"},{"link_name":"Prague Symphony orchestra FOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prague_Symphony_orchestra_FOK&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Czech Radio Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SO%C4%8CR&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prague Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prague_Chamber_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Czech Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"}],"text":"Aleš Bárta (born 1960 in Rychnov nad Kněžnou, Czech Republic) is a Czech Organist.He began his studies at the Brno Conservatory (under Josef Pukl) and continued at the Academy of Music in Prague (Vaclav Rabas). He appears as soloist with leading Czech symphony and chamber orchestras, among them the Prague Symphony orchestra FOK, the Czech Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Prague Chamber Orchestra and the Czech Philharmonic. During his tour of Japan his appearance marked the opening of a new concert hall in Yokohama.","title":"Aleš Bárta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anton Bruckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Prague Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Spring_International_Music_Competition"}],"text":"1982 - won the Anton Bruckner International Organ Competition in Linz\n1983 - prize winner at the Franz Liszt International Organ Competition in Budapest\n1984 - absolute winner of the Prague Spring International Organ Competition","title":"Prizes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071127100352/http://www.arcodiva.cz/barta/","external_links_name":"ArcoDiva.cz"},{"Link":"http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Barta-Ales.htm","external_links_name":"Bach - Cantatas.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083544505","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7576524","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy4gr3ggKkdgxJ86rkYyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139264332","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139264332","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134922484","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88642458","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990201022&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810600598905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/bffe18c6-e8e1-41d7-ba0d-7926ba8ea080","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-G%C3%BCnther_von_Rost	Hans-Günther von Rost	["1 Awards and decorations","2 References","2.1 Citations","2.2 Bibliography"]	German general Hans-Günther von RostBorn15 November 1894Hanover, Province of Hanover, German EmpireDied23 March 1945(1945-03-23) (aged 50)Székesfehérvár, Government of National Unity (Hungary)Allegiance Nazi GermanyService/branch Wehrmacht RankGeneralleutnantCommands held3rd Infantry Division44th Infantry DivisionBattles/warsWorld War II Operation Frühlingserwachen † AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross Hans-Günther von Rost (15 November 1894 – 23 March 1945) was a German general during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Rost was killed on 23 March 1945 near Székesfehérvár, Hungary. Awards and decorations Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 March 1945 as Generalleutnant and commander of 44. Reichsgrenadier-Division "Hoch- und Deutschmeister" References Citations ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 297. Bibliography Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6. Military offices Preceded byGeneralmajor Hans Hecker Commander of 3. Panzergrenadier-Division 1 June 1944 – 25 June 1944 Succeeded byGeneralleutnant Walter Denkert Preceded byGeneralleutnant Bruno Ortner Commander of 44. Reichsgrenadier-Division "Hoch- und Deutschmeister" 25 June 1944 – 23 March 1945 Succeeded byOberst Hoffmann Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the 44th Infantry DivisionStaf Heinrich-Anton Deboi Hans-Günther von Rost Friedrich Siebert Units Franz Beyer Karl Eibl1 (Oak Leaves & Swords) 1 Swords with the 385th Infantry Division Portal: Biography Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Székesfehérvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"}],"text":"Hans-Günther von Rost (15 November 1894 – 23 March 1945) was a German general during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Rost was killed on 23 March 1945 near Székesfehérvár, Hungary.","title":"Hans-Günther von Rost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Generalleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalleutnant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel2000297-1"}],"text":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 March 1945 as Generalleutnant and commander of 44. Reichsgrenadier-Division \"Hoch- und Deutschmeister\"[1]","title":"Awards and decorations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [First published 1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther-Peer_Fellgiebel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6","url_text":"978-3-7909-0284-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/23144939","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/126857687","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Stanway	Stanway, Gloucestershire	["1 Locality","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°59′24″N 1°54′50″W / 51.98992°N 1.914005°W / 51.98992; -1.914005 Human settlement in EnglandStanwayStanway HouseStanwayLocation within GloucestershirePopulation343 Civil parishStanwayDistrictTewkesburyShire countyGloucestershireRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townCheltenhamPostcode districtGL54PoliceGloucestershireFireGloucestershireAmbulanceSouth Western List of places UK England Gloucestershire 51°59′24″N 1°54′50″W / 51.98992°N 1.914005°W / 51.98992; -1.914005 Stanway is a small village and civil parish in the county of Gloucestershire, England, and about 1 mile south of Stanton: both villages are on the Cotswold Way. The parish includes the villages of Didbrook, Hailes, Taddington and Wood Stanway. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 343. It is part of the Tewkesbury Borough Council area. The village is dominated by Stanway House, a Jacobean manor house, owned by the Earl of Wemyss and March, undergoing a long 21st century restoration. The demesne estate has the single highest gravity-fed fountain in the UK at just over 300 feet. It was restored for operation in 2004 and can be seen from nearby hills when it spurts. Taddington to the east has the source of the Windrush. The gate of Stanway House is the finish of the 1st Stage (and start of the 2nd Stage) of the Cotswold Way Relay race. St Peter’s Church, Stanway, Gloucestershire St Peter's Church was rebuilt in the 12th century, the tower added in the 13th century and the whole building thoroughly restored in 1896. The Tithe Barn was built in the 14th century for Tewkesbury Abbey. The bell tower contains a ring of five bells dating from (in order 1-5 wish founders) 2014 (Whitechapel, London) 1625 (Worcester Foundry, possibly James Keene), 1904 (Bond of Burford), 1826 (Rudhall, Gloucester) and 1634 (Unknown founder). They are hung for English Change Ringing and were restored in 2015. The largest (Tenor) bell is a maiden (untuned) bell and is listed for preservation. It weighs just over 11cwt. Stanway war memorial is south of the village against the B4077 road and the southernmost end of the Stanton Road. The bronze of St George and the Dragon is by Alexander Fisher, the stone column and plinth by Sir Philip Stott carved by Eric Gill. The war memorial in the church chancel is also by Fisher and Gill. Stanway has a cricket pitch, a fenced ground, in the middle of a field. The field has an undulating surface, which was reportedly made uneven to make landing difficult for - possibly hypothetical - German gliders during the Second World War. The cricket ground - itself flat - possesses a pavilion, which is built on staddle stones, and was the gift of the author J. M. Barrie who stayed at Stanway House in the 1920s. It is famous lore among the area, that Barrie formed his own “literary cricket team”, promising the club he would help pay for the pavilion if he took a hat-trick. In 1993 the manor house reopened its brewery, one of only two coal-fired brewing houses in the country. Locality Taddington is east of and higher than most of Stanway, in the parish. Wood Stanway lies a little less than a mile to the south of Stanway, on the other side of the B4077. References ^ "Parish population 2011". Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2015. ^ "Stanway House and Fountain". Stanway House and Fountain. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ "CWR \| Routes". Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ Bagley, David P. "A Ringers Guide to Towers in Gloucestershire". David Bagley. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ "St Peter's Church, Stanway". Gloucestershire Places of Worship. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ "Stanway House Brewery". Brewery History. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ "Stanway House". Cotswold Journeys. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019. Gloucestershire: the Cotswolds, David Verey, Pevsner Architectural Guides: The Buildings of England, Penguin, 1970, ISBN 0-14-071040-X. Pp. 414–417. External links Media related to Stanway, Gloucestershire at Wikimedia Commons GENUKI page	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Cotswold Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswold_Way"},{"link_name":"Didbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didbrook"},{"link_name":"Hailes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailes,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tewkesbury Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Stanway House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanway_House"},{"link_name":"Jacobean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_architecture"},{"link_name":"Earl of Wemyss and March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Wemyss_and_March"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Windrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Windrush"},{"link_name":"Stanway House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanway_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Peters_Church_Stanway.jpg"},{"link_name":"thoroughly restored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_restoration"},{"link_name":"Tewkesbury Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"war memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_memorial"},{"link_name":"B4077 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B4077_road"},{"link_name":"Sir Philip Stott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney_Stott"},{"link_name":"Eric Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"cricket pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_pitch"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"staddle stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staddle_stones"},{"link_name":"J. M. Barrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Barrie"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandStanway is a small village and civil parish in the county of Gloucestershire, England, and about 1 mile south of Stanton: both villages are on the Cotswold Way. The parish includes the villages of Didbrook, Hailes, Taddington and Wood Stanway. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 343.[1] It is part of the Tewkesbury Borough Council area.The village is dominated by Stanway House, a Jacobean manor house, owned by the Earl of Wemyss and March, undergoing a long 21st century restoration.The demesne estate has the single highest gravity-fed fountain in the UK at just over 300 feet.[2] It was restored for operation in 2004 and can be seen from nearby hills when it spurts. Taddington to the east has the source of the Windrush.The gate of Stanway House is the finish of the 1st Stage (and start of the 2nd Stage) of the Cotswold Way Relay race.[3]St Peter’s Church, Stanway, GloucestershireSt Peter's Church was rebuilt in the 12th century, the tower added in the 13th century and the whole building thoroughly restored in 1896.\nThe Tithe Barn was built in the 14th century for Tewkesbury Abbey. The bell tower contains a ring of five bells dating from (in order 1-5 wish founders) 2014 (Whitechapel, London) 1625 (Worcester Foundry, possibly James Keene), 1904 (Bond of Burford), 1826 (Rudhall, Gloucester) and 1634 (Unknown founder). They are hung for English Change Ringing and were restored in 2015. The largest (Tenor) bell is a maiden (untuned) bell and is listed for preservation. It weighs just over 11cwt.[4]Stanway war memorial is south of the village against the B4077 road and the southernmost end of the Stanton Road. The bronze of St George and the Dragon is by Alexander Fisher, the stone column and plinth by Sir Philip Stott carved by Eric Gill. The war memorial in the church chancel is also by Fisher and Gill.[5]Stanway has a cricket pitch, a fenced ground, in the middle of a field. The field has an undulating surface, which was reportedly made uneven to make landing difficult for - possibly hypothetical - German gliders during the Second World War. The cricket ground - itself flat - possesses a pavilion, which is built on staddle stones, and was the gift of the author J. M. Barrie who stayed at Stanway House in the 1920s. It is famous lore among the area, that Barrie formed his own “literary cricket team”, promising the club he would help pay for the pavilion if he took a hat-trick.In 1993 the manor house reopened its brewery,[6] one of only two coal-fired brewing houses in the country.[7]","title":"Stanway, Gloucestershire"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Taddington is east of and higher than most of Stanway, in the parish.\nWood Stanway lies a little less than a mile to the south of Stanway, on the other side of the B4077.","title":"Locality"}]	[{"image_text":"St Peter’s Church, Stanway, Gloucestershire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St_Peters_Church_Stanway.jpg/234px-St_Peters_Church_Stanway.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Parish population 2011\". Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11128997&c=GL54+5PH&d=16&e=62&g=6428373&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1427985699815&enc=1","url_text":"\"Parish population 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729125608/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stanway House and Fountain\". Stanway House and Fountain. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stanwayfountain.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Stanway House and Fountain\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190720145036/https://www.stanwayfountain.co.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CWR \| Routes\". Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cotswoldwayrelay.co.uk/CWRstagesroutes.htm","url_text":"\"CWR \| Routes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190108170806/http://www.cotswoldwayrelay.co.uk/CWRstagesroutes.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bagley, David P. \"A Ringers Guide to Towers in Gloucestershire\". David Bagley. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ringing.demon.co.uk/towers/glos.htm","url_text":"\"A Ringers Guide to Towers in Gloucestershire\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190920123505/http://www.ringing.demon.co.uk/towers/glos.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St Peter's Church, Stanway\". Gloucestershire Places of Worship. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://churchdb.gukutils.org.uk/GLS461.php","url_text":"\"St Peter's Church, Stanway\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191029094518/http://churchdb.gukutils.org.uk/GLS461.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stanway House Brewery\". Brewery History. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://breweryhistory.com/wiki/index.php?title=Stanway_House_Brewery","url_text":"\"Stanway House Brewery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stanway House\". Cotswold Journeys. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedi_(disambiguation)	Vedi (disambiguation)	["1 See also"]	Look up वेदी or वेदी in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Vedi may refer to: Vedi, a town in the Ararat Province of Armenia Vedi (altar), term for "sacrificial altar" in the Vedic religion. Vedi (film), a 2011 Indian Tamil-language action film by Prabhu Deva, featuring Vishal and Sameera Reddy See also Bedi (disambiguation) Veda (disambiguation) VED (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"वेदी","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80"},{"link_name":"वेदी","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80"},{"link_name":"Vedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedi"},{"link_name":"Vedi (altar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedi_(altar)"},{"link_name":"Vedi (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedi_(film)"}],"text":"Look up वेदी or वेदी in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Vedi may refer to:Vedi, a town in the Ararat Province of Armenia\nVedi (altar), term for \"sacrificial altar\" in the Vedic religion.\nVedi (film), a 2011 Indian Tamil-language action film by Prabhu Deva, featuring Vishal and Sameera Reddy","title":"Vedi (disambiguation)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bedi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedi_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Veda (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"VED (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VED_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Vedi_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Vedi_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_nationality_law	Turkmenistani nationality law	["1 Acquisition of citizenship","1.1 At birth","1.2 By restoration","1.3 By naturalisation","2 Loss of citizenship","2.1 Voluntary","2.2 Involuntary","3 Dual citizenship","4 Travel freedom of Turkmen citizens","5 References"]	Nationality law of Turkmenistan Turkmenistani Citizenship ActAssembly of Turkmenistan Long title An Act relating to Turkmenistani citizenship Enacted byGovernment of TurkmenistanStatus: Current legislation Turkmenistani nationality law is contained in the provisions of the law of the Republic of Turkmenistan on citizenship and in the relevant provisions of the Turkmenistan Constitution. A person may be a citizen of Turkmenistan through birth, restoration or through naturalisation. Acquisition of citizenship At birth A child, both of whose parents have Turkmenistani citizenship at the time of its birth, is a citizen of Turkmenistan, regardless of whether it was born on the territory of Turkmenistan or outside it. There are two more provisions in this act which result in children being citizens of Turkmenistan at birth through the following ways: A child born in the territory of Turkmenistan to individuals without citizenship who reside permanently on the territory of Turkmenistan is a citizen of Turkmenistan. A child located in the territory of Turkmenistan, both of whose parents are unknown is regarded as having been born there and is considered a citizen of Turkmenistan. In the event of the discovery of even one of its parents, a guardian, or a trustee, the child's citizenship may change according to the present law. By restoration A person who wishes to restore their Turkmenistani citizenship must do so by petitioning the Turkmenistan government. The person should be residing in the territory of Turkmenistan or intends to settle there permanently. By naturalisation A person who has had permanent residence of Turkmenistan for the past seven years can apply for naturalisation if they fulfil the following conditions: If they make a commitment to obey and respect the Constitution and laws of Turkmenistan. If they know the state language of Turkmenistan sufficiently well to communicate. If they have a legitimate source of livelihood on the territory of Turkmenistan. An application for naturalisation may be denied if the petitioning individual: Has committed a crime against humanity specified by international law or has committed genocide. Has been sentenced to punishment in the form of incarceration for a serious premeditated criminal act. Deliberately works against the independence of Turkmenistan. Loss of citizenship Voluntary A person who wishes to renounce their Turkmenistani citizenship must do so by petitioning the Turkmenistan government. Renunciation of Turkmenistani citizenship is not allowed if the individual petitioning for renunciation has had criminal charges brought against him or has received a court sentence which is in effect and subject to execution, or if he owes taxes or other unpaid debts and commitments to the state and citizens of Turkmenistan or to enterprises, organizations, or institutions located on the territory of Turkmenistan. Involuntary Citizens of Turkmenistan may not be deprived of their Turkmenistani citizenship unless in the case of the following: As a result of the individual's entry into military service, the security service, police, justice organs, or other organs of state power and administration in another country, with the exception of cases specified by interstate agreements with Turkmenistan. If Turkmenistan citizenship has been acquired as a result of deliberately submitting false information or forged documents. Dual citizenship Dual citizenship is not recognized in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistani citizen acquiring foreign citizenship will not lose their original citizenship in Turkmenistan, but will have trouble departing Turkmenistan and will have to renounce one of the citizenships. Travel freedom of Turkmen citizens Visa requirements for Turkmenistanis citizens Turkmenistan Visa free access Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required References ^ "Turkmenistan". ^ "Legislationline". vteNationality lawsBy continentAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland3 South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara3 Zambia Zimbabwe AmericasNorth Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark) Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States (Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands) South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Kuwait Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Taiwan3 Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen EuropeEuropean Union and Schengen Area Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Rest of Europe Albania Armenia Andorra2 Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kosovo3 Moldova Monaco2 Montenegro North Macedonia Northern Cyprus3 Russia San Marino Serbia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Nauru Kiribati Marshall Islands New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu United States (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam) Vanuatu Internationalorganizations Commonwealth of Nations European Union Mercosur Nordic Council Caribbean Community African Union By procedure Loss of citizenship Denaturalization Renunciation of citizenship Naturalization Birth aboard aircraft and ships Ius sanguinis Ius soli Repatriation By result Citizenship Multiple citizenship Passport Internal Permanent residency Right of return Second-class citizen Statelessness Travel visa Defunct Nazi Germany Ancient Rome Soviet Union 1 British Overseas Territories. 2 Open border with Schengen Area. 3 Partially recognized. Category This law-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"naturalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization"}],"text":"Turkmenistani nationality law is contained in the provisions of the law of the Republic of Turkmenistan on citizenship and in the relevant provisions of the Turkmenistan Constitution. 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In the event of the discovery of even one of its parents, a guardian, or a trustee, the child's citizenship may change according to the present law.","title":"Acquisition of citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By restoration","text":"A person who wishes to restore their Turkmenistani citizenship must do so by petitioning the Turkmenistan government. The person should be residing in the territory of Turkmenistan or intends to settle there permanently.","title":"Acquisition of citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime against humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity"}],"sub_title":"By naturalisation","text":"A person who has had permanent residence of Turkmenistan for the past seven years can apply for naturalisation if they fulfil the following conditions:If they make a commitment to obey and respect the Constitution and laws of Turkmenistan.\nIf they know the state language of Turkmenistan sufficiently well to communicate.\nIf they have a legitimate source of livelihood on the territory of Turkmenistan.An application for naturalisation may be denied if the petitioning individual:Has committed a crime against humanity specified by international law or has committed genocide.\nHas been sentenced to punishment in the form of incarceration for a serious premeditated criminal act.\nDeliberately works against the independence of Turkmenistan.","title":"Acquisition of citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Loss of citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Voluntary","text":"A person who wishes to renounce their Turkmenistani citizenship must do so by petitioning the Turkmenistan government.[2]Renunciation of Turkmenistani citizenship is not allowed if the individual petitioning for renunciation has had criminal charges brought against him or has received a court sentence which is in effect and subject to execution, or if he owes taxes or other unpaid debts and commitments to the state and citizens of Turkmenistan or to enterprises, organizations, or institutions located on the territory of Turkmenistan.","title":"Loss of citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Involuntary","text":"Citizens of Turkmenistan may not be deprived of their Turkmenistani citizenship unless in the case of the following:As a result of the individual's entry into military service, the security service, police, justice organs, or other organs of state power and administration in another country, with the exception of cases specified by interstate agreements with Turkmenistan.\nIf Turkmenistan citizenship has been acquired as a result of deliberately submitting false information or forged documents.","title":"Loss of citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dual citizenship is not recognized in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistani citizen acquiring foreign citizenship will not lose their original citizenship in Turkmenistan, but will have trouble departing Turkmenistan and will have to renounce one of the citizenships.","title":"Dual citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visa_requirements_for_Turkmenistan_citizens_2023.png"}],"text":"Visa requirements for Turkmenistanis citizens Turkmenistan Visa free access Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required","title":"Travel freedom of Turkmen citizens"}]	[{"image_text":"Visa requirements for Turkmenistanis citizens Turkmenistan Visa free access Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Visa_requirements_for_Turkmenistan_citizens_2023.png/800px-Visa_requirements_for_Turkmenistan_citizens_2023.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Turkmenistan\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dualcitizenshipreport.org/dual-citizenship/turkmenistan/","url_text":"\"Turkmenistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legislationline\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/7023","url_text":"\"Legislationline\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.dualcitizenshipreport.org/dual-citizenship/turkmenistan/","external_links_name":"\"Turkmenistan\""},{"Link":"https://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/7023","external_links_name":"\"Legislationline\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistani_nationality_law&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Dell	Christopher Dell	["1 Early life and education","2 Diplomatic career","2.1 Posting to Zimbabwe","2.2 Posting in Afghanistan","2.3 Posting in Kosovo","2.4 Posting to Africom","3 Career service","4 References","5 External links"]	American diplomat For the Australian cricketer, see Christopher Dell (cricketer). Christopher William DellUnited States Ambassador to Kosovo In officeAugust 24, 2009 – August 9, 2012PresidentBarack ObamaPreceded byTina KaidanowSucceeded byTracey Ann JacobsonUnited States Ambassador to Zimbabwe In officeSeptember 2, 2004 – July 14, 2007PresidentGeorge W. BushPreceded byJoseph SullivanSucceeded byJames D. McGeeUnited States Ambassador to Angola In officeOctober 26, 2001 – July 12, 2004PresidentGeorge W. BushPreceded byJoseph SullivanSucceeded byCynthia G. Efird Personal detailsBorn1956Hackensack, New JerseyProfessionDiplomat, Career AmbassadorMilitary serviceAllegiance United States of AmericaBranch/serviceUnited States Department of StateUnitU.S. Africa CommandCommandsDeputy to the Commander for Civil-Military Activity, U.S. Africa Command Christopher William Dell (born 1956) is a career United States Foreign Service officer who served as the U.S. Ambassador to Angola, Zimbabwe, and Kosovo. Early life and education Born in Hackensack, New Jersey, Dell moved with his family to Holmdel Township, New Jersey a year after he was born. Dell graduated in 1974 from Holmdel High School. Dell obtained a Bachelor of Arts from Columbia College, Columbia University in 1978 and a Master of Philosophy from Balliol College, University of Oxford in 1980. Diplomatic career During the 1980s, Dell worked in American embassies and consulates in Mexico and Portugal, and at the Foreign Office. In the 1990s, he was posted to Mozambique and Bulgaria. In 2000–2001, he served as the Chief of Mission of the U.S. Office in Pristina, Kosovo. From 2001 to 2004, Christopher Dell was U.S. Ambassador to Angola. Posting to Zimbabwe Dell was appointed US Ambassador to Zimbabwe on July 2, 2004, and presented his credentials in Harare on September 2. During his tenure, the government of President Robert Mugabe has carried out Operation Murambatsvina, which has been described by Mugabe as an "urban renewal" program and by his political opponents as a crackdown on the urban poor. Western governments, including that of the United States, have condemned it. Relations between the United States and Zimbabwe have deteriorated as a result of both Operation Murambatsvina and the humanitarian situation in the country, which the United States has blamed on official corruption and mismanagement. In addition, the US named Zimbabwe an abuser of human rights in 2004 annual report. As a result of tense relations, Dell has borne the brunt of the Zimbabwe government's displeasure. In mid-October 2005, he was detained for entering a restricted area of the Harare Botanical Gardens. A few weeks later, at a public lecture in the city of Mutare, Dell blamed corruption for the food shortages in the country, which the Zimbabwe government blames on foreign sanctions. On November 8, 2005, Dell was summoned to meet President Mugabe and was told to "go to hell." The following day, the ambassador was recalled to the United States for consultations. He subsequently returned. Dell publicly condemned the beating of several opposition Movement for Democratic Change leaders and protestors, which occurred on March 11, 2007, including that of party leader, Morgan Tsvangirai. On March 19, acting on orders from President Mugabe, Foreign Minister Simbarashe Mumbengegwi summoned Dell and other western diplomats to his ministry to receive an official warning to stop interfering in the country's internal affairs. When Mumbengegwi refused to allow the diplomats an opportunity to ask questions, Dell walked out, describing the meeting as a "sham" for the benefit of the state media, who were filming the proceedings. Dell left Harare the same day for London. The State Department stated that he would return to Zimbabwe soon. On July 14, 2007, Dell left his posting in Zimbabwe without bidding Mugabe farewell. According to Zimbabwean state radio, at the time of his departure he was disappointed because Mugabe remained in office. Dell was then appointed deputy chief of mission in Afghanistan. Posting in Afghanistan From 2007 to 2009, Dell was Deputy Chief of Mission of the U.S. Embassy in Kabul. Posting in Kosovo On May 27, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Dell to be Ambassador to the Republic of Kosovo. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 10, 2009 and sworn in on July 31, 2009. He was succeeded by Ambassador Tracey Ann Jacobson. Posting to Africom On September 15, 2012, Ambassador Christopher Dell was appointed the civilian deputy to General Ham, United States Africa Command. In April 2014, an article appeared in The Guardian on how Dell after his posting had joined Bechtel, a company he had heavily lobbied for to obtain a controversial contract to build an expensive highway, in the poorest country in Europe. A 2015 article in Foreign Policy also criticized Dell's action, stating that "One of Europe's poorest countries wanted a road, so U.S. mega-contractor Bechtel sold it a $1.3 billion highway, with the backing of a powerful American ambassador . Funny thing is, the highway is barely being used—and the ambassador is now working for Bechtel." Career service Civilian deputy to General Ham, Commander of U.S. Africa Command, September 15, 2012 – present. Ambassador to the Republic of Kosovo, July 31, 2009 – 2012. Deputy Chief of Mission, Afghanistan, 2007 - July 30, 2009 Ambassador to Zimbabwe, 2004–2007 Ambassador to Angola, 2001-2004(Appointed on August 4, 2001; presented his credentials on October 26; left his post on July 12, 2004) Chief of Mission, U.S. Office, Pristina, Kosovo, 2000-2001 Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy Sofia, Bulgaria, 1997–2000 Deputy Director, Office of Regional Political Affairs, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs, 1994–1996 Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy, Maputo, Mozambique, 1991–1994 Special Assistant to the Under Secretary for International Security Affairs, 1989–1991 Executive Assistant to the Special Negotiator for Greek Bases Agreement, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs, 1987–1989 Desk Officer for Spain and Portugal, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs, 1986–1987 Staff Assistant, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, 1985–1986 Political Officer, US Embassy Lisbon, Portugal, 1984–1985 Vice Consul, US Consulate Oporto, Portugal, 1983–1984 Vice Consul, US Consulate Matamoros, Mexico, 1981–1983 References ^ "Christopher William Dell - People - Department History - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-16. ^ Di Lellio, Anna. "Interview with Christopher Dell", Oral History Kosovo, August 27, 2018. Accessed January 19, 2021. "Christopher Dell: So I was born in Hackensack, which is very close to New York. My family was from Palisades Park, which you probably know being from New York. I grew up my whole life in a town called Holmdel, which is down near the Jersey Shore.... We lived in one of the first bedroom communities, you know, it was built in the 1950s, moved there in 1957, it was one of those early exoduses from the dense inner cores out more towards the suburbs." ^ Safran, Chad A. "People On The Move - Chris Dell", Living Media, October 20, 2009, backed up by the Internet Archive as of March 15, 2012. Accessed January 19, 2021. "'The challenges are immense. People here look to me for the key signals on almost everything, yet my job is to strike a balance and encourage their independence and ability to make good decisions about their own future,' says the Holmdel native, who spent several summers working for Jim and John Ackerson on their Holmdel Road farm. Chris was also one of Holmdel High School’s first graduates – class of 1974." ^ a b c Bio Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b U.S. Department of State. Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778–2005: Zimbabwe. – Retrieved on 29 May 2009. ^ "Zimbabwe". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2017-07-10. ^ "US envoy 'detained' in Zimbabwe". BBC News. October 14, 2005. ^ https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20051108/wl_nm/zimbabwe_usa_dc_6 ^ "Zimbabwe voices anger at US envoy". BBC News. November 9, 2005. ^ "Zim News .NET Zimbabwe \| Zimbabwe News \| Zim Latest News \| Zimbabwe News Today \| News Zimbabwe \| Zimbabwe Latest News Today\| Zim News Latest Updates Now \| Grace Robert Mugabe Latest News". Zim News .NET Zimbabwe\| Zimbabwe News \| Zim Latest News \| Zimbabwe News Today Latest \| Zim News Latest Updates. Archived from the original on 2006-03-17. Retrieved 2017-07-10. ^ Raath, Jan (March 20, 2007). "Mugabe threat to kick out diplomats". The Times. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. ^ Meldrum, Andrew (March 20, 2007). "Mugabe threatens diplomats with expulsion". The Guardian. London. ^ "West vows to keep heat on Mugabe despite threats". Reuters. 20 March 2007. ^ "US envoy leaves Zimbabwe a disappointed man, radio reports", DPA (Earthtimes.org), July 14, 2007. ^ Augustine Mukaro, "Zimbabwe: New U.S. Ambassador Won't Relent On Zim – Dell", Zimbabwe Independent (allAfrica.com), July 6, 2007. ^ U.S. Department of State U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Kosovo: Christopher William Dell. – Retrieved on 31 July 2009. ^ Amb. Christopher Dell Archived February 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 22-02-2013. ^ US ambassador to Kosovo hired by construction firm he lobbied for. Retrieved 10-04-2014. ^ Steamrolled: A special investigation into the diplomacy of doing business abroad. Retrieved 02-05-15. ^ U.S. Department of State. Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Angola. – Retrieved on 29 May 2009. ^ U.S. Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan. Deputy Chief of Mission: Christopher William Dell Archived February 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 29 May 2009. External links Biography: United States Department of State: Biography of Christopher William Dell U.S. Embassy in Pristina, Kosovo U.S. Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan. Deputy Chief of Mission: Christopher William Dell. "The End is Nigh" Confidential cable by Dell resuming his views on Zimbabwe and the need for the US to "drive change" there, 2007-07-13, published by WikiLeaks on 2010-11-29 Diplomatic posts Preceded byJoseph Gerard Sullivan United States Ambassador to Angola 2001–2004 Succeeded byCynthia G. Efird Preceded byJoseph Gerard Sullivan United States Ambassador to Zimbabwe 2004–2007 Succeeded byJames D. McGee Preceded byTina Kaidanow United States Ambassador to Kosovo 2009–2012 Succeeded byTracey Ann Jacobson vte United States Ambassadors to Angola DeJarnette Steinberg Sullivan Dell Efird Mozena McMullen La Lime Fite Mushingi vte United States Ambassadors to Zimbabwe Keeley Miller Rawlings Rhodes Lanpher Carson McDonald Sullivan Dell McGee Ray Wharton Thomas Nichols Authority control databases SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Dell (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Dell_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States Foreign Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"}],"text":"For the Australian cricketer, see Christopher Dell (cricketer).Christopher William Dell (born 1956)[1] is a career United States Foreign Service officer who served as the U.S. Ambassador to Angola, Zimbabwe, and Kosovo.","title":"Christopher Dell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hackensack, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Holmdel Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmdel_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Holmdel High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmdel_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Columbia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College_of_Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Balliol College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"}],"text":"Born in Hackensack, New Jersey, Dell moved with his family to Holmdel Township, New Jersey a year after he was born.[2] Dell graduated in 1974 from Holmdel High School.[3]Dell obtained a Bachelor of Arts from Columbia College, Columbia University in 1978 and a Master of Philosophy from Balliol College, University of Oxford in 1980.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"}],"text":"During the 1980s, Dell worked in American embassies and consulates in Mexico and Portugal, and at the Foreign Office. In the 1990s, he was posted to Mozambique and Bulgaria. In 2000–2001, he served as the Chief of Mission of the U.S. Office in Pristina, Kosovo.[4]From 2001 to 2004, Christopher Dell was U.S. Ambassador to Angola.[4]","title":"Diplomatic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Chiefs_Zimbabwe-5"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"Operation Murambatsvina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Murambatsvina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Movement for Democratic Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai"},{"link_name":"Morgan Tsvangirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai"},{"link_name":"Simbarashe Mumbengegwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbarashe_Mumbengegwi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Chiefs_Zimbabwe-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Posting to Zimbabwe","text":"Dell was appointed US Ambassador to Zimbabwe on July 2, 2004, and presented his credentials in Harare on September 2.[5] During his tenure, the government of President Robert Mugabe has carried out Operation Murambatsvina, which has been described by Mugabe as an \"urban renewal\" program and by his political opponents as a crackdown on the urban poor. Western governments, including that of the United States, have condemned it.Relations between the United States and Zimbabwe have deteriorated as a result of both Operation Murambatsvina and the humanitarian situation in the country, which the United States has blamed on official corruption and mismanagement. In addition, the US named Zimbabwe an abuser of human rights in 2004 annual report.[6]As a result of tense relations, Dell has borne the brunt of the Zimbabwe government's displeasure. In mid-October 2005, he was detained for entering a restricted area of the Harare Botanical Gardens.[7] A few weeks later, at a public lecture in the city of Mutare, Dell blamed corruption for the food shortages in the country, which the Zimbabwe government blames on foreign sanctions. On November 8, 2005, Dell was summoned to meet President Mugabe and was told to \"go to hell.\"[8][9] The following day, the ambassador was recalled to the United States for consultations.[10] He subsequently returned.Dell publicly condemned the beating of several opposition Movement for Democratic Change leaders and protestors, which occurred on March 11, 2007, including that of party leader, Morgan Tsvangirai.On March 19, acting on orders from President Mugabe, Foreign Minister Simbarashe Mumbengegwi summoned Dell and other western diplomats to his ministry to receive an official warning to stop interfering in the country's internal affairs. When Mumbengegwi refused to allow the diplomats an opportunity to ask questions, Dell walked out, describing the meeting as a \"sham\" for the benefit of the state media, who were filming the proceedings.[11][12]\nDell left Harare the same day for London. The State Department stated that he would return to Zimbabwe soon.[13]On July 14, 2007, Dell left his posting in Zimbabwe[5] without bidding Mugabe farewell. According to Zimbabwean state radio, at the time of his departure he was disappointed because Mugabe remained in office.[14] Dell was then appointed deputy chief of mission in Afghanistan.[15]","title":"Diplomatic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deputy Chief of Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_Mission"},{"link_name":"U.S. Embassy in Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Kabul"}],"sub_title":"Posting in Afghanistan","text":"From 2007 to 2009, Dell was Deputy Chief of Mission of the U.S. Embassy in Kabul.","title":"Diplomatic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tracey Ann Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Ann_Jacobson"}],"sub_title":"Posting in Kosovo","text":"On May 27, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Dell to be Ambassador to the Republic of Kosovo. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 10, 2009 and sworn in on July 31, 2009.[16] He was succeeded by Ambassador Tracey Ann Jacobson.","title":"Diplomatic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Africa Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Bechtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechtel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Posting to Africom","text":"On September 15, 2012, Ambassador Christopher Dell was appointed the civilian deputy to General Ham, United States Africa Command.[17]In April 2014, an article appeared in The Guardian on how Dell after his posting had joined Bechtel, a company he had heavily lobbied for to obtain a controversial contract to build an expensive highway, in the poorest country in Europe.[18] A 2015 article in Foreign Policy also criticized Dell's action, stating that \"One of Europe's poorest countries wanted a road, so U.S. mega-contractor Bechtel sold it a $1.3 billion highway, with the backing of a powerful American ambassador [Dell]. Funny thing is, the highway is barely being used—and the ambassador is now working for Bechtel.\"[19]","title":"Diplomatic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Political-Military Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Political-Military_Affairs"}],"text":"Civilian deputy to General Ham, Commander of U.S. Africa Command, September 15, 2012 – present.\nAmbassador to the Republic of Kosovo, July 31, 2009 – 2012.\nDeputy Chief of Mission, Afghanistan, 2007 - July 30, 2009\nAmbassador to Zimbabwe, 2004–2007\nAmbassador to Angola, 2001-2004(Appointed on August 4, 2001; presented his credentials on October 26; left his post on July 12, 2004)[20]\nChief of Mission, U.S. Office, Pristina, Kosovo, 2000-2001[21]\nDeputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy Sofia, Bulgaria, 1997–2000\nDeputy Director, Office of Regional Political Affairs, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs, 1994–1996\nDeputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy, Maputo, Mozambique, 1991–1994\nSpecial Assistant to the Under Secretary for International Security Affairs, 1989–1991\nExecutive Assistant to the Special Negotiator for Greek Bases Agreement, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs, 1987–1989\nDesk Officer for Spain and Portugal, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs, 1986–1987\nStaff Assistant, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, 1985–1986\nPolitical Officer, US Embassy Lisbon, Portugal, 1984–1985\nVice Consul, US Consulate Oporto, Portugal, 1983–1984\nVice Consul, US Consulate Matamoros, Mexico, 1981–1983","title":"Career service"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Christopher William Dell - People - Department History - Office of the Historian\". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/dell-christopher-william","url_text":"\"Christopher William Dell - People - Department History - Office of the Historian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zimbabwe\". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2017-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41634.htm","url_text":"\"Zimbabwe\""}]},{"reference":"\"US envoy 'detained' in Zimbabwe\". BBC News. October 14, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4341154.stm","url_text":"\"US envoy 'detained' in Zimbabwe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zimbabwe voices anger at US envoy\". BBC News. November 9, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4420864.stm","url_text":"\"Zimbabwe voices anger at US envoy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zim News .NET Zimbabwe \| Zimbabwe News \| Zim Latest News \| Zimbabwe News Today \| News Zimbabwe \| Zimbabwe Latest News Today\| Zim News Latest Updates Now \| Grace Robert Mugabe Latest News\". Zim News .NET Zimbabwe\| Zimbabwe News \| Zim Latest News \| Zimbabwe News Today Latest \| Zim News Latest Updates. Archived from the original on 2006-03-17. Retrieved 2017-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060317200128/http://www.zwnews.com/issuefull.cfm?ArticleID=13164","url_text":"\"Zim News .NET Zimbabwe \| Zimbabwe News \| Zim Latest News \| Zimbabwe News Today \| News Zimbabwe \| Zimbabwe Latest News Today\| Zim News Latest Updates Now \| Grace Robert Mugabe Latest News\""},{"url":"http://www.zwnews.com/issuefull.cfm?ArticleID=13164","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Raath, Jan (March 20, 2007). \"Mugabe threat to kick out diplomats\". The Times. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121215165850/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21414125-2703,00.html","url_text":"\"Mugabe threat to kick out diplomats\""},{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21414125-2703,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meldrum, Andrew (March 20, 2007). \"Mugabe threatens diplomats with expulsion\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/zimbabwe/article/0,,2037908,00.html","url_text":"\"Mugabe threatens diplomats with expulsion\""}]},{"reference":"\"West vows to keep heat on Mugabe despite threats\". Reuters. 20 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2020884520070320?pageNumber=3","url_text":"\"West vows to keep heat on Mugabe despite threats\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/dell-christopher-william","external_links_name":"\"Christopher William Dell - People - Department History - Office of the Historian\""},{"Link":"https://oralhistorykosovo.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Christopher-Dell_ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Christopher Dell\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315163646/http://www.livinginmedia.com/article/people_on_the_move_chris_dell.html","external_links_name":"\"People On The Move - Chris Dell\""},{"Link":"https://pristina.usembassy.gov/ambassador_dell.html","external_links_name":"Bio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721071554/http://pristina.usembassy.gov/ambassador_dell.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/11346.htm","external_links_name":"Zimbabwe"},{"Link":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41634.htm","external_links_name":"\"Zimbabwe\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4341154.stm","external_links_name":"\"US envoy 'detained' in Zimbabwe\""},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20051108/wl_nm/zimbabwe_usa_dc_6","external_links_name":"https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20051108/wl_nm/zimbabwe_usa_dc_6"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4420864.stm","external_links_name":"\"Zimbabwe voices anger at US envoy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060317200128/http://www.zwnews.com/issuefull.cfm?ArticleID=13164","external_links_name":"\"Zim News .NET Zimbabwe \| Zimbabwe News \| Zim Latest News \| Zimbabwe News Today \| News Zimbabwe \| Zimbabwe Latest News Today\| Zim News Latest Updates Now \| Grace Robert Mugabe Latest News\""},{"Link":"http://www.zwnews.com/issuefull.cfm?ArticleID=13164","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121215165850/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21414125-2703,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Mugabe threat to kick out diplomats\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21414125-2703,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/zimbabwe/article/0,,2037908,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Mugabe threatens diplomats with expulsion\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2020884520070320?pageNumber=3","external_links_name":"\"West vows to keep heat on Mugabe despite threats\""},{"Link":"http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/82825.html","external_links_name":"\"US envoy leaves Zimbabwe a disappointed man, radio reports\""},{"Link":"http://allafrica.com/stories/200707060677.html","external_links_name":"\"Zimbabwe: New U.S. Ambassador Won't Relent On Zim – Dell\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805022036/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/126822.htm","external_links_name":"U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Kosovo: Christopher William Dell"},{"Link":"http://www.africom.mil/about-the-command/leadership/ambassador-christopher-dell","external_links_name":"Amb. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Central_Railway	Central Vermont Railway	["1 History","1.1 CN and NECR: 1923-present","2 Divisions and branches","2.1 Richford Branch","3 References","4 External links"]	Central Vermont Railroad This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Central Vermont Railway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Central Vermont RailwayOverviewReporting markCVLocaleConnecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and QuebecDates of operation1848–1995SuccessorNew England CentralTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugePrevious gaugeOriginally built to 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) The Central Vermont Railway (reporting mark CV) was a railroad that operated in the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as the Canadian province of Quebec. It connected Montreal, Quebec, with New London, Connecticut, using a route along the shores of Lake Champlain, through the Green Mountains and along the Connecticut River valley. It also connected Montreal to Boston, in eastern Massachusetts, through a junction with the Boston and Maine Railroad at White River Junction, Vermont. History 1879 map The Vermont Central Railroad was chartered October 31, 1843, to build a line across the center of Vermont, running from Burlington on Lake Champlain east to the capital Montpelier, and then southeast and south to Windsor on the Connecticut River. Initial plans had the main line running through Montpelier. However, due to the difficulty of building through the Williamstown Gulf, a narrow valley south of Barre, Vermont, and to land interests of Charles Paine in Northfield, Vermont, a course to the west was selected. The state capital was to be served by a short branch line. Construction began on December 15, 1845, and the first section, from White River Junction west to Bethel, opened on June 26, 1848. Subsequent sections opened to Roxbury on September 17, 1848, Northfield on October 10, 1848, Montpelier (including the branch from Montpelier Junction) on June 20, 1849, Middlesex on August 30, 1849, Waterbury on September 29, 1849, and the full distance to Burlington on December 31, 1849. The part along the Connecticut River from Hartford south to Windsor opened on February 13, 1849. The Vermont and Canada Railroad was chartered October 31, 1845, as a continuation of the Vermont Central north and west to Rouses Point, New York, splitting at Essex Junction, Vermont (east of Burlington) and running north via St. Albans and Swanton. A branch split at Swanton and ran north to the border with Canada. On August 24, 1849, the Vermont Central leased the Vermont and Canada, and it was completed in 1851. However, the Vermont Central defaulted on rental payments, and the Vermont and Canada returned to its original owners on June 28, 1852. The lease was later reinstated. 1887 map with connections The Montreal and Vermont Junction Railway was chartered in 1860 and opened in the 1860s, extending the Vermont and Canada's branch from the international border north to St. Johns, Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway's Montreal and Champlain Railroad. From opening, it was operated as an extension of the Vermont and Canada. The Sullivan County Railroad continued south from Windsor to Bellows Falls, Vermont, where it met the Cheshire Railroad toward Boston. At first it was operated by the Central Vermont, but later the Boston and Maine Railroad gained control of it, giving trackage rights to the Central Vermont. Similarly, the Vermont Valley Railroad, running south from Bellows Falls to the New London Northern Railroad in Brattleboro, was originally owned by the Rutland Railroad and later by the B&M. In 1867 the Vermont Central leased the Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad, running east from St. Johns to Waterloo, Quebec. The Waterloo and Magog Railway was later built as an extension from Waterloo south to Magog. The Vermont Central leased the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad on March 1, 1870, extending its line from Rouses Point west to Ogdensburg, New York. On January 1, 1871, the Vermont Central leased the Rutland Railroad system, giving it routes from Burlington to Bellows Falls, Vermont, and Chatham, New York. The New London Northern Railroad was leased on December 1, 1871. On November 2, 1872, the name was changed to the Central Vermont Railroad. Though the Missisquoi Railroad was chartered as an independent entity in 1867, the Central Vermont RR gained control of it shortly thereafter. It was formally leased in July 1873, providing a branch from St. Albans northeast to Richford, Vermont. It was operated until November 15, 1877, when the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad took it over. The company was reorganized in December 1886 as the Missisquoi Valley Railway, and was once again leased to the Central Vermont. The Montpelier and White River Railroad opened in 1876 and was leased to the Central Vermont, running from the end of the Montpelier Branch south to and beyond Barre. The Consolidated Railway was formed on June 30, 1884, to consolidate the 'Central Vermont' and 'Vermont and Canada', and to settle litigation between the two companies. A new Central Vermont Railroad was formed on July 1, 1884 to take over from the Consolidated Railway. New England Limited Express at South Royalton in 1909 In 1889, the Burlington and Lamoille Railroad was reorganized as the Burlington and Lamoille Valley Railroad and leased by the Central Vermont. This provided a branch from Essex Junction to the Lamoille Valley Railroad at Cambridge Junction in Cambridge, Vermont, and a quickly abandoned redundant line from Essex Junction west to Burlington. This second connection crossed the Winooski River near Essex Junction and connected to the Rutland Railroad at the south end of Burlington near the present-day terminus of I-189. The Montreal and Province Line Railway was formed in 1896 as a reorganization of the Montreal, Portland and Boston Railroad. Originally planned as a branch of the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad to Montreal, and operated by the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, it was taken over by the Central Vermont upon reorganization. The main line ran from the Grand Trunk Railway's Montreal and Champlain Railroad at Saint-Lambert, across the St. Lawrence River from Montreal, southeast to Farnham on the Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad, with an extension continuing southeast to Frelighsburg. A branch went east from Marieville to St. Cesaire. CV locomotives In 1896, the Central Vermont entered receivership, and the Rutland Railroad was separated. The Grand Trunk Railway bought the bankrupt company on March 20. The Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad lease ended in 1898, and that company was leased by the Rutland in 1901. The Central Vermont Railroad was sold at foreclosure on March 21, 1899, and was reorganized as the Central Vermont Railway on May 1. During this process, on April 15, 1899, it purchased the Missisquoi Valley Railroad outright. On July 12, 1920, the entire Grand Trunk system was placed under the control of a "Board of Management" by the federal Department of Railways and Canals in Canada after several years of financial difficulties. After several years of legal battles by Grand Trunk shareholders, intent on preventing the federal government from nationalizing the company, the company was nationalized on January 20, 1923, and fully merged into the Crown corporation Canadian National Railway. CN and NECR: 1923-present On December 12, 1927, in the aftermath of the Great Vermont Flood of 1927, the Central Vermont Railway entered receivership again, and was reorganized January 31, 1930, to form a new company of the same name. While the Central Vermont was no longer independent, it kept much of its corporate identity and was run as a separate railroad from the rest of the CN system. As the grip of the Great Depression eased, the railroad became a relatively successful arm of the CN network until the postwar period. It moved a wide range of freight from general merchandise and furniture to milk and agricultural products. During the 1950s, diesels from CN began to appear on the Central Vermont, with the last steam locomotive ending service in 1957. The 1960s were an especially-rough period due to declining traffic, rising costs, and falling revenues. Central Vermont Railway engine in Brattleboro, Vermont in 1968 Under the Grand Trunk and later the Canadian National, the Central Vermont system saw many of its unprofitable branch lines abandoned. The CN continued to operate the CV as a modestly successful system; however, in the process leading up to the privatization of the CN, which took place on November 28, 1995, several non-core routes were identified for sale, one of then being the CV. On February 3, 1995, the CN sold the CV mainline from New London, Connecticut, to East Alburg, Vermont, to shortline operating company RailTex, which renamed the operation the New England Central Railroad. RailTex was merged into RailAmerica in 2000. Genesee & Wyoming acquired RailAmerica at the end of 2012. Operations have continued as before. Divisions and branches Central Vermont Railway Station in St. Albans Richford Branch This line was formed as the Missisquoi Railroad, then became the Missisquoi Valley Railroad, and then the Missisquoi Valley Division, before gaining its final name. Operations continued on the entire 27.48-mile (44.22 km) length until 1984, when a derailment on the bridge spanning the Missisquoi River near Sheldon, Vermont, forced the dismantlement of one of three spans. Operations continued on the east end, while the Lamoille Valley Railroad operated on the isolated west end of the line to Richford occasionally after 1989. In 1990 the tracks from St. Albans to the bridge were pulled up. The following stops were made on the branch from west to east: Saint Albans, Vermont (interchange with the Central Vermont Railway) Green's Corners, Vermont Sheldon Springs, Vermont Sheldon, Vermont (interchange with the Missisquoi Pulp and Paper Company) North Sheldon, Vermont Sheldon Junction, Vermont (interchange with the Saint Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad) East Frankin, Vermont Enosburg Falls, Vermont North Enosburg, Vermont East Berkshire, Vermont Richford, Vermont (interchange with the Canadian Pacific Railway) Railways portal References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Burns, Adam. "Central Vermont Railway, "The Green Mountain Route"". www.american-rails.com. Retrieved 3 April 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Central Vermont Railway. Central Vermont Railway Historical Society The Central Vermont Railway at George Elwood's Fallen Flags site Picturing the Past: The Central Vermont Railway - includes many railway photos Mamacoke Company Portal to Central Vermont Railway Archives Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. VT-12, "Central Vermont Railroad, Locomotive Shop, Bounded by Railroad Tracks, Lake & Pine Streets, Saint Albans, Franklin County, VT", 3 data pages vtePassenger trains of the Central Vermont RailwayNamed trains Ambassador Montrealer New Englander North Wind Valley Express Vermonter Washingtonian vteMajor railroad systems in New England, pre-1930s Bangor & Aroostook Boston & Albany (NYC) Boston and Maine Canadian Pacific Central Vermont (CN) Grand Trunk (CN) Maine Central New Haven Rutland vteClass I railroads of North AmericaCurrentUnited States AMTK BNSF CN (GTC) CPKC KCS SOO CSX NS UP Canada CN CPKC CP VIA Mexico CPKC KCSM FXE Former1956–present AA ACL AC&Y AGS ASAB AT&N AT&SF AUT A&WP B&AR B&M BN B&O CAR&NW CB&Q C&EI CG CGW C&IM CNJ CNO&TP C&NW C&O CPME CR CRR C&S CS CSPM&O CV C&W C&WC DH DL&W DM&IR D&RGW DSS&A DT&I D&TSL DW&P EJ&E EL ERIE FEC FW&D GA GB&W G&F GM&O GN GS&F GTW IC ICG ITC KO&G L&A L&HR LI L&M L&N L&NE LS&I LV MEC MGA MI MILW/CMStP&P MIS MKT MN&S MON MP M&STL NC&STL NH NKP/ NYC&StL NYS&W NO&NE NP NS N&W NWP NYC NYCN NYO&W PC P&LE P&N PRR PRSL P&WV RDG RF&P RUT QA&P RI/CRIP S&A SAL SBD SCL SD&AE SI SIRT SLSF SLSFTX SN SOO/MStP&SSM SOU SP SP&S SSW TC TFM TM T&NO T&P TP&W VGN WA WAB WC WM WP pre-1956 A AB&A AB&C AC A&D A&STL BA&P BC&A B&G BRI BR&P B&S BSL&W C&A CA&C C&C CCC&STL C&E C&G CH&D C&I CINN CI&S CI&W CL&N CM CM&PS CNE CNNE CNOR CP&STL CPVT CRI&G CR&NW CRP CVRR DGH&M D&IR D&M DM&N DNW&P D&SL EP&SW E&TH F&CC FJ&G FS&W FW&RG GC&SF GH&SA GM&N GR&I G&SI HE&WT H&TC HV ICRY IGN KCM&O KCM&OTX LA&SL LE&W LS&MS MC MD&V M&I M&NA M&O MSC MTR MV NCRY NJ&NY NN NOT&M NYP&N OCAA OE OR&L OSL OWRN PB&W PCC&STL PCO PE P&E PM PRDG P&S P&SF PS&N SA&AP SB&NY SD&A SFP&P S&IE SJ&GI SLB&M SLIM&S SOUMS SSWTX T&BV T&FS T&N T&OC TSTL&W U&D UTAH VAND VS&P WJ&S W&LE WPT WSN WV Y&MV Timeline 1910–1929 1930–1976 1977–present Railroads in italics meet the revenue specifications for Class I status, but are not technically Class I railroads due to being passenger-only railroads with no freight component. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reporting mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_mark"},{"link_name":"U.S. states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_province"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"New London, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Lake Champlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Champlain"},{"link_name":"Green Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Connecticut River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Boston and Maine Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railroad"},{"link_name":"White River Junction, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_Junction,_Vermont"}],"text":"The Central Vermont Railway (reporting mark CV) was a railroad that operated in the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as the Canadian province of Quebec.It connected Montreal, Quebec, with New London, Connecticut, using a route along the shores of Lake Champlain, through the Green Mountains and along the Connecticut River valley. It also connected Montreal to Boston, in eastern Massachusetts, through a junction with the Boston and Maine Railroad at White River Junction, Vermont.","title":"Central Vermont Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1879_CV_map_only.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Montpelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Barre, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barre,_Vermont_(city)"},{"link_name":"Northfield, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfield,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Bethel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"link_name":"Roxbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Northfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Vermont_Railway_Depot_(Northfield,_Vermont)"},{"link_name":"Montpelier Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montpelier_Junction,_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Waterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbury,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"link_name":"Rouses Point, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouses_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Essex Junction, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Junction,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"St. Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_station_(Vermont)"},{"link_name":"Swanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanton_(town),_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1887_CV.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Johns, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway"},{"link_name":"Montreal and Champlain Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_and_Champlain_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"link_name":"Sullivan County Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sullivan_County_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Bellows Falls, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows_Falls,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Boston and Maine Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railroad"},{"link_name":"trackage rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackage_rights"},{"link_name":"Vermont Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Valley_Railroad"},{"link_name":"New London Northern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London_Northern_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Brattleboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Rutland Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"link_name":"Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanstead,_Shefford_and_Chambly_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Waterloo, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Waterloo and Magog Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterloo_and_Magog_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Magog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magog,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogdensburg_and_Lake_Champlain_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Rouses Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouses_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ogdensburg, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogdensburg,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rutland Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Bellows Falls, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows_Falls,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Chatham, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"New London Northern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London_Northern_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"link_name":"St. Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_(city),_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Richford, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richford,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connecticut_and_Passumpsic_Rivers_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montpelier and White River Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montpelier_and_White_River_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montpelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barre_(city),_Vermont"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Vermont.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Royalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Royalton,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Burlington and Lamoille Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_and_Lamoille_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Burlington and Lamoille Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_and_Lamoille_Valley_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Essex Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Junction,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Lamoille Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamoille_Valley_Railroad_(1867-1880)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Winooski River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winooski_River"},{"link_name":"Rutland Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland_Railroad"},{"link_name":"I-189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-189"},{"link_name":"Montreal and Province Line Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montreal_and_Province_Line_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montreal, Portland and Boston Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montreal,_Portland_and_Boston_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_and_Ogdensburg_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connecticut_and_Passumpsic_Rivers_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway"},{"link_name":"Montreal and Champlain Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_and_Champlain_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Saint-Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Lambert,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_River"},{"link_name":"Farnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanstead,_Shefford_and_Chambly_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frelighsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frelighsburg,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Marieville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marieville,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"St. Cesaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-C%C3%A9saire,_Quebec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Vermont_Railroad.JPG"},{"link_name":"receivership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receivership"},{"link_name":"Rutland Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogdensburg_and_Lake_Champlain_Railroad"},{"link_name":"foreclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"link_name":"Department of Railways and Canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Railways_and_Canals"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"nationalizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"Crown corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_corporation"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"}],"text":"1879 mapThe Vermont Central Railroad was chartered October 31, 1843,[1] to build a line across the center of Vermont, running from Burlington on Lake Champlain east to the capital Montpelier, and then southeast and south to Windsor on the Connecticut River. Initial plans had the main line running through Montpelier. However, due to the difficulty of building through the Williamstown Gulf, a narrow valley south of Barre, Vermont, and to land interests of Charles Paine in Northfield, Vermont, a course to the west was selected. The state capital was to be served by a short branch line.Construction began on December 15, 1845, and the first section, from White River Junction west to Bethel, opened on June 26, 1848.[1] Subsequent sections opened to Roxbury on September 17, 1848, Northfield on October 10, 1848, Montpelier (including the branch from Montpelier Junction) on June 20, 1849, Middlesex on August 30, 1849, Waterbury on September 29, 1849, and the full distance to Burlington on December 31, 1849.[1] The part along the Connecticut River from Hartford south to Windsor opened on February 13, 1849.The Vermont and Canada Railroad was chartered October 31, 1845, as a continuation of the Vermont Central north and west to Rouses Point, New York, splitting at Essex Junction, Vermont (east of Burlington) and running north via St. Albans and Swanton.[1] A branch split at Swanton and ran north to the border with Canada. On August 24, 1849, the Vermont Central leased the Vermont and Canada, and it was completed in 1851. However, the Vermont Central defaulted on rental payments, and the Vermont and Canada returned to its original owners on June 28, 1852.[1] The lease was later reinstated.1887 map with connectionsThe Montreal and Vermont Junction Railway was chartered in 1860 and opened in the 1860s, extending the Vermont and Canada's branch from the international border north to St. Johns, Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway's Montreal and Champlain Railroad. From opening, it was operated as an extension of the Vermont and Canada.[1]The Sullivan County Railroad continued south from Windsor to Bellows Falls, Vermont, where it met the Cheshire Railroad toward Boston. At first it was operated by the Central Vermont, but later the Boston and Maine Railroad gained control of it, giving trackage rights to the Central Vermont. Similarly, the Vermont Valley Railroad, running south from Bellows Falls to the New London Northern Railroad in Brattleboro, was originally owned by the Rutland Railroad and later by the B&M.[1]In 1867 the Vermont Central leased the Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad, running east from St. Johns to Waterloo, Quebec. The Waterloo and Magog Railway was later built as an extension from Waterloo south to Magog.The Vermont Central leased the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad on March 1, 1870, extending its line from Rouses Point west to Ogdensburg, New York. On January 1, 1871, the Vermont Central leased the Rutland Railroad system, giving it routes from Burlington to Bellows Falls, Vermont, and Chatham, New York. The New London Northern Railroad was leased on December 1, 1871. On November 2, 1872, the name was changed to the Central Vermont Railroad.[1]Though the Missisquoi Railroad was chartered as an independent entity in 1867, the Central Vermont RR gained control of it shortly thereafter. It was formally leased in July 1873, providing a branch from St. Albans northeast to Richford, Vermont. It was operated until November 15, 1877, when the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad took it over. The company was reorganized in December 1886 as the Missisquoi Valley Railway, and was once again leased to the Central Vermont.The Montpelier and White River Railroad opened in 1876 and was leased to the Central Vermont, running from the end of the Montpelier Branch south to and beyond Barre.The Consolidated Railway was formed on June 30, 1884, to consolidate the 'Central Vermont' and 'Vermont and Canada', and to settle litigation between the two companies. A new Central Vermont Railroad was formed on July 1, 1884 to take over from the Consolidated Railway.New England Limited Express at South Royalton in 1909In 1889, the Burlington and Lamoille Railroad was reorganized as the Burlington and Lamoille Valley Railroad and leased by the Central Vermont. This provided a branch from Essex Junction to the Lamoille Valley Railroad at Cambridge Junction in Cambridge, Vermont, and a quickly abandoned redundant line from Essex Junction west to Burlington. This second connection crossed the Winooski River near Essex Junction and connected to the Rutland Railroad at the south end of Burlington near the present-day terminus of I-189.The Montreal and Province Line Railway was formed in 1896 as a reorganization of the Montreal, Portland and Boston Railroad. Originally planned as a branch of the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad to Montreal, and operated by the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, it was taken over by the Central Vermont upon reorganization. The main line ran from the Grand Trunk Railway's Montreal and Champlain Railroad at Saint-Lambert, across the St. Lawrence River from Montreal, southeast to Farnham on the Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad, with an extension continuing southeast to Frelighsburg. A branch went east from Marieville to St. Cesaire.CV locomotivesIn 1896, the Central Vermont entered receivership, and the Rutland Railroad was separated. The Grand Trunk Railway bought the bankrupt company on March 20. The Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad lease ended in 1898, and that company was leased by the Rutland in 1901. The Central Vermont Railroad was sold at foreclosure on March 21, 1899, and was reorganized as the Central Vermont Railway on May 1. During this process, on April 15, 1899, it purchased the Missisquoi Valley Railroad outright.[1]On July 12, 1920, the entire Grand Trunk system was placed under the control of a \"Board of Management\" by the federal Department of Railways and Canals in Canada after several years of financial difficulties. After several years of legal battles by Grand Trunk shareholders, intent on preventing the federal government from nationalizing the company, the company was nationalized on January 20, 1923, and fully merged into the Crown corporation Canadian National Railway.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Vermont Flood of 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vermont_Flood_of_1927"},{"link_name":"receivership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receivership"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Vermont_Railway_excursion_train_at_Brattleboro,_October_1968.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brattleboro, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Grand Trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Canadian National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National"},{"link_name":"privatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"New London, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"East Alburg, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Alburg,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"RailTex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RailTex"},{"link_name":"New England Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"RailAmerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RailAmerica"},{"link_name":"Genesee & Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_%26_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"}],"sub_title":"CN and NECR: 1923-present","text":"On December 12, 1927, in the aftermath of the Great Vermont Flood of 1927, the Central Vermont Railway entered receivership again, and was reorganized January 31, 1930, to form a new company of the same name.[1]While the Central Vermont was no longer independent, it kept much of its corporate identity and was run as a separate railroad from the rest of the CN system. As the grip of the Great Depression eased, the railroad became a relatively successful arm of the CN network until the postwar period. It moved a wide range of freight from general merchandise and furniture to milk and agricultural products.[1]During the 1950s, diesels from CN began to appear on the Central Vermont, with the last steam locomotive ending service in 1957.[1] The 1960s were an especially-rough period due to declining traffic, rising costs, and falling revenues.Central Vermont Railway engine in Brattleboro, Vermont in 1968Under the Grand Trunk and later the Canadian National, the Central Vermont system saw many of its unprofitable branch lines abandoned. The CN continued to operate the CV as a modestly successful system; however, in the process leading up to the privatization of the CN, which took place on November 28, 1995, several non-core routes were identified for sale, one of then being the CV.On February 3, 1995, the CN sold the CV mainline from New London, Connecticut, to East Alburg, Vermont, to shortline operating company RailTex, which renamed the operation the New England Central Railroad. RailTex was merged into RailAmerica in 2000. Genesee & Wyoming acquired RailAmerica at the end of 2012. Operations have continued as before.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Albans_station_1910_postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Central Vermont Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_station_(Vermont)"}],"text":"Central Vermont Railway Station in St. Albans","title":"Divisions and branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missisquoi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisquoi_River"},{"link_name":"Sheldon, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Lamoille Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamoille_Valley_Railroad_(1977%E2%80%932004)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Albans, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_(city),_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Sheldon, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Missisquoi Pulp and Paper Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missisquoi_Pulp_and_Paper_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Junction, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Junction,_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Johnsbury_and_Lake_Champlain_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Enosburg Falls, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enosburg_Falls,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Richford, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richford,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Railways portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Railways"}],"sub_title":"Richford Branch","text":"This line was formed as the Missisquoi Railroad, then became the Missisquoi Valley Railroad, and then the Missisquoi Valley Division, before gaining its final name. Operations continued on the entire 27.48-mile (44.22 km) length until 1984, when a derailment on the bridge spanning the Missisquoi River near Sheldon, Vermont, forced the dismantlement of one of three spans. Operations continued on the east end, while the Lamoille Valley Railroad operated on the isolated west end of the line to Richford occasionally after 1989. In 1990 the tracks from St. Albans to the bridge were pulled up.The following stops were made on the branch from west to east:Saint Albans, Vermont (interchange with the Central Vermont Railway)\nGreen's Corners, Vermont\nSheldon Springs, Vermont\nSheldon, Vermont (interchange with the Missisquoi Pulp and Paper Company)\nNorth Sheldon, Vermont\nSheldon Junction, Vermont (interchange with the Saint Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad)\nEast Frankin, Vermont\nEnosburg Falls, Vermont\nNorth Enosburg, Vermont\nEast Berkshire, Vermont\nRichford, Vermont (interchange with the Canadian Pacific Railway)Railways portal","title":"Divisions and branches"}]	[{"image_text":"1879 map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1879_CV_map_only.jpg/300px-1879_CV_map_only.jpg"},{"image_text":"1887 map with connections","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1887_CV.jpg/300px-1887_CV.jpg"},{"image_text":"New England Limited Express at South Royalton in 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Central_Vermont.jpg/300px-Central_Vermont.jpg"},{"image_text":"CV locomotives","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Central_Vermont_Railroad.JPG/300px-Central_Vermont_Railroad.JPG"},{"image_text":"Central Vermont Railway engine in Brattleboro, Vermont in 1968","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Central_Vermont_Railway_excursion_train_at_Brattleboro%2C_October_1968.jpg/220px-Central_Vermont_Railway_excursion_train_at_Brattleboro%2C_October_1968.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central Vermont Railway Station in St. Albans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/St._Albans_station_1910_postcard.jpg/300px-St._Albans_station_1910_postcard.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Burns, Adam. \"Central Vermont Railway, \"The Green Mountain Route\"\". www.american-rails.com. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.american-rails.com/central-vermont-railway.html","url_text":"\"Central Vermont Railway, \"The Green Mountain Route\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Central+Vermont+Railway%22","external_links_name":"\"Central Vermont Railway\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Central+Vermont+Railway%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Central+Vermont+Railway%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Central+Vermont+Railway%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Central+Vermont+Railway%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Central+Vermont+Railway%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.american-rails.com/central-vermont-railway.html","external_links_name":"\"Central Vermont Railway, \"The Green Mountain Route\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.cvrhs.com/","external_links_name":"Central Vermont Railway Historical Society"},{"Link":"http://www.rr-fallenflags.org/cv/cv.html","external_links_name":"The Central Vermont Railway at George Elwood's Fallen Flags site"},{"Link":"http://www.images.technomuses.ca/?en/stories/central_vermont/intro/page/1","external_links_name":"Picturing the Past: The Central Vermont Railway - includes many railway photos"},{"Link":"http://www.mamacoke.com/cv_archive","external_links_name":"Mamacoke Company Portal to Central Vermont Railway Archives"},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/vt0100/","external_links_name":"Central Vermont Railroad, Locomotive Shop, Bounded by Railroad Tracks, Lake & Pine Streets, Saint Albans, Franklin County, VT"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/147834234","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86134544","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_named_SS_Rotterdam	List of ships named SS Rotterdam	[]	SS Rotterdam may refer to one of seven ships of the Holland America Line: SS Rotterdam (1872), rigged for steam and sail; wrecked 26 September 1883 SS Rotterdam (1886), former British Empire, later Edam III (1895); scrapped 1899 SS Rotterdam (1897), sold 1906; later C.F. Tietgen, Dwinsk; sunk by SM U-151 in June 1918 SS Rotterdam (1908), scrapped in 1940 SS Rotterdam (1958), retired from Holland America Line in 1997 MS Rotterdam (1996), sold by Holland America Line to Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines and sailing under the name MS Borealis since July 2021. MS Rotterdam (2021), a cruise ship which entered service in October 2021, third of Holland-America's Pinnacle class. List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holland America Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_America_Line"},{"link_name":"SS Rotterdam (1872)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Rotterdam_(1872)"},{"link_name":"SS Rotterdam (1886)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Rotterdam_(1886)"},{"link_name":"SS Rotterdam (1897)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Dwinsk"},{"link_name":"SM U-151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-151"},{"link_name":"SS Rotterdam (1908)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Rotterdam_(1908)"},{"link_name":"SS Rotterdam (1958)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"MS Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Borealis"},{"link_name":"Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred._Olsen_Cruise_Lines"},{"link_name":"MS Borealis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Borealis"},{"link_name":"MS Rotterdam (2021)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Rotterdam_(2021)"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/List_of_ships_named_SS_Rotterdam&namespace=0"}],"text":"SS Rotterdam may refer to one of seven ships of the Holland America Line:SS Rotterdam (1872), rigged for steam and sail; wrecked 26 September 1883\nSS Rotterdam (1886), former British Empire, later Edam III (1895); scrapped 1899\nSS Rotterdam (1897), sold 1906; later C.F. Tietgen, Dwinsk; sunk by SM U-151 in June 1918\nSS Rotterdam (1908), scrapped in 1940\nSS Rotterdam (1958), retired from Holland America Line in 1997\nMS Rotterdam (1996), sold by Holland America Line to Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines and sailing under the name MS Borealis since July 2021.\nMS Rotterdam (2021), a cruise ship which entered service in October 2021, third of Holland-America's Pinnacle class.List of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"List of ships named SS Rotterdam"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/List_of_ships_named_SS_Rotterdam&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Rugby_Tbilisi_Cup	2015 World Rugby Tbilisi Cup	["1 Standings","2 Fixtures","2.1 Matchday 1","2.2 Matchday 2","2.3 Matchday 3","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	2015 World Rugby Tbilisi CupTournament detailsCountries Emerging Ireland Emerging Italy Georgia UruguayDate13 – 21 June 2015Tournament statisticsTeams4Matches played6Tries scored26 (4.33 per match)Top point scorer(s) Carlo Canna (29)Top try scorer(s) Andrew Conway (3)FinalChampions Emerging Ireland (1st title)Runners-up Emerging Italy← 2014 (Previous)(Next) TBD → The 2015 World Rugby Tbilisi Cup was the third edition of this international rugby union tournament, created by World Rugby. It was played from 13 to 21 June 2015 at the Avchala Stadium in Tbilisi, running alongside the 2015 World Rugby Nations Cup in Romania. The hosts Georgia were joined by 2015 Rugby World Cup counterparts Uruguay, and development sides Emerging Ireland and Emerging Italy. Emerging Ireland won the tournament with three from three victories, taking the Tbilisi Cup for their first ever time. Standings Team Games Points Tries Bonus points Points Played Won Drawn Lost For Against Difference For Against 1 Emerging Ireland 3 3 0 0 103 19 +84 15 3 3 15 2 Emerging Italy 3 2 0 1 49 48 +1 4 6 0 8 3 Georgia 3 1 0 2 41 81 –40 4 9 0 4 4 Uruguay 3 0 0 3 30 75 –45 3 8 0 0 Source : www.worldrugby.org Archived 2015-06-16 at the Wayback MachinePoints breakdown:4 points for a win2 points for a draw1 bonus point for a loss by seven points or less1 bonus point for scoring four or more tries in a match Fixtures The fixtures were announced on 6 May 2015. Matchday 1 13 June 201517:00 GET (UTC+4)Emerging Italy 0–25 Emerging IrelandReportTry: Griffin 13' mConway 24' mMcCloskey 27' cO'Halloran 80' cCon: Hanrahan (1/4) 28'Pen: Hanrahan (1/1) 5'Referee: Mathieu Raynal (France) FB 15 Alberto Chiesa (c) RW 14 Filippo Guarducci 20' 29' 55' 66' OC 13 Roberto Quartaroli IC 12 Giovanni Massaro 28' LW 11 Gabriele Di Giulio FH 10 Carlo Canna SH 9 Simone Marinaro N8 8 Maxime Mbanda OF 7 Emiliano Caffini 45' BF 6 Matteo Corazzi 54' RL 5 Filippo Gerosa 72' LL 4 Federico Ruzza TP 3 George Giovani Iacob 50' HK 2 Luca Bigi 40' LP 1 Federico Zani 18' to 28' 52' 55' 66' Replacements: HK 16 Oliviero Fabiani 40' PR 17 Giuseppe Di Stefano 52' PR 18 Pietro Ceccarelli 55' to 65' 20' 29' 50' FL 19 Alessio Zdrilich 54' N8 20 Mirko Amenta 72' SH 21 Simone Parisotto CE 22 Giovanni Benvenuti 28' LK 23 Sebastian Negri 45' Coach: Umberto Casellato FB 15 Tiernan O'Halloran RW 14 Andrew Conway 61' OC 13 Eoin Griffin IC 12 Stuart McCloskey 66' LW 11 Matt Healy FH 10 JJ Hanrahan SH 9 Luke McGrath 59' N8 8 Jack Conan OF 7 Dan Leavy BF 6 Rhys Ruddock (c) 55' RL 5 Billy Holland 62' LL 4 Ben Marshall TP 3 Stephen Archer 54' HK 2 Rob Herring 50' LP 1 Denis Buckley 54' Replacements: PR 16 Dave Heffernan 50' HK 17 Andrew Warwick 74' to 80' 54' PR 18 Finlay Bealham 54' FL 19 Andrew Browne 62' FL 20 Eoghan Masterson 55' SH 21 John Cooney 59' FH 22 Rory Scannell 66' FB 23 Peter Nelson 61' Coach: Allen Clarke 13 June 201519:00 GET (UTC+4)Georgia 19–10 UruguayTry: Mikautadze 7' cCon: Tsiklauri (1/1) 8'Pen: Tsiklauri (3/6) 12', 38', 66'Malaghuradze (1/1) 80'StatsTry: Gibernau 30' cCon: Ormaechea (1/1) 31'Pen: Ormaechea (1/2) 15'Referee: Marius Mitrea (Italy) FB 15 Beka Tsiklauri RW 14 Giorgi Aptsiauri OC 13 Revaz Gigauri 63' IC 12 Merab Sharikadze 79' LW 11 Giorgi Pruidze FH 10 Lasha Malaghuradze SH 9 Giorgi Begadze 63' N8 8 Beka Bitsadz OF 7 Lasha Lomidze 30' to 60' BF 6 Saba Shubitidze 25' 33' 60' RL 5 Konstantin Mikautadze 54' LL 4 Levan Datunashvili (c) TP 3 Nikoloz Khatiashvili 22' to 32' 71' HK 2 Jaba Bregvadze 79' LP 1 Giorgi Tetrashvili 60' Replacements: PR 16 Giorgi Tedoradze 79' HK 17 Archil Bezhiashvili 60' PR 18 Irakli Mirtskhulava 25' 33' 71' LK 19 Giorgi Chkhaidze 61' to 71' 54' FL 20 Beka Gorgadze 60' SH 21 Vazha Khutsishvili 63' CE 22 Giorgi Talakhadze 79' WG 23 Tamaz Mtchedlidze 63' Coach: Milton Haig FB 15 Gastón Mieres RW 14 Leandro Leivas 53' OC 13 Joaquín Prada IC 12 Alberto Román LW 11 Santiago Gibernau FH 10 Manuel Blengio 71' SH 9 Agustín Ormaechea N8 8 Juan Manuel Gaminara OF 7 Fernando Bascou 53' BF 6 Matías Beer 73' RL 5 Jorge Zerbino 52' to 62' 73' LL 4 Santiago Vilaseca (c) TP 3 Mario Sagario 47' HK 2 Nicolás Klappenbach 47' LP 1 Alejo Corral 63' Replacements: HK 16 Germán Kessler 47' PR 17 Carlos Arboleya 47' PR 18 Mateo Sanguinetti 63' LK 19 Mathias Palomeque 73' FL 20 Diego Magno 53' N8 21 Mathias Braun 73' SH 22 Alejo Durán 71' WG 23 Jerónimo Etcheverry 53' Coach: Pablo Lemoine Matchday 2 17 June 201517:00 GET (UTC+4)Uruguay 7–33 Emerging IrelandTry: Penalty try 71' cCon: Ormaechea (1/1) 72'ReportTry: Conway 5' cCooney 10' mKelleher 13' cPenalty try 40' cMarshall 79' cCon: Scannell (4/5) 6', 15', 40', 80'Referee: Marius Mitrea (Italy) FB 15 Jerónimo Etcheverry 70' RW 14 Leandro Leivas (c) OC 13 Joaquín Prada 65' IC 12 Andrés Vilaseca LW 11 Santiago Gibernau FH 10 Alejo Durán SH 9 Agustín Ormaechea N8 8 Alejandro Nieto OF 7 Diego Magno 64' BF 6 Agustín Alonso 38' to 48' 65' RL 5 Mathias Palomeque 40' LL 4 Franco Lamanna TP 3 Carlos Arboleya 56' HK 2 Germán Kessler 52' LP 1 Mateo Sanguinetti 52' Replacements: HK 16 Nicolás Klappenbach 52' PR 17 Mario Sagario 56' PR 18 Alejo Corral 52' LK 19 Santiago Vilaseca 64' FL 20 Fernando Bascou 65' N8 21 Mathias Braun 40' FH 22 Manuel Blengio 65' CE 23 Alberto Román 70' Coach: Pablo Lemoine FB 15 Peter Nelson RW 14 Cian Kelleher 62' to 72' OC 13 Eoin Griffin IC 12 Noel Reid LW 11 Andrew Conway FH 10 Rory Scannell SH 9 John Cooney N8 8 Eoghan Masterson 60' OF 7 Frankie Taggart BF 6 Rhys Ruddock (c) RL 5 Billy Holland 50' LL 4 Andrew Browne TP 3 Stephen Archer 50' HK 2 Dave Heffernan 60' LP 1 James Cronin 59' Replacements: PR 16 Rob Herring 60' HK 17 Denis Buckley 59' PR 18 Andrew Warwick 50' FL 19 Ben Marshall 50' FL 20 Dan Leavy N8 21 Jack Conan 60' SH 22 Luke McGrath FH 23 JJ Hanrahan Coach: Allen Clarke 17 June 201519:00 GET (UTC+4)Georgia 10–26 Emerging ItalyTry: Gorgadze 80' cCon: Tsiklauri (1/1) 80'Pen: Malaghuradze (1/1) 8'StatsTry: Marinaro 58' cMbanda 65' cCon: Canna (2/2) 58', 65'Pen: Canna (3/3) 5', 58', 62'Drop: Canna (1/1) 42'Referee: Marius van der Westhuizen (South Africa) FB 15 Giorgi Aptsiauri RW 14 Muraz Giorgadze 61' to 71' OC 13 Giorgi Talakhadze 54' IC 12 Tamaz Mchedlidze LW 11 Alexandre Khutsishvili FH 10 Lasha Malaghuradze 13' SH 9 Vazha Khutsishvili 58' N8 8 Beka Bitsadze OF 7 Beka Gorgadze BF 6 Saba Shubitidze 31' RL 5 Giorgi Chkhaidze LL 4 Levan Datunashvili (c) 56' TP 3 Irakli Mirtskhulava 52' HK 2 Simon Maisuradze 52' LP 1 Anton Peikrishvili 52' Replacements: PR 16 Jaba Bregvadze 52' HK 17 Archil Bezhiashvili 52' PR 18 Nikoloz Khatiashvili 52' LK 19 Konstantin Mikautadze 56' FL 20 Otar Giorgadze 31' SH 21 Giorgi Begadze 58' WG 22 Giorgi Pruidze 13' FB 23 Beka Tsiklauri 54' Coach: Milton Haig FB 15 Alberto Chiesa (c) RW 14 Filippo Guarducci OC 13 Giovanni Benvenuti IC 12 Roberto Quartaroli LW 11 Gabriele Di Giulio FH 10 Carlo Canna SH 9 Simone Marinaro 78' N8 8 Maxime Mbanda OF 7 Emiliano Caffini BF 6 Sebastian Negri RL 5 Filippo Gerosa LL 4 Federico Ruzza 77' TP 3 Giuseppe Di Stefano 72' HK 2 Oliviero Fabiani 51' LP 1 Federico Zani 51' Replacements: HK 16 Luca Bigi 72' PR 17 Laert Naka 51' PR 18 Pietro Ceccarelli 51' FL 19 Alessio Zdrilich FL 20 Mirko Amenta 77' SH 21 Simone Parisotto 78' FB 22 Christian Becerra LK 23 Matteo Corazzi Coach: Umberto Casellato Matchday 3 21 June 201517:00 GET (UTC+4)Uruguay 13–23 Emerging ItalyTry: Arboleya 72' cCon: Ormaechea (1/1) 73'Pen: Ormaechea (1/2) 30'Drop: Durán (1/1) 8'StatsTry: Fabiani 26' cDi Giulio 39' cCon: Canna (2/2) 27', 40'Pen: Canna (2/2) 12', 75'Drop: Canna (1/1) 77'Referee: Marius van der Westhuizen (South Africa) FB 15 Gastón Mieres RW 14 Leandro Leivas OC 13 Joaquín Prada IC 12 Alberto Román 78' LW 11 Santiago Gibernau FH 10 Alejo Durán SH 9 Agustín Ormaechea 78' N8 8 Alejandro Nieto 78' OF 7 Matías Beer BF 6 Juan Manuel Gaminara 18' to 28' RL 5 Jorge Zerbino LL 4 Santiago Vilaseca (c) 52' TP 3 Carlos Arboleya HK 2 Nicolás Klappenbach 51' LP 1 Alejo Corral 40' Replacements: PR 16 Mario Sagario 51' PR 17 Mateo Sanguinetti 59' to 69' 40' FL 18 Agustín Alonso LK 19 Franco Lamanna 52' FL 20 Diego Magno FL 21 Fernando Bascou 78' FH 22 Manuel Blengio 78' CE 23 Andrés Vilaseca 78' Coach: Pablo Lemoine FB 15 Alberto Chiesa (c) RW 14 Filippo Guarducci OC 13 Giovanni Benvenuti IC 12 Roberto Quartaroli LW 11 Gabriele Di Giulio FH 10 Carlo Canna SH 9 Simone Marinaro 78' N8 8 Maxime Mbanda 44' OF 7 Emiliano Caffini BF 6 Sebastian Negri RL 5 Alessio Zdrilich 45' LL 4 Federico Ruzza TP 3 Pietro Ceccarelli 59' HK 2 Oliviero Fabiani 64' to 74' LP 1 Federico Zani 53' Replacements: HK 16 Luca Bigi PR 17 Laert Naka 53' PR 18 Giuseppe Di Stefano 59' LK 19 Filippo Gerosa 45' FL 20 Matteo Corazzi SH 21 Simone Parisotto FB 22 Christian Becerra N8 23 Mirko Amenta 44' Coach: Umberto Casellato 21 June 201519:00 GET (UTC+4)Georgia 12–45 Emerging IrelandTry: Lomidze 6' mPenalty try 55' cCon: Tsiklauri (1/2) 55'Drop: Tsiklauri (0/1)ReportTry: Penalty try 31' cHealy (2) 45' c, 66' cMasterson 49' cConway 72' cBealham 74' cCon: Hanrahan (6/6) 32', 45', 50', 67', 73', 75'Pen: Hanrahan (1/2) 18'Attendance: 2,200Referee: Mathieu Raynal (France) FB 15 Beka Tsiklauri RW 14 Alexandre Khutsishvili 47' to 57' OC 13 Revaz Gigauri IC 12 Tamaz Mtchedlidze LW 11 Giorgi Pruidze 59' FH 10 Mamuka Ninidze SH 9 Giorgi Begadze 64' N8 8 Lasha Lomidze 35' OF 7 Giorgi Chkhaidze BF 6 Beka Bitsadze RL 5 Konstantin Mikautadze LL 4 Levan Datunashvili (c) 11' TP 3 Anton Peikrishvili 48' HK 2 Simon Maisuradze 48' LP 1 Zurab Zhvania 73' Replacements: PR 16 Jaba Bregvadze 48' HK 17 Giorgi Tetrashvili 73' PR 18 Irakli Mirtskhulava 48' LK 19 Otar Giorgadze 11' FL 20 Saba Shubitidze 35' SH 21 Vazha Khutsishvili 64' FH 22 Irakli Svanidze 59' WG 23 Giorgi Aptsiauri Coach: Milton Haig FB 15 Tiernan O'Halloran RW 14 Andrew Conway OC 13 Stuart McCloskey IC 12 Noel Reid 59' LW 11 Matt Healy FH 10 JJ Hanrahan SH 9 Luke McGrath N8 8 Jack Conan OF 7 Dan Leavy BF 6 Eoghan Masterson RL 5 Billy Holland (c) 7' LL 4 Ben Marshall TP 3 Stephen Archer 73' HK 2 Rob Herring 73' LP 1 James Cronin Replacements: PR 16 Dave Heffernan 73' HK 17 Denis Buckley PR 18 Finlay Bealham 73' LK 19 Andrew Browne 7' FL 20 Frankie Taggart SH 21 John Cooney CE 22 Eoin Griffin 59' FB 23 Peter Nelson Coach: Allen Clarke See also 2015 World Rugby Nations Cup 2015 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup References ^ "Emerging Ireland claim Tbilisi Cup after win over hosts Georgia". The 42. 21 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015. ^ "Emerging Ireland ease past Georgia to lift Tbilisi Cup". RTE Sport. 21 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015. ^ worldrugby.org. "Tbilisi Cup to provide tough competition ahead of RWC 2015". worldrugby.org. Retrieved 14 September 2017. ^ http://www.worldrugby.org/match/22400 Match stats][http://www.the42.ie/live-latest-emerging-ireland-italy-2159241-Jun2015/ ^ worldrugby.org. "World Rugby". www.worldrugby.org. Retrieved 14 September 2017. ^ http://www.worldrugby.org/match/22402 Match stats][http://www.the42.ie/live-ireland-uruguay-emerging-tbilisi-2165646-Jun2015/ ^ worldrugby.org. "World Rugby". www.worldrugby.org. Retrieved 14 September 2017. ^ worldrugby.org. "World Rugby". www.worldrugby.org. Retrieved 14 September 2017. ^ http://www.worldrugby.org/match/22405 Match stats][http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/billy-holland-scare-mars-irish-win-338314.html External links Official website vteIRB Tbilisi Cup2015 teams Emerging Ireland Emerging Italy Georgia Uruguay Former teams Argentina Jaguars (2014) South Africa President's XV (2013) Spain (2014) Seasons 2013 2014 2015 Winners 2013 South Africa President's XV 2014 Argentina Jaguars	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"World Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"2015 World Rugby Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Rugby_Nations_Cup"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2015 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Emerging Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Emerging Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 2015 World Rugby Tbilisi Cup was the third edition of this international rugby union tournament, created by World Rugby. It was played from 13 to 21 June 2015 at the Avchala Stadium in Tbilisi, running alongside the 2015 World Rugby Nations Cup in Romania. The hosts Georgia were joined by 2015 Rugby World Cup counterparts Uruguay, and development sides Emerging Ireland and Emerging Italy.Emerging Ireland won the tournament with three from three victories, taking the Tbilisi Cup for their first ever time.[1][2]","title":"2015 World Rugby Tbilisi Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The fixtures were announced on 6 May 2015.[3]","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B4"},{"link_name":"Emerging Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_A_national_rugby_union_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Emerging Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoin_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Conway"},{"link_name":"McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_McCloskey"},{"link_name":"O'Halloran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiernan_O%27Halloran"},{"link_name":"Hanrahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJ_Hanrahan"},{"link_name":"Hanrahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJ_Hanrahan"},{"link_name":"Mathieu 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Mitrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Mitrea"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Rugby_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Matchday 1","text":"13 June 201517:00 GET (UTC+4)Emerging Italy 0–25 Emerging IrelandReport[4]Try: Griffin 13' mConway 24' mMcCloskey 27' cO'Halloran 80' cCon: Hanrahan (1/4) 28'Pen: Hanrahan (1/1) 5'Referee: Mathieu Raynal (France)13 June 201519:00 GET (UTC+4)Georgia 19–10 UruguayTry: Mikautadze 7' cCon: Tsiklauri (1/1) 8'Pen: Tsiklauri (3/6) 12', 38', 66'Malaghuradze (1/1) 80'Stats[5]Try: Gibernau 30' cCon: Ormaechea (1/1) 31'Pen: Ormaechea (1/2) 15'Referee: Marius Mitrea (Italy)","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B4"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_rugby_union_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Emerging 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van der Westhuizen (South Africa)21 June 201519:00 GET (UTC+4)Georgia 12–45 Emerging IrelandTry: Lomidze 6' mPenalty try 55' cCon: Tsiklauri (1/2) 55'Drop: Tsiklauri (0/1)Report[9]Try: Penalty try 31' cHealy (2) 45' c, 66' cMasterson 49' cConway 72' cBealham 74' cCon: Hanrahan (6/6) 32', 45', 50', 67', 73', 75'Pen: Hanrahan (1/2) 18'Attendance: 2,200Referee: Mathieu Raynal (France)","title":"Fixtures"}]	[]	[{"title":"2015 World Rugby Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Rugby_Nations_Cup"},{"title":"2015 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Rugby_Pacific_Nations_Cup"}]	[{"reference":"\"Emerging Ireland claim Tbilisi Cup after win over hosts Georgia\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietrastornina	Pietrastornina	["1 Notable residents","2 References"]	Coordinates: 41°0′N 14°44′E / 41.000°N 14.733°E / 41.000; 14.733You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (January 2022) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|it\|Pietrastornina}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Comune in Campania, ItalyPietrastorninaComuneComune di PietrastorninaThe Rocky Spire of PietrastorninaLocation of Pietrastornina PietrastorninaLocation of Pietrastornina in ItalyShow map of ItalyPietrastorninaPietrastornina (Campania)Show map of CampaniaCoordinates: 41°0′N 14°44′E / 41.000°N 14.733°E / 41.000; 14.733CountryItalyRegionCampaniaProvinceAvellino (AV)Government • MayorAmato RizzoArea • Total15 km2 (6 sq mi)Elevation513 m (1,683 ft)Population (31 December 2010) • Total1,567 • Density100/km2 (270/sq mi)DemonymPietrastorninesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code83015Dialing code0825WebsiteOfficial website Pietrastornina (Campanian: A Prèta) is a town and comune in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy. Notable residents Matteo Piantedosi (born 1963), Italian Minister of the Interior: born in his mother's Naples and raised in his father's Pietrastornina, where he retained a house and was made an honorary citizen References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics from the Italian statistical institute (Istat); Dati - Popolazione residente all'1/5/2009 ^ Bartolomei, Rita (21 October 2022). "Matteo Piantedosi: carriera, affetti, passioni del ministro dell'Interno (di poche parole)" . Quotidiano Nazionale (in Italian). Retrieved 22 October 2022. vteCampania · Comuni of the Province of Avellino Aiello del Sabato Altavilla Irpina Andretta Aquilonia Ariano Irpino Atripalda Avella Avellino Bagnoli Irpino Baiano Bisaccia Bonito Cairano Calabritto Calitri Candida Caposele Capriglia Irpina Carife Casalbore Cassano Irpino Castel Baronia Castelfranci Castelvetere sul Calore Cervinara Cesinali Chianche Chiusano di San Domenico Contrada Conza della Campania Domicella Flumeri Fontanarosa Forino Frigento Gesualdo Greci Grottaminarda Grottolella Guardia Lombardi Lacedonia Lapio Lauro Lioni Luogosano Manocalzati Marzano di Nola Melito Irpino Mercogliano Mirabella Eclano Montaguto Montecalvo Irpino Montefalcione Monteforte Irpino Montefredane Montefusco Montella Montemarano Montemiletto Monteverde Montoro Morra De Sanctis Moschiano Mugnano del Cardinale Nusco Ospedaletto d'Alpinolo Pago del Vallo di Lauro Parolise Paternopoli Petruro Irpino Pietradefusi Pietrastornina Prata di Principato Ultra Pratola Serra Quadrelle Quindici Rocca San Felice Roccabascerana Rotondi Salza Irpina San Mango sul Calore San Martino Valle Caudina San Michele di Serino San Nicola Baronia San Potito Ultra San Sossio Baronia Santa Lucia di Serino Santa Paolina Sant'Andrea di Conza Sant'Angelo a Scala Sant'Angelo all'Esca Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi Santo Stefano del Sole Savignano Irpino Scampitella Senerchia Serino Sirignano Solofra Sorbo Serpico Sperone Sturno Summonte Taurano Taurasi Teora Torella dei Lombardi Torre Le Nocelle Torrioni Trevico Tufo Vallata Vallesaccarda Venticano Villamaina Villanova del Battista Volturara Irpina Zungoli This Campanian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_language"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"province of Avellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Avellino"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Comune in Campania, ItalyPietrastornina (Campanian: A Prèta) is a town and comune in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy.","title":"Pietrastornina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matteo Piantedosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Piantedosi"},{"link_name":"Italian Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"honorary citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_citizen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Matteo Piantedosi (born 1963), Italian Minister of the Interior: born in his mother's Naples and raised in his father's Pietrastornina, where he retained a house and was made an honorary citizen[3]","title":"Notable residents"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". 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Retrieved 22 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quotidiano.net/elezioni/matteo-piantedosi-ministro-interno-1.8203697","url_text":"\"Matteo Piantedosi: carriera, affetti, passioni del ministro dell'Interno (di poche parole)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pietrastornina&params=41_0_N_14_44_E_region:IT_type:city(1567)","external_links_name":"41°0′N 14°44′E / 41.000°N 14.733°E / 41.000; 14.733"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pietrastornina&params=41_0_N_14_44_E_region:IT_type:city(1567)","external_links_name":"41°0′N 14°44′E / 41.000°N 14.733°E / 41.000; 14.733"},{"Link":"http://pietrastornina.asmenet.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.demo.istat.it/bilmens2009gen/index.html","external_links_name":"Dati - Popolazione residente all'1/5/2009"},{"Link":"https://www.quotidiano.net/elezioni/matteo-piantedosi-ministro-interno-1.8203697","external_links_name":"\"Matteo Piantedosi: carriera, affetti, passioni del ministro dell'Interno (di poche parole)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietrastornina&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threat_Vector_(novel)	Threat Vector	["1 Plot summary","2 Characters","2.1 United States government","2.2 United States military","2.3 The Campus","2.4 The Chinese","2.5 Other characters","3 Reception","3.1 Commercial","3.2 Critical","4 References"]	2012 techno-thriller novel by Tom Clancy Threat Vector First edition (US)AuthorTom Clancy with Mark GreaneyAudio read byLou Diamond PhillipsLanguageEnglishSeries Jack Ryan The Campus Genre Techno-thriller Military fiction Spy fiction Realistic fiction PublisherG.P. Putnam's Sons (US)Michael JosephPublication dateDecember 4, 2012Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardcover, Paperback), Audio, eBookPages868ISBN9780399160455Preceded byLocked On Followed byCommand Authority Threat Vector is a techno-thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and co-written with Mark Greaney, and published on December 4, 2012. A direct sequel to Locked On (2011), President Jack Ryan and The Campus must prevent a Chinese expansionist government from enacting war in the South China Sea. The book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list. Plot summary Chinese leader Wei Zhen Lin has been dealing with mounting political opposition over his country's economic recession. He tries to commit suicide in order to avoid his inevitable arrest when he is prevented by General Su Ke Qiang, the leader of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Aware that his life now depends on the hawkish military leader, Wei resolves to recoup his country's economic losses by retaking disputed territories in the South China Sea by military force, as well as Hong Kong, Macau, and finally Taiwan. Expecting the United States to react to China's actions militarily, Su secretly orders cyberattacks on the country’s military infrastructure through sub rosa cyber espionage and cyber warfare militia Ghost Ship and its head, Dr. Tong Kwok Kwan. The Chinese Navy then aggressively harasses and sinks ships passing through the South China Sea, including an Indian aircraft carrier (sent there by India to protect its own interests). U.S. President Jack Ryan tries to resolve the conflict by covertly sending in a contingent of Marine fighter pilots in order to reinforce the Taiwanese Air Force. However, Su discovers this and further sanctions more cyber attacks on the U.S. Meanwhile, The Campus deals with a breach in their organization when a hit job on a cell of former Libyan intelligence officers in Istanbul attracts the attention of a mysterious hacker codenamed Center, who is later revealed to be Dr. Tong. They later find out about one of his associates, Zha Shu Hai (codenamed FastByte22), who is a fugitive from the United States and is pursued by CIA non-official cover operative Adam Yao in Hong Kong. While a SEAL Team Six unit sent by the Department of Defense captures Zha first after a crossfire with his 14K Triad bodyguards, Campus operatives Jack Ryan Jr. and Domingo Chavez, as well as I.T. head Gavin Biery, manage to gather intelligence from his hand-held computer, locating one of Center's command servers in Miami. Ryan and fellow Campus operative Dominic Caruso try to go there against orders from operations head Sam Granger, only to be nearly killed by Russian mobsters sent by Center. After dispatching their would-be attackers and hastily escaping from Miami, the cousins are suspended from their duties. Upon hearing news about Zha, Center relocates the Ghost Ship headquarters to Guangzhou. He later orders his hit squad, composed of a few Chinese special operations forces, to assassinate FastByte22 in a CIA safehouse in Georgetown in order to silence him. Center then arranges for Yao to be killed by a car bomb; however, the CIA officer survives the blast and goes off the grid, investigating Center on his own. Ryan later realizes that his girlfriend and CIA analyst Melanie Kraft had bugged his phone with a remote access trojan, explaining how Center knew of his whereabouts. Kraft had been blackmailed into spying on her boyfriend on behalf of corrupt FBI special agent Darren Lipton under orders from Center. While tailing Kraft on her way to work, Ryan witnesses and later intervenes on an attempt by Center's hit squad to assassinate her. After calling in retired Campus operative John Clark to take care of Kraft, he leaves for Hong Kong to find Yao. Center orders his hit squad to attack The Campus's headquarters in order to erase all their intelligence on Ghost Ship, killing Granger in the process. Clark and Kraft later intervene in the attack, killing all but two of the operatives. They also capture ex-SVR officer Valentin Kovalenko, who was unwittingly working for Center at the time. In China, Ryan tracks down Yao, who had discovered the location of the Ghost Ship headquarters in Guangzhou. After he informs his father, the building is later destroyed in a coordinated airstrike by American fighter jets, killing Center and his colleagues. The two then flee to Hong Kong and rescue a Marine pilot who was shot down during the strike. Meanwhile, realizing that Su has been manipulating him for his own gain, Wei intentionally leaks his whereabouts during a phone call with President Ryan, who interprets it as an implicit plea to assassinate the military leader and passes this information to The Campus. Clark then travels to China and joins Chavez, Caruso, and Sam Driscoll, who were sent earlier by director of national intelligence Mary Pat Foley to liaise with an underground faction of Chinese dissidents. Together and with assistance from Russian foreign intelligence, they manage to ambush and assassinate Chairman Su in his motorcade with few casualties. Afterwards they plant Center's two surviving operatives there as scapegoats. President Ryan addresses the nation and threatens China with blockading the Strait of Malacca, crippling their economy by starving them of their oil supplies unless they cease military activity around the South China Sea. Once again cornered, Wei tries to commit suicide for a second time but ends up choking on his own blood. Meanwhile, Ryan and Kraft decide to break up due to their trust issues. The latter decides to resign from the CIA due to lying to the polygraph about her father being an unwitting asset for Egyptian intelligence. Characters United States government Jack Ryan: President of the United States Arnold van Damm: President Ryan's Chief of Staff Robert Burgess: Secretary of Defense Scott Adler: Secretary of State Mary Patricia Foley: Director of national intelligence Colleen Hurst: National Security Advisor Jay Canfield: Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Kenneth Li: U.S. Ambassador to China Adam Yao: Operations officer, National Clandestine Service, Central Intelligence Agency Melanie Kraft: Reports officer, Central Intelligence Agency (on loan to Office of the Director of National Intelligence) Darren Lipton: Senior special agent, Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Security Branch, Counterintelligence Division United States military Admiral Mark Jorgensen: United States Navy, commander of the Pacific Fleet General Henry Bloom: United States Air Force, commander of United States Cyber Command Captain Brandon "Trash" White: United States Marine Corps, F/A-18C Hornet pilot Major Scott "Cheese" Stilton: United States Marine Corps, F/A-18C Hornet pilot Chief Petty Officer Michael Meyer: United States Navy, SEAL Team Six element leader The Campus Gerry Hendley: Director of Hendley Associates / The Campus Sam Granger: Director of operations John Clark: Operations officer Domingo "Ding" Chavez: Operations officer Dominic Caruso: Operations officer Sam Driscoll: Operations officer Jack Ryan Jr.: Operations officer / analyst Rick Bell: Director of analysis Tony Wills: Analyst Gavin Biery: Director of information technology The Chinese Wei Zhen Lin: China's Paramount leader / General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Su Ke Qiang: Chairman of the Central Military Commission of China Wu Fan Jun: Intelligence officer, Ministry of State Security, Shanghai Dr. Tong Kwok Kwan ("Center"): Computer network operations director of Ghost Ship Zha Shu Hai ("FastByte22"): Interpol-wanted cybercriminal Crane: Leader of "Vancouver Cell" / Divine Sword Han: Factory owner and high-tech counterfeiter Other characters Valentin Olegovich Kovalenko: Ex-SVR (Russian foreign intelligence) assistant rezident of London Station Todd Wicks: Territory sales manager of Advantage Technology Solutions Charlie "DarkGod" Levy: Amateur hacker Dr. Cathy Ryan: First Lady of the United States Sandy Clark: Wife of John Clark Dr. Patsy Clark: Wife of Domingo Chavez / daughter of John Clark Emad Kartal: Ex-Libyan intelligence officer, communications specialist Reception Commercial The book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list for the week of December 23, 2012. In addition, it charted at number three on USA Today's Best-Selling Books list. A year later, the mass-market paperback edition of the novel debuted at number four on the New York Times bestseller list for the week of December 22, 2013. Critical The book received generally positive reviews. Threat Vector benefited greatly from the collaboration with author Mark Greaney. Kirkus Reviews praised the book as "a satisfying thriller" where "Clancy’s writing has shed some of its erstwhile woodenness" and "doesn't read a technical manual, which is all to the good". Publishers Weekly hailed the "highly readable if workmanlike techno-thriller", concluding: "Clancy fans will welcome all the high-tech data as well as heroes who can single-handedly take out whole teams of bad guys." The book was nominated for Best Mystery & Thriller during the Goodreads Choice Awards of 2013, but lost to the novel Inferno by Dan Brown. References ^ "Combined Print & E-Book Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 23, 2012". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2018. ^ "Hardcover Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 23, 2012". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2018. ^ "Book Reviews and Best Selling Lists". USA Today. Retrieved 12 December 2018. ^ "Paperback Mass-Market Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 22, 2013". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2018. ^ "THREAT VECTOR by Tom Clancy, Mark Greaney". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 12 December 2018. ^ "Fiction Book Review: Threat Vector by Tom Clancy with Mark Greaney". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 12 December 2018. ^ "Best Mystery & Thriller 2013 - Goodreads Choice Awards". Goodreads. Retrieved 12 December 2018. vteWorks by Tom ClancyRyanverse The Hunt for Red October (1984) Patriot Games (1987) The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988) Clear and Present Danger (1989) The Sum of All Fears (1991) Without Remorse (1993) Debt of Honor (1994) Executive Orders (1996) Rainbow Six (1998) The Bear and the Dragon (2000) Red Rabbit (2002) The Teeth of the Tiger (2003) Dead or Alive (2010) Locked On (2011) Threat Vector (2012) Command Authority (2013) Other novels Red Storm Rising (1986) SSN (1996) Against All Enemies (2011) Search and Destroy (2012 cancelled) Non-fiction Submarine (1993) Armored Cav (1994) Fighter Wing (1995) Marine (1996) Into the Storm (1997) Airborne (1997) Carrier (1999) Every Man a Tiger (1999) Special Forces (2001) Shadow Warriors (2002) Battle Ready (2004) Franchises Ryanverse Rainbow Six Ghost Recon Splinter Cell Power Plays Op-Center Net Force Net Force Explorers Category Novel Film vteTom Clancy's RyanverseNovelsTom Clancy The Hunt for Red October (1984) Patriot Games (1987) The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988) Clear and Present Danger (1989) The Sum of All Fears (1991) Without Remorse (1993) Debt of Honor (1994) Executive Orders (1996) Rainbow Six (1998) The Bear and the Dragon (2000) Red Rabbit (2002) The Teeth of the Tiger (2003) Dead or Alive (2010) Locked On (2011) Against All Enemies (2011) Threat Vector (2012) Command Authority (2013) Mark Greaney Support and Defend (2014) Full Force and Effect (2014) Commander in Chief (2015) True Faith and Allegiance (2016) Grant Blackwood Under Fire (2015) Duty and Honor (2016) Mike Maden Point of Contact (2017) Line of Sight (2018) Enemy Contact (2019) Firing Point (2020) Marc Cameron Power and Empire (2017) Oath of Office (2018) Code of Honor (2019) Films The Hunt for Red October (1990) Patriot Games (1992) Clear and Present Danger (1994) The Sum of All Fears (2002) Shadow Recruit (2014) Without Remorse (2021) Televisionseries Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan (2018–2023) Characters Jack Ryan John Clark Video games The Hunt for Red October (1987) The Hunt for Red October (1990, computer) Cardinal of the Kremlin (1990) The Hunt for Red October (1991, console) The Sum of All Fears (2002) Other Jack Ryan (franchise) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"techno-thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-thriller"},{"link_name":"Tom Clancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy"},{"link_name":"Mark Greaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Greaney_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Locked On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked_On_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jack Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(character)"},{"link_name":"expansionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionism"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"the New York Times bestseller list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_bestseller_list"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Threat Vector is a techno-thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and co-written with Mark Greaney, and published on December 4, 2012. A direct sequel to Locked On (2011), President Jack Ryan and The Campus must prevent a Chinese expansionist government from enacting war in the South China Sea. The book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list.[1]","title":"Threat Vector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"hawkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_hawk"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"cyberattacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberattacks"},{"link_name":"sub rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_rosa"},{"link_name":"cyber espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_espionage"},{"link_name":"cyber warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_warfare"},{"link_name":"Chinese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Jack Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(character)"},{"link_name":"Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"non-official cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-official_cover"},{"link_name":"SEAL Team Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"14K Triad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14K_Triad"},{"link_name":"Jack Ryan Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_Jr."},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Chinese special operations forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Special_Operations_Forces"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"remote access trojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_access_trojan"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"John Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clark_(Tom_Clancy_character)"},{"link_name":"SVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"director of national intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_national_intelligence"},{"link_name":"foreign intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Strait of Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"polygraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph"},{"link_name":"Egyptian intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Egypt)"}],"text":"Chinese leader Wei Zhen Lin has been dealing with mounting political opposition over his country's economic recession. He tries to commit suicide in order to avoid his inevitable arrest when he is prevented by General Su Ke Qiang, the leader of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Aware that his life now depends on the hawkish military leader, Wei resolves to recoup his country's economic losses by retaking disputed territories in the South China Sea by military force, as well as Hong Kong, Macau, and finally Taiwan.Expecting the United States to react to China's actions militarily, Su secretly orders cyberattacks on the country’s military infrastructure through sub rosa cyber espionage and cyber warfare militia Ghost Ship and its head, Dr. Tong Kwok Kwan. The Chinese Navy then aggressively harasses and sinks ships passing through the South China Sea, including an Indian aircraft carrier (sent there by India to protect its own interests). U.S. President Jack Ryan tries to resolve the conflict by covertly sending in a contingent of Marine fighter pilots in order to reinforce the Taiwanese Air Force. However, Su discovers this and further sanctions more cyber attacks on the U.S.Meanwhile, The Campus deals with a breach in their organization when a hit job on a cell of former Libyan intelligence officers in Istanbul attracts the attention of a mysterious hacker codenamed Center, who is later revealed to be Dr. Tong. They later find out about one of his associates, Zha Shu Hai (codenamed FastByte22), who is a fugitive from the United States and is pursued by CIA non-official cover operative Adam Yao in Hong Kong. While a SEAL Team Six unit sent by the Department of Defense captures Zha first after a crossfire with his 14K Triad bodyguards, Campus operatives Jack Ryan Jr. and Domingo Chavez, as well as I.T. head Gavin Biery, manage to gather intelligence from his hand-held computer, locating one of Center's command servers in Miami. Ryan and fellow Campus operative Dominic Caruso try to go there against orders from operations head Sam Granger, only to be nearly killed by Russian mobsters sent by Center. After dispatching their would-be attackers and hastily escaping from Miami, the cousins are suspended from their duties.Upon hearing news about Zha, Center relocates the Ghost Ship headquarters to Guangzhou. He later orders his hit squad, composed of a few Chinese special operations forces, to assassinate FastByte22 in a CIA safehouse in Georgetown in order to silence him. Center then arranges for Yao to be killed by a car bomb; however, the CIA officer survives the blast and goes off the grid, investigating Center on his own.Ryan later realizes that his girlfriend and CIA analyst Melanie Kraft had bugged his phone with a remote access trojan, explaining how Center knew of his whereabouts. Kraft had been blackmailed into spying on her boyfriend on behalf of corrupt FBI special agent Darren Lipton under orders from Center. While tailing Kraft on her way to work, Ryan witnesses and later intervenes on an attempt by Center's hit squad to assassinate her. After calling in retired Campus operative John Clark to take care of Kraft, he leaves for Hong Kong to find Yao.Center orders his hit squad to attack The Campus's headquarters in order to erase all their intelligence on Ghost Ship, killing Granger in the process. Clark and Kraft later intervene in the attack, killing all but two of the operatives. They also capture ex-SVR officer Valentin Kovalenko, who was unwittingly working for Center at the time.In China, Ryan tracks down Yao, who had discovered the location of the Ghost Ship headquarters in Guangzhou. After he informs his father, the building is later destroyed in a coordinated airstrike by American fighter jets, killing Center and his colleagues. The two then flee to Hong Kong and rescue a Marine pilot who was shot down during the strike.Meanwhile, realizing that Su has been manipulating him for his own gain, Wei intentionally leaks his whereabouts during a phone call with President Ryan, who interprets it as an implicit plea to assassinate the military leader and passes this information to The Campus. Clark then travels to China and joins Chavez, Caruso, and Sam Driscoll, who were sent earlier by director of national intelligence Mary Pat Foley to liaise with an underground faction of Chinese dissidents. Together and with assistance from Russian foreign intelligence, they manage to ambush and assassinate Chairman Su in his motorcade with few casualties. Afterwards they plant Center's two surviving operatives there as scapegoats.President Ryan addresses the nation and threatens China with blockading the Strait of Malacca, crippling their economy by starving them of their oil supplies unless they cease military activity around the South China Sea. Once again cornered, Wei tries to commit suicide for a second time but ends up choking on his own blood. Meanwhile, Ryan and Kraft decide to break up due to their trust issues. The latter decides to resign from the CIA due to lying to the polygraph about her father being an unwitting asset for Egyptian intelligence.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(character)"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Director of national intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_national_intelligence"},{"link_name":"National Security Advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"U.S. Ambassador to China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_China"},{"link_name":"National Clandestine Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Clandestine_Service"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"National Security Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_National_Security_Branch"},{"link_name":"Counterintelligence Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Counterintelligence_Division"}],"sub_title":"United States government","text":"Jack Ryan: President of the United States\nArnold van Damm: President Ryan's Chief of Staff\nRobert Burgess: Secretary of Defense\nScott Adler: Secretary of State\nMary Patricia Foley: Director of national intelligence\nColleen Hurst: National Security Advisor\nJay Canfield: Director of the Central Intelligence Agency\nKenneth Li: U.S. Ambassador to China\nAdam Yao: Operations officer, National Clandestine Service, Central Intelligence Agency\nMelanie Kraft: Reports officer, Central Intelligence Agency (on loan to Office of the Director of National Intelligence)\nDarren Lipton: Senior special agent, Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Security Branch, Counterintelligence Division","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"United States Cyber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Cyber_Command"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"F/A-18C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18C"},{"link_name":"F/A-18C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18C"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"SEAL Team Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six"}],"sub_title":"United States military","text":"Admiral Mark Jorgensen: United States Navy, commander of the Pacific Fleet\nGeneral Henry Bloom: United States Air Force, commander of United States Cyber Command\nCaptain Brandon \"Trash\" White: United States Marine Corps, F/A-18C Hornet pilot\nMajor Scott \"Cheese\" Stilton: United States Marine Corps, F/A-18C Hornet pilot\nChief Petty Officer Michael Meyer: United States Navy, SEAL Team Six element leader","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clark_(Tom_Clancy_character)"},{"link_name":"Jack Ryan Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_Jr."}],"sub_title":"The Campus","text":"Gerry Hendley: Director of Hendley Associates / The Campus\nSam Granger: Director of operations\nJohn Clark: Operations officer\nDomingo \"Ding\" Chavez: Operations officer\nDominic Caruso: Operations officer\nSam Driscoll: Operations officer\nJack Ryan Jr.: Operations officer / analyst\nRick Bell: Director of analysis\nTony Wills: Analyst\nGavin Biery: Director of information technology","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paramount leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Central Military Commission of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of State Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Interpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol"}],"sub_title":"The Chinese","text":"Wei Zhen Lin: China's Paramount leader / General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party\nSu Ke Qiang: Chairman of the Central Military Commission of China\nWu Fan Jun: Intelligence officer, Ministry of State Security, Shanghai\nDr. Tong Kwok Kwan (\"Center\"): Computer network operations director of Ghost Ship\nZha Shu Hai (\"FastByte22\"): Interpol-wanted cybercriminal\nCrane: Leader of \"Vancouver Cell\" / Divine Sword\nHan: Factory owner and high-tech counterfeiter","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"rezident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_spy"},{"link_name":"First Lady of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"}],"sub_title":"Other characters","text":"Valentin Olegovich Kovalenko: Ex-SVR (Russian foreign intelligence) assistant rezident of London Station\nTodd Wicks: Territory sales manager of Advantage Technology Solutions\nCharlie \"DarkGod\" Levy: Amateur hacker\nDr. Cathy Ryan: First Lady of the United States\nSandy Clark: Wife of John Clark\nDr. Patsy Clark: Wife of Domingo Chavez / daughter of John Clark\nEmad Kartal: Ex-Libyan intelligence officer, communications specialist","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Commercial","text":"The book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list for the week of December 23, 2012.[2] In addition, it charted at number three on USA Today's Best-Selling Books list.[3] A year later, the mass-market paperback edition of the novel debuted at number four on the New York Times bestseller list for the week of December 22, 2013.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Goodreads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads"},{"link_name":"Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Brown_novel)"},{"link_name":"Dan Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Brown"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"The book received generally positive reviews. Threat Vector benefited greatly from the collaboration with author Mark Greaney. Kirkus Reviews praised the book as \"a satisfying thriller\" where \"Clancy’s writing has shed some of its erstwhile woodenness\" and \"doesn't read a technical manual, which is all to the good\".[5] Publishers Weekly hailed the \"highly readable if workmanlike techno-thriller\", concluding: \"Clancy fans will welcome all the high-tech data as well as heroes who can single-handedly take out whole teams of bad guys.\"[6]The book was nominated for Best Mystery & Thriller during the Goodreads Choice Awards of 2013, but lost to the novel Inferno by Dan Brown.[7]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Combined Print & E-Book Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 23, 2012\". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2012/12/23/combined-print-and-e-book-fiction/?module=DropDownNav&action=click&region=navbar&contentCollection=Books&version=Fiction&referrer&pgtype=Reference","url_text":"\"Combined Print & E-Book Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 23, 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hardcover Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 23, 2012\". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2012/12/23/hardcover-fiction/?module=DropDownNav&action=click&region=navbar&contentCollection=Books&version=Fiction&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Fbest-sellers%2F2012%2F12%2F23%2Fhardcover-fiction%2F&pgtype=Reference","url_text":"\"Hardcover Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 23, 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book Reviews and Best Selling Lists\". USA Today. Retrieved 12 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/best-selling/week/2012/50/","url_text":"\"Book Reviews and Best Selling Lists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paperback Mass-Market Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 22, 2013\". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2013/12/22/mass-market-paperback/?action=click&contentCollection=Books&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Fbest-sellers%2F2014%2F01%2F05%2Fmass-market-paperback%2F&region=Header&module=ArrowNav&version=Right&pgtype=Reference","url_text":"\"Paperback Mass-Market Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 22, 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"THREAT VECTOR by Tom Clancy, Mark Greaney\". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 12 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tom-clancy/threat-vector/","url_text":"\"THREAT VECTOR by Tom Clancy, Mark Greaney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiction Book Review: Threat Vector by Tom Clancy with Mark Greaney\". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 12 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780399160455","url_text":"\"Fiction Book Review: Threat Vector by Tom Clancy with Mark Greaney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Mystery & Thriller 2013 - Goodreads Choice Awards\". Goodreads. Retrieved 12 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best-mystery-thriller-books-2013","url_text":"\"Best Mystery & Thriller 2013 - Goodreads Choice Awards\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2012/12/23/combined-print-and-e-book-fiction/?module=DropDownNav&action=click&region=navbar&contentCollection=Books&version=Fiction&referrer&pgtype=Reference","external_links_name":"\"Combined Print & E-Book Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 23, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2012/12/23/hardcover-fiction/?module=DropDownNav&action=click&region=navbar&contentCollection=Books&version=Fiction&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Fbest-sellers%2F2012%2F12%2F23%2Fhardcover-fiction%2F&pgtype=Reference","external_links_name":"\"Hardcover Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 23, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/best-selling/week/2012/50/","external_links_name":"\"Book Reviews and Best Selling Lists\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2013/12/22/mass-market-paperback/?action=click&contentCollection=Books&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Fbest-sellers%2F2014%2F01%2F05%2Fmass-market-paperback%2F&region=Header&module=ArrowNav&version=Right&pgtype=Reference","external_links_name":"\"Paperback Mass-Market Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 22, 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tom-clancy/threat-vector/","external_links_name":"\"THREAT VECTOR by Tom Clancy, Mark Greaney\""},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780399160455","external_links_name":"\"Fiction Book Review: Threat Vector by Tom Clancy with Mark Greaney\""},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best-mystery-thriller-books-2013","external_links_name":"\"Best Mystery & Thriller 2013 - Goodreads Choice Awards\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makis_Nikolaidis	Makis Nikolaidis	["1 Professional career","2 Awards and accomplishments","3 References","4 External links"]	Greek-Cypriot basketball player Makis NikolaidisΜάκης ΝικολαΐδηςNikolaidis, in 2011.Personal informationBorn (1978-07-13) July 13, 1978 (age 45)Kavala, GreeceNationalityGreek / CypriotListed height6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)Listed weight225 lb (102 kg)Career informationPlaying career1994–presentPositionShooting guard / small forwardCareer history1994–1996GAS Komotini1996–1999AEK Athens1999–2000Esperos Kallitheas2000–2001Apollon Limassol2001–2002Ionikos NF2002–2003Aris Thessalaoniki2003–2004Maroussi2004–2005Ionikos NF2005–2006Olympia Larissa2006–2007AEK Athens2007Virtus Bologna2007–2008Aigaleo2008–2009Trikala 20002009–2011AEK Athens2011–2012Maroussi2012Apollon Limassol2012Kavala2012–2013Apollon Limassol2014Agia Paraskevi2016–2017AE Santorinis2018–2019Ethnikos Piraeus Career highlights and awards 2× Greek League All-Star (2010, 2011) Greek All-Star Game 3 Point Shootout Champion 2008 Prodromos "Makis" Nikolaidis (alternate spelling: Nikolaides) (Greek: Πρόδρομος "Μάκης" Νικολαΐδης; born July 13, 1978) is a former Greek-Cypriot professional basketball player. At a height of 2.01 m (6'7") tall, and 102 kg (225 lbs.) in weight, he could play both the shooting guard and small forward positions. During his playing career, Nikolaidis possessed great shooting ability. In 2008, he won the 3-point shootout competition of the Greek League All-Star Game. Professional career In 2003, Nikolaidis won the EuroCup Challenge championship, while playing with Aris Thessaloniki. In 2004, he was a EuroChallenge finalist, while playing with Maroussi. He spent the 2007–08 season with Aigaleo. Nikolaidis moved to Trikala 2000 for the 2008–09 season. He then moved to AEK Athens. In September 2012, he joined New Basket Brindisi, for a trial period. He joined Ethnikos Piraeus in 2018. Awards and accomplishments FIBA EuroCup Challenge Champion: (2003) Greek All-Star Game 3 Point Shootout Champion: (2008) 2× Greek League All-Star: (2010, 2011) References External links EuroCup Profile Eurobasket.com Profile FIBA.com Profile AEK Profile Draftexpress.com Profile Italian League Profile (in Italian) Greek Basket League Profile (in Greek) vteAris 2002–03 FIBA Europe Champions Cup champions 4 Solomon 5 Orfanos 8 Nikolaidis 9 Charitopoulos 10 Gagaloudis 11 Angelov 12 Kakaroudis 13 Likholitov 14 Stack 15 Grgat 16 Raičević Coach Alexandris	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"shooting guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_guard"},{"link_name":"small forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_forward"},{"link_name":"Greek League All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEBA_Greek_All_Star_Game#3-Point_Shootout_Contest_winners"}],"text":"Prodromos \"Makis\" Nikolaidis (alternate spelling: Nikolaides) (Greek: Πρόδρομος \"Μάκης\" Νικολαΐδης; born July 13, 1978) is a former Greek-Cypriot professional basketball player. At a height of 2.01 m (6'7\") tall, and 102 kg (225 lbs.) in weight, he could play both the shooting guard and small forward positions. During his playing career, Nikolaidis possessed great shooting ability. In 2008, he won the 3-point shootout competition of the Greek League All-Star Game.","title":"Makis Nikolaidis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EuroCup Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCup_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Aris Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_BC"},{"link_name":"EuroChallenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroChallenge"},{"link_name":"Maroussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroussi_BC"},{"link_name":"Aigaleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigaleo_BC"},{"link_name":"Trikala 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikala_2000_BC"},{"link_name":"AEK Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEK_Athens_BC"},{"link_name":"New Basket Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Basket_Brindisi"},{"link_name":"Ethnikos Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnikos_Piraeus_B.C."}],"text":"In 2003, Nikolaidis won the EuroCup Challenge championship, while playing with Aris Thessaloniki. In 2004, he was a EuroChallenge finalist, while playing with Maroussi. He spent the 2007–08 season with Aigaleo. Nikolaidis moved to Trikala 2000 for the 2008–09 season. He then moved to AEK Athens. In September 2012, he joined New Basket Brindisi, for a trial period.He joined Ethnikos Piraeus in 2018.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIBA EuroCup Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_EuroCup_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Greek All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEBA_Greek_All-Star_Game#3-Point_Shootout_Contest_winners"},{"link_name":"Greek League All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEBA_Greek_All-Star_Game"}],"text":"FIBA EuroCup Challenge Champion: (2003)\nGreek All-Star Game 3 Point Shootout Champion: (2008)\n2× Greek League All-Star: (2010, 2011)","title":"Awards and accomplishments"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/eurocup/players/?pcode=LQL","external_links_name":"EuroCup Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.eurobasket.com/player.asp?Cntry=GRE&PlayerID=25174","external_links_name":"Eurobasket.com Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.fibaeurope.com/cid_KNce8jInH7Qj1EsyH5rjn2.teamID_5308.compID_BYg5Rb55Jw-G5I3MZ6JB01.season_2004.roundID_3675.playerID_25178.html","external_links_name":"FIBA.com Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.aek.com/basketball/roster/makis_nikolaides.htm","external_links_name":"AEK Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.draftexpress.com/profile/Prodromos-Nikolaidis-36335/","external_links_name":"Draftexpress.com Profile"},{"Link":"http://web.legabasket.it/player/?id=NIK-PRO-78&year=2006&team=1136","external_links_name":"Italian League Profile"},{"Link":"http://esake.gr/el/action/EsakeplayerView?idteam=0000000F&idplayer=000003AC&mode=1&idchampionship=00000002","external_links_name":"Greek Basket League Profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be-Papas	Be-Papas	["1 References","2 External links"]	Japanese artist group Be-Papas (ビーパパス, Bīpapasu, alternately Bepapas and stylized as Be-PaPas) was a production group founded by anime director Kunihiko Ikuhara. Its membership consisted of Ikuhara, manga artist Chiho Saito, animator and character designer Shinya Hasegawa, scriptwriter Yōji Enokido, and planner Yūichirō Oguro. Ikuhara founded Be-Papas in 1996 to create Revolutionary Girl Utena, an original anime he conceived following his departure from Toei Animation, where he worked as a director on the anime series Sailor Moon. The group also created Revolutionary Girl Utena's 1999 film sequel Adolescence of Utena. Be-Papas disbanded following the release of Adolescence of Utena, but remained in existence as a corporate entity until at least 2001 to publish several projects created by its former members, specifically Ikuhara and Mamoru Nagano's 1999 novel series Schell Bullet, Hasegawa and Enokido's 1999 serialized light novel Shounen Ou, and Ikuhara and Saito's 2001 manga series World of the S&M (released in English as The World Exists for Me). References ^ Animage Editorial Department (June 1997b). "ウテナ白書" . Animage Extra (in Japanese). 6: 5. ^ a b Yamashita, Shizuki (2001). "Kunihiko Ikuhara Discusses "Utena," the Future, and Moving to Los Angeles". Akadot. ^ "New Manga from Utena Colaborator ". Anime News Network. August 15, 2001. Retrieved February 3, 2019. External links Be-Papas at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteRevolutionary Girl UtenaMedia Chapters Episodes Adolescence of Utena People Be-Papas Kunihiko Ikuhara Chiho Saito Shinya Hasegawa Yōji Enokido Yūichirō Oguro Shinkichi Mitsumune J. A. Seazer Other Characters "Rondo-Revolution" This manga-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Kunihiko Ikuhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunihiko_Ikuhara"},{"link_name":"Chiho Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiho_Saito"},{"link_name":"Shinya Hasegawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinya_Hasegawa"},{"link_name":"Yōji Enokido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dji_Enokido"},{"link_name":"Yūichirō Oguro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABichir%C5%8D_Oguro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Animage-1"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Girl Utena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Girl_Utena"},{"link_name":"Toei Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation"},{"link_name":"Sailor Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon"},{"link_name":"Adolescence of Utena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence_of_Utena"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akadot-2"},{"link_name":"Mamoru Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Schell Bullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schell_Bullet"},{"link_name":"light novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"World of the S&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_the_S%26M"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akadot-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SM-3"}],"text":"Be-Papas (ビーパパス, Bīpapasu, alternately Bepapas and stylized as Be-PaPas) was a production group founded by anime director Kunihiko Ikuhara. Its membership consisted of Ikuhara, manga artist Chiho Saito, animator and character designer Shinya Hasegawa, scriptwriter Yōji Enokido, and planner Yūichirō Oguro.[1] Ikuhara founded Be-Papas in 1996 to create Revolutionary Girl Utena, an original anime he conceived following his departure from Toei Animation, where he worked as a director on the anime series Sailor Moon. The group also created Revolutionary Girl Utena's 1999 film sequel Adolescence of Utena.[2]Be-Papas disbanded following the release of Adolescence of Utena, but remained in existence as a corporate entity until at least 2001 to publish several projects created by its former members, specifically Ikuhara and Mamoru Nagano's 1999 novel series Schell Bullet, Hasegawa and Enokido's 1999 serialized light novel Shounen Ou, and Ikuhara and Saito's 2001 manga series World of the S&M (released in English as The World Exists for Me).[2][3]","title":"Be-Papas"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Animage Editorial Department (June 1997b). \"ウテナ白書\" [Utena Dossier]. Animage Extra (in Japanese). 6: 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animage","url_text":"Animage Extra"}]},{"reference":"Yamashita, Shizuki (2001). \"Kunihiko Ikuhara Discusses \"Utena,\" the Future, and Moving to Los Angeles\". Akadot.","urls":[{"url":"https://ohtori.nu/creators/a_america.html","url_text":"\"Kunihiko Ikuhara Discusses \"Utena,\" the Future, and Moving to Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Manga from Utena Colaborator [sic]\". Anime News Network. August 15, 2001. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-08-15/new-manga-from-utena-colaborator","url_text":"\"New Manga from Utena Colaborator [sic]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ohtori.nu/creators/a_america.html","external_links_name":"\"Kunihiko Ikuhara Discusses \"Utena,\" the Future, and Moving to Los Angeles\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-08-15/new-manga-from-utena-colaborator","external_links_name":"\"New Manga from Utena Colaborator [sic]\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=4293","external_links_name":"Be-Papas"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Be-Papas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire_and_Peterborough_NHS_Foundation_Trust	Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust	["1 History","1.1 UnitingCare Partnership","2 Services","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2021) Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation TrustType NHS foundation trust Mental health trust HeadquartersFulbourn Hospital, FulbournRegion servedCambridgeshireChairJulie SpenceChief executiveAnna HillsWebsitewww.cpft.nhs.uk Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT) provides community, mental health and learning disability services in Cambridgeshire, England. The trust provides specialist services across the east of England and across Britain. History The Trust became a Foundation Trust in June 2008. In 2010, eighty of the Trust's patients were in private beds, mostly out of the area. The trust began to use an intensive three day assessment period, and invested more in supporting people in their own homes in order to avoid the need for institutional admission. In 2018 the trust sold its 'Ida Darwin Unit' based in Cambridge and the 'Gloucester Centre' based in Peterborough to Homes England for £20 million. UnitingCare Partnership Main article: UnitingCare Partnership The Trust was part of the UnitingCare Partnership with Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Clinical Commissioning Group announced in September 2014 that the partnership was the preferred bidder for a pioneering £800 million contract to deliver older people’s services in Cambridgeshire with effect from April 2015. The plan was for a single lead provider which will be responsible for older people’s healthcare services and adult community health services, ensuring that care is more joined up than it has been, with a focus on improving the patient experience. In April 2015 the trust took on 1,360 staff formerly employed by Cambridgeshire Community Services NHS Trust following the success of the Partnership's bid. In an article in National Health Executive magazine on 15 September 2016, CPFT CEO Aidan Thomas is reported to have told the Public Accounts Committee: "We bid as low as we thought we could reasonably do," ...."There was pressure in the system at the time to get the whole thing going," he said. "There was a need for the economy to deal with its financial problems and this contract, if it had been allowed to work, should have dealt with some of that." Services The Trust's services cover three main areas: Older people's and adult community services Adult and specialist mental health Children, young people and families The Trust supports around 100,000 people each year and employs more than 4,000 staff. Its largest bases are at the Cavell Centre, Peterborough, and Fulbourn Hospital, but its staff are based in over 90 locations. The trust provides physical health checks and mental health therapy at Clare Lodge in Peterborough, an all-female welfare-only secure home - the UK's only children's home of its type. See also Healthcare in Cambridgeshire References ^ Trust, CPFT NHS (18 October 2023). "Home". CPFT NHS Trust. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ "More NHS mental health patients treated privately". BBC News. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017. ^ "Trust sells two sites to housing quango in £20m deal". Health Service Journal. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018. ^ "CCG appoints NHS-led consortium for £800m flagship contract". Health Service Journal. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014. ^ "Community service trust completes 1,600 staff transfer". Health Service Journal. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015. ^ "Lessons must be learned on UnitingCare, but more deals can go ahead – Stevens". National Health Executive. 15 September 2016. ^ "Fulbourn Hospital: CQC not told about alleged ward sex assault". BBC. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022. ^ "Clare Lodge: Children not protected at UK's only home of its type". BBC. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022. External links Official website Authority control databases ISNI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT) provides community, mental health and learning disability services in Cambridgeshire, England. The trust provides specialist services across the east of England and across Britain.[1]","title":"Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foundation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Homes England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homes_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Trust became a Foundation Trust in June 2008.In 2010, eighty of the Trust's patients were in private beds, mostly out of the area. The trust began to use an intensive three day assessment period, and invested more in supporting people in their own homes in order to avoid the need for institutional admission.[2]In 2018 the trust sold its 'Ida Darwin Unit' based in Cambridge and the 'Gloucester Centre' based in Peterborough to Homes England for £20 million.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UnitingCare Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnitingCare_Partnership"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"Clinical Commissioning Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Commissioning_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire Community Services NHS Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Community_Services_NHS_Trust"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"UnitingCare Partnership","text":"The Trust was part of the UnitingCare Partnership with Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Clinical Commissioning Group announced in September 2014 that the partnership was the preferred bidder for a pioneering £800 million contract to deliver older people’s services in Cambridgeshire with effect from April 2015. The plan was for a single lead provider which will be responsible for older people’s healthcare services and adult community health services, ensuring that care is more joined up than it has been, with a focus on improving the patient experience.[4] In April 2015 the trust took on 1,360 staff formerly employed by Cambridgeshire Community Services NHS Trust following the success of the Partnership's bid.[5]In an article in National Health Executive magazine on 15 September 2016, CPFT CEO Aidan Thomas is reported to have told the Public Accounts Committee: \"We bid as low as we thought we could reasonably do,\" ....\"There was pressure in the system at the time to get the whole thing going,\" he said. \"There was a need for the economy to deal with its financial problems and this contract, if it had been allowed to work, should have dealt with some of that.\"[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cavell Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavell_Centre"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough"},{"link_name":"Fulbourn Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbourn_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Trust's services cover three main areas:Older people's and adult community services\nAdult and specialist mental health\nChildren, young people and familiesThe Trust supports around 100,000 people each year and employs more than 4,000 staff. Its largest bases are at the Cavell Centre, Peterborough, and Fulbourn Hospital,[7] but its staff are based in over 90 locations.The trust provides physical health checks and mental health therapy at Clare Lodge in Peterborough, an all-female welfare-only secure home - the UK's only children's home of its type.[8]","title":"Services"}]	[]	[{"title":"Healthcare in Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cambridgeshire"}]	[{"reference":"Trust, CPFT NHS (18 October 2023). \"Home\". CPFT NHS Trust. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cpft.nhs.uk/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"More NHS mental health patients treated privately\". BBC News. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-39534532","url_text":"\"More NHS mental health patients treated privately\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trust sells two sites to housing quango in £20m deal\". Health Service Journal. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hsj.co.uk/main-navigation/trust-sells-two-sites-to-housing-quango-in-20m-deal/7022311.article","url_text":"\"Trust sells two sites to housing quango in £20m deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCG appoints NHS-led consortium for £800m flagship contract\". Health Service Journal. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/news/commissioning/ccg-appoints-nhs-led-consortium-for-800m-flagship-contract/5075288.article#.VE1JwSuoezY","url_text":"\"CCG appoints NHS-led consortium for £800m flagship contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Community service trust completes 1,600 staff transfer\". Health Service Journal. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/hsj-local/community-providers/cambridgeshire-community-services-nhs-trust/community-service-trust-completes-1600-staff-transfer/5084455.article#.VU_J8Iq4_eM","url_text":"\"Community service trust completes 1,600 staff transfer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lessons must be learned on UnitingCare, but more deals can go ahead – Stevens\". National Health Executive. 15 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalhealthexecutive.com/Health-Care-News/lessons-must-learned-on-unitingcare-but-more-deals-can-go-ahead-stevens","url_text":"\"Lessons must be learned on UnitingCare, but more deals can go ahead – Stevens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fulbourn Hospital: CQC not told about alleged ward sex assault\". BBC. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-62252384","url_text":"\"Fulbourn Hospital: CQC not told about alleged ward sex assault\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clare Lodge: Children not protected at UK's only home of its type\". BBC. 28 October 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_Galaxy	Dick's Sporting Goods	["1 Company overview","2 History","2.1 Acquisitions","2.2 Lawsuits and legal proceedings","3 Partnerships and sponsorships","4 Dick's Sporting Goods Foundation","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	American sporting goods retailing corporation This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments, a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. (September 2022) Dick's Sporting Goods, Inc.Exterior of a typical Dick's Sporting Goods store in Manchester, Connecticut (2014)Company typePublicTraded asNYSE: DKSS&P 400 componentIndustryRetailFounded1948; 76 years ago (1948) in Binghamton, New York, U.S.FounderRichard "Dick" StackHeadquartersCoraopolis, Pennsylvania, U.S.Number of locations724 (2024)Key people Lauren Hobart (president and CEO) Edward W. Stack (executive chairman) Navdeep Gupta (CFO) Vlad Rak (CTO) Revenue US$12.98 billion (2023)Operating income US$1.282 billion (2023)Net income US$1.046 billion (2023)Total assets US$9.312 billion (2023)Total equity US$2.617 billion (2023)Number of employees55,500 (2024)SubsidiariesGolf GalaxyPublic LandsGoing Going GoneHouse of SportWebsitedickssportinggoods.com Dick's Sporting Goods, Inc. is an American chain of sporting goods stores founded in 1948 by Richard "Dick" Stack. It is the largest sporting goods retailer in the United States, and is listed on the Fortune 500. Company overview Dick's is the largest sporting goods retail company in the United States, with approximately 853 stores as of 2023. The public company is based in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania and is physically located in Findlay Township, Pennsylvania outside Pittsburgh, and has approximately 53,000 employees as of August 2023. The company's subsidiaries include Golf Galaxy, Public Lands, and House of Sport. In 2017, there were 690 Dick's stores and close to 100 Golf Galaxy locations. The company acquired Affinity Sports, Blue Sombrero, and GameChanger. Edward W. Stack is currently executive chairman. Lauren Hobart is president and chief executive officer of the company and Navdeep Gupta is chief financial officer, as of 2024. Hobart succeeded Edward W. Stack as CEO on February 1, 2021, becoming the company's first female CEO. History Richard "Dick" Stack started the company as a fishing tackle store in Binghamton, New York, in 1948. He began with a $300 loan from his grandmother. Edward W. Stack and his siblings purchased Dick's from their father in the early 1980s, when the company had two locations in Upstate New York. Stack established a board of directors, opened additional stores, and relocated the company's headquarters to Pittsburgh in 1994. He became chairman and chief executive officer following his father's retirement in 1984, and led the company during its initial public offering in 2002. Dick's operated primarily throughout the Eastern United States until 2009, and has since expanded across the country. There are more than 800 Dick's stores in 47 states, as of 2023. In 2012, the company opened three True Runner stores targeting runners in Boston, the St. Louis suburb Brentwood, and Pittsburgh's Shadyside neighborhood. The stores closed in early 2017. Dick's Sporting Goods store at the King of Prussia mall in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania Dick's launched the women's athleisure, fitness, and lifestyle store Chelsea Collective in 2015, opening two stores in Pittsburgh and Tysons, Virginia, in the Washington, D.C. metro area. The shops closed in 2017. The company launched Dick's Team Sports HQ in early 2016, offering youth sports teams websites, uniforms, and sponsorship options. Dick's opened its first Field & Stream store in Cranberry Township, a suburb of Pittsburgh, in 2013. Thirty-five Field & Stream stores were open across the country as of 2018. In 2023, Dick's shuttered its Field & Stream brand by converting its remaining Field & Stream stores to its House of Sport concept or large format DICK'S stores. Following the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in February 2018, Dick's stopped selling assault weapons and high-capacity magazines, and increased the minimum age for purchasing guns to 21. Dick's-branded stores had suspended assault-style weapon sales following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012, but the guns were still available for purchase at Field & Stream locations. Dick's has never carried bump stocks. The company currently operates five distribution centers. The most recent, in Conklin in Southern Tier, New York opened in January 2018, and was further expanded to fulfill online sales a few months later. In 2019, Dick's launched its private-label clothing line called DSG. The company's other brands include the women's line Calia, and their menswear brand VRST. Dick's opened its first "House of Sport" concept stores in Victor, New York and Knoxville, Tennessee in 2021. The stores are larger than Dick's flagship locations, sell higher-end gear and include features such as an outdoor turf field and track, climbing wall, batting cages, and a digital golf range. Dick's also launched Public Lands in 2021, a chain of stores that focuses on outdoor recreation including camping, hiking, and biking. In 2021, Dick's opened its first Public Lands store. Public Lands donates 1% of sales to the Dick's Sporting Goods Foundation's Public Lands Fund, which promotes conservation and outdoor activities. In 2022, Dick's Sporting Goods launched DSG Ventures, an investment fund worth $50 million. Acquisitions Dick's acquired Galyan's in July 2004. The company agreed to purchase Golf Galaxy for $225 million in November 2006. Dick's confirmed plans to close Golf Galaxy's headquarters in Eden Prairie, Minnesota in mid 2008. Dick's acquired Chick's Sporting Goods in November 2007 for $71 million. At the time, Chicks' operated 15 specialty sporting goods stores in Southern California. Dick's purchased the San Diego-based sports management technology company Affinity Sports for an undisclosed amount in mid 2016. In September, Dick's acquired Sports Authority's brand name and intellectual property. There were 450 Sports Authority locations at the time. Dick's acquired Golfsmith, the largest golf retailer in the United States, at a bankruptcy auction in October 2016. Dick's bid approximately $70 million for all of Golfsmith's intellectual property and inventory. The company planned to retain around 30 of Golfsmith's more than 100 locations, as well as 500 employees. Dick's rebranded 36–38 Golfsmith stores in 16 U.S. states as Golf Galaxy in 2017. This increased the number of Golf Galaxy stores to 98, located in 33 states. In 2016, Dick’s Sporting Goods also acquired GameChanger, a mobile scoring app company. In February 2023, Dick’s Sporting Goods purchased Moosejaw from Walmart for an undisclosed amount. Lawsuits and legal proceedings In July 1971, Dick's was told of infringing a patent owned by Furnace Brook, LLC, in a lawsuit filed in the Northern District of Illinois. On March 31, 2005, the company restated the first three fiscal quarters of 2004 as well as full-year figures due to adjustments to its accounting for leases and tenant or construction allowances. In June 2009, Dick's was accused of infringing a patent owned by The Donkey Company, Inc., in a lawsuit filed in District Court for the District of New Jersey. In February 2014, Dick's brought a lawsuit against Modell's Sporting Goods CEO, Mitchell Modell (who featured on an episode of Undercover Boss in 2012), for going undercover into one of their stores to gain access to retail secrets. The lawsuit was settled out of court by April for undisclosed terms. Independent analysts suggested that Modell visited the store on a whim, rather than as part of some plot to steal information. In 2018, Dick's was sued for age discrimination by at least two people for no longer selling long guns to 18-20 year olds where legal. One case was settled in November 2018; details of the settlement are confidential, but it did not directly result in any changes to the retailer's policies. The second case was reported as "resolved" by an attorney for the plaintiff in late 2018 without disclosing details of any settlement. Partnerships and sponsorships The company signed a 20-year naming rights agreement for Dick's Sporting Goods Park, a soccer-specific stadium for the Colorado Rapids team in Commerce City, Colorado, in 2006. Dick's has sponsored the Pittsburgh Penguins and the team's home arena, PPG Paints Arena (formerly Consol Energy Center). Sporting events sponsored by Dick's have included the Dick's Sporting Goods Open and the Pittsburgh Marathon. Dick's began sponsoring ESPN's college football kickoff week in 2009. In 2015, the company sponsored Olympic and Paralympic athletes and hopefuls, and became the "official sporting goods retailer" for Team USA for the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. Dick's and Team USA established the Ambassador Program and Contender's Program in partnership with the United States Olympic Committee, employing Olympians and prospective Olympic athletes. Dick's employed approximately 200 Team USA athletes competing in 35 different Olympic and Paralympic sports, as of March–July 2016. The athletes worked in 89 stores in 32 states. Dick's partnered with Carrie Underwood in 2015 to launch Calia, a fitness lifestyle line. In 2017, Dick's entered a multiyear partnership with the United States Youth Soccer Association to provide team management technology and sponsor the US Youth Soccer National Championships. Since September 2021, Dick’s has been in a multi-year agreement to be the official retail partner of the WNBA. In 2021, Dick's collaborated with Nike and DeVonta Smith. In 2023, the company worked with the Boston Athletic Association, making Dick's the official sponsor of all of the association's events, including the 2023 Boston Marathon and associated events. They also became the official sporting-goods retailer of the NCAA. That same year, Dick's subsidiary GameChanger signed a deal with Major League Baseball to promote youth sports. Dick's Sporting Goods Foundation In 2014, the Dick's Sporting Goods Foundation committed up to $2 million annually to fund youth sports via its Sports Matter program. The Sports Matter program was initiated in 2014 to provide grants, equipment, and sponsorships to underserved youth sports programs. Since its inception, Sports Matter has pledged more than $100 million, giving over 2 million young athletes the opportunity to participate in sports activities. In 2023, Dick’s Sporting Goods launched the ‘Sports Change Lives’ campaign to encourage participation in sports. The campaign partnered with Nike, Inc., to feature athletes such as Mike Trout, A'ja Wilson, and Carmelo Anthony. Participating athletes each nominate a youth sports organization to receive a $75,000 grant. As of 2023, Dick’s Sporting Goods and its foundation has pledged $170 million USD for youth sports initiatives. See also Companies portalSports portal Academy Sports + Outdoors Bass Pro Shops Cabela's Legendary Whitetails Scheels Sportsman's Warehouse List of Pennsylvania companies References ^ a b c d e f g "FY 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. March 28, 2024. ^ a b c "Management". Dick's Sporting Goods. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020. ^ a b Broughton, Kristin; Kellaher, Colin (August 19, 2021). "Dick's Sporting Goods Promotes Navdeep Gupta to CFO". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 8, 2024. ^ "Dick's Sporting Goods". Fortune. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2018. ^ Mosendz, Polly; Townsend, Matt (May 3, 2018). "Dick's Sporting Goods ramps up gun control push, hires lobbyist". The Denver Post. Digital First Media. ISSN 1930-2193. 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"Dick's builds out brand ambassador roster for private labels". Retail Dive. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021. ^ Yoder, Jake. "It's game time! Climb the rock wall or swing for the fences at new Dick's House of Sport". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved August 18, 2021. ^ "Dick's Sporting Goods 'House of Sport' opens in Rochester area". wgrz.com. April 10, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021. ^ Phil, Wahba (June 4, 2021). "Dick's is launching Public Lands chain in outdoors bet". Fortune. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021. ^ Wilson, Marianne (September 19, 2022). "Dick's Sporting Goods opening more Public Lands' stores". Chain Store Age. ^ Duggan, J.D. (January 26, 2024). "Public Lands, outdoor store from Dick's Sporting Goods, to open at Woodbury Lakes". The Business Journals. ^ Mamula, Kris (November 4, 2022). "Dick's Launches Investment Fund". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. A14. 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"With Golfsmith's demise, Golf Galaxy steps into void". Austin American-Statesman. GateHouse Media. ISSN 1553-8451. Retrieved July 2, 2018. ^ Ha, Anthony (November 28, 2016). "Dick's Sporting Goods acquires mobile scorekeeping company GameChanger Media". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 26, 2024. ^ Fonrouge, Gabrielle (February 22, 2023). "Dick's Sporting Goods to buy e-commerce outdoor retailer Moosejaw from Walmart". CNBC. ^ "Furnace Brook LLC v. Aeropostale, Inc. et al". Dockets.justia.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012. ^ "Dick's Sporting Goods Announces Completion Of Review Of Acctg For Leases And Construction Allowances". Phx.corporate-ir.net. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2016. ^ "The Turtle Company Inc. V. Pro Specialities Group Inc. Et Al". Dockets.justia.com. June 29, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2012. ^ ABC News (March 5, 2014). "Dick's Sporting Goods Accuses Rival Modell's of Spying". ABC News. ^ Verdon, Joan (April 13, 2014). "Settlement in Mitch Modell spy case". The Bergen Record. NorthJersey.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2014. ^ EST, Maria Perez On 3/6/18 at 11:49 AM (March 6, 2018). "A 20-year-old from Oregon is suing Walmart and Dick's Sporting Goods for denying him a rifle". Newsweek. Retrieved June 5, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "18-year-old sues Dick's Sporting Goods in second-known gun policy lawsuit". WLTX. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ "Dick's Sporting Goods Settles Lawsuit over Gun Sale Age Restrictions". ^ Sherfinski, David (December 30, 2018). "Stores increasing age requirement to buy guns raises legal questions". The Washington Times. ^ Vuong, Andy (November 8, 2006). "Kroenke extols stadium deal". The Denver Post. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ Muret, Don (July 12, 2010). "Penguins add five new sponsors for Consol Energy Center". Pittsburgh Business Times. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ Herrington, Ryan. "Dick's Sporting Goods Open champ Scott McCarron is becoming a senior force after winning third title of 2017". Golf Digest. Retrieved July 2, 2018. ^ "Photos: Dick's Sporting Goods Pittsburgh Marathon". Pittsburgh Business Times. May 9, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2018. ^ Rovell, Darren (July 24, 2009). "New Roethlisberger Spot Will Continue To Air". CNBC. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ Mamula, Kris B. (February 10, 2015). "Dick's in sponsorship deal with United States Olympic Committee". Pittsburgh Business Times. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ Pasquarelli, Adrianne (March 4, 2016). "Dicks Kicks Off its Olympics Marketing with New Spot". Advertising Age. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ Wattles, Jackie (July 20, 2016). "Olympic contenders get help clearing financial bar from sporting goods chain". CNNMoney. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ Knowlton, Emmett (March 17, 2016). "Sporting goods company gives hundreds of Olympic hopefuls one of their most-basic needs — a job". Business Insider. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ Kell, John (March 3, 2015). "Carrie Underwood is the newest threat to Adidas". Fortune. Retrieved September 5, 2018. ^ Carp, Sam (June 2, 2017). "Dick's Sporting Goods teams up with US Youth Soccer". SportsPro. Retrieved July 7, 2021. ^ Martin, Brandon (December 8, 2020). "Former Sooner Blake Griffin gifts athletic gear to boxing gym in Detroit". KOKH. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ "DICK'S SPORTING GOODS BECOMES OFFICIAL SPORTING GOODS RETAIL PARTNER OF THE WNBA". WNBA.com - Official Site of the WNBA. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ Verry, Peter (November 3, 2021). "Dick's Sporting Goods and Nike's New Digitally-Connected Partnership Is a Win for Their Most Loyal Customers". Footwear News. Retrieved January 8, 2024. ^ Dedaj, Paulina (April 22, 2021). "Heisman Trophy winner DeVonta Smith announces partnership with Dick's Sporting Goods' new VRST clothing line". FOXBusiness. Retrieved January 8, 2024. ^ International, Retail & Leisure (April 18, 2023). "Dick's Sporting Goods to Expand House of Sport Concept to Boston". Retail & Leisure International. Retrieved January 8, 2024. ^ Steinberg, Brian (March 8, 2023). "Dick's Sporting Goods Kicks Off March Madness With NCAA Sponsorship Pact (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved January 8, 2024. ^ "Major League Baseball Signs Multiyear Deal With Youth Sports Streaming Service". Bloomberg.com. June 28, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2024. ^ "Dick's Sporting Goods Foundation Launches $25 Million Youth Sports Initiative". Philanthropy News Digest. Foundation Center. March 12, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2018. ^ "Power Players: Lauren Hobart". Sport Business Journal. June 6, 2022. ^ Frank, Gary E. (March 17, 2023). "Dick's Sporting Goods Marks 75th Anniversary with $75,000 Grants for Youth Sports". Triple Pundit. ^ Palmieri, Jean E. (April 8, 2024). "Dick's Commits $2 Million on 10th Anniversary of Its Charitable Program Sports Matter". Women’s Wear Daily. ^ Kemp, Audrey (March 16, 2023). "US Ad of the Day: Dick's names Westinghouse football team as its first grant recipient". The Drum. Retrieved April 29, 2024. ^ Verry, Peter (June 6, 2023). "Dick's Sporting Goods and Nike Partner on Their Largest Joint Marketing Partnership to Date With 'Sports Change Lives'". Footwear News. Retrieved April 29, 2024. ^ "Dick's Sporting Goods Marks 75th Anniversary with $75,000 Grants for Youth Sports". www.triplepundit.com. Retrieved February 19, 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dick's Sporting Goods. Wikiquote has quotations related to Dick's Sporting Goods. Official website Business data for Dick's Sporting Goods, Inc.: BloombergGoogleReutersSEC filingsYahoo! vteDick's Sporting GoodsCurrent Field & Stream Maxfli Former Galyan's Golfsmith Oshman's Sporting Goods Sports Authority People Edward W. 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Euronet Worldwide Evercore Federated Hermes Fidelity National Financial First American First Financial Bankshares First Horizon FirstCash FNB Corporation Frost Bank Glacier Bancorp Hancock Whitney Hanover Insurance Home BancShares Houlihan Lokey Interactive Brokers Intl Bancshares Corp Janus Henderson Jefferies Kemper Kinsale Capital Group MGIC Investment Corporation Morningstar, Inc. New York Community Bank Old National Bank Old Republic International Pinnacle Financial Partners Primerica Prosperity Bancshares Reinsurance Group of America RenaissanceRe RLI SEI Selective Insurance Group SLM Corp South State Bank Starwood Property Trust Stifel Synovus Texas Capital Bancshares UMB Financial Corp. United Bankshares Unum Valley Bank Voya Financial Webster Bank Western Union WEX Inc. Wintrust Information Technology Allegro MicroSystems Amkor Technology Arrow Electronics Aspen Technology Avnet Belden Blackbaud Calix Ciena Cirrus Logic Cognex Coherent Corp. CommVault Systems Crane NXT Dolby Dropbox Dynatrace GoDaddy IPG Photonics Kyndryl Lattice Semiconductor Littelfuse Lumentum Holdings MACOM Technology Solutions Manhattan Associates MKS Instruments Novanta Onto Innovation Power Integrations Pure Storage Qualys Rambus Silicon Labs Supermicro Synaptics TD Synnex Teradata Universal Display Vishay Vontier Wolfspeed Communication Frontier Communications Iridium Communications The New York Times Company Nexstar Media Group Tegna TKO Group Holdings Ziff Davis ZoomInfo Utilities ALLETE Black Hills Corporation Essential Utilities Idacorp National Fuel Gas New Jersey Resources NorthWestern Corporation OGE Energy ONE Gas Ormat Technologies PNM Resources Portland General Electric Southwest Gas Corp Spire UGI Corp Vistra Corp Real Estate Agree Realty Apartment Income REIT Brixmor Property Group COPT Defense Properties Cousins Properties CubeSmart EastGroup Properties EPR Properties Equity Lifestyle Properties First Industrial Realty Trust Gaming and Leisure Properties Healthcare Realty Trust IRT Living Jones Lang LaSalle Kilroy Realty Corp Kite Realty Group Trust Lamar Advertising Company Medical Properties Trust National Storage Affiliates Trust NNN Reit Omega Healthcare Investors Park Hotels & Resorts Physicians Realty Trust PotlatchDeltic Rayonier Rexford Industrial Realty Sabra Health Care REIT STAG Industrial Vornado Realty Trust W. P. Carey Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sporting goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_equipment"},{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"American sporting goods retailing corporationDick's Sporting Goods, Inc. is an American chain of sporting goods stores founded in 1948 by Richard \"Dick\" Stack. It is the largest sporting goods retailer in the United States, and is listed on the Fortune 500.[4]","title":"Dick's Sporting Goods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sporting goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_equipment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isidore-7"},{"link_name":"Coraopolis, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraopolis,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corporate_Website-8"},{"link_name":"Findlay Township, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Findlay_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDoT-9"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhasin-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Edward W. Stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Stack"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-15"},{"link_name":"Lauren Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Hobart"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rittenhouse-16"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFO-3"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Dick's is the largest sporting goods retail company in the United States,[5] with approximately 853 stores as of 2023.[6][7] The public company is based in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania[8] and is physically located in Findlay Township, Pennsylvania[9] outside Pittsburgh, and has approximately 53,000 employees as of August 2023.[10] The company's subsidiaries include Golf Galaxy, Public Lands, and House of Sport.[11][12] In 2017, there were 690 Dick's stores and close to 100 Golf Galaxy locations.[13] The company acquired Affinity Sports, Blue Sombrero, and GameChanger.[14]Edward W. Stack is currently executive chairman.[15] Lauren Hobart is president and chief executive officer of the company[16] and Navdeep Gupta is chief financial officer, as of 2024[update].[3] Hobart succeeded Edward W. Stack as CEO on February 1, 2021, becoming the company's first female CEO.[17][18]","title":"Company overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Binghamton, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Begley-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Edward W. Stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Stack"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Upstate New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_New_York"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Brentwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Shadyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadyside_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods_at_King_of_Prussia_Mall.jpeg"},{"link_name":"King of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Prussia_(mall)"},{"link_name":"King of Prussia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"athleisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athleisure"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleisher-31"},{"link_name":"Tysons, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adamek-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Stoneman Douglas High School shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isidore-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-12"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"bump stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_stock"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isidore-7"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Southern Tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Tier"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ST-42"},{"link_name":"private-label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_label"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"concept stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_store"},{"link_name":"Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"turf field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_turf"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Richard \"Dick\" Stack started the company as a fishing tackle store in Binghamton, New York, in 1948.[19] He began with a $300 loan from his grandmother.[20][21]Edward W. Stack and his siblings purchased Dick's from their father in the early 1980s,[22] when the company had two locations in Upstate New York.[23] Stack established a board of directors, opened additional stores, and relocated the company's headquarters to Pittsburgh in 1994.[24] He became chairman and chief executive officer following his father's retirement in 1984, and led the company during its initial public offering in 2002.[25]Dick's operated primarily throughout the Eastern United States until 2009, and has since expanded across the country.[26] There are more than 800 Dick's stores in 47 states, as of 2023.[27]In 2012, the company opened three True Runner stores targeting runners in Boston, the St. Louis suburb Brentwood, and Pittsburgh's Shadyside neighborhood.[28][29] The stores closed in early 2017.[30]Dick's Sporting Goods store at the King of Prussia mall in King of Prussia, PennsylvaniaDick's launched the women's athleisure, fitness, and lifestyle store Chelsea Collective in 2015,[31] opening two stores in Pittsburgh and Tysons, Virginia,[32] in the Washington, D.C. metro area. The shops closed in 2017.[33]The company launched Dick's Team Sports HQ in early 2016, offering youth sports teams websites, uniforms, and sponsorship options.[34]Dick's opened its first Field & Stream store in Cranberry Township, a suburb of Pittsburgh, in 2013.[35] Thirty-five Field & Stream stores were open across the country as of 2018.[36] In 2023, Dick's shuttered its Field & Stream brand by converting its remaining Field & Stream stores to its House of Sport concept or large format DICK'S stores.[37]Following the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in February 2018, Dick's stopped selling assault weapons and high-capacity magazines, and increased the minimum age for purchasing guns to 21.[7][12] Dick's-branded stores had suspended assault-style weapon sales following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012, but the guns were still available for purchase at Field & Stream locations.[38][39] Dick's has never carried bump stocks.[7]The company currently operates five distribution centers.[40] The most recent, in Conklin in Southern Tier, New York opened in January 2018,[41] and was further expanded to fulfill online sales a few months later.[42]In 2019, Dick's launched its private-label clothing line called DSG.[43] The company's other brands include the women's line Calia, and their menswear brand VRST.[44]Dick's opened its first \"House of Sport\" concept stores in Victor, New York and Knoxville, Tennessee in 2021.[45] The stores are larger than Dick's flagship locations, sell higher-end gear and include features such as an outdoor turf field and track, climbing wall, batting cages, and a digital golf range.[46] Dick's also launched Public Lands in 2021, a chain of stores that focuses on outdoor recreation including camping, hiking, and biking.[47]In 2021, Dick's opened its first Public Lands store. Public Lands donates 1% of sales to the Dick's Sporting Goods Foundation's Public Lands Fund, which promotes conservation and outdoor activities.[48][49]In 2022, Dick's Sporting Goods launched DSG Ventures, an investment fund worth $50 million.[50]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galyan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyan%27s"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pays-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pays-51"},{"link_name":"Eden Prairie, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Prairie,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adamek-34"},{"link_name":"Sports Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Authority"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Golfsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfsmith"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"GameChanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameChanger"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Moosejaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosejaw"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Acquisitions","text":"Dick's acquired Galyan's in July 2004.[51] The company agreed to purchase Golf Galaxy for $225 million in November 2006.[51] Dick's confirmed plans to close Golf Galaxy's headquarters in Eden Prairie, Minnesota in mid 2008.[52]Dick's acquired Chick's Sporting Goods in November 2007 for $71 million. At the time, Chicks' operated 15 specialty sporting goods stores in Southern California.[53][54]Dick's purchased the San Diego-based sports management technology company Affinity Sports for an undisclosed amount in mid 2016.[34] In September, Dick's acquired Sports Authority's brand name and intellectual property. There were 450 Sports Authority locations at the time.[55]Dick's acquired Golfsmith, the largest golf retailer in the United States, at a bankruptcy auction in October 2016. Dick's bid approximately $70 million for all of Golfsmith's intellectual property and inventory. The company planned to retain around 30 of Golfsmith's more than 100 locations, as well as 500 employees.[56] Dick's rebranded 36–38 Golfsmith stores in 16 U.S. states as Golf Galaxy in 2017.[57] This increased the number of Golf Galaxy stores to 98, located in 33 states.[58]In 2016, Dick’s Sporting Goods also acquired GameChanger, a mobile scoring app company.[59]In February 2023, Dick’s Sporting Goods purchased Moosejaw from Walmart for an undisclosed amount.[60]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Modell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modell%27s"},{"link_name":"Undercover Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_Boss_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"age discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Lawsuits and legal proceedings","text":"In July 1971, Dick's was told of infringing a patent owned by Furnace Brook, LLC, in a lawsuit filed in the Northern District of Illinois.[61]\nOn March 31, 2005, the company restated the first three fiscal quarters of 2004 as well as full-year figures due to adjustments to its accounting for leases and tenant or construction allowances.[62]\nIn June 2009, Dick's was accused of infringing a patent owned by The Donkey Company, Inc., in a lawsuit filed in District Court for the District of New Jersey.[63]\nIn February 2014, Dick's brought a lawsuit against Modell's Sporting Goods CEO, Mitchell Modell (who featured on an episode of Undercover Boss in 2012), for going undercover into one of their stores to gain access to retail secrets.[64] The lawsuit was settled out of court by April for undisclosed terms. Independent analysts suggested that Modell visited the store on a whim, rather than as part of some plot to steal information.[65]\nIn 2018, Dick's was sued for age discrimination by at least two people for no longer selling long guns to 18-20 year olds where legal.[66][67] One case was settled in November 2018; details of the settlement are confidential, but it did not directly result in any changes to the retailer's policies.[68] The second case was reported as \"resolved\" by an attorney for the plaintiff in late 2018 without disclosing details of any settlement.[69]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dick's Sporting Goods Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods_Park"},{"link_name":"soccer-specific stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rapids"},{"link_name":"Commerce City, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_City,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"PPG Paints Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_Paints_Arena"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Dick's Sporting Goods Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods_Open"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"United States Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Carrie Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Underwood"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"United States Youth Soccer Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Youth_Soccer_Association"},{"link_name":"US Youth Soccer National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Youth_Soccer_National_Championships"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsPro_2June2017-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"WNBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"DeVonta Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVonta_Smith"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Boston Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"GameChanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameChanger"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"The company signed a 20-year naming rights agreement for Dick's Sporting Goods Park, a soccer-specific stadium for the Colorado Rapids team in Commerce City, Colorado, in 2006.[70] Dick's has sponsored the Pittsburgh Penguins and the team's home arena, PPG Paints Arena (formerly Consol Energy Center).[71]Sporting events sponsored by Dick's have included the Dick's Sporting Goods Open and the Pittsburgh Marathon.[72][73] Dick's began sponsoring ESPN's college football kickoff week in 2009.[74]In 2015, the company sponsored Olympic and Paralympic athletes and hopefuls, and became the \"official sporting goods retailer\" for Team USA for the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.[75] Dick's and Team USA established the Ambassador Program and Contender's Program in partnership with the United States Olympic Committee, employing Olympians and prospective Olympic athletes. Dick's employed approximately 200 Team USA athletes competing in 35 different Olympic and Paralympic sports, as of March–July 2016.[76][77] The athletes worked in 89 stores in 32 states.[78]Dick's partnered with Carrie Underwood in 2015 to launch Calia, a fitness lifestyle line.[79]In 2017, Dick's entered a multiyear partnership with the United States Youth Soccer Association to provide team management technology and sponsor the US Youth Soccer National Championships.[80][81]Since September 2021, Dick’s has been in a multi-year agreement to be the official retail partner of the WNBA.[82]In 2021, Dick's collaborated with Nike and DeVonta Smith.[83][84] In 2023, the company worked with the Boston Athletic Association, making Dick's the official sponsor of all of the association's events, including the 2023 Boston Marathon and associated events.[85] They also became the official sporting-goods retailer of the NCAA.[86] That same year, Dick's subsidiary GameChanger signed a deal with Major League Baseball to promote youth sports.[87]","title":"Partnerships and sponsorships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PND-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Nike, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Mike Trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Trout"},{"link_name":"A'ja Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27ja_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Carmelo Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelo_Anthony"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"text":"In 2014, the Dick's Sporting Goods Foundation committed up to $2 million annually to fund youth sports via its Sports Matter program.[88] The Sports Matter program was initiated in 2014 to provide grants, equipment, and sponsorships to underserved youth sports programs.[89][90] Since its inception, Sports Matter has pledged more than $100 million, giving over 2 million young athletes the opportunity to participate in sports activities.[91]In 2023, Dick’s Sporting Goods launched the ‘Sports Change Lives’ campaign to encourage participation in sports. The campaign partnered with Nike, Inc., to feature athletes such as Mike Trout, A'ja Wilson, and Carmelo Anthony. Participating athletes each nominate a youth sports organization to receive a $75,000 grant. [92][93]As of 2023, Dick’s Sporting Goods and its foundation has pledged $170 million USD for youth sports initiatives.[94]","title":"Dick's Sporting Goods Foundation"}]	[{"image_text":"Dick's Sporting Goods store at the King of Prussia mall in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods_at_King_of_Prussia_Mall.jpeg/220px-Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods_at_King_of_Prussia_Mall.jpeg"}]	[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"Academy Sports + Outdoors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Sports_%2B_Outdoors"},{"title":"Bass Pro Shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_Pro_Shops"},{"title":"Cabela's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabela%27s"},{"title":"Legendary Whitetails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_Whitetails"},{"title":"Scheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheels"},{"title":"Sportsman's Warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsman%27s_Warehouse"},{"title":"List of Pennsylvania companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_companies"}]	[{"reference":"\"FY 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)\". 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Retrieved April 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedrum.com/news/2023/03/16/us-ad-the-day-dick-s-names-westinghouse-football-team-its-first-grant-recipient","url_text":"\"US Ad of the Day: Dick's names Westinghouse football team as its first grant recipient\""}]},{"reference":"Verry, Peter (June 6, 2023). \"Dick's Sporting Goods and Nike Partner on Their Largest Joint Marketing Partnership to Date With 'Sports Change Lives'\". Footwear News. Retrieved April 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://footwearnews.com/business/retail/dicks-sporting-goods-nike-sports-change-lives-campaign-1203472864/","url_text":"\"Dick's Sporting Goods and Nike Partner on Their Largest Joint Marketing Partnership to Date With 'Sports Change Lives'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dick's Sporting Goods Marks 75th Anniversary with $75,000 Grants for Youth Sports\". www.triplepundit.com. Retrieved February 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.triplepundit.com/story/2023/dicks-sporting-goods-youth-sports/768951","url_text":"\"Dick's Sporting Goods Marks 75th Anniversary with $75,000 Grants for Youth Sports\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:DKS","external_links_name":"DKS"},{"Link":"http://dickssportinggoods.com/","external_links_name":"dickssportinggoods.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1089063/000108906324000037/dks-20240203.htm","external_links_name":"\"FY 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200720035443/http://investors.dicks.com/management/Index?KeyGenPage=1073753826","external_links_name":"\"Management\""},{"Link":"http://investors.dicks.com/management/Index?KeyGenPage=1073753826","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side_Place	West Side Place	["1 The complex","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°48′51″S 144°57′10″E / 37.8143°S 144.9529°E / -37.8143; 144.9529Building complex in Melbourne, Australia West Side PlaceWest Side Place in May 2023General informationStatus Tower A: Completed Tower B: Completed Tower C: Completed Tower D: Completed Location250 Spencer Street, Melbourne, AustraliaCoordinates37°48′51″S 144°57′10″E / 37.8143°S 144.9529°E / -37.8143; 144.9529Estimated completion Tower A: 2021 Tower B: 2021 Tower C: 2022 Tower D: 2022 CostA$1 billionHeightRoof Tower A: 268.7 m (882 ft) Tower B: 211 m (692 ft) Tower C: 230 m (750 ft) Tower D: 240 m (790 ft) Technical detailsFloor count Tower A: 81 Tower B: 65 Tower C: 70 Tower D: 72 Floor area97,000 m2 (1,040,000 sq ft) (in 4 towers)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Cottee Parker ArchitectsDeveloperFar East ConsortiumEngineerWinward Structures West Side Place is an approved A$1 billion complex of four buildings, when built, will become some of the tallest buildings in Melbourne. The project is located on 250 Spencer Street, Melbourne. The complex The tallest of the buildings within the complex, Tower A, will comprise 600 apartments spanning across 81 levels. At a height of 268.7 metres, it will become the fourth-tallest building in Melbourne, and one of the tallest buildings in Australia. In addition to the apartments, a 5-star hotel of 263 rooms and a 500-seat ballroom will occupy the building. Hotel chain The Ritz-Carlton have signed on to manage the hotel, opening in February 2022. It spans floors 61 to 81, with its sky lobby located on floor 79. The 65-level Tower B will comprise 520 apartments and 260 rooms in a 3-4 star hotel and will reach a height of 211 metres. The third skyscraper will reach 230 metres (750 ft), 70 levels, and will comprise 778 apartments. The 240-metre (790 ft) tall Tower D will include 805 apartments across 72 levels. The A$1 billion project will be Melbourne's biggest inner-city development, encompassing 97,000 m2 (1,040,000 sq ft) of floor space. Developed by Far East Consortium, the complex was initially proposed in 2013, and was later approved in mid-2014 by then-Planning Minister, Matthew Guy. It was proposed to be fully completed in 2022. Most of the building's residential apartments have opened as of February 2022. Construction was suspended in February 2022 when contractor Probuild went into administration. See also List of tallest buildings in Melbourne References ^ West Side Place Tower A - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Centre. Retrieved 23 June 2020 ^ a b Dragomir, Lawrence. (21 November 2013). "The Dawn of a New Age... and Melbourne's new tallest building?". UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 28 January 2015 ^ a b 250 Spencer Complex - The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 23 June 2020 ^ (1 August 2014). "New Melbourne skyscrapers approved for Spencer Street". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 28 January 2015 ^ "The Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Melbourne". West Side Place. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ Fedele, Angela. (26 November 2013). "New Skyscraper May Surpass Melbourne’s Tallest". Sourceable. Retrieved 28 January 2015 ^ Baljak, Mark. (4 August 2014). "Far East Consortium's massive 250 Spencer Street design unveiled?". UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 28 January 2015 ^ "Probuild in administration as South African parent calls time". Australian Financial Review. 23 February 2022. External links Official website vteSkyscrapers in Melbourne over 150 metres in heightCompletedOver 300 m Australia 108 (316 m, 2020) 250–299 m Eureka Tower (297 m, 2006) Aurora Melbourne Central (270 m, 2019) West Side Place Tower A (268 m, 2021) 120 Collins Street (265 m, 1991) 101 Collins Street (260 m, 1991) Prima Pearl (254 m, 2014) Rialto Towers (251 m, 1986) 200–249 m Queens Place North Tower (249 m, 2021) Victoria One (246 m, 2018) Premier Tower (249 m, 2021) Swanston Central (237 m, 2019) Melbourne Square Tower 1 (231 m, 2021) Vision Apartments (229 m, 2016) 568 Collins Street (224 m, 2015) Bourke Place (224 m, 1991) Light House Melbourne (218 m, 2017) Telstra Corporate Centre (218 m, 1992) 380 Melbourne (217 m, 2021) Melbourne Central (211 m, 1991) West Side Place Tower B (206 m, 2021) Freshwater Place North (205 m, 2005) Eq. Tower (203 m, 2017) 150–199 m Empire Melbourne (198 m, 2017) Collins House (190 m, 2018) Abode318 (187 m, 2015) 80 Collins South (187 m, 2019) Sofitel Hotel (185 m, 1980) ANZ Tower (185 m, 1978) Nauru House (182 m, 1977) LK Tower (178 m, 2019) MY80 (173 m, 2014) Melbourne Square Tower 2 (226 m, 2021) Victoria Police Centre Tower 2 (171 m, 2020) Upper West Side Tower 5 (170 m, 2016) 385 Bourke Street (169 m, 1983) Zen Apartments (168 m, 2012) Platinum Tower One (167 m, 2016) Avant (167 m, 2018) Australian Stock Exchange Building (167 m, 1991) Southbank Place (166 m, 2018) Casselden Place (166 m, 1992) 35 Spring Street (166 m, 2017) The Fifth (166 m, 2017) Ernst & Young Tower (165 m, 2005) SX Stage 1 (163 m, 2005) Royal Domain Tower (162 m, 2005) ANZ World Headquarters (162 m, 1993) National Bank House (161 m, 1978) 2 Southbank Boulevard (161 m, 2005) Verve 501 (159 m, 2006) 477 Collins Street (158 m, 2019) Upper West Side Tower 2 (156 m, 2014) Shadow Play (153 m, 2018) Southbank Central (153 m, 2017) Optus Centre (153 m, 1975) Crown Towers (152 m, 1997) 140 William Street (152 m, 2005) Urban Workshop Lonsdale (150 m, 2005) Melbourne skyline in 2015Under construction200–249 m West Side Place Tower D (239 m, 2022) Shangri-La by the Gardens (231 m, TBA) West Side Place Tower C (230 m, 2022) Sapphire by the Gardens (218 m, TBA) ApprovedOver 250 m Green Spine Tower 1 (366 m, TBA) 25–35 Power Street (280 m, TBA) Green Spine Tower 2 (252 m, TBA) 200–249 m Queens Place South Tower (251 m, TBA) Elysium (244 m, TBA) 150–199 m Melbourne Square Tower 5 (180 m, TBA) Melbourne Square Tower 3 (175 m, TBA) Melbourne Square Tower 4 (175 m, TBA) Full list of approved projects Proposed Full list of proposed projects Buildings listed in order of height and with year of completion Building data source: Skyscraper Center See also: List of tallest buildings in Melbourne Category:Buildings and structures in Melbourne Category:Skyscrapers in Melbourne This article about a building or structure in Victoria (state) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_dollar"},{"link_name":"tallest buildings in Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Spencer Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Street"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"}],"text":"Building complex in Melbourne, AustraliaWest Side Place is an approved A$1 billion complex of four buildings, when built, will become some of the tallest buildings in Melbourne. The project is located on 250 Spencer Street, Melbourne.","title":"West Side Place"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tallest buildings in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballroom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heightsandfloors-3"},{"link_name":"The Ritz-Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritz-Carlton_Hotel_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heightsandfloors-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Matthew Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Guy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Side_Place&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Probuild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probuild"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(law)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The tallest of the buildings within the complex, Tower A, will comprise 600 apartments spanning across 81 levels. At a height of 268.7 metres, it will become the fourth-tallest building in Melbourne, and one of the tallest buildings in Australia.[1] In addition to the apartments, a 5-star hotel of 263 rooms and a 500-seat ballroom will occupy the building.[2][3] Hotel chain The Ritz-Carlton have signed on to manage the hotel, opening in February 2022.[4] It spans floors 61 to 81, with its sky lobby located on floor 79.[5]The 65-level Tower B will comprise 520 apartments and 260 rooms in a 3-4 star hotel and will reach a height of 211 metres. The third skyscraper will reach 230 metres (750 ft), 70 levels, and will comprise 778 apartments. The 240-metre (790 ft) tall Tower D will include 805 apartments across 72 levels.[2][3]The A$1 billion project will be Melbourne's biggest inner-city development, encompassing 97,000 m2 (1,040,000 sq ft) of floor space.[6] Developed by Far East Consortium, the complex was initially proposed in 2013, and was later approved in mid-2014 by then-Planning Minister, Matthew Guy. It was proposed to be fully completed in 2022.[7] Most of the building's residential apartments have opened as of February 2022[update]. Construction was suspended in February 2022 when contractor Probuild went into administration.[8]","title":"The complex"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Melbourne"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Melbourne\". West Side Place. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._West	John C. West	["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	American politician (1922–2004) For the British electrical engineer and philatelist, see John C. West (philatelist). John C. WestUnited States Ambassador to Saudi ArabiaIn officeJune 8, 1977 – March 21, 1981PresidentJimmy CarterRonald ReaganPreceded byWilliam J. PorterSucceeded byRobert G. Neumann109th Governor of South CarolinaIn officeJanuary 19, 1971 – January 21, 1975LieutenantEarle Morris Jr.Preceded byRobert Evander McNairSucceeded byJames B. Edwards80th Lieutenant Governor of South CarolinaIn officeJanuary 17, 1967 – January 19, 1971GovernorRobert Evander McNairPreceded byRobert Evander McNairSucceeded byEarle Morris Jr.Member of the South Carolina Senatefrom Kershaw CountyIn officeJanuary 11, 1955 – January 10, 1967Preceded byJames Clator ArrantsSucceeded byDistrict abolished Personal detailsBornJohn Carl West(1922-08-27)August 27, 1922Camden, South Carolina, U.S.DiedMarch 21, 2004(2004-03-21) (aged 81)Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouse Lois Rhame (m. 1942)Children3EducationThe CitadelUniversity of South CarolinaMilitary serviceBranch/serviceUnited States Army John Carl West Sr. (August 27, 1922 – March 21, 2004) was a U.S. Democratic Party politician who served as the 109th Governor of South Carolina from 1971 to 1975. He served as United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1977 to 1981. Early life West was born in Camden, South Carolina and grew up in the farming community of Charlotte Thompson near Camden. The following May, his father, along with seventy-six other persons, was killed in a fire at the nearby Cleveland School. His mother and maternal grandmother escaped unharmed from the fire. In 1942, he graduated from The Citadel with a bachelor's degree in political science. After graduation, he enlisted in the United States Army as an intelligence officer during World War II, assigned to stateside service. Political career Following the war, West earned a law degree from the University of South Carolina in 1946. From 1948 to 1952, he served on the state Highway Commission. In 1954, he coordinated the unsuccessful U.S. Senate candidacy of Edgar A. Brown, who lost in a write-in campaign waged by former Governor Strom Thurmond. From 1955 to 1967, West served in the state senate. He was assigned to several committees which studied public school curriculum, investigated activities of the Communist Party of the United States of America, monitored the state Development Board, examined state support for the nursing profession and junior colleges, and recommended revisions to the state constitution. West was the 80th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina, having served from 1967 to 1971. In the 1970 gubernatorial election, West defeated U.S. Representative Albert W. Watson, a Democrat-turned-Republican with 53.2 percent of the vote . Regarded as a New South governor, West vowed in his 1971 inaugural address that he would "eliminate from our government any vestige of discrimination because of race, creed, sex, religion or any other barrier to fairness for all citizens." After his tenure as governor, West returned to private law practice and was subsequently appointed United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, a position that he held from 1977 to 1981. After returning to the United States, he became a Professor of Middle Eastern Studies at the University of South Carolina. From 1993 until his death from cancer, he was a partner in the Hilton Head law office of Bethea, Jordan, and Griffin. Personal life West married Lois Rhame in 1942. They had three children. West died of liver cancer at his home on Hilton Head Island on March 21, 2004. References ^ a b "Bio: John C. West". The State. March 21, 2004. Archived from the original on April 10, 2004. Retrieved June 3, 2023. ^ a b c d "John Carl West Papers". University of South Carolina. Retrieved June 3, 2023. ^ a b Sheinin, Aaron Gould (March 21, 2004). "Former Gov. John C. West dies at 81". The State. Archived from the original on March 31, 2004. Retrieved June 3, 2023. External links John West: In His Own Words at University of South Carolina, South Carolina Political Collections John Carl West Papers at South Carolina Political Collections, University of South Carolina Governor John C. West Collection at the South Carolina Department of Archives & History (RG 552000) 1971 John C. West Inaugural Parade and Swearing in Ceremony on South Carolina Educational Television Party political offices Preceded byRobert Evander McNair Democratic nominee for Governor of South Carolina 1970 Succeeded byCharles D. Ravenel Political offices Preceded byRobert Evander McNair Governor of South Carolina January 19, 1971–January 21, 1975 Succeeded byJames B. Edwards Preceded byRobert Evander McNair Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina January 17, 1967– January 19, 1971 Succeeded byEarle Morris Jr. Diplomatic posts Preceded byWilliam J. Porter United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia 1977–1981 Succeeded byRobert G. Neumann Portals: Biography United States Law Politics Education Christianity vteGovernors of South Carolina J. Rutledge Lowndes J. Rutledge Mathews Guerard Moultrie T. Pinckney C. Pinckney Moultrie Vanderhorst C. Pinckney E. Rutledge Drayton J. Richardson P. Hamilton C. Pinckney Drayton Middleton Alston D. Williams A. Pickens Geddes Bennett Wilson Manning I Taylor Miller J. Hamilton Hayne McDuffie Butler Noble Henagan Richardson II Hammond Aiken Johnson Seabrook Means J. Manning Adams Allston Gist F. Pickens Bonham Magrath Perry Orr Scott Moses Chamberlain Hampton Simpson Jeter Hagood Thompson Sheppard Richardson III Tillman Evans Ellerbe McSweeney Heyward Ansel Blease Smith Manning III Cooper Harvey McLeod Richards Blackwood Johnston Maybank Harley Jefferies Johnston R. Williams Thurmond Byrnes Timmerman Hollings Russell McNair West Edwards Riley Campbell Beasley Hodges Sanford Haley McMaster vteUnited States Ambassadors to Saudi Arabia Fish Kirk Moose Eddy Childs Hare Wadsworth Heath Hart Eilts Thacher Akins Porter West Neumann Murphy Cutler Horan Cutler Freeman Mabus Fowler Jordan Oberwetter Fraker Smith Westphal Abizaid Ratney Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John C. West (philatelist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._West_(philatelist)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"109th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Governor of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia"}],"text":"For the British electrical engineer and philatelist, see John C. West (philatelist).John Carl West Sr. (August 27, 1922 – March 21, 2004) was a U.S. Democratic Party politician who served as the 109th Governor of South Carolina from 1971 to 1975. He served as United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1977 to 1981.","title":"John C. West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camden, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Papers-2"},{"link_name":"a fire at the nearby Cleveland School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_School_fire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Papers-2"},{"link_name":"The Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Citadel"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Papers-2"}],"text":"West was born in Camden, South Carolina and grew up in the farming community of Charlotte Thompson near Camden.[1][2] The following May, his father, along with seventy-six other persons, was killed in a fire at the nearby Cleveland School.[2] His mother and maternal grandmother escaped unharmed from the fire.In 1942, he graduated from The Citadel with a bachelor's degree in political science. After graduation, he enlisted in the United States Army as an intelligence officer during World War II, assigned to stateside service.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Edgar A. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Brown"},{"link_name":"write-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-in"},{"link_name":"Strom Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Papers-2"},{"link_name":"state senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA"},{"link_name":"junior colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_college"},{"link_name":"state constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"1970 gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election,_1970"},{"link_name":"Albert W. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Watson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"New South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_State-3"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hilton Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Head,_South_Carolina"}],"text":"Following the war, West earned a law degree from the University of South Carolina in 1946. From 1948 to 1952, he served on the state Highway Commission. In 1954, he coordinated the unsuccessful U.S. Senate candidacy of Edgar A. Brown, who lost in a write-in campaign waged by former Governor Strom Thurmond.[2]From 1955 to 1967, West served in the state senate. He was assigned to several committees which studied public school curriculum, investigated activities of the Communist Party of the United States of America, monitored the state Development Board, examined state support for the nursing profession and junior colleges, and recommended revisions to the state constitution.West was the 80th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina, having served from 1967 to 1971. In the 1970 gubernatorial election, West defeated U.S. Representative Albert W. Watson, a Democrat-turned-Republican with 53.2 percent of the vote . Regarded as a New South governor, West vowed in his 1971 inaugural address that he would \"eliminate from our government any vestige of discrimination because of race, creed, sex, religion or any other barrier to fairness for all citizens.\"[3]After his tenure as governor, West returned to private law practice and was subsequently appointed United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, a position that he held from 1977 to 1981. After returning to the United States, he became a Professor of Middle Eastern Studies at the University of South Carolina. From 1993 until his death from cancer, he was a partner in the Hilton Head law office of Bethea, Jordan, and Griffin.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lois Rhame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Rhame_West"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"liver cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cancer"},{"link_name":"Hilton Head Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Head_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_State-3"}],"text":"West married Lois Rhame in 1942. They had three children.[1] West died of liver cancer at his home on Hilton Head Island on March 21, 2004.[3]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bio: John C. West\". The State. March 21, 2004. Archived from the original on April 10, 2004. Retrieved June 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040410205034/http://www.thestate.com:80/mld/thestate/8244054.htm","url_text":"\"Bio: John C. West\""},{"url":"http://www.thestate.com/mld/thestate/8244054.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Carl West Papers\". University of South Carolina. Retrieved June 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.library.sc.edu/resources/john_carl_west_papers","url_text":"\"John Carl West Papers\""}]},{"reference":"Sheinin, Aaron Gould (March 21, 2004). \"Former Gov. John C. West dies at 81\". The State. Archived from the original on March 31, 2004. Retrieved June 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040331042720/http://www.thestate.com:80/mld/thestate/8243836.htm","url_text":"\"Former Gov. John C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodor	Diodorus Siculus	["1 Life","2 Work","3 See also","4 Citations","5 General and cited references","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	1st-century BC Greek historian "Diodorus" redirects here. For other uses, see Diodorus (disambiguation). Diodorus SiculusDiodorus Siculus as depicted in a 19th-century frescoNative nameΔιόδωροςBornfl. 1st century BCAgira, SicilyLanguageAncient GreekGenreHistoryNotable worksBibliotheca historica Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Greek: Διόδωρος, translit. Diódōros; fl. 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian. He is known for writing the monumental universal history Bibliotheca historica, in forty books, fifteen of which survive intact, between 60 and 30 BC. The history is arranged in three parts. The first covers mythic history up to the destruction of Troy, arranged geographically, describing regions around the world from Egypt, India and Arabia to Europe. The second covers the time from the Trojan War to the death of Alexander the Great. The third covers the period to about 60 BC. Bibliotheca, meaning 'library', acknowledges that he was drawing on the work of many other authors. Life According to his own work, he was born in Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira). With one exception, antiquity affords no further information about his life and doings beyond his written works. Only Jerome, in his Chronicon under the "year of Abraham 1968" (49 BC), writes, "Diodorus of Sicily, a writer of Greek history, became illustrious". However, his English translator, Charles Henry Oldfather, remarks on the "striking coincidence" that one of only two known Greek inscriptions from Agyrium (Inscriptiones Graecae XIV, 588) is the tombstone of one "Diodorus, the son of Apollonius". The final work attributed to him is from 21 BC. Work Main article: Bibliotheca historica Bibliotheca historica, 1746 Diodorus' universal history, which he named Bibliotheca historica (Greek: Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική, "Historical Library"), was immense and consisted of 40 books, of which 1–5 and 11–20 survive: fragments of the lost books are preserved in Photius and the Excerpts of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. It was divided into three sections. The first six books treated the mythic history of the non-Hellenic and Hellenic tribes to the destruction of Troy and are geographical in theme, and describe the history and culture of Ancient Egypt (book I), of Mesopotamia, India, Scythia, and Arabia (II), of North Africa (III), and of Greece and Europe (IV–VI). In the next section (books VII–XVII), he recounts the history of the world from the Trojan War down to the death of Alexander the Great. The last section (books XVII to the end) concerns the historical events from the successors of Alexander down to either 60 BC or the beginning of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars. (The end has been lost, so it is unclear whether Diodorus reached the beginning of the Gallic War as he promised at the beginning of his work or, as evidence suggests, old and tired from his labours, he stopped short at 60 BC.) He selected the name "Bibliotheca" in acknowledgment that he was assembling a composite work from many sources. Identified authors on whose works he drew include Hecataeus of Abdera, Ctesias of Cnidus, Ephorus, Theopompus, Hieronymus of Cardia, Duris of Samos, Diyllus, Philistus, Timaeus, Polybius, and Posidonius. See also Hellenic historiography Acadine Callon of Epidaurus Diophantus of Abae Pliny the Elder Strabo Citations ^ Usher 1969, p. 235. ^ Diod. History 1.4.4. ^ Oldfather, Charles Henry (1977). "Introduction". Diodorus of Sicily In Twelve Volumes. ^ Stronk, Jan P. (2010). Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation by Ctesias. p. 60. ^ "Diodorus Siculus - Greek historian". Retrieved 13 July 2023. ^ "Diodorus Siculus". Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 April 2018. General and cited references Ambaglio, Dino; Landucci Gattinoni, Franca; Bravi, Luigi (2008). Diodoro Siculo: Biblioteca storica: commento storico: introduzione generale. Storia. Ricerche (in Italian). Milano: V&P. pp. x, 145. ISBN 9788834315842. Buckley, Terry (1996). Aspects of Greek History 750-323 BC: A Source-based Approach. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09958-7. Diodorus Siculus (1935). Library of History: Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Oldfather, C. H. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. Diodorus Siculus; H. Valesius; I. Rhodomannus; F. Ursinus (1814). The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian in Fifteen Books to which are added the Fragments of Diodorus. Translated by G. Booth. London: J. Davis – via Google Books. Diodori Siculi (1798). Peter Wesseling; L. Rhodoman; G. Heyn; N. Eyring (eds.). Bibliothecae Historicae Libri Qui Supersunt: Nova Editio (in Ancient Greek and Latin). Argentorati: Societas Bipontina – via Internet Archive. Usher, Stephen (1969). The Historians of Greece and Rome. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-2410-1527-8. Further reading Library resources about Diodorus Siculus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Diodorus Siculus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Braithwaite-Westoby, Kara. "Diodorus and the Alleged Revolts of 374–373 BCE," Classical Philology 115, no. 2 (April 2020): 265–270. Clarke, Katherine. 1999. "Universal perspectives in Historiography." In The Limits of Historiography: Genre and Narrative in Ancient Historical Texts. Edited by Christina Shuttleworth Kraus, 249–279. Mnemosyne. Supplementum 191. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. Hammond, Nicholas G. L. 1998. "Portents, Prophecies, and Dreams in Diodorus' Books 14–17." Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 39.4: 407–428. Hau, Lisa Irene, Alexander Meeus, and Brian Sheridan (eds.). 2018. Diodoros of Sicily: Historiographical Theory and Practice in the Bibliotheke. Peeters: Leuven. McQueen, Earl I. 1995. Diodorus Siculus. The Reign of Philip II: The Greek and Macedonian Narrative from Book XVI. A Companion. London: Bristol Classical Press. Muntz, Charles E. 2017. Diodorus Siculus and the World of the Late Roman Republic. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. Pfuntner, Laura. 2015. "Reading Diodorus through Photius: The Case of the Sicilian Slave Revolts." Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 55.1: 256–272. Rubincam, Catherine. 1987. "The Organization and Composition of Diodorus' Bibliotheke." Échos du monde classique (= Classical views) 31:313–328. Sacks, Kenneth S. 1990. Diodorus Siculus and the First Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. Sinclair, Robert K. 1963. "Diodorus Siculus and the Writing of History." Proceedings of the African Classical Association 6:36–45. Stronk, Jan P. 2017. Semiramis' Legacy. The History of Persia According to Diodorus of Sicily. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press. Sulimani, Iris. 2008. "Diodorus' Source-Citations: A Turn in the Attitude of Ancient Authors Towards their Predecessors?" Athenaeum 96.2: 535–567. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diodorus Siculus. Wikisource has original works by or about:Diodorus Siculus Wikiquote has quotations related to Diodorus Siculus. Greek original works Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ιστορική Βιβλιοθήκη Diodorus Siculus. "Library" (in Ancient Greek). Perseus Digital Library. Books 1–5 only. Retrieved 6 September 2017. "The Library of History" (in Ancient Greek). LacusCurtius. Books 6–10 only. Retrieved 6 September 2017. Diodorus Siculus. "Library" (in Ancient Greek). Perseus Digital Library. Books 9–17 only. Retrieved 6 September 2017. English translations Works by Diodorus Siculus at Project Gutenberg Diodorus Siculus. "The Library of History". Translated by C. H. Oldfather; C. L. Sherman; C. Bradford Welles; Russel M. Geer; F. R. Walton. LacusCurtius. Books 1–32 only. Retrieved 25 June 2017. Diodorus Siculus. "Library". Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Theoi E-Texts Library. Books 4–6 only. Retrieved 8 October 2008. Diodorus Siculus. "Library". Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Perseus Digital Library. Books 9–17 only. Retrieved 25 June 2017. Diodorus Siculus. "Historical Library". Translated by Andrew Smith. Attalus.org. Books 33–40 only. Retrieved 7 February 2014. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diodorus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Διόδωρος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"translit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"universal history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_history_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Bibliotheca historica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUsher1969235-1"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"death of Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great"}],"text":"1st-century BC Greek historian\"Diodorus\" redirects here. For other uses, see Diodorus (disambiguation).Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Greek: Διόδωρος, translit. Diódōros; fl. 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian. He is known for writing the monumental universal history Bibliotheca historica, in forty books, fifteen of which survive intact,[1] between 60 and 30 BC. \nThe history is arranged in three parts. The first covers mythic history up to the destruction of Troy, arranged geographically, describing regions around the world from Egypt, India and Arabia to Europe. The second covers the time from the Trojan War to the death of Alexander the Great. The third covers the period to about 60 BC. Bibliotheca, meaning 'library', acknowledges that he was drawing on the work of many other authors.","title":"Diodorus Siculus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agyrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agira"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"Chronicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_(Jerome)"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Charles Henry Oldfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Oldfather"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Inscriptiones Graecae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscriptiones_Graecae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to his own work, he was born in Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira).[2] With one exception, antiquity affords no further information about his life and doings beyond his written works. Only Jerome, in his Chronicon under the \"year of Abraham 1968\" (49 BC), writes, \"Diodorus of Sicily, a writer of Greek history, became illustrious\". However, his English translator, Charles Henry Oldfather, remarks on the \"striking coincidence\"[3] that one of only two known Greek inscriptions from Agyrium (Inscriptiones Graecae XIV, 588) is the tombstone of one \"Diodorus, the son of Apollonius\".[4] The final work attributed to him is from 21 BC.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bibliotheca_historica.tif"},{"link_name":"universal history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_history_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Photius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Excerpts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinian_Excerpts"},{"link_name":"Constantine Porphyrogenitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VII"},{"link_name":"Hellenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Scythia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"death of Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"successors of Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadochi"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Gallic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Hecataeus of Abdera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Abdera"},{"link_name":"Ctesias of Cnidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesias_of_Cnidus"},{"link_name":"Ephorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephorus"},{"link_name":"Theopompus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theopompus"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus of Cardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_of_Cardia"},{"link_name":"Duris of Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duris_of_Samos"},{"link_name":"Diyllus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyllus"},{"link_name":"Philistus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistus"},{"link_name":"Timaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timaeus_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Polybius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius"},{"link_name":"Posidonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonius"}],"text":"Bibliotheca historica, 1746Diodorus' universal history, which he named Bibliotheca historica (Greek: Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική, \"Historical Library\"), was immense and consisted of 40 books, of which 1–5 and 11–20 survive:[6] fragments of the lost books are preserved in Photius and the Excerpts of Constantine Porphyrogenitus.It was divided into three sections. The first six books treated the mythic history of the non-Hellenic and Hellenic tribes to the destruction of Troy and are geographical in theme, and describe the history and culture of Ancient Egypt (book I), of Mesopotamia, India, Scythia, and Arabia (II), of North Africa (III), and of Greece and Europe (IV–VI).In the next section (books VII–XVII), he recounts the history of the world from the Trojan War down to the death of Alexander the Great. The last section (books XVII to the end) concerns the historical events from the successors of Alexander down to either 60 BC or the beginning of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars. (The end has been lost, so it is unclear whether Diodorus reached the beginning of the Gallic War as he promised at the beginning of his work or, as evidence suggests, old and tired from his labours, he stopped short at 60 BC.) He selected the name \"Bibliotheca\" in acknowledgment that he was assembling a composite work from many sources. Identified authors on whose works he drew include Hecataeus of Abdera, Ctesias of Cnidus, Ephorus, Theopompus, Hieronymus of Cardia, Duris of Samos, Diyllus, Philistus, Timaeus, Polybius, and Posidonius.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUsher1969235_1-0"},{"link_name":"Usher 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFUsher1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Oldfather, Charles Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Oldfather"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Diodorus Siculus - Greek historian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Diodorus-Siculus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Diodorus Siculus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/164108/Diodorus-Siculus"}],"text":"^ Usher 1969, p. 235.\n\n^ Diod. History 1.4.4.\n\n^ Oldfather, Charles Henry (1977). \"Introduction\". Diodorus of Sicily In Twelve Volumes.\n\n^ Stronk, Jan P. (2010). Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation by Ctesias. p. 60.\n\n^ \"Diodorus Siculus - Greek historian\". Retrieved 13 July 2023.\n\n^ \"Diodorus Siculus\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 April 2018.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788834315842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788834315842"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-09958-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09958-7"},{"link_name":"The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian in Fifteen Books to which are added the Fragments of Diodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=agd-eLVNRMMC"},{"link_name":"Bibliothecae Historicae Libri Qui Supersunt: Nova Editio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bibliothecaehist08diod"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-2410-1527-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2410-1527-8"}],"text":"Ambaglio, Dino; Landucci Gattinoni, Franca; Bravi, Luigi (2008). Diodoro Siculo: Biblioteca storica: commento storico: introduzione generale. Storia. Ricerche (in Italian). Milano: V&P. pp. x, 145. ISBN 9788834315842.\nBuckley, Terry (1996). Aspects of Greek History 750-323 BC: A Source-based Approach. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09958-7.\nDiodorus Siculus (1935). Library of History: Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Oldfather, C. H. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.\nDiodorus Siculus; H. Valesius; I. Rhodomannus; F. Ursinus (1814). The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian in Fifteen Books to which are added the Fragments of Diodorus. Translated by G. Booth. London: J. Davis – via Google Books.\nDiodori Siculi (1798). Peter Wesseling; L. Rhodoman; G. Heyn; N. Eyring (eds.). Bibliothecae Historicae Libri Qui Supersunt: Nova Editio (in Ancient Greek and Latin). Argentorati: Societas Bipontina – via Internet Archive.\nUsher, Stephen (1969). The Historians of Greece and Rome. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-2410-1527-8.","title":"General and cited references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Online books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Diodorus+Siculus&library=OLBP"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Diodorus+Siculus"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Diodorus+Siculus&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Online books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Diodorus+Siculus&library=OLBP"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Diodorus+Siculus"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Diodorus+Siculus&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Diodorus and the Alleged Revolts of 374–373 BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/707724"}],"text":"Library resources about Diodorus Siculus \n\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other libraries\n\nBy Diodorus Siculus\n\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other librariesBraithwaite-Westoby, Kara. \"Diodorus and the Alleged Revolts of 374–373 BCE,\" Classical Philology 115, no. 2 (April 2020): 265–270.\nClarke, Katherine. 1999. \"Universal perspectives in Historiography.\" In The Limits of Historiography: Genre and Narrative in Ancient Historical Texts. Edited by Christina Shuttleworth Kraus, 249–279. Mnemosyne. Supplementum 191. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.\nHammond, Nicholas G. L. 1998. \"Portents, Prophecies, and Dreams in Diodorus' Books 14–17.\" Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 39.4: 407–428.\nHau, Lisa Irene, Alexander Meeus, and Brian Sheridan (eds.). 2018. Diodoros of Sicily: Historiographical Theory and Practice in the Bibliotheke. Peeters: Leuven.\nMcQueen, Earl I. 1995. Diodorus Siculus. The Reign of Philip II: The Greek and Macedonian Narrative from Book XVI. A Companion. London: Bristol Classical Press.\nMuntz, Charles E. 2017. Diodorus Siculus and the World of the Late Roman Republic. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.\nPfuntner, Laura. 2015. \"Reading Diodorus through Photius: The Case of the Sicilian Slave Revolts.\" Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 55.1: 256–272.\nRubincam, Catherine. 1987. \"The Organization and Composition of Diodorus' Bibliotheke.\" Échos du monde classique (= Classical views) 31:313–328.\nSacks, Kenneth S. 1990. Diodorus Siculus and the First Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.\nSinclair, Robert K. 1963. \"Diodorus Siculus and the Writing of History.\" Proceedings of the African Classical Association 6:36–45.\nStronk, Jan P. 2017. Semiramis' Legacy. The History of Persia According to Diodorus of Sicily. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.\nSulimani, Iris. 2008. \"Diodorus' Source-Citations: A Turn in the Attitude of Ancient Authors Towards their Predecessors?\" Athenaeum 96.2: 535–567.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Bibliotheca historica, 1746","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bibliotheca_historica.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bibliotheca_historica.tif.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Hellenic historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_historiography"},{"title":"Acadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadine"},{"title":"Callon of Epidaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callon_of_Epidaurus"},{"title":"Diophantus of Abae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantus_of_Abae"},{"title":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"title":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"}]	[{"reference":"Oldfather, Charles Henry (1977). \"Introduction\". Diodorus of Sicily In Twelve Volumes.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Oldfather","url_text":"Oldfather, Charles Henry"}]},{"reference":"Stronk, Jan P. (2010). Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation by Ctesias. p. 60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Diodorus Siculus - Greek historian\". Retrieved 13 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Diodorus-Siculus","url_text":"\"Diodorus Siculus - Greek historian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diodorus Siculus\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/164108/Diodorus-Siculus","url_text":"\"Diodorus Siculus\""}]},{"reference":"Ambaglio, Dino; Landucci Gattinoni, Franca; Bravi, Luigi (2008). Diodoro Siculo: Biblioteca storica: commento storico: introduzione generale. Storia. Ricerche (in Italian). Milano: V&P. pp. x, 145. ISBN 9788834315842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788834315842","url_text":"9788834315842"}]},{"reference":"Buckley, Terry (1996). Aspects of Greek History 750-323 BC: A Source-based Approach. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09958-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09958-7","url_text":"0-415-09958-7"}]},{"reference":"Diodorus Siculus (1935). Library of History: Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Oldfather, C. H. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Diodorus Siculus; H. Valesius; I. Rhodomannus; F. Ursinus (1814). The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian in Fifteen Books to which are added the Fragments of Diodorus. Translated by G. Booth. London: J. Davis – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=agd-eLVNRMMC","url_text":"The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian in Fifteen Books to which are added the Fragments of Diodorus"}]},{"reference":"Diodori Siculi (1798). Peter Wesseling; L. Rhodoman; G. Heyn; N. Eyring (eds.). Bibliothecae Historicae Libri Qui Supersunt: Nova Editio (in Ancient Greek and Latin). Argentorati: Societas Bipontina – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bibliothecaehist08diod","url_text":"Bibliothecae Historicae Libri Qui Supersunt: Nova Editio"}]},{"reference":"Usher, Stephen (1969). The Historians of Greece and Rome. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-2410-1527-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2410-1527-8","url_text":"0-2410-1527-8"}]},{"reference":"Diodorus Siculus. \"Library\" (in Ancient Greek). Perseus Digital Library. Books 1–5 only. Retrieved 6 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0540","url_text":"\"Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Library of History\" (in Ancient Greek). LacusCurtius. Books 6–10 only. Retrieved 6 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html","url_text":"\"The Library of History\""}]},{"reference":"Diodorus Siculus. \"Library\" (in Ancient Greek). Perseus Digital Library. Books 9–17 only. Retrieved 6 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0083","url_text":"\"Library\""}]},{"reference":"Diodorus Siculus. \"The Library of History\". Translated by C. H. Oldfather; C. L. Sherman; C. Bradford Welles; Russel M. Geer; F. R. Walton. LacusCurtius. Books 1–32 only. Retrieved 25 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html","url_text":"\"The Library of History\""}]},{"reference":"Diodorus Siculus. \"Library\". Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Theoi E-Texts Library. Books 4–6 only. Retrieved 8 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theoi.com/Text/DiodorusSiculus4A.html","url_text":"\"Library\""}]},{"reference":"Diodorus Siculus. \"Library\". Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Perseus Digital Library. Books 9–17 only. Retrieved 25 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0084","url_text":"\"Library\""}]},{"reference":"Diodorus Siculus. \"Historical Library\". Translated by Andrew Smith. Attalus.org. Books 33–40 only. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_copal	Gum copal	["1 Source locations","2 Comparison to amber","3 Uses","3.1 Commercial grades","4 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gum copal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gum copal is a resin produced by the sap of forest tree in the genus Daniellia. Due to common impurities and differences in regions, gum copal ranges in color from black to yellow to white. Gum copal, along with ivory and slaves, was a significant export from East Africa in the 19th century. It can have an appearance similar to amber and may be mistaken for it. Unlike amber, gum copal is usually only 100–1,000 years old and it has not yet fossilized. Source locations Gum copal is most commonly found in East Africa and Indonesia, and is also found in tropical regions such as South America, Malaysia and the Philippines. Comparison to amber Throughout history, amber and gum copal have been mistaken for each other, as it is extremely difficult to discern between the two. A drop test using an alcohol or other solvent will leave amber unaffected, while copal's surface will become sticky. A heat test can also be used as amber will soften and blacken its surface and copal will begin to melt. Another difference between the two lies in what specimens are inside the material. As both amber and gum copal are produced from tree sap hardening, insects and other organisms can be trapped inside (an idea which provided the basis for DNA extraction in Jurassic Park). Depending on whether this organism can still be found alive in the present or recent past can give reference to the age and identification of the sample. Uses Gum copal has had a wide variety of uses in the past and present. Primarily used as an incense by ancient civilizations, it was used as an early form of glue, and traditional medicine for dysentery, stomach pains, dizziness, and fright. It was often used in religious occasions in the form of sacrifices to deities, typically designating the copal as food for the gods. Today, gum copal is popularly used as incense. It is also used as a varnish or waterproofing material. When heated with certain oils it becomes nearly transparent. It can be used as an ingredient in adhesives, perfumes, printing ink, paints, and films. Gum copal is sold primarily in two forms. The first is as powder, which is usually mixed with turpentine to make varnish. The other is as natural "rocks" which can be used in many different ways. Commercial grades Prime white soft (PWS) is the highest grade of gum copal. It is white in color and 99–100% purity. It is used for making varnish for wood surfaces and it dries to a hard and shiny film. Such varnish is high-luster and resistant to external scratches. DBB grade is pebble-sized and whitish yellow in color with about 90–95% purity. This is an economy grade, ideal for production of low-end varnishes. Its solubility is good. It can contain some black copal, but it is still easily dissolved in alcohol solvent mixtures. It is the most common grade for use in incense. White soft (WS) is the lowest grade of gum copal, larger chunks, black in color with about 60% purity. The impurities include tree bark and soil. The powder leftover from the processing of PWS and DBB is usually used for varnish. References ^ Galbraith: Mackinnon and east Africa, Cambridge, 1972 ^ a b Aber, Susan Ward, "Copal: An Immature and Controversial Resin". Emporia State University, 16 January 2004. ^ Forestry Department. "Non-wood Forest Products for Rural Income and Sustainable Forestry – 4. Hard resins Archived 2013-08-31 at the Wayback Machine". FAO, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2015. ^ "Gum Copal Indonesia". PT Naval Overseas, n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2015.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"Daniellia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniellia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Gum copal is a resin produced by the sap of forest tree in the genus Daniellia.[citation needed] Due to common impurities and differences in regions, gum copal ranges in color from black to yellow to white. Gum copal, along with ivory and slaves, was a significant export from East Africa in the 19th century.[1] It can have an appearance similar to amber and may be mistaken for it. Unlike amber, gum copal is usually only 100–1,000 years old and it has not yet fossilized.[2]","title":"Gum copal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Gum copal is most commonly found in East Africa and Indonesia, and is also found in tropical regions such as South America, Malaysia and the Philippines.[3]","title":"Source locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)"}],"text":"Throughout history, amber and gum copal have been mistaken for each other, as it is extremely difficult to discern between the two. A drop test using an alcohol or other solvent will leave amber unaffected, while copal's surface will become sticky. A heat test can also be used as amber will soften and blacken its surface and copal will begin to melt.[2]Another difference between the two lies in what specimens are inside the material. As both amber and gum copal are produced from tree sap hardening, insects and other organisms can be trapped inside (an idea which provided the basis for DNA extraction in Jurassic Park). Depending on whether this organism can still be found alive in the present or recent past can give reference to the age and identification of the sample.","title":"Comparison to amber"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"incense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gum copal has had a wide variety of uses in the past and present. Primarily used as an incense by ancient civilizations, it was used as an early form of glue, and traditional medicine for dysentery, stomach pains, dizziness, and fright. It was often used in religious occasions in the form of sacrifices to deities, typically designating the copal as food for the gods.[citation needed]Today, gum copal is popularly used as incense. It is also used as a varnish or waterproofing material. When heated with certain oils it becomes nearly transparent. It can be used as an ingredient in adhesives, perfumes, printing ink, paints, and films.Gum copal is sold primarily in two forms. The first is as powder, which is usually mixed with turpentine to make varnish. The other is as natural \"rocks\" which can be used in many different ways.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gum_Copal_Indonesia_2015-4"}],"sub_title":"Commercial grades","text":"Prime white soft (PWS) is the highest grade of gum copal. It is white in color and 99–100% purity. It is used for making varnish for wood surfaces and it dries to a hard and shiny film. Such varnish is high-luster and resistant to external scratches.DBB grade is pebble-sized and whitish yellow in color with about 90–95% purity. This is an economy grade, ideal for production of low-end varnishes. Its solubility is good. It can contain some black copal, but it is still easily dissolved in alcohol solvent mixtures. It is the most common grade for use in incense.White soft (WS) is the lowest grade of gum copal, larger chunks, black in color with about 60% purity. The impurities include tree bark and soil.The powder leftover from the processing of PWS and DBB is usually used for varnish.[4]","title":"Uses"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gum+copal%22","external_links_name":"\"Gum copal\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gum+copal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gum+copal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gum+copal%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gum+copal%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gum+copal%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://academic.emporia.edu/abersusa/copal.htm","external_links_name":"Copal: An Immature and Controversial Resin"},{"Link":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/v9236e/V9236e07.htm","external_links_name":"Non-wood Forest Products for Rural Income and Sustainable Forestry – 4. Hard resins"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130831230208/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v9236e/V9236e07.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.navaloverseas.com/gumcopal-gumdamar.html","external_links_name":"Gum Copal Indonesia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flytenow	Flytenow	["1 History","2 FAA ruling","3 Legal appeals","4 Outcome","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	US-based aviation flight sharing company formerly operating FlytenowCompany typePrivateIndustryFlight sharingFounded2013FounderMatt Voska, Alan Guichard, Aakash Patel, and Andrew MassDefunctDecember 2015HeadquartersBoston, United States Flytenow was a United States-based general aviation flight sharing company. The company developed a web platform for connecting travelers with licensed pilots conducting non-commercial flights, allowing the cost of the flight to be shared pro-rata. The company ceased operations in December 2015, following a ruling by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that the practice of offering flight sharing to the general public is a commercial carrier activity requiring certain certification, and an unsuccessful appeal by Flytenow to the Supreme Court of the United States. History Flytenow, a flight-sharing service, was founded in 2013 by two pilots, Matt Voska and Alan Guichard in Boston, Massachusetts. Flytenow's business model sought to extend an FAA-allowed practice among pilots – sharing expenses of a flight with personally-known passengers to make flights on small aircraft more cost-effective – to the more general public via the recent developments of the internet and sharing-based business models. Under established FAA rules, pilots and passengers may each pay an equal share of flight operating costs, such as gasoline, oil, airport fees, and other related expenses so long as they are traveling "for a common purpose". This type of compensation for flights is an allowed exception to commercial flight classification. The company aimed to build a database of licensed pilots offering their personal flights on non-commercial aircraft to the general public. Notably, as pilots did not earn money via Flytenow, the primary purpose was to share flight expenses, pro-rata, for pre-planned flights. Travelers could search for select flights between destinations that were being offered by pilots on the service. Flytenow provided travelers with information on each flight and its pilot including their license type, experience, and past flight ratings. This would allow the traveler to fly on small private planes for the shared cost and would allow participating pilots the ability to defray some flight expenses. Flytenow charged a connection fee to travelers for each flight. On February 12, 2014, Flytenow submitted an official FAA Chief Counsel request for legal interpretation of its services. FAA ruling The FAA ruled that pilots offering their planned flights online and receiving pro rata compensation were classed as a "common carrier". Although common carriage is not strictly or precisely defined by regulation, FAA Advisory Circular No. 120-12A describes elements characterizing common carriage as "(1) a holding out of a willingness to (2) transport persons or property (3) from place to place (4) for compensation or hire." The FAA ruled that by posting specific flights to the Flytenow website, a pilot participating in the Flytenow service would be engaged in common carriage because online posts constituted holding out services to the general public and receipt of shared expenses constituted compensation. The FAA's analysis concluded that the audience of the website was broad (the internet and users within the US), extending beyond a "limited and defined" group for a pilot to be seeking to share costs of a journey for a common purpose under the allowed exceptions to the commercial carrier rules. This ruling meant that pilots offering flights through Flytenow would be subject to regulations akin to commercial airlines requiring heightened safety requirements, U.S. Department of Transportation Economic Authority approval, and other more stringent requirements. Legal appeals Flytenow, with the help of The Goldwater Institute, a conservative policy think tank, challenged the FAA ruling to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals - D.C. Circuit. Flytenow argued among other things that sharing expenses did not constitute compensation within the meaning of "common carriage" because long standing case law defines compensation as an "enterprise for profit". Flytenow asserted that receiving pro rata shared expenses did not amount to an enterprise for profit and therefore pilots should not be classed as a common carrier. On December 18, 2015, the FAA ruling was upheld by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals - D.C. Circuit. The court ruled primarily on the question of whether Flytenow (and pilots) were "holding out", or advertising, to the general public and therefore engaging in activity similar to a commercial carrier. The court ruled that the FAA was correct in interpreting its rules that the enabling of internet-wide users to access the website and find flights was in fact "holding out" willingness to transport passengers generally. The court also ruled on other arguments of Flytenow, including that the FAA's decisions were not infringements on the freedom of speech and equal protection. (The case did not significantly turn on the raised argument / interpretation of compensation converting an enterprise into a for-profit venture, as the court acknowledged that the sharing of flight costs is an allowed exception to commercial flight classification, even if it is called compensation.) Flytenow appealed the Circuit Court's ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 9, 2017, the Supreme Court declined to hear Flytenow's case. Outcome Flytenow ceased operations in December 2015, along with other flight sharing companies which had already ceased, such as AirPooler and PilotShareTheRide.com. See also Flight sharing References ^ Sargent, Michael; Seibler, John-Michael (2018-05-28). "Flight-sharing service shuttered by heavy-handed FAA bureaucrats". The Washington Times. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ a b c Graham, Jordan (2015-12-23). "Boston flight-sharing company Flytenow to shut down". Boston Herald. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ "Deep Dive Episode 4 – "Uber of the Sky": The Story of Flytenow". fedsoc.org. July 13, 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ Pilot privileges and limitations: sharing expenses. ^ Flying Magazine (Jun. 1969), p.113 ^ § 61.113 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command. ^ Estes, Adam Clark (Mar 5, 2014). "Flytenow Is The Aeroplane Rideshare Service You Can Actually Afford". Gizmodo. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ "Deep Dive Episode 4 – "Uber of the Sky": The Story of Flytenow". fedsoc.org. July 13, 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ Legal interpretation (2014). ^ AC 120-12A. FAA. ^ AC 120-49A. FAA. ^ a Part 135 Operation: A Guide to Applying for Charter Certification (NBAA). ^ "Deep Dive Episode 4 – "Uber of the Sky": The Story of Flytenow". fedsoc.org. July 13, 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ "Flytenow, Inc. v. FAA, No. 14-1168 (D.C. Cir. 2015)". Justia. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ "Flytenow, Inc. v. Federal Aviation Administration". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ What can be learned from the Supreme Court’s denial of the FlyteNow v. FAA writ of certiorari?. January 11, 2017. JDA Journal. ^ Trautvetter, Chad (2017-01-10). "U.S. Supreme Court Declines To Hear Flytenow Case". AIN Online. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ "Flytenow grounded: FAA shuts down ride-sharing for air travelers". CBS News. January 24, 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2020. External links Flytenow vteSharing economyCompaniesTransportation AloPeyk BlaBlaCar Beat Bolt Bykea Cabify Co-Op Ride DiDi 99 Fasten Free Now Gett Gojek Grab inDrive KakaoTaxi Lyft Ola Cabs Pathao PickMe Snapp Swvl TAPSI Turo Uber Careem Via Waymo Wingly Yandex.Taxi Yourdrive HospitalityFor-profit Airbnb CouchSurfing misterb&b Non-profit BeWelcome Dachgeber Hospitality Club Pasporta Servo Servas International Trustroots Warm Showers Unknown Helpx Project funding GiveSendGo GoFundMe Indiegogo Kickstarter Patreon Retail Craigslist MercadoLibre Vinted Kijiji Music and film Sofar Sounds Tudou Services and freelancing Pickle TaskRabbit Thumbtack Swap and renting The Freecycle Network Streetbank Olio Tourism ToursByLocals Withlocals ConceptsSocial peer-to-peer processes Peer-to-peer banking Peer-to-peer carsharing Peer-to-peer lending Peer-to-peer ridesharing Barter Bicycle-sharing system Blockchain Book swapping Borrowing center Decentralization Carpool Carsharing Clothing swap Co-living Collaborative consumption Crowdfunding Crowdsourcing Expert network Flight sharing Garden sharing Gig worker Home exchange Homestay Intentional community Open innovation Platform cooperative Platform economy Product-service system Reuse Ridesharing company Scooter-sharing system Tool library Two-sided market Upcycling Wiki LabourGlobal International Alliance of App-based Transport Workers Germany Gorillas Workers Collective strikes India Indian Federation of App-based Transport Workers United States National Taxi Workers' Alliance (NY) Rideshare Drivers United (CA) Nigeria Professional E-Hailing Drivers and Private Owners Association	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flight sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_sharing"},{"link_name":"pro-rata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-rata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boston1-2"}],"text":"Flytenow was a United States-based general aviation flight sharing company. The company developed a web platform for connecting travelers with licensed pilots conducting non-commercial flights, allowing the cost of the flight to be shared pro-rata.[1]The company ceased operations in December 2015, following a ruling by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that the practice of offering flight sharing to the general public is a commercial carrier activity requiring certain certification, and an unsuccessful appeal by Flytenow to the Supreme Court of the United States.[2]","title":"Flytenow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Flytenow, a flight-sharing service, was founded in 2013 by two pilots, Matt Voska and Alan Guichard in Boston, Massachusetts.[3]Flytenow's business model sought to extend an FAA-allowed practice among pilots – sharing expenses of a flight with personally-known passengers to make flights on small aircraft more cost-effective – to the more general public via the recent developments of the internet and sharing-based business models.[4] Under established FAA rules, pilots and passengers may each pay an equal share of flight operating costs, such as gasoline, oil, airport fees, and other related expenses so long as they are traveling \"for a common purpose\".[5][6] This type of compensation for flights is an allowed exception to commercial flight classification.The company aimed to build a database of licensed pilots offering their personal flights on non-commercial aircraft to the general public. Notably, as pilots did not earn money via Flytenow, the primary purpose was to share flight expenses, pro-rata, for pre-planned flights.Travelers could search for select flights between destinations that were being offered by pilots on the service.[7] Flytenow provided travelers with information on each flight and its pilot including their license type, experience, and past flight ratings.[8] This would allow the traveler to fly on small private planes for the shared cost and would allow participating pilots the ability to defray some flight expenses. Flytenow charged a connection fee to travelers for each flight.On February 12, 2014, Flytenow submitted an official FAA Chief Counsel request for legal interpretation of its services.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"common carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carrier"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boston1-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The FAA ruled that pilots offering their planned flights online and receiving pro rata compensation were classed as a \"common carrier\".[9][2]Although common carriage is not strictly or precisely defined by regulation, FAA Advisory Circular No. 120-12A describes elements characterizing common carriage as \"(1) a holding out of a willingness to (2) transport persons or property (3) from place to place (4) for compensation or hire.\"[10]The FAA ruled that by posting specific flights to the Flytenow website, a pilot participating in the Flytenow service would be engaged in common carriage because online posts constituted holding out services to the general public and receipt of shared expenses constituted compensation. The FAA's analysis concluded that the audience of the website was broad (the internet and users within the US), extending beyond a \"limited and defined\" group for a pilot to be seeking to share costs of a journey for a common purpose under the allowed exceptions to the commercial carrier rules.This ruling meant that pilots offering flights through Flytenow would be subject to regulations akin to commercial airlines requiring heightened safety requirements, U.S. Department of Transportation Economic Authority approval, and other more stringent requirements.[11][12]","title":"FAA ruling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goldwater Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwater_Institute"},{"link_name":"U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Circuit_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pro rata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_rata"},{"link_name":"U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Circuit_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boston1-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Flytenow, with the help of The Goldwater Institute, a conservative policy think tank, challenged the FAA ruling to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals - D.C. Circuit.[13] Flytenow argued among other things that sharing expenses did not constitute compensation within the meaning of \"common carriage\" because long standing case law defines compensation as an \"enterprise for profit\". Flytenow asserted that receiving pro rata shared expenses did not amount to an enterprise for profit and therefore pilots should not be classed as a common carrier.On December 18, 2015, the FAA ruling was upheld by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals - D.C. Circuit.[2] The court ruled primarily on the question of whether Flytenow (and pilots) were \"holding out\", or advertising, to the general public and therefore engaging in activity similar to a commercial carrier. The court ruled that the FAA was correct in interpreting its rules that the enabling of internet-wide users to access the website and find flights was in fact \"holding out\" willingness to transport passengers generally. The court also ruled on other arguments of Flytenow, including that the FAA's decisions were not infringements on the freedom of speech and equal protection. (The case did not significantly turn on the raised argument / interpretation of compensation converting an enterprise into a for-profit venture, as the court acknowledged that the sharing of flight costs is an allowed exception to commercial flight classification, even if it is called compensation.)Flytenow appealed the Circuit Court's ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court.[14][15] On January 9, 2017, the Supreme Court declined to hear Flytenow's case.[16][17]","title":"Legal appeals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AirPooler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirPooler"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Flytenow ceased operations in December 2015, along with other flight sharing companies which had already ceased, such as AirPooler and PilotShareTheRide.com.[18]","title":"Outcome"}]	[]	[{"title":"Flight sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_sharing"}]	[{"reference":"Sargent, Michael; Seibler, John-Michael (2018-05-28). \"Flight-sharing service shuttered by heavy-handed FAA bureaucrats\". The Washington Times. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/may/28/flytenow-shuttered-by-heavy-handed-faa-bureaucrats/","url_text":"\"Flight-sharing service shuttered by heavy-handed FAA bureaucrats\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Jordan (2015-12-23). \"Boston flight-sharing company Flytenow to shut down\". Boston Herald. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2015/12/23/boston-flight-sharing-company-flytenow-to-shut-down/","url_text":"\"Boston flight-sharing company Flytenow to shut down\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deep Dive Episode 4 – \"Uber of the Sky\": The Story of Flytenow\". fedsoc.org. July 13, 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fedsoc.org/events/uber-of-the-sky-the-story-of-flytenow-1","url_text":"\"Deep Dive Episode 4 – \"Uber of the Sky\": The Story of Flytenow\""}]},{"reference":"Estes, Adam Clark (Mar 5, 2014). \"Flytenow Is The Aeroplane Rideshare Service You Can Actually Afford\". Gizmodo. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/03/flytenow-is-the-airplane-rideshare-service-you-can-actually-afford/","url_text":"\"Flytenow Is The Aeroplane Rideshare Service You Can Actually Afford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deep Dive Episode 4 – \"Uber of the Sky\": The Story of Flytenow\". fedsoc.org. July 13, 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fedsoc.org/events/uber-of-the-sky-the-story-of-flytenow-1","url_text":"\"Deep Dive Episode 4 – \"Uber of the Sky\": The Story of Flytenow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deep Dive Episode 4 – \"Uber of the Sky\": The Story of Flytenow\". fedsoc.org. July 13, 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fedsoc.org/events/uber-of-the-sky-the-story-of-flytenow-1","url_text":"\"Deep Dive Episode 4 – \"Uber of the Sky\": The Story of Flytenow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flytenow, Inc. v. FAA, No. 14-1168 (D.C. Cir. 2015)\". Justia. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/cadc/14-1168/14-1168-2015-12-18.html","url_text":"\"Flytenow, Inc. v. FAA, No. 14-1168 (D.C. Cir. 2015)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flytenow, Inc. v. Federal Aviation Administration\". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/flytenow-inc-v-federal-aviation-administration/","url_text":"\"Flytenow, Inc. v. Federal Aviation Administration\""}]},{"reference":"Trautvetter, Chad (2017-01-10). \"U.S. Supreme Court Declines To Hear Flytenow Case\". AIN Online. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/general-aviation/2017-01-10/us-supreme-court-declines-hear-flytenow-case","url_text":"\"U.S. Supreme Court Declines To Hear Flytenow Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flytenow grounded: FAA shuts down ride-sharing for air travelers\". CBS News. January 24, 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/flytenow-grounded-faa-shuts-down-ride-sharing-for-air-travelers/","url_text":"\"Flytenow grounded: FAA shuts down ride-sharing for air travelers\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/may/28/flytenow-shuttered-by-heavy-handed-faa-bureaucrats/","external_links_name":"\"Flight-sharing service shuttered by heavy-handed FAA bureaucrats\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2015/12/23/boston-flight-sharing-company-flytenow-to-shut-down/","external_links_name":"\"Boston flight-sharing company Flytenow to shut down\""},{"Link":"https://fedsoc.org/events/uber-of-the-sky-the-story-of-flytenow-1","external_links_name":"\"Deep Dive Episode 4 – \"Uber of the Sky\": The Story of Flytenow\""},{"Link":"http://cospilot.com/documents/Pilot%20privileges%20and%20limitations_Sharing%20expenses.pdf","external_links_name":"Pilot privileges and limitations: sharing expenses"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oxM6KjS6DHEC&dq=sharing+expenses&pg=PA113","external_links_name":"Flying Magazine (Jun. 1969), p.113"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/61.113","external_links_name":"§ 61.113 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command"},{"Link":"https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/03/flytenow-is-the-airplane-rideshare-service-you-can-actually-afford/","external_links_name":"\"Flytenow Is The Aeroplane Rideshare Service You Can Actually Afford\""},{"Link":"https://fedsoc.org/events/uber-of-the-sky-the-story-of-flytenow-1","external_links_name":"\"Deep Dive Episode 4 – \"Uber of the Sky\": The Story of Flytenow\""},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/agc/practice_areas/regulations/interpretations/data/interps/2014/macpherson-jonesday%20-%20(2014)%20legal%20interpretation.pdf","external_links_name":"Legal interpretation (2014)"},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC%20120-12A.pdf","external_links_name":"AC 120-12A"},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC_120-49A.pdf","external_links_name":"AC 120-49A"},{"Link":"https://nbaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/starting-a-part-135-operation-1.pdfStarting","external_links_name":"a Part 135 Operation: A Guide to Applying for Charter Certification"},{"Link":"https://fedsoc.org/events/uber-of-the-sky-the-story-of-flytenow-1","external_links_name":"\"Deep Dive Episode 4 – \"Uber of the Sky\": The Story of Flytenow\""},{"Link":"https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/cadc/14-1168/14-1168-2015-12-18.html","external_links_name":"\"Flytenow, Inc. v. FAA, No. 14-1168 (D.C. Cir. 2015)\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/flytenow-inc-v-federal-aviation-administration/","external_links_name":"\"Flytenow, Inc. v. Federal Aviation Administration\""},{"Link":"https://jdasolutions.aero/blog/flytenow-writ-of-certiorari/","external_links_name":"What can be learned from the Supreme Court’s denial of the FlyteNow v. FAA writ of certiorari?"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/general-aviation/2017-01-10/us-supreme-court-declines-hear-flytenow-case","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Supreme Court Declines To Hear Flytenow Case\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/flytenow-grounded-faa-shuts-down-ride-sharing-for-air-travelers/","external_links_name":"\"Flytenow grounded: FAA shuts down ride-sharing for air travelers\""},{"Link":"https://blog.flytenow.com/","external_links_name":"Flytenow"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland_TV_and_Radio	Puntland TV and Radio	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Puntland TV and RadioTypePublic-service radio and television broadcasterCountrySomaliaAvailabilityWorldwideHeadquartersGaroweOwnerGovernment of PuntlandKey peopleJamal Arab Yusuf, DirectorLaunch dateApril 2013Official websitewww.puntlandtvradio.net Puntland Tv and Radio Hq Puntland TV and Radio is the public broadcasting network of the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia. Its headquarters are at the regional capital of Garowe. The service also maintains an office in London. Founded in April 2013, Puntland TV and Radio broadcasts locally in Somali via terrestrial service. It also airs programs globally through satellite. Radio Puntland broadcasts internationally via shortwave, with its transmission reaching as far as Finland. Its standard programming includes general news, focusing on regional developments, sports and entertainment. See also Horn Cable Television Somali National Television Universal Television Somalia Eastern Television Network ETN TV References ^ "SOMALIA: Puntland president appoints a young, well-known journalist as the new director of Puntland Media". Raxanreeb. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ "Somali Media Mapping - Radio Stations". Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2014. ^ "Radio Puntland from Somalia testing on 13800 kHz shortwave". Retrieved 28 August 2014. External links Official Website	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puntland_Tv_Radio.jpg"},{"link_name":"public broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Puntland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Garowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garowe"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Puntland Tv and Radio HqPuntland TV and Radio is the public broadcasting network of the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia. Its headquarters are at the regional capital of Garowe. The service also maintains an office in London. Founded in April 2013, Puntland TV and Radio broadcasts locally in Somali via terrestrial service. It also airs programs globally through satellite. Radio Puntland broadcasts internationally via shortwave, with its transmission reaching as far as Finland.[2][3] Its standard programming includes general news, focusing on regional developments, sports and entertainment.","title":"Puntland TV and Radio"}]	[{"image_text":"Puntland Tv and Radio Hq","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Puntland_Tv_Radio.jpg/262px-Puntland_Tv_Radio.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Horn Cable Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_Cable_Television"},{"title":"Somali National Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_National_Television"},{"title":"Universal Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Television"},{"title":"Eastern Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Television_Network"}]	[{"reference":"\"SOMALIA: Puntland president appoints a young, well-known journalist as the new director of Puntland Media\". Raxanreeb. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/08/somalia-puntland-president-appoints-a-young-well-known-journalist-as-the-new-director-of-puntland-media/","url_text":"\"SOMALIA: Puntland president appoints a young, well-known journalist as the new director of Puntland Media\""}]},{"reference":"\"Somali Media Mapping - Radio Stations\". Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150321103106/http://somali-media.so/media-directory/radio/","url_text":"\"Somali Media Mapping - Radio Stations\""},{"url":"http://somali-media.so/media-directory/radio/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Puntland from Somalia testing on 13800 kHz shortwave\". Retrieved 28 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dxing.info/news/2013_04.dx","url_text":"\"Radio Puntland from Somalia testing on 13800 kHz shortwave\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.puntlandtvradio.net/","external_links_name":"www.puntlandtvradio.net"},{"Link":"http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/08/somalia-puntland-president-appoints-a-young-well-known-journalist-as-the-new-director-of-puntland-media/","external_links_name":"\"SOMALIA: Puntland president appoints a young, well-known journalist as the new director of Puntland Media\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150321103106/http://somali-media.so/media-directory/radio/","external_links_name":"\"Somali Media Mapping - Radio Stations\""},{"Link":"http://somali-media.so/media-directory/radio/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dxing.info/news/2013_04.dx","external_links_name":"\"Radio Puntland from Somalia testing on 13800 kHz shortwave\""},{"Link":"http://www.puntlandtvradio.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Gardner_(academic)	Phyllis Gardner (clinical pharmacologist)	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Academic research","2.2 Entrepreneurship","3 In media","4 Awards and honors","5 Selected publications","5.1 Scientific journal articles","5.2 Academic conferences","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Works cited","7 External links"]	This article is about the clinical pharmacologist. For the British writer, see Phyllis Gardner (British writer). American physician and professor Phyllis GardnerPhyllis I. GardnerBorn1950 or 1951 (age 72–73)NationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of Illinois at Chicago (BS)Harvard University (MD)Years active1976-presentKnown forFirst skeptic of Elizabeth Holmes Ion channel biophysicsBoard member ofHarvard Medical School Board of FellowsVentaira PharmaceuticalsCorium International, Inc.Parnell Pharmaceuticals Holdings Ltd.BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc.Aerogen LimitedAronex PharmaceuticalsCohBarSpouseAndrew PerlmanAwardsJudith Pool AwardScientific careerFieldsClinical pharmacologyInternal medicineCardiac arrhythmiaIon channel biophysicsCell biologyCystic fibrosis pathogenesisGene therapyHeart failureHeart transplantationInstitutionsStanford UniversityStanford University School of MedicineNotable studentsElizabeth Holmes Notes Phyllis I. Gardner (born July 7, 1950) is a Professor of Medicine at the Stanford University School of Medicine, and former Dean of Education. Gardner was one of the first people to be publicly skeptical of Elizabeth Holmes, the founder of blood testing company Theranos, who was later found guilty of investor fraud. Early life and education Gardner completed her bachelor's degree at the University of Illinois, where she specialized in biology. She studied at Harvard Medical School and graduated in 1976. She has held a license to practice medicine in California since 1979. She completed research fellowships at Columbia University and University College London. She was a postdoctoral fellow at University College London in 1982. Gardner trained in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital. She was a Chief Resident at the Stanford School of Medicine. In 2002 Gardner argued against a merger of University College London and Imperial College London. Gardner is married to Andrew Perlman. Perlman is an executive within the biotechnology sector in the United States. He briefly served on an advisory board for Theranos for a few months before the panel was shut down. Perlman learned that Theranos was a significant buyer of laboratory diagnostic testing equipment from the company Siemens. Career Academic research Gardner joined Stanford University in 1984. Her initial role upon hiring in 1984 was as assistant professor of medicine and pharmacology. Gardner works on cardiac arrhythmias and cystic fibrosis pathogenesis. Gardner was appointed Senior Associate Dean for Education and Student Affairs at Stanford University. She is a Professor of Clinical Pharmacology. She led a laboratory that focused on ion channel biophysics. In 2003, Gardner testified to the United States House of Representatives on the subject matter of applications of biotechnology research in the United States. Gardner's medical and scientific research has been published in multiple peer-reviewed scientific journals including Nature, Science, and The Lancet. Entrepreneurship After spending ten years in academia, Gardner became interested in research and development and entrepreneurship. She mentored women interested in pursuit of the field of science. She gained experience within the of companies seeking out venture capital funding. She developed several forms of slow released medication, including an adaptation for retention in the stomach. Gardner has been involved with several start-ups in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. From 1996 to 1998 Gardner served as Vice President of Research and Head of the Technology Institute at the Alza Corporation. Gardner served as Director of the biopharmaceutical company Revance Therapeutics from 2007 to 2018. She is an adjunct partner at Essex Woodlands Health Ventures. She founded several companies, including the Genomics Collaborative, SKOLAR and the CambriaTech Holding Co. She was appointed to the Board Of Directors of Ventaira Pharmaceuticals in 2006. Gardner serves on the Board of Fellows of the Harvard Medical School. She was appointed to the Board of Directors of CohBar, a clinical stage biotechnology company, in 2019. In 2002, Elizabeth Holmes visited Gardner at Stanford University. Holmes proposed her idea for a microfluidic device that could detect and treat infectious diseases. Gardner was critical of the proposal, and told Holmes she did not think her invention would be successful. She explained to Holmes that it is not possible to use antibiotics on such a small scale. Holmes dropped out of Stanford a few months later, but Gardner followed the evolution of Theranos. Very briefly, both Gardner and Holmes served on the Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows after Holmes was given an invitation to join. Gardner did not permit Holmes to visit the Stanford campus and called for her to be sent to prison. Holmes was ultimately found guilty of criminal fraud, in the federal case, United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al. — which was brought by the United States against her and Theranos former president and COO Sunny Balwani. In media The Wall Street Journal investigative journalist John Carreyrou delved into the manner in which Elizabeth Holmes failed to convince Gardner to involve herself in her company Theranos; he recounted this in-depth in his 2018 book, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup. This relationship was investigated further in the 2019 Alex Gibney documentary, The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley. Rebecca Jarvis delved into the early background between Gardner and Holmes, in her 2019 podcast about Theranos, The Dropout. In the 2022 American biographical television drama miniseries The Dropout, based on the Jarvis podcast of the same name, Gardner appeared as a character in the show. Gardner was portrayed by Emmy Award-winning actress Laurie Metcalf in the Hulu series about the rise and fall of Theranos and its founder and CEO. Awards and honors Year Award Category Organization Result Ref. 1998 NCC-AWIS Award Judith Pool Award Association for Women in Science Won Selected publications Scientific journal articles Gardner, Phyllis (1987), "Ion channels activated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in plasma membrane of human T-lymphocytes", Nature, 326 (6110): 301–304, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..301K, doi:10.1038/326301a0, PMID 2434867, S2CID 4355950 Young, W; Chen, J; Jung, F; Gardner, Phyllis (1988), "Dihydropyridine Bay K 8644 activates T lymphocyte calcium-permeable channels", Molecular Pharmacology, 34 (3): 239–44, PMID 2458520 Chen, Jennifer; Schulman, Howard; Gardner, Phyllis (1989), "A cAMP-Regulated Chloride Channel in Lymphocytes That Is Affected in Cystic Fibrosis", Science, 243 (4891): 657–60, Bibcode:1989Sci...243..657C, doi:10.1126/science.2464852, PMID 2464852 Gardner, Phyllis (1989), "Ca2+ and T lymphocyte activation", Cell, 59: 15–20, doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90865-9, PMID 2676193 Gardner, Phyllis; Schulman, Howard (1989), "Response: Is Regulation of a Chloride Channel in Lymphocytes Affected in Cystic Fibrosis?", Science, 246 (4933): 1049–1050, doi:10.1126/science.246.4933.1049.b Gardner, Phyllis (1990), "Patch Clamp Studies of Lymphocyte Activation", Annual Review of Immunology, 8: 231–52, doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.08.040190.001311, PMID 1693081 Gardner, Phyllis; Mcdonald, Thomas; Nishimoto, Ikuo; Wagner, John; Schumann, Muhammad; Chen, Jennifer; Schulman, Howard (1991), "Regulation of Lymphocyte Chloride Channels", The Identification of the CF (Cystic Fibrosis) Gene, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 290, pp. 319–26, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5934-0_30, ISBN 978-1-4684-5936-4, PMID 1719768 Wagner, John; Cozens, Alison; Schulman, Howard; Gruenert, Dieter; Stryer, Lubert; Gardner, Phyllis (1991), "Activation of chloride channels in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelia cells by multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase", Nature, 349 (6312): 793–6, Bibcode:1991Natur.349..793W, doi:10.1038/349793a0, PMID 1705665 Nishimoto, Ikuo; Wagner, John; Schulman, Howard; Gardner, Phyllis (1991), "Regulation of CI− channels by multifunctional CaM kinase", Neuron, 6 (4): 547–55, doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90057-7, PMID 1849722 Sudduth-Klinger, Julie; Schumann, Muhammad; Gardner, Phyllis; Payan, Donald (1992), "Functional and immunological responses of Jurkat lymphocytes transfected with the substance P receptor", Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 12 (5): 379–95, doi:10.1007/BF00711540, PMID 1281754 Chao, Anthony; Zifferblatt, Jonathan; Wagner, John; Dong, Y; Gruenert, Dieter; Gardner, Phyllis (1994), "Stimulation of chloride secretion by P1 purinoceptor agonist in cystic fibrosis phenotype airway epithelial cell line CFPEo-", British Journal of Pharmacology, 112 (1): 169–75, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13047.x, PMC 1910328, PMID 8032638 Nghiem, Paul; Ollick, Tracey; Gardner, Phyllis; Schulman, Howard (1994), "Interleukin-2 transcriptional block by multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin kinase", Nature, 371 (6495): 347–50, doi:10.1038/371347a0, PMID 8090206 Chung, S.; Mcdonald, Thomas; Gardner, Phyllis (1994), "Inhibition by SK&F 96365 of Ca2+ current, IL-2 production and activation in T lymphocytes", British Journal of Pharmacology, 113 (3): 861–8, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17072.x, PMC 1510420, PMID 7858878 Gardner, Phyllis (1995). "Activation of dual T cell signaling pathways by the chemokine Rantes". Science. 269 (5231): 1727–1730. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1727B. doi:10.1126/science.7569902. PMID 7569902. Gardner, Phyllis (March 28, 1997), "Nuclear Export of NF-ATc Enhanced by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3", Science, 275 (5308): 1930–1933, doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1930, PMID 9072970, S2CID 22590899 Mathias, Robert; Zhang, Shuanghin; Wilson, Emily; Gardner, Phyllis; Ives, Harlan (1997), "Non-capacitative Calcium Entry in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing the Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272 (46): 29076–82, doi:10.1074/jbc.272.46.29076, PMID 9360982 Wagner, John; Moran, Mary; Messner, Anna; Daifuku, Richard; Conrad, Carol; Phd, Thomas; Guggino, William; Moss, Richard; Carter, Barrie; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), "A Phase I/II Study of tgAAV-CF for the Treatment of Chronic Sinusitis in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Stanford University, Stanford, California", Human Gene Therapy, 9 (6): 889–909, doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.6-889, PMID 9581911 Wagner, John; Reynolds, Thomas; Moran, Mary; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), "Efficient and persistent gene transfer of AAV-CFTR in maxillary sinus", The Lancet, 351 (9117): 1702–3, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77740-0, PMID 9734891 Wagner, John; Nepomuceno, Ilynn; Shah, Niraj; Messner, Anna; Moran, Mary; Norbash, Alexander; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Gardner, Phyllis (1999), "Maxillary Sinusitis as a Surrogate Model for CF Gene Therapy Clinical Trials in Patients with Antrostomies", The Journal of Gene Medicine, 1: 13–21, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-2254(199901/02)1:1<13::AID-JGM6>3.0.CO;2-G Wagner, John; Nepomuceno, Ilynn; Messner, Anna; Moran, Mary; Batson, Eric; Dimiceli, Sue; Brown, Byron; Desch, Julie; Norbash, Alexander; Conrad, Carol; Guggino, William; Flotte, Terence; Wine, Jeffrey; Carter, Barrie; Reynolds, Thomas; Moss, Richard; Gardner, Phyllis (2002), "A Phase II, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of tgAAVCF Using Maxillary Sinus Delivery in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis with Antrostomies", Human Gene Therapy, 13 (11): 1349–59, doi:10.1089/104303402760128577, PMID 12162817 Sheridan, Colleen; Heist, E; Beals, Chan; Crabtree, Gerald; Gardner, Phyllis (2003), "Protein Kinase A Negatively Modulates the Nuclear Accumulation of NF-ATc1 by Priming for Subsequent Phosphorylation by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 (50): 48664–76, doi:10.1074/jbc.M207029200, PMID 12351631 Schrijver, Iris; Karnsakul, Wikrom; Limwongse, Chanin; Ramalingam, Sudha; Sankaran, Ramalingam; Gardner, Phyllis; Moss, Richard (2005), "Novel contributions to the Asian CFTR mutation spectrum: Genotype and phenotype in Thai patients with cystic fibrosis", American Journal of Medical Genetics, 133A (1): 103–5, doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30472, PMID 15744829 Schrijver, Iris; Ramalingam, Sudha; Sankaran, Ramalingam; Swanson, Steve; Dunlop, Charles; Keiles, Steven; Moss, Richard; Oehlert, John; Gardner, Phyllis; Wassman, E; Kammesheidt, Anja (2005), "Diagnostic testing by CFTR gene mutation analysis in a large group hispanics: Novel mutations and assessment of a population-specific mutation spectrum", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 7 (2): 289–99, doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60557-0, PMC 1867528, PMID 15858154 Schrijver, Iris; Oitmaa, Eneli; Gardner, Phyllis (2005), "Genotyping Microarray for the Detection of More Than 200 CFTR Mutations in Ethnically Diverse Populations", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 7 (3): 375–87, doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60567-3, PMC 1867536, PMID 16049310 Schrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis (2006), "Hereditary sensorineural hearing loss: Advances in molecular genetics and mutation analysis", Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 6 (3): 375–86, doi:10.1586/14737159.6.3.375, PMID 16706740 Gardner, Phyllis (2006), "Microfabricated nanochannel implantable drug delivery devices: Trends, limitations and possibilities", Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 3 (4): 479–87, doi:10.1517/17425247.3.4.479, PMID 16822223 Gardner, Phyllis; Oitmaa, Eneli; Messner, Anna; Hoefsloot, Lies; Schrijver, Iris (2006), "Simultaneous Multigene Mutation Detection in Patients With Sensorineural Hearing Loss Through a Novel Diagnostic Microarray: A New Approach for Newborn Screening Follow-up", Pediatrics, 118 (3): 985–94, doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2519, PMID 16950989 Naguib, Maggie; Schrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis; Pique, Lynn; Doss, Samiha; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, Mona; Nasr, Samya (2007), "Cystic fibrosis detection in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 6 (2), European Cystic Fibrosis Society: 111–6, doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2006.04.004, PMID 16837250 Naguib, Maggie; Schrijver, I.; Gardner, Phyllis; Piquet, L.; Doss, S.; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, M.; Nasré, S. (2006), "472 Incidence of Cystic Fibrosis in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 5: S103, doi:10.1016/S1569-1993(06)80396-6 Schrijver, Iris; Külm, Maigi; Gardner, Phyllis; Pergament, Eugene; Fiddler, Morris (2007), "Comprehensive Arrayed Primer Extension Array for the Detection of 59 Sequence Variants in 15 Conditions Prevalent Among the (Ashkenazi) Jewish Population", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 9 (2): 228–36, doi:10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060100, PMC 1867437, PMID 17384215 Rodriguez-Paris, Juan; Ballay, Charles; Inserra, Michelle; Stidham, Katrina; Colen, Tahl; Roberson, Joseph; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2008), "Genetic Analysis of Presbycusis by Arrayed Primer Extension", Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 38 (4): 352–60, PMID 18988928 Teek, Rita; Oitmaa, Eneli; Kruustük, Katrin; Zordania, Riina; Joost, Kairit; Raukas, Elve; Tõnisson, Neeme; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris; Kull, Mart; Ounap, Katrin (2008), "Splice variant IVS2-2A>G in the SLC26A5 (Prestin) gene in five Estonian families with hearing loss", International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 73 (1): 103–7, doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.10.003, PMID 19027966 Qu, Chunyan; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2009), "The role of the cytoskeleton in the formation of gap junctions by Connexin 30", Experimental Cell Research, 315 (10): 1683–92, doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.001, PMID 19285977 Rodriguez-Paris, Juan; Pique, Lynn; Colen, Tahl; Roberson, Joseph; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2010), "Genotyping with a 198 Mutation Arrayed Primer Extension Array for Hereditary Hearing Loss: Assessment of Its Diagnostic Value for Medical Practice", PLOS One, 5 (7): e11804, Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511804R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011804, PMC 2909915, PMID 20668687 Traynis, Ilana; Bernstein, Jonathan; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2011), "Analysis of the Alternative Splicing of an FGFR2 Transcript Due to a Novel 5 ' Splice Site Mutation (1084+1G > A): Case Report", The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 49 (1), American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association: 104–8, doi:10.1597/10-217, PMID 21524234 Academic conferences Premack, B.A.; Gardner, Phyllis (1994), "Properties of Ca Currents Activated by T Cell Receptor Signaling", 5th International Conference on Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 365, Plenum Press, pp. 91–102, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0987-9_10, ISBN 978-1-4899-0989-3, PMID 7887318 Wagner, J A; Messner, A H; Moran, M L; Daifuku, R; Kouyama, K; Desch, J K; Manley, S; Norbash, A M; Conrad, C K; Friborg, S; Reynolds, T; Guggino, W B; Moss, R B; Carter, B J; Wine, J J; Flotte, T R; Gardner, Phyllis (1999), "Safety and biological efficacy of an adeno-associated virus vector cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (AAV-CFTR) in the cystic fibrosis maxillary sinus", 11th Annual North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference, vol. 109, no. 2, John Wiley & Sons Inc., pp. 266–74, doi:10.1097/00005537-199902000-00017, PMID 10890777 Gardner, Phyllis (2005), "Microfabricated silicon NanoPORE membranes provide continuous delivery of biopharmaceuticals", International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems, vol. 179, IEEE, p. 179, doi:10.1109/ICMENS.2005.70, ISBN 0-7695-2398-6 References Notes ^ a b c d e f g h Savidge, Nico (June 3, 2019), "She saw through Elizabeth Holmes. Now Stanford professor is star in Theranos saga", The Mercury News, archived from the original on June 20, 2019, retrieved May 24, 2024 ^ a b c d Carreyrou 2023, p. 218. ^ a b "Past Award Recipients - Judith Pool Award: In Honor of Judith Pool, Ph.D., 1919-1975", NCC-AWIS Awards, Association for Women in Science, 2024, archived from the original on May 11, 2024, retrieved May 25, 2024 ^ a b "Awards Nomination", AWIS, 2024, archived from the original on February 20, 2020, retrieved May 25, 2024 ^ a b c d e f g CohBar Inc (February 11, 2019), "CohBar Announces the Appointment of Dr. Phyllis Gardner to its Board of Directors", GlobeNewswire News Room, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019 ^ a b U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of California (January 4, 2022), "Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes Found Guilty Of Investor Fraud", www.justice.gov, United States Department of Justice, archived from the original on April 6, 2024, retrieved March 7, 2022 ^ a b c d e f Baila, Morgan (March 19, 2019), "Phyllis Gardner Warned Everyone About Elizabeth Holmes — But No One Listened", Refinery29, www.refinery29.com, archived from the original on March 30, 2019, retrieved May 24, 2024 ^ a b "Dr. Phyllis Gardner, MD – Stanford, CA \| Internal Medicine on Doximity", Doximity, Doximity, Inc., 2024, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 24, 2024 ^ "Classes of 1970 - 1979 \| Harvard Medical Alumni Association", alumni.hms.harvard.edu, June 30, 2023, archived from the original on March 28, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024 ^ a b c "Phyllis Gardner", Avestria.vc, Avestria Ventures, 2024, archived from the original on February 16, 2022, retrieved May 24, 2024 ^ "Jeremy Bentham". web.stanford.edu. 2019. 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Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "Prof. Phyllis Gardner, M.D.", Pardigm, Pardigm.com, 2024, archived from the original on March 28, 2023, retrieved May 25, 2024 ^ a b Gardner, Phyllis (November 27, 2002), "The proposed 'merger' of UCL and Imperial College" (PDF), UCL, archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2022, retrieved May 24, 2024 ^ Carreyrou 2023, p. 219. ^ Carreyrou 2023, p. 229. ^ a b Laurence, Leslie; Weinhouse, Beth (1997), Outrageous Practices: How Gender Bias Threatens Women's Health, Rutgers University Press, pp. 37–39, ISBN 978-0813524481 ^ Naguib, Maggie; Schrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis; Pique, Lynn; Doss, Samiha; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, Mona; Nasr, Samya (2007), "Cystic fibrosis detection in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 6 (2), European Cystic Fibrosis Society: 111–6, doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2006.04.004, PMID 16837250 ^ Wagner, John; Moran, Mary; Messner, Anna; Daifuku, Richard; Conrad, Carol; Phd, Thomas; Guggino, William; Moss, Richard; Carter, Barrie; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), "A Phase I/II Study of tgAAV-CF for the Treatment of Chronic Sinusitis in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Stanford University, Stanford, California", Human Gene Therapy, 9 (6): 889–909, doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.6-889, PMID 9581911 ^ Washburn, Jennifer (2008), University, Inc.: The Corporate Corruption of Higher Education, Basic Books, pp. 92–94, ISBN 978-0786722389 ^ "Phyllis Gardner - Professor of Medicine (Clinical Pharmacology)", Stanford Profiles, Stanford University, 2024, archived from the original on May 23, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024 ^ Salters, Madison (2023), "Start-Up Culture", Scams and Cons: A True Crime Collection, Ulysses Press, ISBN 978-1646044627 ^ a b Cerretani, Jessica; Leo, R. Alan (Spring 2011), "Trading Spaces - Leaders in medical research can enrich their creative output by moving between industry and academia", Harvard Medicine: The Magazine of Harvard Medical School, archived from the original on February 12, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024 ^ Gardner, Phyllis (July 10, 2003), "Prepared Statement of Phyllis Gardner, Associate Professor of Medicine, Stanford University, On Behalf of the Biotechnology Industry Organization" (PDF), Moving Research from the Bench to the Bedside : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, July 10, 2003, United States Congress, pp. 48–53, archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2023, retrieved May 23, 2024 ^ Gardner, Phyllis (1987), "Ion channels activated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in plasma membrane of human T-lymphocytes", Nature, 326 (6110): 301–304, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..301K, doi:10.1038/326301a0, PMID 2434867, S2CID 4355950 ^ Gardner, Phyllis (March 28, 1997), "Nuclear Export of NF-ATc Enhanced by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3", Science, 275 (5308): 1930–1933, doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1930, PMID 9072970, S2CID 22590899 ^ Wagner, John; Reynolds, Thomas; Moran, Mary; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), "Efficient and persistent gene transfer of AAV-CFTR in maxillary sinus", The Lancet, 351 (9117): 1702–3, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77740-0, PMID 9734891 ^ a b c d e Tedlow, Richard S. (2021), The Emergence of Charismatic Business Leadership, RosettaBooks, pp. 343–345, ISBN 978-1948122849 ^ "Patents by Inventor Phyllis I. Gardner", Justia, 2024, archived from the original on May 24, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024 ^ Wong, Patrick S. L.; Dong, Liang-Chang; Edgren, David E.; Theeuwes, Felix; Gardner, Phyllis I.; Jao, Francisco; Wan, Jason J. (August 10, 1998), "Prolonged release active agent dosage form adapted for gastric retention", US6120803A, archived from the original on March 30, 2021, retrieved May 25, 2024 ^ "About Revance", Revance Therapeutics, www.revance.com, 2020, archived from the original on June 6, 2020, retrieved May 12, 2019 ^ Joseph, Robert (September 8, 2014), "Parnell Appoints US-Based Independent Directors Phyllis Gardner, M.D., and David L. 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Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al. Board members Channing Robertson David Boies George Shultz William Perry Henry Kissinger Sam Nunn Bill Frist William Foege Gary Roughead Jim Mattis Richard Kovacevich Riley P. Bechtel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phyllis Gardner (British writer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Gardner_(British_writer)"},{"link_name":"Stanford University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"skeptical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Theranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theranos"},{"link_name":"investor fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_fraud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savidge-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guilty-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baila-7"}],"text":"This article is about the clinical pharmacologist. For the British writer, see Phyllis Gardner (British writer).American physician and professorPhyllis I. Gardner (born July 7, 1950) is a Professor of Medicine at the Stanford University School of Medicine, and former Dean of Education. Gardner was one of the first people to be publicly skeptical of Elizabeth Holmes, the founder of blood testing company Theranos, who was later found guilty of investor fraud.[1][6][7]","title":"Phyllis Gardner (clinical pharmacologist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Harvard Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"internal medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_medicine"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Stanford School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merger-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savidge-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarreyrou2023218-2"},{"link_name":"biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savidge-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarreyrou2023218-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarreyrou2023218-2"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarreyrou2023219-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarreyrou2023229-15"}],"text":"Gardner completed her bachelor's degree at the University of Illinois, where she specialized in biology.[5] She studied at Harvard Medical School and graduated in 1976.[5][8][9] She has held a license to practice medicine in California since 1979.[8] She completed research fellowships at Columbia University and University College London.[5][10] She was a postdoctoral fellow at University College London in 1982.[11] Gardner trained in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital.[5] She was a Chief Resident at the Stanford School of Medicine.[12] In 2002 Gardner argued against a merger of University College London and Imperial College London.[13] Gardner is married to Andrew Perlman.[1][2] Perlman is an executive within the biotechnology sector in the United States.[1][2] He briefly served on an advisory board for Theranos for a few months before the panel was shut down.[2] Perlman learned that Theranos was a significant buyer of laboratory diagnostic testing equipment from the company Siemens.[14][15]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baila-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laurence-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laurence-16"},{"link_name":"cardiac arrhythmias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmias"},{"link_name":"cystic fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis"},{"link_name":"pathogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenesis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"Clinical Pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pharmacology"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"ion channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"scientific journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Academic research","text":"Gardner joined Stanford University in 1984.[7][16] Her initial role upon hiring in 1984 was as assistant professor of medicine and pharmacology.[16] Gardner works on cardiac arrhythmias and cystic fibrosis pathogenesis.[5][17][18] Gardner was appointed Senior Associate Dean for Education and Student Affairs at Stanford University.[19][10] She is a Professor of Clinical Pharmacology.[20][21] She led a laboratory that focused on ion channel biophysics.[22] In 2003, Gardner testified to the United States House of Representatives on the subject matter of applications of biotechnology research in the United States.[23] Gardner's medical and scientific research has been published in multiple peer-reviewed scientific journals including Nature, Science, and The Lancet.[24][25][26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tedlow-27"},{"link_name":"venture 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Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alza_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"biopharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutical"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-32"},{"link_name":"Harvard Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tedlow-27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baila-7"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cultures-34"},{"link_name":"microfluidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfluidics"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tedlow-27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baila-7"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cultures-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethical-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsang-37"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baila-7"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Theranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theranos"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-38"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savidge-1"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tedlow-27"},{"link_name":"criminal fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_fraud"},{"link_name":"United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Elizabeth_A._Holmes,_et_al."},{"link_name":"Theranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theranos"},{"link_name":"Sunny Balwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Balwani"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baila-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savidge-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guilty-6"}],"sub_title":"Entrepreneurship","text":"After spending ten years in academia, Gardner became interested in research and development and entrepreneurship.[22] She mentored women interested in pursuit of the field of science.[27] She gained experience within the of companies seeking out venture capital funding.[27] She developed several forms of slow released medication, including an adaptation for retention in the stomach.[28][29] Gardner has been involved with several start-ups in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.[13] From 1996 to 1998 Gardner served as Vice President of Research and Head of the Technology Institute at the Alza Corporation.[10] Gardner served as Director of the biopharmaceutical company Revance Therapeutics from 2007 to 2018.[30] She is an adjunct partner at Essex Woodlands Health Ventures.[31] She founded several companies, including the Genomics Collaborative, SKOLAR and the CambriaTech Holding Co.[32] She was appointed to the Board Of Directors of Ventaira Pharmaceuticals in 2006.[32] Gardner serves on the Board of Fellows of the Harvard Medical School.[33] She was appointed to the Board of Directors of CohBar, a clinical stage biotechnology company, in 2019.[5]In 2002, Elizabeth Holmes visited Gardner at Stanford University.[27][7][34] Holmes proposed her idea for a microfluidic device that could detect and treat infectious diseases.[27][7][34] Gardner was critical of the proposal, and told Holmes she did not think her invention would be successful.[35][36][37] She explained to Holmes that it is not possible to use antibiotics on such a small scale.[7][38][39] Holmes dropped out of Stanford a few months later, but Gardner followed the evolution of Theranos.[38] Very briefly, both Gardner and Holmes served on the Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows after Holmes was given an invitation to join.[1] Gardner did not permit Holmes to visit the Stanford campus and called for her to be sent to prison.[40][27] Holmes was ultimately found guilty of criminal fraud, in the federal case, United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al. — which was brought by the United States against her and Theranos former president and COO Sunny Balwani.[7][1][6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"John Carreyrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carreyrou"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Theranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theranos"},{"link_name":"Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Blood:_Secrets_and_Lies_in_a_Silicon_Valley_Startup"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Alex Gibney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Gibney"},{"link_name":"The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inventor:_Out_for_Blood_in_Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"The Dropout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dropout_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gma-49"},{"link_name":"The Dropout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dropout"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mackelden-51"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Laurie Metcalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Metcalf"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"The Wall Street Journal investigative journalist John Carreyrou delved into the manner in which Elizabeth Holmes failed to convince Gardner to involve herself in her company Theranos; he recounted this in-depth in his 2018 book, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup.[41][42][43] This relationship was investigated further in the 2019 Alex Gibney documentary, The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley.[44][45][46] Rebecca Jarvis delved into the early background between Gardner and Holmes, in her 2019 podcast about Theranos, The Dropout.[47][48][49] In the 2022 American biographical television drama miniseries The Dropout, based on the Jarvis podcast of the same name, Gardner appeared as a character in the show.[50][51] Gardner was portrayed by Emmy Award-winning actress Laurie Metcalf in the Hulu series about the rise and fall of Theranos and its founder and CEO.[52][53][54]","title":"In media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected 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Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Medical_Genetics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ajmg.a.30472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.30472"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15744829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15744829"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Molecular_Diagnostics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60557-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1525-1578%2810%2960557-0"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1867528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867528"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15858154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15858154"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Molecular_Diagnostics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60567-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1525-1578%2810%2960567-3"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1867536","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867536"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16049310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16049310"},{"link_name":"Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expert_Review_of_Molecular_Diagnostics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1586/14737159.6.3.375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1586%2F14737159.6.3.375"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16706740","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16706740"},{"link_name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_Opinion_on_Drug_Delivery"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1517/17425247.3.4.479","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1517%2F17425247.3.4.479"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16822223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16822223"},{"link_name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1542/peds.2005-2519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2005-2519"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16950989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16950989"},{"link_name":"Journal of Cystic Fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Cystic_Fibrosis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.jcf.2006.04.004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcf.2006.04.004"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16837250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16837250"},{"link_name":"Journal of Cystic Fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Cystic_Fibrosis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1569-1993(06)80396-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1569-1993%2806%2980396-6"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Molecular_Diagnostics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2353%2Fjmoldx.2007.060100"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1867437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867437"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17384215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17384215"},{"link_name":"Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Clinical_and_Laboratory_Science"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18988928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18988928"},{"link_name":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Pediatric_Otorhinolaryngology"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.10.003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijporl.2008.10.003"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19027966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19027966"},{"link_name":"Experimental Cell Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Cell_Research"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yexcr.2009.03.001"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19285977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19285977"},{"link_name":"PLOS One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS_One"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2010PLoSO...511804R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...511804R"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0011804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011804"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2909915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2909915"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20668687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20668687"},{"link_name":"The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cleft_Palate-Craniofacial_Journal"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1597/10-217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1597%2F10-217"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21524234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21524234"}],"sub_title":"Scientific journal articles","text":"Gardner, Phyllis (1987), \"Ion channels activated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in plasma membrane of human T-lymphocytes\", Nature, 326 (6110): 301–304, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..301K, doi:10.1038/326301a0, PMID 2434867, S2CID 4355950\nYoung, W; Chen, J; Jung, F; Gardner, Phyllis (1988), \"Dihydropyridine Bay K 8644 activates T lymphocyte calcium-permeable channels\", Molecular Pharmacology, 34 (3): 239–44, PMID 2458520\nChen, Jennifer; Schulman, Howard; Gardner, Phyllis (1989), \"A cAMP-Regulated Chloride Channel in Lymphocytes That Is Affected in Cystic Fibrosis\", Science, 243 (4891): 657–60, Bibcode:1989Sci...243..657C, doi:10.1126/science.2464852, PMID 2464852\nGardner, Phyllis (1989), \"Ca2+ and T lymphocyte activation\", Cell, 59: 15–20, doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90865-9, PMID 2676193\nGardner, Phyllis; Schulman, Howard (1989), \"Response: Is Regulation of a Chloride Channel in Lymphocytes Affected in Cystic Fibrosis?\", Science, 246 (4933): 1049–1050, doi:10.1126/science.246.4933.1049.b\nGardner, Phyllis (1990), \"Patch Clamp Studies of Lymphocyte Activation\", Annual Review of Immunology, 8: 231–52, doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.08.040190.001311, PMID 1693081\nGardner, Phyllis; Mcdonald, Thomas; Nishimoto, Ikuo; Wagner, John; Schumann, Muhammad; Chen, Jennifer; Schulman, Howard (1991), \"Regulation of Lymphocyte Chloride Channels\", The Identification of the CF (Cystic Fibrosis) Gene, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 290, pp. 319–26, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5934-0_30, ISBN 978-1-4684-5936-4, PMID 1719768\nWagner, John; Cozens, Alison; Schulman, Howard; Gruenert, Dieter; Stryer, Lubert; Gardner, Phyllis (1991), \"Activation of chloride channels in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelia cells by multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase\", Nature, 349 (6312): 793–6, Bibcode:1991Natur.349..793W, doi:10.1038/349793a0, PMID 1705665\nNishimoto, Ikuo; Wagner, John; Schulman, Howard; Gardner, Phyllis (1991), \"Regulation of CI− channels by multifunctional CaM kinase\", Neuron, 6 (4): 547–55, doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90057-7, PMID 1849722\nSudduth-Klinger, Julie; Schumann, Muhammad; Gardner, Phyllis; Payan, Donald (1992), \"Functional and immunological responses of Jurkat lymphocytes transfected with the substance P receptor\", Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 12 (5): 379–95, doi:10.1007/BF00711540, PMID 1281754\nChao, Anthony; Zifferblatt, Jonathan; Wagner, John; Dong, Y; Gruenert, Dieter; Gardner, Phyllis (1994), \"Stimulation of chloride secretion by P1 purinoceptor agonist in cystic fibrosis phenotype airway epithelial cell line CFPEo-\", British Journal of Pharmacology, 112 (1): 169–75, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13047.x, PMC 1910328, PMID 8032638\nNghiem, Paul; Ollick, Tracey; Gardner, Phyllis; Schulman, Howard (1994), \"Interleukin-2 transcriptional block by multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin kinase\", Nature, 371 (6495): 347–50, doi:10.1038/371347a0, PMID 8090206\nChung, S.; Mcdonald, Thomas; Gardner, Phyllis (1994), \"Inhibition by SK&F 96365 of Ca2+ current, IL-2 production and activation in T lymphocytes\", British Journal of Pharmacology, 113 (3): 861–8, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17072.x, PMC 1510420, PMID 7858878\nGardner, Phyllis (1995). \"Activation of dual T cell signaling pathways by the chemokine Rantes\". Science. 269 (5231): 1727–1730. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1727B. doi:10.1126/science.7569902. PMID 7569902.\nGardner, Phyllis (March 28, 1997), \"Nuclear Export of NF-ATc Enhanced by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3\", Science, 275 (5308): 1930–1933, doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1930, PMID 9072970, S2CID 22590899\nMathias, Robert; Zhang, Shuanghin; Wilson, Emily; Gardner, Phyllis; Ives, Harlan (1997), \"Non-capacitative Calcium Entry in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing the Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor\", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272 (46): 29076–82, doi:10.1074/jbc.272.46.29076, PMID 9360982\nWagner, John; Moran, Mary; Messner, Anna; Daifuku, Richard; Conrad, Carol; Phd, Thomas; Guggino, William; Moss, Richard; Carter, Barrie; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), \"A Phase I/II Study of tgAAV-CF for the Treatment of Chronic Sinusitis in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Stanford University, Stanford, California\", Human Gene Therapy, 9 (6): 889–909, doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.6-889, PMID 9581911\nWagner, John; Reynolds, Thomas; Moran, Mary; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), \"Efficient and persistent gene transfer of AAV-CFTR in maxillary sinus\", The Lancet, 351 (9117): 1702–3, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77740-0, PMID 9734891\nWagner, John; Nepomuceno, Ilynn; Shah, Niraj; Messner, Anna; Moran, Mary; Norbash, Alexander; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Gardner, Phyllis (1999), \"Maxillary Sinusitis as a Surrogate Model for CF Gene Therapy Clinical Trials in Patients with Antrostomies\", The Journal of Gene Medicine, 1: 13–21, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-2254(199901/02)1:1<13::AID-JGM6>3.0.CO;2-G\nWagner, John; Nepomuceno, Ilynn; Messner, Anna; Moran, Mary; Batson, Eric; Dimiceli, Sue; Brown, Byron; Desch, Julie; Norbash, Alexander; Conrad, Carol; Guggino, William; Flotte, Terence; Wine, Jeffrey; Carter, Barrie; Reynolds, Thomas; Moss, Richard; Gardner, Phyllis (2002), \"A Phase II, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of tgAAVCF Using Maxillary Sinus Delivery in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis with Antrostomies\", Human Gene Therapy, 13 (11): 1349–59, doi:10.1089/104303402760128577, PMID 12162817\nSheridan, Colleen; Heist, E; Beals, Chan; Crabtree, Gerald; Gardner, Phyllis (2003), \"Protein Kinase A Negatively Modulates the Nuclear Accumulation of NF-ATc1 by Priming for Subsequent Phosphorylation by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3\", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 (50): 48664–76, doi:10.1074/jbc.M207029200, PMID 12351631\nSchrijver, Iris; Karnsakul, Wikrom; Limwongse, Chanin; Ramalingam, Sudha; Sankaran, Ramalingam; Gardner, Phyllis; Moss, Richard (2005), \"Novel contributions to the Asian CFTR mutation spectrum: Genotype and phenotype in Thai patients with cystic fibrosis\", American Journal of Medical Genetics, 133A (1): 103–5, doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30472, PMID 15744829\nSchrijver, Iris; Ramalingam, Sudha; Sankaran, Ramalingam; Swanson, Steve; Dunlop, Charles; Keiles, Steven; Moss, Richard; Oehlert, John; Gardner, Phyllis; Wassman, E; Kammesheidt, Anja (2005), \"Diagnostic testing by CFTR gene mutation analysis in a large group hispanics: Novel mutations and assessment of a population-specific mutation spectrum\", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 7 (2): 289–99, doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60557-0, PMC 1867528, PMID 15858154\nSchrijver, Iris; Oitmaa, Eneli; Gardner, Phyllis (2005), \"Genotyping Microarray for the Detection of More Than 200 CFTR Mutations in Ethnically Diverse Populations\", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 7 (3): 375–87, doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60567-3, PMC 1867536, PMID 16049310\nSchrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis (2006), \"Hereditary sensorineural hearing loss: Advances in molecular genetics and mutation analysis\", Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 6 (3): 375–86, doi:10.1586/14737159.6.3.375, PMID 16706740\nGardner, Phyllis (2006), \"Microfabricated nanochannel implantable drug delivery devices: Trends, limitations and possibilities\", Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 3 (4): 479–87, doi:10.1517/17425247.3.4.479, PMID 16822223\nGardner, Phyllis; Oitmaa, Eneli; Messner, Anna; Hoefsloot, Lies; Schrijver, Iris (2006), \"Simultaneous Multigene Mutation Detection in Patients With Sensorineural Hearing Loss Through a Novel Diagnostic Microarray: A New Approach for Newborn Screening Follow-up\", Pediatrics, 118 (3): 985–94, doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2519, PMID 16950989\nNaguib, Maggie; Schrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis; Pique, Lynn; Doss, Samiha; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, Mona; Nasr, Samya (2007), \"Cystic fibrosis detection in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis\", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 6 (2), European Cystic Fibrosis Society: 111–6, doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2006.04.004, PMID 16837250\nNaguib, Maggie; Schrijver, I.; Gardner, Phyllis; Piquet, L.; Doss, S.; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, M.; Nasré, S. (2006), \"472 Incidence of Cystic Fibrosis in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis\", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 5: S103, doi:10.1016/S1569-1993(06)80396-6\nSchrijver, Iris; Külm, Maigi; Gardner, Phyllis; Pergament, Eugene; Fiddler, Morris (2007), \"Comprehensive Arrayed Primer Extension Array for the Detection of 59 Sequence Variants in 15 Conditions Prevalent Among the (Ashkenazi) Jewish Population\", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 9 (2): 228–36, doi:10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060100, PMC 1867437, PMID 17384215\nRodriguez-Paris, Juan; Ballay, Charles; Inserra, Michelle; Stidham, Katrina; Colen, Tahl; Roberson, Joseph; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2008), \"Genetic Analysis of Presbycusis by Arrayed Primer Extension\", Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 38 (4): 352–60, PMID 18988928\nTeek, Rita; Oitmaa, Eneli; Kruustük, Katrin; Zordania, Riina; Joost, Kairit; Raukas, Elve; Tõnisson, Neeme; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris; Kull, Mart; Ounap, Katrin (2008), \"Splice variant IVS2-2A>G in the SLC26A5 (Prestin) gene in five Estonian families with hearing loss\", International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 73 (1): 103–7, doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.10.003, PMID 19027966\nQu, Chunyan; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2009), \"The role of the cytoskeleton in the formation of gap junctions by Connexin 30\", Experimental Cell Research, 315 (10): 1683–92, doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.001, PMID 19285977\nRodriguez-Paris, Juan; Pique, Lynn; Colen, Tahl; Roberson, Joseph; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2010), \"Genotyping with a 198 Mutation Arrayed Primer Extension Array for Hereditary Hearing Loss: Assessment of Its Diagnostic Value for Medical Practice\", PLOS One, 5 (7): e11804, Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511804R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011804, PMC 2909915, PMID 20668687\nTraynis, Ilana; Bernstein, Jonathan; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2011), \"Analysis of the Alternative Splicing of an FGFR2 Transcript Due to a Novel 5 ' Splice Site Mutation (1084+1G > A): Case Report\", The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 49 (1), American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association: 104–8, doi:10.1597/10-217, PMID 21524234","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-1-4899-0987-9_10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0987-9_10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4899-0989-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-0989-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7887318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7887318"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1097/00005537-199902000-00017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00005537-199902000-00017"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10890777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10890777"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/ICMENS.2005.70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FICMENS.2005.70"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7695-2398-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7695-2398-6"}],"sub_title":"Academic conferences","text":"Premack, B.A.; Gardner, Phyllis (1994), \"Properties of Ca Currents Activated by T Cell Receptor Signaling\", 5th International Conference on Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 365, Plenum Press, pp. 91–102, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0987-9_10, ISBN 978-1-4899-0989-3, PMID 7887318\nWagner, J A; Messner, A H; Moran, M L; Daifuku, R; Kouyama, K; Desch, J K; Manley, S; Norbash, A M; Conrad, C K; Friborg, S; Reynolds, T; Guggino, W B; Moss, R B; Carter, B J; Wine, J J; Flotte, T R; Gardner, Phyllis (1999), \"Safety and biological efficacy of an adeno-associated virus vector cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (AAV-CFTR) in the cystic fibrosis maxillary sinus\", 11th Annual North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference, vol. 109, no. 2, John Wiley & Sons Inc., pp. 266–74, doi:10.1097/00005537-199902000-00017, PMID 10890777\nGardner, Phyllis (2005), \"Microfabricated silicon NanoPORE membranes provide continuous delivery of biopharmaceuticals\", International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems, vol. 179, IEEE, p. 179, doi:10.1109/ICMENS.2005.70, ISBN 0-7695-2398-6","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gardner, Phyllis (1987), \"Ion channels activated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in plasma membrane of human T-lymphocytes\", Nature, 326 (6110): 301–304, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..301K, doi:10.1038/326301a0, PMID 2434867, S2CID 4355950","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.326..301K","url_text":"1987Natur.326..301K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F326301a0","url_text":"10.1038/326301a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2434867","url_text":"2434867"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4355950","url_text":"4355950"}]},{"reference":"Young, W; Chen, J; Jung, F; Gardner, Phyllis (1988), \"Dihydropyridine Bay K 8644 activates T lymphocyte calcium-permeable channels\", Molecular Pharmacology, 34 (3): 239–44, PMID 2458520","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Pharmacology","url_text":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2458520","url_text":"2458520"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Jennifer; Schulman, Howard; Gardner, Phyllis (1989), \"A cAMP-Regulated Chloride Channel in Lymphocytes That Is Affected in Cystic Fibrosis\", Science, 243 (4891): 657–60, Bibcode:1989Sci...243..657C, doi:10.1126/science.2464852, PMID 2464852","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...243..657C","url_text":"1989Sci...243..657C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2464852","url_text":"10.1126/science.2464852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2464852","url_text":"2464852"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Phyllis (1989), \"Ca2+ and T lymphocyte activation\", Cell, 59: 15–20, doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90865-9, PMID 2676193","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(journal)","url_text":"Cell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2889%2990865-9","url_text":"10.1016/0092-8674(89)90865-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2676193","url_text":"2676193"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Phyllis; Schulman, Howard (1989), \"Response: Is Regulation of a Chloride Channel in Lymphocytes Affected in Cystic Fibrosis?\", Science, 246 (4933): 1049–1050, doi:10.1126/science.246.4933.1049.b","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.246.4933.1049.b","url_text":"10.1126/science.246.4933.1049.b"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Phyllis (1990), \"Patch Clamp Studies of Lymphocyte Activation\", Annual Review of Immunology, 8: 231–52, doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.08.040190.001311, PMID 1693081","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Immunology","url_text":"Annual Review of Immunology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.iy.08.040190.001311","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.iy.08.040190.001311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1693081","url_text":"1693081"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Phyllis; Mcdonald, Thomas; Nishimoto, Ikuo; Wagner, John; Schumann, Muhammad; Chen, Jennifer; Schulman, Howard (1991), \"Regulation of Lymphocyte Chloride Channels\", The Identification of the CF (Cystic Fibrosis) Gene, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 290, pp. 319–26, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5934-0_30, ISBN 978-1-4684-5936-4, PMID 1719768","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Experimental_Medicine_and_Biology","url_text":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-5934-0_30","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4684-5934-0_30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-5936-4","url_text":"978-1-4684-5936-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1719768","url_text":"1719768"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, John; Cozens, Alison; Schulman, Howard; Gruenert, Dieter; Stryer, Lubert; Gardner, Phyllis (1991), \"Activation of chloride channels in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelia cells by multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase\", Nature, 349 (6312): 793–6, Bibcode:1991Natur.349..793W, doi:10.1038/349793a0, PMID 1705665","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.349..793W","url_text":"1991Natur.349..793W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F349793a0","url_text":"10.1038/349793a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1705665","url_text":"1705665"}]},{"reference":"Nishimoto, Ikuo; Wagner, John; Schulman, Howard; Gardner, Phyllis (1991), \"Regulation of CI− channels by multifunctional CaM kinase\", Neuron, 6 (4): 547–55, doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90057-7, PMID 1849722","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron_(journal)","url_text":"Neuron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0896-6273%2891%2990057-7","url_text":"10.1016/0896-6273(91)90057-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1849722","url_text":"1849722"}]},{"reference":"Sudduth-Klinger, Julie; Schumann, Muhammad; Gardner, Phyllis; Payan, Donald (1992), \"Functional and immunological responses of Jurkat lymphocytes transfected with the substance P receptor\", Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 12 (5): 379–95, doi:10.1007/BF00711540, PMID 1281754","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_and_Molecular_Neurobiology","url_text":"Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00711540","url_text":"10.1007/BF00711540"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1281754","url_text":"1281754"}]},{"reference":"Chao, Anthony; Zifferblatt, Jonathan; Wagner, John; Dong, Y; Gruenert, Dieter; Gardner, Phyllis (1994), \"Stimulation of chloride secretion by P1 purinoceptor agonist in cystic fibrosis phenotype airway epithelial cell line CFPEo-\", British Journal of Pharmacology, 112 (1): 169–75, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13047.x, PMC 1910328, PMID 8032638","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Pharmacology","url_text":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1994.tb13047.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13047.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1910328","url_text":"1910328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8032638","url_text":"8032638"}]},{"reference":"Nghiem, Paul; Ollick, Tracey; Gardner, Phyllis; Schulman, Howard (1994), \"Interleukin-2 transcriptional block by multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin kinase\", Nature, 371 (6495): 347–50, doi:10.1038/371347a0, PMID 8090206","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F371347a0","url_text":"10.1038/371347a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8090206","url_text":"8090206"}]},{"reference":"Chung, S.; Mcdonald, Thomas; Gardner, Phyllis (1994), \"Inhibition by SK&F 96365 of Ca2+ current, IL-2 production and activation in T lymphocytes\", British Journal of Pharmacology, 113 (3): 861–8, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17072.x, PMC 1510420, PMID 7858878","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Pharmacology","url_text":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1994.tb17072.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17072.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1510420","url_text":"1510420"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7858878","url_text":"7858878"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Phyllis (1995). \"Activation of dual T cell signaling pathways by the chemokine Rantes\". Science. 269 (5231): 1727–1730. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1727B. doi:10.1126/science.7569902. PMID 7569902.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...269.1727B","url_text":"1995Sci...269.1727B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7569902","url_text":"10.1126/science.7569902"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7569902","url_text":"7569902"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Phyllis (March 28, 1997), \"Nuclear Export of NF-ATc Enhanced by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3\", Science, 275 (5308): 1930–1933, doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1930, PMID 9072970, S2CID 22590899","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.275.5308.1930","url_text":"10.1126/science.275.5308.1930"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9072970","url_text":"9072970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22590899","url_text":"22590899"}]},{"reference":"Mathias, Robert; Zhang, Shuanghin; Wilson, Emily; Gardner, Phyllis; Ives, Harlan (1997), \"Non-capacitative Calcium Entry in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing the Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor\", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272 (46): 29076–82, doi:10.1074/jbc.272.46.29076, PMID 9360982","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry","url_text":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.46.29076","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.272.46.29076"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9360982","url_text":"9360982"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, John; Moran, Mary; Messner, Anna; Daifuku, Richard; Conrad, Carol; Phd, Thomas; Guggino, William; Moss, Richard; Carter, Barrie; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), \"A Phase I/II Study of tgAAV-CF for the Treatment of Chronic Sinusitis in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Stanford University, Stanford, California\", Human Gene Therapy, 9 (6): 889–909, doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.6-889, PMID 9581911","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Gene_Therapy","url_text":"Human Gene Therapy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fhum.1998.9.6-889","url_text":"10.1089/hum.1998.9.6-889"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9581911","url_text":"9581911"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, John; Reynolds, Thomas; Moran, Mary; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), \"Efficient and persistent gene transfer of AAV-CFTR in maxillary sinus\", The Lancet, 351 (9117): 1702–3, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77740-0, PMID 9734891","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet","url_text":"The Lancet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2977740-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77740-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9734891","url_text":"9734891"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, John; Nepomuceno, Ilynn; Shah, Niraj; Messner, Anna; Moran, Mary; Norbash, Alexander; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Gardner, Phyllis (1999), \"Maxillary Sinusitis as a Surrogate Model for CF Gene Therapy Clinical Trials in Patients with Antrostomies\", The Journal of Gene Medicine, 1: 13–21, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-2254(199901/02)1:1<13::AID-JGM6>3.0.CO;2-G","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Gene_Medicine","url_text":"The Journal of Gene Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-2254%28199901%2F02%291%3A1%3C13%3A%3AAID-JGM6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-G","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-2254(199901/02)1:1<13::AID-JGM6>3.0.CO;2-G"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, John; Nepomuceno, Ilynn; Messner, Anna; Moran, Mary; Batson, Eric; Dimiceli, Sue; Brown, Byron; Desch, Julie; Norbash, Alexander; Conrad, Carol; Guggino, William; Flotte, Terence; Wine, Jeffrey; Carter, Barrie; Reynolds, Thomas; Moss, Richard; Gardner, Phyllis (2002), \"A Phase II, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of tgAAVCF Using Maxillary Sinus Delivery in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis with Antrostomies\", Human Gene Therapy, 13 (11): 1349–59, doi:10.1089/104303402760128577, PMID 12162817","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Gene_Therapy","url_text":"Human Gene Therapy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2F104303402760128577","url_text":"10.1089/104303402760128577"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12162817","url_text":"12162817"}]},{"reference":"Sheridan, Colleen; Heist, E; Beals, Chan; Crabtree, Gerald; Gardner, Phyllis (2003), \"Protein Kinase A Negatively Modulates the Nuclear Accumulation of NF-ATc1 by Priming for Subsequent Phosphorylation by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3\", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 (50): 48664–76, doi:10.1074/jbc.M207029200, PMID 12351631","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry","url_text":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M207029200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M207029200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12351631","url_text":"12351631"}]},{"reference":"Schrijver, Iris; Karnsakul, Wikrom; Limwongse, Chanin; Ramalingam, Sudha; Sankaran, Ramalingam; Gardner, Phyllis; Moss, Richard (2005), \"Novel contributions to the Asian CFTR mutation spectrum: Genotype and phenotype in Thai patients with cystic fibrosis\", American Journal of Medical Genetics, 133A (1): 103–5, doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30472, PMID 15744829","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Medical_Genetics","url_text":"American Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.30472","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.a.30472"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15744829","url_text":"15744829"}]},{"reference":"Schrijver, Iris; Ramalingam, Sudha; Sankaran, Ramalingam; Swanson, Steve; Dunlop, Charles; Keiles, Steven; Moss, Richard; Oehlert, John; Gardner, Phyllis; Wassman, E; Kammesheidt, Anja (2005), \"Diagnostic testing by CFTR gene mutation analysis in a large group hispanics: Novel mutations and assessment of a population-specific mutation spectrum\", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 7 (2): 289–99, doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60557-0, PMC 1867528, PMID 15858154","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Molecular_Diagnostics","url_text":"The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1525-1578%2810%2960557-0","url_text":"10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60557-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867528","url_text":"1867528"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15858154","url_text":"15858154"}]},{"reference":"Schrijver, Iris; Oitmaa, Eneli; Gardner, Phyllis (2005), \"Genotyping Microarray for the Detection of More Than 200 CFTR Mutations in Ethnically Diverse Populations\", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 7 (3): 375–87, doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60567-3, PMC 1867536, PMID 16049310","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Molecular_Diagnostics","url_text":"The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1525-1578%2810%2960567-3","url_text":"10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60567-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867536","url_text":"1867536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16049310","url_text":"16049310"}]},{"reference":"Schrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis (2006), \"Hereditary sensorineural hearing loss: Advances in molecular genetics and mutation analysis\", Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 6 (3): 375–86, doi:10.1586/14737159.6.3.375, PMID 16706740","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expert_Review_of_Molecular_Diagnostics&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1586%2F14737159.6.3.375","url_text":"10.1586/14737159.6.3.375"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16706740","url_text":"16706740"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Phyllis (2006), \"Microfabricated nanochannel implantable drug delivery devices: Trends, limitations and possibilities\", Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 3 (4): 479–87, doi:10.1517/17425247.3.4.479, PMID 16822223","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_Opinion_on_Drug_Delivery","url_text":"Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1517%2F17425247.3.4.479","url_text":"10.1517/17425247.3.4.479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16822223","url_text":"16822223"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Phyllis; Oitmaa, Eneli; Messner, Anna; Hoefsloot, Lies; Schrijver, Iris (2006), \"Simultaneous Multigene Mutation Detection in Patients With Sensorineural Hearing Loss Through a Novel Diagnostic Microarray: A New Approach for Newborn Screening Follow-up\", Pediatrics, 118 (3): 985–94, doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2519, PMID 16950989","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics_(journal)","url_text":"Pediatrics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2005-2519","url_text":"10.1542/peds.2005-2519"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16950989","url_text":"16950989"}]},{"reference":"Naguib, Maggie; Schrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis; Pique, Lynn; Doss, Samiha; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, Mona; Nasr, Samya (2007), \"Cystic fibrosis detection in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis\", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 6 (2), European Cystic Fibrosis Society: 111–6, doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2006.04.004, PMID 16837250","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Cystic_Fibrosis&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Journal of Cystic Fibrosis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcf.2006.04.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.jcf.2006.04.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16837250","url_text":"16837250"}]},{"reference":"Naguib, Maggie; Schrijver, I.; Gardner, Phyllis; Piquet, L.; Doss, S.; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, M.; Nasré, S. (2006), \"472 Incidence of Cystic Fibrosis in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis\", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 5: S103, doi:10.1016/S1569-1993(06)80396-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Cystic_Fibrosis&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Journal of Cystic Fibrosis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1569-1993%2806%2980396-6","url_text":"10.1016/S1569-1993(06)80396-6"}]},{"reference":"Schrijver, Iris; Külm, Maigi; Gardner, Phyllis; Pergament, Eugene; Fiddler, Morris (2007), \"Comprehensive Arrayed Primer Extension Array for the Detection of 59 Sequence Variants in 15 Conditions Prevalent Among the (Ashkenazi) Jewish Population\", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 9 (2): 228–36, doi:10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060100, PMC 1867437, PMID 17384215","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Molecular_Diagnostics","url_text":"The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2353%2Fjmoldx.2007.060100","url_text":"10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867437","url_text":"1867437"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17384215","url_text":"17384215"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez-Paris, Juan; Ballay, Charles; Inserra, Michelle; Stidham, Katrina; Colen, Tahl; Roberson, Joseph; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2008), \"Genetic Analysis of Presbycusis by Arrayed Primer Extension\", Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 38 (4): 352–60, PMID 18988928","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Clinical_and_Laboratory_Science","url_text":"Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18988928","url_text":"18988928"}]},{"reference":"Teek, Rita; Oitmaa, Eneli; Kruustük, Katrin; Zordania, Riina; Joost, Kairit; Raukas, Elve; Tõnisson, Neeme; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris; Kull, Mart; Ounap, Katrin (2008), \"Splice variant IVS2-2A>G in the SLC26A5 (Prestin) gene in five Estonian families with hearing loss\", International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 73 (1): 103–7, doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.10.003, PMID 19027966","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Pediatric_Otorhinolaryngology","url_text":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijporl.2008.10.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.10.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19027966","url_text":"19027966"}]},{"reference":"Qu, Chunyan; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2009), \"The role of the cytoskeleton in the formation of gap junctions by Connexin 30\", Experimental Cell Research, 315 (10): 1683–92, doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.001, PMID 19285977","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Cell_Research","url_text":"Experimental Cell Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yexcr.2009.03.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19285977","url_text":"19285977"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez-Paris, Juan; Pique, Lynn; Colen, Tahl; Roberson, Joseph; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2010), \"Genotyping with a 198 Mutation Arrayed Primer Extension Array for Hereditary Hearing Loss: Assessment of Its Diagnostic Value for Medical Practice\", PLOS One, 5 (7): e11804, Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511804R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011804, PMC 2909915, PMID 20668687","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS_One","url_text":"PLOS One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...511804R","url_text":"2010PLoSO...511804R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011804","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0011804"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2909915","url_text":"2909915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20668687","url_text":"20668687"}]},{"reference":"Traynis, Ilana; Bernstein, Jonathan; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2011), \"Analysis of the Alternative Splicing of an FGFR2 Transcript Due to a Novel 5 ' Splice Site Mutation (1084+1G > A): Case Report\", The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 49 (1), American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association: 104–8, doi:10.1597/10-217, PMID 21524234","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cleft_Palate-Craniofacial_Journal","url_text":"The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1597%2F10-217","url_text":"10.1597/10-217"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21524234","url_text":"21524234"}]},{"reference":"Premack, B.A.; Gardner, Phyllis (1994), \"Properties of Ca Currents Activated by T Cell Receptor Signaling\", 5th International Conference on Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 365, Plenum Press, pp. 91–102, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0987-9_10, ISBN 978-1-4899-0989-3, PMID 7887318","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0987-9_10","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4899-0987-9_10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-0989-3","url_text":"978-1-4899-0989-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7887318","url_text":"7887318"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, J A; Messner, A H; Moran, M L; Daifuku, R; Kouyama, K; Desch, J K; Manley, S; Norbash, A M; Conrad, C K; Friborg, S; Reynolds, T; Guggino, W B; Moss, R B; Carter, B J; Wine, J J; Flotte, T R; Gardner, Phyllis (1999), \"Safety and biological efficacy of an adeno-associated virus vector cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (AAV-CFTR) in the cystic fibrosis maxillary sinus\", 11th Annual North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference, vol. 109, no. 2, John Wiley & Sons Inc., pp. 266–74, doi:10.1097/00005537-199902000-00017, PMID 10890777","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005537-199902000-00017","url_text":"10.1097/00005537-199902000-00017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10890777","url_text":"10890777"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Phyllis (2005), \"Microfabricated silicon NanoPORE membranes provide continuous delivery of biopharmaceuticals\", International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems, vol. 179, IEEE, p. 179, doi:10.1109/ICMENS.2005.70, ISBN 0-7695-2398-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICMENS.2005.70","url_text":"10.1109/ICMENS.2005.70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7695-2398-6","url_text":"0-7695-2398-6"}]},{"reference":"Savidge, Nico (June 3, 2019), \"She saw through Elizabeth Holmes. Now Stanford professor is star in Theranos saga\", The Mercury News, archived from the original on June 20, 2019, retrieved May 24, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190620224619/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/06/03/she-saw-through-elizabeth-holmes-now-stanford-professor-is-star-in-theranos-saga/","url_text":"\"She saw through Elizabeth Holmes. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_Khan_(terrorist)	Usman Khan (terrorist)	["1 Early life","2 2008 anti-terror raids","3 2010 arrest and 2012 terrorism conviction","4 Rehabilitation and release from prison","5 2019 attack","6 Burial and aftermath","7 Links to terror group","8 Political and social debate","9 References"]	Pakistani-British Terrorist For other people named Usman Khan, see Usman Khan (disambiguation). Usman Khanعثمان خانA 2012 photograph of KhanBorn(1991-03-10)10 March 1991Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United KingdomDied29 November 2019(2019-11-29) (aged 28)London, United KingdomCause of deathGunshot woundNationalityBritishOther namesAbu SaifYears active2010–2019Known for2019 London Bridge stabbingAllegianceAl-MuhajirounDetailsKilled2Injured3WeaponsKitchen knife Usman Khan (Urdu: عثمان خان; 10 March 1991 – 29 November 2019), also known as Abu Saif, was a Pakistani-British Islamic terrorist and murderer who on 29 November 2019 murdered 2 people and wounded 3 others during an attack near London Bridge before being fatally shot by City of London Police after being subdued by civilians. Early life Born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom, to parents of Pakistani descent, Khan's education included attendance at Haywood High School. A portion of his teenage years was spent in Pakistan, where, prior to his December 2010 arrest, he visited the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, as noted in a 2013 report by the British Parliament's Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation. Khan's involvement with al-Muhajiroun, militant network based in Saudi Arabia, led to his role as a community organiser, notably arranging a Sharia conference in 2009. 2008 anti-terror raids In 2008, following a raid on his Stoke-on-Trent residence by counter-terrorist police, Khan faced scrutiny but denied terrorist affiliations in interviews with the BBC and a local newspaper under a pseudonym. Despite a 20-month inquiry, no charges were filed against him. 2010 arrest and 2012 terrorism conviction See also: Operation Guava Upon returning from Pakistan, Usman Khan was arrested in 2010 as part of a group of nine individuals targeted by MI5’s Operation Guava. In 2012, all members of this group pleaded guilty to charges of terrorism inspired by Al-Qaeda. Their plans included bombing significant locations in the UK such as the London Stock Exchange, the Houses of Parliament, the US embassy, two rabbis at two synagogues, the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, the home of then London Mayor Boris Johnson, as well as proposing to establish a terrorist training camp in land owned by Khan’s family in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The group also engaged in planning meetings and made preparations for travel related to terrorist activities, with intentions to carry out further attacks in the UK upon returning from the proposed camp in Kashmir. Khan proposed to raise funds in the UK rather than overseas, arguing that supporters in the UK earned in a day what donors in Kashmir earned in a month. He added: "On Jobseeker's Allowance we can earn that, never mind working for that." His home bugged by MI5, he was recorded calling non-Muslims "dogs." Following his arrest, Khan admitted travelling to the plotter's 2010 tactical meetings in Cardiff in November and in Newport in December. Khan's plans to build a terror-training camp in Kashmir never materialised and "there was no evidence that there was any real funding to build it". The group had formed in October. The terror network's organisational chart was found in Khan's home. In addition to confessing to terrorism planning, Khan admitted terrorism fundraising and possession of the Al Qaeda magazine Inspire. Following his arrest, evidence of Khan’s advanced knowledge in field craft was noted, highlighting his significant role within the group. In 2012, he was sentenced to imprisonment for public protection and an indeterminate period in prison with a minimum term of eight years, reflecting the judge’s assessment of Khan and his associates from Stoke-on-Trent as exceptionally committed jihadists operating at a level of seriousness and effectiveness above that of their co-defendants. Rehabilitation and release from prison Khan was originally sentenced to indefinite imprisonment for public safety. This sentence, however, was overturned in 2013 when Khan, alongside Nazam Hussain and Mohammed Shahjahan, appealed. The Court of Appeal, led by Lord Justice Leveson, re-evaluated the perceived threat level of these individuals compared to their co-defendants, resulting in a reduced sentence of 16 years with eligibility for automatic release after eight. Upon completion of this term, Khan was released from Belmarsh Prison in December 2018 under standard licence conditions, which included probation supervision. Stafford Borough Council, with support from multiple agencies, arranged suitable housing following his release. During his imprisonment, Khan engaged in the Healthy Identity Intervention Programme, aimed at rehabilitating terrorism offenders. This participation continued post-release with the Desistance and Disengagement Programme, focusing on tackling terrorism's root causes. Khan's involvement in these programmes led to his recognition as a rehabilitation "success story" by a Cambridge University programme, culminating in a case study feature. Khan would later tragically kill two individuals associated with the Cambridge University programme. Following these events, discussions emerged regarding the potential overestimation of recidivism fears, with a paper published by the CTC Sentinel in April 2020 described Khan and another recent terrorism recidivist as an atypical example, noting a recidivism rate of less than 5% among terrorists. 2019 attack Main article: 2019 London Bridge stabbing The terms of Khan's temporary release licence did not allow for travel to London; special permission would have been needed for him to participate in Cambridge University's Learning Together "Five Year Celebration" on the day he carried out the stabbing. Khan sat quietly during the celebration event, attending storytelling and writing workshops; even giving feedback on one. He then stabbed two Learning Together organisers in the chest, killing them, and injured three other people. He was wearing an electronic tag and a fake suicide jacket when he was shot following the stabbing. Burial and aftermath Following his death, Khan's body was taken to a mosque in Birmingham, for a ritual janazah Muslim funerary ceremony. The body was then flown to Islamabad. Khan's burial took place in Kajlani in Kashmir. "Usman Khan Call 4 Justice" graffiti in support of Khan appeared on multiple walls in his Stoke hometown in the week following his death. Links to terror group Khan had previously been connected to Al-Muhajiroun, the group led by Anjem Choudary. He was said to be inspired by Al-Qaeda. Khan's solicitor Vajahat Sharif claimed that Khan had become disillusioned with Al-Muhajiroun and that during his prison sentence he had repeatedly requested the help of a deradicaliser, to no avail. Sharif said that in 2018 Khan appeared to be rehabilitated, and that he may have been "re-groomed" by extremists after his release. Political and social debate In 2012, after being convicted of offences related to a plot to bomb the London Stock Exchange, Khan was sentenced to be kept in prison for an indeterminate time. This meant that he could not be released whilst he was still considered to be a danger to the public. Following an appeal in 2013, his indeterminate sentence was quashed, and in its place he was given a 16-year prison sentence, which meant he would be entitled to automatic release on licence after having served eight years. Questions were also raised about the level of monitoring he was subject to by the authorities responsible after his release. The parole board confirmed that it had no involvement in deciding when Khan was released from prison, saying Khan "appears to have been released automatically on licence" even though he had a "serious long-term plan" and a commitment to terrorism. Chris Phillips, former head of the UK National Counter Terrorism Security Office, commented the justice system was "playing Russian roulette" with the lives of the public. Phillips commented that the original trial judge "wanted this man in prison for a very very long time", and described Khan's release as "quite incredible". Paul Gibson, former head of counter-terrorism at the UK Ministry of Defence, supported the criticism, commenting on the release: "A lot of people will find that extraordinary." References ^ De Simone, Daniel (30 November 2019). "What we know about the London Bridge attacker". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ "Usman Khan: The suspected terrorist behind the London Bridge attacks". Gulf News. 30 November 2019. ^ a b c d e McInnes, Kathie (6 December 2019). "How London Bridge murderer Usman Khan's radicalisation began in Stoke-on-Trent". stokesentinel. ^ "LATEST: London Bridge terror attack". United Kingdom: Metropolitan Police. ^ Kirby, Dean (2 December 2019). "Usman Khan: why the London Bridge attack terrorist was released from prison". iNews. Retrieved 3 December 2019. The son of parents from the disputed region of Kashmir in Pakistan ^ Ali Shah, Murtaza (30 November 2019). "Usman Khan had no relation with Pakistan". Geo TV. Retrieved 3 December 2019. Usman Khan was born in Stoke-on-Trent to working-class immigrant parents from Azad Kashmir. ^ Burnett, Tom (30 November 2019). "London Bridge attack suspect from Stoke-on-Trent – police confirm". The Sentinel. ^ Townsend, Mark; Iqbal, Nosheen (30 November 2019). "'We don't understand how Usman Khan ended up like this'". The Guardian. ^ "London Bridge Attacker Named as Usman Khan: Police". Newsweek Pakistan. 30 November 2019. Khan spent some time in Pakistan in his late teens ^ "The Terrorism Acts in 2012: report of the Independent Reviewer" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ "Usman Khan profile: terrorist who wanted to bomb London Stock Exchange". The Guardian. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ a b c d e f Tom Harper; Jon Ungoed-Thomas; Caroline Wheeler (1 December 2019). "London Bridge attack: poster boy for rehabilitation. And killer". The Times. Retrieved 3 December 2019. ^ "London Bridge: Who was the attacker?". BBC News. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ "'I ain't no terrorist' Usman Khan says in resurfaced BBC interview from 2008 \| Watch News Videos Online". Global News. ^ "Who was Usman Khan?". The Daily Telegraph. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ "Stoke-on-Trent terrorist Usman Khan described Osama Bin Laden as 'beautiful'". The Sentinel. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. He had recently returned from Pakistan and we draw the inference that he had been there and he was going back there within a few weeks ^ Simon Israel (27 December 2010). "Christmas 'terror plot' targeted London landmarks". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019. ^ Caroline Gammell (27 December 2010). "Christmas bomb plot: nine men remanded over plan to 'blow up Big Ben and Westminster Abbey'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019. ^ a b Duncan Gardham (1 February 2012). "Terrorists admit plot to bomb London Stock Exchange and US Embassy". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ a b c d "Why was London Bridge attacker Usman Khan released?". Evening Express. Press Association. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "Terrorism gang jailed for plotting to blow up London Stock Exchange". The Telegraph. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ "Terror group members who planned to bomb London Stock Exchange jailed". The Guardian. Press Association. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2019. It was envisaged by them all that ultimately they and the other recruits may return to the UK as trained and experienced terrorists available to perform terrorist attacks in this country. ^ "Pakistan training camp discussed in secret recording". BBC News. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "London Stock Exchange bomb plot admitted by four men". BBC News. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2019. ^ Shah, Murtaza Ali (30 November 2019). "FACTCHECK: Usman Khan had no relation with Pakistan". Geo.tv. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ Paul Hannon; Stephen Fidler (30 November 2019). "Attack by Convicted Terrorist Prompts U.K. to Review Sentencing". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ Townsend, Mark; Iqbal, Nosheen (30 November 2019). "'We don't understand how Usman Khan ended up like this'". The Guardian. ^ "Nine jailed over bomb plot and terror camp plan". BBC News. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ a b Wahlquist, Calla; Rawlinson, Kevin; Weaver, Matthew; Dodd, Vikram; Dodd, Vikram (30 November 2019). "London Bridge attacker named as Usman Khan, 28 – live updates". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ a b Gemma Fox (30 November 2019). "London Bridge attacker is named by police". The Independent. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ Bird, Steve (30 November 2019). "Leveson ruling opened the door to killer's early release". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ Chief Coroner of England & Wales (3 November 2021). "Fishmongers Hall Inquests Prevention of Future Deaths report" (PDF). ^ Guttridge, Richard. "'Multiple agencies' allowed London Bridge killer Usman Khan to live in Stafford". Express & Star. ^ "London Bridge: Usman Khan completed untested rehabilitation scheme". BBC News. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. ^ Hayley Dixon; Victoria Ward; Greg Wilford (1 December 2019). "London bridge attacker was poster boy for rehab scheme he targeted". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ "Family of 'caring' London Bridge attack victim Saskia Jones tell of 'devastation'". Daily Mirror. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Mr Merritt said that his son had helped Khan, adding: "I can't imagine how someone who had been befriended and helped by someone like Jack could then, in a fairly calculated way, kill them. ^ Thomas Renard (April 2020). "Overblown: Exploring the Gap Between the Fear of Terrorist Recidivism and the Evidence". CTC Sentinel. 13 (4). Retrieved 28 April 2020. This was approved despite evidence that Khan and Amman are more likely to be eye-catching outliers than a harbinger of things to come. Indeed, according to recently released figures, only six terrorist offenders have been reconvicted of a further terrorist offense in England and Wales, out of 196 offenders released between January 2013 and December 2019 (3%). ^ Martin Evans; Steve Bird; Greg Wilford (30 November 2019). "Who was Usman Khan? The attacker who hoodwinked authorities to fulfil his terrorism dream of targeting London". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ "Tributes paid to 'brilliant' London Bridge attack victim Saskia Jones". The Guardian. 11 December 2019. ^ Sian Griffiths; Joe Cook (8 December 2019). "London Bridge attack: 'The killer sat feet away from me. Now I fear for the scheme that helped me go straight'". The Times. Retrieved 9 December 2019. Khan sat quietly through the morning session and took part in storytelling and writing workshops. "He was unremarkable. I know that in one of the workshops he responded to one of the questions on the feedback," ^ Jamie Grierson (10 December 2019). "Islamist extremism remains dominant UK terror threat, say experts". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December 2019. An inquest heard they had been stabbed in the chest ^ Alison Chung. "London Bridge terror: Attacker named as convicted terrorist Usman Khan". Sky News. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ David Aaro (6 December 2019). "London Bridge attacker's body flown to Pakistan for burial: report". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 7 December 2019. A pre-burial ritual called Janaza took place at a mosque in Birmingham ^ James Rodger; Matt Simpson (6 December 2019). "Body of London Bridge terrorist Usman Khan flown to Pakistan for burial". The Sentinel. Retrieved 8 December 2019. Officials at Islamabad International Airport confirmed to Sky News Usman Khan's body arrived at the Pakistani capital today. ^ Charles Hymas; Ben Farmer (6 December 2019). "London Bridge terrorist Usman Khan is buried in family village in Pakistan after UK backlash". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 December 2019. his funeral, in the 3,000-strong village of Kajlani at 4 pm local time had been attended by a "large number" of people. ^ ""Shocking" graffiti supporting London Bridge terrorist Usman Khan has emerged in Stoke-on-Trent". ITV News. ^ Parker, Hayley; Davies, Ruby (11 December 2019). "Vile graffiti supporting terrorist Usman Khan daubed on estate where he grew up". stokesentinel. ^ Mann, Tanveer (30 November 2019). "London Bridge attacker who left two dead named as 28-year-old Usman Khan". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ "Usman Khan profile: terrorist who wanted to bomb London Stock Exchange". The Guardian. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ Dodd, Vikram (30 November 2019). "London Bridge attacker had asked for help to deradicalise – lawyer". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ a b c d "Boris Johnson under pressure to explain why a convicted terrorist was released early to commit London bridge attack". The Independent. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "Usman Khan: Boris Johnson under pressure to explain why convicted terrorist was released early to commit London bridge attack". Telegraph UK. 30 November 2019. vteAl-MuhajirounPeople Omar Bakri Muhammad Abu Hamza al-Masri Anjem Choudary Abu Izzadeen Abu Uzair Abdul Rahman Saleem Sulayman Keeler Sajeel Shahid Mohammed Junaid Babar Zacarias Moussaoui Richard Reid Kamel Bourgass Mizanur Rahman Omar Khyam Umran Javed Anthony Small Khalid Kelly Michael Adebolajo Michael Adebowale Khuram Butt Siddhartha Dhar Usman Khan Events 2001 shoe bomb attempt Wood Green ricin plot Murder of Stephen Oake Mike's Place suicide bombing Operation Crevice 2006 Danish Embassy demonstration 2006 Cheetham Hill terrorism arrests "Muslim patrols" Murder of Lee Rigby 2017 London Bridge attack 2019 London Bridge stabbing Associates Islamic Thinkers Society General Terrorism in the United Kingdom Islamic terrorism in Europe Global caliphate Islamism Hizb ut-Tahrir (Britain) Al-Qaeda Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant "Londonistan" Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 Terrorism Act 2006 CONTEST Hope not Hate (critic) Quilliam (critic) English Defence League (founded in opposition) Authority control databases International VIAF National Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Usman Khan (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_Khan_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokesentinel3609481-3"},{"link_name":"Pakistani-British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani-British"},{"link_name":"Islamic terrorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorist"},{"link_name":"murderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderer"},{"link_name":"murdered 2 people and wounded 3 others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_London_Bridge_stabbing"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_attack"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge"},{"link_name":"City of London Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Police"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For other people named Usman Khan, see Usman Khan (disambiguation).Usman Khan (Urdu: عثمان خان; 10 March 1991 – 29 November 2019), also known as Abu Saif,[3] was a Pakistani-British Islamic terrorist and murderer who on 29 November 2019 murdered 2 people and wounded 3 others during an attack near London Bridge before being fatally shot by City of London Police after being subdued by civilians.[4]","title":"Usman Khan (terrorist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Haywood High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywood_High_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inews1329189-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokesentinel3595210-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20191130theguardian-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokesentinel3609481-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20191130newsweekpakistan-9"},{"link_name":"Federally Administered Tribal Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas"},{"link_name":"British Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Reviewer_of_Terrorism_Legislation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"al-Muhajiroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhajiroun"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PosterBoy-12"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokesentinel3609481-3"}],"text":"Born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom, to parents of Pakistani descent, Khan's education included attendance at Haywood High School.[5][6][7][8][3] A portion of his teenage years was spent in Pakistan,[9] where, prior to his December 2010 arrest, he visited the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, as noted in a 2013 report by the British Parliament's Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation.[10][11] Khan's involvement with al-Muhajiroun,[12] militant network based in Saudi Arabia, led to his role as a community organiser, notably arranging a Sharia conference in 2009.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc50611788-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20191130telegraph-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokesentinel3609481-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PosterBoy-12"}],"text":"In 2008, following a raid on his Stoke-on-Trent residence by counter-terrorist police,[13] Khan faced scrutiny but denied terrorist affiliations in interviews with the BBC and a local newspaper under a pseudonym.[14][15] Despite a 20-month inquiry, no charges were filed against him.[3][12]","title":"2008 anti-terror raids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Guava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Guava"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokesentinel3595611-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristmasTerrorPlot-17"},{"link_name":"MI5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Dean of St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph8227193-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-19"},{"link_name":"Pakistan-administered Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leveson-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph9072455-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20120209theguardian-22"},{"link_name":"Jobseeker's Allowance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobseeker%27s_Allowance"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc16932224-23"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PosterBoy-12"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc16833032-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leveson-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-19"},{"link_name":"Inspire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ_Fundraising-26"},{"link_name":"field craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldcraft"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20191103theguardian-27"},{"link_name":"imprisonment for public protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisonment_for_public_protection"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc16968518-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"jihadists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadists"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PosterBoy-12"}],"text":"See also: Operation GuavaUpon returning from Pakistan,[16] Usman Khan was arrested in 2010 as part of a group of nine individuals[17] targeted by MI5’s Operation Guava. In 2012, all members of this group pleaded guilty to charges of terrorism inspired by Al-Qaeda. Their plans included bombing significant locations in the UK such as the London Stock Exchange, the Houses of Parliament, the US embassy, two rabbis at two synagogues, the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, the home of then London Mayor Boris Johnson,[18][19] as well as proposing to establish a terrorist training camp in land owned by Khan’s family in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The group also engaged in planning meetings and made preparations for travel related to terrorist activities, with intentions to carry out further attacks in the UK upon returning from the proposed camp in Kashmir.[20][21][22]Khan proposed to raise funds in the UK rather than overseas, arguing that supporters in the UK earned in a day what donors in Kashmir earned in a month. He added: \"On Jobseeker's Allowance we can earn that, never mind working for that.\"[23] His home bugged by MI5, he was recorded calling non-Muslims \"dogs.\"[12] Following his arrest, Khan admitted travelling to the plotter's 2010 tactical meetings in Cardiff in November and in Newport in December.[24] Khan's plans to build a terror-training camp in Kashmir never materialised and \"there was no evidence that there was any real funding to build it\".[25] The group had formed in October.[20] The terror network's organisational chart was found in Khan's home.[19] In addition to confessing to terrorism planning, Khan admitted terrorism fundraising and possession of the Al Qaeda magazine Inspire.[26]Following his arrest, evidence of Khan’s advanced knowledge in field craft was noted, highlighting his significant role within the group.[27] In 2012, he was sentenced to imprisonment for public protection and an indeterminate period in prison with a minimum term of eight years,[28][29][30] reflecting the judge’s assessment of Khan and his associates from Stoke-on-Trent as exceptionally committed jihadists operating at a level of seriousness and effectiveness above that of their co-defendants.[12]","title":"2010 arrest and 2012 terrorism conviction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indefinite imprisonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_imprisonment"},{"link_name":"Lord Justice Leveson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Justice_Leveson"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leveson-20"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Belmarsh Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmarsh_Prison"},{"link_name":"standard licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_on_licence"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Stafford Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc50653191-34"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PosterBoy-12"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20191201telegraph-35"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokesentinel3609481-3"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirror21076852-36"},{"link_name":"CTC Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTC_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"another recent terrorism recidivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Streatham_stabbing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PosterBoy-12"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTCSentinel2020-04-37"}],"text":"Khan was originally sentenced to indefinite imprisonment for public safety. This sentence, however, was overturned in 2013 when Khan, alongside Nazam Hussain and Mohammed Shahjahan, appealed. The Court of Appeal, led by Lord Justice Leveson, re-evaluated the perceived threat level of these individuals compared to their co-defendants, resulting in a reduced sentence of 16 years with eligibility for automatic release after eight.[20][31] Upon completion of this term, Khan was released from Belmarsh Prison in December 2018 under standard licence conditions, which included probation supervision.[32] Stafford Borough Council, with support from multiple agencies, arranged suitable housing following his release.[33]During his imprisonment, Khan engaged in the Healthy Identity Intervention Programme, aimed at rehabilitating terrorism offenders. This participation continued post-release with the Desistance and Disengagement Programme, focusing on tackling terrorism's root causes.[34][12] Khan's involvement in these programmes led to his recognition as a rehabilitation \"success story\" by a Cambridge University programme, culminating in a case study feature.[35][3] Khan would later tragically kill two individuals associated with the Cambridge University programme.[36] Following these events, discussions emerged regarding the potential overestimation of recidivism fears, with a paper published by the CTC Sentinel in April 2020 described Khan and another recent terrorism recidivist as an atypical example, noting a recidivism rate of less than 5% among terrorists.[12][37]","title":"Rehabilitation and release from prison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20191211theguardian-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20191208thetimes-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20191210theguardian-41"},{"link_name":"electronic tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_tagging"},{"link_name":"suicide jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_belt"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sky11874010-42"}],"text":"The terms of Khan's temporary release licence did not allow for travel to London; special permission would have been needed for him to participate in Cambridge University's Learning Together \"Five Year Celebration\" on the day he carried out the stabbing.[38][39] Khan sat quietly during the celebration event, attending storytelling and writing workshops; even giving feedback on one.[40] He then stabbed two Learning Together organisers in the chest,[41] killing them, and injured three other people. He was wearing an electronic tag and a fake suicide jacket when he was shot following the stabbing.[42]","title":"2019 attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"janazah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_funeral"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20191206foxnews-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokesentinel3615992-44"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20191206telegraph-45"},{"link_name":"Stoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailystar21071657-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Following his death, Khan's body was taken to a mosque in Birmingham, for a ritual janazah Muslim funerary ceremony.[43] The body was then flown to Islamabad.[44] Khan's burial took place in Kajlani in Kashmir.[45]\"Usman Khan Call 4 Justice\" graffiti in support of Khan appeared on multiple walls in his Stoke hometown in the week following his death.[46][47]","title":"Burial and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Muhajiroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhajiroun"},{"link_name":"Anjem Choudary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjem_Choudary"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirror20993589-48"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_profile-49"},{"link_name":"deradicaliser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deradicaliser"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Khan had previously been connected to Al-Muhajiroun, the group led by Anjem Choudary.[29][48][30] He was said to be inspired by Al-Qaeda.[49] Khan's solicitor Vajahat Sharif claimed that Khan had become disillusioned with Al-Muhajiroun and that during his prison sentence he had repeatedly requested the help of a deradicaliser, to no avail. Sharif said that in 2018 Khan appeared to be rehabilitated, and that he may have been \"re-groomed\" by extremists after his release.[50]","title":"Links to terror group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent9227241-52"},{"link_name":"parole board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole_board"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-51"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leveson-20"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-51"}],"text":"In 2012, after being convicted of offences related to a plot to bomb the London Stock Exchange, Khan was sentenced to be kept in prison for an indeterminate time. This meant that he could not be released whilst he was still considered to be a danger to the public. Following an appeal in 2013, his indeterminate sentence was quashed, and in its place he was given a 16-year prison sentence, which meant he would be entitled to automatic release on licence after having served eight years.[51] Questions were also raised about the level of monitoring he was subject to by the authorities responsible after his release.[51][52] The parole board confirmed that it had no involvement in deciding when Khan was released from prison, saying Khan \"appears to have been released automatically on licence\" even though he had a \"serious long-term plan\" and a commitment to terrorism.[51][20]Chris Phillips, former head of the UK National Counter Terrorism Security Office, commented the justice system was \"playing Russian roulette\" with the lives of the public. Phillips commented that the original trial judge \"wanted this man in prison for a very very long time\", and described Khan's release as \"quite incredible\". Paul Gibson, former head of counter-terrorism at the UK Ministry of Defence, supported the criticism, commenting on the release: \"A lot of people will find that extraordinary.\"[51]","title":"Political and social debate"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"De Simone, Daniel (30 November 2019). \"What we know about the London Bridge attacker\". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50611788","url_text":"\"What we know about the London Bridge attacker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Usman Khan: The suspected terrorist behind the London Bridge attacks\". Gulf News. 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gulfnews.com/world/europe/usman-khan-the-suspected-terrorist-behind-the-london-bridge-attacks-1.1575100615646","url_text":"\"Usman Khan: The suspected terrorist behind the London Bridge attacks\""}]},{"reference":"McInnes, Kathie (6 December 2019). \"How London Bridge murderer Usman Khan's radicalisation began in Stoke-on-Trent\". stokesentinel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/were-going-carry-until-last-3609481","url_text":"\"How London Bridge murderer Usman Khan's radicalisation began in Stoke-on-Trent\""}]},{"reference":"\"LATEST: London Bridge terror attack\". United Kingdom: Metropolitan Police.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.met.police.uk/news/latest-london-bridge-terror-attack-388803","url_text":"\"LATEST: London Bridge terror attack\""}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Dean (2 December 2019). \"Usman Khan: why the London Bridge attack terrorist was released from prison\". iNews. Retrieved 3 December 2019. The son of parents from the disputed region of Kashmir in Pakistan","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/news/usman-khan-london-bridge-attack-terrorist-released-prison-stoke-1329189","url_text":"\"Usman Khan: why the London Bridge attack terrorist was released from prison\""}]},{"reference":"Ali Shah, Murtaza (30 November 2019). \"Usman Khan had no relation with Pakistan\". Geo TV. Retrieved 3 December 2019. Usman Khan was born in Stoke-on-Trent to working-class immigrant parents from Azad Kashmir.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geo.tv/latest/259396-exposed-indian-media-lied-about-terrorist-usman-khan-to-malign-pakistan","url_text":"\"Usman Khan had no relation with Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"Burnett, Tom (30 November 2019). \"London Bridge attack suspect from Stoke-on-Trent – police confirm\". The Sentinel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/london-bridge-suspected-attacker-stoke-3595210","url_text":"\"London Bridge attack suspect from Stoke-on-Trent – police confirm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sentinel_(Staffordshire)","url_text":"The Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Mark; Iqbal, Nosheen (30 November 2019). \"'We don't understand how Usman Khan ended up like this'\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/30/usman-khan-cobridge-stoke-on-trent-neighbours-shock","url_text":"\"'We don't understand how Usman Khan ended up like this'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"London Bridge Attacker Named as Usman Khan: Police\". Newsweek Pakistan. 30 November 2019. Khan spent some time in Pakistan in his late teens","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/london-bridge-attacker-named-as-usman-khan-police/","url_text":"\"London Bridge Attacker Named as Usman Khan: Police\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Terrorism Acts in 2012: report of the Independent Reviewer\" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/243472/9780108512629.pdf","url_text":"\"The Terrorism Acts in 2012: report of the Independent Reviewer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Usman Khan profile: terrorist who wanted to bomb London Stock Exchange\". The Guardian. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/30/usman-khan-profile-terrorist-who-wanted-to-bomb-london-stock-exchange","url_text":"\"Usman Khan profile: terrorist who wanted to bomb London Stock Exchange\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Harper; Jon Ungoed-Thomas; Caroline Wheeler (1 December 2019). \"London Bridge attack: poster boy for rehabilitation. And killer\". The Times. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/london-bridge-attack-poster-boy-for-rehabilitation-and-killer-wx9blb6n6","url_text":"\"London Bridge attack: poster boy for rehabilitation. And killer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"London Bridge: Who was the attacker?\". BBC News. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50611788","url_text":"\"London Bridge: Who was the attacker?\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I ain't no terrorist' Usman Khan says in resurfaced BBC interview from 2008 \| Watch News Videos Online\". Global News.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/video/6239026/i-aint-no-terrorist-usman-khan-says-in-resurfaced-bbc-interview-from-2008/","url_text":"\"'I ain't no terrorist' Usman Khan says in resurfaced BBC interview from 2008 \| Watch News Videos Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who was Usman Khan?\". The Daily Telegraph. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/30/usman-khan-attacker-hoodwinked-authorities-fulfill-terrorism/","url_text":"\"Who was Usman Khan?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke-on-Trent terrorist Usman Khan described Osama Bin Laden as 'beautiful'\". The Sentinel. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. He had recently returned from Pakistan and we draw the inference that he had been there and he was going back there within a few weeks","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/stoke-trent-terrorist-usman-khan-3595611","url_text":"\"Stoke-on-Trent terrorist Usman Khan described Osama Bin Laden as 'beautiful'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sentinel_(Staffordshire)","url_text":"The Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Simon Israel (27 December 2010). \"Christmas 'terror plot' targeted London landmarks\". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191004043431/https://www.channel4.com/news/anti-terror-raids-nine-men-charged","url_text":"\"Christmas 'terror plot' targeted London landmarks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4","url_text":"Channel 4"},{"url":"https://www.channel4.com/news/anti-terror-raids-nine-men-charged","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Caroline Gammell (27 December 2010). \"Christmas bomb plot: nine men remanded over plan to 'blow up Big Ben and Westminster Abbey'\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191025181228/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8227193/Christmas-bomb-plot-nine-men-remanded-over-plan-to-blow-up-Big-Ben-and-Westminster-Abbey.html","url_text":"\"Christmas bomb plot: nine men remanded over plan to 'blow up Big Ben and Westminster Abbey'\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8227193/Christmas-bomb-plot-nine-men-remanded-over-plan-to-blow-up-Big-Ben-and-Westminster-Abbey.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Duncan Gardham (1 February 2012). \"Terrorists admit plot to bomb London Stock Exchange and US Embassy\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/9053681/Terrorists-admit-plot-to-bomb-London-Stock-Exchange-and-US-Embassy.html","url_text":"\"Terrorists admit plot to bomb London Stock Exchange and US Embassy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why was London Bridge attacker Usman Khan released?\". Evening Express. Press Association. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/news/uk/why-was-london-bridge-attacker-usman-khan-released/","url_text":"\"Why was London Bridge attacker Usman Khan released?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terrorism gang jailed for plotting to blow up London Stock Exchange\". The Telegraph. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/9072455/Terrorism-gang-jailed-for-plotting-to-blow-up-London-Stock-Exchange.html","url_text":"\"Terrorism gang jailed for plotting to blow up London Stock Exchange\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terror group members who planned to bomb London Stock Exchange jailed\". The Guardian. Press Association. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2019. It was envisaged by them all that ultimately they and the other recruits may return to the UK as trained and experienced terrorists available to perform terrorist attacks in this country.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/feb/09/terror-group-london-stock-exchange-jailed","url_text":"\"Terror group members who planned to bomb London Stock Exchange jailed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan training camp discussed in secret recording\". BBC News. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16932224","url_text":"\"Pakistan training camp discussed in secret recording\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Stock Exchange bomb plot admitted by four men\". BBC News. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16833032","url_text":"\"London Stock Exchange bomb plot admitted by four men\""}]},{"reference":"Shah, Murtaza Ali (30 November 2019). \"FACTCHECK: Usman Khan had no relation with Pakistan\". Geo.tv. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geo.tv/latest/259396-exposed-indian-media-lied-about-terrorist-usman-khan-to-malign-pakistan","url_text":"\"FACTCHECK: Usman Khan had no relation with Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Hannon; Stephen Fidler (30 November 2019). \"Attack by Convicted Terrorist Prompts U.K. to Review Sentencing\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/attack-by-convicted-terrorist-prompts-u-k-to-review-sentencing-11575128129","url_text":"\"Attack by Convicted Terrorist Prompts U.K. to Review Sentencing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Mark; Iqbal, Nosheen (30 November 2019). \"'We don't understand how Usman Khan ended up like this'\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/30/usman-khan-cobridge-stoke-on-trent-neighbours-shock","url_text":"\"'We don't understand how Usman Khan ended up like this'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine jailed over bomb plot and terror camp plan\". BBC News. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16968518","url_text":"\"Nine jailed over bomb plot and terror camp plan\""}]},{"reference":"Wahlquist, Calla; Rawlinson, Kevin; Weaver, Matthew; Dodd, Vikram; Dodd, Vikram (30 November 2019). \"London Bridge attacker named as Usman Khan, 28 – live updates\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/live/2019/nov/29/london-bridge-incident-police-city","url_text":"\"London Bridge attacker named as Usman Khan, 28 – live updates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Gemma Fox (30 November 2019). \"London Bridge attacker is named by police\". The Independent. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-bridge-attacker-identity-usman-khan-attack-stabbing-incident-latest-a9227076.html","url_text":"\"London Bridge attacker is named by police\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Bird, Steve (30 November 2019). \"Leveson ruling opened the door to killer's early release\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/30/leveson-ruling-opened-door-killers-early-release/","url_text":"\"Leveson ruling opened the door to killer's early release\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Chief Coroner of England & Wales (3 November 2021). \"Fishmongers Hall Inquests Prevention of Future Deaths report\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Fishmongers-Hall-Inquests-Prevention-of-future-deaths-report-2021-0362_Published-by-Chief-Coroner.pdf","url_text":"\"Fishmongers Hall Inquests Prevention of Future Deaths report\""}]},{"reference":"Guttridge, Richard. \"'Multiple agencies' allowed London Bridge killer Usman Khan to live in Stafford\". Express & Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/crime/2019/12/05/multiple-agencies-allowed-london-bridge-killer-usman-khan-to-live-in-stafford/","url_text":"\"'Multiple agencies' allowed London Bridge killer Usman Khan to live in Stafford\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Bridge: Usman Khan completed untested rehabilitation scheme\". BBC News. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50653191","url_text":"\"London Bridge: Usman Khan completed untested rehabilitation scheme\""}]},{"reference":"Hayley Dixon; Victoria Ward; Greg Wilford (1 December 2019). \"London bridge attacker was poster boy for rehab scheme he targeted\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/01/london-bridge-attacker-poster-boy-rehab-scheme-targeted/","url_text":"\"London bridge attacker was poster boy for rehab scheme he targeted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Family of 'caring' London Bridge attack victim Saskia Jones tell of 'devastation'\". Daily Mirror. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Mr Merritt said that his son had helped Khan, adding: \"I can't imagine how someone who had been befriended and helped by someone like Jack could then, in a fairly calculated way, kill them.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/family-london-bridge-attack-victim-21076852","url_text":"\"Family of 'caring' London Bridge attack victim Saskia Jones tell of 'devastation'\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas Renard (April 2020). \"Overblown: Exploring the Gap Between the Fear of Terrorist Recidivism and the Evidence\". CTC Sentinel. 13 (4). Retrieved 28 April 2020. This was approved despite evidence that Khan and Amman are more likely to be eye-catching outliers than a harbinger of things to come. Indeed, according to recently released figures, only six terrorist offenders have been reconvicted of a further terrorist offense in England and Wales, out of 196 offenders released between January 2013 and December 2019 (3%).","urls":[{"url":"https://ctc.usma.edu/overblown-exploring-the-gap-between-the-fear-of-terrorist-recidivism-and-the-evidence/","url_text":"\"Overblown: Exploring the Gap Between the Fear of Terrorist Recidivism and the Evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTC_Sentinel","url_text":"CTC Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Martin Evans; Steve Bird; Greg Wilford (30 November 2019). \"Who was Usman Khan? The attacker who hoodwinked authorities to fulfil his terrorism dream of targeting London\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/30/usman-khan-attacker-hoodwinked-authorities-fulfill-terrorism/","url_text":"\"Who was Usman Khan? The attacker who hoodwinked authorities to fulfil his terrorism dream of targeting London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tributes paid to 'brilliant' London Bridge attack victim Saskia Jones\". The Guardian. 11 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/11/london-bridge-attack-victim-saskia-jones-family","url_text":"\"Tributes paid to 'brilliant' London Bridge attack victim Saskia Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Sian Griffiths; Joe Cook (8 December 2019). \"London Bridge attack: 'The killer sat feet away from me. Now I fear for the scheme that helped me go straight'\". The Times. Retrieved 9 December 2019. Khan sat quietly through the morning session and took part in storytelling and writing workshops. \"He was unremarkable. I know that in one of the workshops he responded to one of the questions on the feedback,\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/london-bridge-attack-the-killer-sat-feet-away-from-me-now-i-fear-for-the-scheme-that-helped-me-go-straight-3pxnmtgvc","url_text":"\"London Bridge attack: 'The killer sat feet away from me. Now I fear for the scheme that helped me go straight'\""}]},{"reference":"Jamie Grierson (10 December 2019). \"Islamist extremism remains dominant UK terror threat, say experts\". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December 2019. An inquest heard they had been stabbed in the chest","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/10/islamist-extremism-remains-dominant-uk-terror-threat-say-experts","url_text":"\"Islamist extremism remains dominant UK terror threat, say experts\""}]},{"reference":"Alison Chung. \"London Bridge terror: Attacker named as convicted terrorist Usman Khan\". Sky News. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/london-bridge-terror-suspect-named-by-police-11874010","url_text":"\"London Bridge terror: Attacker named as convicted terrorist Usman Khan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News","url_text":"Sky News"}]},{"reference":"David Aaro (6 December 2019). \"London Bridge attacker's body flown to Pakistan for burial: report\". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 7 December 2019. A pre-burial ritual called Janaza took place at a mosque in Birmingham","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/world/london-bridge-attacker-body-pakistan.amp","url_text":"\"London Bridge attacker's body flown to Pakistan for burial: report\""}]},{"reference":"James Rodger; Matt Simpson (6 December 2019). \"Body of London Bridge terrorist Usman Khan flown to Pakistan for burial\". The Sentinel. Retrieved 8 December 2019. Officials at Islamabad International Airport confirmed to Sky News Usman Khan's body arrived at the Pakistani capital today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/body-london-bridge-terrorist-usman-3615992","url_text":"\"Body of London Bridge terrorist Usman Khan flown to Pakistan for burial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sentinel_(Staffordshire)","url_text":"The Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Charles Hymas; Ben Farmer (6 December 2019). \"London Bridge terrorist Usman Khan is buried in family village in Pakistan after UK backlash\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 December 2019. his funeral, in the 3,000-strong village of Kajlani at 4 pm local time had been attended by a \"large number\" of people.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/06/london-bridge-terrorist-usman-khan-buried-family-village-pakistan/","url_text":"\"London Bridge terrorist Usman Khan is buried in family village in Pakistan after UK backlash\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Shocking\" graffiti supporting London Bridge terrorist Usman Khan has emerged in Stoke-on-Trent\". ITV News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/central/2019-12-11/shocking-graffiti-supporting-london-bridge-terrorist-has-emerged-in-stoke-on-trent/","url_text":"\"\"Shocking\" graffiti supporting London Bridge terrorist Usman Khan has emerged in Stoke-on-Trent\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Hayley; Davies, Ruby (11 December 2019). \"Vile graffiti supporting terrorist Usman Khan daubed on estate where he grew up\". stokesentinel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/usman-khan-terrorist-graffiti-cobridge-3627637","url_text":"\"Vile graffiti supporting terrorist Usman Khan daubed on estate where he grew up\""}]},{"reference":"Mann, Tanveer (30 November 2019). \"London Bridge attacker who left two dead named as 28-year-old Usman Khan\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/breaking-london-bridge-attacker-named-20993589","url_text":"\"London Bridge attacker who left two dead named as 28-year-old Usman Khan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"Usman Khan profile: terrorist who wanted to bomb London Stock Exchange\". The Guardian. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/30/usman-khan-profile-terrorist-who-wanted-to-bomb-london-stock-exchange","url_text":"\"Usman Khan profile: terrorist who wanted to bomb London Stock Exchange\""}]},{"reference":"Dodd, Vikram (30 November 2019). \"London Bridge attacker had asked for help to deradicalise – lawyer\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/30/london-bridge-attacker-had-asked-for-help-to-deradicalise-lawyer","url_text":"\"London Bridge attacker had asked for help to deradicalise – lawyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boris Johnson under pressure to explain why a convicted terrorist was released early to commit London bridge attack\". The Independent. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/london-bridge-attack-usman-khan-release-prison-boris-johnson-terror-attack-a9227241.html","url_text":"\"Boris Johnson under pressure to explain why a convicted terrorist was released early to commit London bridge attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Usman Khan: Boris Johnson under pressure to explain why convicted terrorist was released early to commit London bridge attack\". Telegraph UK. 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/london-bridge-attack-usman-khan-release-prison-boris-johnson-terror-attack-a9227241.html","url_text":"\"Usman Khan: Boris Johnson under pressure to explain why convicted terrorist was released early to commit London bridge attack\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50611788","external_links_name":"\"What we know about the London Bridge attacker\""},{"Link":"https://gulfnews.com/world/europe/usman-khan-the-suspected-terrorist-behind-the-london-bridge-attacks-1.1575100615646","external_links_name":"\"Usman Khan: The suspected terrorist behind the London Bridge attacks\""},{"Link":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/were-going-carry-until-last-3609481","external_links_name":"\"How London Bridge murderer Usman Khan's radicalisation began in Stoke-on-Trent\""},{"Link":"http://news.met.police.uk/news/latest-london-bridge-terror-attack-388803","external_links_name":"\"LATEST: London Bridge terror attack\""},{"Link":"https://inews.co.uk/news/usman-khan-london-bridge-attack-terrorist-released-prison-stoke-1329189","external_links_name":"\"Usman Khan: why the London Bridge attack terrorist was released from prison\""},{"Link":"https://www.geo.tv/latest/259396-exposed-indian-media-lied-about-terrorist-usman-khan-to-malign-pakistan","external_links_name":"\"Usman Khan had no relation with Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/london-bridge-suspected-attacker-stoke-3595210","external_links_name":"\"London Bridge attack suspect from Stoke-on-Trent – police confirm\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/30/usman-khan-cobridge-stoke-on-trent-neighbours-shock","external_links_name":"\"'We don't understand how Usman Khan ended up like this'\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/london-bridge-attacker-named-as-usman-khan-police/","external_links_name":"\"London Bridge Attacker Named as Usman Khan: Police\""},{"Link":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/243472/9780108512629.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Terrorism Acts in 2012: report of the Independent Reviewer\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/30/usman-khan-profile-terrorist-who-wanted-to-bomb-london-stock-exchange","external_links_name":"\"Usman Khan profile: terrorist who wanted to bomb London Stock Exchange\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/london-bridge-attack-poster-boy-for-rehabilitation-and-killer-wx9blb6n6","external_links_name":"\"London Bridge attack: poster boy for rehabilitation. And killer\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50611788","external_links_name":"\"London Bridge: Who was the attacker?\""},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/video/6239026/i-aint-no-terrorist-usman-khan-says-in-resurfaced-bbc-interview-from-2008/","external_links_name":"\"'I ain't no terrorist' Usman Khan says in resurfaced BBC interview from 2008 \| Watch News Videos Online\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/30/usman-khan-attacker-hoodwinked-authorities-fulfill-terrorism/","external_links_name":"\"Who was Usman Khan?\""},{"Link":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/stoke-trent-terrorist-usman-khan-3595611","external_links_name":"\"Stoke-on-Trent terrorist Usman Khan described Osama Bin Laden as 'beautiful'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191004043431/https://www.channel4.com/news/anti-terror-raids-nine-men-charged","external_links_name":"\"Christmas 'terror plot' targeted London landmarks\""},{"Link":"https://www.channel4.com/news/anti-terror-raids-nine-men-charged","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191025181228/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8227193/Christmas-bomb-plot-nine-men-remanded-over-plan-to-blow-up-Big-Ben-and-Westminster-Abbey.html","external_links_name":"\"Christmas bomb plot: nine men remanded over plan to 'blow up Big Ben and Westminster Abbey'\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8227193/Christmas-bomb-plot-nine-men-remanded-over-plan-to-blow-up-Big-Ben-and-Westminster-Abbey.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/9053681/Terrorists-admit-plot-to-bomb-London-Stock-Exchange-and-US-Embassy.html","external_links_name":"\"Terrorists admit plot to bomb London Stock Exchange and US Embassy\""},{"Link":"https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/news/uk/why-was-london-bridge-attacker-usman-khan-released/","external_links_name":"\"Why was London Bridge attacker Usman Khan released?\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/9072455/Terrorism-gang-jailed-for-plotting-to-blow-up-London-Stock-Exchange.html","external_links_name":"\"Terrorism gang jailed for plotting to blow up London Stock Exchange\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/feb/09/terror-group-london-stock-exchange-jailed","external_links_name":"\"Terror group members who planned to bomb London Stock Exchange jailed\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16932224","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan training camp discussed in secret recording\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16833032","external_links_name":"\"London Stock Exchange bomb plot admitted by four men\""},{"Link":"https://www.geo.tv/latest/259396-exposed-indian-media-lied-about-terrorist-usman-khan-to-malign-pakistan","external_links_name":"\"FACTCHECK: Usman Khan had no relation with Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/attack-by-convicted-terrorist-prompts-u-k-to-review-sentencing-11575128129","external_links_name":"\"Attack by Convicted Terrorist Prompts U.K. to Review Sentencing\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/30/usman-khan-cobridge-stoke-on-trent-neighbours-shock","external_links_name":"\"'We don't understand how Usman Khan ended up like this'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16968518","external_links_name":"\"Nine jailed over bomb plot and terror camp plan\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/live/2019/nov/29/london-bridge-incident-police-city","external_links_name":"\"London Bridge attacker named as Usman Khan, 28 – live updates\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-bridge-attacker-identity-usman-khan-attack-stabbing-incident-latest-a9227076.html","external_links_name":"\"London Bridge attacker is named by police\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/30/leveson-ruling-opened-door-killers-early-release/","external_links_name":"\"Leveson ruling opened the door to killer's early release\""},{"Link":"https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Fishmongers-Hall-Inquests-Prevention-of-future-deaths-report-2021-0362_Published-by-Chief-Coroner.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fishmongers Hall Inquests Prevention of Future Deaths report\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/crime/2019/12/05/multiple-agencies-allowed-london-bridge-killer-usman-khan-to-live-in-stafford/","external_links_name":"\"'Multiple agencies' allowed London Bridge killer Usman Khan to live in Stafford\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50653191","external_links_name":"\"London Bridge: Usman Khan completed untested rehabilitation scheme\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/01/london-bridge-attacker-poster-boy-rehab-scheme-targeted/","external_links_name":"\"London bridge attacker was poster boy for rehab scheme he targeted\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/family-london-bridge-attack-victim-21076852","external_links_name":"\"Family of 'caring' London Bridge attack victim Saskia Jones tell of 'devastation'\""},{"Link":"https://ctc.usma.edu/overblown-exploring-the-gap-between-the-fear-of-terrorist-recidivism-and-the-evidence/","external_links_name":"\"Overblown: Exploring the Gap Between the Fear of Terrorist Recidivism and the Evidence\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/30/usman-khan-attacker-hoodwinked-authorities-fulfill-terrorism/","external_links_name":"\"Who was Usman Khan? The attacker who hoodwinked authorities to fulfil his terrorism dream of targeting London\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/11/london-bridge-attack-victim-saskia-jones-family","external_links_name":"\"Tributes paid to 'brilliant' London Bridge attack victim Saskia Jones\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/london-bridge-attack-the-killer-sat-feet-away-from-me-now-i-fear-for-the-scheme-that-helped-me-go-straight-3pxnmtgvc","external_links_name":"\"London Bridge attack: 'The killer sat feet away from me. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare	List of compositions by Juan María Solare	["1 References","2 External links"]	This is a selected list of works by composer and pianist Juan María Solare, with details as appropriate. Ligia Lieder (1993–94) Arriba los de abajo (Above those who are below) - It consists of seven pieces for Trio Basso (viola, violoncello and doublebass). (Cologne and Stuttgart, 18 May to 20 November 1998). It is dedicated to Heidrun Kiegel. Third prize in the composition contest of the "Viola Foundation Walter Witte" (Frankfurt) in May 2001. Premiered on 12 October 2002 during the German Viola Days at the Musikakademie in Trossigen by the Trio Basso (Othello Liesmann, Wolfgang Güttler). Black Bart - Black Bart is a musical theater study, for one preferably long-haired female singer. Texts from Charles E. Bolton. (Buenos Aires, May 1993 and Köln, February 1995) . 4 pages. It is dedicated to Ligia Liberatori and was performed by her on 17 July 2001, in the Aula 2 of the University in Cologne. Diez Estudios Escénicos (Ten scenic Etudes) is a musical work for the stage by Juan María Solare. It was composed at Cologne (Germany) and Mollina (Spain), June–July 1996, and is 20'00" in length, without text. For two actors, one actress, diverse objects and instrumental sextet: violin, doublebass, horn, bass clarinet, vibraphone and piano. It is dedicated to Mauricio Kagel. Epiclesis FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) Gestenstücke Panther - Panther is a speech composition as electronic sounds (electronic music), after a text by Rainer Maria Rilke ("Der Panther"). Commissioned by the "Work-Group in Theater-Dance" (Tanztheater ArbeitsGemeinschaft) from the secondary school "Herder-Gymnasium", in Cologne (group conducted by Ligia Liberatori). The piece would be used for a choreography of the ensemble "Katastrophe Ballet". This composition was designed in Darmstadt and made in Cologne, in the studio of the composer, based on sound-samples of Ligia Liberatori (voice), Holger Müller-Hartmann (fagot), Gustavo Fontes (doublebass), Damian Zangger (tuba); and the voices of the pupils, in April and May 2001. Pasaje Seaver Passacaglia über Heidelberg Point of No Return Pope Schwächen Seis bagatelas Solidità della nebbia Two Still Lives in Free Fall Veinticinco de agosto, 1983 Zugzwang - It is subtitled "Fifteen authentic miniatures about the strategy of chess" for quartet: violin (or flute), alto saxophone (or clarinet), double bass (or cello) and piano (or synthesizer). Cologne, 29 January - 6 February 1999. . Zugzwang is where a player (especially in chess) is forced to make a disadvantageous move because it is their turn. The work is dedicated to the chess grandmaster Lothar Schmid. References ^ "Works by Juan María Solare" (PDF). juanmariasolare.com. 31 December 2016. p. 6. Retrieved 23 August 2019. External links "Juan María Solare" Works Catalogue, page 63 from University of Bremen 60x60 (2003) Concert Program Capstone Records 60x60 (2003) CD 60x60 (2003) Concert Program vteJuan María SolareStage works Diez Estudios Escénicos Gestenstücke Veinticinco de agosto, 1983 Chamber music Arriba los de abajo FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) Passacaglia über Heidelberg Seis bagatelas Zugzwang Other compositions Black Bart Epiclesis Panther Pasaje Seaver Point of No Return Pope Schwächen Solidità della nebbia Two Still Lives in Free Fall Recordings Tango Monologues Himmelsrichtungen Related articles Enigmatic scale List of compositions by Juan María Solare Category:Compositions by Juan María Solare	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Heidrun Kiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heidrun_Kiegel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles E. 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(Cologne and Stuttgart, 18 May to 20 November 1998). [11'35\"] It is dedicated to Heidrun Kiegel. Third prize in the composition contest of the \"Viola Foundation Walter Witte\" (Frankfurt) in May 2001. Premiered on 12 October 2002 during the German Viola Days at the Musikakademie in Trossigen by the Trio Basso (Othello Liesmann, Wolfgang Güttler).\nBlack Bart - Black Bart is a musical theater study, for one preferably long-haired female singer. Texts from Charles E. Bolton. (Buenos Aires, May 1993 and Köln, February 1995) [1'10\"]. 4 pages. It is dedicated to Ligia Liberatori and was performed by her on 17 July 2001, in the Aula 2 of the University in Cologne.\nDiez Estudios Escénicos (Ten scenic Etudes) is a musical work for the stage by Juan María Solare. It was composed at Cologne (Germany) and Mollina (Spain), June–July 1996, and is 20'00\" in length, without text. For two actors, one actress, diverse objects and instrumental sextet: violin, doublebass, horn, bass clarinet, vibraphone and piano. It is dedicated to Mauricio Kagel.\nEpiclesis\nFAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)\nGestenstücke\nPanther - Panther is a speech composition as electronic sounds (electronic music), after a text by Rainer Maria Rilke (\"Der Panther\"). Commissioned by the \"Work-Group in Theater-Dance\" (Tanztheater ArbeitsGemeinschaft) from the secondary school \"Herder-Gymnasium\", in Cologne (group conducted by Ligia Liberatori). The piece would be used for a choreography of the ensemble \"Katastrophe Ballet\". This composition was designed in Darmstadt and made in Cologne, in the studio of the composer, based on sound-samples of Ligia Liberatori (voice), Holger Müller-Hartmann (fagot), Gustavo Fontes (doublebass), Damian Zangger (tuba); and the voices of the pupils, in April and May 2001. [7'00\"]\nPasaje Seaver\nPassacaglia über Heidelberg\nPoint of No Return\nPope\nSchwächen\nSeis bagatelas\nSolidità della nebbia\nTwo Still Lives in Free Fall\nVeinticinco de agosto, 1983\nZugzwang - It is subtitled \"Fifteen authentic miniatures about the strategy of chess\" for quartet: violin (or flute), alto saxophone (or clarinet), double bass (or cello) and piano (or synthesizer). Cologne, 29 January - 6 February 1999. [3'15\" in length]. Zugzwang is where a player (especially in chess) is forced to make a disadvantageous move because it is their turn. The work is dedicated to the chess grandmaster Lothar Schmid.[1]","title":"List of compositions by Juan María Solare"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Works by Juan María Solare\" (PDF). juanmariasolare.com. 31 December 2016. p. 6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter_(TMNT)	Splinter (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)	["1 Mirage Comics, original films, 2003 cartoon, 2023 film","2 1987 animated series","3 Coming Out of Their Shells tour","4 Archie TMNT Adventures comics","5 2012 animated series","6 IDW comics and 2014 film","7 2018 animated series","8 Appearance","9 Personality","10 Portrayal","11 Video games","12 References"]	Fictional mutant rat and martial arts instructor of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2021) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (October 2021) Fictional character SplinterTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characterArtwork by series co-creator Kevin Eastman.First appearanceTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1 (May 1984)Created byKevin EastmanPeter LairdIn-universe informationSpeciesMutant street ratAffiliationTeenage Mutant Ninja TurtlesWeaponWooden CaneChildrenLeonardo, Raphael, Donatello, and Michelangelo (adoptive sons)Miwa/Karai (daughter; 2012 series)OriginOsaka, JapanResidenceNew York Sewers, United StatesAbilities Mastery of ninjutsu High intellect Keen sense of smell Stealth mastery Splinter, often referred to as Master Splinter or Sensei by his students/sons, is a fictional character from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics and all related media. A mutant rat, he is the grave and stoic sage of the Turtles, their ninjutsu and martial arts instructor, and their adoptive father. The character was originally a parody of the Marvel Comics character Stick. Mirage Comics, original films, 2003 cartoon, 2023 film In both the original comics and the live-action movies, Splinter is a pet of a ninja named Hamato Yoshi in Japan, and uniquely intelligent for his species. Yoshi becomes embroiled in a deadly dispute with a fellow ninja by the name of Oroku Nagi and is eventually murdered in turn by Nagi's brother, Oroku Saki, as revenge for his brother's death. However, in the 1990 film and 2003 TV series Nagi is removed entirely. Additionally, in the 1990 film, Splinter escapes from his cage during the murder, and attacks Saki, clawing at his face. Saki, in turn, slices his ear off. It is suggested that this mutilation is the reason Saki took the Shredder disguise to hide the scars. In contrast, in the 2003 TMNT cartoon series, it was Hun's face which Splinter clawed. Without a home, Splinter is forced to run away and live in New York City's sewers. Due to a traffic accident, four baby turtles and a canister of mutagenic ooze are sent down into the sewer. The canister mutates both Splinter and the turtles; it also enhances the former's already sophisticated intellect. Splinter names the four turtles Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo (after a book on Renaissance artists that he found in a storm drain) and trains them in the arts of ninjutsu so that they can avenge his dead master while raising them as his own sons, as well as educating them. In the 2003 TMNT cartoon, he possesses a significant reputation as a ninja master; in a multi-part episode, he is revealed to be a champion of the Battle Nexus, a multi-dimension-spanning contest where the greatest combatants of various dimensions come together to fight each other for the title of Battle Nexus Champion. When the Turtles learn of the Battle Nexus, they participate as well, resulting in Splinter forfeiting when called upon to fight Michelangelo, as he wishes to allow his sons the opportunity to fight where he succeeded in the past. In the episode "Tempus Fugit", Splinter and the Turtles, who time-traveled into the future, are sent back to the present time, but the villain, Viral, blasts Splinter with a decompiler ray that scatters his bits all over the internet. While Splinter was not seen much in the "Back to the Sewers" season, the focus of those episodes is the Turtles' efforts to find Splinter's data bits by traveling all over cyberspace. Splinter is restored in the final episode and helps defeat the Cyber Shredder. In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, much like the 2014 film, he is not Hamato Yoshi, nor is he connected to him in any way. But like the Mirage comics, he is exposed to mutagen in the sewer and not experimented on. He was a street rat that hated humans and went into the sewers to scavenge for food. But instead of food, Splinter found four baby turtles that were covered in green ooze. Splinter rescued the Turtles and got some of the ooze on him, transforming him and the Turtles. After a bad encounter with humans, Splinter decided to learn ninjutsu from online videos and Jackie Chan movies and teach it to his sons. 1987 animated series In the 1987 TMNT cartoon, Splinter and Yoshi are the same person. He is a martial art instructor for the Foot Clan in Japan, and also has a passion for Renaissance art. Yoshi is framed by his rival, Oroku Saki, for trying to murder their common dojo master. Unable to prove his innocence and expelled from the Foot Clan, Splinter moves to New York City, where he lives as a hermit in its sewers and befriends the rats. One day, he comes across four baby turtles which were accidentally dropped by a boy through a sewer grate. Splinter keeps them as pets and treats them like his children. When he finds the turtles near some broken barrels that are oozing glowing pink, later retconned to green, chemical liquid, he tries to clean them with his bare hands. As a result, they are all affected by the leaking chemical, which is a mutagen. The mutagen combines the DNA of living beings who have been in contact. Thus, the turtles, being in a pet store with people touching them, turn into young humanoid turtles. Yoshi, having been in contact with sewer rats, becomes a humanoid rat. Although, Master Splinter did get the chance to be human again in the episode "Splinter No More", but realizes he prefers being with the turtles and had no place as a human anymore. Yoshi raises the turtles by himself and gives them the names of his favorite Renaissance artists: Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Yoshi is given the nickname "Splinter", due to his proficiency at breaking wooden boards, and he teaches them the art of ninjutsu in order to protect themselves. Like many real-life ninja masters, he has a strong sense of honor and follows very strict rules which all four of his students adopt. Master Splinter always has a wise quote or speech for the turtles and often steps in with his ninja skills when the turtles are caught in a, seemingly inescapable, predicament. Master Splinter does not have a father/son relationship with the turtles, as suggested in other versions, but more of a teacher/student bond. Despite not having that father/son relationship with the turtles, Splinter, in the episode "The Old Switcheroo", shows a glimpse of fatherly concern for Leonardo when he is injured by one of Donatello's contraptions. In addition, in Turtles Forever the old 1987 series turtles are surprised when the 2003 series turtles call Splinter "father". However, in the movie, the 2003 series Leonardo comments that it feels right to be with the 1987 Splinter regardless of the differences between the two worlds. Splinter's assurances that he feels the same, coupled with his comment that Leonardo and his brothers will always be welcome there, helps Leonardo see the common similarities between the teams, regardless of their different styles and methods. In the final episode, "Divide and Conquer", Splinter explains to the turtles after they defeated Dregg that they are no longer his students but his equals and they have finally become ninja masters. Coming Out of Their Shells tour The 1990 live action concert tour entitled "Coming Out of Their Shells", saw Splinter described as the rat owned by Hamato Yoshi mutated to a humanoid form, rather than Yoshi himself mutated into a ratlike body, bringing him more in line with the original Mirage Comics incarnation as well as that of the then recently released feature film, which also followed the Mirage origin. In the concert events, he is still the Turtles' mentor in the martial arts, as well as encouraging their musical pursuits, and sings the track Skipping Stones as a solo ballad. He encourages the Turtles as they deal with the Shredder's plot to steal all music in the world, though he does not physically join the battles against Shredder or his foot soldiers. Peter Renaday reprises his role as Splinter's voice in non-musical portions of the event, though the VHS tape of the inaugural show held at Radio City Music Hall leaves him uncredited. Archie TMNT Adventures comics Archie Comics published the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures which began as an adaptation of the 1987 TV series in comic form, though the series eventually deviated from this and began telling its own stories with little to no connection to the original cartoon, effectively becoming a separate continuity. In the comic, they maintained Splinter's human background even when they started publishing original storylines. 2012 animated series In the 2012 series, Splinter is again introduced as Hamato Yoshi, voiced by Hoon Lee. His relationship with Oroku Saki is mostly intact, with the Hamato and Foot Clans later revealed to have had a long-term conflict with each other. Despite being raised as brothers, both Yoshi and Saki become rivals due to their affection for Tang Shen, and Saki wishes to discredit Yoshi in front of her. Yoshi loses his temper by mistake and the altercation forever destroyed their relationship, culminating with Saki learning of his true heritage and starting a battle that burns down the Hamato Clan monastery, indirectly killing Shen and, seemingly, Shen and Yoshi's daughter, Miwa. After moving to New York City, Yoshi has just purchased four pet turtles when he stumbles upon an exchange in an alley between two Kraang droids. Seeking to silence Yoshi before he can share what he has seen, a fight ensues and the canister the droids have been carrying smashes open, splashing both Yoshi and his turtles with a mutagen. As the result of stepping on the tail of a black rat upon entering an alley, Yoshi mutates while the Turtles take on human characteristics. Realizing he can no longer live a normal life, he retreats to the New York sewers where he raises his pets as sons and teaches them ninjutsu. Compared to his earlier counterparts, he is very strict in this series. Splinter's sons, along with their new friend April O'Neil, soon become involved in the conflict with both of Splinter's old enemies, the Shredder and the Kraang. Reluctantly allowing the group to get involved, Splinter appoints Leonardo as their leader and continues to offer counsel and lessons as they engage various foes. Recognizing great sensitivity in April, he begins training her as a kunoichi and comes to regard her with a fatherly fondness. Splinter ventures from his lair on only two occasions. The first is when he falls under the control of the Rat King, who attempts to persuade him to forsake his humanity and embrace the life of a rat. Splinter eventually breaks free with the Turtles' help and defeats the Rat King. The second is when Shredder kidnaps April and lures Splinter to his stronghold for a final confrontation. Splinter overpowers Shredder's men and engages his old foe. Shredder reveals that Splinter's daughter, Miwa, had not died and that Shredder had taken her and raised her as his own. Splinter nearly defeats Shredder, only to be attacked by Miwa; Miwa, whose name is now Karai, has been taught, by Shredder, that Splinter is responsible for her mother's death. As the second season progresses, Splinter tells the turtles about his true relationship with Karai. He is eventually able to convince Karai of the truth about their past, but she subsequently mutates into a snake-like being when Shredder's plan for revenge backfires. Later, Earth is invaded by the Kraang and, in the ensuing battle, much of Splinter's lair is destroyed before Splinter is able to defeat Kraang Sub-Prime. Splinter then leaves the lair to find his missing sons. Splinter again engages Shredder in battle and, seemingly victorious, Splinter prepares to reunite with his sons, April, and Casey Jones, only to be attacked from behind by Shredder and thrown into a sewer drain. He is rescued from drowning by Karai and left in an area of the sewer to recover. At the end of the 3rd season, Splinter asks Shredder for a truce to stop the alien Triceratons. Shredder agrees but at the end of the battle, Shredder kills Splinter. The turtles hold him one last time before they, Casey and April flee with Fugitoid, as he arrives at the very last moment in a spaceship as Earth is sucked into a black hole. When the turtles go through the time and fail to claim all the Black-Hole Generator pieces to help in the battle against the Triceratons and warn Splinter in time to stop Shredder from killing him. Splinter defeats Shredder, somewhat paralyzing him as Tiger Claw takes him away. When Shredder has himself infused with mutagen, he kidnaps Karai and demands her to come. Splinter fights Shredder along with the turtles, and the fight, leading up to rocky crevices and chasms below, Splinter and Shredder fall into a gaping chasm. Shredder's fall stops short as he lands on a rock outcrop as Splinter falls way down. He is still alive but his leg is broken. He sees the Rat King come toward him, seemingly surviving his fall down as well. Meanwhile, the turtles try to find him but Shredder goes after them. Splinter fights the Rat King but soon tumbles down and realizes that his fight with the Rat King was all a hallucination because of his fever he had developed in the chasm. He finds the skeletal remains of the Rat King and Donatello and Michelangelo find him, alive and well. He later attempts to use his healing mantras to help April recover from the influence of the crystal fragment of the mystical Sol Star, and receives a vision of the ancient Aeons themselves but is overpowered by the form of a demonic Aeon. As April becomes possessed by the cosmic entity from within the Sol Star fragment, he attempts to reach her but is contained by April's exceptionally strong telekinesis. Regaining consciousness in the ransacked lair, he warns Donatello to be very careful as that being was not April. When April awakens from her ordeal, he expresses how impressed he is at how April was able to literally destroy her demons. He is once again killed by Shredder during a battle when Super Shredder impales him with his mutated claws and throws him off a rooftop. Splinter is buried at the O'Neil farmhouse. His spirit still gives his sons advice. In season 5, Splinter's spirit briefly returns to the physical plane in order to help his family and friends after Shredder's henchmen accidentally open a portal to the nether world in an attempt to revive the Shredder and bring him back to life. After the crisis is stopped, Splinter has a final goodbye with his family and friends, and his spirit peacefully floats into the sky and returns to the afterlife once more. IDW comics and 2014 film The IDW Comics series, which began in 2011, presents a new origin for both Splinter and the Turtles. All five were originally test subjects at Baxter Stockman's bioengineering firm, Stockgen Corporation. When agents of the Foot Clan break into Stockgen and attempt to steal an alien mutagen, Splinter and the Turtles escape but are exposed to the mutagen in the process. While the element of Splinter being Hamato Yoshi is still present, Oroku Saki is now the Foot Clan's medieval leader, with Splinter and the Turtles being the reincarnations of Yoshi and his sons. In the back-story, Hamato Yoshi was a member of the Foot Clan in feudal Japan. He is initially known for his unruly temper and lack of discipline. But with the help of his master, Masato, and his love, Tang Shen, he learned to control his temper and becomes a skilled warrior. His contemporary, Oroku Saki, seeks to make the Foot a clan to be feared. When Yoshi openly objects to the needless slaughter of a village connected to an assassination target, he and his family are declared traitors. Yoshi cannot save Tang Shen from being murdered but does save his sons. Yoshi raises and trains his sons for three years until Saki and the Foot find them. When his sons are executed before his eyes, Yoshi swears that he will destroy Oroku Saki before he, himself, falls under the blade. The live-action 2014 reboot uses the test subject origin story, but Splinter is neither a reincarnation of Hamato Yoshi nor is he associated with him in any way. In fact, Yoshi is written out of the script entirely and Splinter simply learns ninjutsu from a discarded book after being mutated. In the movie, Splinter tells April that he does not remember his life before being in a laboratory, implying that there may be more to Splinter's character. 2018 animated series In Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, voiced by Eric Bauza and Sander Argabrite (as a younger version of the character), Splinter is once again Hamato Yoshi, a descendant of the Hamato clan; however, as a young child, he escapes the responsibility of his clan in order to pursue a career as a martial arts film star (taking inspiration from Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee) under the stage name "Lou Jitsu". He lives with his sons in their sewer lair and can be seen spending his time reliving his glory days by rewatching his movies as an action hero before he had been unexpectedly mutated into a rat. As the Turtles were intentionally mutated using Yoshi's DNA (revealed in 'Evil League of Mutants', and later shown in 'Goyles, Goyles, Goyles'), they are his biological sons in this iteration rather than adopted. Splinter shows a great aptitude in using anything as a potential weapon, as shown in his films' he fights with Fish and Ladders in the episode 'Evil League of Mutants'. Afraid that his sons would be put in harm's way he is less diligent in training them in ninjutsu, until he learns that the Foot Clan have been assembling the Shredder's armour, and he takes a more active role in preparing them for the danger his irresponsibility has placed them in. When they discover that their idol Lou Jitsu that they have been playfully emulating for years is in fact their sensei, they learn to appreciate their father more. It is revealed that Splinter escaped his responsibility as a Hamato due to his mother being forced to leave him because of it when he was young, causing him to dislike his clan and their duty. Appearance Splinter in a scene from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze Splinter in the 2008 season of TMNT Splinter's physical appearance remains fairly consistent in all incarnations of the character; he is portrayed as an elderly rat dressed in robes. The coloration of his fur varies depending on the incarnation. While brown fur is the most common depiction, he is sometimes depicted as having gray fur. In the original live-action movies, he is missing part of his right ear, which was cut off by Saki. In the 2012 series, Splinter is physically taller and younger than he was in past incarnations. He also has a more rat-like design along with distinctive body marks on his fur. Personality Splinter is portrayed as wise, intelligent, and a skilled "elderly martial arts master". He is nearly always calm. Even when angry, he refrains from raising his voice. He is the quintessential calm, all-knowing, and wise master of all martial arts. Also, Splinter has strong willpower as he doesn't give up without a fight. Also, in the 1987 series, Splinter can control his brain waves through his willpower. Splinter cares for his adopted sons with fierce devotion, rescuing them in very critical moments in the series, such as when Shredder attempted to execute the four on a building, or when Bishop tried to literally tear them apart for science. He is furious when the Foot attempts to slay the Turtles with a robot Splinter and goes all the way to Japan after the four are kidnapped by the Tribunal. Splinter does go to the Turtles for help whenever he was in a tough spot, especially shown in the 1987 series episode "The Old Switcheroo" when an accident caused himself and Shredder to switch bodies as he went to them for help in getting back to his real body but had a hard time convincing them at first but they believed him when they heard his wise wisdom and that he didn't want to fight them as they worked together to set things right. Despite his love for his sons, Splinter is fairly militant with them, especially when they are young and inexperienced. Splinter's main fear is that he and his family will one day be exposed to the outside world, as he is understandably protective. He disciplines the turtles when they become disobedient or unruly. His punishments include making them do back-flips repeatedly in the second live-action movie, or being sent to the Hashi, a form of punishment in the 2014 film by using chopsticks for balance. At times, Splinter does get physical with the Turtles whenever he gets mad with them or breaks up their siblings arguments, which led him to ground them, especially in 2012 series. Splinter is not completely cut off from the pleasures of modern culture. Splinter is often depicted to be a fan of soap operas. This is stated in a few different incarnations but is most displayed in the 2003 series sixth season, where that hobby is mentioned several times. It is also mentioned in both the 2007 animated film and the 2012 series that he very much enjoys dessert, particularly Ice pops. In the 2018 series, Splinter is displayed as somewhat irresponsible, spending most of his time eating and watching TV, although he occasionally shows the traits mentioned above. In the 2023 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, he is shown to have an extreme hatred for the human race due to a perception that they were all out to hurt mutants, and as a result, he is overly protective of the Turtles. He is depicted as less of a traditional martial arts master and more of a worrisome single father figure, though he is still skilled in martial arts. Portrayal In the 1987 series, he was voiced by Peter Renaday in the American version and by Hideyuki Umezu (TV), Yuzuru Fujimoto (NHK-BS2) and Kiyoshi Kobayashi (VHS) in the Japanese versions. The film Turtles Forever features this incarnation, voiced by David Wills. Renaday would reprise the role of Splinter during spoken portions of the inaugural 'Coming out of their Shells' live action concert tour which was taped from Radio City Music Hall, though he went uncredited in the VHS tape. In Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation, Splinter is voiced by Stephen Mendel. In the 2003 animated series and Turtles Forever American version, Splinter is voiced by Darren Dunstan. In the Japanese version, he is voiced by Shōto Kashii. In the first two movies, he is voiced by Kevin Clash, and in the third, he was voiced by James Murray. In the 2007 animated film, he was voiced by Mako Iwamatsu; Iwamatsu died during production, and his new fill-in Greg Baldwin stepped in to provide a large share of Splinter's dialogue in the finished film (receiving a credit only for "additional voices"). Splinter was Mako's final role before his death. In the Japanese versions, he was voiced by Kiyoshi Kobayashi and Joji Yanami in the first film, Michio Hazama in the second, Hideyuki Umezu in the third and Shoto Kashii in the fourth. In the 2007 TMNT game, he is voiced by Terrence Scammell. In the 2012 animated series, Splinter is voiced by Hoon Lee. In the 2013 video game TMNT: Out of the Shadows, Splinter is voiced by Feodor Chin. In the 2014 reboot, Splinter was portrayed by actor Danny Woodburn and his voice was provided by Tony Shalhoub. In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, the film's sequel, Shalhoub again voices Splinter and the motion-capture for the character is done by Peter D. Badalamenti. In the 2018 animated series, Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Splinter is voiced by Eric Bauza. In the 2020 pinball machine Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by Stern, Splinter is voiced by Marc Silk. In the 2023 animated feature, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, Splinter is voiced by Jackie Chan. This version is portrayed as less of a sensei and more like a typical middle-aged father, though he still retains his knowledge of ninjutsu and martial arts, which he learns from watching videos about it. Video games Splinter appears as a supporting character in most video games based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise. In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles on the Nintendo Entertainment System, he transforms back into a human if the player reaches the ending. Splinter is a playable character in the 2003 video game, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: Battle Nexus, TMNT: Mutant Melee, TMNT: Smash Up and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge. Splinter appears as a supporting character in Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl 2 with Hoon Lee reprising his role. In December 2023, he was added to Fortnite as an outfit. References ^ Simpson, Janice C. (2 April 1990). "Show Business: Lean, Green and on the Screen". Time. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2010. ^ Greenberg, Harvey R. (15 April 1990). "Just How Powerful Are Those Turtles?". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 August 2010. ^ Cliff Wheatley (9 August 2014). "Top 10 Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". IGN. Retrieved 19 August 2017. ^ Mike Fleming Jr (April 15, 2013). "Michael Bay's 'Ninja Turtles' Casts Splinter". Deadline.com. ^ "Johnny Knoxville, Tony Shalhoub Lend Voices To 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'". Deadline. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-03. ^ "Marc Silk - Biography". Marc Silk. Retrieved 8 February 2024. ^ "Seth Rogen Unveils 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Movie Cast". The Hollywood Reporter. 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2023-03-05. vteTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Kevin Eastman Peter Laird CharactersMain Leonardo Raphael Donatello Michelangelo Supporting Splinter April O'Neil Casey Jones Mighty Mutanimals Leatherhead Venus Jennika Antagonists Shredder Foot Clan Karai Bebop and Rocksteady Krang Rat King Comics Mirage comic series Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archie comic series Daily comic strip Dreamwave comic series IDW comic series Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Usagi Yojimbo The Last Ronin Turtles of Grayskull Television series 1987 series Mutant Turtles: Superman Legend Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation 2003 series 2012 series Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles FilmsTheatrical Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) The Secret of the Ooze (1991) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III (1993) TMNT (2007) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) Out of the Shadows (2016) Mutant Mayhem (2023) Non-theatrical Turtles Forever (2009) Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2019) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie (2022) Toys and games Action figures Lego List of video games Role-playing game Adventures Truckin' Turtles Turtles Go Hollywood Transdimensional After the Bomb Road Hogs Guide to the Universe Trading card game Rides TMNT Shellraiser Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock Other Usagi Yojimbo Miyamoto Usagi Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue Turtle Power: The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Samurai Rabbit: The Usagi Chronicles Ninjemys Category Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sage"},{"link_name":"ninjutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninjutsu"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stick_(comics)"}],"text":"Fictional characterSplinter, often referred to as Master Splinter or Sensei by his students/sons, is a fictional character from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics and all related media.[1][2] A mutant rat, he is the grave and stoic sage of the Turtles, their ninjutsu and martial arts instructor, and their adoptive father. The character was originally a parody of the Marvel Comics character Stick.","title":"Splinter (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"original comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(Mirage_Studios)"},{"link_name":"live-action movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Oroku Saki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shredder_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"1990 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"2003 TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2003_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hun's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_characters#Hun"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Mutant_Mayhem"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"}],"text":"In both the original comics and the live-action movies, Splinter is a pet of a ninja named Hamato Yoshi in Japan, and uniquely intelligent for his species. Yoshi becomes embroiled in a deadly dispute with a fellow ninja by the name of Oroku Nagi and is eventually murdered in turn by Nagi's brother, Oroku Saki, as revenge for his brother's death. However, in the 1990 film and 2003 TV series Nagi is removed entirely. Additionally, in the 1990 film, Splinter escapes from his cage during the murder, and attacks Saki, clawing at his face. Saki, in turn, slices his ear off. It is suggested that this mutilation is the reason Saki took the Shredder disguise to hide the scars. In contrast, in the 2003 TMNT cartoon series, it was Hun's face which Splinter clawed.Without a home, Splinter is forced to run away and live in New York City's sewers. Due to a traffic accident, four baby turtles and a canister of mutagenic ooze are sent down into the sewer. The canister mutates both Splinter and the turtles; it also enhances the former's already sophisticated intellect. Splinter names the four turtles Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo (after a book on Renaissance artists that he found in a storm drain) and trains them in the arts of ninjutsu so that they can avenge his dead master while raising them as his own sons, as well as educating them.In the 2003 TMNT cartoon, he possesses a significant reputation as a ninja master; in a multi-part episode, he is revealed to be a champion of the Battle Nexus, a multi-dimension-spanning contest where the greatest combatants of various dimensions come together to fight each other for the title of Battle Nexus Champion. When the Turtles learn of the Battle Nexus, they participate as well, resulting in Splinter forfeiting when called upon to fight Michelangelo, as he wishes to allow his sons the opportunity to fight where he succeeded in the past.In the episode \"Tempus Fugit\", Splinter and the Turtles, who time-traveled into the future, are sent back to the present time, but the villain, Viral, blasts Splinter with a decompiler ray that scatters his bits all over the internet. While Splinter was not seen much in the \"Back to the Sewers\" season, the focus of those episodes is the Turtles' efforts to find Splinter's data bits by traveling all over cyberspace. Splinter is restored in the final episode and helps defeat the Cyber Shredder.In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, much like the 2014 film, he is not Hamato Yoshi, nor is he connected to him in any way. But like the Mirage comics, he is exposed to mutagen in the sewer and not experimented on. He was a street rat that hated humans and went into the sewers to scavenge for food. But instead of food, Splinter found four baby turtles that were covered in green ooze. Splinter rescued the Turtles and got some of the ooze on him, transforming him and the Turtles. After a bad encounter with humans, Splinter decided to learn ninjutsu from online videos and Jackie Chan movies and teach it to his sons.","title":"Mirage Comics, original films, 2003 cartoon, 2023 film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1987 TMNT cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"dojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojo"},{"link_name":"mutagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagen"},{"link_name":"Turtles Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtles_Forever"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In the 1987 TMNT cartoon, Splinter and Yoshi are the same person. He is a martial art instructor for the Foot Clan in Japan, and also has a passion for Renaissance art. Yoshi is framed by his rival, Oroku Saki, for trying to murder their common dojo master. Unable to prove his innocence and expelled from the Foot Clan, Splinter moves to New York City, where he lives as a hermit in its sewers and befriends the rats. One day, he comes across four baby turtles which were accidentally dropped by a boy through a sewer grate. Splinter keeps them as pets and treats them like his children. When he finds the turtles near some broken barrels that are oozing glowing pink, later retconned to green, chemical liquid, he tries to clean them with his bare hands. As a result, they are all affected by the leaking chemical, which is a mutagen. The mutagen combines the DNA of living beings who have been in contact. Thus, the turtles, being in a pet store with people touching them, turn into young humanoid turtles. Yoshi, having been in contact with sewer rats, becomes a humanoid rat. Although, Master Splinter did get the chance to be human again in the episode \"Splinter No More\", but realizes he prefers being with the turtles and had no place as a human anymore.Yoshi raises the turtles by himself and gives them the names of his favorite Renaissance artists: Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Yoshi is given the nickname \"Splinter\", due to his proficiency at breaking wooden boards, and he teaches them the art of ninjutsu in order to protect themselves. Like many real-life ninja masters, he has a strong sense of honor and follows very strict rules which all four of his students adopt. Master Splinter always has a wise quote or speech for the turtles and often steps in with his ninja skills when the turtles are caught in a, seemingly inescapable, predicament.Master Splinter does not have a father/son relationship with the turtles, as suggested in other versions, but more of a teacher/student bond. Despite not having that father/son relationship with the turtles, Splinter, in the episode \"The Old Switcheroo\", shows a glimpse of fatherly concern for Leonardo when he is injured by one of Donatello's contraptions. In addition, in Turtles Forever the old 1987 series turtles are surprised when the 2003 series turtles call Splinter \"father\". However, in the movie, the 2003 series Leonardo comments that it feels right to be with the 1987 Splinter regardless of the differences between the two worlds. Splinter's assurances that he feels the same, coupled with his comment that Leonardo and his brothers will always be welcome there, helps Leonardo see the common similarities between the teams, regardless of their different styles and methods.In the final episode, \"Divide and Conquer\", Splinter explains to the turtles after they defeated Dregg that they are no longer his students but his equals and they have finally become ninja masters.[3]","title":"1987 animated series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirage Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage_Comics"},{"link_name":"Peter Renaday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Renaday"},{"link_name":"Radio City Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall"}],"text":"The 1990 live action concert tour entitled \"Coming Out of Their Shells\", saw Splinter described as the rat owned by Hamato Yoshi mutated to a humanoid form, rather than Yoshi himself mutated into a ratlike body, bringing him more in line with the original Mirage Comics incarnation as well as that of the then recently released feature film, which also followed the Mirage origin. In the concert events, he is still the Turtles' mentor in the martial arts, as well as encouraging their musical pursuits, and sings the track Skipping Stones as a solo ballad. He encourages the Turtles as they deal with the Shredder's plot to steal all music in the world, though he does not physically join the battles against Shredder or his foot soldiers. Peter Renaday reprises his role as Splinter's voice in non-musical portions of the event, though the VHS tape of the inaugural show held at Radio City Music Hall leaves him uncredited.","title":"Coming Out of Their Shells tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archie Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Comics"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_Adventures"}],"text":"Archie Comics published the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures which began as an adaptation of the 1987 TV series in comic form, though the series eventually deviated from this and began telling its own stories with little to no connection to the original cartoon, effectively becoming a separate continuity. In the comic, they maintained Splinter's human background even when they started publishing original storylines.","title":"Archie TMNT Adventures comics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2012_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hoon Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoon_Lee"},{"link_name":"kunoichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunoichi"},{"link_name":"Rat King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_King_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"}],"text":"In the 2012 series, Splinter is again introduced as Hamato Yoshi, voiced by Hoon Lee. His relationship with Oroku Saki is mostly intact, with the Hamato and Foot Clans later revealed to have had a long-term conflict with each other. Despite being raised as brothers, both Yoshi and Saki become rivals due to their affection for Tang Shen, and Saki wishes to discredit Yoshi in front of her. Yoshi loses his temper by mistake and the altercation forever destroyed their relationship, culminating with Saki learning of his true heritage and starting a battle that burns down the Hamato Clan monastery, indirectly killing Shen and, seemingly, Shen and Yoshi's daughter, Miwa.After moving to New York City, Yoshi has just purchased four pet turtles when he stumbles upon an exchange in an alley between two Kraang droids. Seeking to silence Yoshi before he can share what he has seen, a fight ensues and the canister the droids have been carrying smashes open, splashing both Yoshi and his turtles with a mutagen. As the result of stepping on the tail of a black rat upon entering an alley, Yoshi mutates while the Turtles take on human characteristics. Realizing he can no longer live a normal life, he retreats to the New York sewers where he raises his pets as sons and teaches them ninjutsu. Compared to his earlier counterparts, he is very strict in this series.Splinter's sons, along with their new friend April O'Neil, soon become involved in the conflict with both of Splinter's old enemies, the Shredder and the Kraang. Reluctantly allowing the group to get involved, Splinter appoints Leonardo as their leader and continues to offer counsel and lessons as they engage various foes. Recognizing great sensitivity in April, he begins training her as a kunoichi and comes to regard her with a fatherly fondness. Splinter ventures from his lair on only two occasions. The first is when he falls under the control of the Rat King, who attempts to persuade him to forsake his humanity and embrace the life of a rat. Splinter eventually breaks free with the Turtles' help and defeats the Rat King. The second is when Shredder kidnaps April and lures Splinter to his stronghold for a final confrontation. Splinter overpowers Shredder's men and engages his old foe. Shredder reveals that Splinter's daughter, Miwa, had not died and that Shredder had taken her and raised her as his own. Splinter nearly defeats Shredder, only to be attacked by Miwa; Miwa, whose name is now Karai, has been taught, by Shredder, that Splinter is responsible for her mother's death.As the second season progresses, Splinter tells the turtles about his true relationship with Karai. He is eventually able to convince Karai of the truth about their past, but she subsequently mutates into a snake-like being when Shredder's plan for revenge backfires. Later, Earth is invaded by the Kraang and, in the ensuing battle, much of Splinter's lair is destroyed before Splinter is able to defeat Kraang Sub-Prime. Splinter then leaves the lair to find his missing sons. Splinter again engages Shredder in battle and, seemingly victorious, Splinter prepares to reunite with his sons, April, and Casey Jones, only to be attacked from behind by Shredder and thrown into a sewer drain. He is rescued from drowning by Karai and left in an area of the sewer to recover.At the end of the 3rd season, Splinter asks Shredder for a truce to stop the alien Triceratons. Shredder agrees but at the end of the battle, Shredder kills Splinter. The turtles hold him one last time before they, Casey and April flee with Fugitoid, as he arrives at the very last moment in a spaceship as Earth is sucked into a black hole.When the turtles go through the time and fail to claim all the Black-Hole Generator pieces to help in the battle against the Triceratons and warn Splinter in time to stop Shredder from killing him. Splinter defeats Shredder, somewhat paralyzing him as Tiger Claw takes him away. When Shredder has himself infused with mutagen, he kidnaps Karai and demands her to come. Splinter fights Shredder along with the turtles, and the fight, leading up to rocky crevices and chasms below, Splinter and Shredder fall into a gaping chasm. Shredder's fall stops short as he lands on a rock outcrop as Splinter falls way down. He is still alive but his leg is broken. He sees the Rat King come toward him, seemingly surviving his fall down as well. Meanwhile, the turtles try to find him but Shredder goes after them. Splinter fights the Rat King but soon tumbles down and realizes that his fight with the Rat King was all a hallucination because of his fever he had developed in the chasm. He finds the skeletal remains of the Rat King and Donatello and Michelangelo find him, alive and well.He later attempts to use his healing mantras to help April recover from the influence of the crystal fragment of the mystical Sol Star, and receives a vision of the ancient Aeons themselves but is overpowered by the form of a demonic Aeon. As April becomes possessed by the cosmic entity from within the Sol Star fragment, he attempts to reach her but is contained by April's exceptionally strong telekinesis. Regaining consciousness in the ransacked lair, he warns Donatello to be very careful as that being was not April. When April awakens from her ordeal, he expresses how impressed he is at how April was able to literally destroy her demons. He is once again killed by Shredder during a battle when Super Shredder impales him with his mutated claws and throws him off a rooftop. Splinter is buried at the O'Neil farmhouse. His spirit still gives his sons advice.In season 5, Splinter's spirit briefly returns to the physical plane in order to help his family and friends after Shredder's henchmen accidentally open a portal to the nether world in an attempt to revive the Shredder and bring him back to life. After the crisis is stopped, Splinter has a final goodbye with his family and friends, and his spirit peacefully floats into the sky and returns to the afterlife once more.","title":"2012 animated series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IDW Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDW_Comics"},{"link_name":"reincarnations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation"},{"link_name":"2014 reboot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2014_film)"}],"text":"The IDW Comics series, which began in 2011, presents a new origin for both Splinter and the Turtles. All five were originally test subjects at Baxter Stockman's bioengineering firm, Stockgen Corporation. When agents of the Foot Clan break into Stockgen and attempt to steal an alien mutagen, Splinter and the Turtles escape but are exposed to the mutagen in the process. While the element of Splinter being Hamato Yoshi is still present, Oroku Saki is now the Foot Clan's medieval leader, with Splinter and the Turtles being the reincarnations of Yoshi and his sons.In the back-story, Hamato Yoshi was a member of the Foot Clan in feudal Japan. He is initially known for his unruly temper and lack of discipline. But with the help of his master, Masato, and his love, Tang Shen, he learned to control his temper and becomes a skilled warrior. His contemporary, Oroku Saki, seeks to make the Foot a clan to be feared. When Yoshi openly objects to the needless slaughter of a village connected to an assassination target, he and his family are declared traitors. Yoshi cannot save Tang Shen from being murdered but does save his sons. Yoshi raises and trains his sons for three years until Saki and the Foot find them. When his sons are executed before his eyes, Yoshi swears that he will destroy Oroku Saki before he, himself, falls under the blade.The live-action 2014 reboot uses the test subject origin story, but Splinter is neither a reincarnation of Hamato Yoshi nor is he associated with him in any way. In fact, Yoshi is written out of the script entirely and Splinter simply learns ninjutsu from a discarded book after being mutated. In the movie, Splinter tells April that he does not remember his life before being in a laboratory, implying that there may be more to Splinter's character.","title":"IDW comics and 2014 film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"Eric Bauza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bauza"}],"text":"In Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, voiced by Eric Bauza and Sander Argabrite (as a younger version of the character), Splinter is once again Hamato Yoshi, a descendant of the Hamato clan; however, as a young child, he escapes the responsibility of his clan in order to pursue a career as a martial arts film star (taking inspiration from Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee) under the stage name \"Lou Jitsu\". He lives with his sons in their sewer lair and can be seen spending his time reliving his glory days by rewatching his movies as an action hero before he had been unexpectedly mutated into a rat. As the Turtles were intentionally mutated using Yoshi's DNA (revealed in 'Evil League of Mutants', and later shown in 'Goyles, Goyles, Goyles'), they are his biological sons in this iteration rather than adopted.Splinter shows a great aptitude in using anything as a potential weapon, as shown in his films' he fights with Fish and Ladders in the episode 'Evil League of Mutants'.Afraid that his sons would be put in harm's way he is less diligent in training them in ninjutsu, until he learns that the Foot Clan have been assembling the Shredder's armour, and he takes a more active role in preparing them for the danger his irresponsibility has placed them in. When they discover that their idol Lou Jitsu that they have been playfully emulating for years is in fact their sensei, they learn to appreciate their father more.It is revealed that Splinter escaped his responsibility as a Hamato due to his mother being forced to leave him because of it when he was young, causing him to dislike his clan and their duty.","title":"2018 animated series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Splinter1990movie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_II:_The_Secret_of_the_Ooze"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Splinter08.jpg"},{"link_name":"TMNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2003_TV_series)"}],"text":"Splinter in a scene from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the OozeSplinter in the 2008 season of TMNTSplinter's physical appearance remains fairly consistent in all incarnations of the character; he is portrayed as an elderly rat dressed in robes. The coloration of his fur varies depending on the incarnation. While brown fur is the most common depiction, he is sometimes depicted as having gray fur. In the original live-action movies, he is missing part of his right ear, which was cut off by Saki. In the 2012 series, Splinter is physically taller and younger than he was in past incarnations. He also has a more rat-like design along with distinctive body marks on his fur.","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ice pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_pop"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Mutant_Mayhem"}],"text":"Splinter is portrayed as wise, intelligent, and a skilled \"elderly martial arts master\". He is nearly always calm. Even when angry, he refrains from raising his voice. He is the quintessential calm, all-knowing, and wise master of all martial arts. Also, Splinter has strong willpower as he doesn't give up without a fight. Also, in the 1987 series, Splinter can control his brain waves through his willpower.Splinter cares for his adopted sons with fierce devotion, rescuing them in very critical moments in the series, such as when Shredder attempted to execute the four on a building, or when Bishop tried to literally tear them apart for science. He is furious when the Foot attempts to slay the Turtles with a robot Splinter and goes all the way to Japan after the four are kidnapped by the Tribunal. Splinter does go to the Turtles for help whenever he was in a tough spot, especially shown in the 1987 series episode \"The Old Switcheroo\" when an accident caused himself and Shredder to switch bodies as he went to them for help in getting back to his real body but had a hard time convincing them at first but they believed him when they heard his wise wisdom and that he didn't want to fight them as they worked together to set things right.Despite his love for his sons, Splinter is fairly militant with them, especially when they are young and inexperienced. Splinter's main fear is that he and his family will one day be exposed to the outside world, as he is understandably protective. He disciplines the turtles when they become disobedient or unruly. His punishments include making them do back-flips repeatedly in the second live-action movie, or being sent to the Hashi, a form of punishment in the 2014 film by using chopsticks for balance. At times, Splinter does get physical with the Turtles whenever he gets mad with them or breaks up their siblings arguments, which led him to ground them, especially in 2012 series.Splinter is not completely cut off from the pleasures of modern culture. Splinter is often depicted to be a fan of soap operas. This is stated in a few different incarnations but is most displayed in the 2003 series sixth season, where that hobby is mentioned several times. It is also mentioned in both the 2007 animated film and the 2012 series that he very much enjoys dessert, particularly Ice pops.In the 2018 series, Splinter is displayed as somewhat irresponsible, spending most of his time eating and watching TV, although he occasionally shows the traits mentioned above.In the 2023 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, he is shown to have an extreme hatred for the human race due to a perception that they were all out to hurt mutants, and as a result, he is overly protective of the Turtles. He is depicted as less of a traditional martial arts master and more of a worrisome single father figure, though he is still skilled in martial arts.","title":"Personality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Renaday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Renaday"},{"link_name":"Hideyuki Umezu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideyuki_Umezu"},{"link_name":"Yuzuru Fujimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzuru_Fujimoto"},{"link_name":"Kiyoshi Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Turtles Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtles_Forever"},{"link_name":"David Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wills_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Turtles:_The_Next_Mutation"},{"link_name":"Turtles Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtles_Forever"},{"link_name":"Darren Dunstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Dunstan"},{"link_name":"Kevin Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Clash"},{"link_name":"James Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murray_(puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"Mako Iwamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mako_Iwamatsu"},{"link_name":"Greg Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Joji Yanami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joji_Yanami"},{"link_name":"Michio Hazama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Hazama"},{"link_name":"2007 TMNT game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMNT_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Terrence Scammell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Scammell_(Canadian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Hoon Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoon_Lee"},{"link_name":"TMNT: Out of the Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Out_of_the_Shadows_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Feodor Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodor_Chin"},{"link_name":"Danny Woodburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Woodburn"},{"link_name":"Tony Shalhoub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Shalhoub"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Out_of_the_Shadows"},{"link_name":"Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"Eric Bauza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bauza"},{"link_name":"Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_(game_company)"},{"link_name":"Marc Silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Silk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern_Pinball-6"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Mutant_Mayhem"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In the 1987 series, he was voiced by Peter Renaday in the American version and by Hideyuki Umezu (TV), Yuzuru Fujimoto (NHK-BS2) and Kiyoshi Kobayashi (VHS) in the Japanese versions. The film Turtles Forever features this incarnation, voiced by David Wills. Renaday would reprise the role of Splinter during spoken portions of the inaugural 'Coming out of their Shells' live action concert tour which was taped from Radio City Music Hall, though he went uncredited in the VHS tape.\nIn Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation, Splinter is voiced by Stephen Mendel.\nIn the 2003 animated series and Turtles Forever American version, Splinter is voiced by Darren Dunstan. In the Japanese version, he is voiced by Shōto Kashii.\nIn the first two movies, he is voiced by Kevin Clash, and in the third, he was voiced by James Murray. In the 2007 animated film, he was voiced by Mako Iwamatsu; Iwamatsu died during production, and his new fill-in Greg Baldwin stepped in to provide a large share of Splinter's dialogue in the finished film (receiving a credit only for \"additional voices\"). Splinter was Mako's final role before his death. In the Japanese versions, he was voiced by Kiyoshi Kobayashi and Joji Yanami in the first film, Michio Hazama in the second, Hideyuki Umezu in the third and Shoto Kashii in the fourth.\nIn the 2007 TMNT game, he is voiced by Terrence Scammell.\nIn the 2012 animated series, Splinter is voiced by Hoon Lee.\nIn the 2013 video game TMNT: Out of the Shadows, Splinter is voiced by Feodor Chin.\nIn the 2014 reboot, Splinter was portrayed by actor Danny Woodburn and his voice was provided by Tony Shalhoub.[4][5] In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, the film's sequel, Shalhoub again voices Splinter and the motion-capture for the character is done by Peter D. Badalamenti.\nIn the 2018 animated series, Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Splinter is voiced by Eric Bauza.\nIn the 2020 pinball machine Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by Stern, Splinter is voiced by Marc Silk.[6]\nIn the 2023 animated feature, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, Splinter is voiced by Jackie Chan.[7] This version is portrayed as less of a sensei and more like a typical middle-aged father, though he still retains his knowledge of ninjutsu and martial arts, which he learns from watching videos about it.","title":"Portrayal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(NES_video_game)"},{"link_name":"2003 video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2003_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: Battle Nexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_2:_Battle_Nexus"},{"link_name":"TMNT: Mutant Melee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMNT:_Mutant_Melee"},{"link_name":"TMNT: Smash Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMNT:_Smash_Up"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Shredder%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon_All-Star_Brawl_2"},{"link_name":"Hoon Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoon_Lee"},{"link_name":"Fortnite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnite"}],"text":"Splinter appears as a supporting character in most video games based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise. In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles on the Nintendo Entertainment System, he transforms back into a human if the player reaches the ending. Splinter is a playable character in the 2003 video game, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: Battle Nexus, TMNT: Mutant Melee, TMNT: Smash Up and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge. Splinter appears as a supporting character in Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl 2 with Hoon Lee reprising his role. In December 2023, he was added to Fortnite as an outfit.","title":"Video games"}]	[{"image_text":"Splinter in a scene from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Splinter1990movie.jpg/170px-Splinter1990movie.jpg"},{"image_text":"Splinter in the 2008 season of TMNT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/Splinter08.jpg/150px-Splinter08.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Simpson, Janice C. (2 April 1990). \"Show Business: Lean, Green and on the Screen\". Time. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604141330/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,969727-2,00.html","url_text":"\"Show Business: Lean, Green and on the Screen\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,969727-2,00.html#ixzz0h91fnBrj","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greenberg, Harvey R. (15 April 1990). \"Just How Powerful Are Those Turtles?\". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/15/movies/just-how-powerful-are-those-turtles.html?scp=8&sq=ninja%20turtles&st=cse","url_text":"\"Just How Powerful Are Those Turtles?\""}]},{"reference":"Cliff Wheatley (9 August 2014). \"Top 10 Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\". IGN. Retrieved 19 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/08/09/top-10-original-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-episodes?page=2","url_text":"\"Top 10 Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\""}]},{"reference":"Mike Fleming Jr (April 15, 2013). \"Michael Bay's 'Ninja Turtles' Casts Splinter\". Deadline.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2013/04/michael-bay-ninja-turtles-splinter-danny-woodburn-475192/amp/","url_text":"\"Michael Bay's 'Ninja Turtles' Casts Splinter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johnny Knoxville, Tony Shalhoub Lend Voices To 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'\". Deadline. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2014/04/johnny-knoxville-tony-shalhoub-lend-voices-to-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/","url_text":"\"Johnny Knoxville, Tony Shalhoub Lend Voices To 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marc Silk - Biography\". Marc Silk. Retrieved 8 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marcsilk.com/voice-actor-biography","url_text":"\"Marc Silk - Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seth Rogen Unveils 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Movie Cast\". The Hollywood Reporter. 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2023-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-mutant-mayhem-cast-1235340739/","url_text":"\"Seth Rogen Unveils 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Movie Cast\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Splinter_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604141330/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,969727-2,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Show Business: Lean, Green and on the Screen\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,969727-2,00.html#ixzz0h91fnBrj","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/15/movies/just-how-powerful-are-those-turtles.html?scp=8&sq=ninja%20turtles&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"Just How Powerful Are Those Turtles?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/08/09/top-10-original-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-episodes?page=2","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2013/04/michael-bay-ninja-turtles-splinter-danny-woodburn-475192/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Bay's 'Ninja Turtles' Casts Splinter\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2014/04/johnny-knoxville-tony-shalhoub-lend-voices-to-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/","external_links_name":"\"Johnny Knoxville, Tony Shalhoub Lend Voices To 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'\""},{"Link":"https://www.marcsilk.com/voice-actor-biography","external_links_name":"\"Marc Silk - Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-mutant-mayhem-cast-1235340739/","external_links_name":"\"Seth Rogen Unveils 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Movie Cast\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5377772b-d3b0-4e1b-96f7-cd07d19526b0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intha_people	Intha people	["1 Origins","2 Language","3 Culture","4 References"]	Ethnic group Inthaအင်းသားFlag of the Intha peopleFloating gardens on Inle LakeRegions with significant populations Myanmar100,000 - 200,000LanguagesIntha dialect of the Burmese languageReligionTheravada BuddhismRelated ethnic groupsBamar, Arakanese Inle Lake with its leg-rowing Intha people is a major tourist destination in Burma (Myanmar). The Intha (Burmese: အင်းသားလူမျိုး; MLCTS: ang: sa: lu. myui:, IPA: ; lit. 'sons of the lake', also spelt Innthar) are members of a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group living around Inle Lake. There are around 100,000 to 200,000 Intha. Origins The origins of the Intha are disputed; the Intha believe their ancestors arrived from the southern tip of modern-day Myanmar (Tanintharyi Region). A commonly held theory is that the Intha fled from southern Myanmar during the 14th century; the ruling Shan saophas forbade them from settling on the land, which forced the Intha to instead settle on Inle Lake. To this day, the Intha primarily live in four cities bordering the lake, in numerous small villages along the lake's shores, and on the lake itself. The entire lake area is in Nyaung Shwe township. Language Main article: Intha-Danu language The Intha speak a divergent dialect of Burmese. Colonial observers noted that the Intha spoke a language resembling Burmese, with a Shan accent. Unlike other dialects of Burmese, the Intha language does not exhibit voicing sandhi, similar to the Danu and Taungyo languages. Culture Intha are overwhelmingly Buddhists and live in simple houses of wood and woven bamboo on stilts; they are largely self-sufficient farmers. The Intha support themselves through the tending of vegetable farms on floating gardens. Traditional Intha attire consists of a pink-colored short sleeved jacket and loose trousers for men. During the pre-colonial era, Intha women wore tailored cotton jackets called "chin in" over a penny cloth white upper garment, and a satin and silk htamein decorated in alternating shades of light and dark pink stripes and waves. The Intha village of Ywama is home to an indigenous type of longyi called "hat yar," which is sewn with silk and cotton fabric in varying brown and yellow stripes. Intha cuisine is known for its diversity of bitter soups called saykha hin (ဆေးခါးဟင်း). The traditional beverage of choice, brewed green tea, is served with salt. Traditional meals consist of cooked rice and an array of curries served in a daunglan. Traditional Intha dances include the lansi, lunsi, and ozigyi dances. Poem recitation traditions called taiktay, in which Intha bachelors and maidens recite poetry. The Intha are also well known for their unusual leg-rowing techniques. Most transportation on the lake is traditionally by small boats, or by somewhat larger boats fitted with 'long-tail' motors that are necessary because of the usual shallowness of the lake. Local fishermen are known for practicing a distinctive rowing style which involves standing at the stern on one leg and wrapping the other leg around the oar. This unique style evolved for the reason that the lake is covered by reeds and floating plants making it difficult to see above them while sitting. Standing provides the rower with a view beyond the reeds. However, the leg rowing style is only practiced by the men. Women row in the customary style, using the oar with their hands, sitting cross legged at the stern. References ^ a b c "Ethnic Intha party seeks self-administration for Inle Lake". The Myanmar Times. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2019-11-18. ^ a b Snowsill, Anthea (2020-05-14). "Toxic Tomatoes: Using Object Biography to Explore Inle Lake's Sustainability Crisis". Journal of Burma Studies. 24 (1): 119–146. doi:10.1353/jbs.2020.0005. ISSN 2010-314X. ^ a b Scott, J. George (1906). Burma: A Handbook of Practical Information. Alexander Moring Ltd. ^ Nishi, Yoshio (1998-10-30). "The Development of Voicing Rules in Standard Burmese". Bulletin of National Museum of Ethnology. 23. doi:10.15021/00004129. ^ a b c d e f g h Khin Htay Yu (2018). "The Traditional Customs of Innthars" (PDF). Dagon University Silver Jubilee Research Journal. 9. ^ Jordan, Adrienne (8 January 2016). "A luminous lake of unusual talents". BBC. Retrieved 2020-05-31. vte Ethnic groups in MyanmarBurmese peopleKachin (12) Jingpaw Dalaung Gauri Hkahku Duleng Maru (Lawgore) Hpon Lashi (La Chit) Atsi Lisu Rawang Taron Ngochang Kayah (9) Geba Karen Gheko Karenni Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung) Manu Manaw Pale Yin Baw Yin Talai Zayein Kayin (Karen) (11) Pa-Le-Chi Mon Kayin (Sarpyu) S'gaw Ta-Hlay-Pwa Paku Bwe Monpwa Monnepwa Shu (Pwo) Chin (53) Anu Anun Asho Bre (Ka-Yaw) Cumtu Dai (Yindu) Dim Eik-swair Gunte (Lyente) Guite Hualngo Kaung Saing Chin Kaungso Kebar Khawno Kwangli (Sim) Kwelshin Kwe Myi Lai (Haka Chin) Laizao Lawhtu Laymyo Lhinbu Lyente Magun Malin Marma Matu Meithei (Kathe) Mgan Mi-er Lusayy Mro-Khimi people Naga Ngawn Oo-Pu Panun Rongtu Saing Zan Saline Senthang Tangkhul Tapong Tay-Zan Thado Tiddim (Hai-Dim) Torr (Tawr) Yin Gog Zahau Zahnyet (Zanniat) Sizang Zophei Zotung Zou Bamar (Burman) (9) Dawei Beik Yaw Yabein Kadu (Kado) Ganan Hpon Mon (1) Mon Rakhine (Arakanese) (7) Kamein (Kaman) Khami Daingnet Maramagyi Miram (Mara) Mru (Taung Mro) Thet Shan (33) Danaw (Danau) Danu Intha Pa-O Khamti Shan Khmu (Khamu) Kwi Kokang Lahu Palaung Shan Gale Shan Gyi Tai-Loi Tai Nua Tai-Lon Tai-Lay Taishon Taungyo Wa (Va) Yao Yin Kya Yin Net Yun Man Zi Pyin Eng Son Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw) Maw Shan Maingtha Hkun (Khün) Unrecognised / Others Anglo-Burmese Chinese Panthay Bayingyi Gurkha Mizo Indian Tamils Rohingya Malay Pakistani Taungtha Authority control databases National Israel United States Artists Victoria	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inle_Lake,_Fisherman_rowing_the_boat,_Myanmar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Inle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inle_Lake"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"MLCTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System"},{"link_name":"[ɪ́ɰ̃ðá lùmjóʊ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese"},{"link_name":"Tibeto-Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages"},{"link_name":"Inle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inle_Lake"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Inle Lake with its leg-rowing Intha people is a major tourist destination in Burma (Myanmar).The Intha (Burmese: အင်းသားလူမျိုး; MLCTS: ang: sa: lu. myui:, IPA: [ɪ́ɰ̃ðá lùmjóʊ]; lit. 'sons of the lake', also spelt Innthar) are members of a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group living around Inle Lake. There are around 100,000[citation needed] to 200,000[1] Intha.","title":"Intha people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Tanintharyi Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"Inle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inle_Lake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Nyaung Shwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaung_Shwe"}],"text":"The origins of the Intha are disputed;[2] the Intha believe their ancestors arrived from the southern tip of modern-day Myanmar (Tanintharyi Region).[1][3] A commonly held theory is that the Intha fled from southern Myanmar during the 14th century; the ruling Shan saophas forbade them from settling on the land, which forced the Intha to instead settle on Inle Lake.[2] To this day, the Intha primarily live in four cities bordering the lake, in numerous small villages along the lake's shores, and on the lake itself. The entire lake area is in Nyaung Shwe township.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"Taungyo languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taungyo_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Intha speak a divergent dialect of Burmese. Colonial observers noted that the Intha spoke a language resembling Burmese, with a Shan accent.[3] Unlike other dialects of Burmese, the Intha language does not exhibit voicing sandhi, similar to the Danu and Taungyo languages.[4]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhists"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"self-sufficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"htamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"daunglan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunglan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Intha are overwhelmingly Buddhists and live in simple houses of wood and woven bamboo on stilts; they are largely self-sufficient farmers.[citation needed] The Intha support themselves through the tending of vegetable farms on floating gardens.Traditional Intha attire consists of a pink-colored short sleeved jacket and loose trousers for men.[5] During the pre-colonial era, Intha women wore tailored cotton jackets called \"chin in\" over a penny cloth white upper garment, and a satin and silk htamein decorated in alternating shades of light and dark pink stripes and waves.[5] The Intha village of Ywama is home to an indigenous type of longyi called \"hat yar,\" which is sewn with silk and cotton fabric in varying brown and yellow stripes.[5]Intha cuisine is known for its diversity of bitter soups called saykha hin (ဆေးခါးဟင်း).[5] The traditional beverage of choice, brewed green tea, is served with salt.[5] Traditional meals consist of cooked rice and an array of curries served in a daunglan.[5]Traditional Intha dances include the lansi, lunsi, and ozigyi dances.[5] Poem recitation traditions called taiktay, in which Intha bachelors and maidens recite poetry.[5]The Intha are also well known for their unusual leg-rowing techniques.[6] Most transportation on the lake is traditionally by small boats, or by somewhat larger boats fitted with 'long-tail' motors that are necessary because of the usual shallowness of the lake. Local fishermen are known for practicing a distinctive rowing style which involves standing at the stern on one leg and wrapping the other leg around the oar. This unique style evolved for the reason that the lake is covered by reeds and floating plants making it difficult to see above them while sitting. Standing provides the rower with a view beyond the reeds. However, the leg rowing style is only practiced by the men. Women row in the customary style, using the oar with their hands, sitting cross legged at the stern.","title":"Culture"}]	[{"image_text":"Inle Lake with its leg-rowing Intha people is a major tourist destination in Burma (Myanmar).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Inle_Lake%2C_Fisherman_rowing_the_boat%2C_Myanmar.jpg/220px-Inle_Lake%2C_Fisherman_rowing_the_boat%2C_Myanmar.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ethnic Intha party seeks self-administration for Inle Lake\". The Myanmar Times. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2019-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmtimes.com/news/ethnic-intha-party-seeks-self-administration-inle-lake.html","url_text":"\"Ethnic Intha party seeks self-administration for Inle Lake\""}]},{"reference":"Snowsill, Anthea (2020-05-14). \"Toxic Tomatoes: Using Object Biography to Explore Inle Lake's Sustainability Crisis\". Journal of Burma Studies. 24 (1): 119–146. doi:10.1353/jbs.2020.0005. ISSN 2010-314X.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/755005","url_text":"\"Toxic Tomatoes: Using Object Biography to Explore Inle Lake's Sustainability Crisis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjbs.2020.0005","url_text":"10.1353/jbs.2020.0005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2010-314X","url_text":"2010-314X"}]},{"reference":"Scott, J. George (1906). Burma: A Handbook of Practical Information. Alexander Moring Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nishi, Yoshio (1998-10-30). \"The Development of Voicing Rules in Standard Burmese\". Bulletin of National Museum of Ethnology. 23. doi:10.15021/00004129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15021%2F00004129","url_text":"10.15021/00004129"}]},{"reference":"Khin Htay Yu (2018). \"The Traditional Customs of Innthars\" (PDF). Dagon University Silver Jubilee Research Journal. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dagonuniversity.edu.mm/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Khin-Htay-Yu-1.pdf","url_text":"\"The Traditional Customs of Innthars\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Adrienne (8 January 2016). \"A luminous lake of unusual talents\". BBC. Retrieved 2020-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20151210-the-way-of-the-one-legged-rowers","url_text":"\"A luminous lake of unusual talents\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.mmtimes.com/news/ethnic-intha-party-seeks-self-administration-inle-lake.html","external_links_name":"\"Ethnic Intha party seeks self-administration for Inle Lake\""},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/755005","external_links_name":"\"Toxic Tomatoes: Using Object Biography to Explore Inle Lake's Sustainability Crisis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjbs.2020.0005","external_links_name":"10.1353/jbs.2020.0005"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2010-314X","external_links_name":"2010-314X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15021%2F00004129","external_links_name":"10.15021/00004129"},{"Link":"https://www.dagonuniversity.edu.mm/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Khin-Htay-Yu-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Traditional Customs of Innthars\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20151210-the-way-of-the-one-legged-rowers","external_links_name":"\"A luminous lake of unusual talents\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007414223305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2015002177","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/15713/","external_links_name":"Victoria"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Treme_X-Men	X-Treme X-Men	["1 Volume 1","1.1 Team roster","1.2 Story","1.3 Series run","2 Volume 2","2.1 Story","2.2 Roster","3 Collected editions","3.1 Volume one","3.2 Volume two","4 References"]	Marvel Comics X-Men spin-off series This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "X-Treme X-Men" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "X-Treme X-Men" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) X-Treme X-MenCover of X-Treme X-Men #1 (July 2001). Art by Salvador LarrocaPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsScheduleMonthlyFormatOngoing seriesPublication date List (vol. 1) July 2001 – June 2004 (vol. 2) September 2012 – June 2013 No. of issues List (vol. 1): 46 (vol. 2): 13 + 1 Point One issue Main character(s)X-MenCreative teamWritten by List (vol. 1)Chris Claremont(vol. 2)Greg Pak Penciller(s) List (vol. 1)Salvador LarrocaIgor Kordey (vol. 2) Stephen Segovia Paco Diaz Inker(s) List (vol. 2) Dennis Crisostomo X-Treme X-Men is the name of two comic book series published by Marvel Comics, the first from 2001 through 2004, and the second from 2012 through 2013. All 46 issues of the first series were written by Chris Claremont, and featured a globetrotting X-Men team led by Storm. The first 24 issues were drawn by Salvador Larroca, and the final 22 issues were drawn by Igor Kordey. Volume 2 of X-Treme X-Men featured a cast of X-Men characters from alternate dimensions, but led by Dazzler from the main Earth-616 universe. The series was written by Greg Pak. The thirteenth and final issue was released in April 2013. Volume 1 Volume 1 of the series originated as part of a revamp of the X-Men line of comics in 2001. Prior to this revamp, Claremont was writing both of the main X-Men titles (Uncanny X-Men and X-Men, the latter of which became New X-Men, and then X-Men: Legacy). He was removed from both core X-titles by Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada when his storylines fell apart due to editorial interference by the previous editor-in-chief in a failed attempt to capitalize on the first X-Men movie. Quesada offered Claremont the opportunity to write only one of the core X-titles (while allowing new X-writer Grant Morrison to have partial storyline input) or to write a third, new core X-Men title. Claremont chose the latter. That title was dubbed X-Treme X-Men. In May 2004, prompted by Grant Morrison's departure from New X-Men, Marvel felt that another revamp of the X-Men titles was required. As part of this revamp, called X-Men Reload, Chris Claremont returned to writing Uncanny X-Men. X-Treme X-Men was cancelled, with most of its cast and running plotlines being transferred to Uncanny X-Men. Joss Whedon and John Cassaday's Astonishing X-Men replaced it as the third core title. Team roster The X-Treme X-Men contained Storm, Rogue, Gambit, Bishop, Sage (Tessa), Thunderbird (Neal Shaara), Psylocke and Beast as original line up. Psylocke was killed and Beast departed the title in the early goings, and new recruits Lifeguard (Heather Cameron) and Slipstream (Davis Cameron) were eventually added. Later in the series, familiar X-Men characters Cannonball, Lila Cheney, Shadowcat, Magma and Sunspot made regular appearances, with only Cannonball officially joining the team. Evangeline Whedon (a mutant possessing dragon transmorphic abilities) also made numerous appearances. The title also introduced the character of Red Lotus, who featured heavily in the Australian arc, and was included in issues of the invasion arc. Issues Characters #1-4 (2001) Beast, Bishop, Psylocke, Rogue, Sage, Storm, Thunderbird #5-19 (2001–2002) Bishop, Gambit, Lifeguard, Rogue, Sage, Slipstream, Storm, Thunderbird #20-30 (2003) Bishop, Cannonball, Sage, Storm, Wolverine #31-35 (2003–2004) Bishop, Cannonball, Gambit, Rogue, Sage, Storm #36-39 (2004) Although focusing on Storm this arc also features Callisto, Strong Guy and Yukio #40-46 (2004) Bishop, Cannonball, Gambit, Magma, Rogue, Sage, Storm Story The book picked up on many plot threads from Claremont's run on the two main X-Men books. The book is most notable for the death of the popular character Psylocke (now resurrected) in its early issues, and it showed how Beast mutated into his lion-like form. The first arc (issues 1–4) concerns the quest on the part of Storm and a number of X-Men chosen by her to find Destiny's 13 diaries since none like the idea of having their destinies defined. The arc also introduces Vargas (a new foe who is disturbed by the diaries' predictions of his death), who kills Psylocke in order to test the diaries' predictions. He also heavily injured Beast, which leads to the character's transition to New X-Men. In the second arc (Savage Land 1–4), the team travel to the Savage Land, where they escort the Saurids to a land where they will not be persecuted. The team tangles and defeats Brainchild (who makes Storm lose control of her powers for a time, bringing out her inner warrior akin to Wolverine's berserker rage). This disturbed her for some time. Cover for X-Treme X-Men #5. The third arc (issues 5–9) involves Gambit in Australia and the warring gangs. The leader of an Australian mafia (known as the Viceroy) dies mysteriously (as if drowning in his own room), and the team must protect his mutant children (Lifeguard and Slipstream who were in the dark as to their real father). The mafia and police accuse Gambit of murder of the gang leader and Bishop and Rogue take charge to clear his name. As a team learns Lady Mastermind and Sebastian Shaw are behind everything, the two villains capture Shaw's former assistant, Sage. Caught between the two villains and a mafia gang war, the team is able to rescue Sage, clear Gambit's name, and protect the now two newest members of the team (Lifeguard and Slipstream). The Annual (2001) deals with Reavers, the Shadow King, and contains a backup story featuring Kitty Pryde and the threat of Purity. The next story arc (issues 10–18) fundamentally changes the title. The team again reunites with Gambit in Madripoor and deals with the invasion of the armies of Khan, an inter-dimensional conqueror. Gambit seeks to obtain Ororo's mother's ruby which was part of a set that, when empowered, could open a portal between dimensions. Since some gems are already missing, Gambit wants to ensure that Ororo's ruby remains safe. However, Gambit is attacked by an other-dimensional warrior named Shaitan, capturing Gambit and stealing the ruby. Shaitan then uses the gems and Gambit's mutant ability to empower them, thus opening the portal for his master, Khan (who, taken by Ororo's powers and beauty, wants to make her his queen). Ororo's X-Men oppose and defeat the invaders, but not before Ororo is seriously injured by Madripoor's ruling crime lord Viper (before the battle) and by Khan's harem (during the battle). Sage activates all of the powers that Rogue has ever imprinted at once, enabling Rogue to turn the tide of the battle. During the melee, Vargas returns to kill Rogue, after the diaries predicted she'd kill him. As Rogue is attempting to save Gambit, she gets trapped by that same energy that empowers the portal. While they are trapped, Vargas impales them both with a huge broadsword. Rogue uses the strength of Wolverine and the Hulk to overcome her injury, though Gambit remains close to death. Rogue finds Vargas and fights him in order to avenge Psylocke's death and his attempted murder of her and Gambit, as predicted in the diaries. The fight is filmed by a news crew and just as the camera loses power, Rogue is shown standing over Vargas with a sword, poised to strike. It is not actually shown if she kills him or not. In the midst of the battle in Khan's invasion platform, Lifeguard's power reacts unexpectedly to conceal her identity, leaving her permanently as gold-skinned, bird-like humanoid - revealing her Shi'Ar heritage. Her brother, Slipstream, reacts badly to this and runs off to parts unknown. The team succeeds in defeating Khan as other heroes join in the relief efforts. Storm, Rogue, and Gambit, all near death, are saved with the arrival of Jean Grey, as well as Nightcrawler and Beast. With the help of Beast's surgical expertise, Jean Grey telepathically pulls Storm and Rogue from the abyss of death, and helps Rogue do the same for Gambit (who views this as his one chance for salvation and pleads with Rogue to cross over with him until she pulls him back). Lifeguard and Thunderbird leave the title with this arc, going after Slipstream. Rogue and Gambit take time to recuperate. In the next few issues (19 and X-Posé 1–2) (arcs 6 and 7), while the team is recuperating, they have dinner with their old teammates. However, it's made quite clear that Xavier's views have changed and a philosophical rift begins. The team deals with the public relations aspect of what they do. The team attempts to keep a mutant documentary on the air, despite efforts to kill it because it is not derogatory. The team succeeds, but another old teammate, Archangel, refuses to allow them to manipulate the media that way. Issues 20-23 (arc 8) deal with a very young mutant killer seeking asylum at Xavier's Institute. Emma Frost promptly kicks out members Sage and Bishop when they visit because she believes that mutants should police themselves. The team breaks into the mansion to bring the boy to the proper authorities. However, a possessed Emma intercepts them. She is possessed by Elias Bogan, an old acquaintance from the Hellfire Club that she and Sage have met before. After an argument with Professor X elsewhere, Ororo arrives to help her teammates. However, old emotions rise to the surface as Ororo fights Emma Frost. Emma shakes the possession outside the mansion during the fight, but they continue to battle until Storm shows that she's willing to kill Emma and has the ability to do so. Elias Bogan proves to be the threat behind the murders. Storm and Emma pull it together long enough to facilitate the rest of the team's escape, who then stop Bogan, though certainly not for good. The philosophical rift between the two groups of X-Men reaches its peak here when the X-Treme X-Men promise not to return to the mansion again until the dream of peaceful coexistence is, once again, the goal the X-Men, instead of what the X-Treme X-Men believe to be isolationism and possible mutant supremacy. Kitty Pryde's Mekanix miniseries (arc 9) deals with her college life right after she leaves the X-Men and has to face Purity as well as the Sentinels. The return of Cannonball takes place in issue 24 and issues 25-30 (arcs 10 and 11) contain a story line dealing with Reverend William Stryker, a follow-up to Claremont's 1982 X-Men: God Loves, Man Kills graphic novel. Issues 31-35 (arc 12) see the return of Rogue and Gambit. Storm offers her team's services to the United Nations as a global mutant police force, the X-Treme Sanctions Executive (XSE), wherein mutants will continue to be bound by the human laws, but be policed by other mutants. They succeed as the government is searching for a way to contain the mutant threat. Also, the team fights against powerful mutants who have taken over a town in California and are pushing out the human inhabitants by force. This begins back and forth attacks between mutants and humans, while the team tries to establish peace and bring the aggressors to justice. Though the team doesn't discover it, it's revealed that Elias Bogan is lurking around the edges, influencing events to a degree. Issues 36-39 (what could be considered arc 13) deal with one of Ororo's missions as part of XSE (i.e., exposing mutant slave trading network and gladiatorial battle arena in Japan). Issues 40-45 again deal with the threat posed by Elias Bogan trying to get his final revenge on the group. Issue 46 (the final issue) shows Kitty Pryde returning to the X-Men fold and the X-Treme team deciding what to do next: return to the Xavier Institute or find a different path. Series run X-Treme X-Men Vol. 1 #1-46 X-Treme X-Men Annual 2001 X-Treme X-Men: Savage Land #1-4 X-Treme X-Men X-Pose #1-2 X-Treme X-Men Mekanix (starring Shadowcat) #1-6 Volume 2 X-Treme X-Men was relaunched as a new series in 2012 with no connection to the previous volume and a concept similar to Exiles, featuring Dazzler, Sage, and alternate dimensional versions of familiar X-Men characters, such as Howlett, an alternate Wolverine, Kurt Waggoner, a younger version of Nightcrawler, and Corporal Scott Summers, a Civil War-era African-American version of Cyclops. The series is written by Greg Pak and is a spinoff of his 2011 "Exalted" storyline from Astonishing X-Men. The series' parallel universe hopping concept is similar to the previous Marvel series Exiles. The "X-Termination" event ended the series with issue #13. The storyline crosses over with Astonishing X-Men and the Age of Apocalypse series. Story The team's mission is to explore the multiverse and hunt down ten evil Xaviers after an inter-universe teleportation awakens them. So far, the team have defeated three: one on a world where mutants are gods, another in a wild-west scenario, and a giant spacewhale being controlled by a Brood Queen. After those two missions, Kurt Waggoner takes a detour to his home reality, with Dazzler and Howlett giving chase. They rescued him with some unexpected assistance from Sage, who has been ambassador of S.W.O.R.D. since she was last seen with the Exiles. Afterward, they were reunited with Xavier, who since recruited an alternate Cyclops, Dazzler, and Hercules to help. The teams merged and the alternate Dazzler died facing a Witch King Xavier in the next reality, prompting 616 Dazzler to take her costume. In the next reality, Namor fought a Nazi Xavier and Dazzler was able to kill Nazi Xavier. However, Witch King Xavier faked his death and controlled the team's Xavier while resurrecting Nazi Xavier. The three Xaviers fled into another reality, sacrificing the natives to gain more power. The X-Treme X-Men followed and freed their Xavier. Unfortunately, the power source the other Xaviers used grew and killed them, opening a rift in the multiverse that swallowed the natives. The team got away in time and followed the rift, leading into the X-Termination crossover with Astonishing X-Men and Age of Apocalypse. During the crossover, AoA Nightcrawler's trip home resulted in the release of three evil beings that destroy anyone they touch. Several casualties resulted, including the AoA's Nightcrawler, Sabretooth, Horror Show, and Fiend, as well as the X-Treme X-Men's Kurt Waggoner, Xavier and Hercules. The crossover ended with the apparent destruction of the AoA universe. The surviving X-Treme X-Men team members, Dazzler, Sage, Howlett, and Corporal Summers all remained on Earth-616. Roster Issues Characters #1-3 Dazzler, Kurt Waggoner, James Howlett, Emmeline Frost, Xavier (detached head) #4-7 Dazzler, Kurt Waggoner, James Howlett, Xavier (detached head) #7.1-9 Dazzler, Kurt Waggoner, James Howlett, Sage, Xavier (detached head) #7.1-13 Dazzler, Kurt Waggoner, James Howlett, Sage, Xavier (detached head), Corporal Scott "Cyclops" Summers, Hercules (alternate) Collected editions Volume one Title Material Collected Publication Date ISBN X-Treme X-Men, Volume 1: Destiny X-Treme X-Men #1-9 May 2003 ISBN 0-7851-0841-6 X-Treme X-Men: Savage Land (Volume 1.5) X-Treme X-Men: Savage Land #1-4 April 2002 ISBN 0-7851-0869-6 X-Treme X-Men Volume 2: Invasion X-Treme X-Men #10-18 December 2002 ISBN 0-7851-1018-6 X-Treme X-Men Volume 3: Schism X-Treme X-Men #19-23, X-Pose #1-2 July 2003 ISBN 0-7851-1084-4 X-Treme X-Men Volume 4: Mekanix Mekanix #1-6, X-Men Unlimited #36 June 2003 ISBN 0-7851-1117-4 X-Treme X-Men Volume 5: God Loves, Man Kills X-Treme X-Men #25-30, original God Loves, Man Kills story by Chris Claremont December 2003 ISBN 0-7851-1254-5 X-Treme X-Men Volume 6: Intifada X-Treme X-Men #24, 31-35 March 2004 ISBN 0-7851-1230-8 X-Treme X-Men Volume 7: Storm - The Arena X-Treme X-Men #36-39 April 2004 ISBN 0-7851-0936-6 X-Treme X-Men Volume 8: Prisoner Of Fire X-Treme X-Men #40-46, Annual 2001 August 2004 ISBN 0-7851-1351-7 Omnibus collections of X-Treme X-Men (Volume 1) Title Material Collected Publication Date ISBN X-Treme X-Men By Chris Claremont, Volume 1 Uncanny X-Men (1981) #389, X-Men (1991) #109, X-Treme X-Men (2001) #1-24 and X-Treme X-Men Annual 2001, X-Treme X-Men: Savage Land #1-4, X-Treme X-Men X-Posé #1-2, and material from X-Men Unlimited (1993) #36 July 2022 ISBN 978-1302946395 X-Treme X-Men By Chris Claremont, Volume 2 X-Treme X-Men (2001) #25-46; Mekanix #1-6; X-Women #1; material from X-Men Unlimited #39 August 2024 ISBN 978-1302954031 Volume two Title Material Collected Publication Date ISBN X-Treme X-Men Volume 1: Xavier Must Die! X-Treme X-Men vol. 2 #1-5 February 2012 ISBN 0-7851-6564-9 X-Treme X-Men Volume 2: You Can't Go Home Again X-Treme X-Men vol. 2 #6-11, 7.1 August 2013 ISBN 0-7851-6565-7 X-Men: X-Termination X-Treme X-Men vol. 2 #12-13, Age of Apocalypse #13-14, Astonishing X-Men #60-61, X-Termination #1-2 July 2013 ISBN 0-7851-8443-0 References ^ "Marvel Comics April 2013 solicitations". ^ Sanderson, Peter (2007). The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 49–51. ISBN 978-1-4165-3141-8. ^ "'Age of Apocalypse', 'X-Treme X-Men' cancelled by Marvel". Digital Spy. ^ X-Termination #2 vteX-Men comic booksCurrent titles Alpha Flight Children of the Vault Immortal X-Men Wolverine X-Force X-Men X-Men Red X-Men Unlimited Past team titles A+X All-New X-Factor All-New X-Men Amazing X-Men Astonishing X-Men Cable and X-Force Children of the Atom Classic X-Men District X Excalibur Extraordinary X-Men Generation X New Excalibur Fallen Angels Hellions Marauders New Mutants New X-Men 2001 series 2004 series NYX Professor Xavier and the X-Men Rogue & Gambit Spider-Man and the X-Men S.W.O.R.D. Uncanny X-Force Uncanny X-Men (Uncanny X-Men #94) Way of X Weapon X Wolverine and the X-Men X-Corp X-Factor X-Men Blue X-Men Gold X-Men: First Class X-Men: Legacy X-Men: The Hidden Years X-Statix X-Treme X-Men Young X-Men Past solo titles Agent X All-New Wolverine Cable Cable & Deadpool The Adventures of Cyclops and Phoenix The Further Adventures of Cyclops and Phoenix Mr. & Mrs. X Old Man Logan Wolverine: Origins Wolverine: The Best There Is Wolverine: Weapon X X-Men Black X-23 2005 series 2010 series 2018 series X-23: Target X Past alternateuniverse titles Exiles/New Exiles Mutant X Ultimate Comics: X-Men Ultimate X-Men X-Men 2099 X-Men '92 X-Men Forever X-Men: The End X-Men: The Manga X-Nation 2099 Limited series titles List of X-Men limited series and one-shots House of X / Powers of X Star Trek/X-Men The Uncanny X-Men and The New Teen Titans X-Men: Apocalypse vs. Dracula X-23: Target X Storylines "Second Genesis" "The Dark Phoenix Saga" "Days of Future Past" "The New Mutants" "God Loves, Man Kills" "From the Ashes" "Mutant Massacre" "The Fall of the Mutants" "Inferno" "Days of Future Present" "X-Tinction Agenda" "Muir Island Saga" "X-Cutioner's Song" "Fatal Attractions" "Bloodties" "Child's Play" "Phalanx Covenant" "Legion Quest" "Age of Apocalypse" "Onslaught" "Operation: Zero Tolerance" "The Hunt for Xavier" "The Twelve" "Ages of Apocalypse" "Eve of Destruction" "House of M" "Decimation" "X-Men: The 198" "Civil War: X-Men" "Deadly Genesis" "Endangered Species" "Messiah Complex" "Divided We Stand" "Manifest Destiny" "X-Infernus" "Messiah War" "Utopia" "Nation X" "Necrosha" "Second Coming" "Curse of the Mutants" "Age of X" "Schism" "Regenesis" "X-Termination" "Avengers vs. X-Men" "Battle of the Atom" "Trial of Jean Grey" "Death of Wolverine" "AXIS" "The Black Vortex" "Inhumans vs. X-Men" "Hunt for Wolverine" "Extermination" "Return of Wolverine" "Age of X-Man" "House of X and Powers of X" "X of Swords" "Hellfire Gala" "Devil's Reign" "X Lives of Wolverine and X Deaths of Wolverine" "Judgment Day" "Dark Web" "Sins of Sinister" "Contest of Chaos" New X-Men story arcs "E Is for Extinction" "Imperial" "New Worlds" "Assault on Weapon Plus" "Planet X" "Here Comes Tomorrow" Relaunches Mutant Genesis Revolution Morrison Era ReLoad Decimation Regenesis Marvel NOW! All-New, All-Different Marvel ResurrXion Marvel Legacy Fresh Start Krakoan Age Dawn of X Reign of X Destiny of X Fall of X From the Ashes Other "Ultimate Spider-Man and X-Men" Related Ultimate X-Men story arcs Categories Titles Storylines	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_comics"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_comics"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_in_comics"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_comics"},{"link_name":"Chris Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Claremont"},{"link_name":"Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Salvador Larroca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Larroca"},{"link_name":"Igor Kordey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Kordey"},{"link_name":"Dazzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzler_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Earth-616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-616"},{"link_name":"Greg Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Pak"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"X-Treme X-Men is the name of two comic book series published by Marvel Comics, the first from 2001 through 2004, and the second from 2012 through 2013. All 46 issues of the first series were written by Chris Claremont, and featured a globetrotting X-Men team led by Storm. The first 24 issues were drawn by Salvador Larroca, and the final 22 issues were drawn by Igor Kordey.Volume 2 of X-Treme X-Men featured a cast of X-Men characters from alternate dimensions, but led by Dazzler from the main Earth-616 universe. The series was written by Greg Pak. The thirteenth and final issue was released in April 2013.[1]","title":"X-Treme X-Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_comics"},{"link_name":"Uncanny X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_X-Men"},{"link_name":"New X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_X-Men_(2001_series)"},{"link_name":"X-Men: Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Legacy"},{"link_name":"Joe Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Quesada"},{"link_name":"X-Men movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Grant Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Morrison"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_comics"},{"link_name":"Grant Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Morrison"},{"link_name":"X-Men Reload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_Reload"},{"link_name":"Joss Whedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joss_Whedon"},{"link_name":"John Cassaday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassaday"},{"link_name":"Astonishing X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astonishing_X-Men"}],"text":"Volume 1 of the series originated as part of a revamp of the X-Men line of comics in 2001. Prior to this revamp, Claremont was writing both of the main X-Men titles (Uncanny X-Men and X-Men, the latter of which became New X-Men, and then X-Men: Legacy). He was removed from both core X-titles by Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada when his storylines fell apart due to editorial interference by the previous editor-in-chief in a failed attempt to capitalize on the first X-Men movie.[citation needed] Quesada offered Claremont the opportunity to write only one of the core X-titles (while allowing new X-writer Grant Morrison to have partial storyline input) or to write a third, new core X-Men title.[citation needed] Claremont chose the latter. That title was dubbed X-Treme X-Men.In May 2004, prompted by Grant Morrison's departure from New X-Men, Marvel felt that another revamp of the X-Men titles was required. As part of this revamp, called X-Men Reload, Chris Claremont returned to writing Uncanny X-Men. X-Treme X-Men was cancelled, with most of its cast and running plotlines being transferred to Uncanny X-Men. Joss Whedon and John Cassaday's Astonishing X-Men replaced it as the third core title.","title":"Volume 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Thunderbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Shaara"},{"link_name":"Psylocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Braddock"},{"link_name":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lifeguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeguard_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Slipstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lila Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila_Cheney"},{"link_name":"Shadowcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadowcat_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Magma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Sunspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspot_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Evangeline Whedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeline_Whedon"}],"sub_title":"Team roster","text":"The X-Treme X-Men contained Storm, Rogue, Gambit, Bishop, Sage (Tessa), Thunderbird (Neal Shaara), Psylocke and Beast as original line up. Psylocke was killed and Beast departed the title in the early goings, and new recruits Lifeguard (Heather Cameron) and Slipstream (Davis Cameron) were eventually added. Later in the series, familiar X-Men characters Cannonball, Lila Cheney, Shadowcat, Magma and Sunspot made regular appearances, with only Cannonball officially joining the team. Evangeline Whedon (a mutant possessing dragon transmorphic abilities) also made numerous appearances.The title also introduced the character of Red Lotus, who featured heavily in the Australian arc, and was included in issues of the invasion arc.","title":"Volume 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psylocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Braddock"},{"link_name":"Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(Irene_Adler)"},{"link_name":"Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_(comics)"},{"link_name":"New X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_X-Men_(2001_series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X-Treme-X-Men-5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lifeguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeguard_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Slipstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lady Mastermind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mastermind"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Shaw_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Shadow King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_King"},{"link_name":"Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Madripoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madripoor"},{"link_name":"Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"broadsword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadsword"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk"},{"link_name":"Jean Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Grey"},{"link_name":"Nightcrawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightcrawler_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Emma Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Frost"},{"link_name":"Elias Bogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Bogan"},{"link_name":"Hellfire Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_Club"},{"link_name":"Professor X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_X"},{"link_name":"Cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball_(comics)"},{"link_name":"William Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stryker"},{"link_name":"X-Men: God Loves, Man Kills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_God_Loves,_Man_Kills"},{"link_name":"X-Treme Sanctions Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Treme_Sanctions_Executive"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnyc-2"},{"link_name":"Elias Bogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Bogan"}],"sub_title":"Story","text":"The book picked up on many plot threads from Claremont's run on the two main X-Men books. The book is most notable for the death of the popular character Psylocke (now resurrected) in its early issues, and it showed how Beast mutated into his lion-like form.The first arc (issues 1–4) concerns the quest on the part of Storm and a number of X-Men chosen by her to find Destiny's 13 diaries since none like the idea of having their destinies defined. The arc also introduces Vargas (a new foe who is disturbed by the diaries' predictions of his death), who kills Psylocke in order to test the diaries' predictions. He also heavily injured Beast, which leads to the character's transition to New X-Men.In the second arc (Savage Land 1–4), the team travel to the Savage Land, where they escort the Saurids to a land where they will not be persecuted. The team tangles and defeats Brainchild (who makes Storm lose control of her powers for a time, bringing out her inner warrior akin to Wolverine's berserker rage). This disturbed her for some time.Cover for X-Treme X-Men #5.The third arc (issues 5–9) involves Gambit in Australia and the warring gangs. The leader of an Australian mafia (known as the Viceroy) dies mysteriously (as if drowning in his own room), and the team must protect his mutant children (Lifeguard and Slipstream who were in the dark as to their real father). The mafia and police accuse Gambit of murder of the gang leader and Bishop and Rogue take charge to clear his name. As a team learns Lady Mastermind and Sebastian Shaw are behind everything, the two villains capture Shaw's former assistant, Sage. Caught between the two villains and a mafia gang war, the team is able to rescue Sage, clear Gambit's name, and protect the now two newest members of the team (Lifeguard and Slipstream).The Annual (2001) deals with Reavers, the Shadow King, and contains a backup story featuring Kitty Pryde and the threat of Purity.The next story arc (issues 10–18) fundamentally changes the title. The team again reunites with Gambit in Madripoor and deals with the invasion of the armies of Khan, an inter-dimensional conqueror. Gambit seeks to obtain Ororo's mother's ruby which was part of a set that, when empowered, could open a portal between dimensions. Since some gems are already missing, Gambit wants to ensure that Ororo's ruby remains safe. However, Gambit is attacked by an other-dimensional warrior named Shaitan, capturing Gambit and stealing the ruby. Shaitan then uses the gems and Gambit's mutant ability to empower them, thus opening the portal for his master, Khan (who, taken by Ororo's powers and beauty, wants to make her his queen). Ororo's X-Men oppose and defeat the invaders, but not before Ororo is seriously injured by Madripoor's ruling crime lord Viper (before the battle) and by Khan's harem (during the battle).Sage activates all of the powers that Rogue has ever imprinted at once, enabling Rogue to turn the tide of the battle. During the melee, Vargas returns to kill Rogue, after the diaries predicted she'd kill him. As Rogue is attempting to save Gambit, she gets trapped by that same energy that empowers the portal. While they are trapped, Vargas impales them both with a huge broadsword. Rogue uses the strength of Wolverine and the Hulk to overcome her injury, though Gambit remains close to death. Rogue finds Vargas and fights him in order to avenge Psylocke's death and his attempted murder of her and Gambit, as predicted in the diaries. The fight is filmed by a news crew and just as the camera loses power, Rogue is shown standing over Vargas with a sword, poised to strike. It is not actually shown if she kills him or not.In the midst of the battle in Khan's invasion platform, Lifeguard's power reacts unexpectedly to conceal her identity, leaving her permanently as gold-skinned, bird-like humanoid - revealing her Shi'Ar heritage. Her brother, Slipstream, reacts badly to this and runs off to parts unknown. The team succeeds in defeating Khan as other heroes join in the relief efforts. Storm, Rogue, and Gambit, all near death, are saved with the arrival of Jean Grey, as well as Nightcrawler and Beast. With the help of Beast's surgical expertise, Jean Grey telepathically pulls Storm and Rogue from the abyss of death, and helps Rogue do the same for Gambit (who views this as his one chance for salvation and pleads with Rogue to cross over with him until she pulls him back). Lifeguard and Thunderbird leave the title with this arc, going after Slipstream. Rogue and Gambit take time to recuperate.In the next few issues (19 and X-Posé 1–2) (arcs 6 and 7), while the team is recuperating, they have dinner with their old teammates. However, it's made quite clear that Xavier's views have changed and a philosophical rift begins. The team deals with the public relations aspect of what they do. The team attempts to keep a mutant documentary on the air, despite efforts to kill it because it is not derogatory. The team succeeds, but another old teammate, Archangel, refuses to allow them to manipulate the media that way.Issues 20-23 (arc 8) deal with a very young mutant killer seeking asylum at Xavier's Institute. Emma Frost promptly kicks out members Sage and Bishop when they visit because she believes that mutants should police themselves. The team breaks into the mansion to bring the boy to the proper authorities. However, a possessed Emma intercepts them. She is possessed by Elias Bogan, an old acquaintance from the Hellfire Club that she and Sage have met before. After an argument with Professor X elsewhere, Ororo arrives to help her teammates. However, old emotions rise to the surface as Ororo fights Emma Frost. Emma shakes the possession outside the mansion during the fight, but they continue to battle until Storm shows that she's willing to kill Emma and has the ability to do so. Elias Bogan proves to be the threat behind the murders. Storm and Emma pull it together long enough to facilitate the rest of the team's escape, who then stop Bogan, though certainly not for good. The philosophical rift between the two groups of X-Men reaches its peak here when the X-Treme X-Men promise not to return to the mansion again until the dream of peaceful coexistence is, once again, the goal the X-Men, instead of what the X-Treme X-Men believe to be isolationism and possible mutant supremacy.Kitty Pryde's Mekanix miniseries (arc 9) deals with her college life right after she leaves the X-Men and has to face Purity as well as the Sentinels.The return of Cannonball takes place in issue 24 and issues 25-30 (arcs 10 and 11) contain a story line dealing with Reverend William Stryker, a follow-up to Claremont's 1982 X-Men: God Loves, Man Kills graphic novel.Issues 31-35 (arc 12) see the return of Rogue and Gambit. Storm offers her team's services to the United Nations as a global mutant police force, the X-Treme Sanctions Executive (XSE), wherein mutants will continue to be bound by the human laws, but be policed by other mutants.[2] They succeed as the government is searching for a way to contain the mutant threat. Also, the team fights against powerful mutants who have taken over a town in California and are pushing out the human inhabitants by force. This begins back and forth attacks between mutants and humans, while the team tries to establish peace and bring the aggressors to justice. Though the team doesn't discover it, it's revealed that Elias Bogan is lurking around the edges, influencing events to a degree.Issues 36-39 (what could be considered arc 13) deal with one of Ororo's missions as part of XSE (i.e., exposing mutant slave trading network and gladiatorial battle arena in Japan). Issues 40-45 again deal with the threat posed by Elias Bogan trying to get his final revenge on the group. Issue 46 (the final issue) shows Kitty Pryde returning to the X-Men fold and the X-Treme team deciding what to do next: return to the Xavier Institute or find a different path.","title":"Volume 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series run","text":"X-Treme X-Men Vol. 1 #1-46\nX-Treme X-Men Annual 2001\nX-Treme X-Men: Savage Land #1-4\nX-Treme X-Men X-Pose #1-2\nX-Treme X-Men Mekanix (starring Shadowcat) #1-6","title":"Volume 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiles_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Dazzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzler_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Howlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Wolverine#General_James_Howlett"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Greg Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Pak"},{"link_name":"Astonishing X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astonishing_X-Men"},{"link_name":"Exiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiles_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Termination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Termination"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Astonishing X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astonishing_X-Men"},{"link_name":"Age of Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Apocalypse#Age_of_Apocalypse_ongoing_series"}],"text":"X-Treme X-Men was relaunched as a new series in 2012 with no connection to the previous volume and a concept similar to Exiles, featuring Dazzler, Sage, and alternate dimensional versions of familiar X-Men characters, such as Howlett, an alternate Wolverine, Kurt Waggoner, a younger version of Nightcrawler, and Corporal Scott Summers, a Civil War-era African-American version of Cyclops. The series is written by Greg Pak and is a spinoff of his 2011 \"Exalted\" storyline from Astonishing X-Men. The series' parallel universe hopping concept is similar to the previous Marvel series Exiles.The \"X-Termination\" event ended the series with issue #13.[3] The storyline crosses over with Astonishing X-Men and the Age of Apocalypse series.","title":"Volume 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xaviers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_X"},{"link_name":"giant spacewhale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanti"},{"link_name":"Brood Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_(comics)"},{"link_name":"S.W.O.R.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.W.O.R.D._(comics)"},{"link_name":"Astonishing X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astonishing_X-Men"},{"link_name":"Age of Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Story","text":"The team's mission is to explore the multiverse and hunt down ten evil Xaviers after an inter-universe teleportation awakens them. So far, the team have defeated three: one on a world where mutants are gods, another in a wild-west scenario, and a giant spacewhale being controlled by a Brood Queen. After those two missions, Kurt Waggoner takes a detour to his home reality, with Dazzler and Howlett giving chase. They rescued him with some unexpected assistance from Sage, who has been ambassador of S.W.O.R.D. since she was last seen with the Exiles.Afterward, they were reunited with Xavier, who since recruited an alternate Cyclops, Dazzler, and Hercules to help. The teams merged and the alternate Dazzler died facing a Witch King Xavier in the next reality, prompting 616 Dazzler to take her costume. In the next reality, Namor fought a Nazi Xavier and Dazzler was able to kill Nazi Xavier. However, Witch King Xavier faked his death and controlled the team's Xavier while resurrecting Nazi Xavier. The three Xaviers fled into another reality, sacrificing the natives to gain more power. The X-Treme X-Men followed and freed their Xavier. Unfortunately, the power source the other Xaviers used grew and killed them, opening a rift in the multiverse that swallowed the natives. The team got away in time and followed the rift, leading into the X-Termination crossover with Astonishing X-Men and Age of Apocalypse.During the crossover, AoA Nightcrawler's trip home resulted in the release of three evil beings that destroy anyone they touch. Several casualties resulted, including the AoA's Nightcrawler, Sabretooth, Horror Show, and Fiend, as well as the X-Treme X-Men's Kurt Waggoner, Xavier and Hercules. The crossover ended with the apparent destruction of the AoA universe. The surviving X-Treme X-Men team members, Dazzler, Sage, Howlett, and Corporal Summers all remained on Earth-616.[4]","title":"Volume 2"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Roster","title":"Volume 2"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume one","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume two","title":"Collected editions"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover for X-Treme X-Men #5.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/X-Treme-X-Men-5.jpg/200px-X-Treme-X-Men-5.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Marvel Comics April 2013 solicitations\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicscontinuum.com/stories/1301/18/marvelapril.htm","url_text":"\"Marvel Comics April 2013 solicitations\""}]},{"reference":"Sanderson, Peter (2007). The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 49–51. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Tracks_(album)	The Yardbirds discography	["1 Original 1964–1968 releases","1.1 Albums","1.2 Other album appearances","1.3 Singles","2 Releases after 1969","3 Videos","4 Other charts","5 Notes","6 External links"]	The Yardbirds discographyThe Yardbirds in 1965 (left to right):Keith Relf, Jeff Beck, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Paul Samwell-SmithStudio albums6Live albums12Compilation albums10+Music videos3EPs2Singles16 The Yardbirds were an English rock group that had a string of Top 40 radio hits in mid-1960s in the UK and the US and introduced guitarists Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page. Their first album released in the UK, Five Live Yardbirds (1964), represented their early club performances with Clapton. The Yardbirds' first American album, For Your Love (1965), was released to capitalise on their first hit, and to promote the group's first US tour. However, Clapton had already decided to pursue a different musical direction and was replaced by Beck. Several popular singles with Beck followed, including a second American album, Having a Rave Up with the Yardbirds (1965), that, as with their previous album, was a split release featuring songs with both Clapton and Beck. In 1966, the Yardbirds recorded their first studio album of all original material. Released in the UK as Yardbirds and in the US as Over Under Sideways Down, the album acquired the nickname "Roger the Engineer" after a caption on the English cover drawn by rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja. Shortly after its release, bassist Paul Samwell-Smith left the group and was replaced by Page. Page soon switched to second lead guitar, with Dreja taking over on bass. This lineup only produced two songs – the psychedelic "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago" (1966), which was the group's last song to reach the charts in the UK, and "Stroll On", the proto-heavy metal remake of "Train Kept A-Rollin'" they performed for the film Blowup (1966). The dual lead lineup with Beck and Page did not last long; Beck had become increasingly unhappy with the constant touring and left the group, with Page remaining as the sole guitarist. The period as a quartet with Page was the Yardbirds' most stable and lasted nearly two and a half years. In the US, they continued to release singles and an album, Little Games (1967). The records, overseen by pop producer Mickie Most, were mostly out-of-step with the audience's shift to an album-oriented, more diverse sound. However, the Yardbirds' frequent concert appearances at counter-culture venues were well received. They were able to perform more experimental fare, such as "Dazed and Confused", the Page solo acoustic guitar piece "White Summer", and expanded, reworked versions and medleys of some of their earlier songs, as documented on the Page-produced Yardbirds '68 (2017). After a last American tour, the group disbanded in the summer of 1968. Since their breakup, a number of new albums have appeared. Besides numerous anthologies, albums featuring additional live recordings and various demos and outtakes from 1963 to 1968 have been released. Although some have received favourable reviews, music critic Richie Unterberger has noted the great number of substandard releases throughout the world. In 1994, original drummer Jim McCarty and rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja began performing and recording as the Yardbirds. Recordings with various singers and guitarists have been released. Original 1964–1968 releases The Yardbirds were signed to EMI and their records were released through the Columbia Graphophone Company in the UK and Epic Records in the US. In other countries, the group's releases were handled by a variety of labels, including affiliates of Columbia and Epic, Capitol (Canada), Riviera (France), Ricordi International (Italy), Odeon (Japan), and CBS (international). Sometimes, Yardbirds' records appeared on several labels in the same territory (in Germany, there were releases by Columbia, Epic, and CBS) and were reconfigured from the original UK and US records. Albums In their native UK, Columbia only issued two albums during the Yardbirds' career, Five Live Yardbirds (1964) and Yardbirds, popularly referred to as "Roger the Engineer" (1966). For Epic in the US, Yardbirds' manager Giorgio Gomelsky produced two albums, For Your Love (1965) and Having a Rave Up with the Yardbirds (1965), which were collections of new material mixed in with singles and live recordings featuring both Clapton and Beck. Epic subsequently issued Over Under Sideways Down (the US reconfiguration of Yardbirds, 1966), The Yardbirds' Greatest Hits (1967), and the Mickie Most-produced Little Games (1967). Reconfigurations of the Epic For Your Love were released in Canada (Capitol's Heart Full of Soul) and other countries. All albums were released on 12-inch 33⅓ rpm LP records. Where two catalogue numbers are given, the album was released in monaural and stereo versions, otherwise it is mono only. List of original albums Title Album details Main charts (peaks) Ref(s) UK US Other Five Live Yardbirds Type: Live Released: 4 December 1964 (UK) Label: Columbia (33SX 1662) Notes: Recorded 20 March 1964, Marquee Club, London — — — For Your Love Type: Studio Released: 5 July 1965 (US) Label: Epic (LN 24167/BN-26167) — 96 Heart Full of Soul Type: Studio Released: 6 September 1965 (Canada) Label: Capitol (T-6139) — — — Having a Rave Up with the Yardbirds Type: Studio, live Released: 30 November 1965 (US) Label: Epic (LN 24177/BN 26177) Notes: Includes four tracks from the UK Five Live Yardbirds — 53 — Yardbirds a.k.a. Roger the Engineer Type: Studio Released: 15 July 1966 (UK) Label: Columbia (SX 6063/SCX 6063) 20 — — Over Under Sideways Down Type: Studio Released: 8 August 1966 (US) Label: Epic (LN 24210/BN 26210) Notes: Same as Yardbirds but without two tracks and different cover art — 52 — The Yardbirds Greatest Hits Type: Compilation Released: 17 April 1967 (US) Label: Epic (LN 24246/BN 26246) — 28 Little Games Type: Studio Released: 24 July 1967 (US) Label: Epic (LN 24313/BN 26313) — 80 — "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Other album appearances In an early bid to promote the group, manager Gomelsky arranged for the Yardbirds to serve as backing musicians for a British tour by American bluesman Sonny Boy Williamson II. Recordings during the 1963–1964 tour were later released in 1966, after the Yardbirds had a string of Top 40 hits. In 1966, after Page joined the group, the Yardbirds contributed a remake of "Train Kept A-Rollin'", titled "Stroll On", for the Michelangelo Antonioni film Blow-up (1966). In 1967, MGM Records issued the soundtrack album. List of other album appearances Title Album details Notes Ref(s) Sonny Boy Williamson and the Yardbirds Type: Live Released: 7 January 1966 (UK); 7 February 1966 (US) Label: Fontana UK (TL 5277); Mercury US (MG 21071/SR 61071) Recorded 8 December 1963, Crawdaddy Club, Richmond as backing musicians (all songwriting, vocals, and harmonica by Williamson) Blow-Up – The Original Sound Track Album Type: Soundtrack Released: 20 February 1967 (US); 10 May 1967 (UK) Label: MGM US (E/SE-4447 ST); MGM UK (C/CS 8039) Charts: No. 92 on US Billboard 200 "Stroll On" is the only Yardbirds contribution to the soundtrack; film score is by Herbie Hancock Singles In the UK, singles were the only source of many of the Yardbirds' songs, until the first anthology albums were released in the 1970s. In the US, these were usually included on albums. Two singles released in Germany and Italy in 1966 remained unavailable on album until the 1980–1990s compilations by Charly Records. The last three Epic singles (unreleased in the UK) did not appear on an album until the 1991 expanded Little Games Sessions and More album. All singles and extended play (EPs) were released on 7-inch 45 rpm records. List of original singles and EPs Title(A-side / B-side) Single details Main charts (peaks) Ref(s) UK US Other "I Wish You Would" / "A Certain Girl" Released: 1 May 1964 (UK); 17 August 1964 (US) Label: Columbia UK (DB 7283); Epic US (5-9709) — — "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl" / "I Ain't Got You" Released: 30 October 1964 (UK) Label: Columbia (DB 7391) 44 — — "For Your Love" / "Got to Hurry" Released: 5 March 1965 (UK); 12 April 1965 (US) Label: Columbia UK (DB 7499); Epic US (5-9790) 3 6 "Heart Full of Soul" / "Steeled Blues" Released: 4 June 1965 (UK); 19 July 1965 (US) Label: Columbia UK (DB 7594); Epic US (5-9823) 2 9 Five Yardbirds (EP) Released: 11 August 1965 (UK) Label: Columbia (SEG 8421) Tracks: "My Girl Sloopy", "I'm Not Talking", "I Ain't Done Wrong" (all first released on For Your Love) 5 — — "Evil Hearted You" / "Still I'm Sad" Released: 1 October 1965 (UK) Label: Columbia (DB 7706) Notes: Double A-side (both songs charted) 3 — "I'm a Man" / "Still I'm Sad" Released: 11 October 1965 (US) Label: Epic (5-9857) — 17 "Paff...Bum" / "Questa Volta" Released: 4 February 1966 (Italy) Label: Ricordi International (SIR 20-010) Notes: Italian-language single recorded for the 1966 San Remo Song Contest — — "Shapes of Things" / "You're a Better Man Than I" Released: 25 February 1966 (UK) Label: Columbia (DB 7848) 3 — "Shapes of Things" / "New York City Blues" Released: 28 February 1966 (US) Label: Epic (5-10006) Notes: B-side initially "I'm Not Talking", changed 28 March to "New York City Blues" — 11 "Boom Boom" / "Honey In Your Hips" Recorded: 10 December 1963 (demo) Released: 11 March 1966 (Germany) Label: CBS (1433) — — — "Over Under Sideways Down" / "Jeff's Boogie" Released: 27 May 1966 (UK); 13 June 1966 (US) Label: Columbia UK (DB 7928); Epic US (5-10035) 10 13 "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago" / "Psycho Daisies" Released: 7 October 1966 (UK) Label: Columbia (DB 8024) 43 — "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago" / "The Nazz Are Blue" Released: 7 November 1966 (US) Label: Epic (5-10094) — 30 — Over Under Sideways Down (EP) Released: 27 January 1967 (UK) Label: Columbia (SEG 8521) Tracks: "Over Under Sideways Down", "I Can't Make Your Way", "He's Always There", "What Do You Want" — — — "Little Games" / "Puzzles" Released: 3 April 1967 (US); 21 April 1967 (UK) Label: Epic US (5-10156); Columbia UK (DB 8165) — 51 "Ha Ha Said the Clown" / "Tinker Tailor Soldier Sailor" Released: 17 July 1967 (US) Label: Epic (5-10204) — 45 "Ten Little Indians" / "Drinking Muddy Water" Released: 16 October 1967 (US) Label: Epic (5-10248) — 96 "Goodnight Sweet Josephine" / "Think About It" Released: 1 April 1968 (US) Label: Epic (5-10303) — 127 — "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Releases after 1969 A large number of Yardbirds anthologies of recordings originally produced by their first manager Gomelsky have been issued by numerous record companies over the years. These do not include songs recorded with other producers after March 1966, such as "Over Under Sideways Down", "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago", and "Little Games". Often, the albums are a haphazard mix of studio and live recordings from the Clapton and early Beck eras. Music critic Richie Unterberger wrote: Their catalog, however, has been subject to more exploitation than any other group of the '60s; dozens, if not hundreds, of cheesy packages of early material are generated throughout the world on a seemingly monthly basis. However, a few early Epic anthologies and the Rhino Records set Ultimate! (2001) managed to cross license material from the different producers. Many albums of live recordings focusing on performances with Clapton or Beck have appeared and, in 2017, the Page-produced Yardbirds '68 was released. One studio album and several live albums recorded by the post-1999 reconstituted Yardbirds have been issued. List of selected albums since 1969 Title Album details Notes Ref(s) The Yardbirds Featuring Performances by Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page Type: Compilation Released: 31 August 1970 (US) Format: 2-LP record Label: Epic (EG-30135) Charts: 20 tracks from 1964 to 1967 not already included on The Yardbirds Greatest Hits (1967) Live Yardbirds! Featuring Jimmy Page Type: Live Released: 13 September 1971 (US) Format: LP Label: Epic (E 30615) Recorded 1968 in New York City; withdrawn shortly after release, but frequently bootlegged; superseded by Yardbirds '68 (2017) Remember...The Yardbirds Type: Compilation Released: 18 June 1971 (UK) Format: LP Label: Regal Starline (SRS 5069) 12 tracks, limited to pre-Roger the Engineer recordings Shapes of Things Type: Compilation Released: 9 December 1977 (UK); 1978 (Canada) Format: 2-LP Label: Charly UK (CDZ 1); Bomb Canada (104.5) Charts: 24 tracks, pre-Roger the Engineer recordings London 1963 – The First Recordings! Type: Live Released: 17 July 1981 (Germany) Format: LP, audio cassette Label: L & R (44.001) Recorded 8 December 1963, Crawdaddy Club, Richmond, UK; 10 December 1963, R.G. Jones Studio, Morden, UK (demo) Yardbirds ...On Air Type: Live Released: 7 May 1991 (UK) Format: Compact audio disc (CD) Label: Band of Joy (BOJCD 200) Recorded 1965–1968 at BBC studios; re-released as BBC Sessions (1999) Little Games Sessions and More Type: Compilation Released: 8 April 1991 (US) Format: 2-CD Label: EMI USA (0777-7-98213-2 7) Both stereo and mono versions of original album tracks, plus non-album singles and alternate takes/mixes Train Kept A-Rollin' – The Complete Giorgio Gomelsky Productions Type: Anthology Released: 11 May 1993 Format: 4-CD boxed set Label: Charly (CD LIK BOX 3) (UK) Most available pre-Roger the Engineer recordings, including previously unreleased 1963–1964 demos and live recordings, and later alternate takes; re-released as The Yardbirds Story (2002) Reunion Jam Type: Live Released: 1 December 1999 Format: CD Label: Mooreland St. (70729-2) Recorded 1992 in London Cumular Limit Type: Compilation Released: 25 August 2000 Format: 2-CD Label: Burning Airlines (Pilot 24) Includes demos recorded in New York in 1968 and enhanced CD of four live songs from 1967 German TV show Ultimate! Type: Compilation Released: 31 July 2001 Format: 2-CD Label: Rhino (R2 79825) 52 tracks from 1963 demos to 1968 last single Birdland Type: Studio Released: 21 April 2003 Format: CD, LP Label: Favored Nations (FN2280-2) Charts: First studio album in Dreja-McCarty era, recorded 2003 in Los Angeles and London with several guests Live! Blueswailing July '64 Type: Live Released: 23 September 2003 Format: CD Label: Castle Music (06076-81331-2) Recorded in July 1964 at an unknown venue Live at B.B. King Blues Club Type: Live Released: 30 March 2007 Format: CD Label: Favored Nations (FN2580-2) Recorded in 2006 in New York City Reunion Jam Vol. II Type: Live Released: 25 June 2007 Format: CD Label: Voiceprint (VP419CD) Recorded 1992 in London Glimpses 1963–1968 Type: Compilation Released: 5 December 2011 Format: 5-CD boxed set Label: Easy Action (EARS 035) Mostly live recordings, including some unreleased and those previously scattered among various semi-official and bootleg releases Making Tracks Type: Live Released: 7 October 2013 Format: CD Label: Wienerworld (WNRCD5069) Recorded during 2010–2011 US tours Yardbirds '68 Type: Compilation Released: November 2017 Format: 2-CD, 2-LP Label: JimmyPage.com Recorded March and April 1968 in New York City Videos List of videos Title Details Notes Ref(s) Blow-Up Type: Feature film Released: 1966 Label: MGM Pictures The group performs "Stroll On"; reissued on DVD by Warner Home Video in 2004 Yardbirds: Where the Guitar Gods Played Type: Documentary film Released: 26 November 1991 Label: A*Vision Performances and interviews; reissued on DVD by Rhino in 2003 Making Tracks Type: Concert film Released: 11 December 2012 Label: MVD Visual Filmed during 2010–2011 US tours; released on audio CD in 2014 Other charts ^ For Your Love (album) reached No. 20 in Germany. ^ Although a chart published on 27 May 1967 by the Canadian music magazine RPM shows that The Yardbirds' Greatest Hits on Capitol reached No. 20, there is no other indication that such an album was actually released. Later in October, Capitol released a compilation, titled The Hits of the Yardbirds, but it did not reach the RPM chart. ^ "I Wish You Would" reached No. 26 on the NME chart in the UK, but did not appear on the main Record Retailer chart. ^ "For Your Love" reached No. 1 in Canada; No. 21 in Germany; and No. 10 in Ireland. ^ "Heartful of Soul" reached No. 2 in Canada; No. 22 in Germany; No. 3 in Ireland; and No. 10 in Norway. ^ "Evil Hearted You" reached No. 33 in Germany; and No. 6 in Ireland. ^ "I'm a Man" reached No. 4 in Canada. ^ "Paff...Bum" reached No. 5 in Italy. ^ "Shapes of Things" (backed with "Paff...Bum") reached No. 22 in Germany. ^ "Shapes of Things" (backed with "I'm Not Talking") reached No. 7 (3 weeks) in Canada. ^ "Over Under Sideways Down" reached No. 5 in Canada; and No. 35 in Germany. ^ "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago" reached No. 31 in Canada. ^ "Little Games" reached No. 27 in Australia; No. 36 in Canada; and was listed second on the UK Record Mirror "Bubbling Under" expanded chart. ^ "Ha Ha Said the Clown" reached No. 38 in Canada. ^ "Ten Little Indians" reached No. 50 in Canada. ^ The Yardbirds Featuring reached No. 88 on US Cash Box Top 100 Albums. ^ Shapes of Things (album) reached No. 96 in Canada. ^ Birdland reached No. 25 on US Billboard's Independent Albums chart and No. 67 in Germany. Notes Footnotes ^ "Shapes of Things" and "Happening Ten Years Time Ago" were first included on The Yardbirds Greatest Hits (1967). ^ In 1975, the last Epic singles were included on the bootleg Golden Eggs album. ^ In his biography Yardbirds: The Ultimate Rave-Up, group chronicler Greg Russo claims Live! Blueswailing July '64 was actually recorded 7 August 1964 at the Marquee Club in London. Citations ^ Clapton 2007, pp. 48–49. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 37, 40. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 32, 34. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 45, 50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Unterberger, Richie. "The Yardbirds – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 59, 61. ^ Clayson 2002, pp. 110–118. ^ Russo 2016, p. 102. ^ "Jimmy Page-era Yardbirds album, featuring rare live and studio recordings from 1968 due in November". ABC News Radio. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Clayson 2002, p. 118. ^ a b Russo 2016, pp. 214–229. ^ Russo 2016, p. 145. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 22, 28. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 212–214. ^ a b c Russo 2016, pp. 213–214. ^ a b c d e f g Russo 2016, p. 213. ^ "Yardbirds – Albums". Official Charts. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "The Yardbirds: Chart history – Billboard 200". Billboard.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019. ^ a b c d e f g "Suchen Nach 'Yardbirds'". Offizielle Deutsche Charts (in German). Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Russo 1992, p. 15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Russo 2016, p. 214. ^ "RPM 25 Top LPs" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 7, no. 13. 27 May 1967. p. 5 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ The Hits of the Yardbirds (Album notes). The Yardbirds. Canada: Capitol Records. October 1967. Back cover. T-6229.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Russo 2016, pp. 20–21. ^ Russo, Hinman & Peterson 2001, pp. 40, 46. ^ Clayson 2002, p. 198. ^ a b c Russo, Hinman & Peterson 2001, pp. 44–47. ^ Russo, Hinman & Peterson 2001, pp. 45, 46. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 216–221. ^ Russo 1992, pp. 9, 15. ^ Unterberger, Richie. "Yardbirds: Golden Eggs – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 March 2021. ^ Russo, Hinman & Peterson 2001, p. 44 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Russo 2016, p. 212. ^ "R.P.M. Play Sheet" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 3, no. 17. 21 June 1965 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ a b c "Search by artist: 'Yardbirds'". Irish Charts. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "R.P.M. Play Sheet" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 4, no. 7. 11 October 1965 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ "The Yardbirds: 'Heart Full of Soul'". VG-lista (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "R.P.M. Play Sheet" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 4, no. 18. 27 December 1965 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ "Italy's Best Sellers". Cash Box. Vol. 27, no. 31. 19 February 1966. p. 67. ISSN 0008-7289. ^ "RPM 100" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 5, no. 12. 16 May 1966 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ "RPM 100". RPM. Vol. 5, no. 25. 15 August 1966 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ "RPM 100" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 6, no. 20. 14 January 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ "Go-Set National Top 40". Go-Set. Vol. 2, no. 25. 21 June 1967. p. 2. ^ "RPM 100" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 7, no. 12. 20 May 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ "Britain's Top 50 – Bubbling Under". Record Mirror. London. 6 May 1967. p. 11. ISSN 0144-5804. ^ "RPM 100" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 8, no. 2. 9 September 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ "RPM 100" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 8, no. 16. 16 December 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 210–211. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 225–229. ^ "Top 100 Albums". Cash Box. Vol. 32, no. 14. 26 September 1970. p. 29. ISSN 0008-7289. ^ Eder, Bruce. "The Yardbirds: Performance by Clapton, Beck & Page – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Eder, Bruce. "Live Yardbirds Featuring Jimmy Page – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Eder, Bruce. "The Yardbirds: Remember – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "RPM 100 Top Albums (51–100)" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 21, no. 21. 19 August 1978. p. 24 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ a b Russo 2016, p. 215. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 219, 223. ^ Russo 2016, p. 220. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 220–221, 226. ^ a b Russo 2016, p. 225. ^ Russo 2016, p. 226. ^ "The Yardbirds: Chart history – Independent Albums". Billboard. Retrieved 3 June 2019. ^ a b c d Russo 2016, p. 227. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 227, 242. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 228, 229. ^ Russo 2016, p. 229. ^ "Yardbirds '68". JimmyPage.com. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2019. ^ Russo 2016, p. 234. ^ Unterberger, Richie. "The Story of the Yardbirds – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ a b Russo 2016, pp. 234–235. References Clapton, Eric (2007). Clapton: The Autobiography. New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-2536-5. Clayson, Alan (2002). The Yardbirds. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-724-2. Gomelsky, Giorgio; Cohen, Phil (2002). The Yardbirds Story (Boxed set booklet). The Yardbirds. United Kingdom: Charly Records. OCLC 62367983. SNAD 905 CD. Russo, Gregg (1992). Little Games Sessions and More (CD booklet). The Yardbirds. EMI North America. E2–98214. Russo, Gregg; Hinman, Doug; Peterson, Gary (2001). Ultimate! (Boxed set booklet). The Yardbirds. Los Angeles: Rhino Records. OCLC 781357622. R2 79825. Russo, Greg; Paytress, Mark (2011). Glimpses 1963–1968 (Boxed set booklet). The Yardbirds. Easy Action. EARS 035. Russo, Greg (2016). Yardbirds: The Ultimate Rave-Up. Floral Park, New York: Crossfire Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791845-7-4. Whitburn, Joel (2008). Joel Whitburn Presents Across the Charts: The 1960s. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. ISBN 978-0898201758. External links The Yardbirds discography at Discogs vteThe Yardbirds Original members (1963–1968): Keith Relf Paul Samwell-Smith Chris Dreja Jim McCarty Top Topham Eric Clapton Jeff Beck Jimmy Page Later members (since 1992): John Idan Gypie Mayo Alan Glen Jerry Donahue Ben King Johnny A. Kenny Aaronson Myke Scavone Studiorecordings For Your Love Having a Rave Up Roger the Engineer Little Games Birdland Live albums Five Live Yardbirds Sonny Boy Williamson and the Yardbirds Live Yardbirds! Featuring Jimmy Page Live! Blueswailing July '64 Anthologies The Yardbirds Greatest Hits Shapes of Things Ultimate! Glimpses 1963–1968 Yardbirds '68 Soundtracks Blow-Up – The Original Sound Track Album Bootlegs Golden Eggs More Golden Eggs Singles "I Wish You Would" "A Certain Girl" "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl" "For Your Love" "Heart Full of Soul" "Evil Hearted You" "I'm a Man" "Shapes of Things" "You're a Better Man Than I" "Boom Boom" "Over Under Sideways Down" "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago" "Ha Ha Said the Clown" "Ten Little Indians" Other songs "Let It Rock" "Who Do You Love" "You Can't Judge a Book by Looking at the Cover" "Too Much Monkey Business" "Smokestack Lightning" "Five Long Years" "The Sky Is Crying" "My Girl Sloopy" "The Train Kept A-Rollin'" "Spoonful" "The Stumble" "Dust My Blues" "White Summer" "Drinking Muddy Water" "Stealing Stealing" "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" "Dazed and Confused" "Knowing That I'm Losing You" "I'm Waiting for the Man" Related Discography Members Cream Jeff Beck Group Led Zeppelin Renaissance Box of Frogs	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Jeff Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beck"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Page"},{"link_name":"Five Live Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Live_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClapton200748%E2%80%9349-1"},{"link_name":"For Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Your_Love_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso201637,_40-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso201632,_34-3"},{"link_name":"Having a Rave Up with the Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Having_a_Rave_Up_with_the_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso201645,_50-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"},{"link_name":"Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardbirds_(album)"},{"link_name":"Over Under Sideways Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_Under_Sideways_Down_(album)"},{"link_name":"Chris Dreja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Dreja"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso201659,_61-6"},{"link_name":"Paul Samwell-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samwell-Smith"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"},{"link_name":"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happenings_Ten_Years_Time_Ago"},{"link_name":"Train Kept A-Rollin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_Kept_A-Rollin%27#The_Yardbirds_versions"},{"link_name":"Blowup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayson2002110%E2%80%93118-7"},{"link_name":"Little Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Games"},{"link_name":"Mickie Most","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickie_Most"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"},{"link_name":"Dazed and Confused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazed_and_Confused_(song)#The_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"White Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Summer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016102-8"},{"link_name":"Yardbirds '68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardbirds_%2768"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayson2002118-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016214%E2%80%93229-11"},{"link_name":"Richie Unterberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Unterberger"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"},{"link_name":"Jim McCarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McCarty"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016145-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"}],"text":"The Yardbirds were an English rock group that had a string of Top 40 radio hits in mid-1960s in the UK and the US and introduced guitarists Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page. Their first album released in the UK, Five Live Yardbirds (1964), represented their early club performances with Clapton.[1] The Yardbirds' first American album, For Your Love (1965), was released to capitalise on their first hit, and to promote the group's first US tour.[2] However, Clapton had already decided to pursue a different musical direction and was replaced by Beck.[3] Several popular singles with Beck followed, including a second American album, Having a Rave Up with the Yardbirds (1965), that, as with their previous album, was a split release featuring songs with both Clapton and Beck.[4]In 1966, the Yardbirds recorded their first studio album of all original material.[5] Released in the UK as Yardbirds and in the US as Over Under Sideways Down, the album acquired the nickname \"Roger the Engineer\" after a caption on the English cover drawn by rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja.[6] Shortly after its release, bassist Paul Samwell-Smith left the group and was replaced by Page.[5] Page soon switched to second lead guitar, with Dreja taking over on bass.[5] This lineup only produced two songs – the psychedelic \"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago\" (1966), which was the group's last song to reach the charts in the UK, and \"Stroll On\", the proto-heavy metal remake of \"Train Kept A-Rollin'\" they performed for the film Blowup (1966).[5]The dual lead lineup with Beck and Page did not last long; Beck had become increasingly unhappy with the constant touring and left the group, with Page remaining as the sole guitarist.[5] The period as a quartet with Page was the Yardbirds' most stable and lasted nearly two and a half years.[7] In the US, they continued to release singles and an album, Little Games (1967). The records, overseen by pop producer Mickie Most, were mostly out-of-step with the audience's shift to an album-oriented, more diverse sound.[5] However, the Yardbirds' frequent concert appearances at counter-culture venues were well received.[5] They were able to perform more experimental fare, such as \"Dazed and Confused\", the Page solo acoustic guitar piece \"White Summer\", and expanded, reworked versions and medleys of some of their earlier songs,[8] as documented on the Page-produced Yardbirds '68 (2017).[9] After a last American tour, the group disbanded in the summer of 1968.[10]Since their breakup, a number of new albums have appeared. Besides numerous anthologies, albums featuring additional live recordings and various demos and outtakes from 1963 to 1968 have been released.[11] Although some have received favourable reviews, music critic Richie Unterberger has noted the great number of substandard releases throughout the world.[5] In 1994, original drummer Jim McCarty and rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja began performing and recording as the Yardbirds.[12] Recordings with various singers and guitarists have been released.[5]","title":"The Yardbirds discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Columbia Graphophone Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso201622,_28-13"},{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Riviera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riviera-LM_Records"},{"link_name":"Ricordi International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dischi_Ricordi"},{"link_name":"Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_Records"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Records_International"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016212%E2%80%93214-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016213%E2%80%93214-15"}],"text":"The Yardbirds were signed to EMI and their records were released through the Columbia Graphophone Company in the UK and Epic Records in the US.[13] In other countries, the group's releases were handled by a variety of labels, including affiliates of Columbia and Epic, Capitol (Canada), Riviera (France), Ricordi International (Italy), Odeon (Japan), and CBS (international).[14] Sometimes, Yardbirds' records appeared on several labels in the same territory (in Germany, there were releases by Columbia, Epic, and CBS) and were reconfigured from the original UK and US records.[15]","title":"Original 1964–1968 releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardbirds_(album)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016213%E2%80%93214-15"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Gomelsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Gomelsky"},{"link_name":"The Yardbirds' Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yardbirds_Greatest_Hits"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016213%E2%80%93214-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016213-16"},{"link_name":"LP records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"monaural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaural"},{"link_name":"stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereophonic_sound"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"In their native UK, Columbia only issued two albums during the Yardbirds' career, Five Live Yardbirds (1964) and Yardbirds, popularly referred to as \"Roger the Engineer\" (1966).[15] For Epic in the US, Yardbirds' manager Giorgio Gomelsky produced two albums, For Your Love (1965) and Having a Rave Up with the Yardbirds (1965), which were collections of new material mixed in with singles and live recordings featuring both Clapton and Beck. Epic subsequently issued Over Under Sideways Down (the US reconfiguration of Yardbirds, 1966), The Yardbirds' Greatest Hits (1967), and the Mickie Most-produced Little Games (1967).[15] Reconfigurations of the Epic For Your Love were released in Canada (Capitol's Heart Full of Soul) and other countries.[16] All albums were released on 12-inch 33⅓ rpm LP records. Where two catalogue numbers are given, the album was released in monaural and stereo versions, otherwise it is mono only.","title":"Original 1964–1968 releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonny Boy Williamson II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Boy_Williamson_II"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso201620%E2%80%9321-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016214-22"},{"link_name":"Train Kept A-Rollin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_Kept_A-Rollin%27#The_Yardbirds_versions"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo Antonioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussoHinmanPeterson200140,_46-27"},{"link_name":"MGM Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Records"},{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow-Up_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016214-22"}],"sub_title":"Other album appearances","text":"In an early bid to promote the group, manager Gomelsky arranged for the Yardbirds to serve as backing musicians for a British tour by American bluesman Sonny Boy Williamson II.[24] Recordings during the 1963–1964 tour were later released in 1966, after the Yardbirds had a string of Top 40 hits.[21] In 1966, after Page joined the group, the Yardbirds contributed a remake of \"Train Kept A-Rollin'\", titled \"Stroll On\", for the Michelangelo Antonioni film Blow-up (1966).[25] In 1967, MGM Records issued the soundtrack album.[21]","title":"Original 1964–1968 releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussoHinmanPeterson200144%E2%80%9347-29"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Charly Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charly_Records"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016216%E2%80%93221-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso19929,_15-33"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"7-inch 45 rpm records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)#7-inch_format"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"In the UK, singles were the only source of many of the Yardbirds' songs, until the first anthology albums were released in the 1970s.[27] In the US, these were usually included on albums.[a] Two singles released in Germany and Italy in 1966 remained unavailable on album until the 1980–1990s compilations by Charly Records.[29] The last three Epic singles (unreleased in the UK) did not appear on an album until the 1991 expanded Little Games Sessions and More album.[30][b] All singles and extended play (EPs) were released on 7-inch 45 rpm records.","title":"Original 1964–1968 releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happenings_Ten_Years_Time_Ago"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016210%E2%80%93211-65"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016214%E2%80%93229-11"},{"link_name":"Richie Unterberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Unterberger"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"},{"link_name":"Rhino Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Records"},{"link_name":"Ultimate!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate!"},{"link_name":"cross license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_license"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-5"},{"link_name":"Yardbirds '68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardbirds_%2768"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso2016225%E2%80%93229-66"}],"text":"A large number of Yardbirds anthologies of recordings originally produced by their first manager Gomelsky have been issued by numerous record companies over the years. These do not include songs recorded with other producers after March 1966, such as \"Over Under Sideways Down\", \"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago\", and \"Little Games\".[48] Often, the albums are a haphazard mix of studio and live recordings from the Clapton and early Beck eras.[11] Music critic Richie Unterberger wrote:Their [Yardbirds' song] catalog, however, has been subject to more exploitation than any other group of the '60s; dozens, if not hundreds, of cheesy packages of early material are generated throughout the world on a seemingly monthly basis.[5]However, a few early Epic anthologies and the Rhino Records set Ultimate! (2001) managed to cross license material from the different producers.[5] Many albums of live recordings focusing on performances with Clapton or Beck have appeared and, in 2017, the Page-produced Yardbirds '68 was released. One studio album and several live albums recorded by the post-1999 reconstituted Yardbirds have been issued.[49]","title":"Releases after 1969"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Videos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany-19"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRMA-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany-19"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRMA-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany-19"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRMA-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Record Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"Billboard's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Independent Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Albums"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany-19"}],"text":"^ For Your Love (album) reached No. 20 in Germany.[19]\n\n^ Although a chart published on 27 May 1967 by the Canadian music magazine RPM shows that The Yardbirds' Greatest Hits on Capitol reached No. 20,[22] there is no other indication that such an album was actually released. Later in October, Capitol released a compilation, titled The Hits of the Yardbirds,[23] but it did not reach the RPM chart.\n\n^ \"I Wish You Would\" reached No. 26 on the NME chart in the UK, but did not appear on the main Record Retailer chart.[32]\n\n^ \"For Your Love\" reached No. 1 in Canada;[34] No. 21 in Germany;[19] and No. 10 in Ireland.[35]\n\n^ \"Heartful of Soul\" reached No. 2 in Canada;[36] No. 22 in Germany;[19] No. 3 in Ireland;[35] and No. 10 in Norway.[37]\n\n^ \"Evil Hearted You\" reached No. 33 in Germany;[19] and No. 6 in Ireland.[35]\n\n^ \"I'm a Man\" reached No. 4 in Canada.[38]\n\n^ \"Paff...Bum\" reached No. 5 in Italy.[39]\n\n^ \"Shapes of Things\" (backed with \"Paff...Bum\") reached No. 22 in Germany.[19]\n\n^ \"Shapes of Things\" (backed with \"I'm Not Talking\") reached No. 7 (3 weeks) in Canada.[40]\n\n^ \"Over Under Sideways Down\" reached No. 5 in Canada;[41] and No. 35 in Germany.[19]\n\n^ \"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago\" reached No. 31 in Canada.[42]\n\n^ \"Little Games\" reached No. 27 in Australia;[43] No. 36 in Canada;[44] and was listed second on the UK Record Mirror \"Bubbling Under\" expanded chart.[45]\n\n^ \"Ha Ha Said the Clown\" reached No. 38 in Canada.[46]\n\n^ \"Ten Little Indians\" reached No. 50 in Canada.[47]\n\n^ The Yardbirds Featuring reached No. 88 on US Cash Box Top 100 Albums.[50]\n\n^ Shapes of Things (album) reached No. 96 in Canada.[54]\n\n^ Birdland reached No. 25 on US Billboard's Independent Albums chart[61] and No. 67 in Germany.[19]","title":"Other charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"bootleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording"},{"link_name":"Golden 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More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Games_Sessions_and_More"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"781357622","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/781357622"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9791845-7-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9791845-7-4"},{"link_name":"Whitburn, Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn"},{"link_name":"Record Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Research"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0898201758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0898201758"}],"text":"Footnotes^ \"Shapes of Things\" and \"Happening Ten Years Time Ago\" were first included on The Yardbirds Greatest Hits (1967).[28]\n\n^ In 1975, the last Epic singles were included on the bootleg Golden Eggs album.[31]\n\n^ In his biography Yardbirds: The Ultimate Rave-Up, group chronicler Greg Russo claims Live! Blueswailing July '64 was actually recorded 7 August 1964 at the Marquee Club in London.[63]Citations^ Clapton 2007, pp. 48–49.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 37, 40.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 32, 34.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 45, 50.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Unterberger, Richie. \"The Yardbirds – Artist Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 59, 61.\n\n^ Clayson 2002, pp. 110–118.\n\n^ Russo 2016, p. 102.\n\n^ \"Jimmy Page-era Yardbirds album, featuring rare live and studio recordings from 1968 due in November\". ABC News Radio. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ Clayson 2002, p. 118.\n\n^ a b Russo 2016, pp. 214–229.\n\n^ Russo 2016, p. 145.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 22, 28.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 212–214.\n\n^ a b c Russo 2016, pp. 213–214.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Russo 2016, p. 213.\n\n^ \"Yardbirds – Albums\". Official Charts. Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ \"The Yardbirds: Chart history – Billboard 200\". Billboard.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019.[dead link]\n\n^ a b c d e f g \"Suchen Nach 'Yardbirds'\". Offizielle Deutsche Charts (in German). Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ Russo 1992, p. 15.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Russo 2016, p. 214.\n\n^ \"RPM 25 Top LPs\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 7, no. 13. 27 May 1967. p. 5 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ The Hits of the Yardbirds (Album notes). The Yardbirds. Canada: Capitol Records. October 1967. Back cover. T-6229.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 20–21.\n\n^ Russo, Hinman & Peterson 2001, pp. 40, 46.\n\n^ Clayson 2002, p. 198.\n\n^ a b c Russo, Hinman & Peterson 2001, pp. 44–47.\n\n^ Russo, Hinman & Peterson 2001, pp. 45, 46.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 216–221.\n\n^ Russo 1992, pp. 9, 15.\n\n^ Unterberger, Richie. \"Yardbirds: Golden Eggs – Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 March 2021.\n\n^ Russo, Hinman & Peterson 2001, p. 44\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Russo 2016, p. 212.\n\n^ \"R.P.M. Play Sheet\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 3, no. 17. 21 June 1965 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ a b c \"Search by artist: 'Yardbirds'\". Irish Charts. Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ \"R.P.M. Play Sheet\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 4, no. 7. 11 October 1965 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ \"The Yardbirds: 'Heart Full of Soul'\". VG-lista (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ \"R.P.M. Play Sheet\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 4, no. 18. 27 December 1965 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ \"Italy's Best Sellers\". Cash Box. Vol. 27, no. 31. 19 February 1966. p. 67. ISSN 0008-7289.\n\n^ \"RPM 100\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 5, no. 12. 16 May 1966 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ \"RPM 100\". RPM. Vol. 5, no. 25. 15 August 1966 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ \"RPM 100\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 6, no. 20. 14 January 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ \"Go-Set National Top 40\". Go-Set. Vol. 2, no. 25. 21 June 1967. p. 2.\n\n^ \"RPM 100\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 7, no. 12. 20 May 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ \"Britain's Top 50 – Bubbling Under\". Record Mirror. London. 6 May 1967. p. 11. ISSN 0144-5804.\n\n^ \"RPM 100\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 8, no. 2. 9 September 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ \"RPM 100\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 8, no. 16. 16 December 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 210–211.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 225–229.\n\n^ \"Top 100 Albums\". Cash Box. Vol. 32, no. 14. 26 September 1970. p. 29. ISSN 0008-7289.\n\n^ Eder, Bruce. \"The Yardbirds: Performance by Clapton, Beck & Page – Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ Eder, Bruce. \"Live Yardbirds Featuring Jimmy Page – Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ Eder, Bruce. \"The Yardbirds: Remember – Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ \"RPM 100 Top Albums (51–100)\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 21, no. 21. 19 August 1978. p. 24 – via Library and Archives Canada.\n\n^ a b Russo 2016, p. 215.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 219, 223.\n\n^ Russo 2016, p. 220.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 220–221, 226.\n\n^ a b Russo 2016, p. 225.\n\n^ Russo 2016, p. 226.\n\n^ \"The Yardbirds: Chart history – Independent Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved 3 June 2019.[dead link]\n\n^ a b c d Russo 2016, p. 227.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 227, 242.\n\n^ Russo 2016, pp. 228, 229.\n\n^ Russo 2016, p. 229.\n\n^ \"Yardbirds '68\". JimmyPage.com. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2019.\n\n^ Russo 2016, p. 234.\n\n^ Unterberger, Richie. \"The Story of the Yardbirds – Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ a b Russo 2016, pp. 234–235.ReferencesClapton, Eric (2007). Clapton: The Autobiography. New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-2536-5.\nClayson, Alan (2002). The Yardbirds. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-724-2.\nGomelsky, Giorgio; Cohen, Phil (2002). The Yardbirds Story (Boxed set booklet). The Yardbirds. United Kingdom: Charly Records. OCLC 62367983. SNAD 905 CD.\nRusso, Gregg (1992). Little Games Sessions and More (CD booklet). The Yardbirds. EMI North America. E2–98214.\nRusso, Gregg; Hinman, Doug; Peterson, Gary (2001). Ultimate! (Boxed set booklet). The Yardbirds. Los Angeles: Rhino Records. OCLC 781357622. R2 79825.\nRusso, Greg; Paytress, Mark (2011). Glimpses 1963–1968 (Boxed set booklet). The Yardbirds. Easy Action. EARS 035.\nRusso, Greg (2016). Yardbirds: The Ultimate Rave-Up. Floral Park, New York: Crossfire Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791845-7-4.\nWhitburn, Joel (2008). Joel Whitburn Presents Across the Charts: The 1960s. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. ISBN 978-0898201758.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Unterberger, Richie. \"The Yardbirds – Artist Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Unterberger","url_text":"Unterberger, Richie"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-yardbirds-mn0000489303/biography","url_text":"\"The Yardbirds – Artist Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Jimmy Page-era Yardbirds album, featuring rare live and studio recordings from 1968 due in November\". ABC News Radio. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2017/8/25/jimmy-page-era-yardbirds-album-featuring-rare-live-and-studi.html","url_text":"\"Jimmy Page-era Yardbirds album, featuring rare live and studio recordings from 1968 due in November\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_Radio","url_text":"ABC News Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"Yardbirds – Albums\". Official Charts. 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Retrieved 29 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Unterberger","url_text":"Unterberger, Richie"},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/golden-eggs-mw0000957436","url_text":"\"Yardbirds: Golden Eggs – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"R.P.M. Play Sheet\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 3, no. 17. 21 June 1965 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.5655.pdf","url_text":"\"R.P.M. Play Sheet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Search by artist: 'Yardbirds'\". Irish Charts. 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RPM. Vol. 4, no. 18. 27 December 1965 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.5688.pdf","url_text":"\"R.P.M. Play Sheet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Italy's Best Sellers\". Cash Box. Vol. 27, no. 31. 19 February 1966. p. 67. ISSN 0008-7289.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-7289","url_text":"0008-7289"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 5, no. 12. 16 May 1966 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.5733.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100\". RPM. Vol. 5, no. 25. 15 August 1966 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5789&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.5789.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5789","url_text":"\"RPM 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 6, no. 20. 14 January 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.10033.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Go-Set National Top 40\". Go-Set. Vol. 2, no. 25. 21 June 1967. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Set","url_text":"Go-Set"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 7, no. 12. 20 May 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.10063.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Britain's Top 50 – Bubbling Under\". Record Mirror. London. 6 May 1967. p. 11. ISSN 0144-5804.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0144-5804","url_text":"0144-5804"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 8, no. 2. 9 September 1967 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.10094.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100\" (PDF). RPM. 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Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/performance-by-clapton-beck-page-mw0000851336","url_text":"\"The Yardbirds: Performance by Clapton, Beck & Page – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Eder, Bruce. \"Live Yardbirds Featuring Jimmy Page – Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/live-yardbirds-featuring-jimmy-page-mw0000099917","url_text":"\"Live Yardbirds Featuring Jimmy Page – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Eder, Bruce. \"The Yardbirds: Remember – Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/remember-mw0000848864","url_text":"\"The Yardbirds: Remember – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100 Top Albums (51–100)\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 21, no. 21. 19 August 1978. p. 24 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.4622b.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM 100 Top Albums (51–100)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"The Yardbirds: Chart history – Independent Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved 3 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/the-yardbirds/chart-history/independent-albums","url_text":"\"The Yardbirds: Chart history – Independent Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Yardbirds '68\". JimmyPage.com. 25 August 2017. 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ISBN 978-0-7679-2536-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton","url_text":"Clapton, Eric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Books","url_text":"Broadway Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2536-5","url_text":"978-0-7679-2536-5"}]},{"reference":"Clayson, Alan (2002). The Yardbirds. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-724-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbeat_Books","url_text":"Backbeat Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-724-2","url_text":"0-87930-724-2"}]},{"reference":"Gomelsky, Giorgio; Cohen, Phil (2002). The Yardbirds Story (Boxed set booklet). The Yardbirds. United Kingdom: Charly Records. OCLC 62367983. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenjing_shuairuo	Neurasthenia	["1 Symptoms","2 Diagnosis","3 Treatment","4 Modern diagnosis","4.1 In Asia","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Psychological term Medical conditionNeurastheniaPronunciation/ˌnjʊərəsˈθiːniə/ NURE-əs-THEE-nee-ə SpecialtyPsychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy Symptomsfatigue, lethargy, stress-related headache, insomnia, irritability, malaise, restlessness, stress, and wearinessDifferential diagnosisanxiety, asthenia, chronic fatigue, fatigue, lethargyTreatmentElectrotherapy, rest Neurasthenia (from the Ancient Greek νεῦρον neuron "nerve" and ἀσθενής asthenés "weak") is a term that was first used as early as 1829 for a mechanical weakness of the nerves. It became a major diagnosis in North America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries after neurologist George Miller Beard reintroduced the concept in 1869. As a psychopathological term, the first to publish on neurasthenia was Michigan alienist E. H. Van Deusen of the Kalamazoo asylum in 1869. Also in 1868, New York neurologist George Beard used the term in an article published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal to denote a condition with symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, headache, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, neuralgia, and depressed mood. Van Deusen associated the condition with farm wives made sick by isolation and a lack of engaging activity; Beard connected the condition to busy society women and overworked businessmen. Neurasthenia was a diagnosis in the World Health Organization's ICD-10, but deprecated, and thus no more diagnosable, in ICD-11. It also is no longer included as a diagnosis in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The condition is, however, described in the Chinese Society of Psychiatry's Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders. Americans were said to be particularly prone to neurasthenia, which resulted in the nickname "Americanitis" (popularized by William James). Another (albeit rarely used) term for neurasthenia is nervosism. Symptoms According to a 1922 osteopath, the Venus de Milo was "neurasthenic as her stomach was not in the proper position". The condition was explained as being a result of exhaustion of the central nervous system's energy reserves, which Beard attributed to modern civilization. Physicians in the Beard school of thought associated neurasthenia with the stresses of urbanization and with stress suffered as a result of the increasingly competitive business environment. Typically, it was associated with upper class people and with professionals working in sedentary occupations, but really can apply to anyone who lives within the monetary system. Freud included a variety of physical symptoms into this category, including fatigue, dyspepsia with flatulence, and indications of intra-cranial pressure and spinal irritation. In common with some other people of the time, he believed this condition to be due to "non-completed coitus" or the non-completion of the higher cultural correlate thereof, or to "infrequency of emissions" or the infrequent practice of the higher cultural correlate thereof. Later, Freud formulated that in cases of coitus interruptus as well as in cases of masturbation, there was "an insufficient libidinal discharge" that had a poisoning effect on the organism, in other words, neurasthenia was the result of (auto‑)intoxication. Eventually he separated it from anxiety neurosis, though he believed that a combination of the two conditions existed in many cases. In 19th-century Britain and, by extension, across the British Empire, neurasthenia was also used to describe mental exhaustion or fatigue in “brain workers” or in the context of “overstudy”. This use was often synonymous with the term “brain fag”. Diagnosis From 1869, neurasthenia became a "popular" diagnosis, expanding to include such symptoms as weakness, dizziness and fainting. A common treatment promoted by neurologist S. Weir Mitchell was the rest cure, especially for women. Data from this period gleaned from the Annual Reports of Queen Square Hospital, London, indicates that the diagnosis was balanced between the sexes and had a presence within Europe. Virginia Woolf was known to have been forced to have rest cures, which she describes in her book On Being Ill. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's protagonist in The Yellow Wallpaper also suffers under the auspices of rest cure doctors, much as Gilman herself did. Marcel Proust was said to suffer from neurasthenia. To capitalize on this epidemic, the Rexall drug company introduced a medication called "Americanitis Elixir" which claimed to be a soother for any bouts related to neurasthenia. Treatment Beard, with his partner A.D. Rockwell, advocated first electrotherapy and then increasingly experimental treatments for people with neurasthenia, a position that was controversial. An 1868 review posited that Beard's and Rockwell's knowledge of the scientific method was suspect and did not believe their claims to be warranted. William James was diagnosed with neurasthenia, which he nicknamed "Americanitis", and was quoted as saying, "I take it that no man is educated who has never dallied with the thought of suicide." In 1895, Sigmund Freud reviewed electrotherapy and declared it a "pretense treatment". He emphasized the example of Elizabeth von R's note that "the stronger these were the more they seemed to push her own pains into the background." Nevertheless, neurasthenia was a common diagnosis during World War I for "shell shock", but its use declined a decade later. Soldiers who deserted their post could be executed even if they had a medical excuse, but officers who had neurasthenia were not executed. Modern diagnosis This diagnosis remained popular well into the 20th century, eventually coming to be seen as a mental and behavioural rather than physical condition. Neurasthenia had largely been abandoned as a medical diagnosis by the 21st century, and is deprecated in the ICD-11 classification system of the World Health Organization. The earlier ICD-10 system categorized neurasthenia under "F48 – Other neurotic disorders". Under "F48.0 Neurasthenia", the characteristics of the disorder differ among various cultures. Two overlapping symptoms can be present: Increased fatigue after mental exertion can be associated with a reduction in cognitive function. Minimal physical effort might be felt as extreme fatigue along with pain and anxiety. Many other symptoms of bodily discomfort may be felt with either form. Excluded from this disorder are: asthenia NOS (R53), burn-out (Z73.0), malaise and fatigue (R53), postviral fatigue syndrome (includes myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)) (G93.3) and psychasthenia (F48.8). One modern theory of neurasthenia is that it was actually dysautonomia, an "imbalance" of the autonomic nervous system. Barbara Ehrenreich, restating James's view, considered that neurasthenia was caused by the Calvinist gloom, and it was helped by the New Thought, through replacing the "puritanical 'demand for perpetual effort and self-examination to the point of self-loathing'" with a more hopeful faith. In Asia The medical term neurasthenia is translated as Chinese shenjing shuairuo (simplified Chinese: 神经衰弱; traditional Chinese: 神經衰弱; pinyin: shénjīng shuāiruò; Cantonese Yale: sàhngīng sēuiyeuhk) or Japanese shinkei-suijaku (神経衰弱), both of which also translate the common term nervous breakdown. This loanword combines shenjing (神經) or shinkei (神経) "nerve(s); nervous" and shuairuo or suijaku (衰弱) "weakness; feebleness; debility; asthenia". Despite being removed from the American Psychiatric Association's DSM in 1980, neurasthenia is listed in an appendix as the culture-bound syndrome shenjing shuairuo as well as appearing in the ICD-10. The condition is thought to persist in Asia as a culturally acceptable diagnosis that avoids the social stigma of a diagnosis of mental disorder. In China, traditional Chinese medicine describes shenjingshuairuo as a depletion of qi "vital energy" and reduction of functioning in the wuzang "five internal organs" (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys). The modern CCMD classifies it as a persistent mental disorder diagnosed with three of these five symptoms: "'weakness' symptoms, 'emotional' symptoms, excitement' symptoms, tension-induced pain, and sleep disturbances" not caused by other conditions. Arthur Kleinman described Chinese neurasthenia as a "biculturally patterned illness experience (a special form of somatization), related to depression or other diseases or to culturally sanctioned idioms of distress and psychosocial coping." In Japan, shinkei-suijaku is treated with Morita therapy involving mandatory rest and isolation, followed by progressively more difficult work, and a resumption of a previous social role. The diagnosis is sometimes used to disguise serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and mood disorders. See also Burnout syndrome Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) Combat stress reaction Newyorkitis (satirical) Placebo effect Psychogenic disease References ^ a b Beard, G (1869). "Neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion". The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 80 (13): 217–221. doi:10.1056/NEJM186904290801301. ^ a b c d e Connor, Henry (2022-10-20). "Doctors and 'Educational Overpressure' in Nineteenth-Century Britain: A Fatigue State that Divided Medical Opinion". European Journal for the History of Medicine and Health. -1 (aop): 3–38. doi:10.1163/26667711-bja10026. ISSN 2666-7703. ^ a b c d Sandler, Joseph; Holder, Alex; Dare, Christopher; Dreher, Anna Ursula (1997). Freud's Models of the Mind. Karnac Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-85575-167-5. ^ a b WHO. "ICD-10 Version:2019". Retrieved November 26, 2022. ^ a b Taylor, Ruth E. (December 2001). "Death of neurasthenia and its psychological reincarnation: A study of neurasthenia at the National Hospital for the Relief and Cure of the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen Square, London, 1870–1932". British Journal of Psychiatry. 179 (6): 550–557. doi:10.1192/bjp.179.6.550. PMID 11731361. ^ Good, John Mason (1829). The study of medicine. New York: Harper and Brothers. pp. (ed. 3) IV. 370. ^ Van Deusen, E. H. (April 1869). "Observations on a form of nervous prostration, (neurasthenia) culminating in insanity". American Journal of Insanity. 25 (4): 445–461. doi:10.1176/ajp.25.4.445. ^ World Health Organization. "ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". Retrieved 2023-04-24. ^ Dimsdale, Joel E.; Xin, Yu; Kleinman, Arthur; Patel, Vikram; Narrow, William E.; Sirovatka, Paul J.; Regier, Darrel A. (2 March 2009). Somatic Presentations of Mental Disorders: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-89042-656-2. ^ Marcus, G (1998-01-26). "One Step Back; Where Are the Elixirs of Yesteryear When We Hurt?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-11. ^ Daugherty, Greg (25 March 2015). "The Brief History of "Americanitis"". Smithsonian. Retrieved 6 April 2015. ^ "Nervosism - Biology-Online Dictionary - Biology-Online Dictionary". www.biology-online.org. December 2020. ^ "Says Venus de Milo was not a Flapper; Osteopath Says She Was Neurasthenic, as Her Stomach Was Not in Proper Place" (PDF). The New York Times. April 29, 1922. Retrieved August 5, 2011. ^ a b Erwin, Edward (2002). The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy, and Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-415-93677-4. ^ a b Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A. (2020-06-26). "'Brain fag': a syndrome associated with 'overstudy' and mental exhaustion in 19th century Britain". International Review of Psychiatry. 32 (5–6): 520–535. doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1775428. ISSN 0954-0261. PMID 32589474. ^ Bogousslavsky, Julien (2007). "Marcel Proust's Diseases and Doctors: The Neurological Story of a Life". Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists - Part 2. Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. Vol. 22. Basel: KARGER. pp. 89–104. doi:10.1159/000102874. ISBN 978-3-8055-8265-0. PMID 17495507. ^ Townsend, Kim (1996). Manhood at Harvard: William James and others. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03939-9. ^ Jack W. Tsao (15 February 2010). Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Management, and Rehabilitation. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-387-87887-4. ^ "World War One executions", History Learning Site. Retrieved November 28, 2013. ^ Evangard B; Schacterie R.S.; Komaroff A. L. (Nov 1999). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: new insights and old ignorance". Journal of Internal Medicine. 246 (5): 455–469. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00513.x. PMID 10583715. ^ World Health Organization. "ICD-11". Retrieved 2023-04-24. ^ WHO (2007). "Chapter V Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)". Retrieved 2009-10-09. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Office of the Center Director, Data Policy and Standards (March 2001). "A Summary of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Its Classification in the International Classification of Diseases" (PDF). Centers for disease Control. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2022. ^ Fogoros, R (29 May 2006). "A family of misunderstood disorders". About.com. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ a b c Jenni Murray, Smile or Die: How Positive Thinking Fooled America and the World by Barbara Ehrenreich. Jenni Murray salutes a long-overdue demolition of the suggestion that positive thinking is the answer to all our problems. The Observer, 10 January 2010 at guardian.co.uk. ^ Ehrenreich, Barbara (2009). "Three. The Dark Roots of American Optimism". Bright-sided. How the relentless promotion of positive thinking has undermined America. New York: Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company, LLC. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8050-8749-9. New Thought had won its great practical victory. It had healed a disease—the disease of Calvinism, or, as James put it, the "morbidness" associated with "the old hell-fire theology." ^ Schwartz, Pamela Yew (September 2002). "Why is neurasthenia important in Asian cultures?". West. J. Med. 176 (4): 257–8. PMC 1071745. PMID 12208833. ^ Kleinman, Arthur (1986), Social Origins of Distress and Disease: Depression, Neurasthenia, and Pain in Modern China, Yale University Press, p. 115. ^ Schwartz, Pamela Yew (September 2002). "Why is neurasthenia important in Asian cultures?". West. J. Med. 176 (4): 257–8. PMC 1071745. PMID 12208833. ^ Lin, Tsung-Yi (June 1989). "Neurasthenia revisited: Its place in modern psychiatry". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 13 (2): 105–129. doi:10.1007/BF02220656. PMID 2766788. S2CID 28936419. Further reading Brown, EM (1980). "An American Treatment for the 'American Nervousness'". American Association of the History of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-09-11. Gijswijt-Hofstra, Marijke (2001). Cultures of Neurasthenia: From Beard to the First World War (Clio Medica 63) (Clio Medica). Rodopi Bv Editions. ISBN 978-90-420-0931-8. Gosling, F. G. Before Freud: Neurasthenia and the American Medical Community, 1870-1910. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987. Weir Mitchell, S (1884). Fat and Blood: an essay on the treatment of certain types of Neurasthenia and hysteria. Philadelphia: J. D. Lippincott & Co. Retrieved 2008-09-11. Farmer A, Jones I, Hillier J, Llewelyn M, Borysiewicz L, Smith A (October 1995). "Neuraesthenia revisited: ICD-10 and DSM-III-R psychiatric syndromes in chronic fatigue patients and comparison subjects". Br J Psychiatry. 167 (4): 503–6. doi:10.1192/bjp.167.4.503. PMID 8829720. S2CID 45684552. Schuster, David G. Neurasthenic Nation: America's Search for Health, Comfort, and Happiness, 1869-1920. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2011. Lutz, Tom. American Nervousness, 1903. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991. The book The Invisible Rainbow by Arthur Firstenberg. External links ClassificationDICD-10: F48.0ICD-9-CM: 300.5MeSH: D009440 vteMental disorders (Classification)Adult personality and behaviorSexual Ego-dystonic sexual orientation Paraphilia Fetishism Voyeurism Sexual maturation disorder Sexual relationship disorder Other Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome Gender dysphoria Intermittent explosive disorder Dermatillomania Kleptomania Pyromania Trichotillomania Personality disorder Childhood and learningEmotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ODD Emotional and behavioral disorders Separation anxiety disorder Movement disorders Stereotypic Social functioning DAD RAD Selective mutism Speech Cluttering Stuttering Tic disorder Tourette syndrome Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability Lujan–Fryns syndrome Psychological development(developmental disabilities) Pervasive Specific Mood (affective) Bipolar Bipolar I Bipolar II Bipolar NOS Cyclothymia Depression Atypical depression Dysthymia Major depressive disorder Melancholic depression Seasonal affective disorder Mania Neurological and symptomaticAutism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome High-functioning autism PDD-NOS Savant syndrome Dementia AIDS dementia complex Alzheimer's disease Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Frontotemporal dementia Huntington's disease Mild cognitive impairment Parkinson's disease Pick's disease Sundowning Vascular dementia Wandering Other Delirium Organic brain syndrome Post-concussion syndrome Neurotic, stress-related and somatoformAdjustment Adjustment disorder with depressed mood AnxietyPhobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder OCD Panic attack Panic disorder Stress Acute stress reaction PTSD Dissociative Depersonalization-derealization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative fugue Psychogenic amnesia Somatic symptom Body dysmorphic disorder Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures False pregnancy Hypochondriasis Mass psychogenic illness Nosophobia Psychogenic pain Somatization disorder Physiological and physical behaviorEating Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome Other specified feeding or eating disorder Nonorganic sleep Hypersomnia Insomnia Parasomnia Night terror Nightmare REM sleep behavior disorder Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Sexual desire Hypersexuality Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related Drug overdose Intoxication Physical dependence Rebound effect Stimulant psychosis Substance dependence Withdrawal Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusionalDelusional Delusional disorder Folie à deux Psychosis andschizophrenia-like Brief reactive psychosis Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Simple-type schizophrenia Other Catatonia Symptoms and uncategorized Impulse-control disorder Klüver–Bucy syndrome Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy Authority control databases: National Israel United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerves"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"George Miller Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Miller_Beard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Connor2022-2"},{"link_name":"psychopathological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathology"},{"link_name":"alienist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"Kalamazoo asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo_Regional_Psychiatric_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Boston Medical and Surgical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller1869-1"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"headache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache"},{"link_name":"heart palpitations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_palpitations"},{"link_name":"high blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"neuralgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralgia"},{"link_name":"depressed mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"society women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialite"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"ICD-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10"},{"link_name":"ICD-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Connor2022-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"American Psychiatric Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association"},{"link_name":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DimsdaleXin2009-9"},{"link_name":"Chinese Society of Psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Society_of_Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Classification_of_Mental_Disorders"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"William James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Medical conditionNeurasthenia (from the Ancient Greek νεῦρον neuron \"nerve\" and ἀσθενής asthenés \"weak\") is a term that was first used as early as 1829[6] for a mechanical weakness of the nerves.[clarification needed] It became a major diagnosis in North America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries after neurologist George Miller Beard reintroduced the concept in 1869.[2]As a psychopathological term, the first to publish on neurasthenia was Michigan alienist E. H. Van Deusen of the Kalamazoo asylum in 1869.[7] Also in 1868, New York neurologist George Beard used the term in an article published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal[1] to denote a condition with symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, headache, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, neuralgia, and depressed mood. Van Deusen associated the condition with farm wives made sick by isolation and a lack of engaging activity; Beard connected the condition to busy society women and overworked businessmen.Neurasthenia was a diagnosis in the World Health Organization's ICD-10, but deprecated, and thus no more diagnosable, in ICD-11.[2][8] It also is no longer included as a diagnosis in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.[9] The condition is, however, described in the Chinese Society of Psychiatry's Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders.Americans were said to be particularly prone to neurasthenia, which resulted in the nickname \"Americanitis\"[10] (popularized by William James[11]). Another (albeit rarely used) term for neurasthenia is nervosism.[12]","title":"Neurasthenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg"},{"link_name":"osteopath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopath"},{"link_name":"Venus de Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_de_Milo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"urbanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization"},{"link_name":"upper class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_class"},{"link_name":"professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional"},{"link_name":"monetary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_system"},{"link_name":"Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freud"},{"link_name":"dyspepsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspepsia"},{"link_name":"flatulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulence"},{"link_name":"intra-cranial pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-cranial_pressure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Models-3"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Models-3"},{"link_name":"coitus interruptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coitus_interruptus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freud-14"},{"link_name":"anxiety neurosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_neurosis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Models-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayonrinde-2020-15"},{"link_name":"brain fag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_fag_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayonrinde-2020-15"}],"text":"According to a 1922 osteopath, the Venus de Milo was \"neurasthenic as her stomach was not in the proper position\".[13]The condition was explained as being a result of exhaustion of the central nervous system's energy reserves, which Beard attributed to modern civilization. Physicians in the Beard school of thought associated neurasthenia with the stresses of urbanization and with stress suffered as a result of the increasingly competitive business environment. Typically, it was associated with upper class people and with professionals working in sedentary occupations, but really can apply to anyone who lives within the monetary system.Freud included a variety of physical symptoms into this category, including fatigue, dyspepsia with flatulence, and indications of intra-cranial pressure and spinal irritation.[3] In common with some other people of the time[who?], he believed this condition to be due to \"non-completed coitus\" or the non-completion of the higher cultural correlate thereof, or to \"infrequency of emissions\" or the infrequent practice of the higher cultural correlate thereof.[3] Later, Freud formulated that in cases of coitus interruptus as well as in cases of masturbation, there was \"an insufficient libidinal discharge\" that had a poisoning effect on the organism, in other words, neurasthenia was the result of (auto‑)intoxication.[14] Eventually he separated it from anxiety neurosis, though he believed that a combination of the two conditions existed in many cases.[3]In 19th-century Britain and, by extension, across the British Empire, neurasthenia was also used to describe mental exhaustion or fatigue in “brain workers” or in the context of “overstudy”.[15] This use was often synonymous with the term “brain fag”.[15]","title":"Symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weakness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakness"},{"link_name":"dizziness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizziness"},{"link_name":"fainting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fainting"},{"link_name":"rest cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_cure"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor2001-5"},{"link_name":"Virginia Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf"},{"link_name":"On Being Ill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Being_Ill"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Perkins Gilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman"},{"link_name":"The Yellow Wallpaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Wallpaper"},{"link_name":"Marcel Proust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Proust"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogousslavsky_2007_pp._89%E2%80%93104-16"},{"link_name":"Rexall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexall"}],"text":"From 1869, neurasthenia became a \"popular\" diagnosis, expanding to include such symptoms as weakness, dizziness and fainting. A common treatment promoted by neurologist S. Weir Mitchell was the rest cure, especially for women. Data from this period gleaned from the Annual Reports of Queen Square Hospital, London, indicates that the diagnosis was balanced between the sexes and had a presence within Europe.[5] Virginia Woolf was known to have been forced to have rest cures, which she describes in her book On Being Ill. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's protagonist in The Yellow Wallpaper also suffers under the auspices of rest cure doctors, much as Gilman herself did. Marcel Proust was said to suffer from neurasthenia.[16] To capitalize on this epidemic, the Rexall drug company introduced a medication called \"Americanitis Elixir\" which claimed to be a soother for any bouts related to neurasthenia.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.D. Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.D._Rockwell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"electrotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrotherapy"},{"link_name":"scientific method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freud-14"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"shell shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_shock"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tsao2010-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Beard, with his partner A.D. Rockwell, advocated first electrotherapy and then increasingly experimental treatments for people with neurasthenia, a position that was controversial. An 1868 review posited that Beard's and Rockwell's knowledge of the scientific method was suspect and did not believe their claims to be warranted.William James was diagnosed with neurasthenia, which he nicknamed \"Americanitis\", and was quoted as saying, \"I take it that no man is educated who has never dallied with the thought of suicide.\"[17]In 1895, Sigmund Freud reviewed electrotherapy and declared it a \"pretense treatment\". He emphasized the example of Elizabeth von R's note that \"the stronger these were the more they seemed to push her own pains into the background.\"[14]Nevertheless, neurasthenia was a common diagnosis during World War I for \"shell shock\",[18] but its use declined a decade later.[citation needed] Soldiers who deserted their post could be executed even if they had a medical excuse, but officers who had neurasthenia were not executed.[19]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid_10583715-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Connor2022-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"ICD-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_Neurasthenia-22"},{"link_name":"asthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenia"},{"link_name":"burn-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn-out"},{"link_name":"malaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaise"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue"},{"link_name":"postviral fatigue syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome"},{"link_name":"myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis/chronic_fatigue_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDC_Class-23"},{"link_name":"psychasthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychasthenia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICD_10_raw-4"},{"link_name":"dysautonomia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysautonomia"},{"link_name":"autonomic nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Barbara Ehrenreich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jenni-25"},{"link_name":"New Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Thought"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jenni-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jenni-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"This diagnosis remained popular well into the 20th century, eventually coming to be seen as a mental and behavioural rather than physical condition. Neurasthenia had largely been abandoned as a medical diagnosis by the 21st century, and is deprecated in the ICD-11 classification system of the World Health Organization.[20][2][21]The earlier ICD-10 system categorized neurasthenia under \"F48 – Other neurotic disorders\".[22] Under \"F48.0 Neurasthenia\", the characteristics of the disorder differ among various cultures. Two overlapping symptoms can be present: Increased fatigue after mental exertion can be associated with a reduction in cognitive function. Minimal physical effort might be felt as extreme fatigue along with pain and anxiety. Many other symptoms of bodily discomfort may be felt with either form. Excluded from this disorder are: asthenia NOS (R53), burn-out (Z73.0), malaise and fatigue (R53), postviral fatigue syndrome (includes myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)) (G93.3)[23] and psychasthenia (F48.8).[4]One modern theory of neurasthenia is that it was actually dysautonomia, an \"imbalance\" of the autonomic nervous system.[24][failed verification]Barbara Ehrenreich, restating James's view, considered that neurasthenia was caused by the Calvinist gloom,[25] and it was helped by the New Thought, through replacing the \"puritanical 'demand for perpetual effort and self-examination to the point of self-loathing'\"[25] with a more hopeful faith.[25][26]","title":"Modern diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Cantonese Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"nervous breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_breakdown"},{"link_name":"神經","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93"},{"link_name":"神経","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C"},{"link_name":"衰弱","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%BC%B1"},{"link_name":"asthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenia"},{"link_name":"American Psychiatric Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association"},{"link_name":"DSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders"},{"link_name":"culture-bound syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome"},{"link_name":"ICD-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"social stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma"},{"link_name":"mental disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"},{"link_name":"qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi"},{"link_name":"wuzang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zang-fu#Five_System"},{"link_name":"CCMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Classification_of_Mental_Disorders"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asia3-27"},{"link_name":"Arthur Kleinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Kleinman"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Morita therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morita_therapy"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"mood disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asia-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"In Asia","text":"The medical term neurasthenia is translated as Chinese shenjing shuairuo (simplified Chinese: 神经衰弱; traditional Chinese: 神經衰弱; pinyin: shénjīng shuāiruò; Cantonese Yale: sàhngīng sēuiyeuhk) or Japanese shinkei-suijaku (神経衰弱), both of which also translate the common term nervous breakdown. This loanword combines shenjing (神經) or shinkei (神経) \"nerve(s); nervous\" and shuairuo or suijaku (衰弱) \"weakness; feebleness; debility; asthenia\".Despite being removed from the American Psychiatric Association's DSM in 1980, neurasthenia is listed in an appendix as the culture-bound syndrome shenjing shuairuo as well as appearing in the ICD-10. The condition is thought to persist in Asia as a culturally acceptable diagnosis that avoids the social stigma of a diagnosis of mental disorder.In China, traditional Chinese medicine describes shenjingshuairuo as a depletion of qi \"vital energy\" and reduction of functioning in the wuzang \"five internal organs\" (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys). The modern CCMD classifies it as a persistent mental disorder diagnosed with three of these five symptoms: \"'weakness' symptoms, 'emotional' symptoms, excitement' symptoms, tension-induced pain, and sleep disturbances\" not caused by other conditions.[27] Arthur Kleinman described Chinese neurasthenia as a \"biculturally patterned illness experience (a special form of somatization), related to depression or other diseases or to culturally sanctioned idioms of distress and psychosocial coping.\"[28]In Japan, shinkei-suijaku is treated with Morita therapy involving mandatory rest and isolation, followed by progressively more difficult work, and a resumption of a previous social role. The diagnosis is sometimes used to disguise serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and mood disorders.[29][30]","title":"Modern diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"An American Treatment for the 'American Nervousness'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080907212129/http://bms.brown.edu/HistoryofPsychiatry/Beard.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bms.brown.edu/HistoryofPsychiatry/Beard.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-420-0931-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0931-8"},{"link_name":"Weir Mitchell, S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Weir_Mitchell_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Fat and Blood: an essay on the treatment of certain types of Neurasthenia and hysteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/files/16230/16230-h/16230-h.htm"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1192/bjp.167.4.503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.167.4.503"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8829720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8829720"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45684552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45684552"}],"text":"Brown, EM (1980). \"An American Treatment for the 'American Nervousness'\". American Association of the History of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-09-11.\nGijswijt-Hofstra, Marijke (2001). Cultures of Neurasthenia: From Beard to the First World War (Clio Medica 63) (Clio Medica). Rodopi Bv Editions. ISBN 978-90-420-0931-8.\nGosling, F. G. Before Freud: Neurasthenia and the American Medical Community, 1870-1910. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.\nWeir Mitchell, S (1884). Fat and Blood: an essay on the treatment of certain types of Neurasthenia and hysteria. Philadelphia: J. D. Lippincott & Co. Retrieved 2008-09-11.\nFarmer A, Jones I, Hillier J, Llewelyn M, Borysiewicz L, Smith A (October 1995). \"Neuraesthenia revisited: ICD-10 and DSM-III-R psychiatric syndromes in chronic fatigue patients and comparison subjects\". Br J Psychiatry. 167 (4): 503–6. doi:10.1192/bjp.167.4.503. PMID 8829720. S2CID 45684552.\nSchuster, David G. Neurasthenic Nation: America's Search for Health, Comfort, and Happiness, 1869-1920. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2011.\nLutz, Tom. American Nervousness, 1903. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.\nThe book The Invisible Rainbow by Arthur Firstenberg.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"According to a 1922 osteopath, the Venus de Milo was \"neurasthenic as her stomach was not in the proper position\".[13]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg/220px-Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Burnout syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnout_syndrome"},{"title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome"},{"title":"Combat stress reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_stress_reaction"},{"title":"Newyorkitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newyorkitis"},{"title":"Placebo effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_effect"},{"title":"Psychogenic disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_disease"}]	[{"reference":"Beard, G (1869). \"Neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion\". The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 80 (13): 217–221. doi:10.1056/NEJM186904290801301.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Miller_Beard","url_text":"Beard, G"},{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/2086793","url_text":"\"Neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM186904290801301","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM186904290801301"}]},{"reference":"Connor, Henry (2022-10-20). \"Doctors and 'Educational Overpressure' in Nineteenth-Century Britain: A Fatigue State that Divided Medical Opinion\". European Journal for the History of Medicine and Health. -1 (aop): 3–38. doi:10.1163/26667711-bja10026. ISSN 2666-7703.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/view/journals/ehmh/aop/article-10.1163-26667711-bja10026/article-10.1163-26667711-bja10026.xml","url_text":"\"Doctors and 'Educational Overpressure' in Nineteenth-Century Britain: A Fatigue State that Divided Medical Opinion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26667711-bja10026","url_text":"10.1163/26667711-bja10026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2666-7703","url_text":"2666-7703"}]},{"reference":"Sandler, Joseph; Holder, Alex; Dare, Christopher; Dreher, Anna Ursula (1997). Freud's Models of the Mind. Karnac Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-85575-167-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-167-5","url_text":"978-1-85575-167-5"}]},{"reference":"WHO. \"ICD-10 Version:2019\". Retrieved November 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"WHO"},{"url":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#F48.0","url_text":"\"ICD-10 Version:2019\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Ruth E. (December 2001). \"Death of neurasthenia and its psychological reincarnation: A study of neurasthenia at the National Hospital for the Relief and Cure of the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen Square, London, 1870–1932\". British Journal of Psychiatry. 179 (6): 550–557. doi:10.1192/bjp.179.6.550. PMID 11731361.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.179.6.550","url_text":"\"Death of neurasthenia and its psychological reincarnation: A study of neurasthenia at the National Hospital for the Relief and Cure of the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen Square, London, 1870–1932\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.179.6.550","url_text":"10.1192/bjp.179.6.550"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11731361","url_text":"11731361"}]},{"reference":"Good, John Mason (1829). The study of medicine. New York: Harper and Brothers. pp. (ed. 3) IV. 370.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Van Deusen, E. H. (April 1869). \"Observations on a form of nervous prostration, (neurasthenia) culminating in insanity\". American Journal of Insanity. 25 (4): 445–461. doi:10.1176/ajp.25.4.445.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1448629","url_text":"\"Observations on a form of nervous prostration, (neurasthenia) culminating in insanity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.25.4.445","url_text":"10.1176/ajp.25.4.445"}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization. \"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics\". Retrieved 2023-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/767044268","url_text":"\"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Dimsdale, Joel E.; Xin, Yu; Kleinman, Arthur; Patel, Vikram; Narrow, William E.; Sirovatka, Paul J.; Regier, Darrel A. (2 March 2009). Somatic Presentations of Mental Disorders: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-89042-656-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOEckSPKV5IC&pg=PA58","url_text":"Somatic Presentations of Mental Disorders: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-656-2","url_text":"978-0-89042-656-2"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, G (1998-01-26). \"One Step Back; Where Are the Elixirs of Yesteryear When We Hurt?\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E1DB133BF935A15752C0A96E958260","url_text":"\"One Step Back; Where Are the Elixirs of Yesteryear When We Hurt?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Daugherty, Greg (25 March 2015). \"The Brief History of \"Americanitis\"\". Smithsonian. Retrieved 6 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-americanitis-180954739/","url_text":"\"The Brief History of \"Americanitis\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)","url_text":"Smithsonian"}]},{"reference":"\"Nervosism - Biology-Online Dictionary - Biology-Online Dictionary\". www.biology-online.org. December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Nervosism","url_text":"\"Nervosism - Biology-Online Dictionary - Biology-Online Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Says Venus de Milo was not a Flapper; Osteopath Says She Was Neurasthenic, as Her Stomach Was Not in Proper Place\" (PDF). The New York Times. April 29, 1922. Retrieved August 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/04/29/103588246.pdf","url_text":"\"Says Venus de Milo was not a Flapper; Osteopath Says She Was Neurasthenic, as Her Stomach Was Not in Proper Place\""}]},{"reference":"Erwin, Edward (2002). The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy, and Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-415-93677-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rX2w6QELtKgC&dq=freud+neurasthenia+coitus&pg=PA362","url_text":"The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy, and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93677-4","url_text":"978-0-415-93677-4"}]},{"reference":"Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A. (2020-06-26). \"'Brain fag': a syndrome associated with 'overstudy' and mental exhaustion in 19th century Britain\". International Review of Psychiatry. 32 (5–6): 520–535. doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1775428. ISSN 0954-0261. PMID 32589474.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540261.2020.1775428","url_text":"\"'Brain fag': a syndrome associated with 'overstudy' and mental exhaustion in 19th century Britain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540261.2020.1775428","url_text":"10.1080/09540261.2020.1775428"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0954-0261","url_text":"0954-0261"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32589474","url_text":"32589474"}]},{"reference":"Bogousslavsky, Julien (2007). \"Marcel Proust's Diseases and Doctors: The Neurological Story of a Life\". Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists - Part 2. Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. Vol. 22. Basel: KARGER. pp. 89–104. doi:10.1159/000102874. ISBN 978-3-8055-8265-0. PMID 17495507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000102874","url_text":"10.1159/000102874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8055-8265-0","url_text":"978-3-8055-8265-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495507","url_text":"17495507"}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Kim (1996). Manhood at Harvard: William James and others. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03939-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manhoodatharvard00town","url_text":"Manhood at Harvard: William James and others"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03939-9","url_text":"978-0-393-03939-9"}]},{"reference":"Jack W. Tsao (15 February 2010). Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Management, and Rehabilitation. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-387-87887-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bcs29D1rR84C&pg=PA104","url_text":"Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Management, and Rehabilitation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-87887-4","url_text":"978-0-387-87887-4"}]},{"reference":"Evangard B; Schacterie R.S.; Komaroff A. L. (Nov 1999). \"Chronic fatigue syndrome: new insights and old ignorance\". Journal of Internal Medicine. 246 (5): 455–469. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00513.x. PMID 10583715.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2796.1999.00513.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00513.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10583715","url_text":"10583715"}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization. \"ICD-11\". Retrieved 2023-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"},{"url":"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f767044268","url_text":"\"ICD-11\""}]},{"reference":"WHO (2007). \"Chapter V Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)\". Retrieved 2009-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/index.htm?gf40.htm+","url_text":"\"Chapter V Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)\""}]},{"reference":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Office of the Center Director, Data Policy and Standards (March 2001). \"A Summary of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Its Classification in the International Classification of Diseases\" (PDF). Centers for disease Control. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140611042505/http://www.co-cure.org/ICD_code.pdf","url_text":"\"A Summary of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Its Classification in the International Classification of Diseases\""},{"url":"http://www.co-cure.org/ICD_code.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fogoros, R (29 May 2006). \"A family of misunderstood disorders\". About.com. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/womensissues/a/dysautonomia.htm","url_text":"\"A family of misunderstood disorders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com","url_text":"About.com"}]},{"reference":"Ehrenreich, Barbara (2009). \"Three. The Dark Roots of American Optimism\". Bright-sided. How the relentless promotion of positive thinking has undermined America. New York: Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company, LLC. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8050-8749-9. New Thought had won its great practical victory. It had healed a disease—the disease of Calvinism, or, as James put it, the \"morbidness\" associated with \"the old hell-fire theology.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich","url_text":"Ehrenreich, Barbara"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/brightsidedhowre00ehre/page/87","url_text":"\"Three. The Dark Roots of American Optimism\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/brightsidedhowre00ehre/page/87","url_text":"87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8749-9","url_text":"978-0-8050-8749-9"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Pamela Yew (September 2002). \"Why is neurasthenia important in Asian cultures?\". West. J. Med. 176 (4): 257–8. PMC 1071745. PMID 12208833.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071745","url_text":"\"Why is neurasthenia important in Asian cultures?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071745","url_text":"1071745"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12208833","url_text":"12208833"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Pamela Yew (September 2002). \"Why is neurasthenia important in Asian cultures?\". West. J. Med. 176 (4): 257–8. PMC 1071745. PMID 12208833.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071745","url_text":"\"Why is neurasthenia important in Asian cultures?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071745","url_text":"1071745"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12208833","url_text":"12208833"}]},{"reference":"Lin, Tsung-Yi (June 1989). \"Neurasthenia revisited: Its place in modern psychiatry\". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 13 (2): 105–129. doi:10.1007/BF02220656. PMID 2766788. S2CID 28936419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02220656","url_text":"10.1007/BF02220656"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2766788","url_text":"2766788"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28936419","url_text":"28936419"}]},{"reference":"Brown, EM (1980). \"An American Treatment for the 'American Nervousness'\". American Association of the History of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907212129/http://bms.brown.edu/HistoryofPsychiatry/Beard.html","url_text":"\"An American Treatment for the 'American Nervousness'\""},{"url":"http://bms.brown.edu/HistoryofPsychiatry/Beard.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gijswijt-Hofstra, Marijke (2001). Cultures of Neurasthenia: From Beard to the First World War (Clio Medica 63) (Clio Medica). Rodopi Bv Editions. ISBN 978-90-420-0931-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0931-8","url_text":"978-90-420-0931-8"}]},{"reference":"Weir Mitchell, S (1884). Fat and Blood: an essay on the treatment of certain types of Neurasthenia and hysteria. Philadelphia: J. D. Lippincott & Co. Retrieved 2008-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Weir_Mitchell_(physician)","url_text":"Weir Mitchell, S"},{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16230/16230-h/16230-h.htm","url_text":"Fat and Blood: an essay on the treatment of certain types of Neurasthenia and hysteria"}]},{"reference":"Farmer A, Jones I, Hillier J, Llewelyn M, Borysiewicz L, Smith A (October 1995). \"Neuraesthenia revisited: ICD-10 and DSM-III-R psychiatric syndromes in chronic fatigue patients and comparison subjects\". Br J Psychiatry. 167 (4): 503–6. doi:10.1192/bjp.167.4.503. PMID 8829720. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Corporation	GO Corporation	["1 History","2 Lawsuits","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	American software company This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "GO Corporation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) GO CorporationIndustrySoftware industryConsumer electronicsFounded1987Founders Jerry Kaplan Robert Carr Kevin Doren DefunctJuly 1994ProductsEO Personal Communicator GO Corporation was a company founded in 1987 to create pen-based portable computers, and a pen-based operating system and software. It was a pioneer of pen-based computing and was one of the most well-funded start-up companies of its time. Its founders were Jerry Kaplan, Robert Carr, and Kevin Doren. Mr. Kaplan subsequently chronicled the history of the company in his book Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure. Omid Kordestani, former Senior VP of Global Business at Google, began his startup career with GO Corporation. Other notable GO alumni include CEO Bill Campbell (who later became chairman of Intuit), VP Sales Stratton Sclavos (took VeriSign public as its CEO), CFO and VP of Business Operations Randy Komisar (became CEO of LucasArts), and VP Marketing Mike Homer (was VP Marketing at time of Netscape's IPO in 1995). History The company enjoyed high levels of public awareness and generally positive attention from industry press, but it ran into fierce competition, first from Microsoft (whose Pen Services for Windows were later the subject of an FTC investigation and patent violation suits by GO), and later from Apple's Newton project, and others. The company lined up software development partners but struggled to deliver the hardware and software on their intended schedule. In 1991, they spun off their hardware unit under the name EO Inc. In 1993 EO was acquired by AT&T Corporation, who hoped that its devices would showcase their AT&T Hobbit microprocessors. This sale raised much-needed cash but introduced new problems, as EO then ceased to coordinate well with GO's management, even considering adopting competing operating systems. Facing a cash crisis, GO agreed to sell itself to AT&T as well, bringing the two halves of the company back under one roof as of January 1994. GO's PenPoint OS ran on AT&T's EO Personal Communicator and computers from IBM and others, but despite some success in vertical markets, consumers in the 1990s did not adopt tablet computing as enthusiastically as GO management had expected. (GO produced an Intel 286-based lightweight "Go Computer" specifically for developers and evaluators; the company emphasis was that end users would run PenPoint OS on third-party hardware.) In January 1994, only two weeks after acquiring GO, AT&T decided to cancel the Hobbit product line, leaving it no reason to continue to support EO or GO. They had by then ceased to develop for other chips, and sales on the other platforms were small anyway. Co-founder Jerry Kaplan says that in its lifetime, the company generated "no meaningful sales". The loss of AT&T's support left GO with little chance of future revenue and, after burning through $75 million of venture funding, the company closed in July 1994. Lawsuits On 29 June 2005, Kaplan filed an antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft, alleging that Microsoft technicians had stolen technology from GO that had been shown to them under a non-disclosure agreement. In a separate legal matter, in April 2008 certain features of the Microsoft's Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by GO Corporation concerning user interfaces for pen computers. See also Apple Newton PenPoint OS Pen computing History of tablet computers Notes ^ Jerry Kaplan interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network ^ Kaplan, Jerry (1999). Startup : a Silicon Valley adventure. Bridgewater, NJ: Replica Books. ISBN 0-7351-0141-8. ^ Bortman, Henry (March 1991). "Computing on the GO". MacUser. 7 (3). Ziff-Davis Publishing Co.: 202. ISSN 0884-0997. OCLC 300003271. ^ "Startup," Jerry Kaplan, p.294 ^ Fried, Ina (July 6, 2005). "Go files antitrust suit against Microsoft". Archived from the original on October 4, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.) ^ "A New Antitrust Lawsuit - Go Corp. v. Microsoft". July 4, 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2009. ^ Mintz, Jessica (April 4, 2008). "Microsoft to Appeal $367M Patent Ruling". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2008. References Barbarians Led by Bill Gates : Microsoft from the Inside. S.l.: Henry Holt & Co. 1998. ISBN 0-8050-5755-2. - Contains two chapters dealing with the GO story from a view inside Microsoft. External links IDEO - Company that helped develop the EO Personal Communicator, based on the PenPoint operating system. Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting recognition, gestures and pen computing Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing (YouTube)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"pen-based computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen-based_computing"},{"link_name":"start-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start-up_company"},{"link_name":"Jerry Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Kaplan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tri-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carr_(Programmer)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Doren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Doren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Omid Kordestani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omid_Kordestani"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Bill Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Campbell_(business_executive)"},{"link_name":"Intuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuit"},{"link_name":"VeriSign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeriSign"},{"link_name":"Randy Komisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Komisar"},{"link_name":"LucasArts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LucasArts"},{"link_name":"Mike Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Homer"},{"link_name":"Netscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"}],"text":"GO Corporation was a company founded in 1987 to create pen-based portable computers, and a pen-based operating system and software. It was a pioneer of pen-based computing and was one of the most well-funded start-up companies of its time.Its founders were Jerry Kaplan,[1] Robert Carr, and Kevin Doren. Mr. Kaplan subsequently chronicled the history of the company in his book Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure.[2] Omid Kordestani, former Senior VP of Global Business at Google, began his startup career with GO Corporation. Other notable GO alumni include CEO Bill Campbell (who later became chairman of Intuit), VP Sales Stratton Sclavos (took VeriSign public as its CEO), CFO and VP of Business Operations Randy Komisar (became CEO of LucasArts), and VP Marketing Mike Homer (was VP Marketing at time of Netscape's IPO in 1995).","title":"GO Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton"},{"link_name":"EO Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EO_Personal_Communicator"},{"link_name":"AT&T Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation"},{"link_name":"AT&T Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"PenPoint OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PenPoint_OS"},{"link_name":"EO Personal Communicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EO_Personal_Communicator"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"vertical markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_markets"},{"link_name":"tablet computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"Intel 286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jerry Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Kaplan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"venture funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"}],"text":"The company enjoyed high levels of public awareness and generally positive attention from industry press, but it ran into fierce competition, first from Microsoft (whose Pen Services for Windows were later the subject of an FTC investigation and patent violation suits by GO), and later from Apple's Newton project, and others. The company lined up software development partners but struggled to deliver the hardware and software on their intended schedule. In 1991, they spun off their hardware unit under the name EO Inc. In 1993 EO was acquired by AT&T Corporation, who hoped that its devices would showcase their AT&T Hobbit microprocessors. This sale raised much-needed cash but introduced new problems, as EO then ceased to coordinate well with GO's management, even considering adopting competing operating systems. Facing a cash crisis, GO agreed to sell itself to AT&T as well, bringing the two halves of the company back under one roof as of January 1994.GO's PenPoint OS ran on AT&T's EO Personal Communicator and computers from IBM and others, but despite some success in vertical markets, consumers in the 1990s did not adopt tablet computing as enthusiastically as GO management had expected. (GO produced an Intel 286-based lightweight \"Go Computer\" specifically for developers and evaluators; the company emphasis was that end users would run PenPoint OS on third-party hardware.)[3] In January 1994, only two weeks after acquiring GO, AT&T decided to cancel the Hobbit product line, leaving it no reason to continue to support EO or GO. They had by then ceased to develop for other chips, and sales on the other platforms were small anyway. Co-founder Jerry Kaplan says that in its lifetime, the company generated \"no meaningful sales\".[4] The loss of AT&T's support left GO with little chance of future revenue and, after burning through $75 million of venture funding, the company closed in July 1994.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"non-disclosure agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Tablet PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On 29 June 2005, Kaplan filed an antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft, alleging that Microsoft technicians had stolen technology from GO that had been shown to them under a non-disclosure agreement.[5][6]In a separate legal matter, in April 2008 certain features of the Microsoft's Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by GO Corporation concerning user interfaces for pen computers.[7]","title":"Lawsuits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tri_1-0"},{"link_name":"Jerry Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/270/"},{"link_name":"TWiT.tv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWiT.tv"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Kaplan, Jerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Kaplan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7351-0141-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7351-0141-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Ziff-Davis Publishing Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0884-0997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0884-0997"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"300003271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/300003271"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Fried, Ina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina_Fried"},{"link_name":"\"Go files antitrust suit against Microsoft\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.cnet.com/Go+files+antitrust+suit+against+Microsoft/2100-7343_3-5772534.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20161004091158/https://www.cnet.com/news/go-files-antitrust-suit-against-microsoft/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"A New Antitrust Lawsuit - Go Corp. v. Microsoft\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050704045343631"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Microsoft to Appeal $367M Patent Ruling\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081212135345/https://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-04-04-2507619152_x.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-04-04-2507619152_x.htm"}],"text":"^ Jerry Kaplan interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network\n\n^ Kaplan, Jerry (1999). Startup : a Silicon Valley adventure. Bridgewater, NJ: Replica Books. ISBN 0-7351-0141-8.\n\n^ Bortman, Henry (March 1991). \"Computing on the GO\". MacUser. 7 (3). Ziff-Davis Publishing Co.: 202. ISSN 0884-0997. OCLC 300003271.\n\n^ \"Startup,\" Jerry Kaplan, p.294\n\n^ Fried, Ina (July 6, 2005). \"Go files antitrust suit against Microsoft\". Archived from the original on October 4, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.)\n\n^ \"A New Antitrust Lawsuit - Go Corp. v. Microsoft\". July 4, 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2009.\n\n^ Mintz, Jessica (April 4, 2008). \"Microsoft to Appeal $367M Patent Ruling\". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2008.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Apple Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton"},{"title":"PenPoint OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PenPoint_OS"},{"title":"Pen computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_computing"},{"title":"History of tablet computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tablet_computers"}]	[{"reference":"Kaplan, Jerry (1999). Startup : a Silicon Valley adventure. Bridgewater, NJ: Replica Books. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Martindale	Thomas Martindale	["1 Biography","2 Death and legacy","3 Publications","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	English-born American merchant, grocer (1845–1916) Thomas MartindaleBorn1845County Durham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (now England)Died1916British Columbia, CanadaOccupation(s)Merchant, grocer, tea importer, author, community leaderKnown forFounder of an early natural foods store in the U.S., health food advocate, and promoter of physical exerciseSpouseRosie Crum Thomas Martindale (1845–1916) was an English-born American merchant, grocer, tea importer, and author. He founded Martindale and Johnson Thomas Martindale Company, and Martindale's Natural Markets, his stores are thought to be the first natural foods store in the United States. He might be one of the best known grocers in the United States, and in his local city of Philadelphia. Martindale was an advocate of health foods and physical activity, who also supported infrastructure investments and innovations. Biography Thomas Martindale was born in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (now England) in 1845, and spent early years in Canada. At the age of eight he moved to the United States with his family. Martindale founded a grocery store in Oil City, Pennsylvania in 1869, and eventually expanded. Some sources state he co-owned the first grocery store in Oil City in 1869, but then bought out his partner. Six years later he established a second store in Philadelphia. The store advertising included educational and instructional content. His grocery store operated as a retail establishment but also had a substantial wholesale business, including imported tea. In 1916, he was one of the largest importers of teas in the United States. In 1883, Martindale teamed up with William Johnson to open a new grocery store called "Martindale and Johnson" in Philadelphia. They sold liquor in custom decorative whiskey jugs called "Hunter Jugs" produced for their business. Martindale and Johnson stopped producing the liquor jugs in 1920 during prohibition, and they are now collectibles. Martindale served as the Poor Richard Club's first president, and was a founder of the Philadelphia Trades League. A Strawbridge and Clothier publishing department had published his book, Royal Sport, I Warrant You (1897) and the book was displayed it amongst his "hunting trophies" in the department store window. Martindale was active in political issues facing grocers, such as a proposed bill requiring products be sold by weights and measures in 1911. Death and legacy He died on a hunting expedition in British Columbia. A Martindale's Natural Market store in Springfield, Pennsylvania was founded in 1971, and continues in existence. The Martindale family maintained a presence at the store until 1991. Martindale's former home at 413–415 33rd Street in Philadelphia is listed as part of the Powelton Historic District by the National Register of Historic Places since 1985. Publications Martindale, Thomas; Wiman, Erastus; Haupt, Lewis M. (1892). The Proposed Ship Canal between Philadelphia and New York (via Trenton). New York Board of Trade and Transportation. New York City, NY: New York Board of Trade and Transportation. Martindale, Thomas (1897). Sport Royal, I Warrant You! -Twelfth night. Philadelphia, PA: H.W. Shaw. ISBN 0665098472. Martindale, Thomas (1901). Sport Indeed. Philadelphia, PA: G. W. Jacobs & Co. Martindale, Thomas (1910). With Gun and Guide. Philadelphia, PA: G. W. Jacobs and Company. Martindale, Thomas (1913). Hunting in the Upper Yukon. G.W. Jacobs & Co. Martindale, Thomas (1919). Sport Indeed. Toronto, ON: Musson. ISBN 066575146X. See also British colonization of the Americas Deer Creek Township, Miami County, Indiana References ^ a b c DeGrassa, Peg (August 23, 2021). "Martindale's Natural Market celebrates 150 years". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 2023-10-09. ^ a b c "Obituary: Thomas Martindale". Simmon's Spice Mill: Devoted to the Interests of the Coffee, Tea and Spice Trades. Spice Mill Publishing Company. June 9, 1916. p. 1136 – via Google Books. ^ a b c d e f g h "Death of Thomas Martindale". Printers' Ink. Printers' Ink Publishing Company. June 9, 1916. p. 10 – via Google Books. ^ a b c d e Sullivan, Jack (July 12, 2022). "Thomas Martindale and Hunter Jugs". Antique Bottle & Glass Collector. pp. 11–13 – via issuu.com. ^ Martindale, Thomas C. "A Health Food Store is Founded", Physical Culture Magazine, New York, October 1938. ^ Printers' Ink; the ... Magazine of Advertising, Management and Sales. Vol. 21. June 9, 1897. p. 34 – via Google Books. ^ "Strong Hearing Against Weights and Measures Bill". Grocery World and General Merchant. Grocery World Publishing Company. June 9, 1911. p. 6 – via Google Books. ^ Hostutler, Mark (April 17, 2019). "One of America's First Health Food Stores, Martindale's Natural Market in Springfield Turns 150". DelCo Today. ^ "Powelton Village Historic District Inventory" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Inventory. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Retrieved December 31, 2013. ^ Thomas, George; Carol Benenson (1984). "Powelton Village" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Retrieved October 10, 2023. ^ "Martindale, Thomas, 1845–1916 \| The Online Books Page". onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu. External links Website for Martindale's Natural Market history Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English-born American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans"},{"link_name":"natural foods store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_food_store"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"Thomas Martindale (1845–1916) was an English-born American merchant, grocer, tea importer, and author. He founded Martindale and Johnson Thomas Martindale Company, and Martindale's Natural Markets, his stores are thought to be the first natural foods store in the United States.[1] He might be one of the best known grocers in the United States, and in his local city of Philadelphia.[2] Martindale was an advocate of health foods and physical activity, who also supported infrastructure investments and innovations.[2]","title":"Thomas Martindale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Oil City, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"collectibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectable"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Poor Richard Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Richard_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-3"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Trades League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia_Trades_League&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Strawbridge and Clothier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawbridge_and_Clothier"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Thomas Martindale was born in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (now England) in 1845, and spent early years in Canada.[3] At the age of eight he moved to the United States with his family.[4]Martindale founded a grocery store in Oil City, Pennsylvania in 1869,[3][5] and eventually expanded. Some sources state he co-owned the first grocery store in Oil City in 1869, but then bought out his partner.[4] Six years later he established a second store in Philadelphia.[3] The store advertising included educational and instructional content.[3] His grocery store operated as a retail establishment but also had a substantial wholesale business, including imported tea.[3] In 1916, he was one of the largest importers of teas in the United States.[3]In 1883, Martindale teamed up with William Johnson to open a new grocery store called \"Martindale and Johnson\" in Philadelphia.[4] They sold liquor in custom decorative whiskey jugs called \"Hunter Jugs\" produced for their business.[4] Martindale and Johnson stopped producing the liquor jugs in 1920 during prohibition, and they are now collectibles.[4]Martindale served as the Poor Richard Club's first president,[3] and was a founder of the Philadelphia Trades League.[2] A Strawbridge and Clothier publishing department had published his book, Royal Sport, I Warrant You (1897) and the book was displayed it amongst his \"hunting trophies\" in the department store window.[6] Martindale was active in political issues facing grocers, such as a proposed bill requiring products be sold by weights and measures in 1911.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-3"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Powelton Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powelton_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nom-10"}],"text":"He died on a hunting expedition in British Columbia.[3]A Martindale's Natural Market store in Springfield, Pennsylvania was founded in 1971, and continues in existence.[1][8] The Martindale family maintained a presence at the store until 1991.[1]Martindale's former home at 413–415 33rd Street in Philadelphia is listed as part of the Powelton Historic District by the National Register of Historic Places since 1985.[9][10]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sport Royal, I Warrant You! -Twelfth night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100253036"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0665098472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0665098472"},{"link_name":"Sport Indeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006558907"},{"link_name":"With Gun and Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001509738"},{"link_name":"Hunting in the Upper Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007700957"},{"link_name":"Sport Indeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100294315"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"066575146X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/066575146X"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Martindale, Thomas; Wiman, Erastus; Haupt, Lewis M. (1892). The Proposed Ship Canal between Philadelphia and New York (via Trenton). New York Board of Trade and Transportation. New York City, NY: New York Board of Trade and Transportation.\nMartindale, Thomas (1897). Sport Royal, I Warrant You! -Twelfth night. Philadelphia, PA: H.W. Shaw. ISBN 0665098472.\nMartindale, Thomas (1901). Sport Indeed. Philadelphia, PA: G. W. Jacobs & Co.\nMartindale, Thomas (1910). With Gun and Guide. Philadelphia, PA: G. W. Jacobs and Company.\nMartindale, Thomas (1913). Hunting in the Upper Yukon. G.W. Jacobs & Co.\nMartindale, Thomas (1919). Sport Indeed. Toronto, ON: Musson. ISBN 066575146X.[11]","title":"Publications"}]	[]	[{"title":"British colonization of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"title":"Deer Creek Township, Miami County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Creek_Township,_Miami_County,_Indiana"}]	[{"reference":"Martindale, Thomas; Wiman, Erastus; Haupt, Lewis M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok%C5%A1tai	Bokštai, Kėdainiai	["1 Demography","2 References"]	Coordinates: 55°25′0″N 23°50′30″E / 55.41667°N 23.84167°E / 55.41667; 23.84167Village in Kaunas County, LithuaniaBokštaiVillageBokštaiLocation in LithuaniaShow map of Kėdainiai District MunicipalityBokštaiBokštai (Lithuania)Show map of LithuaniaCoordinates: 55°25′0″N 23°50′30″E / 55.41667°N 23.84167°E / 55.41667; 23.84167Country LithuaniaCounty Kaunas CountyMunicipalityKėdainiai district municipalityEldershipDotnuva EldershipPopulation (2011) • Total105Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Bokštai is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 105 people. The village is located by the Dotnuvėlė river (Akademija pond) and the regional road Jonava-Šeduva. Formerly this location was known as Kemėšìškiai or Grigoriškiai. Demography Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1923325— 1959267−0.54%1970286+0.63%1979191−4.39%YearPop.±% p.a.1989153−2.19%2001120−2.00%2011105−1.33%Source: 1902, 1923, 1959 & 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001, 2011 References ^ "2011 census". Statistikos Departamentas (Lithuania). Retrieved August 21, 2017. vteDotnuva EldershipTowns Akademija Dotnuva Villages Aušra Ąžuolaičiai Beržai Bokštai Gėlainiai Jaunakaimis Mantviliškis Naujaberžė Naujieji Bakainiai Naujieji Lažai Noreikiai Padotnuvys Piliamantas Pilioniai Puodžiai Ramėnai Sandzėnai Siponiai Šalčmiriai Šiaudinė Šlapaberžė Urnėžiai Vainotiškiai Valinava Valučiai Vincgalys Žemaičiai Hamlets Bakšiai Pupėnai Stukai Zacišiai Railway settlements Dotnuva GS This Kaunas County, Lithuania location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kėdainiai district municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97dainiai_district_municipality"},{"link_name":"Kaunas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_County"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-1"},{"link_name":"Dotnuvėlė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotnuv%C4%97l%C4%97"},{"link_name":"Akademija pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akademija_pond&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jonava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonava"},{"link_name":"Šeduva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0eduva"}],"text":"Village in Kaunas County, LithuaniaBokštai is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 105 people.[1] The village is located by the Dotnuvėlė river (Akademija pond) and the regional road Jonava-Šeduva.Formerly this location was known as Kemėšìškiai or Grigoriškiai.","title":"Bokštai, Kėdainiai"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"2011 census\". Statistikos Departamentas (Lithuania). Retrieved August 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://statistics.bookdesign.lt/table_125_02.htm?lang=en","url_text":"\"2011 census\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bok%C5%A1tai,_K%C4%97dainiai&params=55_25_0_N_23_50_30_E_region:LT_type:city(105)","external_links_name":"55°25′0″N 23°50′30″E / 55.41667°N 23.84167°E / 55.41667; 23.84167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bok%C5%A1tai,_K%C4%97dainiai&params=55_25_0_N_23_50_30_E_region:LT_type:city(105)","external_links_name":"55°25′0″N 23°50′30″E / 55.41667°N 23.84167°E / 55.41667; 23.84167"},{"Link":"https://kresy.genealodzy.pl/gub_wil_87/kowno_wlasc.html","external_links_name":"1902"},{"Link":"http://www.epaveldas.lt/recordDescription/LNB/C1B0002365127","external_links_name":"1923"},{"Link":"https://knyga.lietuvai.lt/w/images/7/79/Lietuvos_gyventoj%C5%B3_sura%C5%A1ymas_1959_ir_1970.pdf","external_links_name":"1959 & 1970"},{"Link":"https://knyga.lietuvai.lt/wiki/Indeksas:Lietuvos_gyventoj%C5%B3_sura%C5%A1ymas_1979.pdf","external_links_name":"1979"},{"Link":"https://knyga.lietuvai.lt/wiki/Indeksas:Lietuvos_gyventoj%C5%B3_sura%C5%A1ymas_1989.pdf","external_links_name":"1989"},{"Link":"https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/212976/Kauno_apskritis.pdf/8593b78f-5d58-4f1a-aed1-d108f07398ae","external_links_name":"2001"},{"Link":"http://statistics.bookdesign.lt/table_125_02.htm?lang=en","external_links_name":"2011"},{"Link":"http://statistics.bookdesign.lt/table_125_02.htm?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"2011 census\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bok%C5%A1tai,_K%C4%97dainiai&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2022_United_Kingdom_autumn_statement	November 2022 United Kingdom autumn statement	["1 Background","2 The statement","2.1 Key points","3 Reaction","4 See also","5 References"]	() November 2022 United Kingdom autumn statementPresented17 November 2022Parliament58thPartyConservative PartyChancellorJeremy Hunt ‹ September 2022 mini-budget2023› The November 2022 United Kingdom autumn statement was delivered to the House of Commons on 17 November 2022 by Chancellor of the Exchequer Jeremy Hunt, after being delayed by three weeks from its original scheduled date of 31 October. The budget addressed the ongoing cost of living crisis, and saw the announcement of a five-year package of tax increases and spending cuts designed to steer the UK through recession. An economic forecast published on the same day by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) stated the UK had entered a recession after experiencing two quarters of a shrinking economy, and predicted the UK's economy would shrink during 2023. A reduction in households' disposable income was also forecast. In his statement, Hunt committed to maintaining scheduled public spending plans until 2025, but said that spending would slow after then. He also lowered the threshold at which earners become eligible to pay the top rate of income tax, and announced an increase in the National Minimum Wage, as well as increases for pensions and benefits in line with inflation. The Energy Price Guarantee was extended to April 2023, but raised from £2,500 to £3,000. Shadow Chancellor Rachel Reeves described the measures as "an invoice for the economic carnage" caused by the government of Liz Truss. Background Main articles: Premiership of Liz Truss, September 2022 United Kingdom mini-budget, October 2022 United Kingdom government crisis, and October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election The autumn statement was delivered by Chancellor Jeremy Hunt in the aftermath of the mini-budget set out by his predecessor, Kwasi Kwarteng, who served as Chancellor in Liz Truss's brief government. That statement, outlined in September 2022 by Kwarteng, had been a programme of low taxation and high spending worth £45bn which it was hoped would promote economic growth, but had instead it led to economic turmoil, a weaker pound and financial intervention in the UK's bond markets by the Bank of England to prevent them from collapsing. With a budget deficit of £30bn–£40bn, the markets were concerned as to how this debt would be paid for. Truss and Kwarteng subsequently conceded to failing to prepare the ground for the mini-budget, but argued it had been impacted negatively by global events. After Hunt replaced Kwarteng as Chancellor in October he reversed the majority of the mini-budget's measures in an emergency statement to the House of Commons. A further statement providing a medium term fiscal plan had been scheduled for 31 October by Kwarteng, and an accompanying forecast from the Office for Budget Responsibility was due to be published on the same day, but after Hunt was retained as Chancellor by Truss's successor, Rishi Sunak, he deferred the statement until 17 November, announcing at the same time that its scope would be expanded into a full autumn statement that could outline longer term plans. By then, the markets had stabilised, and official projections suggested the interest on the government's debt could be up to £10bn lower than previously thought. Hunt argued that deferring the date would allow the statement to be based on "accurate economic forecasts". On 3 November the Bank of England raised the base rate of interest by 0.75% to 3%, the largest single interest rate rise since 1989, and warned of a recession lasting at least two years. On 11 November, figures released by the Office for National Statistics showed the UK economy had shrunk by 0.2% between July and September 2022. Speaking to the BBC's Laura Kuenssberg on 13 November, Hunt said that his statement would include details of further help for people facing high energy bills once the Energy Price Guarantee expires in April 2023, and warned taxes would need to rise: "I've been explicit that taxes are going to go up". On 15 November, it was reported that inflation had reached 11.1% during October, up from 10.1% the previous month, and its highest since 1981. On the same day, and while attending the 17th G20 Summit in Bali, Sunak said the priority would be to reduce inflation, and that decisions taken in the forthcoming autumn statement would be done in a "fair" way that would mean everyone benefitting from reduced levels of debt. There was some discussion about the actual size of the UK's debt after it emerged the government had changed the way debt is calculated. On 10 November, the Progressive Economy Forum, a centre-left think tank, questioned the actual size of the "black hole" and whether tax rises and austerity measures would be needed to fill it. The think tank argued that calculating the debt under the previously used method would show a gap of £14bn rather than the generally accepted figure which was estimated at the time to be as high as £50bn. In response, HM Treasury said that public finances would be assessed independently by the Office for Budgetary Responsibility. The OBR subsequently said there was a £55bn gap in public finances. The statement Jeremy Hunt was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer after Kwasi Kwarteng was sacked by Liz Truss on 14 October 2022. He retained his role as chancellor under Rishi Sunak following Truss' resignation. The statement, which Hunt described as being made "in the face of unprecedented global headwinds", set out a five-year programme of tax increases and spending cuts worth £55bn that the Chancellor argued would lead to a "shallower downturn" with fewer jobs lost. It would see an overall increase in government spending over the coming two years, with a commitment to maintain public spending targets until 2025. Hunt said the programme of measures would help to curb inflation, something that had led to a fall in living standards and "real challenges" for families as a result. He said of his predecessor, Kwasi Kwarteng, that he had been "correct" to prioritise growth in the September mini-budget, but added that "unfunded tax cuts are as risky as unfunded spending". In its report, published at the same time as the autumn statement, the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) concluded the UK had entered a recession after experiencing two quarters in which the economy had shrunk. While predicting an overall growth of 4.2% for 2022, the OBR forecast the economy would shrink by around 1.4% during 2023. After that, however, it predicted growth for the years 2024–2026, with 1.3% in 2024, 2.6% in 2025, and 2.7% in 2026. The rate of inflation was predicted to be 9.1% in 2022 and 7.4% in 2023. Unemployment was expected to rise from 3.6% to 4.9% by 2024. The OBR also forecast that disposable income would fall by 7.1% over the next two years, taking it to its lowest level since records began in 1956–57, and reducing incomes to 2013 levels. Key points Government to extend the period by which it plans to hit its debt and spending targets from three to five years Scheduled public spending plans to be maintained until 2025, but will grow more slowly after that England's NHS budget will increase by £3.3bn a year during 2023–24 and 2024–25, and spending on schools by £2.3bn over the same period Defence spending to be maintained at 2% of national income Overseas aid spending to remain at 0.5% until 2028, below the official 0.7% target Devolved governments to receive extra funding over 2023–24 and 2024–25, amounting to an extra £1.5bn for Scotland, £1.2bn for Wales, and £650m for Northern Ireland. Support worth £13.6bn for businesses over next five years, including help with business rates Two year suspension of import taxes on over 100 goods, including some food products Plans for potential Online Sales Tax scrapped to protect online retailers, who will be impacted more severely than shops by changes to business rates Review announced into how post-Brexit regulation can support emerging technologies (to be led by Sir Patrick Vallance) An increase in the National Minimum Wage from £9.50 to £10.42 an hour for all those aged 23 or over from April 2023 A 10.1% rise in state pension, means tested benefit and disability benefit payments, increasing them in line with inflation The triple lock for calculating the basic state pension is retained A change in the threshold for the 45% tax rate, which will be paid on earnings over £125,140 rather than £150,000 (excludes Scotland) Income tax personal allowance and higher rate thresholds frozen for further two years, until April 2028 instead of April 2026 Main National Insurance and inheritance tax thresholds frozen for further two years, until April 2028 instead of April 2026 Reduction in tax-free allowances for dividend and capital gains tax in both 2023 and 2024 Local authorities given the power to annually increase council tax by up to 5% without a local referendum instead of the current 3% Household Energy Price Guarantee extended until April 2024, but threshold raised from £2,500 to £3,000 Energy support payments for 2023–24 to be set at £900 for households on means tested benefits, £300 for pensioners and £150 for those claiming disability benefits Windfall tax on profits of oil and gas companies increased from 25% to 35% and extended until March 2028 Introduction of a 45% tax on companies generating electricity, effective from January 2023 Lifetime cap on social care costs in England delayed from October 2023 until October 2025 A 7% cap on social housing rent increases in England from April 2023 reduced from 11% Electric cars, vans and motorcycles to pay road taxes from April 2025 Directly elected mayors announced for Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cornwall, as well as a to be confirmed area of North East England The Sizewell C nuclear power plant will go ahead HS2, Northern Powerhouse Rail and East West Rail will go ahead as planned An extra £6bn announced to improve the quality of housing stock Reaction Responding to the statement, Rachel Reeves, the Shadow Chancellor, described Hunt as having "picked the pockets" of the country with "stealth taxes", and called the measures announced by him "an invoice for the economic carnage" caused by the Government of Liz Truss. But Hunt said the measures would get the UK through an economic "storm". Nicola Sturgeon, the First Minister of Scotland, described the statement as "repeating mistakes of the past" and "a reintroduction of austerity". Although generally positive, market response to the autumn statement was described by the Financial Times as being "muted". William Hobbs, chief investment officer at Barclays Wealth said that the "grown-up tone and the mostly orthodox thinking" behind the budget "seem to have been well received", while Anna Macdonald, fund manager at Amati Global Investors, saw opportunities for investors: "We still see a lot of pressure and a lack of confidence in domestically exposed equities. But selectively they are looking like very good value now." The Office for Budget Responsibility stated the UK was in a recession that would cancel eight years of growth and UK households would experience the largest fall in living standards since records began. The Resolution Foundation suggested the autumn statement had increased pressure on "the squeezed middle" of wage earners, and extended the real wage recovery lag to 19 years, meaning that real wages would not return to 2008 levels until 2027, leaving wage earners £292 a week (roughly £15,000 a year) worse off than they would have been. The Financial Times noted that much of the revenue the Chancellor planned to raise would be through what it described as "stealth taxes" – the freezing of allowances and thresholds – which would push millions of taxpayers into paying higher taxes through rising wages. Tim Stovold, of accountants Moore Kingston Smith, described the statement as "a reasonably soft landing" for very high earners, who had been warned that "those with the broadest shoulders would pay the most" – a situation that had not materialised. In its analysis of the autumn statement, the Institute for Fiscal Studies said that the most difficult decisions had been postponed until after 2024, and that the UK was entering a "new era" of high taxation. Laura Kuenssberg, the BBC's political editor, questioned whether those difficult decisions would ever be made: "Perhaps after all, the cuts pencilled in for just after the next election may never come to pass. Chancellors have found it tempting to push their attempts to balancing the books back and back." Addressing the £55bn gap in public finances, and following debate about its accuracy, Labour Party leader Sir Keir Starmer said he did not dispute the Office for Budget Responsibility's forecast, and that Labour would seek to "repair the damage" if it were to win the 2024 general election. Tony Danker of the Confederation of British Industry said Hunt had prioritised stability and the battle against inflation over economic growth in the Autumn Statement. Danker said higher growth was also needed to fund the growing health and social care costs. Danker also stated that nothing in the plan indicates the economy will avoid a further "decade of low productivity and low growth". Responding to criticism of the decision to delay the cap on the amount of money people would have to pay towards their social care, Steve Barclay, the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, told the 20 November edition of BBC One's political programme, Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg, it had been a "difficult decision" but that delaying its introduction for two years would allow more money to be invested in social care. See also Autumn Statement References ^ "Rishi Sunak: What will the new PM and the Autumn Statement mean for my money?". BBC News. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ Kemp, Ellie (26 October 2022). "Fiscal statement delayed until November, Downing Street confirms". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ "Jeremy Hunt delays Halloween economic statement". Sky News. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ Parker, George; Strauss, Delphine; Giles, Chris; Stubbington, Tommy (26 October 2022). "Hunt seeks breathing space with new date for UK Autumn Statement". The Financial Times. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ "UK tax and spending plan pushed back by two weeks, says Hunt". BBC News. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ "Government's financial statement delayed till 17 November". Politics.co.uk. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ "Bank of England signals interest rates probably won't go much higher". The Guardian. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ "Recession looms as UK economy starts to shrink". BBC News. 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022. ^ "Jeremy Hunt: Everyone will have to pay more tax". BBC News. 13 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ Clements, Laura (13 November 2022). "'Everyone will have to pay more tax' warns Chancellor Jeremy Hunt". WalesOnline. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ "UK inflation jumps to 11.1% on back of energy and food price rises". The Guardian. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ "UK's reputation has taken a knock, admits Rishi Sunak". BBC News. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ "Economists question 'black hole' in UK finances". www.BBC News. 10 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ a b "Keir Starmer accepts £55bn 'black hole' calculation". BBC News. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ a b "Hunt unveils tax rises and spending cuts as OBR says eight years of growth to be wiped out". The Guardian. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022. ^ "UK faces biggest fall in living standards on record". BBC News. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022. ^ "Autumn statement: Jaw-dropping change of tack as Jeremy Hunt announces more spending – and sets trap for next election". Sky News. Retrieved 17 November 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Autumn Statement 2022: Key points at-a-glance". BBC News. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022. ^ "Autumn Statement: Jeremy Hunt warns of challenges as living standards plunge". BBC News. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022. ^ a b "Autumn Statement: Hunt has picked pockets of entire country, Labour says". BBC News. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022. ^ "Autumn statement: Millions to pay more in tax as chancellor cuts top-rate threshold and lays out plan to plug 'black hole'". Sky News. Retrieved 17 November 2022. ^ "Chancellor delivers plan for stability, growth and public services". GOV.UK. Retrieved 22 November 2022. ^ a b "Government plans £6bn to insulate UK's houses and gives go-ahead for Sizewell C". The Guardian. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022. ^ Horgan, Rob (17 November 2022). "HS2, Northern Powerhouse Rail and East West Rail to go ahead as planned". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ Delaney, James (17 November 2022). "Sturgeon: 'UK Autumn Statement repeating mistakes of the past'". STV News. Retrieved 19 November 2022. ^ a b c "Autumn Statement: A soft landing for higher earners?". The Financial Times. 19 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022. ^ a b "UK workers 'will miss out on pay rises worth £15,000 over next five years'". The Guardian. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022. ^ "Autumn Statement: Jeremy Hunt warns of challenges as living standards plunge". BBC News. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022. ^ "Higher taxes look to be here to stay, says IFS". BBC News. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ "Laura Kuenssberg: How much is the Autumn Statement going to hurt?". BBC News. 19 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022. ^ Thomas, Daniel (21 November 2022). "Jeremy Hunt has no plan for growth, says CBI boss". BBC News. ^ "Health Secretary Steve Barclay defends delay to social care cap". BBC News. 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022. vteUnited Kingdom budgetBy year 1909 1972 1978 April 1979 June 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 March 1993 November 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 March 2010 June 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 March 2015 July 2015 2016 March 2017 November 2017 2018 2020 Summer statement Winter Economy Plan March 2021 October 2021 September 2022 mini-budget 2022 autumn statement 2023 2023 autumn statement 2024 Other Budget Day Budget Broadcast Budget purdah Government spending in the United Kingdom Money bill Office for Budget Responsibility Parliament Act 1911 Spending Review Spring Statement Category vteRishi Sunak Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2022–present) Chancellor of the Exchequer (2020–2022) MP for Richmond (Yorks) (2015–2024) Premiership Ministry UK cost of living crisis November 2022 autumn statement War in Ukraine 2023 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy War in Israel 2023 cabinet reshuffles February November Windsor Framework 2023 United Kingdom budget Lockdown Files Coronation of Charles III and Camilla 2023 AI Safety Summit English Channel migrant crossings "Stop the boats" Rwanda asylum plan Illegal Migration Act 2023 Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act 2024 UK Covid-19 Inquiry 2023 State Opening of Parliament November 2023 United Kingdom autumn statement Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act 2024 2024 United Kingdom budget Clear Plan. Bold Action. Secure Future. International trips Chancellorship COVID-19 pandemic government response economic impact lockdown vaccinations contracts contract controversies Eat Out to Help Out Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme Partygate Industrial disputes Postal workers strikes Railway strikes National Health Service strikes July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis Budgets and statements 2020 United Kingdom budget July 2020 United Kingdom summer statement September 2020 United Kingdom Winter Economy Plan March 2021 United Kingdom budget October 2021 United Kingdom budget Other offices held Chief Secretary to the Treasury (2019-2020) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Local Government (2018-2019) Electoral history September 2022 Party leadership election October 2022 Party leadership election 2023 local elections 2024 local elections 2024 general election Family Akshata Murty (wife) N. R. Narayana Murthy (father-in-law) Sudha Murty (mother-in-law) Related Richmond and Northallerton Kirby Sigston Manor (constituency home) Spitting Image (2020 TV series) This England Partygate (TV drama) ← Liz Truss Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cost of living crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Office for Budget Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility"},{"link_name":"income tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Shadow Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Rachel Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Liz Truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Truss"}],"text":"The November 2022 United Kingdom autumn statement was delivered to the House of Commons on 17 November 2022 by Chancellor of the Exchequer Jeremy Hunt, after being delayed by three weeks from its original scheduled date of 31 October.[1] The budget addressed the ongoing cost of living crisis,[2] and saw the announcement of a five-year package of tax increases and spending cuts designed to steer the UK through recession. An economic forecast published on the same day by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) stated the UK had entered a recession after experiencing two quarters of a shrinking economy, and predicted the UK's economy would shrink during 2023. A reduction in households' disposable income was also forecast.In his statement, Hunt committed to maintaining scheduled public spending plans until 2025, but said that spending would slow after then. He also lowered the threshold at which earners become eligible to pay the top rate of income tax, and announced an increase in the National Minimum Wage, as well as increases for pensions and benefits in line with inflation. The Energy Price Guarantee was extended to April 2023, but raised from £2,500 to £3,000. Shadow Chancellor Rachel Reeves described the measures as \"an invoice for the economic carnage\" caused by the government of Liz Truss.","title":"November 2022 United Kingdom autumn statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeremy Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Kwasi Kwarteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng"},{"link_name":"Liz Truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Truss"},{"link_name":"low taxation and high spending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_economics"},{"link_name":"pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"bond markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_market"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Office for Budget Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility"},{"link_name":"Rishi Sunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sunak"},{"link_name":"full autumn statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Statement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"UK economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Laura Kuenssberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Kuenssberg"},{"link_name":"Energy Price Guarantee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"17th G20 Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_G20_Bali_summit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Progressive Economy Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Economy_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HM Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-14"}],"text":"The autumn statement was delivered by Chancellor Jeremy Hunt in the aftermath of the mini-budget set out by his predecessor, Kwasi Kwarteng, who served as Chancellor in Liz Truss's brief government. That statement, outlined in September 2022 by Kwarteng, had been a programme of low taxation and high spending worth £45bn which it was hoped would promote economic growth, but had instead it led to economic turmoil, a weaker pound and financial intervention in the UK's bond markets by the Bank of England to prevent them from collapsing. With a budget deficit of £30bn–£40bn, the markets were concerned as to how this debt would be paid for. Truss and Kwarteng subsequently conceded to failing to prepare the ground for the mini-budget, but argued it had been impacted negatively by global events. After Hunt replaced Kwarteng as Chancellor in October he reversed the majority of the mini-budget's measures in an emergency statement to the House of Commons. A further statement providing a medium term fiscal plan had been scheduled for 31 October by Kwarteng, and an accompanying forecast from the Office for Budget Responsibility was due to be published on the same day, but after Hunt was retained as Chancellor by Truss's successor, Rishi Sunak, he deferred the statement until 17 November, announcing at the same time that its scope would be expanded into a full autumn statement that could outline longer term plans. By then, the markets had stabilised, and official projections suggested the interest on the government's debt could be up to £10bn lower than previously thought. Hunt argued that deferring the date would allow the statement to be based on \"accurate economic forecasts\".[3][4][5][6]On 3 November the Bank of England raised the base rate of interest by 0.75% to 3%, the largest single interest rate rise since 1989, and warned of a recession lasting at least two years.[7] On 11 November, figures released by the Office for National Statistics showed the UK economy had shrunk by 0.2% between July and September 2022.[8] Speaking to the BBC's Laura Kuenssberg on 13 November, Hunt said that his statement would include details of further help for people facing high energy bills once the Energy Price Guarantee expires in April 2023, and warned taxes would need to rise: \"I've been explicit that taxes are going to go up\".[9][10] On 15 November, it was reported that inflation had reached 11.1% during October, up from 10.1% the previous month, and its highest since 1981.[11] On the same day, and while attending the 17th G20 Summit in Bali, Sunak said the priority would be to reduce inflation, and that decisions taken in the forthcoming autumn statement would be done in a \"fair\" way that would mean everyone benefitting from reduced levels of debt.[12]There was some discussion about the actual size of the UK's debt after it emerged the government had changed the way debt is calculated. On 10 November, the Progressive Economy Forum, a centre-left think tank, questioned the actual size of the \"black hole\" and whether tax rises and austerity measures would be needed to fill it. The think tank argued that calculating the debt under the previously used method would show a gap of £14bn rather than the generally accepted figure which was estimated at the time to be as high as £50bn. In response, HM Treasury said that public finances would be assessed independently by the Office for Budgetary Responsibility.[13] The OBR subsequently said there was a £55bn gap in public finances.[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_the_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_Jeremy_Hunt,_2022_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Kwasi Kwarteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng"},{"link_name":"Liz Truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Truss"},{"link_name":"Rishi Sunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sunak"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-20"},{"link_name":"Office for Budget Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Jeremy Hunt was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer after Kwasi Kwarteng was sacked by Liz Truss on 14 October 2022. He retained his role as chancellor under Rishi Sunak following Truss' resignation.The statement, which Hunt described as being made \"in the face of unprecedented global headwinds\",[15] set out a five-year programme of tax increases and spending cuts worth £55bn that the Chancellor argued would lead to a \"shallower downturn\" with fewer jobs lost.[16] It would see an overall increase in government spending over the coming two years, with a commitment to maintain public spending targets until 2025.[17][18] Hunt said the programme of measures would help to curb inflation, something that had led to a fall in living standards and \"real challenges\" for families as a result.[19] He said of his predecessor, Kwasi Kwarteng, that he had been \"correct\" to prioritise growth in the September mini-budget, but added that \"unfunded tax cuts are as risky as unfunded spending\".[20]In its report, published at the same time as the autumn statement, the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) concluded the UK had entered a recession after experiencing two quarters in which the economy had shrunk. While predicting an overall growth of 4.2% for 2022, the OBR forecast the economy would shrink by around 1.4% during 2023. After that, however, it predicted growth for the years 2024–2026, with 1.3% in 2024, 2.6% in 2025, and 2.7% in 2026. The rate of inflation was predicted to be 9.1% in 2022 and 7.4% in 2023. Unemployment was expected to rise from 3.6% to 4.9% by 2024.[18] The OBR also forecast that disposable income would fall by 7.1% over the next two years, taking it to its lowest level since records began in 1956–57, and reducing incomes to 2013 levels.[21]","title":"The statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"NHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"post-Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"Sir Patrick Vallance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Patrick_Vallance"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"National Minimum Wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"state pension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Pension_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"triple lock for calculating the basic state pension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Pension_(United_Kingdom)#Pensions_Act_2007"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"National Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance"},{"link_name":"inheritance tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_tax"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"council tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_tax"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"Windfall tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windfall_tax_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"Lifetime cap on social care costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_care_cap"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"Electric cars, vans and motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"Directly elected mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"Sizewell C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizewell_C"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-23"},{"link_name":"HS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_2"},{"link_name":"Northern Powerhouse Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Powerhouse_Rail"},{"link_name":"East West Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_West_Rail"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-23"}],"sub_title":"Key points","text":"Government to extend the period by which it plans to hit its debt and spending targets from three to five years[18]\nScheduled public spending plans to be maintained until 2025, but will grow more slowly after that[18]\nEngland's NHS budget will increase by £3.3bn a year during 2023–24 and 2024–25, and spending on schools by £2.3bn over the same period[18]\nDefence spending to be maintained at 2% of national income[18]\nOverseas aid spending to remain at 0.5% until 2028, below the official 0.7% target[18]\nDevolved governments to receive extra funding over 2023–24 and 2024–25, amounting to an extra £1.5bn for Scotland, £1.2bn for Wales, and £650m for Northern Ireland.[22]\nSupport worth £13.6bn for businesses over next five years, including help with business rates[18]\nTwo year suspension of import taxes on over 100 goods, including some food products[18]\nPlans for potential Online Sales Tax scrapped to protect online retailers, who will be impacted more severely than shops by changes to business rates[18]\nReview announced into how post-Brexit regulation can support emerging technologies (to be led by Sir Patrick Vallance)[18]\nAn increase in the National Minimum Wage from £9.50 to £10.42 an hour for all those aged 23 or over from April 2023[18]\nA 10.1% rise in state pension, means tested benefit and disability benefit payments, increasing them in line with inflation[18]\nThe triple lock for calculating the basic state pension is retained[15]\nA change in the threshold for the 45% tax rate, which will be paid on earnings over £125,140 rather than £150,000 (excludes Scotland)[18]\nIncome tax personal allowance and higher rate thresholds frozen for further two years, until April 2028 instead of April 2026[18]\nMain National Insurance and inheritance tax thresholds frozen for further two years, until April 2028 instead of April 2026[18]\nReduction in tax-free allowances for dividend and capital gains tax in both 2023 and 2024[18]\nLocal authorities given the power to annually increase council tax by up to 5% without a local referendum instead of the current 3%[18]\nHousehold Energy Price Guarantee extended until April 2024, but threshold raised from £2,500 to £3,000[18]\nEnergy support payments for 2023–24 to be set at £900 for households on means tested benefits, £300 for pensioners and £150 for those claiming disability benefits[18]\nWindfall tax on profits of oil and gas companies increased from 25% to 35% and extended until March 2028[18]\nIntroduction of a 45% tax on companies generating electricity, effective from January 2023[18]\nLifetime cap on social care costs in England delayed from October 2023 until October 2025[18]\nA 7% cap on social housing rent increases in England from April 2023 reduced from 11%[18]\nElectric cars, vans and motorcycles to pay road taxes from April 2025[18]\nDirectly elected mayors announced for Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cornwall, as well as a to be confirmed area of North East England[18]\nThe Sizewell C nuclear power plant will go ahead[23]\nHS2, Northern Powerhouse Rail and East West Rail will go ahead as planned[24]\nAn extra £6bn announced to improve the quality of housing stock[23]","title":"The statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rachel Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Shadow Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Government of Liz Truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_ministry"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-20"},{"link_name":"Nicola Sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon"},{"link_name":"First Minister of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"Barclays Wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Wealth"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"Resolution Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"Moore Kingston Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Kingston_Smith"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT-26"},{"link_name":"Institute for Fiscal Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Laura Kuenssberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Kuenssberg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Sir Keir Starmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Keir_Starmer"},{"link_name":"2024 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-14"},{"link_name":"Tony Danker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Danker"},{"link_name":"Confederation of British Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Steve Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Barclay"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Health and Social Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_with_Laura_Kuenssberg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Responding to the statement, Rachel Reeves, the Shadow Chancellor, described Hunt as having \"picked the pockets\" of the country with \"stealth taxes\", and called the measures announced by him \"an invoice for the economic carnage\" caused by the Government of Liz Truss. But Hunt said the measures would get the UK through an economic \"storm\".[20] Nicola Sturgeon, the First Minister of Scotland, described the statement as \"repeating mistakes of the past\" and \"a reintroduction of austerity\".[25]Although generally positive, market response to the autumn statement was described by the Financial Times as being \"muted\". William Hobbs, chief investment officer at Barclays Wealth said that the \"grown-up tone and the mostly orthodox thinking\" behind the budget \"seem to have been well received\",[26] while Anna Macdonald, fund manager at Amati Global Investors, saw opportunities for investors: \"We still see a lot of pressure and a lack of confidence in domestically exposed equities. But selectively they are looking like very good value now.\"[26]The Office for Budget Responsibility stated the UK was in a recession that would cancel eight years of growth and UK households would experience the largest fall in living standards since records began.[27] The Resolution Foundation suggested the autumn statement had increased pressure on \"the squeezed middle\" of wage earners, and extended the real wage recovery lag to 19 years, meaning that real wages would not return to 2008 levels until 2027, leaving wage earners £292 a week (roughly £15,000 a year) worse off than they would have been.[27][28] The Financial Times noted that much of the revenue the Chancellor planned to raise would be through what it described as \"stealth taxes\" – the freezing of allowances and thresholds – which would push millions of taxpayers into paying higher taxes through rising wages. Tim Stovold, of accountants Moore Kingston Smith, described the statement as \"a reasonably soft landing\" for very high earners, who had been warned that \"those with the broadest shoulders would pay the most\" – a situation that had not materialised.[26]In its analysis of the autumn statement, the Institute for Fiscal Studies said that the most difficult decisions had been postponed until after 2024, and that the UK was entering a \"new era\" of high taxation.[29] Laura Kuenssberg, the BBC's political editor, questioned whether those difficult decisions would ever be made: \"Perhaps after all, the cuts pencilled in for just after the next election may never come to pass. Chancellors have found it tempting to push their attempts to balancing the books back and back.\"[30]Addressing the £55bn gap in public finances, and following debate about its accuracy, Labour Party leader Sir Keir Starmer said he did not dispute the Office for Budget Responsibility's forecast, and that Labour would seek to \"repair the damage\" if it were to win the 2024 general election.[14]Tony Danker of the Confederation of British Industry said Hunt had prioritised stability and the battle against inflation over economic growth in the Autumn Statement. Danker said higher growth was also needed to fund the growing health and social care costs. Danker also stated that nothing in the plan indicates the economy will avoid a further \"decade of low productivity and low growth\".[31]Responding to criticism of the decision to delay the cap on the amount of money people would have to pay towards their social care, Steve Barclay, the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, told the 20 November edition of BBC One's political programme, Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg, it had been a \"difficult decision\" but that delaying its introduction for two years would allow more money to be invested in social care.[32]","title":"Reaction"}]	[{"image_text":"Jeremy Hunt was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer after Kwasi Kwarteng was sacked by Liz Truss on 14 October 2022. He retained his role as chancellor under Rishi Sunak following Truss' resignation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Official_portrait_of_the_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_Jeremy_Hunt%2C_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/185px-Official_portrait_of_the_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_Jeremy_Hunt%2C_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Autumn Statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Statement"}]	[{"reference":"\"Rishi Sunak: What will the new PM and the Autumn Statement mean for my money?\". BBC News. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63387955","url_text":"\"Rishi Sunak: What will the new PM and the Autumn Statement mean for my money?\""}]},{"reference":"Kemp, Ellie (26 October 2022). \"Fiscal statement delayed until November, Downing Street confirms\". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk-news/fiscal-statement-delayed-until-november-25358112","url_text":"\"Fiscal statement delayed until November, Downing Street confirms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeremy Hunt delays Halloween economic statement\". Sky News. Retrieved 28 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/jeremy-hunt-delays-economic-statement-due-on-halloween-to-17-november-12730529","url_text":"\"Jeremy Hunt delays Halloween economic statement\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, George; Strauss, Delphine; Giles, Chris; Stubbington, Tommy (26 October 2022). \"Hunt seeks breathing space with new date for UK Autumn Statement\". The Financial Times. Retrieved 28 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/305fe7c4-69d3-4b9c-b484-96bd4a7920da","url_text":"\"Hunt seeks breathing space with new date for UK Autumn Statement\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK tax and spending plan pushed back by two weeks, says Hunt\". BBC News. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63399803","url_text":"\"UK tax and spending plan pushed back by two weeks, says Hunt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government's financial statement delayed till 17 November\". Politics.co.uk. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politics.co.uk/news/2022/10/26/governments-financial-statement-delayed-till-17-november/","url_text":"\"Government's financial statement delayed till 17 November\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bank of England signals interest rates probably won't go much higher\". The Guardian. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/nov/03/bank-of-england-interest-rates-higher-uk-economy","url_text":"\"Bank of England signals interest rates probably won't go much higher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recession looms as UK economy starts to shrink\". BBC News. 11 November 2022. 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Retrieved 17 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/autumn-statement-chancellor-jeremy-hunt-reduces-higher-rate-of-income-tax-threshold-to-125-140-12749383","url_text":"\"Autumn statement: Millions to pay more in tax as chancellor cuts top-rate threshold and lays out plan to plug 'black hole'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chancellor delivers plan for stability, growth and public services\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 22 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/chancellor-delivers-plan-for-stability-growth-and-public-services","url_text":"\"Chancellor delivers plan for stability, growth and public services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government plans £6bn to insulate UK's houses and gives go-ahead for Sizewell C\". The Guardian. 17 November 2022. 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Retrieved 20 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63693931","url_text":"\"Health Secretary Steve Barclay defends delay to social care cap\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63387955","external_links_name":"\"Rishi Sunak: What will the new PM and the Autumn Statement mean for my money?\""},{"Link":"https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk-news/fiscal-statement-delayed-until-november-25358112","external_links_name":"\"Fiscal statement delayed until November, Downing Street confirms\""},{"Link":"https://news.sky.com/story/jeremy-hunt-delays-economic-statement-due-on-halloween-to-17-november-12730529","external_links_name":"\"Jeremy Hunt delays Halloween economic statement\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/305fe7c4-69d3-4b9c-b484-96bd4a7920da","external_links_name":"\"Hunt seeks breathing space with new date for UK Autumn Statement\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63399803","external_links_name":"\"UK tax and spending plan pushed back by two weeks, says Hunt\""},{"Link":"https://www.politics.co.uk/news/2022/10/26/governments-financial-statement-delayed-till-17-november/","external_links_name":"\"Government's financial statement delayed till 17 November\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/nov/03/bank-of-england-interest-rates-higher-uk-economy","external_links_name":"\"Bank of England signals interest rates probably won't go much higher\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63582201","external_links_name":"\"Recession looms as UK economy starts to shrink\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63614124","external_links_name":"\"Jeremy Hunt: Everyone will have to pay more tax\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/everyone-pay-more-tax-warns-25505122","external_links_name":"\"'Everyone will have to pay more tax' warns Chancellor Jeremy Hunt\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/nov/16/uk-inflation-rate-energy-price-rises","external_links_name":"\"UK inflation jumps to 11.1% on back of energy and food price rises\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63633657","external_links_name":"\"UK's reputation has taken a knock, admits Rishi Sunak\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63573989","external_links_name":"\"Economists question 'black hole' in UK finances\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63681941","external_links_name":"\"Keir Starmer accepts £55bn 'black hole' calculation\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/nov/17/autumn-statement-jeremy-hunt-confirms-uk-already-in-recession-as-he-unveils-tax-rises-and-spending-curbs","external_links_name":"\"Hunt unveils tax rises and spending cuts as OBR says eight years of growth to be wiped out\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63659936","external_links_name":"\"UK faces biggest fall in living 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh2-310	VY Canis Majoris	["1 Observational history","2 Distance","3 Variability","4 Spectrum","5 Physical properties","5.1 Luminosity","5.2 Mass","5.3 Mass loss","5.4 Temperature","5.5 Size","6 Largest star","7 Surroundings","8 Evolution","9 Notes","10 References and footnotes","11 Further reading","12 External links"]	Coordinates: 07h 22m 58.33s, −25° 46′ 03.17″Star in the constellation Canis Major VY Canis Majoris Location of VY CMa (circled in red) Observation dataEpoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0 Constellation Canis Major Right ascension 07h 22m 58.32877s Declination −25° 46′ 03.2355″ Apparent magnitude (V) 6.5–9.6 Characteristics Evolutionary stage Red hypergiant Spectral type M3–M4.5 (M2.5–M5e Ia) Apparent magnitude (U) 12.01 Apparent magnitude (B) 10.19 Apparent magnitude (V) 7.95 Apparent magnitude (J) 1.98 Apparent magnitude (H) 0.44 Apparent magnitude (K) -0.72 U−B color index +2.32 B−V color index +2.057 V−R color index +2.20 Variable type SRc or Lc AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)41 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: 9.84 mas/yr Dec.: 0.75 mas/yr Parallax (π)0.83 ± 0.08 masDistance~3,820+260−230 ly (1,170+80−70 pc) DetailsMass17±8 M☉Radius1,420±120 R☉Luminosity270,000±40,000, 178,000+40,900−29,900 L☉Surface gravity (log g)−0.6±0.4 cgsTemperature3,490±90 KMetallicity +0.0 dexRotational velocity (v sin i)300 km/sAge8.2 Myr Other designations VY CMa, HD 58061, HIP 35793, CD-25 4441, AAVSO 0718-25, IRAS 07209-2540, IRC −30087, RAFGL 1111, SAO 173571, WDS J07230-2546AB, 2MASS J07225830-2546030 Database referencesSIMBADdata VY Canis Majoris (abbreviated to VY CMa) is an extreme oxygen-rich red hypergiant or red supergiant (O-rich RHG or RSG) and pulsating variable star 1.2 kiloparsecs (3,900 light-years) from the Solar System in the slightly southern constellation of Canis Major. It is one of the largest known stars, one of the most luminous and massive red supergiants, and one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. No evidence has been found that it is part of a multiple star system. Its great infrared (IR) excess makes it one of the brightest objects in the local part of the galaxy at wavelengths of 5 to 20 microns (μm) and indicates a dust shell or heated disk. It is about 17±8 times the mass of the Sun (M☉). It is surrounded by a complex asymmetric circumstellar envelope (CSE) caused by its mass loss. It produces strong molecular maser emission and was one of the first radio masers discovered. VY CMa is embedded in the large molecular cloud Sh2-310, a large, quite local star-forming H II region—its diameter: 480 arcminutes (′) or 681 ly (209 pc). The radius of VY CMa is very roughly 1,420 times that of the Sun (R☉), which is close to the modelled maximum, the Hayashi limit, a volume nearly 3 billion times that of the Sun. Taking this mid-point estimate as correct, an object travelling at the speed of light would take 6 hours to go around its surface, compared to 14.5 seconds for the Sun. If this star replaced the Sun its surface would, per this approximation, be beyond the orbit of Jupiter. Observational history Portrait in bust of Jérôme Lalande in 1802 The first known-recorded observation of VY Canis Majoris is in the star catalogue of the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande in 1801, which lists it as a 7th order of magnitude star. Further quite frequent studies of its apparent magnitude imply the light of the star as viewed from Earth has faded since 1850, which could be due to emission changes or a denser part of its surrounds becoming interposed (extinction). Since 1847, VY Canis Majoris has been described as a crimson star. During the 19th century, observers measured at least six discrete components, suggesting that it might be a multiple star. These are now known to be bright zones in the host nebula. Observations in 1957 and high-resolution imaging in 1998 all but rule out any companion stars. Giving spectral lines in brackets, the star is a strong emitter of OH (1612 MHz), H2O (22235.08 MHz), and SiO (43122 MHz) masers, which has been proven to be typical of an OH/IR star. Molecules, such as HCN, NaCl, PN, CH, CO, CH3OH, TiO, and TiO2 have been detected. The variation in the star's brightness was first described in 1931, when it was listed (in German) as a long-period variable with a photographic magnitude range of 9.5 to 11.5. It was given the variable star designation VY Canis Majoris in 1939, the 43rd variable star of the constellation Canis Major. Map of the giant molecular cloud Sharpless 310 and its surroundings Combining data from the mentioned telescope with others from the Keck in Hawaii it was possible to make a three-dimensional reconstruction of the envelope of the star. This reconstruction showed that the star's mass loss is much more complex than expected for any red supergiant or hypergiant. It became clear that the bows and nodules appeared at different times; the jets are randomly oriented, which prompts suspicion they derive from explosions of active parts of the photosphere. The spectroscopy proves the jets move away from the star at different speeds, confirming multiple events and directions as with coronal mass ejections. Multiple asymmetric mass loss events and the ejection of the outermost material are deduced to have occurred within the last 500 to 1,000 years, while that of a knot near the star would be less than 100 years. The mass loss is due to strong convection in the tenuous outer layers of the star, associated with magnetic fields. Ejections are analogous to—but much larger than—coronal ejections of the Sun. Distance Combined optical and infrared image of VY CMa. The bright star at the upper right is τ Canis Majoris.(ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2) VLBA used to derive VY CMa's 2011 distance estimate In 1976, Lada and Reid published observations of the bright-rimmed molecular cloud Sh2-310, which is 15″ east of the star. At its edge bordered by the bright rim, an abrupt decrease in the CO emission and an increase in brightness of the 12CO emission were observed, indicating possible destruction of molecular material and enhanced heating at the cloud-rim interface, respectively. They assumed the distance of the cloud is approximately equal to that of the stars, which are members of the open cluster NGC 2362, that ionize the rim. NGC 2362 could be anywhere in the ranges of 1.5±0.5 kiloparsecs (kpc) or 4,890±1,630 light-years (ly) away as determined from its color-magnitude diagram. This star is projected onto the tip of the cloud rim, strongly suggesting its association. Furthermore, all the vectors of velocity of Sh2-310 are very close to those of the star. There is thus a near-certain physical association of the star with Sh2-310 and with NGC 2362 in all standard models. Sh2-310 besides containg VY Canis Majoris and NGC 2362 also is host to the dark nebulae, LDN 1660, LDN 1664, and LDN 1667. Sh2-310 is also host to the stars Tau Canis Majoris which is the brightest member of NGC 2362, UW Canis Majoris and HD 58011 which along with VY Canis Majoris are thought to be probable sources of ionization of gases in Sh2-310. Sh2-310 itself is located on the outer edge of the Orion Arm of the Milky Way. Melnik and others later prefer a range centred on 1.2 kiloparsecs (about 3,900 light-years). Distances can be calculated by measuring the change in position against very distant background objects as the telescope orbits the Sun. However, this star has a small parallax due to its distance, and standard visual observations have a margin of error too large for a hypergiant star with an extended CSE to be useful, for example, the Hipparcos Catalogue of 1997 gives a purely notional parallax of 1.78±3.54 milliarcseconds (mas), in which the "central" figure equates to 562 pc (1,832 ly). Parallax can be measured to high accuracy from the observation of masers using a long baseline interferometry. In 2008, such observations of H2O masers using VERA interferometry from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan gave a parallax of 0.88±0.08 mas, corresponding to a distance of 1.14+0.11−0.09 kpc (about 3,720+360−300 ly). In 2012, observations of SiO masers using very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) from Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) independently derived a parallax of 0.83±0.08 mas, corresponding to a distance of 1.20+0.13−0.10 kpc (about 3,910+423−326 ly). These imply the cloud (Sh2-310) is less remote than thought or that the star is a foreground object. The Gaia mission provides highly constrained parallaxes to some objects, but the data release 2 value of −5.92±0.83 mas for this star is not meaningful. Variability A visual band light curve for VY Canis Majoris, from AAVSO data VY Canis Majoris is a variable star that varies from an apparent visual magnitude of 9.6 at minimum brightness to a magnitude of 6.5 at maximum with an estimated pulsational period of 956 days. In the General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) it is classed a semiregular variable of sub-type SRc, indicating a cool supergiant, although it is classed as a type LC slow irregular variable star in the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) Variable Star Index. Other periods of 1,600 and 2,200 days have been derived. VY CMa is sometimes considered as the prototype for a class of heavily mass-losing OH/IR supergiants, distinct from the more common asymptotic giant branch OH/IR stars. Spectrum The spectrum of VY Canis Majoris is that of a high-luminosity M-class star. The hydrogen lines, however, have P Cygni profiles fit for luminous blue variables. The spectrum is dominated by TiO bands whose strengths suggest a classification of M5. The H-alpha (Hα) line is not visible yet and there are unusual emission lines of neutral elements such as sodium and calcium. The luminosity class as determined from different spectral features varies from bright giant (II) to bright supergiant (Ia), with a compromise being given: as M5eIbp. Old classifications were confused by the interpretation of surrounding nebulosity as companion stars. The present spectral classification system is inadequate to this star's complexities. The class depends on which of its complex spectral features are stressed. Further, key facets vary over time as to this star. It is cooler and thus redder than M2, and is usually classified between M3 and M5. A class as extreme as M2.5 appeared in a study of 2006. The luminosity class is likewise confused and often given only as I, partly because luminosity classes are poorly defined in the red and infrared portions of the spectrum. One study though, gives a luminosity class of Ia+ which means a hypergiant or extremely luminous supergiant. Physical properties VY Canis Majoris compared to the Sun and the Earth's orbit (July 2008, outdated). Relative sizes of the planets in the Solar System and several stars, including VY Canis Majoris: 1. Mercury < Mars < Venus < Earth 2. Earth < Neptune < Uranus < Saturn < Jupiter 3. Jupiter < Proxima Centauri < Sun < Sirius 4. Sirius < Pollux < Arcturus < Aldebaran 5. Aldebaran < Rigel < Antares < Betelgeuse 6. Betelgeuse < Mu Cephei < VV Cephei A < VY Canis Majoris. A very large and luminous star, VY CMa is among the most extreme stars in the Milky Way and has an effective temperature below 4,000 K (3,730 °C; 6,740 °F). It occupies the upper-right hand corner of the HR diagram although its exact luminosity and temperature are uncertain. Most of the properties of the star depend directly on its distance. Luminosity The bolometric luminosity (Lbol) of VY CMa can be calculated from spectral energy distribution or bolometric flux, which can be determined from photometry in several visible and infrared bands. Earlier calculations of the luminosity based on an assumed distance of 1.5 kpc (4,900 ly) gave luminosities between 200,000 and 560,000 times the Sun's luminosity (L☉). This is considerably very close or beyond the empirical Humphreys–Davidson limit. One study gave nearly one million L☉ at a distance of 2.1 kpc (6,800 ly). In 2006 a luminosity of 430,000 L☉ was calculated by integrating the total fluxes over the entire nebula, since most of the radiation coming from the star is reprocessed by the dust in the surrounding cloud. More recent estimates of the luminosity extrapolate values below 350,000 L☉ based on distances below 1.2 kpc. Most of the output of VY CMa is emitted as infrared radiation, with a maximum emission at 5–10 μm, which is in part caused by reprocessing of the radiation by the circumstellar nebula. Many older luminosity estimates are consistent with current ones if they are re-scaled to the distance of 1.2 kpc. Despite being one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way, much of the visible light of VY CMa is absorbed by the circumstellar envelope, so the star needs a telescope to be observed. Removing its envelope, the star would be one for the naked eye. Mass Since this star has no companion star, its mass cannot be measured directly through gravitational interactions. Comparison of the effective temperature and bolometric luminosity compared to evolutionary tracks for massive stars suggest its initial mass was 25±10 M☉ for a rotating star but current mass 15 M☉—or 32 M☉ at first if non-rotating falling to present-day 19 M☉, and an age of 8.2 million years (Myr). Older studies have found much higher initial masses (thus also higher current masses) or a progenitor mass of 40–60 M☉ based on old luminosity estimates. Mass loss Image taken by the ESO's Very Large Telescope showing the asymmetric nebula around VY CMa using SPHERE instrument. The star itself is hidden behind a dark disk. Crosses are artifacts (lens effects) due to the characteristics of the instrument. VY CMa has a strong stellar wind and is losing much material due to its high luminosity and quite low surface gravity. It has an average mass loss rate of 6×10−4 M☉ per year, among the highest known and unusually high even for a red supergiant, as evidenced by its extensive envelope. It is thus an exponent for the understanding of high-mass loss episodes near the end of massive star evolution. The mass loss rate probably exceeded 10−3 M☉/yr during the greatest mass loss events. The star has produced large, probably convection-driven, mass-loss events 70, 120, 200, and 250 years ago. The clump shed by the star between 1985 and 1995 is the source of its hydroxyl maser emission. Temperature The effective temperature of this star is uncertain. Some signature changes in its spectrum correspond to temperature variations. Early estimates of the mean temperature assumed values below 3,000 K based on a spectral class of M5. In 2006, its temperature was calculated to be as high as 3,650±25 K, corresponding to a spectral class of M2.5, yet this star is usually considered as an M4 to M5 star. Adopting the latter classes with the temperature scale proposed by Emily Levesque gives a range of between 3,450 and 3,535 K. Size Right to left: VY Canis Majoris compared to Betelgeuse, Rho Cassiopeiae, the Pistol Star, and the Sun (too small to be visible in this thumbnail). The orbits of Jupiter and Neptune are also shown. The calculation of the radius of VY CMa is complicated by the extensive circumstellar envelope of the star. VY CMa is also a pulsating star, so its size changes with time. Earlier direct measurements of the radius at infrared (K-band = 2.2 μm) wavelength gave an angular diameter of 18.7±0.5 mas, corresponding to radii above 3,000 R☉ (2.1×109 km; 14 au; 1.3×109 mi) at an assumed distance of 1.5 kpc, considerably larger than expected for any red supergiant or red hypergiant. However, this is probably larger than the actual size of the underlying star and the angular diameter estimate appears exceedingly large due to interference by the circumstellar envelope. In 2006–2007 radii of 1,800–2,100 R☉ have been derived from the estimated luminosity of 430,000 L☉ and temperatures of 3,450–3,535 K. On 6 and 7 March 2011, VY CMa was observed at near-infrared wavelengths using interferometry at the Very Large Telescope. The size of the star was calculated using the Rosseland Radius, the location at which the optical depth is 2⁄3, with two modern distances of 1.14+0.11−0.09 and 1.20+0.13−0.10 kpc. Its angular diameter was directly measured at 11.3±0.3 mas, which corresponds to a radius of 1,420±120 R☉ at a distance of 1.17+0.08−0.07 kpc. The high spectral resolution of these observations allowed the effects of contamination by circumstellar layers to be minimised. An effective temperature of 3,490±90 K, corresponding to a spectral class of M4, was then derived from the radius and a luminosity of 270,000±40,000 L☉ which is based on the distance and a measured flux of (6.3±0.3)×10−13 W/cm2. In late 2013, a radius of 2,069 R☉ was determined, based on a rather cool adopted temperature of 2,800 K and a luminosity of 237,000 L☉. Most radius estimates of the VY CMa are considered as the size for the optical photosphere while the size of the star for the radio photosphere is calculated to be twice that of the size of the star for the optical photosphere. Despite the mass and very large size (though some estimates give smaller sizes), VY CMa has an average density of 5.33 to 8.38 mg/m3 (0.00000533 to 0.00000838 kg/m3), it is over 100,000 times less dense than Earth's atmosphere at sea level (1.2 kg/m3). Largest star VY Canis Majoris (brightest star in the image) and its surrounding molecular cloud complex(Rutherfurd Observatory/Columbia University) VY Canis Majoris has been known to be an extreme object since the middle of the 20th century, although its true nature was uncertain. In the late 20th century, it was accepted that it was a post-main sequence red supergiant. Its angular diameter had been measured and found to be significantly different depending on the observed wavelength. The first meaningful estimates of its properties showed a very large star. Early direct measurements of the radius at infrared (K-band = 2.2 μm) wavelength gave an angular diameter of 18.7±0.5 mas, corresponding to radii above 3,000 R☉ (2.1×109 km; 14 au; 1.3×109 mi) at a still very plausible distance of 1.5 kiloparsecs; a radius dwarfing other known red hypergiants. However, this is probably larger than the actual size of the underlying star—this angular diameter estimate is heightened from interference by the envelope. In 2006–07, radius between 1,800–2,100 R☉ has been derived from the preferring luminosity of 430,000 L☉ and the still-preferred temperature range of 3,450–3,535 kelvin. In contrast to prevailing opinion, a 2006 study, ignoring the effects of the circumstellar envelope in the observed flux of the star, derived a luminosity of 60,000 L☉, suggesting an initial mass of 15 M☉ and radius of 600 R☉ based on an assumed effective temperature of 3,650 K and distance of 1.5 kpc. On this basis they considered VY CMa and another notable extreme cool hypergiant star, NML Cygni, as normal early-type red supergiants. They assert that earlier very high luminosities of 500,000 L☉ and very large radii of 2,800–3,230 R☉ (or even 4,000 R☉) were based on effective temperatures below 3,000 K that were unreasonably low. Almost immediately another paper published a size estimate of 1,800–2,100 R☉ and concluded that VY CMa is a true hypergiant. This uses the later well-reviewed effective temperature 3450–3535 kelvin, and a luminosity of 430,000 L☉ based on SED integration and a distance of 1.5 kpc. In 2011, the star was studied at near-infrared wavelengths using interferometry at the Very Large Telescope. The size of the star was published at its Rosseland Radius, outside of which optical depth falls below 2⁄3, given the mean of two most modern, similar but distinct distances. Its angular diameter was directly measured at 11.3±0.3 mas, thus radius of 1,420±120 R☉ given a distance of 1.17+0.08−0.07 kpc. The high spectral resolution of these observations allowed the effects of contamination by circumstellar layers to be minimised. An effective temperature of 3,490±90 K, corresponding to a spectral class of M4, was then derived from the radius and a luminosity of 270,000±40,000 L☉ which is based on the distance and a measured flux of (6.3±0.3)×10−13 W/cm2. Most such radius estimates are considered as the size for the mean limit of the optical photosphere while the size of the star for the radio photosphere is calculated to be twice that. Despite the mass and very large size (though some estimates give smaller sizes), VY CMa has an average density of 5.33 to 8.38 mg/m3 (0.00000533 to 0.00000838 kg/m3). It is over 100,000 times less dense than Earth's atmosphere at sea level (1.2 kg/m3). In 2012, the size was calculated more accurately to be somewhat lower, for example 1,420 R☉, which leaves larger sizes published and in-date for other galactic and extragalactic red supergiants (and hypergiants) such as Westerlund 1 W26 and WOH G64. Despite this, VY Canis Majoris is still often described as the largest known star, sometimes with caveats to account for the highly uncertain sizes of all these stars. A 2013 estimate based on the Wittkowski radius and the Monnier radius put mean size at 2,000 R☉, and later that year, Matsuura and others put forward a competing method of finding radius within the envelope, putting the star at 2,069 R☉, based on a cool-end of estimates adopted temperature of 2,800 K and a luminosity of 237,000 L☉. However, these values are not consistent with its spectral types, leaving the 2012 values in better match. Surroundings WFPC2/HST image showing the asymmetric nebula surrounding VY CMa, which is the central star VY Canis Majoris is surrounded by an extensive and dense asymmetric red reflection nebula, with a total ejected mass of 0.2-0.4 M☉ and a temperature of 800 kelvin, based on a DUSTY model atmosphere that has been formed by material expelled from its central star. The inner shell figures as 0.12 ″ across, corresponding to 140 AU (0.0022 ly) for a star 1,200 parsecs away, whereas that of the outer one is at 10″, corresponding to 12,000 AU (0.19 ly). This nebula is so bright that it was discovered in a dry night sky in 1917 with an 18 cm telescope, and its condensations were once regarded as companion stars. It has been extensively studied with the aid of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), showing that the nebula has a complex structure that includes filaments and arcs, which were caused by past eruptions; the structure is akin to that around post-red supergiant (Post-RSG) or yellow hypergiant (YHG) IRC +10420. The similarity has led at least two professional articles to propose a model that the star might evolve blueward on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (HR diagram) to become a yellow hypergiant, then a luminous blue variable (LBV), and finally a Wolf–Rayet star (WR star). Evolution VY Canis Majoris is a highly evolved star yet less than 10 million years (Myr) old. Some old writings envisaged the star as a very young protostar or a massive pre-main-sequence star with an age of only 1 Myr and typically a circumstellar disk. It has probably evolved from a hot, dense O9 main sequence star of 5–20 R☉ (solar radii). The star has evolved rapidly because of its high mass. The time spent to the red hypergiant phase is estimated to be between 100,000 and 500,000 years, and thus VY CMa most likely left its main sequence phase more than a million years ago. The future evolution of VY CMa is uncertain, but like the most cool supergiants, the star will certainly explode as a supernova. It has begun to fuse helium into carbon en masse. Like Betelgeuse, it is losing mass and is expected to explode as a supernova within the next 100,000 years — it will probably revert to a higher temperature beforehand. The star is very unstable, having a prodigious mass loss such as in ejections. VY Canis Majoris is a candidate for a star in a second red supergiant phase, but this is mostly speculative and unconfirmed. From this star CO emission is coincident with the bright KI shell in its asymmetric nebula. The star will produce either: a moderately luminous and long-lasting type IIn supernova (SN IIn) a hypernova; or a superluminous supernova (SLSN) comparable to SN 1988Z or less likely, a type Ib supernova, but it is unlikely that would be as luminous as SN 2006tf or SN 2006gy. The explosion could be associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRB), and it will produce a shock wave of a speed of a few thousand kilometers per second that could hit the surrounding envelope of material, causing strong emission for many years after the explosion. For a star so large, the remnant would be probably a black hole rather than a neutron star. Notes ^ The given stellar metallicity is given as the solar metallicity ( = approx. +0.0 dex). ^ on 7 March ^ Charles J. Lada and Mark J. 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Bibcode:2014yCat....1.2023S. ^ a b c d Monnier, J. D; Millan-Gabet, R; Tuthill, P. G; Traub, W. A; Carleton, N. P; Coudé Du Foresto, V; Danchi, W. C; Lacasse, M. G; Morel, S; Perrin, G; Porro, I. L; Schloerb, F. P; Townes, C. H (2004). "High-Resolution Imaging of Dust Shells by Using Keck Aperture Masking and the IOTA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal. 605 (1): 436–461. arXiv:astro-ph/0401363. Bibcode:2004ApJ...605..436M. doi:10.1086/382218. S2CID 7851916. ^ a b Le Sidaner, P; Le Bertre, T (1996). "Optical and infrared observations of 27 oxygen-rich stars. Modelling of the circumstellar dust shells". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 314: 896. Bibcode:1996A&A...314..896L. ^ Mauron, N.; Josselin, E. (2011). "The mass-loss rates of red supergiants and the de Jager prescription". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 526: A156. arXiv:1010.5369. Bibcode:2011A&A...526A.156M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201013993. S2CID 119276502. ^ Knapp, G. R; Sandell, G; Robson, E. I (1993). "The Dust Content of Evolved Circumstellar Envelopes and the Optical Properties of Dust at Submillimeter to Radio Wavelengths". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 88: 173. Bibcode:1993ApJS...88..173K. doi:10.1086/191820. ^ a b c d Shenoy, Dinesh; Humphreys, Roberta M; Terry Jay Jones; Marengo, Massimo; Gehrz, Robert D; Andrew Helton, L; Hoffmann, William F; Skemer, Andrew J; Hinz, Philip M (2015). "Searching for Cool Dust in the Mid-to-Far Infrared: The Mass Loss Histories of the Hypergiants μ Cep, VY CMa, IRC+10420, and ρ Cas". The Astronomical Journal. 151 (3): 51. arXiv:1512.01529. Bibcode:2016AJ....151...51S. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/3/51. S2CID 119281306. ^ Humphreys, Roberta M; Davidson, Kris; Ruch, Gerald; Wallerstein, George (2005). "High-Resolution, Long-Slit Spectroscopy of VY Canis Majoris: The Evidence for Localized High Mass Loss Events". The Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 492–510. arXiv:astro-ph/0410399. Bibcode:2005AJ....129..492H. doi:10.1086/426565. ^ Humphreys, Roberta M.; Davidson, Kris; Richards, A. M. S.; Ziurys, L. M.; Jones, Terry J.; Ishibashi, Kazunori (2021), "The Mass-loss History of the Red Hypergiant VY CMa", The Astronomical Journal, 161 (3): 98, arXiv:2012.08550, Bibcode:2021AJ....161...98H, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd316, S2CID 229188960 ^ Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not as Cool as We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal. 628 (2): 973–985. arXiv:astro-ph/0504337. Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..973L. doi:10.1086/430901. S2CID 15109583. ^ a b Wehrse, R.; Scholz, M.; Baschek, B. (June 1991). "The parameters R and Teff in stellar models and observations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 246 (2): 374–382. Bibcode:1991A&A...246..374B. ^ a b Matsuura, Mikako; Yates, J. A.; Barlow, M. J.; Swinyard, B. M.; Royer, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Wesson, R.; Polehampton, E. T.; Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Groenewegen, M. A. T. (30 October 2013). "Herschel SPIRE and PACS observations of the red supergiant VY CMa: analysis of the molecular line spectra". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 437 (1): 532–546. arXiv:1310.2947. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437..532M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1906. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 53393704. ^ Hyland, A. R.; Becklin, E. E.; Neugebauer, G.; Wallerstein, George (1969). "Observations of the Infrared Object, VY Canis Majoris". The Astrophysical Journal. 158: 619. Bibcode:1969ApJ...158..619H. doi:10.1086/150224. ^ Jura, M.; Kleinmann, S. G. (1990). "Mass-losing M Supergiants in the Solar Neighborhood". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 73: 769. Bibcode:1990ApJS...73..769J. doi:10.1086/191488. ^ Humphreys, Roberta M. (1987). "Massive stars in galaxies". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 99: 5. Bibcode:1987PASP...99....5H. doi:10.1086/131948. ^ Massey, Philip; Levesque, Emily M; Plez, Bertrand; Olsen, Knut A. G; Bresolin, F; Crowther, P. A; Puls, J (2008). "The Physical Properties of Red Supergiants: Comparing Theory and Observations". Massive Stars as Cosmic Engines. 250: 97–110. arXiv:0801.1806. Bibcode:2008IAUS..250...97M. doi:10.1017/S1743921308020383. S2CID 15766762. ^ Zubko, Viktor; Li, Di; Lim, Tanya; Feuchtgruber, Helmut; Harwit, Martin (2004). "Observations of Water Vapor Outflow from NML Cygnus". The Astrophysical Journal. 610 (1): 427–435. arXiv:astro-ph/0405044. Bibcode:2004ApJ...610..427Z. doi:10.1086/421700. S2CID 14352419. ^ a b Alcolea, J; Bujarrabal, V; Planesas, P; Teyssier, D; Cernicharo, J; De Beck, E; Decin, L; Dominik, C; Justtanont, K; De Koter, A; Marston, A. P; Melnick, G; Menten, K. M; Neufeld, D. A; Olofsson, H; Schmidt, M; Schöier, F. L; Szczerba, R; Waters, L. B. F. M (2013). "HIFISTARSHerschel/HIFI observations of VY Canis Majoris. Molecular-line inventory of the envelope around the largest known star". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 559: A93. arXiv:1310.2400. Bibcode:2013A&A...559A..93A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321683. S2CID 55758451. ^ Wallerstein, G (1978). "An interpretation of the apparent orbit of VY CMa AB: The rotating holey dust cloud hypothesis". The Observatory. 98: 224. Bibcode:1978Obs....98..224W. ^ a b Smith, Nathan; Hinkle, Kenneth H.; Ryde, Nils (March 2009). "Red Supergiants as Potential Type IIn Supernova Progenitors: Spatially Resolved 4.6 μm CO Emission Around VY CMa and Betelgeuse". The Astronomical Journal. 137 (3): 3558–3573. arXiv:0811.3037. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3558S. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/3/3558. S2CID 19019913. ^ Humphreys, Roberta (July 2016). "LBVs, hypergiants and impostors — the evidence for high mass loss events". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 728 (2): 022007. Bibcode:2016JPhCS.728b2007H. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/728/2/022007. S2CID 125806208. Further reading Kastner, Joel H.; Weintraub, David A. (1998). "Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Mass-losing Supergiant VY Canis Majoris". Astronomical Journal. 115 (4): 1592–1598. Bibcode:1998AJ....115.1592K. doi:10.1086/300297. Meynet, G; Chomienne, V; Ekström, S; Georgy, C; Granada, A; Groh, J; Maeder, A; Eggenberger, P; Levesque, E; Massey, P (2015). "Impact of mass-loss on the evolution and pre-supernova properties of red supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575 (60): A60. arXiv:1410.8721. Bibcode:2015A&A...575A..60M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424671. S2CID 38736311. Scicluna, P; Siebenmorgen, R; Wesson, R; Blommaert, J. A. D. L; Kasper, M; Voshchinnikov, N. V; Wolf, S (2015). "Large dust grains in the wind of VY Canis Majoris". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 584: L10. arXiv:1511.07624. Bibcode:2015A&A...584L..10S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527563. S2CID 55163865. Wittkowski, M; Arroyo-Torres, B; Marcaide, J. M; Abellan, F. J; Chiavassa, A; Freytag, B; Scholz, M; Wood, P. R; Hauschildt, P. H; Meynet, Georges; Georgy, Cyril; Groh, José; Stee, Philippe (2015). "On the atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of red supergiants". New Windows on Massive Stars. 307: 280–285. Bibcode:2015IAUS..307..280W. doi:10.1017/S1743921314006930. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to VY Canis Majoris. VLT image of the surroundings of VY Canis Majoris seen with SPHERE www.eso.org Astronomers Map a Hypergiant Star's Massive Outbursts, HubbleSite NewsCenter, 2007-01-08 "What is the Biggest Star in the Universe?", Fraser Cain, Universe Today, published 2008-04-06, updated 13 May 2013 Amos, Jonathan (27 November 2009). "Herschel telescope 'fingerprints' colossal star". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2009. The death throes of one of the biggest stars known to science have been spied by Europe's Herschel space telescope. Structure and Evolution of Stars. "Lecture 16: The IMF, Lithium Burning, P Cygni Profiles and Mass Loss" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018. Remote Sensing Tutorial Page A-5 Archived 16 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine archive vteConstellation of Canis Major Canis Major in Chinese astronomy List of stars in Canis Major StarsBayer α (Sirius) β (Mirzam) γ (Muliphein) δ (Wezen) ε (Adhara) ζ (Furud) η (Aludra) θ ι κ λ μ ν1 ν2 ν3 ξ1 ξ2 ο1 ο2 π σ (Unurgunite) τ ω Flamsteed 10 11 12 15 17 26 27 Variable R W Z UW (29) VY CX EZ FN FS FY LS NR HR 2318 2437 2447 2450 2758 2764 2766 2812 HD 43197 (Amadioha) 45184 45364 47186 Other RX J0720.4−3125 WASP-64 (Atakoraka) WISE 0713−2917 WR 7 Exoplanets ν2 Canis Majoris b HD 47536 b c HD 47186 b c HD 45364 b c HD 43197 b StarclustersNGC NGC 2204 NGC 2354 NGC 2360 NGC 2362 NGC 2374 Other Gaia 1 Messier 41 Nebulae NGC 2359 NGC 2361 Sh2-297 GalaxiesNGC 2207 2217 2227 2280 Other Canis Major Overdensity IC 2163 Astronomical events SN 1999ec SN 2003H Category Portals: Astronomy Stars Outer space	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"07h 22m 58.33s, −25° 46′ 03.17″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=7.3828694444444&de=-25.767547222222&zoom=5&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-type_star"},{"link_name":"hypergiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergiant"},{"link_name":"red supergiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_supergiant"},{"link_name":"pulsating variable star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsating_variable_star"},{"link_name":"kiloparsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec#Parsecs_and_kiloparsecs"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_hemisphere"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Canis Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_Major"},{"link_name":"largest known stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars"},{"link_name":"one of the most luminous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars"},{"link_name":"massive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"infrared (IR) excess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_excess"},{"link_name":"local part of the galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Arm"},{"link_name":"microns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nathan2001-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herbig-16"},{"link_name":"M☉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"},{"link_name":"circumstellar envelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope"},{"link_name":"mass loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_mass_loss"},{"link_name":"maser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_maser"},{"link_name":"molecular cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud"},{"link_name":"large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_nebulae"},{"link_name":"star-forming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-forming_region"},{"link_name":"H II region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_II_region"},{"link_name":"arcminutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcminutes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sh2-310-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sharpless-18"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"R☉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radius"},{"link_name":"Hayashi limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_limit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"},{"link_name":"speed of light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSE-19"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"}],"text":"Coordinates: 07h 22m 58.33s, −25° 46′ 03.17″Star in the constellation Canis MajorVY Canis Majoris (abbreviated to VY CMa) is an extreme oxygen-rich red hypergiant or red supergiant (O-rich RHG or RSG) and pulsating variable star 1.2 kiloparsecs (3,900 light-years) from the Solar System in the slightly southern constellation of Canis Major. It is one of the largest known stars, one of the most luminous and massive red supergiants, and one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way.No evidence has been found that it is part of a multiple star system. Its great infrared (IR) excess makes it one of the brightest objects in the local part of the galaxy at wavelengths of 5 to 20 microns (μm) and indicates a dust shell or heated disk.[14][15] It is about 17±8 times the mass of the Sun (M☉). It is surrounded by a complex asymmetric circumstellar envelope (CSE) caused by its mass loss. It produces strong molecular maser emission and was one of the first radio masers discovered. VY CMa is embedded in the large molecular cloud Sh2-310, a large, quite local star-forming H II region—its diameter: 480 arcminutes (′) or 681 ly (209 pc).[16][17]The radius of VY CMa is very roughly 1,420 times that of the Sun (R☉), which is close to the modelled maximum, the Hayashi limit, a volume nearly 3 billion times that of the Sun.[3] Taking this mid-point estimate as correct, an object travelling at the speed of light would take 6 hours to go around its surface, compared to 14.5 seconds for the Sun.[18] If this star replaced the Sun its surface would, per this approximation, be beyond the orbit of Jupiter.[3]","title":"VY Canis Majoris"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Lalande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Lalande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"7th order of magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"},{"link_name":"apparent magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"},{"link_name":"extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-21"},{"link_name":"crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-21"},{"link_name":"multiple star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_system"},{"link_name":"nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula"},{"link_name":"high-resolution imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolution"},{"link_name":"companion stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_star"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski-22"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical"},{"link_name":"H2O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"SiO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"masers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_maser"},{"link_name":"OH/IR star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OH/IR_star"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilson-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartlett1969-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilson1975-25"},{"link_name":"HCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide"},{"link_name":"NaCl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride"},{"link_name":"PN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride"},{"link_name":"CH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylidyne_radical"},{"link_name":"CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"CH3OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"},{"link_name":"TiO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_oxide"},{"link_name":"TiO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-molecules-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aavso-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debeck2015-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaminski-29"},{"link_name":"excessive citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations"},{"link_name":"long-period variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-period_variable"},{"link_name":"photographic magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoffmeister-30"},{"link_name":"variable star designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_star_designation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guthnick-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sh2-310map.png"},{"link_name":"Sharpless 310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharpless_310&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keck_Telescope"},{"link_name":"spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hubble-32"},{"link_name":"convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"},{"link_name":"magnetic fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"coronal ejections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ejecta-9"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hubble-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys-33"}],"text":"Portrait in bust of Jérôme Lalande in 1802The first known-recorded observation of VY Canis Majoris is in the star catalogue of the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande in 1801,[b] which lists it as a 7th order of magnitude star. Further quite frequent studies of its apparent magnitude imply the light of the star as viewed from Earth has faded since 1850, which could be due to emission changes or a denser part of its surrounds becoming interposed (extinction).[19]\nSince 1847, VY Canis Majoris has been described as a crimson star.[19] During the 19th century, observers measured at least six discrete components, suggesting that it might be a multiple star. These are now known to be bright zones in the host nebula. Observations in 1957 and high-resolution imaging in 1998 all but rule out any companion stars.[19][20]Giving spectral lines in brackets, the star is a strong emitter of OH (1612 MHz), H2O (22235.08 MHz), and SiO (43122 MHz) masers, which has been proven to be typical of an OH/IR star.[21][22][23] Molecules, such as HCN, NaCl, PN, CH, CO, CH3OH, TiO, and TiO2 have been detected.[3][24][25][26][27][excessive citations]The variation in the star's brightness was first described in 1931, when it was listed (in German) as a long-period variable with a photographic magnitude range of 9.5 to 11.5.[28] It was given the variable star designation VY Canis Majoris in 1939, the 43rd variable star of the constellation Canis Major.[29]Map of the giant molecular cloud Sharpless 310 and its surroundingsCombining data from the mentioned telescope with others from the Keck in Hawaii it was possible to make a three-dimensional reconstruction of the envelope of the star. This reconstruction showed that the star's mass loss is much more complex than expected for any red supergiant or hypergiant. It became clear that the bows and nodules appeared at different times; the jets are randomly oriented, which prompts suspicion they derive from explosions of active parts of the photosphere. The spectroscopy proves the jets move away from the star at different speeds, confirming multiple events and directions as with coronal mass ejections.[30] Multiple asymmetric mass loss events and the ejection of the outermost material are deduced to have occurred within the last 500 to 1,000 years, while that of a knot near the star would be less than 100 years. The mass loss is due to strong convection in the tenuous outer layers of the star, associated with magnetic fields. Ejections are analogous to—but much larger than—coronal ejections of the Sun.[9][30][31]","title":"Observational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wide-field_view_of_the_sky_around_VY_Canis_Majoris.jpg"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"τ Canis Majoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4_Canis_Majoris"},{"link_name":"ESO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Digitized Sky Survey 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitized_Sky_Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VLBA_St_Croix-04.jpg"},{"link_name":"VLBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Long_Baseline_Array"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"molecular cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud"},{"link_name":"″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_of_arc"},{"link_name":"CO emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"open cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_cluster"},{"link_name":"NGC 2362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_2362"},{"link_name":"kiloparsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiloparsecs"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-years"},{"link_name":"color-magnitude diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LadaReid2-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LadaReid76-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"dark nebulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_nebula"},{"link_name":"LDN 1660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LDN_1660&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"LDN 1664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LDN_1664&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"LDN 1667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LDN_1667&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"Tau Canis Majoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Canis_Majoris"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"UW Canis Majoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UW_Canis_Majoris"},{"link_name":"HD 58011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HD_58011&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"ionization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-40"},{"link_name":"Orion Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Arm"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melnik-43"},{"link_name":"the change in position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax"},{"link_name":"margin of error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margin_of_error"},{"link_name":"Hipparcos Catalogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos_Catalogue"},{"link_name":"milliarcseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliarcseconds"},{"link_name":"pc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hipparcos1997-44"},{"link_name":"National Astronomical Observatory of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Astronomical_Observatory_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Choi-45"},{"link_name":"very-long-baseline interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry"},{"link_name":"Very Long Baseline Array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Long_Baseline_Array"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhang-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sh2-310-17"},{"link_name":"Gaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"data release 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_Data_Release_2"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dr2-46"}],"text":"Combined optical and infrared image of VY CMa. The bright star at the upper right is τ Canis Majoris.(ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2)VLBA used to derive VY CMa's 2011 distance estimateIn 1976, Lada and Reid[c] published observations of the bright-rimmed molecular cloud Sh2-310, which is 15″ east of the star. At its edge bordered by the bright rim, an abrupt decrease in the CO emission and an increase in brightness of the 12CO emission were observed, indicating possible destruction of molecular material and enhanced heating at the cloud-rim interface, respectively. They assumed the distance of the cloud is approximately equal to that of the stars, which are members of the open cluster NGC 2362, that ionize the rim. NGC 2362 could be anywhere in the ranges of 1.5±0.5 kiloparsecs (kpc) or 4,890±1,630 light-years (ly) away as determined from its color-magnitude diagram.[32] This star is projected onto the tip of the cloud rim, strongly suggesting its association. Furthermore, all the vectors of velocity of Sh2-310 are very close to those of the star. There is thus a near-certain physical association of the star with Sh2-310 and with NGC 2362 in all standard models.[33] Sh2-310 besides containg VY Canis Majoris and NGC 2362[34] also is host to the dark nebulae, LDN 1660,[35] LDN 1664,[36] and LDN 1667.[34] Sh2-310 is also host to the stars Tau Canis Majoris[37] which is the brightest member of NGC 2362,[38] UW Canis Majoris and HD 58011[37] which along with VY Canis Majoris[39] are thought to be probable sources of ionization of gases in Sh2-310.[37] Sh2-310 itself is located on the outer edge of the Orion Arm of the Milky Way.[34]Melnik and others later prefer a range centred on 1.2 kiloparsecs (about 3,900 light-years).[40]Distances can be calculated by measuring the change in position against very distant background objects as the telescope orbits the Sun. However, this star has a small parallax due to its distance, and standard visual observations have a margin of error too large for a hypergiant star with an extended CSE to be useful, for example, the Hipparcos Catalogue of 1997 gives a purely notional parallax of 1.78±3.54 milliarcseconds (mas), in which the \"central\" figure equates to 562 pc (1,832 ly).[41] Parallax can be measured to high accuracy from the observation of masers using a long baseline interferometry. In 2008, such observations of H2O masers using VERA interferometry from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan gave a parallax of 0.88±0.08 mas, corresponding to a distance of 1.14+0.11−0.09 kpc (about 3,720+360−300 ly).[42] In 2012, observations of SiO masers using very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) from Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) independently derived a parallax of 0.83±0.08 mas, corresponding to a distance of 1.20+0.13−0.10 kpc (about 3,910+423−326 ly).[10] These imply the cloud (Sh2-310) is less remote than thought or that the star is a foreground object.[16]The Gaia mission provides highly constrained parallaxes to some objects, but the data release 2 value of −5.92±0.83 mas for this star is not meaningful.[43]","title":"Distance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VYCMaLightCurve.png"},{"link_name":"visual band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometric_system#Photometric_letters"},{"link_name":"light curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_curve"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aavsodata-47"},{"link_name":"variable star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_star"},{"link_name":"apparent visual magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_visual_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCVS-VY-CMa-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAVSO-VY-CMa-8"},{"link_name":"General Catalogue of Variable Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Catalogue_of_Variable_Stars"},{"link_name":"semiregular variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiregular_variable"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCVS-VY-CMa-2"},{"link_name":"slow irregular variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_irregular_variable"},{"link_name":"American Association of Variable Star Observers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Variable_Star_Observers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAVSO-VY-CMa-8"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys2017-48"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski-22"},{"link_name":"OH/IR supergiants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OH/IR_star"},{"link_name":"asymptotic giant branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch"},{"link_name":"OH/IR stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OH/IR_star"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joel1996-49"}],"text":"A visual band light curve for VY Canis Majoris, from AAVSO data[44]VY Canis Majoris is a variable star that varies from an apparent visual magnitude of 9.6 at minimum brightness to a magnitude of 6.5 at maximum with an estimated pulsational period of 956 days.[2][8] In the General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) it is classed a semiregular variable of sub-type SRc, indicating a cool supergiant,[2] although it is classed as a type LC slow irregular variable star in the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) Variable Star Index.[8] Other periods of 1,600[45] and 2,200[20] days have been derived.VY CMa is sometimes considered as the prototype for a class of heavily mass-losing OH/IR supergiants, distinct from the more common asymptotic giant branch OH/IR stars.[46]","title":"Variability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M-class star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification"},{"link_name":"P Cygni profiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_Cygni_profile"},{"link_name":"luminous blue variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable"},{"link_name":"H-alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-alpha"},{"link_name":"emission lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_line"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"bright giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_giant"},{"link_name":"bright supergiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_supergiant"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wallerstein-50"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massey2006-4"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skiff-51"}],"text":"The spectrum of VY Canis Majoris is that of a high-luminosity M-class star. The hydrogen lines, however, have P Cygni profiles fit for luminous blue variables. The spectrum is dominated by TiO bands whose strengths suggest a classification of M5. The H-alpha (Hα) line is not visible yet and there are unusual emission lines of neutral elements such as sodium and calcium. The luminosity class as determined from different spectral features varies from bright giant (II) to bright supergiant (Ia), with a compromise being given: as M5eIbp. Old classifications were confused by the interpretation of surrounding nebulosity as companion stars.[47]The present spectral classification system is inadequate to this star's complexities. The class depends on which of its complex spectral features are stressed. Further, key facets vary over time as to this star. It is cooler and thus redder than M2, and is usually classified between M3 and M5. A class as extreme as M2.5 appeared in a study of 2006.[4] The luminosity class is likewise confused and often given only as I, partly because luminosity classes are poorly defined in the red and infrared portions of the spectrum. One study though, gives a luminosity class of Ia+ which means a hypergiant or extremely luminous supergiant.[48]","title":"Spectrum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_and_VY_Canis_Majoris.svg"},{"link_name":"Earth's orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star-sizes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Proxima Centauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius"},{"link_name":"Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius"},{"link_name":"Pollux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollux_(star)"},{"link_name":"Arcturus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus"},{"link_name":"Aldebaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran"},{"link_name":"Aldebaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran"},{"link_name":"Rigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigel"},{"link_name":"Antares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares"},{"link_name":"Betelgeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelgeuse"},{"link_name":"Betelgeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelgeuse"},{"link_name":"Mu Cephei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Cephei"},{"link_name":"VV Cephei A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VV_Cephei_A"},{"link_name":"most extreme stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_star_extremes"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"effective temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperature"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"}],"text":"VY Canis Majoris compared to the Sun and the Earth's orbit(July 2008, outdated). Relative sizes of the planets in the Solar System and several stars, including VY Canis Majoris: 1. Mercury < Mars < Venus < Earth 2. Earth < Neptune < Uranus < Saturn < Jupiter 3. Jupiter < Proxima Centauri < Sun < Sirius 4. Sirius < Pollux < Arcturus < Aldebaran 5. Aldebaran < Rigel < Antares < Betelgeuse 6. Betelgeuse < Mu Cephei < VV Cephei A < VY Canis Majoris.A very large and luminous star, VY CMa is among the most extreme stars in the Milky Way and has an effective temperature below 4,000 K (3,730 °C; 6,740 °F). It occupies the upper-right hand corner of the HR diagram although its exact luminosity and temperature are uncertain. Most of the properties of the star depend directly on its distance.","title":"Physical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bolometric luminosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometric_luminosity"},{"link_name":"spectral energy distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_energy_distribution"},{"link_name":"photometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"visible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometric_system"},{"link_name":"Sun's luminosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_luminosity"},{"link_name":"L☉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_luminosity"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nathan2001-15"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LadaReid2-35"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monnier-52"},{"link_name":"Humphreys–Davidson limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphreys%E2%80%93Davidson_limit"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sidaner-53"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys-33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Choi-45"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mauron-54"},{"link_name":"μm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ejecta-9"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys-33"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Choi-45"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-molecules-26"}],"sub_title":"Luminosity","text":"The bolometric luminosity (Lbol) of VY CMa can be calculated from spectral energy distribution or bolometric flux, which can be determined from photometry in several visible and infrared bands. Earlier calculations of the luminosity based on an assumed distance of 1.5 kpc (4,900 ly) gave luminosities between 200,000 and 560,000 times the Sun's luminosity (L☉).[14][32][49] This is considerably very close or beyond the empirical Humphreys–Davidson limit. One study gave nearly one million L☉ at a distance of 2.1 kpc (6,800 ly).[50] In 2006 a luminosity of 430,000 L☉ was calculated by integrating the total fluxes over the entire nebula, since most of the radiation coming from the star is reprocessed by the dust in the surrounding cloud.[31] More recent estimates of the luminosity extrapolate values below 350,000 L☉ based on distances below 1.2 kpc.[3][42][51]Most of the output of VY CMa is emitted as infrared radiation, with a maximum emission at 5–10 μm, which is in part caused by reprocessing of the radiation by the circumstellar nebula.[9][31] Many older luminosity estimates are consistent with current ones if they are re-scaled to the distance of 1.2 kpc.[42] Despite being one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way, much of the visible light of VY CMa is absorbed by the circumstellar envelope, so the star needs a telescope to be observed. Removing its envelope, the star would be one for the naked eye.[24]","title":"Physical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M☉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhang-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nathan2001-15"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knapp-55"}],"sub_title":"Mass","text":"Since this star has no companion star, its mass cannot be measured directly through gravitational interactions. Comparison of the effective temperature and bolometric luminosity compared to evolutionary tracks for massive stars suggest its initial mass was 25±10 M☉ for a rotating star but current mass 15 M☉—or 32 M☉ at first if non-rotating falling to present-day 19 M☉,[3] and an age of 8.2 million years (Myr).[10] Older studies have found much higher initial masses (thus also higher current masses) or a progenitor mass of 40–60 M☉ based on old luminosity estimates.[14][52]","title":"Physical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VLT_image_of_the_surroundings_of_VY_Canis_Majoris_seen_with_SPHERE.jpg"},{"link_name":"ESO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Very Large Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope"},{"link_name":"SPHERE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPHERE"},{"link_name":"stellar wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_wind"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jay-56"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys2017-48"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roberta-57"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jay-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys2012-58"}],"sub_title":"Mass loss","text":"Image taken by the ESO's Very Large Telescope showing the asymmetric nebula around VY CMa using SPHERE instrument. The star itself is hidden behind a dark disk. Crosses are artifacts (lens effects) due to the characteristics of the instrument.VY CMa has a strong stellar wind and is losing much material due to its high luminosity and quite low surface gravity. It has an average mass loss rate of 6×10−4 M☉ per year, among the highest known and unusually high even for a red supergiant, as evidenced by its extensive envelope.[53][45] It is thus an exponent for the understanding of high-mass loss episodes near the end of massive star evolution.[54] The mass loss rate probably exceeded 10−3 M☉/yr during the greatest mass loss events.[53]The star has produced large, probably convection-driven, mass-loss events 70, 120, 200, and 250 years ago. The clump shed by the star between 1985 and 1995 is the source of its hydroxyl maser emission.[55]","title":"Physical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monnier-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sidaner-53"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massey2006-4"},{"link_name":"Emily Levesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Levesque"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levesque-59"}],"sub_title":"Temperature","text":"The effective temperature of this star is uncertain. Some signature changes in its spectrum correspond to temperature variations. Early estimates of the mean temperature assumed values below 3,000 K based on a spectral class of M5.[49][50] In 2006, its temperature was calculated to be as high as 3,650±25 K, corresponding to a spectral class of M2.5,[4] yet this star is usually considered as an M4 to M5 star. Adopting the latter classes with the temperature scale proposed by Emily Levesque gives a range of between 3,450 and 3,535 K.[56]","title":"Physical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rho_Cassiopeiae_Sol_VY_Canis_Majoris_-_2019-05-14.svg"},{"link_name":"Betelgeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelgeuse"},{"link_name":"Rho Cassiopeiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_Cassiopeiae"},{"link_name":"Pistol Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_Star"},{"link_name":"K-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_band_(infrared)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monnier-52"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ejecta-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ejecta-9"},{"link_name":"interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry"},{"link_name":"Very Large Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Rosseland Radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opacity_(optics)"},{"link_name":"optical depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_depth"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opacity-60"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Choi-45"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhang-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matsuura2014-61"},{"link_name":"photosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosphere"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LipscyJura2005-5"}],"sub_title":"Size","text":"Right to left: VY Canis Majoris compared to Betelgeuse, Rho Cassiopeiae, the Pistol Star, and the Sun (too small to be visible in this thumbnail). The orbits of Jupiter and Neptune are also shown.The calculation of the radius of VY CMa is complicated by the extensive circumstellar envelope of the star. VY CMa is also a pulsating star, so its size changes with time. Earlier direct measurements of the radius at infrared (K-band = 2.2 μm) wavelength gave an angular diameter of 18.7±0.5 mas, corresponding to radii above 3,000 R☉ (2.1×109 km; 14 au; 1.3×109 mi) at an assumed distance of 1.5 kpc, considerably larger than expected for any red supergiant or red hypergiant.[49] However, this is probably larger than the actual size of the underlying star and the angular diameter estimate appears exceedingly large due to interference by the circumstellar envelope.[31][9][3] In 2006–2007 radii of 1,800–2,100 R☉ have been derived from the estimated luminosity of 430,000 L☉ and temperatures of 3,450–3,535 K.[31][9]On 6 and 7 March 2011, VY CMa was observed at near-infrared wavelengths using interferometry at the Very Large Telescope. The size of the star was calculated using the Rosseland Radius, the location at which the optical depth is 2⁄3,[57] with two modern distances of 1.14+0.11−0.09 and 1.20+0.13−0.10 kpc.[42][10] Its angular diameter was directly measured at 11.3±0.3 mas, which corresponds to a radius of 1,420±120 R☉ at a distance of 1.17+0.08−0.07 kpc. The high spectral resolution of these observations allowed the effects of contamination by circumstellar layers to be minimised. An effective temperature of 3,490±90 K, corresponding to a spectral class of M4, was then derived from the radius and a luminosity of 270,000±40,000 L☉ which is based on the distance and a measured flux of (6.3±0.3)×10−13 W/cm2.[3] In late 2013, a radius of 2,069 R☉ was determined, based on a rather cool adopted temperature of 2,800 K and a luminosity of 237,000 L☉.[58]Most radius estimates of the VY CMa are considered as the size for the optical photosphere while the size of the star for the radio photosphere is calculated to be twice that of the size of the star for the optical photosphere.[5] Despite the mass and very large size (though some estimates give smaller sizes), VY CMa has an average density of 5.33 to 8.38 mg/m3 (0.00000533 to 0.00000838 kg/m3), it is over 100,000 times less dense than Earth's atmosphere at sea level (1.2 kg/m3).","title":"Physical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VY_Canis_Majoris,_Rutherford_Observatory,_07_September_2014.jpeg"},{"link_name":"molecular cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud"},{"link_name":"Rutherfurd Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfurd_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wallerstein-50"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyland-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jura1990-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys1987-64"},{"link_name":"K-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_band_(infrared)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monnier-52"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ejecta-9"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys-33"},{"link_name":"kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ejecta-9"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys-33"},{"link_name":"kpc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec#Parsecs_and_kiloparsecs"},{"link_name":"NML Cygni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NML_Cygni"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massey2006-4"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massey2008-65"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nathan2001-15"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zubko-66"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massey2006-4"},{"link_name":"kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"kpc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec#Parsecs_and_kiloparsecs"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphreys-33"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry"},{"link_name":"Very Large Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Rosseland Radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opacity_(optics)"},{"link_name":"optical depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_depth"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opacity-60"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhang-10"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Choi-45"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"},{"link_name":"photosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosphere"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LipscyJura2005-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"},{"link_name":"Westerlund 1 W26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerlund_1_W26"},{"link_name":"WOH G64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOH_G64"},{"link_name":"largest known star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alcolea-69"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radius-70"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaminski-29"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matsuura2014-61"}],"text":"VY Canis Majoris (brightest star in the image) and its surrounding molecular cloud complex(Rutherfurd Observatory/Columbia University)VY Canis Majoris has been known to be an extreme object since the middle of the 20th century, although its true nature was uncertain.[47][59] In the late 20th century, it was accepted that it was a post-main sequence red supergiant. Its angular diameter had been measured and found to be significantly different depending on the observed wavelength. The first meaningful estimates of its properties showed a very large star.[60][61]Early direct measurements of the radius at infrared (K-band = 2.2 μm) wavelength gave an angular diameter of 18.7±0.5 mas, corresponding to radii above 3,000 R☉ (2.1×109 km; 14 au; 1.3×109 mi) at a still very plausible distance of 1.5 kiloparsecs; a radius dwarfing other known red hypergiants.[49] However, this is probably larger than the actual size of the underlying star—this angular diameter estimate is heightened from interference by the envelope.[3][9][31] In 2006–07, radius between 1,800–2,100 R☉ has been derived from the preferring luminosity of 430,000 L☉ and the still-preferred temperature range of 3,450–3,535 kelvin.[9][31]In contrast to prevailing opinion, a 2006 study, ignoring the effects of the circumstellar envelope in the observed flux of the star, derived a luminosity of 60,000 L☉, suggesting an initial mass of 15 M☉ and radius of 600 R☉ based on an assumed effective temperature of 3,650 K and distance of 1.5 kpc. On this basis they considered VY CMa and another notable extreme cool hypergiant star, NML Cygni, as normal early-type red supergiants.[4][62] They assert that earlier very high luminosities of 500,000 L☉ and very large radii of 2,800–3,230 R☉[14][63] (or even 4,000 R☉[20]) were based on effective temperatures below 3,000 K that were unreasonably low.[4]Almost immediately another paper published a size estimate of 1,800–2,100 R☉ and concluded that VY CMa is a true hypergiant. This uses the later well-reviewed effective temperature 3450–3535 kelvin, and a luminosity of 430,000 L☉ based on SED integration and a distance of 1.5 kpc.[31]In 2011,[d] the star was studied at near-infrared wavelengths using interferometry at the Very Large Telescope. The size of the star was published at its Rosseland Radius, outside of which optical depth falls below 2⁄3,[57] given the mean of two most modern, similar but distinct distances.[e][10][42] Its angular diameter was directly measured at 11.3±0.3 mas, thus radius of 1,420±120 R☉ given a distance of 1.17+0.08−0.07 kpc. The high spectral resolution of these observations allowed the effects of contamination by circumstellar layers to be minimised. An effective temperature of 3,490±90 K, corresponding to a spectral class of M4, was then derived from the radius and a luminosity of 270,000±40,000 L☉ which is based on the distance and a measured flux of (6.3±0.3)×10−13 W/cm2.[3]Most such radius estimates are considered as the size for the mean limit of the optical photosphere while the size of the star for the radio photosphere is calculated to be twice that.[5] Despite the mass and very large size (though some estimates give smaller sizes), VY CMa has an average density of 5.33 to 8.38 mg/m3 (0.00000533 to 0.00000838 kg/m3). It is over 100,000 times less dense than Earth's atmosphere at sea level (1.2 kg/m3).In 2012, the size was calculated more accurately to be somewhat lower, for example 1,420 R☉,[3] which leaves larger sizes published and in-date for other galactic and extragalactic red supergiants (and hypergiants) such as Westerlund 1 W26 and WOH G64. Despite this, VY Canis Majoris is still often described as the largest known star, sometimes with caveats to account for the highly uncertain sizes of all these stars.[64][f] A 2013 estimate based on the Wittkowski radius and the Monnier radius put mean size at 2,000 R☉,[27] and later that year, Matsuura and others put forward a competing method of finding radius within the envelope, putting the star at 2,069 R☉, based on a cool-end of estimates adopted temperature of 2,800 K and a luminosity of 237,000 L☉.[58] However, these values are not consistent with its spectral types, leaving the 2012 values in better match.","title":"Largest star"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VY_Canis_Majoris_Ejecta_Shell.jpg"},{"link_name":"WFPC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera_2"},{"link_name":"HST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"reflection nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_nebula"},{"link_name":"kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nathan2001-15"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jay-56"},{"link_name":"″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcsecond"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"ly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jay-56"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski-22"},{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"yellow hypergiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant"},{"link_name":"IRC +10420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC_%2B10420"},{"link_name":"Hertzsprung–Russell diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram"},{"link_name":"luminous blue variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable"},{"link_name":"Wolf–Rayet star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nathan2001-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski-22"}],"text":"WFPC2/HST image showing the asymmetric nebula surrounding VY CMa, which is the central starVY Canis Majoris is surrounded by an extensive and dense asymmetric red reflection nebula, with a total ejected mass of 0.2-0.4 M☉ and a temperature of 800 kelvin, based on a DUSTY model atmosphere that has been formed by material expelled from its central star.[14][53] The inner shell figures as 0.12 ″ across, corresponding to 140 AU (0.0022 ly) for a star 1,200 parsecs away, whereas that of the outer one is at 10″, corresponding to 12,000 AU (0.19 ly).[53] This nebula is so bright that it was discovered in a dry night sky in 1917 with an 18 cm telescope, and its condensations were once regarded as companion stars.[20] It has been extensively studied with the aid of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), showing that the nebula has a complex structure that includes filaments and arcs, which were caused by past eruptions; the structure is akin to that around post-red supergiant (Post-RSG) or yellow hypergiant (YHG) IRC +10420. The similarity has led at least two professional articles to propose a model that the star might evolve blueward on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (HR diagram) to become a yellow hypergiant, then a luminous blue variable (LBV), and finally a Wolf–Rayet star (WR star).[14][20]","title":"Surroundings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evolved star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution"},{"link_name":"protostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostar"},{"link_name":"pre-main-sequence star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star"},{"link_name":"circumstellar disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstellar_disk"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herbig-16"},{"link_name":"O9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-type_star"},{"link_name":"main sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hubble-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LadaReid2-35"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-george-71"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhang-10"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hubble-32"},{"link_name":"supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Betelgeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelgeuse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittkowski_vlti-3"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alcolea-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj137-73"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2nd_rsg_phase-74"},{"link_name":"type IIn supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_IIn_supernova"},{"link_name":"hypernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova"},{"link_name":"superluminous supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superluminous_supernova"},{"link_name":"SN 1988Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SN_1988Z&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"type Ib supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_Ib_supernova"},{"link_name":"SN 2006tf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SN_2006tf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SN 2006gy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_2006gy"},{"link_name":"gamma-ray bursts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst"},{"link_name":"black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole"},{"link_name":"neutron star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj137-73"}],"text":"VY Canis Majoris is a highly evolved star yet less than 10 million years (Myr) old. Some old writings envisaged the star as a very young protostar or a massive pre-main-sequence star with an age of only 1 Myr and typically a circumstellar disk.[15] It has probably evolved from a hot, dense O9 main sequence star of 5–20 R☉ (solar radii).[30][32][65] The star has evolved rapidly because of its high mass. The time spent to the red hypergiant phase is estimated to be between 100,000 and 500,000 years, and thus VY CMa most likely left its main sequence phase more than a million years ago.[10][30]The future evolution of VY CMa is uncertain, but like the most cool supergiants, the star will certainly explode as a supernova. It has begun to fuse helium into carbon en masse.[g] Like Betelgeuse, it is losing mass and is expected to explode as a supernova within the next 100,000 years — it will probably revert to a higher temperature beforehand.[3][64][66] The star is very unstable, having a prodigious mass loss such as in ejections.VY Canis Majoris is a candidate for a star in a second red supergiant phase, but this is mostly speculative and unconfirmed.[67]From this star CO emission is coincident with the bright KI shell in its asymmetric nebula.The star will produce either:a moderately luminous and long-lasting type IIn supernova (SN IIn)\na hypernova; or a\nsuperluminous supernova (SLSN) comparable to SN 1988Z\nor less likely, a type Ib supernova, but it is unlikely that would be as luminous as SN 2006tf or SN 2006gy.The explosion could be associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRB), and it will produce a shock wave of a speed of a few thousand kilometers per second that could hit the surrounding envelope of material, causing strong emission for many years after the explosion. For a star so large, the remnant would be probably a black hole rather than a neutron star.[66]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-metallicity_14-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-radius_70-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"}],"text":"^ The given stellar metallicity is given as the solar metallicity ([Fe/H] = approx. +0.0 dex).\n\n^ on 7 March\n\n^ Charles J. Lada and Mark J. Reid\n\n^ On 6 and 7 March\n\n^ 1.14+0.11−0.09 and 1.20+0.13−0.10 kpc, see above at Distance\n\n^ Alcolea et al 2013 refer to VY CMa as having the highest radius \"among well-characterised stars in our galaxy\", referring to the Wittkowski et al. 2012 value of 1,420 R☉ which is based on the distances from Choi et al. 2008 and Zhang et al. 2012 plus an angular diameter. Several red supergiants (or hypergiants) are possibly larger, although they could have less accurate radius estimates.\n\n^ a main sequence star fuses hydrogen into helium.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hipparcos_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hipparcos_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hipparcos_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hipparcos_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hipparcos_1-4"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0708.1752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/0708.1752"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2007A&A...474..653V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...474..653V"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1051/0004-6361:20078357","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18759600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18759600"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCVS-VY-CMa_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCVS-VY-CMa_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCVS-VY-CMa_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCVS-VY-CMa_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"GCVS 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(30 October 2013). \"Herschel SPIRE and PACS observations of the red supergiant VY CMa: analysis of the molecular line spectra\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 437 (1): 532–546. arXiv:1310.2947. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437..532M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1906. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 53393704.\n\n^ Hyland, A. R.; Becklin, E. E.; Neugebauer, G.; Wallerstein, George (1969). \"Observations of the Infrared Object, VY Canis Majoris\". The Astrophysical Journal. 158: 619. Bibcode:1969ApJ...158..619H. doi:10.1086/150224.\n\n^ Jura, M.; Kleinmann, S. G. (1990). \"Mass-losing M Supergiants in the Solar Neighborhood\". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 73: 769. Bibcode:1990ApJS...73..769J. doi:10.1086/191488.\n\n^ Humphreys, Roberta M. (1987). \"Massive stars in galaxies\". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 99: 5. Bibcode:1987PASP...99....5H. doi:10.1086/131948.\n\n^ Massey, Philip; Levesque, Emily M; Plez, Bertrand; Olsen, Knut A. 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S2CID 125806208.","title":"References and footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Mass-losing Supergiant VY Canis Majoris\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F300297"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1998AJ....115.1592K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....115.1592K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/300297","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F300297"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1410.8721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1410.8721"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2015A&A...575A..60M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A&A...575A..60M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1051/0004-6361/201424671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201424671"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"38736311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38736311"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1511.07624","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1511.07624"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2015A&A...584L..10S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A&A...584L..10S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1051/0004-6361/201527563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201527563"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"55163865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55163865"},{"link_name":"\"On the atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of red supergiants\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921314006930"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2015IAUS..307..280W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IAUS..307..280W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S1743921314006930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921314006930"}],"text":"Kastner, Joel H.; Weintraub, David A. (1998). \"Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Mass-losing Supergiant VY Canis Majoris\". Astronomical Journal. 115 (4): 1592–1598. Bibcode:1998AJ....115.1592K. doi:10.1086/300297.\nMeynet, G; Chomienne, V; Ekström, S; Georgy, C; Granada, A; Groh, J; Maeder, A; Eggenberger, P; Levesque, E; Massey, P (2015). \"Impact of mass-loss on the evolution and pre-supernova properties of red supergiants\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575 (60): A60. arXiv:1410.8721. Bibcode:2015A&A...575A..60M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424671. S2CID 38736311.\nScicluna, P; Siebenmorgen, R; Wesson, R; Blommaert, J. A. D. L; Kasper, M; Voshchinnikov, N. V; Wolf, S (2015). \"Large dust grains in the wind of VY Canis Majoris\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 584: L10. arXiv:1511.07624. Bibcode:2015A&A...584L..10S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527563. S2CID 55163865.\nWittkowski, M; Arroyo-Torres, B; Marcaide, J. M; Abellan, F. J; Chiavassa, A; Freytag, B; Scholz, M; Wood, P. R; Hauschildt, P. H; Meynet, Georges; Georgy, Cyril; Groh, José; Stee, Philippe (2015). \"On the atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of red supergiants\". New Windows on Massive Stars. 307: 280–285. Bibcode:2015IAUS..307..280W. doi:10.1017/S1743921314006930.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait in bust of Jérôme Lalande in 1802","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande.jpg/220px-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the giant molecular cloud Sharpless 310 and its surroundings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sh2-310map.png/220px-Sh2-310map.png"},{"image_text":"Combined optical and infrared image of VY CMa. The bright star at the upper right is τ Canis Majoris.(ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Wide-field_view_of_the_sky_around_VY_Canis_Majoris.jpg/240px-Wide-field_view_of_the_sky_around_VY_Canis_Majoris.jpg"},{"image_text":"VLBA used to derive VY CMa's 2011 distance estimate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/VLBA_St_Croix-04.jpg/220px-VLBA_St_Croix-04.jpg"},{"image_text":"A visual band light curve for VY Canis Majoris, from AAVSO data[44]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/VYCMaLightCurve.png/220px-VYCMaLightCurve.png"},{"image_text":"VY Canis Majoris compared to the Sun and the Earth's orbit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sun_and_VY_Canis_Majoris.svg/240px-Sun_and_VY_Canis_Majoris.svg.png"},{"image_text":"(July 2008, outdated). Relative sizes of the planets in the Solar System and several stars, including VY Canis Majoris: 1. Mercury < Mars < Venus < Earth 2. Earth < Neptune < Uranus < Saturn < Jupiter 3. Jupiter < Proxima Centauri < Sun < Sirius 4. Sirius < Pollux < Arcturus < Aldebaran 5. Aldebaran < Rigel < Antares < Betelgeuse 6. Betelgeuse < Mu Cephei < VV Cephei A < VY Canis Majoris.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Star-sizes.jpg/310px-Star-sizes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Image taken by the ESO's Very Large Telescope showing the asymmetric nebula around VY CMa using SPHERE instrument. The star itself is hidden behind a dark disk. Crosses are artifacts (lens effects) due to the characteristics of the instrument.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/VLT_image_of_the_surroundings_of_VY_Canis_Majoris_seen_with_SPHERE.jpg/220px-VLT_image_of_the_surroundings_of_VY_Canis_Majoris_seen_with_SPHERE.jpg"},{"image_text":"Right to left: VY Canis Majoris compared to Betelgeuse, Rho Cassiopeiae, the Pistol Star, and the Sun (too small to be visible in this thumbnail). The orbits of Jupiter and Neptune are also shown.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rho_Cassiopeiae_Sol_VY_Canis_Majoris_-_2019-05-14.svg/260px-Rho_Cassiopeiae_Sol_VY_Canis_Majoris_-_2019-05-14.svg.png"},{"image_text":"VY Canis Majoris (brightest star in the image) and its surrounding molecular cloud complex(Rutherfurd Observatory/Columbia University)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/VY_Canis_Majoris%2C_Rutherford_Observatory%2C_07_September_2014.jpeg/220px-VY_Canis_Majoris%2C_Rutherford_Observatory%2C_07_September_2014.jpeg"},{"image_text":"WFPC2/HST image showing the asymmetric nebula surrounding VY CMa, which is the central star","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VY_Canis_Majoris_Ejecta_Shell.jpg/220px-VY_Canis_Majoris_Ejecta_Shell.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Van Leeuwen, F. (2007). \"Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bostwick_(DE-103)	USS Bostwick	["1 History","1.1 U.S. Navy (1943–1948)","1.2 Republic of China Navy (1948–1973)","2 Awards","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 23°45′00″N 128°35′00″E / 23.75000°N 128.58333°E / 23.75000; 128.58333Cannon-class destroyer escort History United States NameUSS Bostwick (DE-103) NamesakeLucius Allyn Bostwick BuilderDravo Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware Laid down6 February 1943 Launched30 August 1943 Commissioned1 December 1943 Decommissioned30 April 1946 Stricken10 February 1949 FateTransferred to China, 14 December 1948 History Taiwan NameROCN Taicang (太倉) (DE-25) Acquired14 December 1948 Out of service1972 FateStricken and scrapped, 1973 General characteristics Class and typeCannon-class destroyer escort Displacement1,240 tons Length306 ft (93 m) Beam36 ft 8 in (11.2 m) Draft8 ft 9 in (2.7 m) Propulsion 4 GM Mod. 16-278A diesel engines with electric drive 6,000 shp (4.5 MW) 2 screws Speed21 knots (39 km/h) Range10,800 nm at 12 kn Complement15 officers, 201 enlisted Armament 3 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 guns (3×1) 2 × 40 mm Bofors AA guns (1x2) 8 × 20 mm Oerlikon AA guns (8×1) 3 × Torpedo tubes for 21-inch Mark 15 torpedo (1×3) 8 × depth charge projectors 1 × Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar 2 x depth charge tracks USS Bostwick (DE-103) was a Cannon class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. In 1948, she was sold to Taiwan where she served as Taicang (DE-25). She was scrapped in 1973. History Bostwick was laid down on 6 February 1943 at Wilmington, Delaware, by the Dravo Corp.; launched on 30 August 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Fred D. Pierce; and commissioned on 1 December 1943. U.S. Navy (1943–1948) Following shakedown training near Bermuda in late December 1943- early January 1944, the new destroyer escort joined the Atlantic Fleet to serve as school ship for training prospective crews of destroyer escorts still under construction. On 15 February, Bostwick joined Thomas, Bronstein, Breeman, and Corry in an antisubmarine patrol that took the warships involved all the way across the Atlantic to Casablanca, Morocco. Built around Block Island and designated Task Group 21.16 (TG 21.16), the ships operated as a hunter-killer group in the U-boat-infested waters of the North Atlantic. Late on 29 February, Bronstein made radar contact with an unknown vessel. Bostwick and Thomas joined her in "boxing" the target, which was revealed by flares to be a surfaced German submarine, U-709. Bronstein opened fire with her guns, but the submarine managed to submerge. The three destroyer escorts tracked the U-boat, raining down a barrage of depth charges on her estimated positions. At 0324, Thomas dropped a pattern of charges that produced a huge underwater explosion, the last sounds heard from U-709. TG 21.16 pulled into Casablanca on 8 March for rest and refueling, but got underway again only three days later to resume the patrol. Bostwick returned to the United States on 31 March to prepare for a transatlantic voyage as convoy escort. The convoy made the cruise without incident, arriving at Bizerte, Tunisia, on 4 May. Bostwick set out with a return convoy on 11 May and arrived safely in New York on the 30th. The destroyer escort spent the next few weeks at Casco Bay, Maine in refresher training. On 25 June, she joined Card on another hunter-killer patrol in the Atlantic and in the West Indies. The group's first mission was to investigate a U-boat reported to be just south of Newfoundland. Thomas rammed U-233 on 5 July, sinking the submarine, and TG 22.10 returned to Boston, Massachusetts to land prisoners and make repairs. The hunter-killer group departed Boston again on the 10th, bound for the West Indies to search for a U-boat that had torpedoed several ships in the area. On 16 July, after a plane made a contact sixty miles from the group, Bostwick joined Bronstein in a night-long search for the supposed submarine. The effort proved futile, however, and the two destroyer escorts rejoined TG 22.10 at San Juan on 18 July. Bostwick returned to New York on 25 August for a 10-day availability. In September, the warship sailed to Casco Bay for refresher training and then rejoined Card in TG 22.2 for three days of air and subsurface training near Bermuda. The warships returned to the hunt on the 25th. While north of the Azores en route to Casablanca, Bostwick mounted an attack against a submarine, but observed no signs of a definite kill. TG 22.2 spent 25–26 October in port Casablanca, then returned to New York, arriving there on 5 November. Following a much needed availability in the New York Navy Yard, Bostwick returned to sea with Card for patrol duty in waters off Bermuda. TG 22.2 spent more than a month training in anticipation of an aggressive German submarine offensive. The group returned to New York on New Year's Eve. Early in January 1945, Bostwick steamed to Narragansett Bay to screen Prince William while she conducted pilot qualifications. The destroyer escort returned to New York on 22 January and received orders to join Core in TG 22.4 for more hunter-killer activities. Bostwick met the task group at sea 600 miles south of Iceland on 16 February. The group, which consisted of 12 destroyer escorts and one escort carrier, formed a scouting line 90 miles long. Searching in vain for an enemy weather-reporting submarine, TG 22.4 soon found itself in winds of hurricane force. The mountainous seas died down as the wind lessened on the 22nd, but the escorts faced rising seas again before they reached port for refueling. Bostwick put into Hvalfjordür, Iceland, late on 25 February. TG 22.4 got underway again just three days later to track several German submarines reportedly heading west toward the Flemish Cap. While the weather had improved, but the seas remained heavy and continued to batter TG 22.4. Bostwick and her colleagues gratefully turned their duties overto TG 22.13 on 14 March. The destroyer escort arrived in New York on 17 March for a five days of voyage repairs, after which she returned to planeguard duty for Card. On 14 April, Bostwick's escort division received orders to search for a submarine just outside the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. The division split into northern and southern groups to scout the sea lanes. On 29 April, the northern group made contact with a submarine when Natchez sighted the snorkel of a U-boat. Bostwick, Thomas, and Coffman joined Natchez in dropping depth charges until heavy debris, a large oil slick, and a huge underwater explosion indicated the destruction of U-879. Bostwick celebrated V-E Day in New York and then steamed to New London, England and later to Quonset Point, Rhode Island for training and to planeguard for pilot qualifications. In mid-July, the destroyer escort returned to New York to participate in the three-day demonstration cruise for civilian observers in the Navy's Industrial Incentive Program. Bostwick returned to planeguard duty for Mission Bay and Croatan, but a scheduled availability in the New York Navy Yard from 24 September – 15 October ended this duty. Late in October, Bostwick was on hand in New York for Navy Day activities. Not long thereafter, the warship received orders for inactivation, and on 15 November headed for Green Cove Springs, Florida. Bostwick was decommissioned on 30 April 1946 and berthed in the St. Johns River with the Green Cove Springs Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Republic of China Navy (1948–1973) She was sold to nationalist China on 14 December 1948 and renamed Taicang (太倉) (DE-25). Her name was struck from the US Navy list on 10 February 1949. When China was taken over by the Communists at the end of the Chinese Civil War, she escaped to Taiwan with Nationalist forces in 1949. On 13 February 1951, she led the task force under the direct order of ROC President Chiang Kai-shek to capture the Norwegian civilian freighter Hoi Houw at 24°13'N 123°18'E within the Japanese territory of Yaeyama Islands in the West Pacific Ocean. On 4 October 1953, she joined the task force executing the blockade policy to capture the Polish civilian oil tanker Praca at 21°06'N 122°48'E in the Philippine Sea. On 12 May 1954, she joined the fleet to bombard and capture another Polish civilian freighter Prezydent Gottwald with general cargo at 23°45′00″N 128°35′00″E / 23.75000°N 128.58333°E / 23.75000; 128.58333, east of Batanes Islands and south of Okinawa Island. All ships were confiscated into the Republic of China Navy list, and the crews were either released, executed or detained for various time frames up to 35 years in captivity till 1988. She was scrapped in 1973. Awards Bostwick earned two battle stars for her World War II service, and the following awards: American Campaign Medal European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal w/ 2 service stars World War II Victory Medal Notes ^ a b Blackman, Raymond V. B., ed. Jane's Fighting Ships 1972–1973. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973. p. 311. ^ a b "Bostwick (6114818)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 4 November 2009. ^ a b Lin Hong-yi (2009). "Chapter 4，1953-1960" (PDF). Blockade on Chinese mainland coast - ROC's Guanbi policy, 1949-1960 (M.D. thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Chengchi University. ^ Li Zhen-hsiang (8 January 2009). "Praca" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan News Weekly, ver. 376, Taiwan Association for Truth and Reconciliation. ^ Prof. Sergey Vradiy (20 February 2020). ""Tuapse" Oil Tanker Episode in the History of Taiwan-Russia Relations" (PDF). Taiwan Fellowship, Center for Chinese Studies, National Central Library. References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. John W. Garver (30 April 1997). The Sino-American Alliance, Nationalist China and American Cold war Strategy in Asia. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. ISBN 9780765600530. Robert Accinelli (23 January 1996). Crisis and Commitment: United States Policy toward Taiwan, 1950-1955. The Journal of American History. ISBN 0807822590. "U-879". Retrieved 1 March 2023. External links NavSource Online: Destroyer Escort Photo Archive - USS Bostwick - DE-103 vteCannon-class destroyer escorts United States NavyCompleted Cannon Christopher Alger Thomas Bostwick Breeman Burrows Corbesier Cronin Crosley Marocain Hova Somali Carter Clarence L. Evans Levy McConnell Osterhaus Parks Baron Acree Amick Atherton Booth Carroll Cooner Eldridge Marts Pennewill Micka Reybold Herzog McAnn Trumpeter Straub Gustafson Samuel S. Miles Wesson Riddle Swearer Stern O'Neill Bronstein Raby / Baker Coffman Eisner William G. Thomas / Garfield Thomas Wingfield Thornhill Rinehart Roche Bangust Waterman Weaver Hilbert Lamons Kyne Snyder Hemminger Bright Tills Roberts McClelland Cates Gandy Earl K. Olsen Slater Oswald Ebert Neal A. Scott Muir Sutton Canceled DE-114 – DE-128 (Unnamed) Gaynier Curtis W. Howard John J. Van Buren Willard Keith Paul G. Baker Damon Cummings DE-757 – DE-762 (Unnamed) Rogers / Milton Lewis George M. Campbell Russell M. Cox DE-775 – DE-788 (Unnamed) Brazilian NavyBertioga class Bertioga (ex-Pennewill) Beberibe (ex-Herzog) Bracuí (ex-Reybold) Bauru (ex-McAnn) Baependi (ex-Cannon) Benevente (ex-Christopher) Babitonga (ex-Alger) Bocaina (ex-Marts) Free French Naval Forces Oise / Oise (ex-Cronin) Sénégalais / Yser (ex-Corbesier) Somali / Arago Hova Marocain Tunisien (ex-Crosley) French Navy Arabe (ex-Samuel S. Miles) Kabyle (ex-Riddle) Bambara (ex-Swearer) Sakalave (ex-Wingfield) Touareg (ex-Bright) Soudanais (ex-Cates) Berbère (ex-Clarence L. Evans) Malgache (ex-Baker) Post-World War II operators Republic of China Navy Tai Ho (ex-Thomas) Tai Tsang (ex-Breeman) Tai Hu (ex-Bostwick) Tai Chao (ex-Carter) Hellenic NavyDWild Beast class Aetos (ex-Slater) Ierax (ex-Ebert) Leon (ex-Eldridge) Panther (ex-Garfield Thomas) Marina MilitareAldebaran class Aldebaran (ex-Thornhill) Altair (ex-Gandy) Andromeda (ex-Wesson) Japan Maritime Self-Defense ForceAsahi class Asahi (ex-Amick) Hatsuhi (ex-Atherton) Republic of Korea Navy Gyeonggi (ex-Muir) Gangwon (ex-Sutton) Royal Netherlands NavyVan Amstel class Van Amstel (ex-Burrows) De Bitter (ex-Rinehart) Van Ewijck (ex-Gustafson) Dubois (ex-O'Neill) De Zeeuw (ex-Eisner) Van Zijl (ex-Stern) Peruvian Navy Aguirre (ex-Waterman) Castilla (ex-Bangust) Rodríguez (ex-Weaver) Philippine NavyDatu Kalantiaw class Datu Kalantiaw (ex-Booth) Datu Sikatuna (ex-Asahi) Rajah Humabon (ex-Hatsuhi) (Kyong Ki and Kang Won were sold to the Philippine Navy for parts) Royal Thai Navy Pin Klao (ex-Hemminger) National Navy of Uruguay Uruguay (ex-Baron) Artigas (ex-Bronstein) D: Classified as destroyers by the Hellenic Navy Preceded by: Buckley class Followed by: Edsall class List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannon class destroyer escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy"}],"text":"Cannon-class destroyer escortUSS Bostwick (DE-103) was a Cannon class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. In 1948, she was sold to Taiwan where she served as Taicang (DE-25). She was scrapped in 1973.","title":"USS Bostwick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilmington, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"}],"text":"Bostwick was laid down on 6 February 1943 at Wilmington, Delaware, by the Dravo Corp.; launched on 30 August 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Fred D. Pierce; and commissioned on 1 December 1943.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"destroyer escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atlantic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"school ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_ship"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thomas_(DE-102)"},{"link_name":"Bronstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bronstein_(DE-189)"},{"link_name":"Breeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Breeman"},{"link_name":"Corry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Corry_(DD-463)"},{"link_name":"warships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warships"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Block Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Block_Island_(CVE-21)"},{"link_name":"hunter-killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-killer_Group"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"U-709","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-709"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charges"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bizerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Casco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco_Bay"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Card"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"U-233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-233"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"New York Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"Narragansett Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett_Bay"},{"link_name":"Prince William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Prince_William_(CVE-31)"},{"link_name":"Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Core"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"escort carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane"},{"link_name":"Hvalfjordür","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvalfjord%C3%BCr"},{"link_name":"Flemish Cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Cap"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Natchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Natchez_(PF-2)"},{"link_name":"Coffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Coffman"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"U-879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-879"},{"link_name":"V-E Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day"},{"link_name":"London, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_England"},{"link_name":"Quonset Point, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quonset_Point,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Mission Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mission_Bay"},{"link_name":"Croatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Croatan_(CVE-25)"},{"link_name":"New York Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Navy Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Day"},{"link_name":"warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship"},{"link_name":"Green Cove Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Cove_Springs"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"St. Johns River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Reserve_Fleet"}],"sub_title":"U.S. Navy (1943–1948)","text":"Following shakedown training near Bermuda in late December 1943- early January 1944, the new destroyer escort joined the Atlantic Fleet to serve as school ship for training prospective crews of destroyer escorts still under construction.On 15 February, Bostwick joined Thomas, Bronstein, Breeman, and Corry in an antisubmarine patrol that took the warships involved all the way across the Atlantic to Casablanca, Morocco. Built around Block Island and designated Task Group 21.16 (TG 21.16), the ships operated as a hunter-killer group in the U-boat-infested waters of the North Atlantic.Late on 29 February, Bronstein made radar contact with an unknown vessel. Bostwick and Thomas joined her in \"boxing\" the target, which was revealed by flares to be a surfaced German submarine, U-709. Bronstein opened fire with her guns, but the submarine managed to submerge. The three destroyer escorts tracked the U-boat, raining down a barrage of depth charges on her estimated positions. At 0324, Thomas dropped a pattern of charges that produced a huge underwater explosion, the last sounds heard from U-709.TG 21.16 pulled into Casablanca on 8 March for rest and refueling, but got underway again only three days later to resume the patrol. Bostwick returned to the United States on 31 March to prepare for a transatlantic voyage as convoy escort. The convoy made the cruise without incident, arriving at Bizerte, Tunisia, on 4 May. Bostwick set out with a return convoy on 11 May and arrived safely in New York on the 30th.The destroyer escort spent the next few weeks at Casco Bay, Maine in refresher training. On 25 June, she joined Card on another hunter-killer patrol in the Atlantic and in the West Indies. The group's first mission was to investigate a U-boat reported to be just south of Newfoundland. Thomas rammed U-233 on 5 July, sinking the submarine, and TG 22.10 returned to Boston, Massachusetts to land prisoners and make repairs. The hunter-killer group departed Boston again on the 10th, bound for the West Indies to search for a U-boat that had torpedoed several ships in the area. On 16 July, after a plane made a contact sixty miles from the group, Bostwick joined Bronstein in a night-long search for the supposed submarine. The effort proved futile, however, and the two destroyer escorts rejoined TG 22.10 at San Juan on 18 July. Bostwick returned to New York on 25 August for a 10-day availability.In September, the warship sailed to Casco Bay for refresher training and then rejoined Card in TG 22.2 for three days of air and subsurface training near Bermuda. The warships returned to the hunt on the 25th. While north of the Azores en route to Casablanca, Bostwick mounted an attack against a submarine, but observed no signs of a definite kill. TG 22.2 spent 25–26 October in port Casablanca, then returned to New York, arriving there on 5 November.Following a much needed availability in the New York Navy Yard, Bostwick returned to sea with Card for patrol duty in waters off Bermuda. TG 22.2 spent more than a month training in anticipation of an aggressive German submarine offensive. The group returned to New York on New Year's Eve.Early in January 1945, Bostwick steamed to Narragansett Bay to screen Prince William while she conducted pilot qualifications. The destroyer escort returned to New York on 22 January and received orders to join Core in TG 22.4 for more hunter-killer activities. Bostwick met the task group at sea 600 miles south of Iceland on 16 February. The group, which consisted of 12 destroyer escorts and one escort carrier, formed a scouting line 90 miles long. Searching in vain for an enemy weather-reporting submarine, TG 22.4 soon found itself in winds of hurricane force. The mountainous seas died down as the wind lessened on the 22nd, but the escorts faced rising seas again before they reached port for refueling. Bostwick put into Hvalfjordür, Iceland, late on 25 February. TG 22.4 got underway again just three days later to track several German submarines reportedly heading west toward the Flemish Cap. While the weather had improved, but the seas remained heavy and continued to batter TG 22.4. Bostwick and her colleagues gratefully turned their duties overto TG 22.13 on 14 March.The destroyer escort arrived in New York on 17 March for a five days of voyage repairs, after which she returned to planeguard duty for Card. On 14 April, Bostwick's escort division received orders to search for a submarine just outside the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. The division split into northern and southern groups to scout the sea lanes. On 29 April, the northern group made contact with a submarine when Natchez sighted the snorkel of a U-boat. Bostwick, Thomas, and Coffman joined Natchez in dropping depth charges until heavy debris, a large oil slick, and a huge underwater explosion indicated the destruction of U-879.Bostwick celebrated V-E Day in New York and then steamed to New London, England and later to Quonset Point, Rhode Island for training and to planeguard for pilot qualifications. In mid-July, the destroyer escort returned to New York to participate in the three-day demonstration cruise for civilian observers in the Navy's Industrial Incentive Program. Bostwick returned to planeguard duty for Mission Bay and Croatan, but a scheduled availability in the New York Navy Yard from 24 September – 15 October ended this duty. Late in October, Bostwick was on hand in New York for Navy Day activities.Not long thereafter, the warship received orders for inactivation, and on 15 November headed for Green Cove Springs, Florida. Bostwick was decommissioned on 30 April 1946 and berthed in the St. Johns River with the Green Cove Springs Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nationalist China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miramar-2"},{"link_name":"US Navy list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_list"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"ROC President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China#History"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Hoi Houw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Tanker_Tuapse#Background"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch_4-3"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Praca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Tanker_Tuapse#Background"},{"link_name":"Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Praca-4"},{"link_name":"Prezydent Gottwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Tanker_Tuapse#Background"},{"link_name":"23°45′00″N 128°35′00″E / 23.75000°N 128.58333°E / 23.75000; 128.58333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Bostwick&params=23_45_00_N_128_35_00_E_type:event"},{"link_name":"Batanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanes"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Island"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy"},{"link_name":"captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch_4-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Republic of China Navy (1948–1973)","text":"She was sold to nationalist China on 14 December 1948 and renamed Taicang (太倉) (DE-25).[1][2] Her name was struck from the US Navy list on 10 February 1949. When China was taken over by the Communists at the end of the Chinese Civil War, she escaped to Taiwan with Nationalist forces in 1949. On 13 February 1951, she led the task force under the direct order of ROC President Chiang Kai-shek to capture the Norwegian civilian freighter Hoi Houw at 24°13'N 123°18'E within the Japanese territory of Yaeyama Islands in the West Pacific Ocean.[3] On 4 October 1953, she joined the task force executing the blockade policy to capture the Polish civilian oil tanker Praca at 21°06'N 122°48'E in the Philippine Sea.[4] On 12 May 1954, she joined the fleet to bombard and capture another Polish civilian freighter Prezydent Gottwald with general cargo at 23°45′00″N 128°35′00″E / 23.75000°N 128.58333°E / 23.75000; 128.58333, east of Batanes Islands and south of Okinawa Island. All ships were confiscated into the Republic of China Navy list, and the crews were either released, executed or detained for various time frames up to 35 years in captivity till 1988.[3][5] She was scrapped in 1973.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Bostwick earned two battle stars for her World War II service, and the following awards:","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Janes_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Janes_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miramar_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miramar_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Bostwick (6114818)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/6114818"},{"link_name":"Miramar Ship Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ch_4_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ch_4_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter 4，1953-1960\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/49868/7/15300107.pdf"},{"link_name":"Guanbi policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanbi_policy"},{"link_name":"National Chengchi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chengchi_University"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Praca_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Praca\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//taiwantrc.org/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%99%E8%99%9F/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"\"Tuapse\" Oil Tanker Episode in the History of Taiwan-Russia Relations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//taiwanfellowship.ncl.edu.tw/files/scholar_publish/1794-aihhlpmnhgxpzbc.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Central Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_Library"}],"text":"^ a b Blackman, Raymond V. B., ed. Jane's Fighting Ships 1972–1973. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973. p. 311.\n\n^ a b \"Bostwick (6114818)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 4 November 2009.\n\n^ a b Lin Hong-yi (2009). \"Chapter 4，1953-1960\" (PDF). Blockade on Chinese mainland coast - ROC's Guanbi policy, 1949-1960 (M.D. thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Chengchi University.\n\n^ Li Zhen-hsiang (8 January 2009). \"Praca\" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan News Weekly, ver. 376, Taiwan Association for Truth and Reconciliation.\n\n^ Prof. Sergey Vradiy (20 February 2020). \"\"Tuapse\" Oil Tanker Episode in the History of Taiwan-Russia Relations\" (PDF). Taiwan Fellowship, Center for Chinese Studies, National Central Library.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bostwick (6114818)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 4 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/6114818","url_text":"\"Bostwick (6114818)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"Lin Hong-yi (2009). \"Chapter 4，1953-1960\" (PDF). Blockade on Chinese mainland coast - ROC's Guanbi policy, 1949-1960 (M.D. thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Chengchi University.","urls":[{"url":"http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/49868/7/15300107.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 4，1953-1960\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanbi_policy","url_text":"Guanbi policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chengchi_University","url_text":"National Chengchi University"}]},{"reference":"Li Zhen-hsiang (8 January 2009). \"Praca\" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan News Weekly, ver. 376, Taiwan Association for Truth and Reconciliation.","urls":[{"url":"https://taiwantrc.org/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%99%E8%99%9F/","url_text":"\"Praca\""}]},{"reference":"Prof. Sergey Vradiy (20 February 2020). \"\"Tuapse\" Oil Tanker Episode in the History of Taiwan-Russia Relations\" (PDF). Taiwan Fellowship, Center for Chinese Studies, National Central Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://taiwanfellowship.ncl.edu.tw/files/scholar_publish/1794-aihhlpmnhgxpzbc.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Tuapse\" Oil Tanker Episode in the History of Taiwan-Russia Relations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_Library","url_text":"National Central Library"}]},{"reference":"John W. Garver (30 April 1997). The Sino-American Alliance, Nationalist China and American Cold war Strategy in Asia. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. ISBN 9780765600530.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-American-Alliance-Nationalist-China-and-American-Cold-War-Strategy/Garver/p/book/9780765600530","url_text":"The Sino-American Alliance, Nationalist China and American Cold war Strategy in Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765600530","url_text":"9780765600530"}]},{"reference":"Robert Accinelli (23 January 1996). Crisis and Commitment: United States Policy toward Taiwan, 1950-1955. The Journal of American History. ISBN 0807822590.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/83/3/1087/705486?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"Crisis and Commitment: United States Policy toward Taiwan, 1950-1955"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History","url_text":"The Journal of American History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807822590","url_text":"0807822590"}]},{"reference":"\"U-879\". Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/boats/u879.htm","url_text":"\"U-879\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Bostwick&params=23_45_00_N_128_35_00_E_type:event","external_links_name":"23°45′00″N 128°35′00″E / 23.75000°N 128.58333°E / 23.75000; 128.58333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Bostwick&params=23_45_00_N_128_35_00_E_type:event","external_links_name":"23°45′00″N 128°35′00″E / 23.75000°N 128.58333°E / 23.75000; 128.58333"},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/6114818","external_links_name":"\"Bostwick (6114818)\""},{"Link":"http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/49868/7/15300107.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 4，1953-1960\""},{"Link":"https://taiwantrc.org/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%99%E8%99%9F/","external_links_name":"\"Praca\""},{"Link":"http://taiwanfellowship.ncl.edu.tw/files/scholar_publish/1794-aihhlpmnhgxpzbc.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"Tuapse\" Oil Tanker Episode in the History of Taiwan-Russia Relations\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bostwick-i.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-American-Alliance-Nationalist-China-and-American-Cold-War-Strategy/Garver/p/book/9780765600530","external_links_name":"The Sino-American Alliance, Nationalist China and American Cold war Strategy in Asia"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/83/3/1087/705486?redirectedFrom=fulltext","external_links_name":"Crisis and Commitment: United States Policy toward Taiwan, 1950-1955"},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/boats/u879.htm","external_links_name":"\"U-879\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/06/103.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online: Destroyer Escort Photo Archive - USS Bostwick - DE-103"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_(novel_series)	Need (novel series)	["1 Overview","2 Background","2.1 Story development","2.2 Character creations","3 Book releases","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References"]	NeedCover of Need, the first novel in the seriesNeedCaptivateEnticeEndureAuthorCarrie JonesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreFantasy novelsPublisherBloomsbury USAPublishedDecember 23, 2008 Need is a series of young adult urban fantasy novels by American author Carrie Jones, beginning with the inaugural entry of the same name. The focus of the story is a teenage girl named Zara, who joins a struggle against a society of malicious pixies. As the books progress, Zara encounters a series of personal challenges, and bonds with new friends and romantic interests. Overview The series follows Zara White, a strong-willed girl who is prone to helping others. Following the death of her stepfather, she is sent to live with her step-grandmother in Maine as part of her recovery. Zara discovers that her new town is home to a slew of vicious pixies, headed by a king, and becomes a prominent figure in the opposition. Amidst the conflict, she meets several new friends and allies, including a paranormal romantic interest named Nick. Background Story development Author Carrie Jones has claimed that she was inspired to write the story upon seeing a peculiarly dressed person at a fair, after which she began to envision certain images and scenarios within the tale. The author was particularly interested in writing about pixies, believing them to be a largely unexplored subject in folklore. An audio book for the first novel began production in 2009, with actress Julia Whelan providing the voice of Zara. In a 2010 interview with The Hiding Spot, Jones stated that the series would likely run for at least four books, and that she had researched Norse mythology and pixie mythology while developing the second novel, Captivate. Character creations During a 2009 interview, Jones discussed her motivations in creating and developing the character of Zara. A lot of contemporary fantasy novels for adults have incredibly confident, butt-kicking heroines but that dominance hasn't completely taken over the young adult genre. There are still a lot of damsels in distress, which is okay, but I wanted some variety, some female leads who become tough and still are girls, who have bravery and empathy. Zara's development is like those adult protagonists for a reason. Girls deserve stories where the butt-kicking and the saving isn't ALWAYS done by the guys. They deserve stories where the female isn't always the damsel in distress. She can be in distress sometimes, but not all the time. According to the author, many of the male characters were inspired by actual people in her life, which facilitated her efforts to make them three-dimensional. Zara Zara is a strong-willed girl with a tendency to help others. She and often takes note of various phobias which she discovers around her. At the beginning of the story, she moves to Maine to live with her grandmother while recovering from the loss of her stepfather. She states that before coming to Maine, she wouldn't really have cared if she had died. Soon afterward, she meets several new friends, and learns of a struggle against violent pixies within her town. Zara is most notable for her various quirks, such as being half pixie , wearing vintage band concert t-shirt the vast majority of the time and jeans with holes and peace signs, her short stature and running ability, and even her unusual name, which means 'princess'. Nick A boy who Zara meets upon moving, Nick is a werewolf who becomes deeply engaged in the struggle against the pixies. He is something of a loner, but shares a romantic relationship and a close bond with Zara amidst the conflict. Despite his slight loner nature, he protects others, but to a different degree than Zara. He is described as tall and attractive. His father is a shifter but it is later revealed in "Captivate" that Nick's parents are dead. He has a major temper and an even more major tendency to do reckless things in order to save others. Grandma Betty Betty is the family member who Zara lives with upon her arrival in Maine. She possesses an unusual array of talents for her age, and supports those who oppose the pixies. She is also a "were" who can turn into a tiger. She is the town paramedic, so is constantly being called away in a medical state of emergency. She is a terrible cook. She usually wears plaid flanell shirts, despite being a grandmother. Despite these various quirks, she is also a strong grandmother to Zara. Isabelle A friend of Zara's, Issie is a pleasant and cheerful presence within the story. She is known at school as the "hyper girl", and Zara thinks she's very childishly cute. She has wild brownish hair, and a bright style. She has a love of bunny rabbits. She also has a romantic interest in her friend Devyn. While being a human without any notable abilities, she provides aid to all of her friends in the fight against the pixies. Devyn A brainy boy who researches the pixies, Devyn provides the group with intellectual assistance. Devyn, also like Nick, is part were, and is capable of transforming into an eagle. He was paralyzed from the waist down when an arrow lodged into his spine. But because of a were's healing abilities, he recovers rather quickly from the injury. He and Issie are suggested to have romantic feelings for each other. Astley Astley is a pixie king, and romantic interest of Zara's, with ambiguous intentions. It is eventually revealed that he wishes to make Zara his queen. He is Zara's lover and best friend. Cassidy Introduced in the second book, Cassidy is an elf/human hybrid who possesses an ability to see the future. Her bond with Devyn eventually makes Issie jealous. However, she gradually becomes a close friend of Issie's, and bonds with the others as well. Ian Ian is the once innocent friend of Zara. Ian is killed by Betty for attempting to turn Zara to his side, the pixie side. Book releases Book # Title US release 1 Need December 23, 2008 Need introduces a teenager named Zara White, who moves to Maine and discovers that a group of violent pixies populate her town. Amidst the ensuing conflict, Zara makes several new friends, including a romantic interest named Nick. 2 Captivate January 5, 2010 Captivate focuses on the aftermath of the battle in Need. The story finds a slew of new pixies arriving in Maine, including a new king named Astley, who becomes an ally of Zara's. 3 Entice December 14, 2010 Entice focuses on Zara becoming Astley's Pixie Queen, and the gang's efforts to bring Nick back from Valhalla. 4 Endure May 8, 2012 In the finale, Zara and the others reunite with Nick and prepare for the imminent battle between Bedford and an army of pixies. Amidst this conflict, Zara questions her loyalty to both sides. Reception The Compulsive Reader called Need an "imaginative and smart paranormal read," labeling Zara "a clever and likable character with backbone." The article went on to praise the supporting cast, as well as Jones' style, claiming that the author "writes with wonderful clarity, making for some super-creepy scenes." Manga Maniac Cafe, which also interviewed Jones, stated that Need "has a little bit of everything, and it manages to blend all of these wonderful elements together in a reading experience that makes you remember why you starting reading in the first place." The review also called the book's narrative "firm and steady and unyielding, driving events from one crescendo of excitement to the next." In a review for teenreads.com, author Chris Stanley-Dillman applauded the novel for its "nail-biting action and heart-pounding romance," and lauded Jones for having "cleverly planned a prolific plot, building suspense and conflict, and revealing many hidden surprises and twists at just the right moment." Need was listed as one of VOYA's best speculative fiction books of 2008. In 2009, the novel was nominated for the Young Adult Library Services Association's "Best Books" listing. Captivate debuted at #7 on the New York Times Best Seller list. Manga Maniac Cafe gave the novel a positive review, but claimed that the ending, which was altered in production to accommodate the series, felt unsatisfying. The article gave particular attention to Zara's inner conflict as the series progressed, stating that "part of what makes her such an interesting character is that she has to deal with her guilt and her self-recrimination when she is forced to do things that go against her belief system." The Compulsive Reader labeled Captivate "witty, suspenseful, and absorbing," also applauding its love triangle for a tendency to provide "plenty of tension that propels Captivate’s plot." The article declared the novel a less-complete story than Need, but remarked that the "surprising turn of events and the cliffhanger ending will have everyone eager for a sequel." While discussing Zara, the review stated that she remained "a strong, admirable heroine," citing her desire to help others. By contrast, The Hiding Spot criticized the character's headstrong nature, expressing a desire for Zara to "think her actions through a bit more." The review praised Jones' dialogue and humor, stating that, "There is something so real and comforting about the characters' interaction, whether they are concerned about another or joking around." Children's author Kelly Fineman proclaimed, "Each character shines (and a few leave behind shiny things) in Captivate," commending Jones' use of Norse mythology as well. See also Portals: Speculative fiction Children's literature References ^ "Need by Carrie Jones". needpixies.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ Julie (January 7, 2010). "Interview: Carrie Jones – Author of Need and Captivate". mangamaniccafe.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ "Need by Carrie Jones". booksonboard.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ Sara (January 8, 2010). "Interview: Carrie Jones (Author of Need and Captivate!)". thehidingspot.blogspot.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ a b Fineman, Kelly (May 18, 2009). "Interview with Carrie Jones". kellyrfineman.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2010. ^ a b c d e "Need by Carrie Jones". needpixies.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ a b c "Captivate by Carrie Jones". thecompulsivereader.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ a b Stanley-Dillman, Chris. "Need by Carrie Jones Novel Review". teenreads.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ "Carrie Jones profile". goodreads.com. Retrieved June 1, 2010. ^ "'Endure' ('Need', #4)". goodreads.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012. ^ "Supernatural July: Need by Carrie Jones". thecompulsivereader.com. July 24, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ Julie (December 20, 2009). "Need by Carrie Jones Novel Review". mangamaniaccafe.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ "Best Science Fiction, Fantasy, Horror—2008" (PDF). voya.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010. ^ "Best Books for Young Adults Nominations". ala.org. November 9, 2009. Archived from the original on June 4, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010. ^ Julie (January 2, 2010). "Captivate by Carrie Jones YA Novel Review". mangamaniaccafe.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ Sara (January 8, 2010). "Review: Captivate by Carrie Jones". thehidingspot.blogspot.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010. ^ Fineman, Kelly (January 4, 2010). "Review of CAPTIVATE". kellyrfineman.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2010.	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As the books progress, Zara encounters a series of personal challenges, and bonds with new friends and romantic interests.","title":"Need (novel series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The series follows Zara White, a strong-willed girl who is prone to helping others. Following the death of her stepfather, she is sent to live with her step-grandmother in Maine as part of her recovery. Zara discovers that her new town is home to a slew of vicious pixies, headed by a king, and becomes a prominent figure in the opposition. Amidst the conflict, she meets several new friends and allies, including a paranormal romantic interest named Nick.[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Julia Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Whelan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Story development","text":"Author Carrie Jones has claimed that she was inspired to write the story upon seeing a peculiarly dressed person at a fair, after which she began to envision certain images and scenarios within the tale. The author was particularly interested in writing about pixies, believing them to be a largely unexplored subject in folklore.[2]An audio book for the first novel began production in 2009, with actress Julia Whelan providing the voice of Zara.[3] In a 2010 interview with The Hiding Spot, Jones stated that the series would likely run for at least four books, and that she had researched Norse mythology and pixie mythology while developing the second novel, Captivate.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interviewone-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interviewone-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characters-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characters-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characters-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characters-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characters-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creader-7"}],"sub_title":"Character creations","text":"During a 2009 interview, Jones discussed her motivations in creating and developing the character of Zara.A lot of contemporary fantasy novels for adults have incredibly confident, butt-kicking heroines but that dominance hasn't completely taken over the young adult genre. There are still a lot of damsels in distress, which is okay, but I wanted some variety, some female leads who become tough and still are girls, who have bravery and empathy. Zara's development is like those adult protagonists for a reason. Girls deserve stories where the butt-kicking and the saving isn't ALWAYS done by the guys. They deserve stories where the female isn't always the damsel in distress. She can be in distress sometimes, but not all the time.[5]According to the author, many of the male characters were inspired by actual people in her life, which facilitated her efforts to make them three-dimensional.[5]ZaraZara is a strong-willed girl with a tendency to help others. She and often takes note of various phobias which she discovers around her. At the beginning of the story, she moves to Maine to live with her grandmother while recovering from the loss of her stepfather. She states that before coming to Maine, she wouldn't really have cared if she had died. Soon afterward, she meets several new friends, and learns of a struggle against violent pixies within her town. Zara is most notable for her various quirks, such as being half pixie [later full pixie after Astley pixie-kissed her] , wearing vintage band concert t-shirt the vast majority of the time and jeans with holes and peace signs, her short stature and running ability, and even her unusual name, which means 'princess'.[6]NickA boy who Zara meets upon moving, Nick is a werewolf who becomes deeply engaged in the struggle against the pixies. He is something of a loner, but shares a romantic relationship and a close bond with Zara amidst the conflict. Despite his slight loner nature, he protects others, but to a different degree than Zara. He is described as tall and attractive. His father is a shifter but it is later revealed in \"Captivate\" that Nick's parents are dead. He has a major temper and an even more major tendency to do reckless things in order to save others.[6]Grandma BettyBetty is the family member who Zara lives with upon her arrival in Maine. She possesses an unusual array of talents for her age, and supports those who oppose the pixies. She is also a \"were\" who can turn into a tiger. She is the town paramedic, so is constantly being called away in a medical state of emergency. She is a terrible cook. She usually wears plaid flanell shirts, despite being a grandmother. Despite these various quirks, she is also a strong grandmother to Zara.[6]IsabelleA friend of Zara's, Issie is a pleasant and cheerful presence within the story. She is known at school as the \"hyper girl\", and Zara thinks she's very childishly cute. She has wild brownish hair, and a bright style. She has a love of bunny rabbits. She also has a romantic interest in her friend Devyn. While being a human without any notable abilities, she provides aid to all of her friends in the fight against the pixies.[6]DevynA brainy boy who researches the pixies, Devyn provides the group with intellectual assistance. Devyn, also like Nick, is part were, and is capable of transforming into an eagle. He was paralyzed from the waist down when an arrow lodged into his spine. But because of a were's healing abilities, he recovers rather quickly from the injury. He and Issie are suggested to have romantic feelings for each other.[6]AstleyAstley is a pixie king, and romantic interest of Zara's, with ambiguous intentions. It is eventually revealed that he wishes to make Zara his queen. He is Zara's lover and best friend.[7]CassidyIntroduced in the second book, Cassidy is an elf/human hybrid who possesses an ability to see the future. Her bond with Devyn eventually makes Issie jealous. However, she gradually becomes a close friend of Issie's, and bonds with the others as well.IanIan is the once innocent friend of Zara. Ian is killed by Betty for attempting to turn Zara to his side, the pixie side.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Book releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nreviewone-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treads-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Young Adult Library Services Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Adult_Library_Services_Association"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"New York Times Best Seller list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creader-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creviewthree-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Compulsive Reader called Need an \"imaginative and smart paranormal read,\" labeling Zara \"a clever and likable character with backbone.\" The article went on to praise the supporting cast, as well as Jones' style, claiming that the author \"writes with wonderful clarity, making for some super-creepy scenes.\"[11] Manga Maniac Cafe, which also interviewed Jones, stated that Need \"has a little bit of everything, and it manages to blend all of these wonderful elements together in a reading experience that makes you remember why you starting reading in the first place.\" The review also called the book's narrative \"firm and steady and unyielding, driving events from one crescendo of excitement to the next.\"[12] In a review for teenreads.com, author Chris Stanley-Dillman applauded the novel for its \"nail-biting action and heart-pounding romance,\" and lauded Jones for having \"cleverly planned a prolific plot, building suspense and conflict, and revealing many hidden surprises and twists at just the right moment.\"[8]Need was listed as one of VOYA's best speculative fiction books of 2008.[13] In 2009, the novel was nominated for the Young Adult Library Services Association's \"Best Books\" listing.[14]Captivate debuted at #7 on the New York Times Best Seller list.[15] Manga Maniac Cafe gave the novel a positive review, but claimed that the ending, which was altered in production to accommodate the series, felt unsatisfying. The article gave particular attention to Zara's inner conflict as the series progressed, stating that \"part of what makes her such an interesting character is that she has to deal with her guilt and her self-recrimination when she is forced to do things that go against her belief system.\"[16] The Compulsive Reader labeled Captivate \"witty, suspenseful, and absorbing,\" also applauding its love triangle for a tendency to provide \"plenty of tension that propels Captivate’s plot.\" The article declared the novel a less-complete story than Need, but remarked that the \"surprising turn of events and the cliffhanger ending will have everyone eager for a sequel.\" While discussing Zara, the review stated that she remained \"a strong, admirable heroine,\" citing her desire to help others.[7] By contrast, The Hiding Spot criticized the character's headstrong nature, expressing a desire for Zara to \"think her actions through a bit more.\" The review praised Jones' dialogue and humor, stating that, \"There is something so real and comforting about the characters' interaction, whether they are concerned about another or joking around.\"[17] Children's author Kelly Fineman proclaimed, \"Each character shines (and a few leave behind shiny things) in Captivate,\" commending Jones' use of Norse mythology as well.[18]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	[{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg"},{"title":"Speculative fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction"},{"title":"Children's literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature"}]	[{"reference":"\"Need by Carrie Jones\". needpixies.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211013920/http://www.needpixies.com/index.html","url_text":"\"Need by Carrie Jones\""},{"url":"http://www.needpixies.com/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Julie (January 7, 2010). \"Interview: Carrie Jones – Author of Need and Captivate\". mangamaniccafe.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mangamaniaccafe.com/?p=3674","url_text":"\"Interview: Carrie Jones – Author of Need and Captivate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Need by Carrie Jones\". booksonboard.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708085037/http://www.booksonboard.com/index.php?BODY=viewbook&BOOK=464386","url_text":"\"Need by Carrie Jones\""},{"url":"http://www.booksonboard.com/index.php?BODY=viewbook&BOOK=464386","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sara (January 8, 2010). \"Interview: Carrie Jones (Author of Need and Captivate!)\". thehidingspot.blogspot.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://thehidingspot.blogspot.com/2010/01/interview-carrie-jones-author-of-need.html","url_text":"\"Interview: Carrie Jones (Author of Need and Captivate!)\""}]},{"reference":"Fineman, Kelly (May 18, 2009). \"Interview with Carrie Jones\". kellyrfineman.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100501011218/http://kellyrfineman.blogspot.com/2009/05/interview-with-carrie-jones.html","url_text":"\"Interview with Carrie Jones\""},{"url":"http://kellyrfineman.blogspot.com/2009/05/interview-with-carrie-jones.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Need by Carrie Jones\". needpixies.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091219051936/http://www.needpixies.com/characters.html","url_text":"\"Need by Carrie Jones\""},{"url":"http://www.needpixies.com/characters.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Captivate by Carrie Jones\". thecompulsivereader.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecompulsivereader.com/2010/01/captivate-by-carrie-jones.html","url_text":"\"Captivate by Carrie Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Stanley-Dillman, Chris. \"Need by Carrie Jones Novel Review\". teenreads.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teenreads.com/reviews/9781599903385.asp","url_text":"\"Need by Carrie Jones Novel Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carrie Jones profile\". goodreads.com. Retrieved June 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/345630.Carrie_Jones","url_text":"\"Carrie Jones profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Endure' ('Need', #4)\". goodreads.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9915707-endure","url_text":"\"'Endure' ('Need', #4)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supernatural July: Need by Carrie Jones\". thecompulsivereader.com. July 24, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecompulsivereader.com/2009/07/supernatural-july-need-by-carrie-jones.html","url_text":"\"Supernatural July: Need by Carrie Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Julie (December 20, 2009). \"Need by Carrie Jones Novel Review\". mangamaniaccafe.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mangamaniaccafe.com/?p=3646","url_text":"\"Need by Carrie Jones Novel Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Science Fiction, Fantasy, Horror—2008\" (PDF). voya.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100216075725/http://pdfs.voya.com/VO/YA2/VOYA200904BestSF2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Best Science Fiction, Fantasy, Horror—2008\""},{"url":"http://pdfs.voya.com/VO/YA2/VOYA200904BestSF2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Books for Young Adults Nominations\". ala.org. November 9, 2009. Archived from the original on June 4, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090604160028/http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/yalsa/booklistsawards/bestbooksya/titlesnominated.cfm","url_text":"\"Best Books for Young Adults Nominations\""},{"url":"http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/yalsa/booklistsawards/bestbooksya/titlesnominated.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Sellers\". The New York Times. January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/24/books/bestseller/bestchildren.html?ref=bestseller","url_text":"\"Best Sellers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Julie (January 2, 2010). \"Captivate by Carrie Jones YA Novel Review\". mangamaniaccafe.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mangamaniaccafe.com/?p=3664","url_text":"\"Captivate by Carrie Jones YA Novel Review\""}]},{"reference":"Sara (January 8, 2010). \"Review: Captivate by Carrie Jones\". thehidingspot.blogspot.com. Retrieved January 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://thehidingspot.blogspot.com/2010/01/review-captivate-by-carrie-jones.html","url_text":"\"Review: Captivate by Carrie Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Fineman, Kelly (January 4, 2010). \"Review of CAPTIVATE\". kellyrfineman.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090636/http://kellyrfineman.livejournal.com/513715.html","url_text":"\"Review of CAPTIVATE\""},{"url":"http://kellyrfineman.livejournal.com/513715.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211013920/http://www.needpixies.com/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Need by Carrie Jones\""},{"Link":"http://www.needpixies.com/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mangamaniaccafe.com/?p=3674","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Carrie Jones – Author of Need and Captivate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708085037/http://www.booksonboard.com/index.php?BODY=viewbook&BOOK=464386","external_links_name":"\"Need by Carrie Jones\""},{"Link":"http://www.booksonboard.com/index.php?BODY=viewbook&BOOK=464386","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://thehidingspot.blogspot.com/2010/01/interview-carrie-jones-author-of-need.html","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Carrie Jones (Author of Need and Captivate!)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100501011218/http://kellyrfineman.blogspot.com/2009/05/interview-with-carrie-jones.html","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Carrie Jones\""},{"Link":"http://kellyrfineman.blogspot.com/2009/05/interview-with-carrie-jones.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091219051936/http://www.needpixies.com/characters.html","external_links_name":"\"Need by Carrie Jones\""},{"Link":"http://www.needpixies.com/characters.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thecompulsivereader.com/2010/01/captivate-by-carrie-jones.html","external_links_name":"\"Captivate by Carrie Jones\""},{"Link":"http://www.teenreads.com/reviews/9781599903385.asp","external_links_name":"\"Need by Carrie Jones Novel Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/345630.Carrie_Jones","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Jones profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9915707-endure","external_links_name":"\"'Endure' ('Need', #4)\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecompulsivereader.com/2009/07/supernatural-july-need-by-carrie-jones.html","external_links_name":"\"Supernatural July: Need by Carrie Jones\""},{"Link":"http://www.mangamaniaccafe.com/?p=3646","external_links_name":"\"Need by Carrie Jones Novel Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100216075725/http://pdfs.voya.com/VO/YA2/VOYA200904BestSF2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Best Science Fiction, Fantasy, Horror—2008\""},{"Link":"http://pdfs.voya.com/VO/YA2/VOYA200904BestSF2008.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090604160028/http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/yalsa/booklistsawards/bestbooksya/titlesnominated.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Best Books for Young Adults Nominations\""},{"Link":"http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/yalsa/booklistsawards/bestbooksya/titlesnominated.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/24/books/bestseller/bestchildren.html?ref=bestseller","external_links_name":"\"Best Sellers\""},{"Link":"http://www.mangamaniaccafe.com/?p=3664","external_links_name":"\"Captivate by Carrie Jones YA Novel Review\""},{"Link":"http://thehidingspot.blogspot.com/2010/01/review-captivate-by-carrie-jones.html","external_links_name":"\"Review: Captivate by Carrie Jones\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090636/http://kellyrfineman.livejournal.com/513715.html","external_links_name":"\"Review of CAPTIVATE\""},{"Link":"http://kellyrfineman.livejournal.com/513715.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradeep_Uppoor	Pradeep Uppoor	["1 References","2 External links"]	Indian film producer (died 2023) Pradeep Uppoor (Hindi: प्रदीप उपूर; 18 July 1958 – 13 March 2023) was an Indian film producer. He produced Ardh Satya, Hip Hip Hurray, Aghaat (1985), Holi, Chakra (1981), and Purush. Uppoor also produced a number of commercials, television serials, documentaries, and audio-visuals under the banner of Neo Films. In 1994 he co-launched "Fireworks Production", a television production company, which made C.I.D. a successful police detective series. In 2021, he was the producer of the Nail Polish which is a ZEE5 originals film. References ^ दुखद: आमिर को बड़े परदे पर पहला ब्रेक देने वाले निर्माता प्रदीप उप्पूर का निधन, सिंगापुर से आई दुखद खबर (in Hindi) ^ a b "Pradeep Uppoor \| BFI". bfi.org.uk. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2020. ^ ""Soaps are not my domain and I don't think I will be able to direct them well" B P Singh - Fireworks Productions". Indian Television Dot Com. 9 January 2004. ^ Parasuraman, Prathyush (4 January 2021). "Nail Polish On Zee5 Review: A Fascinating Mishmash Of Courtroom Drama And Psychological Trauma Starring Arjun Rampal And Manav Kaul". Film Companion. Retrieved 20 May 2021. External links Pradeep Uppoor at IMDb This article about an Indian film producer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ardh Satya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardh_Satya"},{"link_name":"Hip Hip Hurray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hip_Hurray_(film)"},{"link_name":"Aghaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFI-2"},{"link_name":"Holi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Chakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakra_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFI-2"},{"link_name":"Purush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purush"},{"link_name":"Fireworks Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fireworks_Production&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C.I.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.I.D._(India_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nail Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_Polish_(film)"},{"link_name":"ZEE5 originals film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ZEE5_original_films"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Pradeep Uppoor (Hindi: प्रदीप उपूर; 18 July 1958 – 13 March 2023)[1] was an Indian film producer. He produced Ardh Satya, Hip Hip Hurray, Aghaat (1985),[2] Holi, Chakra (1981),[2] and Purush. Uppoor also produced a number of commercials, television serials, documentaries, and audio-visuals under the banner of Neo Films.In 1994 he co-launched \"Fireworks Production\", a television production company, which made C.I.D. a successful police detective series.[3]In 2021, he was the producer of the Nail Polish which is a ZEE5 originals film.[4]","title":"Pradeep Uppoor"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pradeep Uppoor \| BFI\". bfi.org.uk. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309121846/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc9055145","url_text":"\"Pradeep Uppoor \| BFI\""},{"url":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc9055145","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Soaps are not my domain and I don't think I will be able to direct them well\" B P Singh - Fireworks Productions\". 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Retrieved 20 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/nail-polish-zee5-review-a-fascinating-mishmash-of-courtroom-drama-and-psychological-trauma-starring-arjun-rampal-manav-kaul/","url_text":"\"Nail Polish On Zee5 Review: A Fascinating Mishmash Of Courtroom Drama And Psychological Trauma Starring Arjun Rampal And Manav Kaul\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/produer-pradeep-uppoor-passed-away-in-singapore-news-in-hindi-2023-03-13","external_links_name":"दुखद: आमिर को बड़े परदे पर पहला ब्रेक देने वाले निर्माता प्रदीप उप्पूर का निधन, सिंगापुर से आई दुखद खबर"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309121846/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc9055145","external_links_name":"\"Pradeep Uppoor \| BFI\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc9055145","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k4/producer/bpsingh.htm","external_links_name":"\"\"Soaps are not my domain and I don't think I will be able to direct them well\" B P Singh - Fireworks Productions\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/nail-polish-zee5-review-a-fascinating-mishmash-of-courtroom-drama-and-psychological-trauma-starring-arjun-rampal-manav-kaul/","external_links_name":"\"Nail Polish On Zee5 Review: A Fascinating Mishmash Of Courtroom Drama And Psychological Trauma Starring Arjun Rampal And Manav Kaul\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1247173/","external_links_name":"Pradeep Uppoor"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pradeep_Uppoor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaz_%E2%80%93_Don%27t_Clean_Up_This_Blood	Diaz – Don't Clean Up This Blood	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","3.1 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"]	2012 Italian-French-Romanian drama film Diaz - Don't Clean Up This BloodDirected byDaniele VicariScreenplay by Daniele Vicari Laura Paolucci Produced byDomenico ProcacciStarring Claudio Santamaria Jennifer Ulrich Elio Germano Davide Iacopini Ralph Amoussou Emilie De Preissac Fabrizio Rongione Renato Scarpa Mattia Sbragia Paolo Calabresi Alessandro Roja Rolando Ravello Monica Bîrlădeanu Aylin Prandi CinematographyGherardo GossiEdited byBenni AtriaMusic byTeho TeardoProductioncompaniesFandangoLe PacteMandragora Movie.Distributed byFandangoRelease dates 12 February 2012 (2012-02-12) (Berlin) 13 April 2012 (2012-04-13) (Italy) Running time127 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian Diaz – Don't Clean Up This Blood, or only Diaz, is a 2012 Italian-French-Romanian drama film directed by Daniele Vicari, focusing on the final days of the 2001 G8 summit in Genoa, Italy, when police stormed Armando Diaz, a school in Genoa. In the nighttime raid, over 300 police officers attacked activists and journalists, seriously injuring 61 and putting one in a coma. Plot The film focuses on the storming of the Diaz school in Genoa by the police after the 2001 G8 summit. In that building were protesters against the international summit on the night between 21 and 22 July 2001. It is based on the testimonies and reports from judicial processes. The film develops through the intertwining stories of some of the protagonists. Luca is a reporter for the Journal of Bologna. He decides to go and verify what's happening in Genoa, after the death of Carlo Giuliani. Alma is a German anarchist who participated in the fighting. Alma, Marco (a member of the Social Forum) and Franci (a lawyer for the Genoa Legal Forum) provide for the search for the missing. Anselmo is a senior activist in the Pensioners' Union. He participated in a peaceful march against the G8. Etienne and Cecile are two French anarchists: they have been directly involved in the clashes of those days. Finally Max, first assistant chief of police mobile squad of Rome: in the morning on 21 July 2001, he decided not to order a charge against the Black Block, to avoid the involvement of so many peaceful demonstrators. The destinies of all of them and hundreds of other protesters crossed the night of July 21, 2001, in the Diaz school. Cast Many of the characters are based (in some cases maintaining the initials) to people actually inside of Diaz on the day of the blitz: the cop played by Claudio Santamaria (Max Flamini) is Michelangelo Fournier, head of the VII nucleus of the experimental mobile squad of Rome. The journalist played by Elio Germano (Luke Gualtieri, the fictional Journal of Bologna) is Lorenzo Guadagnucci, journalist of Il Resto del Carlino. UK Indymedia journalist being beaten on the street in front of Diaz is Mark Covell, who had a punctured lung and went into a coma. Elio Germano: Luca Gualtieri, journalist Claudio Santamaria: Max Flamini Jennifer Ulrich: Alma Koch, German anarchist Davide Iacopini: Marco, organizer of Genoa Social Forum Sarah Marecek: Inga Monica Elena Birladeanu: Constantine Giornal Ralph Amoussou: Etienne Pietro Ragusa: Aaron Pippo Delbono: Rolando Ravello: Rodolfo Serpieri Alessandro Roja: Marco Cerone Antonio Gerardi: Achille Faleri Aylin Prandi: Maria Jacopo Maria Bicocchi: Silvio Pieri Mircea Caraman: Vittorio Donati Ioana Picos: Gilda Micaela Bara: Karin James Longshore: Charles Razvan Hincu: Amico John Fabrizio Rongione: Nick Janssen Paolo Calabresi: Francesco Scaron Renato Scarpa: Anselmo Vitali Reception Diaz – Don't Clean Up This Blood has an approval rating of 40% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 5 reviews, and an average rating of 6.2/10. Reviewing the film for Bring The Noise UK, Michael Dodd called it "one of the most compelling and uncompromising films of recent memory". Giving the movie a rare ten out of ten rating, he concluded by stating that "this is a film that simply has to be watched". Awards and nominations The film was presented at the 2012 Berlinale in the section Panorama and received the Panorama second audience award. References ^ Maurizio Porro (April 25, 2012). "Diaz di Daniele Vicari". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 14 July 2012. ^ Diaz. Scheda e trama del film, Comingsoon, ^ G8, a Bucarest il film della Diaz, la Repubblica, ^ La notte di sangue al G8 è diventata un film-shock Archived 2012-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, la Repubblica, ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/diaz ^ "FILM REVIEW: Diaz: Don't Clean up This Blood « Bring the Noise UK". Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2013-06-23. ^ Neil Young (12 Feb 2012). "Diaz - Don't Clean Up This Blood: Berlin Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 14 July 2012. ^ ""Diaz" conquista il Festival di Berlino al film sul G8 il premio del pubblico". La Repubblica. Feb 18, 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012. ^ "Berlin 2012: 'The Parade' Wins Panorama Audience Award". The Hollywood Reporter. Feb 18, 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012. External links Diaz – Don’t Clean Up This Blood at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Daniele Vicari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Vicari"},{"link_name":"2001 G8 summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_G8_summit"},{"link_name":"Genoa, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa,_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Armando Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_raid_on_the_Diaz_school"}],"text":"Diaz – Don't Clean Up This Blood, or only Diaz, is a 2012 Italian-French-Romanian drama film directed by Daniele Vicari, focusing on the final days of the 2001 G8 summit in Genoa, Italy,[1] when police stormed Armando Diaz, a school in Genoa. In the nighttime raid, over 300 police officers attacked activists and journalists, seriously injuring 61 and putting one in a coma.","title":"Diaz – Don't Clean Up This Blood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the storming of the Diaz school in Genoa by the police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_raid_on_the_Diaz_school"},{"link_name":"2001 G8 summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_G8_summit"},{"link_name":"Black Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Block"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comingsoon-2"}],"text":"The film focuses on the storming of the Diaz school in Genoa by the police after the 2001 G8 summit. In that building were protesters against the international summit on the night between 21 and 22 July 2001.\nIt is based on the testimonies and reports from judicial processes.The film develops through the intertwining stories of some of the protagonists. Luca is a reporter for the Journal of Bologna. He decides to go and verify what's happening in Genoa, after the death of Carlo Giuliani. Alma is a German anarchist who participated in the fighting. Alma, Marco (a member of the Social Forum) and Franci (a lawyer for the Genoa Legal Forum) provide for the search for the missing.\nAnselmo is a senior activist in the Pensioners' Union. He participated in a peaceful march against the G8. Etienne and Cecile are two French anarchists: they have been directly involved in the clashes of those days. Finally Max, first assistant chief of police mobile squad of Rome: in the morning on 21 July 2001, he decided not to order a charge against the Black Block, to avoid the involvement of so many peaceful demonstrators. The destinies of all of them and hundreds of other protesters crossed the night of July 21, 2001, in the Diaz school.[2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bucarest-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fusco-4"},{"link_name":"Indymedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indymedia"},{"link_name":"Elio Germano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Germano"},{"link_name":"Claudio Santamaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Santamaria"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Ulrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Ulrich"},{"link_name":"Davide Iacopini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davide_Iacopini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarah Marecek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Marecek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monica Elena Birladeanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_B%C3%AErl%C4%83deanu"},{"link_name":"Ralph Amoussou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Amoussou"},{"link_name":"Pietro Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Ragusa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pippo Delbono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippo_Delbono"},{"link_name":"Rolando Ravello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolando_Ravello"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Roja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Roja"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gerardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gerardi"},{"link_name":"Aylin Prandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aylin_Prandi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Maria Bicocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacopo_Maria_Bicocchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mircea Caraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Caraman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ioana Picos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioana_Picos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Micaela Bara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micaela_Bara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Longshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Longshore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Razvan Hincu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Razvan_Hincu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Rongione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Rongione"},{"link_name":"Paolo Calabresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Calabresi"},{"link_name":"Renato Scarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Scarpa"}],"text":"Many of the characters are based (in some cases maintaining the initials) to people actually inside of Diaz on the day of the blitz: the cop played by Claudio Santamaria (Max Flamini) is Michelangelo Fournier, head of the VII nucleus of the experimental mobile squad of Rome. The journalist played by Elio Germano (Luke Gualtieri, the fictional Journal of Bologna) is Lorenzo Guadagnucci, journalist of Il Resto del Carlino.[3][4] UK Indymedia journalist being beaten on the street in front of Diaz is Mark Covell, who had a punctured lung and went into a coma.Elio Germano: Luca Gualtieri, journalist\nClaudio Santamaria: Max Flamini\nJennifer Ulrich: Alma Koch, German anarchist\nDavide Iacopini: Marco, organizer of Genoa Social Forum\nSarah Marecek: Inga\nMonica Elena Birladeanu: Constantine Giornal\nRalph Amoussou: Etienne\nPietro Ragusa: Aaron\nPippo Delbono:\nRolando Ravello: Rodolfo Serpieri\nAlessandro Roja: Marco Cerone\nAntonio Gerardi: Achille Faleri\nAylin Prandi: Maria\nJacopo Maria Bicocchi: Silvio Pieri\nMircea Caraman: Vittorio Donati\nIoana Picos: Gilda\nMicaela Bara: Karin\nJames Longshore: Charles\nRazvan Hincu: Amico John\nFabrizio Rongione: Nick Janssen\nPaolo Calabresi: Francesco Scaron\nRenato Scarpa: Anselmo Vitali","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Diaz – Don't Clean Up This Blood has an approval rating of 40% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 5 reviews, and an average rating of 6.2/10.[5]Reviewing the film for Bring The Noise UK, Michael Dodd called it \"one of the most compelling and uncompromising films of recent memory\". Giving the movie a rare ten out of ten rating, he concluded by stating that \"this is a film that simply has to be watched\".[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 Berlinale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"The film was presented at the 2012 Berlinale in the section Panorama[7] and received the Panorama second audience award.[8][9]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Maurizio Porro (April 25, 2012). \"Diaz di Daniele Vicari\". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 14 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2012/aprile/25/Diaz_Daniele_Vicari_vm_0_120425057.shtml","url_text":"\"Diaz di Daniele Vicari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera","url_text":"Corriere della Sera"}]},{"reference":"\"FILM REVIEW: Diaz: Don't Clean up This Blood « Bring the Noise UK\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2013-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150419070148/http://www.bringthenoiseuk.com/201306/films/film-review-diaz-dont-clean-up-this-blood","url_text":"\"FILM REVIEW: Diaz: Don't Clean up This Blood « Bring the Noise UK\""},{"url":"http://www.bringthenoiseuk.com/201306/films/film-review-diaz-dont-clean-up-this-blood","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Neil Young (12 Feb 2012). \"Diaz - Don't Clean Up This Blood: Berlin Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 14 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/diaz-dont-clean-up-blood-berlin-review-289768","url_text":"\"Diaz - Don't Clean Up This Blood: Berlin Film Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Diaz\" conquista il Festival di Berlino al film sul G8 il premio del pubblico\". La Repubblica. Feb 18, 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli-e-cultura/2012/02/18/news/festival_di_berlino_a_diaz_di_vicari_secondo_posto_premio_del_pubblico-30112405/","url_text":"\"\"Diaz\" conquista il Festival di Berlino al film sul G8 il premio del pubblico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica","url_text":"La Repubblica"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlin 2012: 'The Parade' Wins Panorama Audience Award\". The Hollywood Reporter. Feb 18, 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/the-parade-berlin-panorama-audience-award-292560","url_text":"\"Berlin 2012: 'The Parade' Wins Panorama Audience Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2012/aprile/25/Diaz_Daniele_Vicari_vm_0_120425057.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Diaz di Daniele Vicari\""},{"Link":"http://www.comingsoon.it/Film/Scheda/Trama/?key=48637&film=Diaz","external_links_name":"Diaz. Scheda e trama del film"},{"Link":"http://trovacinema.repubblica.it/news/dettaglio/g8-a-bucarest-il-film-della-diaz/405530","external_links_name":"G8, a Bucarest il film della Diaz"},{"Link":"http://trovacinema.repubblica.it/news/dettaglio/la-notte-di-sangue-al-g8-e-diventata-un-film-shock/412578","external_links_name":"La notte di sangue al G8 è diventata un film-shock"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120215205916/http://trovacinema.repubblica.it/news/dettaglio/la-notte-di-sangue-al-g8-e-diventata-un-film-shock/412578","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/diaz","external_links_name":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/diaz"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150419070148/http://www.bringthenoiseuk.com/201306/films/film-review-diaz-dont-clean-up-this-blood","external_links_name":"\"FILM REVIEW: Diaz: Don't Clean up This Blood « Bring the Noise UK\""},{"Link":"http://www.bringthenoiseuk.com/201306/films/film-review-diaz-dont-clean-up-this-blood","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/diaz-dont-clean-up-blood-berlin-review-289768","external_links_name":"\"Diaz - Don't Clean Up This Blood: Berlin Film Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli-e-cultura/2012/02/18/news/festival_di_berlino_a_diaz_di_vicari_secondo_posto_premio_del_pubblico-30112405/","external_links_name":"\"\"Diaz\" conquista il Festival di Berlino al film sul G8 il premio del pubblico\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/the-parade-berlin-panorama-audience-award-292560","external_links_name":"\"Berlin 2012: 'The Parade' Wins Panorama Audience Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1934234/","external_links_name":"Diaz – Don’t Clean Up This Blood"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_photographer	Photojournalism	["1 History","1.1 Origins in war photography","1.2 Expansion","1.3 Golden age","1.4 Decline","2 Professional organizations","3 Ethical, legal, and social considerations","3.1 Unethical practices","4 Impact of new technologies","4.1 Phone journalism","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Using images to tell a news story Black-and-white photograph of a National Guardsman looking over the Washington Monument in Washington D.C., on January 21, 2021, the day after the inauguration of Joe Biden as the 46th president of the United States Journalism News Writing style Ethics code of ethics Culture Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Sensationalism Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles Areas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Music Politics Science Sports Technology Traffic War Weather World Genres Adversarial Advocacy Interventionism Analytic Blogging Broadcast Churnalism Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Data Database Digital/Online Explanatory Fact-checking Gonzo Immersion Interpretive Investigative Multimedia Narrative New Journalism Non-profit Opinion Peace Photojournalism Press release Sensor Underground Video Visual Watchdog Social impact Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Pink-slime journalism Public relations Propaganda model Yellow journalism News media Newspapers Newspaper of record Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media Roles Journalists (reporters) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator Journalism portal Category: Journalismvte Photojournalism is journalism that uses images to tell a news story. It usually only refers to still images, but can also refer to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (such as documentary photography, social documentary photography, war photography, street photography and celebrity photography) by having a rigid ethical framework which demands an honest and impartial approach that tells a story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. They must be well-informed and knowledgeable, and are able to deliver news in a creative manner that is both informative and entertaining. Similar to a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter, but they must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, often while exposed to significant obstacles, among them immediate physical danger, bad weather, large crowds, and limited physical access to their subjects. History Origins in war photography Barricades on rue Saint-Maur (1848), the first photo used to illustrate a newspaper story The practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred in the mid 19th century. Although early illustrations had appeared in newspapers, such as an illustration of the funeral of Lord Horatio Nelson in The Times (1806), the first weekly illustrated newspaper was the Illustrated London News, first printed in 1842. The illustrations were printed with the use of engravings. The first photograph to be used in illustration of a newspaper story was a depiction of barricades in Paris during the June Days uprising taken on 25 June 1848; the photo was published as an engraving in L'Illustration of 1–8 July 1848. Versions of Roger Fenton's Valley of the Shadow of Death, with and without cannonballs on the road During the Crimean War, the ILN pioneered the birth of early photojournalism by printing pictures of the war that had been taken by Roger Fenton. Fenton was the first official war photographer and his work included documenting the effects of the war on the troops, panoramas of the landscapes where the battles took place, model representations of the action, and portraits of commanders, which laid the groundwork for modern photojournalism. Other photographers of the war included William Simpson and Carol Szathmari. Similarly, the American Civil War photographs of Mathew Brady were engraved before publication in Harper's Weekly. The technology had not yet developed to the point of being able to print photographs in newspapers, which greatly restricted the audience of Brady's photographs. However, it was still common for photographs to be engraved and subsequently printed in newspapers or periodicals throughout the war. Disaster, including train wrecks and city fires, was also a popular subject for illustrated newspapers in the early days. Expansion The Crawlers, London, 1876–1877, a photograph from John Thomson's Street Life in London photo-documentary The printing of images in newspapers remained an isolated occurrence in this period. Photos were used to enhance the text rather than to act as a medium of information in its own right. This began to change with the work of one of the pioneers of photojournalism, John Thomson, in the late 1870s. In collaboration with the radical journalist Adolphe Smith, he began publishing a monthly magazine, Street Life in London, from 1876 to 1877. The project documented in photographs and text, the lives of the street people of London and established social documentary photography as a form of photojournalism. Instead of the images acting as a supplement to the text, he pioneered the use of printed photographs as the predominant medium for the imparting of information, successfully combining photography with the printed word. On March 4, 1880, The Daily Graphic (New York) published the first halftone (rather than engraved) reproduction of a news photograph. "Geronimo's camp before surrender to General Crook, March 27, 1886: Geronimo and Natches mounted; Geronimo's son (Perico) standing at his side holding baby." By C. S. Fly. In March 1886, when General George Crook received word that the Apache leader Geronimo would negotiate surrender terms, photographer C. S. Fly took his equipment and attached himself to the military column. During the three days of negotiations, Fly took about 15 exposures on 8 by 10 inches (200 by 250 mm) glass negatives. His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26, are the only known photographs taken of American Indians while still at war with the United States. Fly coolly posed his subjects, asking them to move and turn their heads and faces, to improve his composition. The popular publication Harper's Weekly published six of his images in their April 24, 1886 issue. In 1887, flash powder was invented, enabling journalists such as Jacob Riis to photograph informal subjects indoors, which led to the landmark 1890 book How the Other Half Lives. By 1897, it became possible to reproduce halftone photographs on printing presses running at full speed. In France, agencies such as Rol, Branger and Chusseau-Flaviens (ca. 1880–1910) syndicated photographs from around the world to meet the need for timely new illustration. Despite these innovations, limitations remained, and many of the sensational newspaper and magazine stories in the period from 1897 to 1927 were illustrated with engravings. In 1921, the wirephoto made it possible to transmit pictures almost as quickly as news itself could travel. Golden age The "Golden Age of Photojournalism" is often considered to be roughly the 1930s through the 1950s. It was made possible by the development of the compact commercial 35mm Leica camera in 1925, and the first flash bulbs between 1927 and 1930, which allowed the journalist true flexibility in taking pictures. The Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung pioneered modern photojournalism and was widely copied. Pictured, the cover of issue of 26 August 1936: a meeting between Francisco Franco and Emilio Mola. A new style of magazine and newspaper appeared that used photography more than text to tell stories. The Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung was the first to pioneer the format of the illustrated news magazine. Beginning in 1901, it began to print photographs inside the magazine, a revolutionary innovation. In the successive decades, it was developed into the prototype of the modern news magazine. It pioneered the photo-essay, had a specialised staff and production unit for pictures and maintained a photo library. It also introduced the use of candid photographs taken with the new smaller cameras. The magazine sought out reporters who could tell a story using photographs, notably the pioneer sports photographer Martin Munkácsi, the first staff photographer, and Erich Salomon, one of the founders of photojournalism. Other magazines included, Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (Berlin), Vu (France), Life (USA), Look (USA), Picture Post (London)); and newspapers, The Daily Mirror (London) and The New York Daily News. Famous photographers of the era included Robert Capa, Romano Cagnoni, Alfred Eisenstaedt, Margaret Bourke-White and W. Eugene Smith. Henri Cartier-Bresson is held by some to be the father of modern photojournalism, although this appellation has been applied to various other photographers, such as Erich Salomon, whose candid pictures of political figures were novel in the 1930s. The photojournalism of, for example, Agustí Centelles played an important role in the propaganda efforts of the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s. In Migrant Mother (1936) Dorothea Lange produced the seminal image of the Great Depression. The FSA also employed several other photojournalists to document the depression. American journalist Julien Bryan photographed and filmed the beginning of the Second World War being under heavy German bombardment in September 1939 in Poland. He was pioneer worker in color photography, Kodachrome. William Vandivert photographed in color the German bombardment of London called the Blitz in 1940. Soldier Tony Vaccaro is also recognized as one of the pre-eminent photographers of World War II. His images taken with the modest Argus C3 captured horrific moments in war, similar to Capa's Spanish soldier being shot. Capa himself was on Omaha Beach on D-Day and captured pivotal images of the conflict on that occasion. Vaccaro is also known for having developed his own images in soldier's helmets, and using chemicals found in the ruins of a camera store in 1944. Until the 1980s, most large newspapers were printed with turn-of-the-century "letterpress" technology using easily smudged oil-based ink, off-white, low-quality "newsprint" paper, and coarse engraving screens. While letterpresses produced legible text, the photoengraving dots that formed pictures often bled or smeared and became fuzzy and indistinct. In this way, even when newspapers used photographs well — a good crop, a respectable size — murky reproduction often left readers re-reading the caption to see what the photo was all about. The Wall Street Journal adopted stippled hedcuts in 1979 to publish portraits and avoid the limitations of letterpress printing. Not until the 1980s did a majority of newspapers switch to "offset" presses that reproduce photos with fidelity on better, whiter paper. Boy destroying piano at Pant-y-Waen, South Wales, by Philip Jones Griffiths, 1961 By contrast Life, one of America's most popular weekly magazines from 1936 through the early 1970s, was filled with photographs reproduced beautifully on oversize 11×14-inch pages, using fine engraving screens, high-quality inks, and glossy paper. Life often published a United Press International (UPI) or Associated Press (AP) photo that had been first reproduced in newspapers, but the quality magazine version appeared to be a different photo altogether. In large part because their pictures were clear enough to be appreciated, and because their name always appeared with their work, magazine photographers achieved near-celebrity status. Life became a standard by which the public judged photography, and many of today's photo books celebrate "photojournalism" as if it had been the exclusive province of near-celebrity magazine photographers. In 1947, a few famous photographers founded the international photographic cooperative Magnum Photos. In 1989, Corbis Corporation and in 1995 Getty Images were founded. These powerful image libraries sell the rights to photographs and other still images. Decline Sports photojournalists at Indianapolis Motor Speedway The Golden Age of Photojournalism ended in the 1970s when many photo-magazines ceased publication, most prominently, Life, which ended weekly publication in December 1972. They found that they could not compete with other media for advertising revenue to sustain their large circulations and high costs. Still, those magazines taught journalism much about the photographic essay and the power of still images. However, since the late 1970s, photojournalism and documentary photography have increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside fine art photography. Luc Delahaye, Manuel Rivera-Ortiz and the members of VII Photo Agency are among many who regularly exhibit in galleries and museums. Professional organizations The Danish Union of Press Photographers (Pressefotografforbundet) was the first national organization for newspaper photographers in the world. It was founded in 1912 in Copenhagen, Denmark by six press photographers. Today it has over 800 members. The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) was founded in 1946 in the U.S., and has about 10,000 members. Others around the world include the British Press Photographers Association (BPPA) founded in 1984, then relaunched in 2003, and now has around 450 members. Hong Kong Press Photographers Association (1989), Northern Ireland Press Photographers Association (2000), Pressfotografernas Klubb (Sweden, 1930), and PK — Pressefotografenes Klubb (Norway). Magnum Photos was founded in 1947 by Robert Capa, David "Chim" Seymour, Henri Cartier-Bresson, George Rodger, William Vandivert, Rita Vandivert and Maria Eisner, being one of the first photographic cooperatives, owned and administered entirely by its members worldwide. VII Photo Agency was founded in September 2001 and got its name from the original seven founders, Alexandra Boulat, Ron Haviv, Gary Knight, Antonin Kratochvil, Christopher Morris, James Nachtwey and John Stanmeyer. Today it has 30 members, along with a mentor program. News organizations and journalism schools run many different awards for photojournalists. Since 1968, Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded for the following categories of photojournalism: 'Feature Photography', 'Spot News Photography'. Other awards are World Press Photo, Best of Photojournalism, and Pictures of the Year as well as the UK based The Press Photographer's Year. Ethical, legal, and social considerations This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Photojournalists at the 2016 Labour Party Conference in Liverpool Photojournalism works within the same ethical approaches to objectivity that are applied by other journalists. What to photograph, what to include in the frame, how to curate, and how to edit are constant considerations. Photographing news for an assignment or to illustrate a story can present many possible ethical problems. Photojournalists have a moral responsibility to decide what pictures to take, what picture to stage, and what pictures to show the public. For example, photographs of violence and tragedy are prevalent in American journalism because, as an understated rule of thumb, "if it bleeds, it leads". The public may be attracted to the spectacle of gruesome photographs and dramatic stories. Controversy may arise when deciding which photographs are too violent to show the public. Photographs of the dead or injured arouse controversy because, more often than not, the name of person depicted in the photograph is not given in the caption. The photograph of the street execution of a Viet Cong soldier during the Vietnam War provoked a lot of interest because it captured the exact moment of death. The victim's wife learned about her husband's death when she was given a newspaper with the photo on the front page. This photo has claimed a reputation of "galvanizing the anti-war movement in the United States" and impacted many people's perception of the war. Being exposed to such violence can have physiological and psychological effects on those who document it and is but one of many different forms of emotional labor that photojournalists report experiencing. In this case, the photographer Eddie Adams was quoted saying "I was getting money for showing one man killing another. Two lives were destroyed, and I was getting paid for it. I was a hero." He expressed how this photo haunted him due to its impact on the world. A key example of how impactful photography can be is found during documentation of the Civil Rights Movement. Bill Hudson was in Birmingham, Alabama on a quest to document the peaceful protests of the movement when he took a photo of high school student Walter Gadsden. In this photograph Gadsden appeared to be attacked by a police dog and the resulting image brought the gory side of the movement to everyone's attention. The photo was seen above the fold in the May 1963 New York Times. In the case of this particular photograph, it helped change the path of the civil rights movement and gained it even more attention. Other issues involving photojournalism include the right to privacy, negotiating how the subject desires to be depicted, and questions of whether compensation is warranted. Especially regarding pictures of violence, photojournalists face the ethical dilemma of whether or not to publish images of the victims. The victim's right to privacy is sometimes not addressed or the picture is printed without their knowledge or consent. Another major issue of photojournalism is photo manipulation – what degree is acceptable? Some pictures are simply manipulated for color enhancement, whereas others are manipulated to the extent where people are edited in or out of the picture. War photography has always been a genre of photojournalism that is frequently staged. Due to the bulkiness and types of cameras present during past wars in history, it was rare when a photograph could capture a spontaneous news event. Subjects were carefully composed and staged in order to capture better images. Another ethical issue is false or misleading captioning. The 2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies is a notable example of some of these issue, and see photo manipulation: use in journalism for other examples. The emergence of digital photography offers new realms of opportunity for the manipulation, reproduction, and transmission of images. It has inevitably complicated many of the ethical issues involved. Often, ethical conflicts can be mitigated or enhanced by the actions of a sub-editor or picture editor, who takes control of the images once they have been delivered to the news organization. The photojournalist often has no control as to how images are ultimately used. The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) is an American professional society that emphasizes photojournalism. Members of the NPPA accept the following code of ethics The practice of photojournalism, both as a science and art, is worthy of the very best thought and effort of those who enter into it as a profession. Photojournalism affords an opportunity to serve the public that is equaled by few other vocations and all members of the profession should strive by example and influence to maintain high standards of ethical conduct free of mercenary considerations of any kind. It is the individual responsibility of every photojournalist at all times to strive for pictures that report truthfully, honestly and objectively. Business promotion in its many forms is essential, but untrue statements of any nature are not worthy of a professional photojournalist and we severely condemn any such practice. It is our duty to encourage and assist all members of our profession, individually and collectively, so that the quality of photojournalism may constantly be raised to higher standards. It is the duty of every photojournalist to work to preserve all freedom-of-the-press rights recognized by law and to work to protect and expand freedom-of-access to all sources of news and visual information. Our standards of business dealings, ambitions and relations shall have in them a note of sympathy for our common humanity and shall always require us to take into consideration our highest duties as members of society. In every situation in our business life, in every responsibility that comes before us, our chief thought shall be to fulfill that responsibility and discharge that duty so that when each of us is finished we shall have endeavored to lift the level of human ideals and achievement higher than we found it. No Code of Ethics can prejudge every situation, thus common sense and good judgment are required in applying ethical principles. Unethical practices Most photojournalists consider stage-managed shots presented as candid to be unethical. There have been examples in the history of photojournalism of photographers purposefully deceiving their audience by doing so. Mike Meadows, a veteran photographer of the Los Angeles Times, was covering a major wild fire sweeping southern California on 27 October 1993. His picture of a Los Angeles County firefighter, Mike Alves cooling himself off with water in a pool in Altadena ran both in the Times and nationally. Prior to submitting the photograph for a Pulitzer Prize, Meadows' assignment editor, Fred Sweets, contacted the firefighter, who reportedly said he had been asked by Meadows to go to the pool and splash water on his head. Meadows denied the accusation, claiming "I may have been guilty of saying this would make a nice shot, but to the best of my recollection, I did not directly ask him to do that. ... I've been doing breaking news stories for years and years and I've never in my life set up a picture." Meadows was suspended without pay for a week and picture was withdrawn from any prize competitions – the Times called it a "fabrication" and the paper's photography director, Larry Armstrong, said "when you manipulate the situation, you manipulate the news." Edward Keating, a Pulitzer Prize winner from The New York Times, photographed a young boy pointing a toy gun outside a Middle Eastern grocery store, near a town where the FBI raided an alleged Al Qaeda cell. Other photographers at the scene claimed that Keating pointed with his own arm to show the boy which way to look and aim the gun. After the Columbia Journalism Review reported the incident, Keating was forced to leave the paper. Impact of new technologies Roger Fenton's Photographic Van, 1855, formerly a wine merchant's wagon; his assistant is pictured at the front. As early as the Crimean War in the mid-19th century, photographers were using the novel technology of the glass plate camera to record images of British soldiers in the field. As a result, they had to deal with not only war conditions, but their pictures often required long shutter speeds, and they had to prepare each plate before taking the shot and develop it immediately after. This led to, for example, Roger Fenton traveling around in a transportable dark room, which at times made him a target of the enemy. These technological barriers are why he was unable to obtain any direct images of the action. The use of photography as a way of reporting news did not become widespread until the advent of smaller, more portable cameras that used an enlargeable film negative to record images. The introduction of the 35 mm Leica camera in 1925 made it possible for photographers to move with the action, take multiple shots of events as they were unfolding, as well as be more able to create a narrative through their photographs alone. Since the 1960s, motor drives, electronic flash, auto-focus, better lenses and other camera enhancements have made picture-taking easier. New digital cameras free photojournalists from the limitation of film roll length. Although the number depends on the amount of megapixels the camera contains, whether one's shooting mode is JPEG or raw, and what size of memory card one is using, it is possible to store thousands of images on a single memory card. Leica 1, (1925)'s introduction marked the beginning of modern photojournalism. Social media are playing a big part in revealing world events to a vast audience. Whenever there is a major event in the world, there are usually people with camera phones ready to capture photos and post them on various social networks. Such convenience allows the Associated Press and other companies to reach out to the citizen journalist who holds ownership of the photos and get permission to use those photos in news outlets. The content of photos tends to outweigh their quality when it comes to news value. On February 18, 2004, The New York Times published on their front page a photo of AT&T CEO John Zeglis which was taken with a camera phone. Content remains the most important element of photojournalism, but the ability to extend deadlines with rapid gathering and editing of images has brought significant changes. Even by the end of the 1990s – when digital cameras such as the Nikon D1 and the Canon EOS D30 were still in their infancy – nearly 30 minutes were needed to scan and transmit a single color photograph from a remote location to a news office for printing. Now, equipped with a digital camera, a mobile phone and a laptop computer, a photojournalist can send a high-quality image in minutes, even seconds after an event occurs. Camera phones and portable satellite links increasingly allow for the mobile transmission of images from almost any point on the earth. There is some concern by news photographers that the profession of photojournalism as it is known today could change to such a degree that it is unrecognizable as image-capturing technology naturally progresses. Staff photojournalism jobs continued to dwindle in the 2010s and some of the largest news media outlets in the U.S. now rely on freelancers for the majority of their needs. For example, in 2016, the New York Times employed 52 photo editors and relied on freelancers to provide 50 percent or more of its visuals; The Wall Street Journal employed 24 photo editors and relied on freelancers for 66 percent of its features imagery and 33 percent of its news imagery; The Washington Post employed 19 photo editors and relied on freelancers for 80 percent of its international news imagery, 50 percent of its political news imagery, and between 60 and 80 percent of its national news imagery. The age of the citizen journalist and the providing of news photos by amateur bystanders have contributed to the art of photojournalism. Paul Levinson attributes this shift to the Kodak camera, one of the first cheap and accessible photo technologies that "put a piece of visual reality into every person's potential grasp." The empowered news audience with the advent of the Internet sparked the creation of blogs, podcasts and online news, independent of the traditional outlets, and "for the first time in our history, the news increasingly is produced by companies outside journalism". Dan Chung, a former photojournalist for The Guardian and Reuters, believes that professional photojournalists will have to adapt to video to make a living. Most digital single lens reflex bodies are being equipped with video capabilities. Phone journalism Phone journalism is a relatively new and even controversial means of photojournalism, which involves the use of pictures taken and edited on phones by professional or non-professional photographers. In recent years, as social media has become the major platform on which people receive news and share events, phone photography is gaining popularity as the primary tool for online visual communication. A phone is easy to carry and always accessible in a pocket, and the immediacy in taking pictures can reduce the intervention of the scene and subjects to a minimum. With the assistance of abundant applications, photographers can achieve a highly aesthetic way of conveying messages. Once the pictures are uploaded onto social media, photographers can immediately expose their work to a wide range of audiences and receive real-time feedback from them. With a large number of active participants online, the pictures could also be spread out in a short period of time, thus evoking profound influence on society. Having noticed the advantages of the combination of social media and Phoneography, some well-known newspapers, news magazines and professional photojournalists decided to employ phone journalism as a new approach. When the London Bombings happened in July 2005, for the first time, both the New York Times and the Washington Post ran photos on their front pages made by citizen journalists with camera phones. As work of witnesses and survivors, the images were less the outcome of documentary intent than a response to a traumatic shock. These photos represented "vivid, factual accounts of history as it explodes around us", according to Washington Post journalist Robert MacMillan. In another instance, when Hurricane Sandy hit the northeastern United States in 2012, Time sent out five photographers with iPhones to document the devastation. Photographers dived deep into the site and captured pictures in close proximity to the storm and human suffering. One of the shots, raging ocean waves collapsing on Coney Island in Brooklyn, taken by Benjamin Lowy, made the cover of Time's November 12 issue. Then in 2013, the Chicago Sun-Times laid off its entire staff of 28 photographers, including John H. White, a Pulitzer Prize winner in photography. The newspaper cited viewers shifting towards more video as a reason. They then employed freelance photographers and required them to train in how to use an iPhone for photography to fill the gap. Some viewers online were quick to point out an at-times reduction in quality in comparison to the newspaper's previous full-time professionals. See also Journalism portal Associated Press History of Spanish photojournalism JPG (magazine) List of photographs considered the most important List of photojournalists Magnum Photos Paparazzi Photo caption Reuters VII Photo Agency ZUMA Press References ^ Laurel Brake; Marysa Demoor; Margaret Beetham (2009). Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. Academia Press. p. 495. ISBN 9789038213408. ^ "Barricades in Rue Saint-Maur-Popincourt, 25th June 1848". PBS LearningMedia. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2017. ^ Hudson, Berkley (2009). Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Journalism. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. pp. 1060–67. ISBN 978-0-7619-2957-4. ^ Keith Hayward; Mike Presdee (2010). Framing Crime: Cultural Criminology and the Image. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 9780203880753. ^ a b Harding, Colin (11 November 2012). "Photographing Conflict: Roger Fenton and the Crimean War". National Science and Media Museum blog. National Science and Media Museum. Retrieved 1 May 2020. ^ Carlebach, Michael L. (1992). The Origins of Photojournalism in America. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-159-6. ^ Elliott S. Parker (1977). John Thomson, Photojournalist in Asia, 1862–1872. ^ "The photographs of John Thomson". National Library of Scotland. ^ Ovenden, Richard (1997). John Thomson (1837–1921) Photographer. Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland. p. 42. ISBN 978-0114958336. ^ "Welcome to... / Bienvenue r". Collections.ic.gc.ca. 2001-05-01. Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2011-12-10. ^ a b Vaughan, Thomas (1989). "C.S. Fly Pioneer Photojournalist". The Journal of Arizona History. 30 (3) (Autumn, 1989 ed.): 303–318. JSTOR 41695766. ^ "Mary "Mollie" E. Fly (1847–1925)". Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014. ^ "How the Other Half Lives complete text and photos online". Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ Robert Taft, Photography and the American scene: A social history, 1839–1889 (New York: Dover, 1964), 446 ^ Campbell, W. Joseph (2004). "1897 American journalism's exceptional year". Journalism History. Winter. ISSN 0094-7679. Retrieved 17 April 2013. ^ Gervais, Thierry (May 2005). "Photographies de presse". Études Photographiques (in French) (16): 166–181. Retrieved 13 June 2012. ^ Moran, Terence P. Introduction to the History of Communication: Evolutions & Revolutions. Peter Lang Publishing, 2010. p. 181. ^ a b Mila Ganeva, Women in Weimar Fashion: Discourses and Displays in German Culture, 1918–1933, Screen cultures, Rochester, New York: Camden House, 2008, ISBN 9781571132055, p. 53. ^ Mary Warner Marien, Photography: A Cultural History, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN 9780810905597, p. 235. ^ Corey Ross (2008). Media and the Making of Modern Germany: Mass Communications, Society, and Politics from the Empire to the Third Reich. Oxford/New York: Oxford University. p. 30. ISBN 9780191557293. ^ Brett Abbott (2010), Engaged Observers: Documentary Photography Since the Sixties Exhibition catalogue, Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, p. 6, ISBN 9781606060223 ^ Tim Gidal, "Modern Photojournalism: The First Years", Creative Camera, July/August 1982, repr. in: David Brittain, ed., Creative Camera: 30 Years of Writing, Critical Image, Manchester: Manchester University, 1999, ISBN 9780719058042, pp. 73–80, p. 75. ^ Maria Morris Hambourg, "Photography between the Wars: Selections from the Ford Motor Company Collection", The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin N.S. 45.4, Spring 1988, pp. 5–56, p. 17. ^ Sherre Lynn Paris, "Raising Press Photography to Visual Communication in American Schools of Journalism, with Attention to the Universities of Missouri and Texas, 1880s–1990s", Dissertation, University of Texas, 2007, OCLC 311853822, p. 116. ^ "Father of photo-journalism, Cartier-Bresson, dies at 96". The Guardian. 4 August 2004. ^ "Erich Salomon, photographer". Eduardo Comesaña. Archived from the original on 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2016-12-01. ^ "Photography exhibit sparks symposium". Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives (ALBA). 7 December 2011. ^ "Online Exhibition — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". ^ "Underfire: The Untold Story of Pfc. Tony Vaccaro' reveals the intimate relationship between a war photographer and war itself". LA Times. 20 October 2016. ^ ""Life magazine final issue"". Archived from the original on 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2021-10-20. ^ Stovall, Jim (2005). "Magazines and Photojournalism's Golden Age". Jprof.com. Archived from the original on 2013-03-09. Retrieved 2012-09-16. ^ Malo, Alejandro. "Documentary Art". ZoneZero. Retrieved 2010-12-05. ^ "Historie" (in Danish). pressefotografforbundet.dk. Archived from the original on 2002-06-09. ^ "thebppa.com". Archived from the original on 2017-10-20. Retrieved 2006-06-21. ^ British Press Photographers Association Archived 2017-10-20 at the Wayback Machine; Hong Kong Press Photographers Association Archived 2021-03-04 at the Wayback Machine; Northern Ireland Press Photographers Association Archived 2008-10-19 at the Wayback Machine; (in Swedish) Pressfotografernas Klubb Archived 2022-03-14 at the Wayback Machine; (in Norwegian) Fotojournalisten Archived 2017-10-20 at the Wayback Machine. ^ World Press Photo Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine; Best of Photojournalism Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine; Pictures of the Year Archived 2011-07-04 at the Wayback Machine; The Press Photographer's Year Archived 2018-02-22 at the Wayback Machine ^ "VIETNAM: VIETNAM WAR ANNIVERSARY: MEDIA (2) \| AP Archive". www.aparchive.com. Retrieved 2022-04-14. ^ Hamilton, Robert (1989), "Image and Context: The Production and Reproduction of the Execution of a VC Suspect by Eddie Adams", Vietnam Images: War and Representation, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 171–183, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-19916-7_12, ISBN 978-0-333-45801-3, retrieved 2022-04-14 ^ Thomson, TJ (2018-09-07). "Mapping the emotional labor and work of visual journalism" (PDF). Journalism. 22 (4): 956–973. doi:10.1177/1464884918799227. ISSN 1464-8849. S2CID 149722667. ^ Gardner, Jared (2017-04-20). "What Happened Next". University of Illinois Press. 1. doi:10.5406/illinois/9780252036705.003.0006. ^ Thomson, T. J. (2019). "SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research" (PDF). Journalism & Communication Monographs. 21: 4–65. doi:10.1177/1522637918823261. ^ "USNPPA Code of Ethics". Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2013-04-17. ^ a b Foreman, Gene (2015). The Ethical Journalist: Making Responsible Decisions in the Digital Age. United States: John Wiley & Sons. p. 354. ISBN 9781119031734. ^ Kurtz, Howard (2 February 1994). "L.A. TIMES GETS BURNED BY DISASTER PHOTOGRAPH". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ Kenneth Kobre. 2008. Photojournalism: The Professionals' Approach ^ Anderson, Fay (2014). "Chasing the pictures: press and magazine photography". Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy. 150: 47. doi:10.1177/1329878X1415000112. S2CID 146172199. ^ "Sandisk". ^ Keller, Jared (4 April 2011). "Photojournalism in the Age of New Media". theatlantic.com. ^ Quinn, Stephen (2005). Convergent journalism : the fundamentals of multimedia reporting. New York: Peter Lang. p. 35. ISBN 978-0820474526. ^ Jolly, David (9 August 2009). ""Lament for a Dying Field: Photojournalism," New York Times, August 10, 2009". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ Thomson, T. J. (2016-08-12). "Freelance Photojournalists and Photo Editors" (PDF). Journalism Studies. 19 (6): 803–823. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1215851. ISSN 1461-670X. S2CID 152096211. ^ Paul Levinson. 1997. The Soft Edge: a Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution, Routledge, London and New York, p. 39 ^ Kovach, B.; Rosenstiel, T. (2006). "The Elements of Journalism; What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect". journalism.org. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. ^ "Gamma's Bankruptcy Shows Shift in Photojournalism". New York Times. August 10, 2009. ^ dpreview.com 'No Future in Photojournalism' Interview: Dan Chung Archived 2019-11-04 at the Wayback Machine Barney Britton Feb 10, 2012. ^ a b c Lavoie, Vincent (2012-05-24). "War and the iPhone". Études Photographiques (29). ISSN 1270-9050. ^ Channick, Robert (May 30, 2013). "Chicago Tribune". ^ Beaujon, Andrew (May 31, 2013). "Poynter". ^ Schiller, Jakob (July 16, 2013). "Wired". Further reading Kenneth Kobre, Photojournalism : The Professional's Approach 6th edition Focal Press, 2008. Don McCullin. Hearts of Darkness (1980 – much reprinted). Zavoina, Susan C., and John H. Davidson, Digital Photojournalism (Allyn & Bacon, 2002). ISBN 0-205-33240-4 The Photograph, Graham Clarke, ISBN 0-19-284200-5 An Hand Book: Photo Journalism External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photojournalism. Perpignan International Center for Photojournalism "A Brief History of Photography and Photojournalism, by Ross Collins, North Dakota State University, Fargo La Bruja, Cuba – an example of photojournalism An example of ethics guidelines for photo-journalism by DigitalCustom Photojournalism article at the Victoria and Albert Museum website The British Press Photographers' Association National Press Photographers Association Gaia – Photojournalism from around the world How To Become a Photojournalist, CubReporters.org Photojournalism at norcc.org Pressphotos freelance photographers associations around the world Archived 2012-07-17 at the Wayback Machine Women Photojournalists vteJournalismRoles Journalists (reporters) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentatorProfession News Writing style Ethics code of ethics Culture Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Sensationalism Editorial independence Journalism schoolAreas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Music Politics Science Sports Technology Traffic War Weather WorldGenres Adversarial Advocacy Interventionism Analytic Blogging Broadcast Churnalism Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Data Database Digital/Online Explanatory Fact-checking Gonzo Immersion Interpretive Investigative Multimedia Narrative New Journalism Non-profit Opinion Peace Photojournalism Press release Sensor Underground Video Visual WatchdogSocial impact Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Pink-slime journalism Public relations Propaganda model Yellow journalismNews media Newspapers Newspaper of record Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative mediaList of journalism articles – Outline vtePhotographyEquipment Camera light-field digital field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Drone Film base format holder stock available films discontinued films Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hot shoe lens hood monolight reflector snoot softbox Lens long-focus prime zoom wide-angle fisheye swivel telephoto Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Backscatter Black-and-white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F-number Film format large medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Lens flare Metering mode Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Albumen Photographic processes Reciprocity Red-eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Aircraft Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Candid Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Eclipse Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine-art Fire Forensic Glamour High-speed Landscape Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pictorialism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Ruins Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Straight photography Street Toy camera Underwater Vernacular Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre-jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter High-speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Lo-fi photography Long-exposure Luminogram Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Multi-exposure HDR capture Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Pigeon photography Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabattier effect Slow motion Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit-scan Sun printing Tilt–shift Miniature faking Time-lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Zoom burst Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Golden triangle (composition) History Timeline of photography technology Ambrotype Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Tintype Visual arts Regional Albania Bangladesh Canada China Denmark Greece India Japan Korea Luxembourg Norway Philippines Serbia Slovenia Sudan Taiwan Turkey Ukraine United States Uzbekistan Vietnam Digital photography Digital camera D-SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Comparison of digital and film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three-CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Chromogenic print Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographicprocessing Bleach bypass C-41 process Collodion process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K-14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Museums devoted to one photographer Photographs considered the most important Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Related Conservation and restoration of photographs film photographic plates Lomography Polaroid art Stereoscopy Category Outline Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic 2 3	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Guardsman_in_Washington_DC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black-and-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white"},{"link_name":"photograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph"},{"link_name":"National Guardsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Washington Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"inauguration of Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"broadcast journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_journalism"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"documentary photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_photography"},{"link_name":"social documentary photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_documentary_photography"},{"link_name":"war photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_photography"},{"link_name":"street photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_photography"},{"link_name":"celebrity photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_photography"},{"link_name":"news media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media"},{"link_name":"reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"photographic equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera"}],"text":"Black-and-white photograph of a National Guardsman looking over the Washington Monument in Washington D.C., on January 21, 2021, the day after the inauguration of Joe Biden as the 46th president of the United StatesPhotojournalism is journalism that uses images to tell a news story. It usually only refers to still images, but can also refer to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (such as documentary photography, social documentary photography, war photography, street photography and celebrity photography) by having a rigid ethical framework which demands an honest and impartial approach that tells a story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. They must be well-informed and knowledgeable, and are able to deliver news in a creative manner that is both informative and entertaining.Similar to a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter, but they must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, often while exposed to significant obstacles, among them immediate physical danger, bad weather, large crowds, and limited physical access to their subjects.","title":"Photojournalism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barricades_rue_Saint-Maur._Avant_l%27attaque,_25_juin_1848._Apr%C3%A8s_l%E2%80%99attaque,_26_juin_1848_(Original).jpg"},{"link_name":"Horatio Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Illustrated London News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_London_News"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"engravings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"June Days uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_uprising"},{"link_name":"L'Illustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Illustration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger_Fenton_-_Shadow_of_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valley_of_the_Shadow_of_Death.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Shadow of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Shadow_of_Death_(Roger_Fenton)"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Roger Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fenton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"war photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_photography"},{"link_name":"panoramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"William Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Simpson_(Scottish_artist)"},{"link_name":"Carol Szathmari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Szathmari"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Mathew Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Brady"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Origins in war photography","text":"Barricades on rue Saint-Maur (1848), the first photo used to illustrate a newspaper storyThe practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred in the mid 19th century. Although early illustrations had appeared in newspapers, such as an illustration of the funeral of Lord Horatio Nelson in The Times (1806), the first weekly illustrated newspaper was the Illustrated London News, first printed in 1842.[1] The illustrations were printed with the use of engravings.The first photograph to be used in illustration of a newspaper story was a depiction of barricades in Paris during the June Days uprising taken on 25 June 1848; the photo was published as an engraving in L'Illustration of 1–8 July 1848.[2]Versions of Roger Fenton's Valley of the Shadow of Death, with and without cannonballs on the roadDuring the Crimean War, the ILN pioneered the birth of early photojournalism by printing pictures of the war that had been taken by Roger Fenton.[3] Fenton was the first official war photographer and his work included documenting the effects of the war on the troops, panoramas of the landscapes where the battles took place, model representations of the action, and portraits of commanders, which laid the groundwork for modern photojournalism.[4][5] Other photographers of the war included William Simpson and Carol Szathmari. Similarly, the American Civil War photographs of Mathew Brady were engraved before publication in Harper's Weekly. The technology had not yet developed to the point of being able to print photographs in newspapers, which greatly restricted the audience of Brady's photographs. However, it was still common for photographs to be engraved and subsequently printed in newspapers or periodicals throughout the war. Disaster, including train wrecks and city fires, was also a popular subject for illustrated newspapers in the early days.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomson,_The_crawlers.jpg"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"John Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"John Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"social documentary photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_documentary_photography"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"medium for the imparting of information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)"},{"link_name":"printed word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_culture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Daily Graphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Graphic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"halftone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halftone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scene_in_Geronimo%27s_camp_II.png"},{"link_name":"C. S. Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Fly"},{"link_name":"George Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crook"},{"link_name":"Geronimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronimo"},{"link_name":"C. S. Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Fly"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaughan-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-molliefly-12"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaughan-11"},{"link_name":"flash powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_powder"},{"link_name":"Jacob Riis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Riis"},{"link_name":"How the Other Half Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chusseau-Flaviens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Chusseau-Flaviens"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"wirephoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirephoto"}],"sub_title":"Expansion","text":"The Crawlers, London, 1876–1877, a photograph from John Thomson's Street Life in London photo-documentaryThe printing of images in newspapers remained an isolated occurrence in this period. Photos were used to enhance the text rather than to act as a medium of information in its own right. This began to change with the work of one of the pioneers of photojournalism, John Thomson, in the late 1870s.[7] In collaboration with the radical journalist Adolphe Smith, he began publishing a monthly magazine, Street Life in London, from 1876 to 1877. The project documented in photographs and text, the lives of the street people of London and established social documentary photography as a form of photojournalism.[8] Instead of the images acting as a supplement to the text, he pioneered the use of printed photographs as the predominant medium for the imparting of information, successfully combining photography with the printed word.[9]On March 4, 1880, The Daily Graphic (New York)[10] published the first halftone (rather than engraved) reproduction of a news photograph.\"Geronimo's camp before surrender to General Crook, March 27, 1886: Geronimo and Natches mounted; Geronimo's son (Perico) standing at his side holding baby.\" By C. S. Fly.In March 1886, when General George Crook received word that the Apache leader Geronimo would negotiate surrender terms, photographer C. S. Fly took his equipment and attached himself to the military column. During the three days of negotiations, Fly took about 15 exposures on 8 by 10 inches (200 by 250 mm) glass negatives.[11] His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26, are the only known photographs taken of American Indians while still at war with the United States.[12] Fly coolly posed his subjects, asking them to move and turn their heads and faces, to improve his composition. The popular publication Harper's Weekly published six of his images in their April 24, 1886 issue.[11]In 1887, flash powder was invented, enabling journalists such as Jacob Riis to photograph informal subjects indoors, which led to the landmark 1890 book How the Other Half Lives.[13] By 1897, it became possible to reproduce halftone photographs on printing presses running at full speed.[14][15]In France, agencies such as Rol, Branger and Chusseau-Flaviens (ca. 1880–1910) syndicated photographs from around the world to meet the need for timely new illustration.[16] Despite these innovations, limitations remained, and many of the sensational newspaper and magazine stories in the period from 1897 to 1927 were illustrated with engravings. In 1921, the wirephoto made it possible to transmit pictures almost as quickly as news itself could travel.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"35mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35mm_format"},{"link_name":"Leica camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_Camera"},{"link_name":"flash bulbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_bulb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"Emilio Mola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Mola"},{"link_name":"Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganeva53-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganeva53-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Martin Munkácsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Munk%C3%A1csi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Erich Salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Salomon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Picture Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Post"},{"link_name":"The Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"The New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Robert Capa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Capa"},{"link_name":"Romano Cagnoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Cagnoni"},{"link_name":"Alfred Eisenstaedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Eisenstaedt"},{"link_name":"Margaret Bourke-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White"},{"link_name":"W. Eugene Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Eugene_Smith"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Henri Cartier-Bresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Erich Salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Salomon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Agustí Centelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%AD_Centelles"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Migrant Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_Mother"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lange"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Julien Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Bryan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Kodachrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodachrome"},{"link_name":"William Vandivert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vandivert"},{"link_name":"the Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tony Vaccaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Vaccaro"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Argus C3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_C3"},{"link_name":"Omaha Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Beach"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"stippled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipple"},{"link_name":"hedcuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedcut"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boy_destroying_piano.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philip Jones Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jones_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"United Press International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Magnum Photos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_Photos"},{"link_name":"Corbis Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branded_Entertainment_Network"},{"link_name":"Getty Images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Golden age","text":"The \"Golden Age of Photojournalism\" is often considered to be roughly the 1930s through the 1950s.[17] It was made possible by the development of the compact commercial 35mm Leica camera in 1925, and the first flash bulbs between 1927 and 1930, which allowed the journalist true flexibility in taking pictures.The Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung pioneered modern photojournalism and was widely copied. Pictured, the cover of issue of 26 August 1936: a meeting between Francisco Franco and Emilio Mola.A new style of magazine and newspaper appeared that used photography more than text to tell stories. The Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung was the first to pioneer the format of the illustrated news magazine. Beginning in 1901, it began to print photographs inside the magazine, a revolutionary innovation. In the successive decades, it was developed into the prototype of the modern news magazine.[18]It pioneered the photo-essay,[18][19] had a specialised staff and production unit for pictures and maintained a photo library.[20] It also introduced the use of candid photographs taken with the new smaller cameras.[21]The magazine sought out reporters who could tell a story using photographs, notably the pioneer sports photographer Martin Munkácsi, the first staff photographer,[22][23] and Erich Salomon, one of the founders of photojournalism.[24]Other magazines included, Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (Berlin), Vu (France), Life (USA), Look (USA), Picture Post (London)); and newspapers, The Daily Mirror (London) and The New York Daily News. Famous photographers of the era included Robert Capa, Romano Cagnoni, Alfred Eisenstaedt, Margaret Bourke-White and W. Eugene Smith.[citation needed]Henri Cartier-Bresson is held by some to be the father of modern photojournalism,[25] although this appellation has been applied to various other photographers, such as Erich Salomon, whose candid pictures of political figures were novel in the 1930s.[26]The photojournalism of, for example, Agustí Centelles played an important role in the propaganda efforts of the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s.[27]In Migrant Mother (1936) Dorothea Lange produced the seminal image of the Great Depression. The FSA also employed several other photojournalists to document the depression.American journalist Julien Bryan photographed and filmed the beginning of the Second World War being under heavy German bombardment in September 1939 in Poland.[28] He was pioneer worker in color photography, Kodachrome.William Vandivert photographed in color the German bombardment of London called the Blitz in 1940.[citation needed]Soldier Tony Vaccaro is also recognized as one of the pre-eminent photographers of World War II. His images taken with the modest Argus C3 captured horrific moments in war, similar to Capa's Spanish soldier being shot. Capa himself was on Omaha Beach on D-Day and captured pivotal images of the conflict on that occasion. Vaccaro is also known for having developed his own images in soldier's helmets, and using chemicals found in the ruins of a camera store in 1944.[29]Until the 1980s, most large newspapers were printed with turn-of-the-century \"letterpress\" technology using easily smudged oil-based ink, off-white, low-quality \"newsprint\" paper, and coarse engraving screens. While letterpresses produced legible text, the photoengraving dots that formed pictures often bled or smeared and became fuzzy and indistinct. In this way, even when newspapers used photographs well — a good crop, a respectable size — murky reproduction often left readers re-reading the caption to see what the photo was all about. The Wall Street Journal adopted stippled hedcuts in 1979 to publish portraits and avoid the limitations of letterpress printing. Not until the 1980s did a majority of newspapers switch to \"offset\" presses that reproduce photos with fidelity on better, whiter paper.[citation needed]Boy destroying piano at Pant-y-Waen, South Wales, by Philip Jones Griffiths, 1961By contrast Life, one of America's most popular weekly magazines from 1936 through the early 1970s, was filled with photographs reproduced beautifully on oversize 11×14-inch pages, using fine engraving screens, high-quality inks, and glossy paper. Life often published a United Press International (UPI) or Associated Press (AP) photo that had been first reproduced in newspapers, but the quality magazine version appeared to be a different photo altogether. In large part because their pictures were clear enough to be appreciated, and because their name always appeared with their work, magazine photographers achieved near-celebrity status. Life became a standard by which the public judged photography, and many of today's photo books celebrate \"photojournalism\" as if it had been the exclusive province of near-celebrity magazine photographers.[citation needed]In 1947, a few famous photographers founded the international photographic cooperative Magnum Photos. In 1989, Corbis Corporation and in 1995 Getty Images were founded. These powerful image libraries sell the rights to photographs and other still images.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photojournalists_bw.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"documentary photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_photography"},{"link_name":"fine art photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art_photography"},{"link_name":"Luc Delahaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Delahaye"},{"link_name":"Manuel Rivera-Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Rivera-Ortiz"},{"link_name":"VII Photo Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Photo_Agency"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZoneZero-32"}],"sub_title":"Decline","text":"Sports photojournalists at Indianapolis Motor SpeedwayThe Golden Age of Photojournalism ended in the 1970s when many photo-magazines ceased publication, most prominently, Life, which ended weekly publication in December 1972.[30] They found that they could not compete with other media for advertising revenue to sustain their large circulations and high costs. Still, those magazines taught journalism much about the photographic essay and the power of still images.[31]However, since the late 1970s, photojournalism and documentary photography have increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside fine art photography. Luc Delahaye, Manuel Rivera-Ortiz and the members of VII Photo Agency are among many who regularly exhibit in galleries and museums.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish Union of Press Photographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Union_of_Press_Photographers"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"National Press Photographers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Press_Photographers_Association"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Magnum Photos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_Photos"},{"link_name":"Robert Capa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Capa"},{"link_name":"David \"Chim\" Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Seymour_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Henri Cartier-Bresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson"},{"link_name":"George Rodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rodger"},{"link_name":"William Vandivert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vandivert"},{"link_name":"Rita Vandivert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rita_Vandivert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maria Eisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Eisner"},{"link_name":"VII Photo Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Photo_Agency"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Boulat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Boulat"},{"link_name":"Ron Haviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Haviv"},{"link_name":"Gary Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Knight"},{"link_name":"Antonin Kratochvil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Kratochvil"},{"link_name":"Christopher Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Morris_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"James Nachtwey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nachtwey"},{"link_name":"John Stanmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stanmeyer"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prizes"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The Danish Union of Press Photographers (Pressefotografforbundet) was the first national organization for newspaper photographers in the world. It was founded in 1912 in Copenhagen, Denmark by six press photographers.[33] Today it has over 800 members.The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) was founded in 1946 in the U.S., and has about 10,000 members. Others around the world include the British Press Photographers Association[34] (BPPA) founded in 1984, then relaunched in 2003, and now has around 450 members. Hong Kong Press Photographers Association (1989), Northern Ireland Press Photographers Association (2000), Pressfotografernas Klubb (Sweden, 1930), and PK — Pressefotografenes Klubb (Norway).[35]Magnum Photos was founded in 1947 by Robert Capa, David \"Chim\" Seymour, Henri Cartier-Bresson, George Rodger, William Vandivert, Rita Vandivert and Maria Eisner, being one of the first photographic cooperatives, owned and administered entirely by its members worldwide.VII Photo Agency was founded in September 2001 and got its name from the original seven founders, Alexandra Boulat, Ron Haviv, Gary Knight, Antonin Kratochvil, Christopher Morris, James Nachtwey and John Stanmeyer. Today it has 30 members, along with a mentor program.News organizations and journalism schools run many different awards for photojournalists. Since 1968, Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded for the following categories of photojournalism: 'Feature Photography', 'Spot News Photography'. Other awards are World Press Photo, Best of Photojournalism, and Pictures of the Year as well as the UK based The Press Photographer's Year.[36]","title":"Professional organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Press_photographers,_2016_Labour_Party_Conference.jpg"},{"link_name":"Labour Party Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)_Conference"},{"link_name":"if it bleeds, it leads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascination_with_death"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"photograph of the street execution of a Viet Cong soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%C3%A9m"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"anti-war movement in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Bill Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hudson_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"the peaceful protests of the movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"right to privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_privacy"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"ethical dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_dilemma"},{"link_name":"photo manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_manipulation"},{"link_name":"War photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_photography"},{"link_name":"2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War_photographs_controversies"},{"link_name":"photo manipulation: use in journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_manipulation#Use_in_journalism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"digital photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"National Press Photographers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Press_Photographers_Association"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Photojournalists at the 2016 Labour Party Conference in LiverpoolPhotojournalism works within the same ethical approaches to objectivity that are applied by other journalists. What to photograph, what to include in the frame, how to curate, and how to edit are constant considerations. Photographing news for an assignment or to illustrate a story can present many possible ethical problems. Photojournalists have a moral responsibility to decide what pictures to take, what picture to stage, and what pictures to show the public. For example, photographs of violence and tragedy are prevalent in American journalism because, as an understated rule of thumb, \"if it bleeds, it leads\". The public may be attracted to the spectacle of gruesome photographs and dramatic stories. Controversy may arise when deciding which photographs are too violent to show the public.[citation needed]Photographs of the dead or injured arouse controversy because, more often than not, the name of person depicted in the photograph is not given in the caption. The photograph of the street execution of a Viet Cong soldier during the Vietnam War provoked a lot of interest because it captured the exact moment of death. The victim's wife learned about her husband's death when she was given a newspaper with the photo on the front page.[37] This photo has claimed a reputation of \"galvanizing the anti-war movement in the United States\"[38] and impacted many people's perception of the war. Being exposed to such violence can have physiological and psychological effects on those who document it and is but one of many different forms of emotional labor that photojournalists report experiencing.[39] In this case, the photographer Eddie Adams was quoted saying \"I was getting money for showing one man killing another. Two lives were destroyed, and I was getting paid for it. I was a hero.\"[40] He expressed how this photo haunted him due to its impact on the world.A key example of how impactful photography can be is found during documentation of the Civil Rights Movement. Bill Hudson was in Birmingham, Alabama on a quest to document the peaceful protests of the movement when he took a photo of high school student Walter Gadsden. In this photograph Gadsden appeared to be attacked by a police dog and the resulting image brought the gory side of the movement to everyone's attention. The photo was seen above the fold in the May 1963 New York Times. In the case of this particular photograph, it helped change the path of the civil rights movement[citation needed] and gained it even more attention.Other issues involving photojournalism include the right to privacy, negotiating how the subject desires to be depicted,[41] and questions of whether compensation is warranted. Especially regarding pictures of violence, photojournalists face the ethical dilemma of whether or not to publish images of the victims. The victim's right to privacy is sometimes not addressed or the picture is printed without their knowledge or consent.Another major issue of photojournalism is photo manipulation – what degree is acceptable? Some pictures are simply manipulated for color enhancement, whereas others are manipulated to the extent where people are edited in or out of the picture. War photography has always been a genre of photojournalism that is frequently staged. Due to the bulkiness and types of cameras present during past wars in history, it was rare when a photograph could capture a spontaneous news event. Subjects were carefully composed and staged in order to capture better images. Another ethical issue is false or misleading captioning. The 2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies is a notable example of some of these issue, and see photo manipulation: use in journalism for other examples.[citation needed]The emergence of digital photography offers new realms of opportunity for the manipulation, reproduction, and transmission of images. It has inevitably complicated many of the ethical issues involved.[citation needed]Often, ethical conflicts can be mitigated or enhanced by the actions of a sub-editor or picture editor, who takes control of the images once they have been delivered to the news organization. The photojournalist often has no control as to how images are ultimately used.[citation needed]The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) is an American professional society that emphasizes photojournalism. Members of the NPPA accept the following code of ethicsThe practice of photojournalism, both as a science and art, is worthy of the very best thought and effort of those who enter into it as a profession.\nPhotojournalism affords an opportunity to serve the public that is equaled by few other vocations and all members of the profession should strive by example and influence to maintain high standards of ethical conduct free of mercenary considerations of any kind.\nIt is the individual responsibility of every photojournalist at all times to strive for pictures that report truthfully, honestly and objectively.\nBusiness promotion in its many forms is essential, but untrue statements of any nature are not worthy of a professional photojournalist and we severely condemn any such practice.\nIt is our duty to encourage and assist all members of our profession, individually and collectively, so that the quality of photojournalism may constantly be raised to higher standards.\nIt is the duty of every photojournalist to work to preserve all freedom-of-the-press rights recognized by law and to work to protect and expand freedom-of-access to all sources of news and visual information.\nOur standards of business dealings, ambitions and relations shall have in them a note of sympathy for our common humanity and shall always require us to take into consideration our highest duties as members of society. In every situation in our business life, in every responsibility that comes before us, our chief thought shall be to fulfill that responsibility and discharge that duty so that when each of us is finished we shall have endeavored to lift the level of human ideals and achievement higher than we found it.\nNo Code of Ethics can prejudge every situation, thus common sense and good judgment are required in applying ethical principles.[42]","title":"Ethical, legal, and social considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-43"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Altadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"Al Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Unethical practices","text":"Most photojournalists consider stage-managed shots presented as candid to be unethical.[43] There have been examples in the history of photojournalism of photographers purposefully deceiving their audience by doing so.Mike Meadows, a veteran photographer of the Los Angeles Times, was covering a major wild fire sweeping southern California on 27 October 1993. His picture of a Los Angeles County firefighter, Mike Alves cooling himself off with water in a pool in Altadena ran both in the Times and nationally. Prior to submitting the photograph for a Pulitzer Prize, Meadows' assignment editor, Fred Sweets, contacted the firefighter, who reportedly said he had been asked by Meadows to go to the pool and splash water on his head. Meadows denied the accusation, claiming \"I may have been guilty of saying this would make a nice shot, but to the best of my recollection, I did not directly ask him to do that. ... I've been doing breaking news stories for years and years and I've never in my life set up a picture.\" Meadows was suspended without pay for a week and picture was withdrawn from any prize competitions – the Times called it a \"fabrication\" and the paper's photography director, Larry Armstrong, said \"when you manipulate the situation, you manipulate the news.\"[43][44]Edward Keating, a Pulitzer Prize winner from The New York Times, photographed a young boy pointing a toy gun outside a Middle Eastern grocery store, near a town where the FBI raided an alleged Al Qaeda cell. Other photographers at the scene claimed that Keating pointed with his own arm to show the boy which way to look and aim the gun. After the Columbia Journalism Review reported the incident, Keating was forced to leave the paper.[45]","title":"Ethical, legal, and social considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mr._Fenton%27s_photographic_van.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"glass plate camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_plates"},{"link_name":"shutter speeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speeds"},{"link_name":"Roger Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fenton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"film negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_negative"},{"link_name":"Leica camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_camera"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"JPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"},{"link_name":"raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_image_format"},{"link_name":"memory card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LEI0060_186_Leica_I_Sn.5193_1927_Originalzustand_Front-2_FS-15.jpg"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Nikon D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D1"},{"link_name":"Canon EOS D30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_D30"},{"link_name":"mobile phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"laptop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop"},{"link_name":"Camera phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Paul Levinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Levinson"},{"link_name":"Kodak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"blogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogs"},{"link_name":"podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasts"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"digital single lens reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single_lens_reflex"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Roger Fenton's Photographic Van, 1855, formerly a wine merchant's wagon; his assistant is pictured at the front.As early as the Crimean War in the mid-19th century, photographers were using the novel technology of the glass plate camera to record images of British soldiers in the field. As a result, they had to deal with not only war conditions, but their pictures often required long shutter speeds, and they had to prepare each plate before taking the shot and develop it immediately after. This led to, for example, Roger Fenton traveling around in a transportable dark room, which at times made him a target of the enemy. These technological barriers are why he was unable to obtain any direct images of the action.[5]The use of photography as a way of reporting news did not become widespread until the advent of smaller, more portable cameras that used an enlargeable film negative to record images. The introduction of the 35 mm Leica camera in 1925 made it possible for photographers to move with the action, take multiple shots of events as they were unfolding, as well as be more able to create a narrative through their photographs alone.[46]Since the 1960s, motor drives, electronic flash, auto-focus, better lenses and other camera enhancements have made picture-taking easier. New digital cameras free photojournalists from the limitation of film roll length. Although the number depends on the amount of megapixels the camera contains, whether one's shooting mode is JPEG or raw, and what size of memory card one is using, it is possible to store thousands of images on a single memory card.[47]Leica 1, (1925)'s introduction marked the beginning of modern photojournalism.Social media are playing a big part in revealing world events to a vast audience. Whenever there is a major event in the world, there are usually people with camera phones ready to capture photos and post them on various social networks. Such convenience allows the Associated Press and other companies to reach out to the citizen journalist who holds ownership of the photos and get permission to use those photos in news outlets.[48]The content of photos tends to outweigh their quality when it comes to news value. On February 18, 2004, The New York Times published on their front page a photo of AT&T CEO John Zeglis which was taken with a camera phone.[49] Content remains the most important element of photojournalism, but the ability to extend deadlines with rapid gathering and editing of images has brought significant changes. Even by the end of the 1990s – when digital cameras such as the Nikon D1 and the Canon EOS D30 were still in their infancy – nearly 30 minutes were needed to scan and transmit a single color photograph from a remote location to a news office for printing. Now, equipped with a digital camera, a mobile phone and a laptop computer, a photojournalist can send a high-quality image in minutes, even seconds after an event occurs. Camera phones and portable satellite links increasingly allow for the mobile transmission of images from almost any point on the earth.[citation needed]There is some concern by news photographers that the profession of photojournalism as it is known today could change to such a degree that it is unrecognizable as image-capturing technology naturally progresses.[50] Staff photojournalism jobs continued to dwindle in the 2010s and some of the largest news media outlets in the U.S. now rely on freelancers for the majority of their needs.[51] For example, in 2016, the New York Times employed 52 photo editors and relied on freelancers to provide 50 percent or more of its visuals; The Wall Street Journal employed 24 photo editors and relied on freelancers for 66 percent of its features imagery and 33 percent of its news imagery; The Washington Post employed 19 photo editors and relied on freelancers for 80 percent of its international news imagery, 50 percent of its political news imagery, and between 60 and 80 percent of its national news imagery.The age of the citizen journalist and the providing of news photos by amateur bystanders have contributed to the art of photojournalism. Paul Levinson attributes this shift to the Kodak camera, one of the first cheap and accessible photo technologies that \"put a piece of visual reality into every person's potential grasp.\"[52] The empowered news audience with the advent of the Internet sparked the creation of blogs, podcasts and online news, independent of the traditional outlets, and \"for the first time in our history, the news increasingly is produced by companies outside journalism\".[53][54] Dan Chung, a former photojournalist for The Guardian and Reuters, believes that professional photojournalists will have to adapt to video to make a living.[55] Most digital single lens reflex bodies are being equipped with video capabilities.[citation needed]","title":"Impact of new technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Phoneography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneography"},{"link_name":"London Bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavoie-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavoie-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavoie-56"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"John H. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._White_(photojournalist)"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize winner in photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Photography"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Phone journalism","text":"Phone journalism is a relatively new and even controversial[citation needed] means of photojournalism, which involves the use of pictures taken and edited on phones by professional or non-professional photographers.In recent years, as social media has become the major platform on which people receive news and share events, phone photography is gaining popularity as the primary tool for online visual communication. A phone is easy to carry and always accessible in a pocket, and the immediacy in taking pictures can reduce the intervention of the scene and subjects to a minimum. With the assistance of abundant applications, photographers can achieve a highly aesthetic way of conveying messages.[citation needed] Once the pictures are uploaded onto social media, photographers can immediately expose their work to a wide range of audiences and receive real-time feedback from them. With a large number of active participants online, the pictures could also be spread out in a short period of time, thus evoking profound influence on society.[citation needed]Having noticed the advantages of the combination of social media and Phoneography, some well-known newspapers, news magazines and professional photojournalists decided to employ phone journalism as a new approach. When the London Bombings happened in July 2005, for the first time, both the New York Times and the Washington Post ran photos on their front pages made by citizen journalists with camera phones.[56] As work of witnesses and survivors, the images were less the outcome of documentary intent than a response to a traumatic shock.[56] These photos represented \"vivid, factual accounts of history as it explodes around us\", according to Washington Post journalist Robert MacMillan.[56] In another instance, when Hurricane Sandy hit the northeastern United States in 2012, Time sent out five photographers with iPhones to document the devastation. Photographers dived deep into the site and captured pictures in close proximity to the storm and human suffering. One of the shots, raging ocean waves collapsing on Coney Island in Brooklyn, taken by Benjamin Lowy, made the cover of Time's November 12 issue. Then in 2013, the Chicago Sun-Times laid off its entire staff of 28 photographers, including John H. White, a Pulitzer Prize winner in photography. The newspaper cited viewers shifting towards more video as a reason. They then employed freelance photographers and required them to train in how to use an iPhone for photography to fill the gap. Some viewers online were quick to point out an at-times reduction in quality in comparison to the newspaper's previous full-time professionals.[57][58][59]","title":"Impact of new technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don McCullin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McCullin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-205-33240-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-33240-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-284200-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-284200-5"},{"link_name":"An Hand Book: Photo Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131105065158/http://uniquecreator.webs.com/apps/documents/"}],"text":"Kenneth Kobre, Photojournalism : The Professional's Approach 6th edition Focal Press, 2008.Don McCullin. Hearts of Darkness (1980 – much reprinted).\nZavoina, Susan C., and John H. Davidson, Digital Photojournalism (Allyn & Bacon, 2002). ISBN 0-205-33240-4\nThe Photograph, Graham Clarke, ISBN 0-19-284200-5\nAn Hand Book: Photo Journalism","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Black-and-white photograph of a National Guardsman looking over the Washington Monument in Washington D.C., on January 21, 2021, the day after the inauguration of Joe Biden as the 46th president of the United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/National_Guardsman_in_Washington_DC.jpg/220px-National_Guardsman_in_Washington_DC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barricades on rue Saint-Maur (1848), the first photo used to illustrate a newspaper story","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Barricades_rue_Saint-Maur._Avant_l%27attaque%2C_25_juin_1848._Apr%C3%A8s_l%E2%80%99attaque%2C_26_juin_1848_%28Original%29.jpg/220px-Barricades_rue_Saint-Maur._Avant_l%27attaque%2C_25_juin_1848._Apr%C3%A8s_l%E2%80%99attaque%2C_26_juin_1848_%28Original%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Crawlers, London, 1876–1877, a photograph from John Thomson's Street Life in London photo-documentary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thomson%2C_The_crawlers.jpg/170px-Thomson%2C_The_crawlers.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Geronimo's camp before surrender to General Crook, March 27, 1886: Geronimo and Natches mounted; Geronimo's son (Perico) standing at his side holding baby.\" By C. S. Fly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Scene_in_Geronimo%27s_camp_II.png/220px-Scene_in_Geronimo%27s_camp_II.png"},{"image_text":"The Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung pioneered modern photojournalism and was widely copied. Pictured, the cover of issue of 26 August 1936: a meeting between Francisco Franco and Emilio Mola.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg/200px-Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"In Migrant Mother (1936) Dorothea Lange produced the seminal image of the Great Depression. The FSA also employed several other photojournalists to document the depression.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/170px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boy destroying piano at Pant-y-Waen, South Wales, by Philip Jones Griffiths, 1961","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boy_destroying_piano.jpg/170px-Boy_destroying_piano.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sports photojournalists at Indianapolis Motor Speedway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Photojournalists_bw.jpg/220px-Photojournalists_bw.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photojournalists at the 2016 Labour Party Conference in Liverpool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Press_photographers%2C_2016_Labour_Party_Conference.jpg/220px-Press_photographers%2C_2016_Labour_Party_Conference.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roger Fenton's Photographic Van, 1855, formerly a wine merchant's wagon; his assistant is pictured at the front.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mr._Fenton%27s_photographic_van.jpg/170px-Mr._Fenton%27s_photographic_van.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leica 1, (1925)'s introduction marked the beginning of modern photojournalism.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LEI0060_186_Leica_I_Sn.5193_1927_Originalzustand_Front-2_FS-15.jpg/220px-LEI0060_186_Leica_I_Sn.5193_1927_Originalzustand_Front-2_FS-15.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Journalism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Journalism"},{"title":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"title":"History of Spanish photojournalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spanish_photojournalism"},{"title":"JPG (magazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPG_(magazine)"},{"title":"List of photographs considered the most important","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important"},{"title":"List of photojournalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photojournalists"},{"title":"Magnum Photos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_Photos"},{"title":"Paparazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paparazzi"},{"title":"Photo caption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_caption"},{"title":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"title":"VII Photo Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Photo_Agency"},{"title":"ZUMA Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZUMA_Press"}]	[{"reference":"Laurel Brake; Marysa Demoor; Margaret Beetham (2009). Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. Academia Press. p. 495. ISBN 9789038213408.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qVrUTUelE6YC","url_text":"Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789038213408","url_text":"9789038213408"}]},{"reference":"\"Barricades in Rue Saint-Maur-Popincourt, 25th June 1848\". PBS LearningMedia. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191101063941/https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir244919fre/barricades-in-rue-saint-maur-popincourt-xir244919-fre/n-876876","url_text":"\"Barricades in Rue Saint-Maur-Popincourt, 25th June 1848\""},{"url":"https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir244919fre/barricades-in-rue-saint-maur-popincourt-xir244919-fre/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hudson, Berkley (2009). Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Journalism. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. pp. 1060–67. ISBN 978-0-7619-2957-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediajour00ster_321","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Journalism"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediajour00ster_321/page/n1094","url_text":"1060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2957-4","url_text":"978-0-7619-2957-4"}]},{"reference":"Keith Hayward; Mike Presdee (2010). Framing Crime: Cultural Criminology and the Image. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 9780203880753.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c3u8KLWGcJsC","url_text":"Framing Crime: Cultural Criminology and the Image"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203880753","url_text":"9780203880753"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Colin (11 November 2012). \"Photographing Conflict: Roger Fenton and the Crimean War\". National Science and Media Museum blog. National Science and Media Museum. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/remembrance-day-part-1-photographing-war-fenton-crimean/","url_text":"\"Photographing Conflict: Roger Fenton and the Crimean War\""}]},{"reference":"Carlebach, Michael L. (1992). The Origins of Photojournalism in America. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-159-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/originsofphotojo0000carl","url_text":"The Origins of Photojournalism in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-159-6","url_text":"978-1-56098-159-6"}]},{"reference":"Elliott S. Parker (1977). John Thomson, Photojournalist in Asia, 1862–1872.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TvK2mgEACAAJ","url_text":"John Thomson, Photojournalist in Asia, 1862–1872"}]},{"reference":"\"The photographs of John Thomson\". National Library of Scotland.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.nls.uk/thomson/introduction.html","url_text":"\"The photographs of John Thomson\""}]},{"reference":"Ovenden, Richard (1997). John Thomson (1837–1921) Photographer. Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland. p. 42. ISBN 978-0114958336.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0114958336","url_text":"978-0114958336"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to... / Bienvenue r\". Collections.ic.gc.ca. 2001-05-01. Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2011-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111103145611/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume4/14-15.htm","url_text":"\"Welcome to... / Bienvenue r\""},{"url":"http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume4/14-15.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, Thomas (1989). \"C.S. Fly Pioneer Photojournalist\". The Journal of Arizona History. 30 (3) (Autumn, 1989 ed.): 303–318. JSTOR 41695766.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41695766","url_text":"41695766"}]},{"reference":"\"Mary \"Mollie\" E. Fly (1847–1925)\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141023033330/https://www.azwhf.org/mary-mollie-e-fly-1847-1925/","url_text":"\"Mary \"Mollie\" E. Fly (1847–1925)\""},{"url":"https://www.azwhf.org/mary-mollie-e-fly-1847-1925/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How the Other Half Lives complete text and photos online\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2007-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.authentichistory.com/postcivilwar/riis/contents.html","url_text":"\"How the Other Half Lives complete text and photos online\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090720120732/http://www.authentichistory.com/postcivilwar/riis/contents.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, W. Joseph (2004). \"1897 American journalism's exceptional year\". Journalism History. Winter. ISSN 0094-7679. 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ISSN 1270-9050.","urls":[{"url":"http://etudesphotographiques.revues.org/3480","url_text":"\"War and the iPhone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1270-9050","url_text":"1270-9050"}]},{"reference":"Channick, Robert (May 30, 2013). \"Chicago Tribune\".","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-05-30/business/chi-chicago-sun-times-photo-20130530_1_chicago-sun-times-photo-staff-video","url_text":"\"Chicago Tribune\""}]},{"reference":"Beaujon, Andrew (May 31, 2013). \"Poynter\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poynter.org/2013/sun-times-will-train-reporters-on-iphone-photography-basics/214954/","url_text":"\"Poynter\""}]},{"reference":"Schiller, Jakob (July 16, 2013). \"Wired\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2013/07/replacing-photographers-with-iphone-wielding-reporters-yields-mixed-results/","url_text":"\"Wired\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qVrUTUelE6YC","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191101063941/https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir244919fre/barricades-in-rue-saint-maur-popincourt-xir244919-fre/n-876876","external_links_name":"\"Barricades in Rue Saint-Maur-Popincourt, 25th June 1848\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir244919fre/barricades-in-rue-saint-maur-popincourt-xir244919-fre/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediajour00ster_321","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Journalism"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediajour00ster_321/page/n1094","external_links_name":"1060"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c3u8KLWGcJsC","external_links_name":"Framing Crime: Cultural Criminology and the Image"},{"Link":"https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/remembrance-day-part-1-photographing-war-fenton-crimean/","external_links_name":"\"Photographing Conflict: Roger Fenton and the Crimean War\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/originsofphotojo0000carl","external_links_name":"The Origins of Photojournalism in America"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TvK2mgEACAAJ","external_links_name":"John Thomson, Photojournalist in Asia, 1862–1872"},{"Link":"http://digital.nls.uk/thomson/introduction.html","external_links_name":"\"The photographs of John Thomson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111103145611/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume4/14-15.htm","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to... / Bienvenue r\""},{"Link":"http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume4/14-15.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41695766","external_links_name":"41695766"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141023033330/https://www.azwhf.org/mary-mollie-e-fly-1847-1925/","external_links_name":"\"Mary \"Mollie\" E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongo_Wetere	Rongo Wetere	["1 Personal life","2 References"]	Rongo Herehere Wetere ONZM of Ngāti Maniapoto descent, founder of the Te Wananga o Aotearoa (TWoA) tertiary institution in New Zealand and an Officer of the Order of New Zealand of Merit. He was previously chair of the Māori Employment and Training Commission. He was the chief executive of the Te Wananga o Aotearoa tertiary institution but resigned from his post in 2005 following government pressure. A subsequent report by the Office of the Auditor-General found that the finances of the TWoA were in order despite the university being Indigenous. In 1994, Dr. Wetere had successfully gained government approval for the establishment of New Zealand’s first Maori University known as Te Wananga o Aotearoa (translation: University of New Zealand) and became its founding President/CEO. Within 10 years Te Wananga o Aotearoa (TWOA) grew to be the largest tertiary provider in New Zealand with annual enrolments reaching 65,000 students. TWOA also allowed the enrollment of non-Maori people with 52% of its student body being non-Maori. In 1998 Dr Wetere sued the New Zealand government over inequitable funding for Wananga (Maori University). Eventually the three Maori Wananga received $150M capital funding from this action and an apology from the Government was made for their refusal to provide funding. When the following year enrolments jumped to 65,000, New Zealand Universities facing declining rolls sought Government action to restrict TWOA. During a heated national election political parties challenged the government for having allowed the TWOA to grow so large. At the resignation of Dr. Wetere in December 2005 the former Minister of Education and then Chair of the Tertiary Funding Commission (TEC), the Honourable Russell Marshall stated, “Dr. Wetere had made an enormous contribution to education in New Zealand and was deserving of the highest accolades the country could bestow. He was also a key driver in the establishment of WINHEC (World Indigenous Nations Higher Education Consortium) in Banff in 2002 where he was appointed Co-Chair. WINHEC groups all the Indigenous universities around the pacific rim for the sharing of ideas as well as certification and establishment of standards. Wetere currently works as Managing Director of ArrowMight Canada, an adult literacy and lifelong learning provider that targets Immigrants and Aboriginal learners. In the 1996 Queen's Birthday Honours, Wetere was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the community. Personal life Wetere has three children is married to Marcia Krawll and resides in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. References ^ "About the Reports". Waitangi Tribunal. Retrieved 3 September 2012. ^ "Rongo Wetere". Teawamutu.co.nz. Retrieved 3 September 2012. ^ "Mayors Taskforce for Jobs". Jobsletter.org.nz. Retrieved 3 September 2012. ^ Stokes, Jon (16 December 2005). "Squeeze on wananga too much for Wetere". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ "Inquiry into certain aspects of Te Wānanga o Aotearoa". Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand. 1 December 2005. Retrieved 20 September 2012. ^ "Adult Literacy and Numeracy Program \| ArrowMight Canada". Arrowmight.ca. Retrieved 3 September 2012. ^ "Queen's Birthday honours list 1996". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 3 June 1996. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ "Part 6: Acquiring goods and services — Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand". Oag.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 September 2012. ^ "Part 7: Establishing educational courses — Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand". Oag.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 September 2012. This biographical article relating to a Māori person is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article about a New Zealand academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WINHEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WINHEC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Indigenous Nations Higher Education Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Indigenous_Nations_Higher_Education_Consortium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"adult literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_literacy"},{"link_name":"lifelong learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning"},{"link_name":"Immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrants"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1996 Queen's Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Birthday_Honours_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1994, Dr. Wetere had successfully gained government approval for the establishment of New Zealand’s first Maori University known as Te Wananga o Aotearoa (translation:\nUniversity of New Zealand) and became its founding President/CEO. Within 10 years Te Wananga o Aotearoa (TWOA) grew to be the largest tertiary provider in New Zealand with annual enrolments reaching 65,000 students. TWOA also allowed the enrollment of non-Maori people with 52% of its student body being non-Maori.In 1998 Dr Wetere sued the New Zealand government over inequitable funding for Wananga (Maori University). Eventually the three Maori Wananga received $150M capital\nfunding from this action and an apology from the Government was made for their refusal to provide funding. When the following year enrolments jumped to 65,000, New Zealand Universities facing declining rolls sought Government action to restrict TWOA. During a heated national election political parties challenged the government for having allowed the TWOA to grow so large. At the resignation of Dr. Wetere in December 2005 the former Minister of Education and then Chair of the Tertiary Funding Commission (TEC), the Honourable Russell Marshall stated, “Dr. Wetere had made an enormous contribution to education in New Zealand and was deserving of the highest accolades the country could bestow.He was also a key driver in the establishment of WINHEC (World Indigenous Nations Higher Education Consortium) in Banff in 2002 where he was appointed Co-Chair. WINHEC groups all the Indigenous universities around the pacific rim for the sharing of ideas as well as certification and establishment of standards.Wetere currently works as Managing Director of ArrowMight Canada, an adult literacy and lifelong learning provider that targets Immigrants and Aboriginal learners.[6]In the 1996 Queen's Birthday Honours, Wetere was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the community.[7]","title":"Rongo Wetere"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oag.govt.nz-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Wetere has three children is married to Marcia Krawll and resides in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.[8][9]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"About the Reports\". Waitangi Tribunal. Retrieved 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=39e13093-2f4d-4971-aca0-28e811572755&chapter=9","url_text":"\"About the Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rongo Wetere\". Teawamutu.co.nz. Retrieved 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teawamutu.co.nz/community/people/rongo-wetere/","url_text":"\"Rongo Wetere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayors Taskforce for Jobs\". Jobsletter.org.nz. Retrieved 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jobsletter.org.nz/mtfjobs/mtfjobs14.htm","url_text":"\"Mayors Taskforce for Jobs\""}]},{"reference":"Stokes, Jon (16 December 2005). \"Squeeze on wananga too much for Wetere\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/jon-stokes/news/article.cfm?a_id=96&objectid=10360231","url_text":"\"Squeeze on wananga too much for Wetere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Inquiry into certain aspects of Te Wānanga o Aotearoa\". Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand. 1 December 2005. Retrieved 20 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oag.govt.nz/2005/twoa/summary.htm","url_text":"\"Inquiry into certain aspects of Te Wānanga o Aotearoa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controller_and_Auditor-General_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Office of the Auditor-General"}]},{"reference":"\"Adult Literacy and Numeracy Program \| ArrowMight Canada\". Arrowmight.ca. Retrieved 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arrowmight.ca/about.php","url_text":"\"Adult Literacy and Numeracy Program \| ArrowMight Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's Birthday honours list 1996\". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 3 June 1996. Retrieved 20 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-1996","url_text":"\"Queen's Birthday honours list 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Part 6: Acquiring goods and services — Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand\". Oag.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oag.govt.nz/2005/twoa/part6.htm","url_text":"\"Part 6: Acquiring goods and services — Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Part 7: Establishing educational courses — Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand\". Oag.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oag.govt.nz/2005/twoa/part7.htm","url_text":"\"Part 7: Establishing educational courses — Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=39e13093-2f4d-4971-aca0-28e811572755&chapter=9","external_links_name":"\"About the Reports\""},{"Link":"http://www.teawamutu.co.nz/community/people/rongo-wetere/","external_links_name":"\"Rongo Wetere\""},{"Link":"http://www.jobsletter.org.nz/mtfjobs/mtfjobs14.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mayors Taskforce for Jobs\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/jon-stokes/news/article.cfm?a_id=96&objectid=10360231","external_links_name":"\"Squeeze on wananga too much for Wetere\""},{"Link":"http://www.oag.govt.nz/2005/twoa/summary.htm","external_links_name":"\"Inquiry into certain aspects of Te Wānanga o Aotearoa\""},{"Link":"http://www.arrowmight.ca/about.php","external_links_name":"\"Adult Literacy and Numeracy Program \| ArrowMight Canada\""},{"Link":"https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-1996","external_links_name":"\"Queen's Birthday honours list 1996\""},{"Link":"http://www.oag.govt.nz/2005/twoa/part6.htm","external_links_name":"\"Part 6: Acquiring goods and services — Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand\""},{"Link":"http://www.oag.govt.nz/2005/twoa/part7.htm","external_links_name":"\"Part 7: Establishing educational courses — Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rongo_Wetere&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rongo_Wetere&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingell%E2%80%93Johnson_Act	Dingell–Johnson Act	["1 References"]	The Dingell–Johnson Act, also called the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act, is a United States federal law signed into law by President Harry S. Truman from 1950 that authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to provide financial assistance for state fish restoration and management plans and projects. The Act has been amended 11 times, the last time in 1992. References ^ 16 U.S.C. §§ 777–777l, 64 Stat. 430 ^ "Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act". Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook. Center for Wildlife Law, University of New Mexico School of Law. n.d. Archived from the original on 2007-11-18. Retrieved 2008-01-20. vteHarry S. Truman 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953) 34th Vice President of the United States (1945) U.S. Senator from Missouri (1935–1945) Presidency Timeline Inaugurations first second Assassination attempt 1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum State of the Union Address (1946 1950 1952) Judicial appointments Supreme Court Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination Cabinet Truman Balcony "The buck stops here" Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Eisenhower transition Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Potsdam Conference 1945; Agreement on Europe Declaration to Japan Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945) War Brides Act (1945) Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946) Luce–Celler Act (1946) Executive Order 9835 (1947) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) Hoover Commission (1947) National Security Act of 1947 U.S. Department of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council National Security Resources Board Air Force/Department Central Intelligence Agency Displaced Persons Act (1948) Key West Agreement (1948) Marshall Plan (1948) Joint Long Range Proving Grounds (1949) North Atlantic Treaty 1949; NATO Revolt of the Admirals (1949) Korean War 1950–1953; U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 83 Defense Production Act of 1950 Relief of Douglas MacArthur Office of Defense Mobilization 1950; Science Advisory Committee, 1951 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 National Security Agency (1952) Fair Deal Medal of Freedom (1945) Revenue Act of 1945 National Mental Health Act 1946; National Institute of Mental Health Atomic Energy Act of 1946 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Flood Control Acts 1946 1948 1950 Fulbright Program (1946) Hill–Burton Act (1946) Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 Federal Tort Claims Act Legislative Reference Service National School Lunch Act (1946) President's Committee on Civil Rights (1946) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947) Housing and Home Finance Agency (1947) Presidential Succession Act of 1947 Taft–Hartley Act (1947) Agricultural Act of 1948 Executive Order 9981 (1948) Revenue Act of 1948 Agricultural Act of 1949 Housing Act of 1949 Dingell–Johnson Act (1950) Revenue Act of 1950 Excess profits tax Unrelated Business Income Tax Revenue Act of 1951 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952 1952 steel strike Life Early life and career Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite Missouri Office and Courtroom Truman Committee 1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection Homes Birthplace Harry S. Truman Farm Home Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site Historic District Blair House Truman Little White House Elections United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934 1940 Democratic National Convention 1944 1948 1944 United States presidential election 1948 campaign "Dewey Defeats Truman" campaign song 1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries Legacy Bibliography Truman Day Harry S Truman Building Truman Dam and Reservoir Harry S. Truman Scholarship Truman Sports Complex U.S. Postage stamps Statue of Harry S. Truman Public image Give 'em Hell, Harry! (1975 play and film) Harry Truman (1975 song by Chicago) Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur (1976 film) Backstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries) Truman (1995 film) Truman (1997 documentary film) The First Lady (2022 TV series) Oppenheimer (2023 film) Family Bess Wallace Truman (wife) Margaret Truman (daughter) Martha Ellen Young Truman (mother) Clifton Truman Daniel (grandson) ← Franklin D. Roosevelt Dwight D. Eisenhower → ← Henry A. Wallace Alben W. Barkley → Category This United States federal legislation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dingell–Johnson Act"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act\". Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook. Center for Wildlife Law, University of New Mexico School of Law. n.d. Archived from the original on 2007-11-18. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071118102214/http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/djact.html","url_text":"\"Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act\""},{"url":"http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/djact.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/777","external_links_name":"§§ 777"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/777l","external_links_name":"777l"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-64-430","external_links_name":"430"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071118102214/http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/djact.html","external_links_name":"\"Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act\""},{"Link":"http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/djact.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dingell%E2%80%93Johnson_Act&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARF_History_Museum	ARF History Museum	["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 40°10′28″N 44°30′42″E / 40.17444°N 44.51167°E / 40.17444; 44.51167History museum in Yerevan, ArmeniaARF History MuseumՀ. Յ. Դաշնակցութեան պատմութեան թանգարան հիմնադրամLocationYerevan, ArmeniaTypeHistory museumDirectorAnush AmseyanWebsiteofficial website The Armenian Revolutionary Federation History Museum (Armenian: Հ. Յ. Դաշնակցութեան պատմութեան թանգարան հիմնադրամ) is a museum in Yerevan, Armenia, that displays the history of the First Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) with its notable members. History The museum initially opened in 1946 in Paris, France and throughout the years, accumulated as many as 3,000 artifacts. The Museum was inaugurated in Yerevan during an official ceremony on 13 July 2007, at the Kristapor Mikaelian Center. Dashnak leaders such as Hrant Markarian and supporters were present at the opening. Socialist International president Luis Ayala was also present and welcomed the opening of the museum as a historic and important turning point in the ARF's history. The museum displays government documents, stamps and other artifacts. The first of its exhibits is dedicated to the Democratic Republic of Armenia of 1918 to 1920. It displays official documents presented by Armenia at the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 as well as personal effects from the first republic's prime ministers; Hamo Ohanjanyan, Alexander Khatisyan, Simon Vratsian and Hovhannes Katchaznouni. Personal effects from generals Andranik Ozanyan and Drastamat Kanayan are among the highlights of the exhibit as well. The director of the Genocide Museum and Institute Haik Demoyan has called one of the initial exhibits one of the richest collections from one of Armenia's "most dramatic" historical turning points. See also Museums portal List of museums in Armenia References ^ a b c "ARF History Museum Opens in Yerevan". Retrieved 2007-08-11. 40°10′28″N 44°30′42″E / 40.17444°N 44.51167°E / 40.17444; 44.51167 This article related to a museum in Armenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"First Republic of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenian Revolutionary Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation"}],"text":"History museum in Yerevan, ArmeniaThe Armenian Revolutionary Federation History Museum (Armenian: Հ. Յ. Դաշնակցութեան պատմութեան թանգարան հիմնադրամ) is a museum in Yerevan, Armenia, that displays the history of the First Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) with its notable members.","title":"ARF History Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Kristapor Mikaelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristapor_Mikaelian"},{"link_name":"Hrant Markarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrant_Markarian"},{"link_name":"Socialist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayrenik-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"prime ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Hamo Ohanjanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamo_Ohanjanyan"},{"link_name":"Alexander Khatisyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Khatisyan"},{"link_name":"Simon Vratsian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Vratsian"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Katchaznouni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Katchaznouni"},{"link_name":"Andranik Ozanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Ozanyan"},{"link_name":"Drastamat Kanayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drastamat_Kanayan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayrenik-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayrenik-1"}],"text":"The museum initially opened in 1946 in Paris, France and throughout the years, accumulated as many as 3,000 artifacts. The Museum was inaugurated in Yerevan during an official ceremony on 13 July 2007, at the Kristapor Mikaelian Center. Dashnak leaders such as Hrant Markarian and supporters were present at the opening. Socialist International president Luis Ayala was also present and welcomed the opening of the museum as a historic and important turning point in the ARF's history.[1]The museum displays government documents, stamps and other artifacts. The first of its exhibits is dedicated to the Democratic Republic of Armenia of 1918 to 1920. It displays official documents presented by Armenia at the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 as well as personal effects from the first republic's prime ministers; Hamo Ohanjanyan, Alexander Khatisyan, Simon Vratsian and Hovhannes Katchaznouni. Personal effects from generals Andranik Ozanyan and Drastamat Kanayan are among the highlights of the exhibit as well.[1]The director of the Genocide Museum and Institute Haik Demoyan has called one of the initial exhibits one of the richest collections from one of Armenia's \"most dramatic\" historical turning points.[1]","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_symbol_museum.svg"},{"title":"Museums portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Museums"},{"title":"List of museums in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Armenia"}]	[{"reference":"\"ARF History Museum Opens in Yerevan\". Retrieved 2007-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hairenik.com/armenianweekly/fpg07280702.htm","url_text":"\"ARF History Museum Opens in Yerevan\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ARF_History_Museum&params=40_10_28_N_44_30_42_E_type:landmark_region:AM","external_links_name":"40°10′28″N 44°30′42″E / 40.17444°N 44.51167°E / 40.17444; 44.51167"},{"Link":"http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=569","external_links_name":"official website"},{"Link":"http://www.hairenik.com/armenianweekly/fpg07280702.htm","external_links_name":"\"ARF History Museum Opens in Yerevan\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ARF_History_Museum&params=40_10_28_N_44_30_42_E_type:landmark_region:AM","external_links_name":"40°10′28″N 44°30′42″E / 40.17444°N 44.51167°E / 40.17444; 44.51167"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARF_History_Museum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Tavares	Rafael Tavares	[]	Rafael Tavares may refer to: Rafael Tavares (footballer, born 1990), Brazilian football attacking midfielder Rafael Tavares (footballer, born 2000), Brazilian football winger and forward Rafael Tavares Gomes Fernandes (born 2002), Portuguese football defender Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafael Tavares (footballer, born 1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Tavares_(footballer,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"Rafael Tavares (footballer, born 2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Tavares_(footballer,_born_2000)"},{"link_name":"Rafael Tavares Gomes Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Tavares_Gomes_Fernandes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Rafael_Tavares&namespace=0"}],"text":"Rafael Tavares (footballer, born 1990), Brazilian football attacking midfielder\nRafael Tavares (footballer, born 2000), Brazilian football winger and forward\nRafael Tavares Gomes Fernandes (born 2002), Portuguese football defenderTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Rafael Tavares"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Rafael_Tavares&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Furniture_Trade_Operatives	National Union of Furniture Trade Operatives	["1 Election results","2 General Secretaries","3 References"]	Former trade union of the United Kingdom National Union of Furniture Trade OperativesMerged intoFurniture, Timber and Allied Trades UnionFounded1947Dissolved1971HeadquartersFairfields, Roe Green, Kingsbury, LondonLocationUnited KingdomMembers 60,754 (1971)Key peopleAlf Tomkins (General Secretary)AffiliationsTUC, ITUC, NFBTO The National Union of Furniture Trade Operatives (NUFTO) was a trade union in the United Kingdom representing furniture makers. The union was founded in 1947 by the merger of the National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association and the Amalgamated Union of Upholsterers. By the 1960s, the union was keen to merge with other in its sector; in 1969, it absorbed the United French Polishers' Society, and the following year, the Midland Glass Bevellers' and Kindred Trades' Society joined. By 1971, the union had 60,754 members and, that year, it merged with the Amalgamated Society of Woodcutting Machinists to form the Furniture, Timber and Allied Trades Union. Election results The union sponsored Labour Party candidates in several Parliamentary elections. Election Constituency Candidate Votes Percentage Position 1964 general election Newcastle upon Tyne North Sidney Lee 12,515 39.1 2 Nottingham South William Frederick Back 21,046 41.0 2 1970 general election Shoreditch and Finsbury Ronald Brown 14,474 66.9 1 General Secretaries 1947–1971: Alf Tomkins References ^ a b Arthur Marsh and Victoria Ryan, Historical Directory of British Trade Unions, vol.3, p.332 ^ V. L. Allen, Power in trade unions, p.284	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Amalgamated_Furnishing_Trades_Association"},{"link_name":"Amalgamated Union of Upholsterers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Union_of_Upholsterers"},{"link_name":"United French Polishers' Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_French_Polishers%27_Society"},{"link_name":"Midland Glass Bevellers' and Kindred Trades' Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midland_Glass_Bevellers%27_and_Kindred_Trades%27_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marsh-1"},{"link_name":"Amalgamated Society of Woodcutting Machinists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Society_of_Woodcutting_Machinists"},{"link_name":"Furniture, Timber and Allied Trades Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture,_Timber_and_Allied_Trades_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marsh-1"}],"text":"The National Union of Furniture Trade Operatives (NUFTO) was a trade union in the United Kingdom representing furniture makers.The union was founded in 1947 by the merger of the National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association and the Amalgamated Union of Upholsterers. By the 1960s, the union was keen to merge with other in its sector; in 1969, it absorbed the United French Polishers' Society, and the following year, the Midland Glass Bevellers' and Kindred Trades' Society joined.[1]By 1971, the union had 60,754 members and, that year, it merged with the Amalgamated Society of Woodcutting Machinists to form the Furniture, Timber and Allied Trades Union.[1]","title":"National Union of Furniture Trade Operatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"The union sponsored Labour Party candidates in several Parliamentary elections.","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alf Tomkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Tomkins"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1947–1971: Alf Tomkins[2]","title":"General Secretaries"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Today_(1924_film)	Daughters of Today (1924 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	1924 film Daughters of TodayTheatrical posterDirected byRollin S. SturgeonWritten byLucien HubbardStarringPatsy Ruth MillerRalph GravesEdna MurphyCinematographyMilton MooreProductioncompanySturgeon-Hubbard CompanyDistributed bySelznick Distributing CorporationRelease date February 2, 1924 (1924-02-02) Running time81 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) Daughters of Today is a 1924 American silent drama film directed by Rollin S. Sturgeon and starring Patsy Ruth Miller, Ralph Graves, and Edna Murphy. Plot As described in a film magazine review, Lois Whittall's father Leigh is interested in a young blonde charmer. Lois and her college friends are out for a good time and en route pick up Mabel Vandegrift, a young country woman who was very strictly reared by her parents. Their gay roadside party is wound up by a moonlight bathing frolic. The young people are then scattered by outraged villagers and they are in an automobile accident. Lois and Mabel then become mixed up in a murder mystery. In the end, it all comes out alright and the two young women find happiness with their respective lovers. Cast Patsy Ruth Miller as Lois Whittall Ralph Graves as Ralph Adams Edna Murphy as Mabel Vandegrift Edward Hearn as Peter Farnham Philo McCullough as Reggy Adams George Nichols as Dirk Vandegrift Gertrude Claire as Ma Vandegrift Phillips Smalley as Leigh Whittall Zasu Pitts as Lorena Henry Hebert as Calnan (credited as H.J. Herbert) Fontaine La Rue as Mrs. Mantell Truman Van Dyke as Dick Dorothy Wood as Flo Marjorie Bonner as Maisie References ^ Stumpf p. 119 ^ Pardy, George T. (March 22, 1924). "Box Office Reviews: Daughters of Today". Exhibitors Trade Review. New York: Exhibitors Review Publishing Corporation: 25. Retrieved October 11, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Bibliography Stumpf, Charles. ZaSu Pitts: The Life and Career. McFarland, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7864-4620-9 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daughters of Today (1924 film). Daughters of Today at IMDb Synopsis at AllMovie This article about a silent drama film from the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Rollin S. Sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollin_S._Sturgeon"},{"link_name":"Patsy Ruth Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Ruth_Miller"},{"link_name":"Ralph Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Graves"},{"link_name":"Edna Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Murphy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Daughters of Today is a 1924 American silent drama film directed by Rollin S. Sturgeon and starring Patsy Ruth Miller, Ralph Graves, and Edna Murphy.[1]","title":"Daughters of Today (1924 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETR-2"}],"text":"As described in a film magazine review,[2] Lois Whittall's father Leigh is interested in a young blonde charmer. Lois and her college friends are out for a good time and en route pick up Mabel Vandegrift, a young country woman who was very strictly reared by her parents. Their gay roadside party is wound up by a moonlight bathing frolic. The young people are then scattered by outraged villagers and they are in an automobile accident. Lois and Mabel then become mixed up in a murder mystery. In the end, it all comes out alright and the two young women find happiness with their respective lovers.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patsy Ruth Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Ruth_Miller"},{"link_name":"Ralph Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Graves"},{"link_name":"Edna Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Edward Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hearn_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Philo McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_McCullough"},{"link_name":"George Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nichols_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Claire"},{"link_name":"Phillips Smalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Smalley"},{"link_name":"Zasu Pitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasu_Pitts"},{"link_name":"Henry Hebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hebert"},{"link_name":"Fontaine La Rue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaine_La_Rue"},{"link_name":"Truman Van Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truman_Van_Dyke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Bonner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Bonner_(Ziegfeld_Follies)"}],"text":"Patsy Ruth Miller as Lois Whittall\nRalph Graves as Ralph Adams\nEdna Murphy as Mabel Vandegrift\nEdward Hearn as Peter Farnham\nPhilo McCullough as Reggy Adams\nGeorge Nichols as Dirk Vandegrift\nGertrude Claire as Ma Vandegrift\nPhillips Smalley as Leigh Whittall\nZasu Pitts as Lorena\nHenry Hebert as Calnan (credited as H.J. Herbert)\nFontaine La Rue as Mrs. Mantell\nTruman Van Dyke as Dick\nDorothy Wood as Flo\nMarjorie Bonner as Maisie","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-4620-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4620-9"}],"text":"Stumpf, Charles. ZaSu Pitts: The Life and Career. McFarland, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7864-4620-9","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Pardy, George T. (March 22, 1924). \"Box Office Reviews: Daughters of Today\". Exhibitors Trade Review. New York: Exhibitors Review Publishing Corporation: 25. Retrieved October 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/exhibi00newy/page/n246/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Box Office Reviews: Daughters of Today\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/exhibi00newy/page/n246/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Box Office Reviews: Daughters of Today\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0014834/","external_links_name":"Daughters of Today"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v88802","external_links_name":"Synopsis"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daughters_of_Today_(1924_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_River_(Tasmania)	Arthur River (Tasmania)	["1 Location and features","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 41°03′22″S 144°39′21″E / 41.05611°S 144.65583°E / -41.05611; 144.65583River in Tasmania, Australia This article is about the river. For the town, see Arthur River, Tasmania. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Arthur River" Tasmania – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Arthur(Tunganrick)The mouth of the Arthur RiverLocation of the Arthur River mouth in TasmaniaEtymologySir George ArthurLocationCountryAustraliaStateTasmaniaRegionNorth-westPhysical characteristicsSourceMagnet Range • locationsouth of Waratah • coordinates41°29′43″S 145°25′30″E / 41.49528°S 145.42500°E / -41.49528; 145.42500 • elevation479 m (1,572 ft) MouthSouthern Ocean • locationtown of Arthur River • coordinates41°03′22″S 144°39′21″E / 41.05611°S 144.65583°E / -41.05611; 144.65583 • elevation0 m (0 ft)Length172 km (107 mi)Basin featuresTributaries • leftKeith River, Lyons River (Tasmania), Rapid River (Tasmania), Julius River, Frankland River (Tasmania) • rightWaratah River, Wandle River (Tasmania), Hellyer River, Salmon River (Tasmania)National parkSavage River National Park The Arthur River (Peerapper: Tunganrick) is a major perennial river located in the north-west region of Tasmania, Australia. Location and features The Arthur River rises on the slopes of the Magnet Range, south of Waratah and flows generally north and then west, around the northern perimeter of the Savage River National Park. The river is joined by 25 tributaries including the Waratah, Wandle, Hellyer, Keith, Lyons, Rapid, Julius, Salmon and Frankland rivers. The Arthur River reaches its mouth at the settlement of Arthur River where it empties into the Southern Ocean. The river descends 480 metres (1,570 ft) over its 172-kilometre (107 mi) course. The river was named in honour of Sir George Arthur, the Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemens Land between 1824 and 1836. On the coast near the river mouth is a plaque titled The Edge of the World. North West Coast Tasmania, and a poem by tourism pioneer Brian Inder, who coined the term, referring to the coastline at Arthur River which is regularly lashed by the gales of the Roaring Forties. See also Australia portalEnvironment portalWater portal Rivers of Tasmania References ^ a b "Map of Arthur River, TAS". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016. ^ Milligan, Joseph (1858). "On the dialects and languages of the Aboriginal Tribes of Tasmania, and on their manners and customs" (PDF). Papers of the Royal Society of Tasmania: 271. ^ "Cradle Coast Newsletter" (PDF). Tourism Newsletter. Cradle Coast. December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008. vteRiver systems and rivers of Tasmania, AustraliaRivers flowing towards the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean Anne Apsley Arve Blythe Broad Browns Carlton Cascade Clyde Cracroft Cygnet Dee Denison (Little) Derwent Gawler George Harcus Hobart Huon Jordan Lachlan Little Swanport Lune Maurice Medway Mountain Nive North West Bay Ouse Picton Plenty Prosser Ringarooma Russell Snake Styx Swanport (Little) Welcome Weld Wye Rivers flowing towards the Southern Ocean Achilles Adams Albert Andrew Anthony Badger Blackman Bluff Boyd Boyes Braddon Break O'Day Cockle Collingwood Crossing Davey Denison De Witt Donaldson Eldon Eldon (South Frankland (South-west) Franklin Fury Gell Gordon Governor Hardwood Heemskirk Henty Holley Huskisson Jane King Loddon Lora Lucan Mackintosh Marionoak Murchison Nelson Old Olga Orange Owen Meredith Paradise Pery Pieman Pokana Princess Queen Ring Savage Serpentine Smith Sophia Sorell South Eldon Southwell Spence Spero Sprent Stanley Stitt Surprise Tofft Tully Wallace Wedge Whyte Wilson Yolande Rivers flowing towards Bass Strait Arm Arthur Bird Black Blackman Blythe Break O'Day Calder Cam Don Dove Duck Dukes Elizabeth Emu Esk (North) Esk (South) Flowerdale Ford Forester (Great) Forth Frankland (North-west) Hellyer Inglis Isis Julius Keith Lake Lea Leven Liffey Lyons Nile Macquarie Meander Mersey Nile Pipers Rapid Rubicon Salmon St Patricks St Pauls Supply Tamar Tooms Tyne Wandle Waratah Category This article about a river in Tasmania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur River, Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_River,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Peerapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerapper_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"perennial river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_river"},{"link_name":"north-west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"}],"text":"River in Tasmania, AustraliaThis article is about the river. 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The river is joined by 25 tributaries including the Waratah, Wandle, Hellyer, Keith, Lyons, Rapid, Julius, Salmon and Frankland rivers. The Arthur River reaches its mouth at the settlement of Arthur River where it empties into the Southern Ocean. The river descends 480 metres (1,570 ft) over its 172-kilometre (107 mi) course.[1]The river was named in honour of Sir George Arthur, the Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemens Land between 1824 and 1836.On the coast near the river mouth is a plaque titled The Edge of the World. North West Coast Tasmania, and a poem by tourism pioneer Brian Inder, who coined the term, referring to the coastline at Arthur River which is regularly lashed by the gales of the Roaring Forties.[3]","title":"Location and features"}]	[]	[{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"title":"Environment portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg"},{"title":"Water portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Water"},{"title":"Rivers of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_Tasmania"}]	[{"reference":"\"Map of Arthur River, TAS\". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonzle.com.au/c/a?a=p&p=209935&cmd=sp","url_text":"\"Map of Arthur River, TAS\""}]},{"reference":"Milligan, Joseph (1858). \"On the dialects and languages of the Aboriginal Tribes of Tasmania, and on their manners and customs\" (PDF). Papers of the Royal Society of Tasmania: 271.","urls":[{"url":"https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19369/1/1-1859-Dialects-Aboriginal-Tribes-Tasmania.pdf","url_text":"\"On the dialects and languages of the Aboriginal Tribes of Tasmania, and on their manners and customs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cradle Coast Newsletter\" (PDF). Tourism Newsletter. Cradle Coast. December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_Boxing	Fitness Boxing	["1 Gameplay","1.1 Playlist","2 Development","3 Release and promotion","4 Related media","5 Reception","5.1 Sales","6 References","7 External links"]	2018 fitness game for the Nintendo Switch This article is about the game. For the animated TV series adaptation, see Kimi to Fit Boxing (TV series). 2018 video gameFitness BoxingHome menu iconDeveloper(s)ImagineerPublisher(s)JP: ImagineerWW: NintendoPlatform(s)Nintendo SwitchReleaseJP: December 20, 2018PAL: December 21, 2018NA: January 4, 2019Genre(s)Fitness, rhythm, sportsMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Fitness Boxing is a fitness video game developed by Imagineer for the Nintendo Switch. The game was released on December 20, 2018 in Japan by Imagineer, December 21, 2018 in PAL territories and January 4, 2019 in North America by Nintendo. Fitness Boxing is the successor to the Shape Boxing trilogy released on the Wii, with the first two installments rebranded as licensed Gold's Gym fitness games in at least North America. Two sequels, known as Fitness Boxing 2: Rhythm and Exercise and Fitness Boxing: Fist of the North Star, were released for the Nintendo Switch on December 4, 2020 and March 3, 2023, respectively. A third sequel, titled Fitness Boxing feat. Hatsune Miku: Isshoni Exercise, was released on March 7, 2024 in Japan, followed by an English release on July 12 in Asia (simply as Fitness Boxing feat. Hatsune Miku) and an international release in late 2024. As announced on August 30, 2023, Fitness Boxing was delisted from digital retailers on November 30 in all regions, likely due to expired music licenses. Gameplay The gameplay involves using the Joy-Con motion controllers to perform punches and dodging maneuvers. The workouts recommend a full body stretching exercise both at the start and end of the workouts. The difficulty and complexity of the workouts increase gradually over time. Free exercises are always available, regardless of if daily workout has been completed or not. The score for each exercise (excluding the stretches) is determined by how precise the player is in performing their punches and maneuvers. Fitness Boxing comes with charts that determines estimated fitness age and calorie burn based on the height and weight of the player. The game will periodically request the player to update their height and weight. The routine, length and intensity of daily workouts can be adjusted by the player at any time. The default coach is Lin, and there is a total of 5 other coaches (3 female and 2 male), each with customizable appearances. New costumes can be unlocked by performing achievements. The coaches demonstrate every maneuver involved in each exercise, making them a visual guide for maintaining rhythm. They also provide the players tips both during and outside of the exercises. Playlist Fitness Boxing contains a playlist of instrumental versions of popular pop songs that is played with each workout exercise. The songs featured in the original Fitness Boxing are; "She Looks So Perfect" by 5 Seconds of Summer "Cartoon Heroes" by Aqua "Girlfriend" by Avril Lavigne "Video Killed the Radio Star" by The Buggles "Call Me Maybe" by Carly Rae Jepsen "Baby" by Justin Bieber ft. Ludacris "Stronger" by Kelly Clarkson "Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga "Born This Way" by Lady Gaga "Funkytown" by Lipps Inc. "Party Rock Anthem" by LMFAO "Moves Like Jagger" by Maroon 5 ft. Christina Aguilera "Sugar" by Maroon 5 "All About That Bass" by Meghan Trainor "I'm In the Mood for Dancing" by The Nolans "Live While We're Young" by One Direction "Good Time" by Owl City & Carly Rae Jepsen "Timber" by Pitbull ft. Kesha "20th Century Boy" by T. Rex "Shut Up and Dance" by Walk the Moon The songs featured in Fitness Boxing 2: Rhythm & Exercise are; "Break Free" by Ariana Grande ft. Zedd "Castle on the Hill" by Ed Sheeran "What Makes You Beautiful" by One Direction "Beauty and a Beat" by Justin Bieber ft. Nicki Minaj "Something Just Like This" by The Chainsmokers & Coldplay "Bang Bang" by Jessie J, Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj "Birdsong" (original composition) "Animals" by Martin Garrix "Born to Be Wild" by Steppenwolf "So What" by P!nk "Sandstorm" by Darude "Venus" by Bananarama "Don't You Worry Child" by Swedish House Mafia ft. John Martin "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" by Cyndi Lauper "Alone" by Marshmello "It's My Life" by Bon Jovi "Boogie Wonderland" by Earth, Wind & Fire "Can’t Hold Us" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis "I’m an Albatraoz" by AronChupa "Hot n Cold" by Katy Perry "Y.M.C.A." by Village People "Aim High" (original composition) "South Nocturne" (original composition) Development Fitness Boxing was first announced by Imagineer on June 14, 2018. It was developed by former Rocket Company members working for Imagineer. In late-September 2018, Imagineer revealed the release date of Fitness Boxing for Japan and in early-October 2018, Nintendo revealed the release date of Fitness Boxing for North America and Europe as well as screenshots of game play. In late-October 2018, Imagineer revealed the track listing for Fitness Boxing and uploaded the first game play video of Fitness Boxing to their YouTube Channel. Release and promotion On November 29, 2018, a Fitness Boxing demo was released on the European Nintendo eShop for the Switch and a demo was released on the North American eShop on December 13, 2018. Fitness Boxing was released both digitally and physically on December 20, 2018, in Japan, December 21, 2018, in Europe and Australia and January 4, 2019, in North America. On January 15, 2019, Nintendo held a promotional event for Fitness Boxing at Nintendo New York, which included a group of women led by Instagram fitness influencer Niki Klasnic playing the game. Related media Main article: Kimi to Fit Boxing (TV series) On August 26, 2021, an anime television series adaptation produced by Imagineer and Story Effect was announced. This anime series is directed and written by Junpei Morita, with motion capture by SOLID CUBE and music composed by Yūsuke Shirato. It premiered on October 1, 2021, on Tokyo MX. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic66/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid7/10Nintendo LifeNintendo World Report7.5/10 Fitness Boxing received "mixed or average" reviews from critics according to Metacritic with a score of 66 out of 100, based on reviews from 14 critics. Nintendo Life gave Fitness Boxing a 8/10; calling it "no substitute for hard hours at the gym", but still recommended the game as a workout regimen for being energetic, entertaining, and cheaper than a gym membership. Nintendo World Report gave Fitness Boxing a 7.5/10; praising it for having multiple exercises for various skill levels, but criticized the limited number of musical tracks. Nintendo Wire gave Fitness Boxing a 7.0/10, praising it for having a "decent selection of punches to throw" and for allowing the user to track their progress day-to-day, but criticized the game for its "lack of variety" and for having "repetitive music and trainer dialog". DualShockers gave Fitness Boxing a 6.5 out of 10, saying that the game "just suffers from feeling inaccurate, even more so when punches and dodges aren’t correctly registered by the Joy-Cons ", but praised the game for being "perfect for those who want to lead a healthy and active lifestyle". Destructoid gave Fitness Boxing a 7/10, saying that "There could be some hard-to-ignore faults, but the experience is fun." The Reno Gazette-Journal gave Fitness Boxing a 6 out of 10, saying that "Fitness Boxing works great as a fitness app but not so much as a game." Sales From January 7, 2019, to January 13, Fitness Boxing placed 20th on Japanese sales charts, selling 3,024 physical copies during that period. In February 2019, Fitness Boxing started experiencing shortages in Japan. In September 2020, Imagineer announced that the game had sold over 1 million copies worldwide. References ^ Yanmoto, Shinichi; Sasaki, Shuji (March 16, 2019). "「Fit Boxing」プレイヤー必見！ "中の人"に聞く，開発秘話と正しい運動法。プロによるレクチャー動画もあり" . 4Gamer.net (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2022. ^ a b c d Craddock, Ryan (October 9, 2018). "Nintendo Shares First Details, Release Date And Screenshots Of Fitness Boxing, A Switch Exclusive". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018. ^ Seedhouse, Alex (July 31, 2018). "Nintendo Announce Fitness Boxing For Nintendo Switch". Nintendo Insider. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2018. ^ a b c "New Switch Exercise Game Fitness Boxing Launches In Japan On December 20". Siliconera. September 25, 2018. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2018. ^ Rai, Nagaoka (2018-10-30). "Nintendo Switch用「Fit Boxing」、プレイムービーと声優陣のサンプルボイスを公開" . GAME Watch (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2019-03-03. ^ "Fitness Boxing 2: Rhythm & Exercise". Nintendo. Archived from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2020. ^ "Fitness Boxing Fist of the North Star". Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2023-04-15. ^ Romano, Sal (September 14, 2023). "Fitness Boxing feat. Hatsune Miku: Isshoni Exercise launches March 7, 2024 in Japan". Gematsu. Retrieved September 14, 2023. ^ Romano, Sal (May 9, 2024). "Fitness Boxing feat. Hatsune Miku coming to Asia in English on July 12". Gematsu. Retrieved May 9, 2024. ^ Romano, Sal (June 12, 2024). "Fitness Boxing feat. Hatsune Miku coming west". Gematsu. Retrieved June 12, 2024. ^ "Fitness Boxing Is Being Removed From Switch eShop Later This Year". www.nintendolife.com. Archived from the original on 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2023-08-30. ^ "Get a cardio workout at home or on the go with Fitness Boxing for Nintendo Switch - Nintendo Official Site". Nintendo.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018. ^ a b Craddock, Ryan (2018-10-30). "Track Listing And First Gameplay Video Revealed For Switch Exclusive Fitness Boxing". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2019-01-16. ^ "Nintendo Switch ソフト「Fit Boxing」発売決定のお知らせ～日本国内はイマジニア、海外は任天堂が発売元～" . imagineer.co.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018. ^ Craddock, Ryan (2018-11-29). "Nintendo-Published Fitness Boxing Gets Free Demo On Switch eShop, Full Pricing Revealed". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2018-11-30. ^ Lada, Jenni (2018-12-13). "Fitness Boxing Demo Arrives On The North American Nintendo Switch eShop". Siliconera. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-16. ^ "Photos of the Fitness Boxing Event at Nintendo NY Store Are Available on Business Wire's Website and the Associated Press Photo Network". www.businesswire.com. 2019-01-15. Archived from the original on 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2019-01-16. ^ Doolan, Liam (2019-01-16). "Nintendo's Private Store Event Turned Out To A Promotion For Fitness Boxing". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2019-01-16. ^ Kawase, Ayuo (August 26, 2021). "フィットネスゲーム『Fit Boxing』まさかのTVアニメ化。「キミとフィットボクシング」として、10月よりTOKYO MXにて放送へ" . AUTOMATON (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2021. ^ "キャラクター" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2021. ^ Loo, Egan (August 26, 2021). "Nintendo Switch's Fitness Boxing Game Gets TV Anime". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021. ^ "Fitness Boxing for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2021-08-31. ^ "Fitness Boxing Review (Switch) \| Aces high". Nintendo Life. 31 August 2021. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ Koopman, Daan (31 August 2021). "Fitness Boxing (Switch) Review". Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ Andriessen, CJ (31 August 2021). "Review: Fitness Boxing". Destructoid. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ "Fitness Boxing". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2022-04-01. ^ Lane, Gavin (2019-01-01). "Review: Fitness Boxing - Rhythm Trappings Help This Limber Wii Fit Successor Land Its Punches". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2019-01-04. ^ Koopman, Daan (January 3, 2019). "Fitness Boxing Review - Review". Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2019-01-04. ^ Ganos, Jason (2019-01-11). "Review: Fitness Boxing". Nintendo Wire. Archived from the original on 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2019-01-16. ^ Bayliss, Ben (2019-01-28). "Fitness Boxing Review — I Woke Up Stiff and Aching". DualShockers. Archived from the original on 2019-01-29. Retrieved 2019-01-28. ^ Andriessen, CJ (2019-02-16). "Review: Fitness Boxing". Destructoid. Retrieved 2019-02-26. ^ Hidalgo, Jason. "Punch out: Fitness Boxing review for Switch \| Technobubble". Reno Gazette Journal. Archived from the original on 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2019-02-10. ^ Romano, Sal (2019-01-16). "Media Create Sales: 1/7/19 – 1/13/19". Gematsu. Archived from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-01-28. ^ Carter, Chris (2019-02-11). "Fitness Boxing on Switch is experiencing shortages over in Japan". Destructoid. Archived from the original on 2019-02-26. Retrieved 2019-02-26. ^ "Nintendo Switch ソフト「Fit Boxing」・「Fitness Boxing」（海外版）全世界累計出荷販売本数100万本突破のお知らせ" . Imagineer (in Japanese). September 8, 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020. External links Fitness website Fitness Boxing at MobyGames Fitness Boxing 2: Rhythm & Exercise at MobyGames	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kimi to Fit Boxing (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_to_Fit_Boxing_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_game"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Imagineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagineer_(Japanese_company)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4gamers-interview-1"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"PAL territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL_region"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Shape Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_Boxing"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Gold's Gym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%27s_Gym"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"This article is about the game. For the animated TV series adaptation, see Kimi to Fit Boxing (TV series).2018 video gameFitness Boxing is a fitness video game developed by Imagineer[1] for the Nintendo Switch.[2][3] The game was released on December 20, 2018 in Japan by Imagineer, December 21, 2018 in PAL territories and January 4, 2019 in North America by Nintendo.[2][4]Fitness Boxing is the successor to the Shape Boxing trilogy released on the Wii, with the first two installments rebranded as licensed Gold's Gym fitness games in at least North America.[5]Two sequels, known as Fitness Boxing 2: Rhythm and Exercise and Fitness Boxing: Fist of the North Star, were released for the Nintendo Switch on December 4, 2020 and March 3, 2023, respectively.[6][7] A third sequel, titled Fitness Boxing feat. Hatsune Miku: Isshoni Exercise, was released on March 7, 2024 in Japan,[8] followed by an English release on July 12 in Asia[9] (simply as Fitness Boxing feat. Hatsune Miku) and an international release in late 2024.[10]As announced on August 30, 2023, Fitness Boxing was delisted from digital retailers on November 30 in all regions, likely due to expired music licenses.[11]","title":"Fitness Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joy-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy-Con"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"achievements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achievement_(video_gaming)"}],"text":"The gameplay involves using the Joy-Con motion controllers to perform punches and dodging maneuvers. The workouts recommend a full body stretching exercise both at the start and end of the workouts. The difficulty and complexity of the workouts increase gradually over time. Free exercises are always available, regardless of if daily workout has been completed or not. The score for each exercise (excluding the stretches) is determined by how precise the player is in performing their punches and maneuvers.Fitness Boxing comes with charts that determines estimated fitness age and calorie burn based on the height and weight of the player. The game will periodically request the player to update their height and weight. The routine, length and intensity of daily workouts can be adjusted by the player at any time.The default coach is Lin, and there is a total of 5 other coaches (3 female and 2 male), each with customizable appearances.[12] New costumes can be unlocked by performing achievements. The coaches demonstrate every maneuver involved in each exercise, making them a visual guide for maintaining rhythm. They also provide the players tips both during and outside of the exercises.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"She Looks So Perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Looks_So_Perfect"},{"link_name":"5 Seconds of Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Seconds_of_Summer"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Aqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_(band)"},{"link_name":"Girlfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlfriend_(Avril_Lavigne_song)"},{"link_name":"Avril Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avril_Lavigne"},{"link_name":"Video Killed the Radio Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Killed_the_Radio_Star"},{"link_name":"The Buggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buggles"},{"link_name":"Call Me Maybe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_Maybe"},{"link_name":"Carly Rae Jepsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Rae_Jepsen"},{"link_name":"Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_(Justin_Bieber_song)"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Ludacris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludacris"},{"link_name":"Stronger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stronger_(What_Doesn%27t_Kill_You)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Bad Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Romance"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Born This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_This_Way_(song)"},{"link_name":"Funkytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkytown"},{"link_name":"Lipps Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipps_Inc."},{"link_name":"Party Rock Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Rock_Anthem"},{"link_name":"LMFAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMFAO"},{"link_name":"Moves Like Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moves_Like_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Maroon 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_5"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_(Maroon_5_song)"},{"link_name":"All About That Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_That_Bass"},{"link_name":"Meghan Trainor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan_Trainor"},{"link_name":"I'm In the Mood for Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_In_the_Mood_for_Dancing"},{"link_name":"The Nolans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nolans"},{"link_name":"Live While We're Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_While_We%27re_Young"},{"link_name":"One Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Direction"},{"link_name":"Good Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Time_(Owl_City_and_Carly_Rae_Jepsen_song)"},{"link_name":"Owl City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_City"},{"link_name":"Timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_(Pitbull_song)"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Kesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesha"},{"link_name":"20th Century Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Boy"},{"link_name":"T. Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Rex_(band)"},{"link_name":"Shut Up and Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shut_Up_and_Dance_(Walk_the_Moon_song)"},{"link_name":"Walk the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Break Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Free_(Ariana_Grande_song)"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Zedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedd_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Castle on the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_on_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"What Makes You Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Makes_You_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"Beauty and a Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_a_Beat"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Something Just Like This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Just_Like_This"},{"link_name":"The Chainsmokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chainsmokers"},{"link_name":"Coldplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay"},{"link_name":"Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Bang_(Jessie_J,_Ariana_Grande_and_Nicki_Minaj_song)"},{"link_name":"Jessie J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_J"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_(Martin_Garrix_song)"},{"link_name":"Martin Garrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Garrix"},{"link_name":"Born to Be Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Be_Wild"},{"link_name":"Steppenwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)"},{"link_name":"So What","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_What_(Pink_song)"},{"link_name":"P!nk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sandstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstorm_(instrumental)"},{"link_name":"Darude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darude"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Shocking_Blue_song)"},{"link_name":"Bananarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananarama"},{"link_name":"Don't You Worry Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_You_Worry_Child"},{"link_name":"Swedish House Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_House_Mafia"},{"link_name":"John Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Girls Just Want to Have Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Just_Want_to_Have_Fun"},{"link_name":"Cyndi Lauper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper"},{"link_name":"It's My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_My_Life_(Bon_Jovi_song)"},{"link_name":"Bon Jovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Jovi"},{"link_name":"Boogie Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind & Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire"},{"link_name":"Can’t Hold Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%E2%80%99t_Hold_Us"},{"link_name":"Macklemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macklemore"},{"link_name":"AronChupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AronChupa"},{"link_name":"Hot n Cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_n_Cold"},{"link_name":"Katy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry"},{"link_name":"Y.M.C.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y.M.C.A._(song)"},{"link_name":"Village People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_People"}],"sub_title":"Playlist","text":"Fitness Boxing contains a playlist of instrumental versions of popular pop songs that is played with each workout exercise.[13]The songs featured in the original Fitness Boxing are;\"She Looks So Perfect\" by 5 Seconds of Summer\n\"Cartoon Heroes\" by Aqua\n\"Girlfriend\" by Avril Lavigne\n\"Video Killed the Radio Star\" by The Buggles\n\"Call Me Maybe\" by Carly Rae Jepsen\n\"Baby\" by Justin Bieber ft. Ludacris\n\"Stronger\" by Kelly Clarkson\n\"Bad Romance\" by Lady Gaga\n\"Born This Way\" by Lady Gaga\n\"Funkytown\" by Lipps Inc.\n\"Party Rock Anthem\" by LMFAO\n\"Moves Like Jagger\" by Maroon 5 ft. Christina Aguilera\n\"Sugar\" by Maroon 5\n\"All About That Bass\" by Meghan Trainor\n\"I'm In the Mood for Dancing\" by The Nolans\n\"Live While We're Young\" by One Direction\n\"Good Time\" by Owl City & Carly Rae Jepsen\n\"Timber\" by Pitbull ft. Kesha\n\"20th Century Boy\" by T. Rex\n\"Shut Up and Dance\" by Walk the MoonThe songs featured in Fitness Boxing 2: Rhythm & Exercise are;\"Break Free\" by Ariana Grande ft. Zedd\n\"Castle on the Hill\" by Ed Sheeran\n\"What Makes You Beautiful\" by One Direction\n\"Beauty and a Beat\" by Justin Bieber ft. Nicki Minaj\n\"Something Just Like This\" by The Chainsmokers & Coldplay\n\"Bang Bang\" by Jessie J, Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj\n\"Birdsong\" (original composition)\n\"Animals\" by Martin Garrix\n\"Born to Be Wild\" by Steppenwolf\n\"So What\" by P!nk\n\"Sandstorm\" by Darude\n\"Venus\" by Bananarama\n\"Don't You Worry Child\" by Swedish House Mafia ft. John Martin\n\"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" by Cyndi Lauper\n\"Alone\" by Marshmello\n\"It's My Life\" by Bon Jovi\n\"Boogie Wonderland\" by Earth, Wind & Fire\n\"Can’t Hold Us\" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis\n\"I’m an Albatraoz\" by AronChupa\n\"Hot n Cold\" by Katy Perry\n\"Y.M.C.A.\" by Village People\n\"Aim High\" (original composition)\n\"South Nocturne\" (original composition)","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"}],"text":"Fitness Boxing was first announced by Imagineer on June 14, 2018.[14] It was developed by former Rocket Company members working for Imagineer.In late-September 2018, Imagineer revealed the release date of Fitness Boxing for Japan[4] and in early-October 2018, Nintendo revealed the release date of Fitness Boxing for North America and Europe as well as screenshots of game play.[2]In late-October 2018, Imagineer revealed the track listing for Fitness Boxing and uploaded the first game play video of Fitness Boxing to their YouTube Channel.[13]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo eShop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_eShop"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Nintendo New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_New_York"},{"link_name":"women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"Niki Klasnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niki_Klasnic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On November 29, 2018, a Fitness Boxing demo was released on the European Nintendo eShop for the Switch[15] and a demo was released on the North American eShop on December 13, 2018.[16]Fitness Boxing was released both digitally and physically on December 20, 2018, in Japan, December 21, 2018, in Europe and Australia and January 4, 2019, in North America.[2][4]On January 15, 2019, Nintendo held a promotional event for Fitness Boxing at Nintendo New York, which included a group of women led by Instagram fitness influencer Niki Klasnic playing the game.[17][18]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imagineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagineer_(Japanese_company)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tokyo MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_MX"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"On August 26, 2021, an anime television series adaptation produced by Imagineer and Story Effect was announced.[19] This anime series is directed and written by Junpei Morita, with motion capture by SOLID CUBE and music composed by Yūsuke Shirato.[20] It premiered on October 1, 2021, on Tokyo MX.[21]","title":"Related media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-ns-22"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Reno Gazette-Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Gazette-Journal"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic66/100[22]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid7/10[25]Nintendo Life[23]Nintendo World Report7.5/10[24]Fitness Boxing received \"mixed or average\" reviews from critics according to Metacritic with a score of 66 out of 100, based on reviews from 14 critics.[26]Nintendo Life gave Fitness Boxing a 8/10; calling it \"no substitute for hard hours at the gym\", but still recommended the game as a workout regimen for being energetic, entertaining, and cheaper than a gym membership.[27] Nintendo World Report gave Fitness Boxing a 7.5/10; praising it for having multiple exercises for various skill levels, but criticized the limited number of musical tracks.[28] Nintendo Wire gave Fitness Boxing a 7.0/10, praising it for having a \"decent selection of punches to throw\" and for allowing the user to track their progress day-to-day, but criticized the game for its \"lack of variety\" and for having \"repetitive music and trainer dialog\".[29]DualShockers gave Fitness Boxing a 6.5 out of 10, saying that the game \"just suffers from feeling inaccurate, even more so when punches and dodges aren’t correctly registered by the Joy-Cons [sic]\", but praised the game for being \"perfect for those who want to lead a healthy and active lifestyle\".[30] Destructoid gave Fitness Boxing a 7/10, saying that \"There could be some hard-to-ignore faults, but the experience is fun.\"[31]The Reno Gazette-Journal gave Fitness Boxing a 6 out of 10, saying that \"Fitness Boxing works great as a fitness app but not so much as a game.\"[32]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"From January 7, 2019, to January 13, Fitness Boxing placed 20th on Japanese sales charts, selling 3,024 physical copies during that period.[33]In February 2019, Fitness Boxing started experiencing shortages in Japan.[34]In September 2020, Imagineer announced that the game had sold over 1 million copies worldwide.[35]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Yanmoto, Shinichi; Sasaki, Shuji (March 16, 2019). \"「Fit Boxing」プレイヤー必見！ \"中の人\"に聞く，開発秘話と正しい運動法。プロによるレクチャー動画もあり\" [\"Fit Boxing\" player must-see! Asking \"people inside\", development secrets and correct exercise method. There is also a lecture video by a professional]. 4Gamer.net (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.4gamer.net/games/423/G042357/20190313041/","url_text":"\"「Fit Boxing」プレイヤー必見！ \"中の人\"に聞く，開発秘話と正しい運動法。プロによるレクチャー動画もあり\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230902190649/https://www.4gamer.net/games/423/G042357/20190313041/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Craddock, Ryan (October 9, 2018). \"Nintendo Shares First Details, Release Date And Screenshots Of Fitness Boxing, A Switch Exclusive\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_State_Fair	Nebraska State Fair	["1 History","2 Popular culture","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°50′08″N 96°41′14″W / 40.8356°N 96.687176°W / 40.8356; -96.68717640°50′08″N 96°41′14″W / 40.8356°N 96.687176°W / 40.8356; -96.687176 Nebraska State Fair1950 Nebraska State FairGenreState fairDates11 days, ending on Labor DayLocation(s)Grand Island, Nebraska, USAYears active1859, 1868–69 (Nebraska City)1870–71 (Brownville)1872–1901 (rotating)1902–1916, 1919–1941, 1946–2010 (Lincoln)2011–present (Grand Island)Attendance283,468 (2019)Websitestatefair.org The Nebraska State Fair is the state fair of the U.S. state of Nebraska. It is held annually in Grand Island, approximately 100 miles west of the state capital of Lincoln, which hosted the fair until 2010. The fair usually runs for 11 days, and since the early 1990s it has ended on Labor Day. History The first Nebraska "State" Fair occurred while Nebraska was still a U.S. territory, from September 21–23, 1859 in Nebraska City. Another event wasn't held until October 7–9, 1868, by which time Nebraska had become a state. The fair was again held in Nebraska City in 1869, before moving to Brownville in 1870 and 1871. For the next 20 years, the fair rotated between Lincoln and Omaha. Omaha hosted the event at the Omaha Driving Park in North Omaha. In 1901, the Nebraska Legislature named the Lancaster County Fairgrounds in Lincoln as the permanent home of the Nebraska State Fair. The Omaha-based Knights of Ak-Sar-Ben was formed in an unsuccessful attempt to keep the fair in Omaha. Low attendance threatened the survival of the fair in the early years of the 2000s. It was added as a voluntary donation recipient to Nebraska's annual state income tax and attendance rose enough in subsequent years to keep it going. In 2008, Nebraska state lawmakers passed bill LB1116, which relocated the fair to Grand Island. The bill was supported by the University of Nebraska, which wanted the land cleared to construct the Nebraska Innovation Campus. Several citizens filed a legal challenge to LB116, contending that it "created a special benefit" for some of the groups and people involved in the plan. However, in May 2010 the Nebraska Supreme Court rejected those arguments and upheld an earlier dismissal of the lawsuit. There was also an attempt to overturn the state law by referendum, but the petition failed to get enough signatures to qualify for the ballot. The state allocated $42 million to construct new facilities in Grand Island, building adjacent to the city's existing county fairgrounds, arena, and horse track at Fonner Park and the Heartland Event Center. The Nebraska State Fair was canceled in 1917 and 1918 because of World War I, and from 1942 to 1945 because of World War II. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a number of fair events to be canceled in 2020. Popular culture In The Wizard of Oz, the hot-air balloon that transported the Wizard to the Land of Oz—and which was to take him, Dorothy, and Toto to Kansas—has "State Fair Omaha" prominently written on it, as Omaha was one of the rotating host cities of the Fair until 1901. The movie is based on the 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. See also Bob Devaney Sports Center Ice Box North Omaha, Nebraska References ^ "NE State Fair attendance hits 10 year low". 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2021-03-17. ^ Andreas' History of the State of Nebraska - State Societies ^ Official history of the fair ^ Journal-Star, January 31, 2010 ^ The Independent, May 29, 2010 ^ KMTV Action 3 News, May 28, 2010 ^ Board of Regents resolution, June 13, 2008 ^ Nebraska Pulse, Sept. 4, 2008 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nebraska State Fair. Nebraska State Fair vteKnights of Ak-Sar-Ben Ak-Sar-Ben (arena) Ak-Sar-Ben Bridge Aksarben Village Nebraska State Fair Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°50′08″N 96°41′14″W / 40.8356°N 96.687176°W / 40.8356; -96.687176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nebraska_State_Fair&params=40.8356_N_96.687176_W_region:US-NE_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"state fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_fair"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Grand Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"}],"text":"40°50′08″N 96°41′14″W / 40.8356°N 96.687176°W / 40.8356; -96.687176The Nebraska State Fair is the state fair of the U.S. state of Nebraska. It is held annually in Grand Island, approximately 100 miles west of the state capital of Lincoln, which hosted the fair until 2010. The fair usually runs for 11 days, and since the early 1990s it has ended on Labor Day.","title":"Nebraska State Fair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Territory"},{"link_name":"Nebraska City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brownville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownville,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Omaha Driving Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Driving_Park"},{"link_name":"North Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Lancaster County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Knights of Ak-Sar-Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Ak-Sar-Ben"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Innovation Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Innovation_Campus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"The first Nebraska \"State\" Fair occurred while Nebraska was still a U.S. territory, from September 21–23, 1859 in Nebraska City.[2] Another event wasn't held until October 7–9, 1868, by which time Nebraska had become a state. The fair was again held in Nebraska City in 1869, before moving to Brownville in 1870 and 1871. For the next 20 years, the fair rotated between Lincoln and Omaha. Omaha hosted the event at the Omaha Driving Park in North Omaha. In 1901, the Nebraska Legislature named the Lancaster County Fairgrounds in Lincoln as the permanent home of the Nebraska State Fair.[3] The Omaha-based Knights of Ak-Sar-Ben was formed in an unsuccessful attempt to keep the fair in Omaha.Low attendance threatened the survival of the fair in the early years of the 2000s. It was added as a voluntary donation recipient to Nebraska's annual state income tax and attendance rose enough in subsequent years to keep it going. In 2008, Nebraska state lawmakers passed bill LB1116, which relocated the fair to Grand Island. The bill was supported by the University of Nebraska, which wanted the land cleared to construct the Nebraska Innovation Campus. Several citizens filed a legal challenge to LB116, contending that it \"created a special benefit\" for some of the groups and people involved in the plan.[4] However, in May 2010 the Nebraska Supreme Court rejected those arguments and upheld an earlier dismissal of the lawsuit.[5][6] There was also an attempt to overturn the state law by referendum,[7] but the petition failed to get enough signatures to qualify for the ballot.[8]The state allocated $42 million to construct new facilities in Grand Island, building adjacent to the city's existing county fairgrounds, arena, and horse track at Fonner Park and the Heartland Event Center.The Nebraska State Fair was canceled in 1917 and 1918 because of World War I, and from 1942 to 1945 because of World War II. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a number of fair events to be canceled in 2020.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wizard of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"hot-air balloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-air_balloon"},{"link_name":"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"L. Frank Baum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum"}],"text":"In The Wizard of Oz, the hot-air balloon that transported the Wizard to the Land of Oz—and which was to take him, Dorothy, and Toto to Kansas—has \"State Fair Omaha\" prominently written on it, as Omaha was one of the rotating host cities of the Fair until 1901. The movie is based on the 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum.","title":"Popular culture"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bob Devaney Sports Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Devaney_Sports_Center"},{"title":"Ice Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Box_(arena)"},{"title":"North Omaha, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Omaha,_Nebraska"}]	[{"reference":"\"NE State Fair attendance hits 10 year low\". 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2021-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://nebraska.tv/news/local/ne-state-fair-attendance-hits-10-year-low","url_text":"\"NE State Fair attendance hits 10 year low\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nebraska_State_Fair&params=40.8356_N_96.687176_W_region:US-NE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°50′08″N 96°41′14″W / 40.8356°N 96.687176°W / 40.8356; -96.687176"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nebraska_State_Fair&params=40.8356_N_96.687176_W_region:US-NE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°50′08″N 96°41′14″W / 40.8356°N 96.687176°W / 40.8356; -96.687176"},{"Link":"http://statefair.org/","external_links_name":"statefair.org"},{"Link":"https://nebraska.tv/news/local/ne-state-fair-attendance-hits-10-year-low","external_links_name":"\"NE State Fair attendance hits 10 year low\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030502100028/http://www.kancoll.org/books/andreas_ne/society/society-p1.html","external_links_name":"Andreas' History of the State of Nebraska - State Societies"},{"Link":"http://www.statefair.org/files/detail.asp?lid=69","external_links_name":"Official history of the fair"},{"Link":"https://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/nebraska/article_5c250ec4-0eb7-11df-aee1-001cc4c03286.html","external_links_name":"Journal-Star, January 31, 2010"},{"Link":"https://theindependent.com/articles/2010/06/07/news/local/state_fair/11876647.txt","external_links_name":"The Independent, May 29, 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.kmtv.com/Global/story.asp?S=12559892","external_links_name":"KMTV Action 3 News, May 28, 2010"},{"Link":"https://nebraska.edu/-/media/projects/unca/docs/board-of-regents/agendas-and-minutes/2008/june-board-meeting/minutes-6-13-08.pdf","external_links_name":"Board of Regents resolution, June 13, 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.nebraskapulse.com/?cat=4","external_links_name":"Nebraska Pulse, Sept. 4, 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.statefair.org/","external_links_name":"Nebraska State Fair"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yong%27an_Brook	Jiao River (Zhejiang)	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 28°40′40″N 121°31′37″E / 28.6778°N 121.5269°E / 28.6778; 121.5269River in ChinaJiao RiverLing RiverThe Ling River in Linhai, next to the city wallNative name椒江 (Chinese)LocationCountryChinaRegionZhejiang Province The Jiao River (Chinese: 椒江; pinyin: Jiāojiāng) is a river in Zhejiang Province, China. Its upper stretches are called Yong'an Brook (永安溪) and Ling River (灵江). It flows into the Taizhou Bay, Yueqing Bay and Sanmen Bay of the East China Sea at the Port of Taizhou, a natural seaport on the coast of the prefectural-level city of Taizhou. This 198 kilometres (123 mi) long river drains 6,519 square kilometres (2,517 sq mi). References ^ "2013年台州港集装箱吞吐量实现两位数增长". Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-03-28. ^ Li, Yan; Wolanski, Eric; Xie Qinchun. 1993. Coagulation and Settling of Suspended Sediment in the Jiaojiang River Estuary, China. Australian Institute of Marine Science's Journal of Coastal Research 9(2):390-402. 28°40′40″N 121°31′37″E / 28.6778°N 121.5269°E / 28.6778; 121.5269 vte Major rivers of ChinaYangtze system Tuotuo Dangqu Chumar Tongtian Jinsha Yalong Baishui Min Dadu Qingyi (Sichuan) Tuo Qi (Chongqing) Jialing Bailong Fu (Sichuan) Qu Wu Qingshui Hanshui Muma Chi Du Bao Qing Chishui Xiang Xiao Lei Qi (Hunan) Mi Zi Yuan Lishui Miluo Gan Fu (Jiangxi) Xin Qingyi (Anhui) Qinhuai Xitiao Huangpu Suzhou Creek Yellow system Kariqu Yuegu Zonglie Daxia Tao Huangshui Datong Wuding Fen Wei Jing Luo (Shaanxi) Luo (Henan) Qin Mouwen Dawen Pearl system North East West Yujiang Yong Xun Qian Hongshui Nanpan Beipan Rong Li (Guangxi) Gui Liu Heilongjiang system Songhua 2nd Songhua Nen Mudan Ussuri Argun Kherlen Woken Huifa Huai system Guo Ying Shiguan Quan Hui Hong Hai system Chaobai Yongding Hutuo Ziya Daqing Wenyu Juma Sanggan Fuyang Wei Ju Jiyunhe Liao system Hun Taizi Xar Moron Xinkai Western Liao Eastern Liao Other major rivers Tarim Ejin Karatash Ili Shule Dang Tumen Yalu Luan Red Minjiang Longjiang Lancang Beilun Nujiang Lion Spring Elephant Spring Yarlung Tsangpo Nyang Subansiri Irtysh Suifen Qiantang Puyang Jiao (Shandong) Dai Si Shu Cao'e Jiao (Zhejiang) Ou Mulan Jin (Fujian) Han (Guangdong) Mei Ting Nandu Wanquan Taping Xiaoqing Major canals Grand Canal Lingqu North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal Eastern Zhejiang Canal Red Flag Zhengguo This Zhejiang province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Taizhou Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taizhou_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yueqing Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yueqing_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sanmen Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanmen_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Port of Taizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Taizhou"},{"link_name":"Taizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"River in ChinaThe Jiao River (Chinese: 椒江; pinyin: Jiāojiāng) is a river in Zhejiang Province, China. Its upper stretches are called Yong'an Brook (永安溪) and Ling River (灵江). It flows into the Taizhou Bay, Yueqing Bay and Sanmen Bay of the East China Sea at the Port of Taizhou, a natural seaport on the coast of the prefectural-level city of Taizhou.[1]This 198 kilometres (123 mi) long river drains 6,519 square kilometres (2,517 sq mi).[2]","title":"Jiao River (Zhejiang)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"2013年台州港集装箱吞吐量实现两位数增长\". Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116221743/http://jtt.zj.gov.cn/art/2014/1/14/art_17_738670.html","url_text":"\"2013年台州港集装箱吞吐量实现两位数增长\""},{"url":"http://jtt.zj.gov.cn/art/2014/1/14/art_17_738670.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jiao_River_(Zhejiang)&params=28.6778_N_121.5269_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"28°40′40″N 121°31′37″E / 28.6778°N 121.5269°E / 28.6778; 121.5269"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116221743/http://jtt.zj.gov.cn/art/2014/1/14/art_17_738670.html","external_links_name":"\"2013年台州港集装箱吞吐量实现两位数增长\""},{"Link":"http://jtt.zj.gov.cn/art/2014/1/14/art_17_738670.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jiao_River_(Zhejiang)&params=28.6778_N_121.5269_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"28°40′40″N 121°31′37″E / 28.6778°N 121.5269°E / 28.6778; 121.5269"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiao_River_(Zhejiang)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiao_River_(Zhejiang)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_telnet	Reverse telnet	["1 Example","2 See also"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Reverse telnet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Reverse telnet is a specialized application of telnet, where the server side of the connection reads and writes data to a computer terminal line (RS-232 serial port), rather than providing a command shell to the host device. Typically, reverse telnet is implemented on an embedded device (e.g. terminal/console server), which has an Ethernet network interface and serial port(s). Through the use of reverse telnet on such a device, IP-networked users can use telnet to access serially-connected devices. In the past, reverse telnet was typically used to connect to modems or other external asynchronous devices. Today, reverse telnet is used mostly for connecting to the console port of a router, a switch or other device. Example On the client, the command line for initiating a "reverse telnet" connection might look like this: telnet 172.16.1.254 2002 (The syntax in the above example would be valid for the command-line telnet client packaged with many operating systems, including most Unix operating systems, or available as an option or add-on.) In this example, 172.16.1.254 is the IP address of the console device, and 2002 is the TCP port associated with a terminal line on the server. See also Terminal server Console server	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet"},{"link_name":"computer terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"RS-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232"},{"link_name":"serial port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port"},{"link_name":"modems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"}],"text":"Reverse telnet is a specialized application of telnet, where the server side of the connection reads and writes data to a computer terminal line (RS-232 serial port), rather than providing a command shell to the host device. Typically, reverse telnet is implemented on an embedded device (e.g. terminal/console server), which has an Ethernet network interface and serial port(s). Through the use of reverse telnet on such a device, IP-networked users can use telnet to access serially-connected devices.In the past, reverse telnet was typically used to connect to modems or other external asynchronous devices. Today, reverse telnet is used mostly for connecting to the console port of a router, a switch or other device.","title":"Reverse telnet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"IP address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"TCP port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_port"}],"text":"On the client, the command line for initiating a \"reverse telnet\" connection might look like this:telnet 172.16.1.254 2002(The syntax in the above example would be valid for the command-line telnet client packaged with many operating systems, including most Unix operating systems, or available as an option or add-on.)In this example, 172.16.1.254 is the IP address of the console device, and 2002 is the TCP port associated with a terminal line on the server.","title":"Example"}]	[]	[{"title":"Terminal server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_server"},{"title":"Console server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_server"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Reverse+telnet%22","external_links_name":"\"Reverse telnet\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Reverse+telnet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Reverse+telnet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Reverse+telnet%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Reverse+telnet%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Reverse+telnet%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%81l_people	Anāl people	["1 History","2 Folklore","3 Etymology","4 Ethnic identity","5 Demographics","6 Literacy and educational level","7 Social life","8 References"]	Tribe in India This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anāl people" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ethnic group Anāl NagaThe Anal people are a scheduled tribe found in Manipur, India and in few parts of Myanmar, and come under the list of Naga people. They speak their own language, Anal. According to the 2001 census, there are 21,242 Anal in India. Ancestral books of Anal Tribe indicate they are a peace loving, close knitted and family oriented community. They are traditionally farmers, carpenters and weavers, although modernization have caused the practices to decline, many of the Anāl people still use these methods as a form of livelihood.Total population27,000 approx LanguagesAnal Language (Tibeto-Burman languages)ReligionChristianityRelated ethnic groupsLamkang Naga, Monsang Naga, Moyon Naga, Other Naga people The Anāl is a Naga tribe native to Manipur state in North-East India and part of Myanmar. They are listed as a Scheduled Tribe, in accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 Indian Constitution. The Anāl tribe is one of the 'sixty six Naga tribes' of the Naga ancestral homeland. The members of this tribe are found both in India and Myanmar. In India, they are situated in the States of Manipur and Nagaland but mostly concentrated in the former. In the State of Manipur, the Anāl Naga population concentrated in Chandel and a few Anāl villages are located in its neighbouring districts, Churachandpur district has about three villages and Thoubal district has one or two. The Anāls in Myanmar live in the Sagaing sub-division. The Anāl population in this part has been dwindling. At present, there are three Anāl villages, 'Nga Kala, Napalun and Haika'. Formerly the Anāls had no problem to move or visit Anāl areas now in Myanmar and vice versa. However, with the demarcation of boundaries, they came under two distinct units and the consequent restriction imposed on the movement of the people of both sides, the Anāls had to stop such free movement between them. Consequently, there has not been any interaction between the members of the same tribe now existing under two different countries. The Anāl community is one of the oldest inhabitants of the hill areas in Manipur state. The archaeological findings at Chakpikarong also point it. Despite this, the numbers of Anāls remain small. According to Census of India, the Anāl population was 21,242 and 1991 census placed as 10,642. The Anāl Naga is recognized as a tribe in Manipur since 1951. This recognition of Anāl tribe was done by Rochunga Pudaite who met the Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in Delhi in 1951 and requested him to give Scheduled Tribe recognition to the Hmar tribe of Northeast India by wearing a traditional Hmar attire. The PM then asked him if he knew of the existence other tribes which had not been included in the list. Rochunga then added the tribes of Anāl, Kom, Paite, Vaiphei, Ralte, Chothe and others, thus paving way for their recognition. However, it was only after the Scheduled Tribes Reorganisation in 1956 that all the aforementioned tribes were recognised by the Manipur government. Therefore, Anāl Naga is one of 33 tribes in Manipur. Referred to them as one of the Naga tribes of Manipur and recognised as part of the List of Naga tribes by the state government of Manipur. History The Anāl tribe is one of the oldest indigenous tribes in the state of Manipur in Northeast India. Chakpikarong is a land of the Anāls since the time the earliest settlers occupied the hill country of Manipur. In India, the members of the tribe are found in the state of Manipur, mainly in Chandel district and a few villages in Churachandpur district and Thoubal district. There are hundred and forty one villages in Chandel district. The neighbouring districts, Churachanpur district has three Anāl villages, namely Kolen, Dutejol and Warkhu, and the Thoubal district has one Anāl village- Moirankhom. Under the Myanmar administrative unit, there are three Anāl villages namely, Ngakala, Napaleen and Haika. According to the census report of 2001, the total Anāl population in India ais 21,242. The Anāl population in Myanmar is not known because many of them are assimilated to the major community. Originally, the Anāls were animistic but are now largely Christian. However, Christianity became a religion for the Anāls only after India's independence. Today, more than 95 per cent of Anāls are Christians and are concentrated in Chandel of Manipur. One of the positive impacts of Christianity among the Anāls is education. The Anāls are amongst the indigenous of Manipur. The history of Moirang (a Meitei kingdom) and the Anāl traditional songs and tales suggests an existence in the presence of inhabited areas since the beginning of the 1st century AD or much earlier. Folklore In the words of Horam, in ‘Naga Polity, "it can be said that the Nagas at first live in stone caves or in the womb of the earth". YL. Roland Shemmi also writes, "Angami, Lotha, Rengam belief that they came out from the earth hole. Tangkhul Naga came out from earth hole at Hundung. Ao tribe believes that they were the first to come out of underground cave". Thus cave theory as an epicenter of their origin is common among many tribes and all the Nagas tribe shared this theory. Anāl legend states that the Anāl, together with the other Pakan tribes, originated in Mongolia. They lived in a cave guarded by a man-eating tiger. Two Anāls, Hanshu and Hantha, killed the tiger with the help of birds from the sky. After the tiger's death, the tribes left the cave, traveling through China, Tibet, and numerous other areas before settling in Manipur.: 1515–6 The Anāls are divided into two groups based on who they believe they are descended from, Hanshu and Hantha .: 119–120 Etymology The origin of the name Anal is not clear. One hypothesis is that the group name comes from the surname of R.D. Angnal. Another suggested explanation is that the name derives from the Meitei word anan, which means "clean," suggesting that the group had a reputation for cleanliness. The Anaal generally describe themselves as the Pakan.: 1515 Ethnic identity The political relationship between the Nagas and the Kukis since the eve of British colonialism to post-British era has always been opposed to one another. The Anāls oral history says they were always at war with the Kukis. In Chakpikarong (The Anāls Naga habitation) Stone Age culture age has been explored and found the existence of this culture. This shows the Anāl Naga tribe is one of the oldest tribes of Manipur state. The oral history of the Anāls says that Anāls were oppressed by the Kukis during the Kuki rebellion of 1917. Demographics The Anāls live in the Manipur region of Northeast India, which is surrounded by the Imphal valley to the north, Churachandpur districtto the west, the Chin Hills to the south and Kabaw valley to the east. The area is very hilly, with thick jungles and many wild animals. According to the 2001 census, there are approximately 21,242 Anāls in Manipur. In 1981 they were living in 45 villages.: 120 In 1981 they were living in 45 villages. Literacy and educational level According to Census India in the year 2001, the Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in Manipur recorded 65.9 per cent literacy, which is above the national average for STs (47.1%). Of the thirteen major STs, the Anāls recorded the fourth highest literacy rate of 73.9% while Hmar recorded the highest literacy of 79.8 per cent, followed by Paite (79%), Any Mizo tribes (74%) and Tangkhul (72.7%). Social life In social practices, many of them are unique. One conspicuous trait is the division of tribe's clans into two distinct groups, viz., 'Mosum' and 'Murchal'. Such as marriage can occur between the members of these two blocks, if any, intra-marriage prevails, it leads to ostracism of the concerned couple. The economy of Anāls is primarily based on crude agriculture. The Anāls' political system, since time immemorial, is democratic in nature and practice. This could be evinced by the election of village authority: the chief and his associates are elected by either voice vote or raise hand. The Anāl traditionally live in windowless wooden houses with thatched roofs, erected above ground level. The houses have two doors of different sizes and two rooms, a bedroom and a storeroom (Anal: zuhmun).: 1516 Anāl men traditionally wear a lungi (similar to a dhoti) and a simple shirt, called a pakan lungum; they also strap on a basket (Anal: vopum) for carrying dao and other tools.: 1516–7 Women wear undergarments, a skirt, blouse, and shawl, which cover them from their heads to their knees; they also carry a basket(Anal:Bowl).: 1516–7 Both sexes can wear jewellery, including rings, necklaces, and bracelets, as well as special long earrings made from insect wings.: 1517 Traditionally clothing is made by the women.: 1517 Anāl are traditionally monogamous, although cases of polygyny have been reported. In order to marry, an Anāl man must pay a bride price (Anal: jol min); after marriage, the wife moves to the husband's home. Divorce (Anal: ithin) is permitted among the Anāl, although a fine may be incurred.: 122 The Anāl are traditionally polytheistic, believing in a supreme creator named Asapavan, as well as a secondary deity named Wangparel and numerous spirits. The largest Anāl rite is called Akam, which is divided into six stages (Judong, Bhuthawsing, Hni, Sapia, Akapidam, and Dathu) and takes six years to complete. During the Akam, the Anāl sacrifice mithun and pigs and offer a feast to the community. Some Anāl have converted to Christianity.: 1517 Traditionally, Anāl men work as carpenters, particularly the manufacture of bamboo furniture, and in basketry. Women traditionally specialized in weaving and spinning cotton, which is grown locally. Due to modernization and competition from factory-produced goods, many traditional methods have been abandoned.: 1517–8 They are also farmers, harvesting rice, soybeans, pumpkins, tomatoes, and gourds.: 125 The Anāl have many traditional musical instruments, including the khuwang (drum), sanamba (three-stringed fiddle), dolkhuwang (gong), pengkhul (trumpet), tilli (flageolet), rasem (a pipe instrument), and diengdong (xylophone: 1517 They are good dancers and their traditional dances include the kamdam, which is performed by young people for the akam festival, and the ludam, which celebrated victorious headhunting. The Anāl are omnivores, eating fish, eggs, beef, pork, and other kinds of meat as well as fruits and vegetables.: 121 Although traditionally they do not drink milk, some families now drink it with tea. A form of rice beer, known as zupar or zuhrin, is also drunk.: 121 References ^ http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Section%20Table/Section1Table.pdf ^ "1THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)". Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2016. ^ http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/7%20-%20Act%201976%20No%20108%201976.pdf ^ http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/67748/9/09_chapter%203.pdf ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b c "A brief narration of Anal Naga tribe". e-pao.net. ^ "Nagas In Myanmar (Burma)". Archived from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ a b http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_manipur.pdf ^ "Rochunga Pudaite's Letter to Prime Minister Nehru on Hmar Hills Autonomous District Council – HMARRAM". Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2018. ^ "Tribes of Manipur". Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. ^ "Language Education – Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development". ^ Hodson, T. C. (Thomas Callan) (1 January 1911). "The Naga tribes of Manipur". London : Macmillan and Co., limited – via Internet Archive. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Chandel District Religion Data – Census 2011". ^ " Manipur's population by religious community, 2001". Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2019. ^ Horam, M (1975), Naga polity, B.R. Pub. Corp, retrieved 4 August 2016 ^ Shimmi, Yanao Lungharnao Roland (1 January 1988). Comparative history of the Nagas, from ancient period till 1826. Inter-India Publications. ISBN 9788121002103 – via Google Books. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. New Delhi: Atlantic. ISBN 978-81-269-0708-3. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ a b c d e f Bareh, Hamlet (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipur. Vol. III. New Delhi: Mittai. ISBN 978-81-7099-790-0. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ a b http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/21873/8/08_chapter%202.pdf ^ "Manipur Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census of India. 2001. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ "Marchang Reimeingam Ningshen: Scheduled Tribes Population in Numbers, Manipur". Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ http://planningmanipur.gov.in/pdf/MSDR/Chapter%203_Demography.pdf ^ "A Cultural Snapshot: Naga People- Anal tribe". ^ Ghosh, G. K. Ghosh; Ghosh, Shukla (1997), Women of Manipur, APH Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7024-897-2 vteList of Naga tribes Anāl Angami Ao Chang Chakhesang Chirr Chiru Chothe Inpui Kharam Khiamniungan Konyak Lainong Lamkang Liangmai Lotha Makury Mao Maram Maring Monsang Moyon Nocte Para Pochury Phom Poumai Rengma Rongmei Sangtam Sumi Tangkhul Tangsa Tarao Thangal Tikhir Tutsa Wancho Yimkhiung Zeme vteHill tribes of Northeast IndiaMizoram Chakma Dimasa (Kachari) Garo Hajong Hmar Khasi and Jaintia (inc. Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam) Kuki Tribes (see below) Mara Man (Tai speaking) Mizo (Lushai) tribes Mikir (Karbi) Naga tribes Pawi (Lai) Synteng (Pnar) YimkhiungNaga womanNagaland Garo Bodo-Kachari Kuki Mikir (Karbi) Naga Meghalaya Bodo-Kachari Chakma Dimasa (Kachari) Garo Hajong Hmar Khasi and Jaintia (inc. Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam) Koch Kuki Tribes (see below) Lakher (Mara) Man (Tai speaking) Mizo (Lushai) tribes Mikir (Karbi) Naga tribes Pawi (Lai) Raba, Rava Synteng (Pnar) Arunachal Pradesh Abor (Galo) Aka (Hruso) Apatani Dafla (Nyishi) Galong Khowa (Bugun) Mishmi (inc. Miju Mishmi) Momba (inc. Chugpa, Lishipa, Takpa) Naga tribes (inc. Nocte, Tangsa, Tutsa, Wancho) Sherdukpen Singpho (Jingpo) Tai peoples (inc. Khampti, Khamyang, Phake) Adi (inc. Bori, Padam) Deori Khamba Lisu Memba Miji Mikir (Karbi) Minyong Mishing (Miri) Nga Puroik Zekhring Manipur Aimol Anal Chiru Chothe Gangte Hmar Inpui Koirao (Thangal) Koireng Kom Lamkang Liangmai Mao Maram Maring Mizo (Lushai) tribes Monsang Moyon Paite Purum Ralte Rongmei Simte Suhte (Paite) Tangkhul Thadou Vaiphei Zeme Zou Tripura Bhil Bhutia Chaimal Chakma Garoo Halam Jamatia Khasia Kuki Lepcha Lushai (Mizo) Mag Munda, Kaur Noatia Riang Santal Tripuri Uchoi Assam Chakma Dimasa (Kachari) Garo Hajong Hmar Khasi and Jaintia (inc. Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam) Kuki Tribes (see below) Lakher (Mara) Man (Tai speaking) Mizo (Lushai) tribes Mikir (Karbi) Naga tribes Pawi (Lai) Synteng (Pnar) Sikkim Bhutia (including Chumbipa, Dopthapa, Dukpa, Kagatey, Sherpa, Tibetan, Tromopa, Yolmo) Lepcha Kuki tribesincluding: Biate Changsan Chongloi Doungel Gamalhou Gangte Guite Hanneng Haokip, Haupit Haolai Hengna Hongsung Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol Jongbe Khawchung Khawathlang, Khothalong Khelma Kholhou Kipgen Kuki Lengthang Lhangum Lhoujem Lhouvun Lupheng Mangjel Misao Riang Sairhem Selnam Singson Sitlhou Sukte Thado Thangngeu Uibuh Vaiphei Naga tribesincluding: Anāl Angami Ao Chang Chakhesang Chirr Chiru Chothe Inpui Kharam Khiamniungan Konyak Lainong Lamkang Liangmai Lotha Makury Mao Maram Maring Monsang Moyon Nocte Para Pochury Phom Poumai Rengma Rongmei Sangtam Sumi Tangkhul Tangsa Tarao Thangal Tikhir Tutsa Wancho Yimkhiung Zeme See also List of Scheduled Tribes in India	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_people"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"North-East India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-East_India"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Scheduled Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes"},{"link_name":"Indian Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Nagaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland"},{"link_name":"Chandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandel_district"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Churachandpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churachandpur_district"},{"link_name":"Thoubal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoubal_district"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-pao.net-6"},{"link_name":"Sagaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Chakpikarong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakpikarong"},{"link_name":"Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_India_2001"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-8"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Rochunga Pudaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochunga_Pudaite"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmars"},{"link_name":"Anāl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An%C4%81l&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_people_(India)"},{"link_name":"Paite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paite_people"},{"link_name":"Vaiphei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaiphei_people"},{"link_name":"Ralte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralte"},{"link_name":"Chothe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chothe_people"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"List of Naga tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Naga_tribes"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Anāl is a Naga tribe native to Manipur state in North-East India and part of Myanmar. They are listed as a Scheduled Tribe, in accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 Indian Constitution.[2][3] The Anāl tribe is one of the 'sixty six Naga tribes' of the Naga ancestral homeland.[4] The members of this tribe are found both in India and Myanmar. In India, they are situated in the States of Manipur and Nagaland but mostly concentrated in the former. In the State of Manipur, the Anāl Naga population concentrated in Chandel[5] and a few Anāl villages are located in its neighbouring districts, Churachandpur district has about three villages and Thoubal district has one or two.[6]The Anāls in Myanmar live in the Sagaing sub-division. The Anāl population in this part has been dwindling. At present, there are three Anāl villages, 'Nga Kala, Napalun and Haika'. Formerly the Anāls had no problem to move or visit Anāl areas now in Myanmar and vice versa.[7] However, with the demarcation of boundaries, they came under two distinct units and the consequent restriction imposed on the movement of the people of both sides, the Anāls had to stop such free movement between them. Consequently, there has not been any interaction between the members of the same tribe now existing under two different countries. The Anāl community is one of the oldest inhabitants of the hill areas in Manipur state. The archaeological findings at Chakpikarong also point it. Despite this, the numbers of Anāls remain small. According to Census of India, the Anāl population was 21,242 and 1991 census placed as 10,642.[8]The Anāl Naga is recognized as a tribe in Manipur since 1951. This recognition of Anāl tribe was done by Rochunga Pudaite[9] who met the Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in Delhi in 1951 and requested him to give Scheduled Tribe recognition to the Hmar tribe of Northeast India by wearing a traditional Hmar attire. The PM then asked him if he knew of the existence other tribes which had not been included in the list. Rochunga then added the tribes of Anāl, Kom, Paite, Vaiphei, Ralte, Chothe and others, thus paving way for their recognition. However, it was only after the Scheduled Tribes Reorganisation in 1956 that all the aforementioned tribes were recognised by the Manipur government. Therefore, Anāl Naga is one of 33 tribes in Manipur.[10][11] Referred to them as one of the Naga tribes of Manipur and recognised as part of the List of Naga tribes by the state government of Manipur.[12]","title":"Anāl people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_India"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-paolive.net-13"},{"link_name":"Chakpikarong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakpikarong"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Chandel district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandel_district"},{"link_name":"Churachandpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churachandpur_district"},{"link_name":"Thoubal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoubal_district"},{"link_name":"Chandel district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandel_district"},{"link_name":"Churachanpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churachanpur_district"},{"link_name":"Thoubal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoubal_district"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Chandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandel_district"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-paolive.net-13"}],"text":"The Anāl tribe is one of the oldest indigenous tribes in the state of Manipur in Northeast India.[13] Chakpikarong is a land of the Anāls since the time the earliest settlers occupied the hill country of Manipur. In India, the members of the tribe are found in the state of Manipur, mainly in Chandel district and a few villages in Churachandpur district and Thoubal district. There are hundred and forty one villages in Chandel district. The neighbouring districts, Churachanpur district has three Anāl villages, namely Kolen, Dutejol and Warkhu, and the Thoubal district has one Anāl village- Moirankhom. Under the Myanmar administrative unit, there are three Anāl villages namely, Ngakala, Napaleen and Haika. According to the census report of 2001, the total Anāl population in India ais 21,242. The Anāl population in Myanmar is not known because many of them are assimilated to the major community. Originally, the Anāls were animistic but are now largely Christian.[14] However, Christianity became a religion for the Anāls only after India's independence. Today, more than 95 per cent of Anāls are Christians and are concentrated in Chandel of Manipur.[15] One of the positive impacts of Christianity among the Anāls is education.[citation needed]The Anāls are amongst the indigenous of Manipur. The history of Moirang (a Meitei kingdom) and the Anāl traditional songs and tales suggests an existence in the presence of inhabited areas since the beginning of the 1st century AD or much earlier.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horam-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tangkhul Naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkhul_Naga_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prakash07-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bareh07-19"}],"text":"In the words of Horam,[16] in ‘Naga Polity, \"it can be said that the Nagas at first live in stone caves or in the womb of the earth\".[17] YL. Roland Shemmi also writes,[citation needed] \"Angami, Lotha, Rengam belief that they came out from the earth hole. Tangkhul Naga came out from earth hole at Hundung. Ao tribe believes that they were the first to come out of underground cave\". Thus cave theory as an epicenter of their origin is common among many tribes and all the Nagas tribe shared this theory. Anāl legend states that the Anāl, together with the other Pakan tribes, originated in Mongolia.[citation needed] They lived in a cave guarded by a man-eating tiger. Two Anāls, Hanshu and Hantha, killed the tiger with the help of birds from the sky. After the tiger's death, the tribes left the cave, traveling through China, Tibet, and numerous other areas before settling in Manipur.[18]: 1515–6 The Anāls are divided into two groups based on who they believe they are descended from, Hanshu and Hantha .[19]: 119–120","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meitei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prakash07-18"}],"text":"The origin of the name Anal is not clear. One hypothesis is that the group name comes from the surname of R.D. Angnal. Another suggested explanation is that the name derives from the Meitei word anan, which means \"clean,\" suggesting that the group had a reputation for cleanliness. The Anaal generally describe themselves as the Pakan.[18]: 1515","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kukis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukis"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"Kukis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukis"},{"link_name":"Chakpikarong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakpikarong"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflibnet.ac.in-20"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Kukis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_people"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflibnet.ac.in-20"}],"text":"The political relationship between the Nagas and the Kukis since the eve of British colonialism to post-British era has always been opposed to one another. The Anāls oral history says they were always at war with the Kukis. In Chakpikarong (The Anāls Naga habitation) Stone Age culture age has been explored and found the existence of this culture.[20] This shows the Anāl Naga tribe is one of the oldest tribes of Manipur state. The oral history of the Anāls says that Anāls were oppressed by the Kukis during the Kuki rebellion of 1917.[20]","title":"Ethnic identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_India"},{"link_name":"Imphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imphal"},{"link_name":"Churachandpur districtto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churachandpur_district"},{"link_name":"Chin Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Hills"},{"link_name":"Kabaw valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaw_valley"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bareh07-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Anāls live in the Manipur region of Northeast India, which is surrounded by the Imphal valley to the north, Churachandpur districtto the west, the Chin Hills to the south and Kabaw valley to the east. The area is very hilly, with thick jungles and many wild animals. According to the 2001 census, there are approximately 21,242 Anāls in Manipur.[21] In 1981 they were living in 45 villages.[19]: 120 In 1981 they were living in 45 villages.[22][23]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Tangkhul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkhul_Naga_people"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-8"}],"text":"According to Census India in the year 2001, the Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in Manipur recorded 65.9 per cent literacy, which is above the national average for STs (47.1%). Of the thirteen major STs, the Anāls recorded the fourth highest literacy rate of 73.9% while Hmar recorded the highest literacy of 79.8 per cent, followed by Paite (79%), Any Mizo tribes (74%) and Tangkhul (72.7%).[8]","title":"Literacy and educational level"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-pao.net-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-pao.net-6"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"thatched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatch"},{"link_name":"Anal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prakash07-18"},{"link_name":"dhoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhoti"},{"link_name":"Anal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prakash07-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prakash07-18"},{"link_name":"earrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earring"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prakash07-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prakash07-18"},{"link_name":"monogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogamous"},{"link_name":"polygyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygyny"},{"link_name":"bride price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_price"},{"link_name":"Anal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_language"},{"link_name":"Anal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bareh07-19"},{"link_name":"polytheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic"},{"link_name":"mithun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayal"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prakash07-18"},{"link_name":"carpenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenters"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"basketry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketry"},{"link_name":"weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"modernization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prakash07-18"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"soybeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeans"},{"link_name":"pumpkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin"},{"link_name":"tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"gourds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourd"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bareh07-19"},{"link_name":"musical instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instruments"},{"link_name":"drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"flageolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flageolet"},{"link_name":"xylophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prakash07-18"},{"link_name":"headhunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headhunting"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"omnivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivore"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bareh07-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bareh07-19"}],"text":"In social practices, many of them are unique. One conspicuous trait is the division of tribe's clans into two distinct groups, viz., 'Mosum' and 'Murchal'. Such as marriage can occur between the members of these two blocks, if any, intra-marriage prevails, it leads to ostracism of the concerned couple. The economy of Anāls is primarily based on crude agriculture.[6]The Anāls' political system, since time immemorial, is democratic in nature and practice. This could be evinced by the election of village authority: the chief and his associates are elected by either voice vote or raise hand.[6][24]The Anāl traditionally live in windowless wooden houses with thatched roofs, erected above ground level. The houses have two doors of different sizes and two rooms, a bedroom and a storeroom (Anal: zuhmun).[18]: 1516Anāl men traditionally wear a lungi (similar to a dhoti) and a simple shirt, called a pakan lungum; they also strap on a basket (Anal: vopum) for carrying dao and other tools.[18]: 1516–7 Women wear undergarments, a skirt, blouse, and shawl, which cover them from their heads to their knees; they also carry a basket(Anal:Bowl).[18]: 1516–7 Both sexes can wear jewellery, including rings, necklaces, and bracelets, as well as special long earrings made from insect wings.[18]: 1517 Traditionally clothing is made by the women.[18]: 1517Anāl are traditionally monogamous, although cases of polygyny have been reported. In order to marry, an Anāl man must pay a bride price (Anal: jol min); after marriage, the wife moves to the husband's home. Divorce (Anal: ithin) is permitted among the Anāl, although a fine may be incurred.[19]: 122The Anāl are traditionally polytheistic, believing in a supreme creator named Asapavan, as well as a secondary deity named Wangparel and numerous spirits. The largest Anāl rite is called Akam, which is divided into six stages (Judong, Bhuthawsing, Hni, Sapia, Akapidam, and Dathu) and takes six years to complete. During the Akam, the Anāl sacrifice mithun and pigs and offer a feast to the community. Some Anāl have converted to Christianity.[18]: 1517Traditionally, Anāl men work as carpenters, particularly the manufacture of bamboo furniture, and in basketry. Women traditionally specialized in weaving and spinning cotton, which is grown locally. Due to modernization and competition from factory-produced goods, many traditional methods have been abandoned.[18]: 1517–8 They are also farmers, harvesting rice, soybeans, pumpkins, tomatoes, and gourds.[19]: 125The Anāl have many traditional musical instruments, including the khuwang (drum), sanamba (three-stringed fiddle), dolkhuwang (gong), pengkhul (trumpet), tilli (flageolet), rasem (a pipe instrument), and diengdong (xylophone[18]: 1517 They are good dancers and their traditional dances include the kamdam, which is performed by young people for the akam festival, and the ludam, which celebrated victorious headhunting.[25]The Anāl are omnivores, eating fish, eggs, beef, pork, and other kinds of meat as well as fruits and vegetables.[19]: 121 Although traditionally they do not drink milk, some families now drink it with tea. A form of rice beer, known as zupar or zuhrin, is also drunk.[19]: 121","title":"Social life"}]	[{"image_text":"YimkhiungNaga woman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Naga_female_by_retlaw_snellac.jpg/100px-Naga_female_by_retlaw_snellac.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"1THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)\". Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170920212634/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm","url_text":"\"1THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)\""},{"url":"http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103934/http://www.ijirs.com/vol3_issue-6/17.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.ijirs.com/vol3_issue-6/17.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A brief narration of Anal Naga tribe\". e-pao.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.A_Brief_Narration_of_Anal_Naga_Tribe","url_text":"\"A brief narration of Anal Naga tribe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nagas In Myanmar (Burma)\". Archived from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190217162519/http://www.nagasinmyanmar-burma.com/","url_text":"\"Nagas In Myanmar (Burma)\""},{"url":"http://www.nagasinmyanmar-burma.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rochunga Pudaite's Letter to Prime Minister Nehru on Hmar Hills Autonomous District Council – HMARRAM\". Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191220020127/https://hmarram.com/important-documents/rochunga-pudaites-letter-to-prime-minister-nehru-on-hmar-hills-autonomous-district-council/","url_text":"\"Rochunga Pudaite's Letter to Prime Minister Nehru on Hmar Hills Autonomous District Council – HMARRAM\""},{"url":"https://hmarram.com/important-documents/rochunga-pudaites-letter-to-prime-minister-nehru-on-hmar-hills-autonomous-district-council/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tribes of Manipur\". Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160820134807/http://www.trimanipur.com/masters/title.aspx?ref=tribes_of_manipur","url_text":"\"Tribes of Manipur\""},{"url":"http://www.trimanipur.com/masters/title.aspx?ref=tribes_of_manipur","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Language Education – Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mhrd.gov.in/language-education","url_text":"\"Language Education – Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development\""}]},{"reference":"Hodson, T. C. (Thomas Callan) (1 January 1911). \"The Naga tribes of Manipur\". London : Macmillan and Co., limited – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nagatribesofmani00hods","url_text":"\"The Naga tribes of Manipur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011091522/http://www.e-paolive.net/download/PR/Naorem_Sanajaoba/Sanajaoba_Roots-MPP_Vol_3_2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.e-paolive.net/download/PR/Naorem_Sanajaoba/Sanajaoba_Roots-MPP_Vol_3_2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chandel District Religion Data – Census 2011\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/378-chandel.html","url_text":"\"Chandel District Religion Data – Census 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"[Updated 2011 data] Manipur's population by religious community, 2001\". Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819085720/http://manipurtalks.com/index.php?threads%2Fupdated-2011-data-manipurs-population-by-religious-community-2001.7237%2F","url_text":"\"[Updated 2011 data] Manipur's population by religious community, 2001\""},{"url":"http://manipurtalks.com/index.php?threads/updated-2011-data-manipurs-population-by-religious-community-2001.7237/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Horam, M (1975), Naga polity, B.R. Pub. Corp, retrieved 4 August 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10930369","url_text":"Naga polity"}]},{"reference":"Shimmi, Yanao Lungharnao Roland (1 January 1988). Comparative history of the Nagas, from ancient period till 1826. Inter-India Publications. ISBN 9788121002103 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6CBuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Comparative history of the Nagas, from ancient period till 1826"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121002103","url_text":"9788121002103"}]},{"reference":"Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. New Delhi: Atlantic. ISBN 978-81-269-0708-3. Retrieved 12 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&q=%22anal+language%22+india&pg=PA1515","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of North-East India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0708-3","url_text":"978-81-269-0708-3"}]},{"reference":"Bareh, Hamlet (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipur. Vol. III. New Delhi: Mittai. ISBN 978-81-7099-790-0. Retrieved 12 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&q=%22anal+language%22+india&pg=PA120","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-790-0","url_text":"978-81-7099-790-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Manipur Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes\" (PDF). Census of India. 2001. Retrieved 12 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_manipur.pdf","url_text":"\"Manipur Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marchang Reimeingam Ningshen: Scheduled Tribes Population in Numbers, Manipur\". Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180311224025/http://reimeingam.blogspot.in/2012/09/scheduled-tribes-population-in-numbers.html","url_text":"\"Marchang Reimeingam Ningshen: Scheduled Tribes Population in Numbers, Manipur\""},{"url":"http://reimeingam.blogspot.in/2012/09/scheduled-tribes-population-in-numbers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Cultural Snapshot: Naga People- Anal tribe\".","urls":[{"url":"https://prezi.com/qsm3y4dqjral/a-cultural-snapshot-naga-people-anal-tribe/","url_text":"\"A Cultural Snapshot: Naga People- Anal tribe\""}]},{"reference":"Ghosh, G. K. Ghosh; Ghosh, Shukla (1997), Women of Manipur, APH Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7024-897-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-897-2","url_text":"978-81-7024-897-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22An%C4%81l+people%22","external_links_name":"\"Anāl 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokaro_Airport	Bokaro Airport	["1 History","2 Infrastructure","3 UDAN","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 23°38′36″N 86°08′56″E / 23.64333°N 86.14889°E / 23.64333; 86.14889Airport in Bokaro, Jharkhand, India Bokaro AirportTerminal Building of Bokaro AirportIATA: noneICAO: VEBKSummaryAirport typePublicOwnerSteel Authority of India LimitedOperatorAirports Authority of IndiaServesBokaroLocationBokaro, Jharkhand, IndiaElevation AMSL715 ft / 218 mCoordinates23°38′36″N 86°08′56″E / 23.64333°N 86.14889°E / 23.64333; 86.14889MapVEBKLocation of the airport in JharkhandShow map of JharkhandVEBKVEBK (India)Show map of IndiaRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 13/31 5,413 1,650 Asphalt Bokaro Airport (IATA: none, ICAO: VEBK) is a domestic airport owned by the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI). It is located approximately 4.1 km (2.5 mi) from the city centre. The airport has been primarily developed to serve the region of Eastern part of Jharkhand and some districts of West Bengal. It is spread over an area of 200 acres (81 ha) while the runway is 1,650 meters long, capable of handling ATR 72 type of aircraft. Former Chief Minister Raghubar Das and former Minister of State for Civil Aviation Jayant Sinha laid the foundation stone of development for the airport on 25 August 2018, and is set to be inaugurated on 28 February 2024. History The airport was built in the late 1960s to handle private flights for operations of the Steel Authority of India Limited. It began operating as a private airport until 2010. In the mid-2010s, the former Chief Minister Raghubar Das drafted a plan to develop this airport to handle scheduled commercial flights. The steel company had signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Airports Authority of India (AAI) in 2018, to construct the airport, to promote tourism in the state. The development work included resurfacing and strengthening of the existing runway, apron, taxiways, including grading of the operational area, along with the provision of expendable low-cost terminal building, installation of Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower, ESS building, watch tower, PAPI, night landing facilities on the runway and other ancillary works which are now almost completed. Infrastructure The airport includes a boundary wall and perimeter road, terminal building, and passenger waiting areas. At least 6000 trees were cut down, while over 1000 trees were transplanted for the expansion of the airport. With an investment of ₹ 8 crore, the Air Traffic Control tower was built by Airports Authority of India. The tower is mobile and can be moved around the airport as needed. UDAN In June 2023, Alliance Air and FlyBig was selected to operate flights from Bokaro to Kolkata and Patna, under the Government's Regional Connectivity Scheme called UDAN. See also Birsa Munda Airport Dumka Airport Dhalbhumgarh Airport List of airports in India List of airports in Jharkhand References ^ "Airport codes Bokaro". airportsbase.org. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ "Prime Minister will Inaugurate Bokaro and Dumka Airports". Drishti IAS. Retrieved 2 January 2024. ^ "UDAN flights from Bokaro soon". The Pioneer. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ "CM lays Bokaro airport foundation". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ "Bokaro soon to land on aviation map of country". www.dailypioneer.com. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ "Air Traffic Control tower installed at Bokaro Airport". The Pioneer. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ "Jharkhand Flights Start From Bokaro Airport From February 28 Civil Aviation Ministry Has Fixed The Date". Prabhat Khabar. Retrieved 5 December 2023. vteAirports in IndiaInternationalWestern India Ahmedabad Aurangabad† Indore† Mumbai Nagpur Nashik Pune† Rajkot Shirdi Surat† Vadodara† Eastern India Bhubaneswar Gaya† Guwahati Imphal Kolkata Patna† Siliguri† Northern India Amritsar Ayodhya Chandigarh† Delhi Jaipur Kushinagar Lucknow Srinagar Varanasi Southern India Bangalore Chennai Coimbatore Goa-Dabolim Goa-Mopa Hyderabad Kannur Kochi Kozhikode Madurai† Mangalore Port Blair Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Tirupati Vijayawada Visakhapatnam† ^† Designated as customs airport by AAI; a limited number of international flights are permitted at some of these airports Domestic/privateCentral IndiaChhattisgarh Bhilai Bilaspur Jagdalpur Jashpur Korba Raigharh Raipur Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Gwalior Jabalpur Khajuraho Panna Satna Eastern IndiaBihar Darbhanga Munger Muzaffarpur Purnea Raxaul Jharkhand Bokaro Chakulia Deoghar Dhanbad Dumka Jamshedpur Ranchi Odisha Angul Balangir Barbil Bargarh Berhampur Baripada Bhawanipatna Dhenkanal Jajpur Jeypore Jharsuguda Kendujhar Lanjigarh Nuapada Phulbani Rairangpur Rayagada Rourkela Sambalpur Therubali West Bengal Asansol Balurghat Behala Cooch Behar Durgapur Malda Purulia Northeastern IndiaArunachal Pradesh Along Daporijo Itanagar Pasighat Tezu Ziro Assam Dhubri Dibrugarh Jorhat North Lakhimpur Silchar Tezpur Meghalaya Shillong Tura Mizoram Aizawl Nagaland Dimapur Sikkim Gangtok Tripura Agartala Kamalpur Khowai Northern IndiaHaryana Bhiwani Hisar Karnal Narnaul Pinjore Himachal Pradesh Kangra Kullu–Manali Shimla Jammu and Kashmir Jammu Kishtwar Poonch Rajouri Ladakh Kargil Leh Punjab Bathinda Ludhiana Pathankot Rajasthan Bikaner Ganganagar Jaisalmer Jhalawar Jodhpur Kishangarh Kota Udaipur Uttarakhand Chinyalisaur Dehradun Pantnagar Pithoragarh Uttar Pradesh Agra Aligarh Azamgarh Bareilly Chitrakoot Ghaziabad Gorakhpur Kanpur Prayagraj Shravasti Southern IndiaAndhra Pradesh Kadapa Kurnool Nagarjuna Sagar Puttaparthi Rajahmundry Karnataka Belgaum Bidar Kalaburagi Hubli Mysore Shivamogga Toranagallu Lakshadweep Agatti Puducherry Pondicherry Tamil Nadu Salem Tuticorin Vellore Western IndiaDaman and Diu Daman Diu Gujarat Bhavnagar Bhuj Deesa Jamnagar Kandla Keshod Mehsana Mundra Porbandar Maharashtra Aamby Valley Akola Baramati Chandrapur Dhule Hadapsar Jalgaon Karad Kolhapur Latur Mumbai Juhu Nanded Osmanabad Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Solapur Yavatmal ProposedInternationalEast Jamshedpur Puri North Ludhiana Mandi Noida South Bhogapuram Kottayam Parandur Thiruvambady West Dholera Navi Mumbai Purandar, Pune DomesticSouth Bellary (new) Bijapur Hassan Kakinada Karaikal Karwar Kothagudem Kuppam Nellore Nizamabad Ramagundam Warangal East Dhamra Kailashahar Kohima Purnea Vuakmual West Ankleshwar Chandrapur Kota greenfield North Ghazipur Chaukhutia Gauchar Kishtwar Moradabad Meerut Muirpur (Sonbhadra) Palia Raebareli Saharanpur Central Ambikapur Datia Lalitpur Rewa MilitaryIndian Air ForceWestern Air Command Adampur AFS Ambala AFS Amritsar AFS Awantipur AFS Bathinda AFS Chandigarh AFS Halwara AFS Hindan AFS Leh AFS Palam AFS Pathankot AFS Sarsawa AFS Siachen Glacier AFS Sirsa AFS Srinagar AFS Udhampur AFS Eastern Air Command Agartala AFS Bagdogra AFS Barapani AFS Barrackpore AFS Chabua AFS Charbatia AFS Dum Dum AFS Hasimara AFS Jorhat AFS Kalaikunda AFS Kumbhigram AFS Mohanbari AFS Mountain Shadow AFS Panagarh AFS Purnea AFS Tawang AFS Tezpur AFS Central Air Command Agra AFS Bakshi Ka Talab AFS Bamrauli AFS Bangarmau AFS Bareilly AFS Bihta AFS Chakeri AFS Darbhanga AFS Gorakhpur AFS Maharajpur AFS Southern Air Command Coimbatore AFS Madurai AFS Tambaram AFS Thanjavur AFS South Western Air Command Bhuj AFS Jaisalmer AFS Jamnagar AFS Jodhpur AFS Lohegaon AFS Makarpura AFS Nal-Bikaner AFS Naliya AFS Phalodi AFS Suratgarh AFS Uttarlai AFS Training Command Begumpet AFS Bidar AFS Dundigal AFS Hakimpet AFS Yelahanka AFS Maintenance Command Nagpur AFS Ojhar AFS Indian NavyEastern Naval Command Arakkonam INS Rajali Uchipuli INS Parundu Visakapatnam INS Dega Western Naval Command Dabolim INS Hansa Mumbai INS Shikra Southern Naval Command Kochi INS Garuda Indian Army Nasik Jhansi Indian Coast Guard Daman JointAndaman and Nicobar Command Campbell Bay INS Baaz Car Nicobar AFS Diglipur INS Kohassa NDA Gliderdrome (Training) Port Blair INS Utkrosh State-wise list of airports Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chandigarh Chhattisgarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Ladakh Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"domestic airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_airport"},{"link_name":"Steel Authority of India Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India"},{"link_name":"Airports Authority of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokaro_district"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"ATR 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR_72"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)"},{"link_name":"Raghubar Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghubar_Das"},{"link_name":"Jayant Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayant_Sinha"},{"link_name":"foundation stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_stone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Airport in Bokaro, Jharkhand, IndiaBokaro Airport (IATA: none, ICAO: VEBK) is a domestic airport owned by the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI). It is located approximately 4.1 km (2.5 mi) from the city centre. The airport has been primarily developed to serve the region of Eastern part of Jharkhand and some districts of West Bengal. It is spread over an area of 200 acres (81 ha) while the runway is 1,650 meters long, capable of handling ATR 72 type of aircraft.[2] Former Chief Minister Raghubar Das and former Minister of State for Civil Aviation Jayant Sinha laid the foundation stone of development for the airport on 25 August 2018, and is set to be inaugurated on 28 February 2024.[3][4]","title":"Bokaro Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steel Authority of India Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)"},{"link_name":"Raghubar Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghubar_Das"},{"link_name":"Memorandum of Understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding"},{"link_name":"Airports Authority of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Air Traffic Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Traffic_Control"}],"text":"The airport was built in the late 1960s to handle private flights for operations of the Steel Authority of India Limited. It began operating as a private airport until 2010. In the mid-2010s, the former Chief Minister Raghubar Das drafted a plan to develop this airport to handle scheduled commercial flights.The steel company had signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Airports Authority of India (AAI) in 2018, to construct the airport, to promote tourism in the state.[5] The development work included resurfacing and strengthening of the existing runway, apron, taxiways, including grading of the operational area, along with the provision of expendable low-cost terminal building, installation of Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower, ESS building, watch tower, PAPI, night landing facilities on the runway and other ancillary works which are now almost completed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Traffic Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Traffic_Control"},{"link_name":"Airports Authority of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The airport includes a boundary wall and perimeter road, terminal building, and passenger waiting areas. At least 6000 trees were cut down, while over 1000 trees were transplanted for the expansion of the airport. With an investment of ₹ 8 crore, the Air Traffic Control tower was built by Airports Authority of India. The tower is mobile and can be moved around the airport as needed.[6]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alliance Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Air_(India)"},{"link_name":"FlyBig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlyBig"},{"link_name":"Bokaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Prakash_Narayan_Airport"},{"link_name":"UDAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDAN"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In June 2023, Alliance Air and FlyBig was selected to operate flights from Bokaro to Kolkata and Patna, under the Government's Regional Connectivity Scheme called UDAN.[7]","title":"UDAN"}]	[]	[{"title":"Birsa Munda Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsa_Munda_Airport"},{"title":"Dumka Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumka_Airport"},{"title":"Dhalbhumgarh Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhalbhumgarh_Airport"},{"title":"List of airports in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_India"},{"title":"List of airports in Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Jharkhand"}]	[{"reference":"\"Airport codes Bokaro\". airportsbase.org. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://airportsbase.org/India/all/Maraphari/BOKARO","url_text":"\"Airport codes Bokaro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prime Minister will Inaugurate Bokaro and Dumka Airports\". Drishti IAS. Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/prime-minister-will-inaugurate-bokaro-and-dumka-airports-","url_text":"\"Prime Minister will Inaugurate Bokaro and Dumka Airports\""}]},{"reference":"\"UDAN flights from Bokaro soon\". The Pioneer. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/udan-flights-from-bokaro-soon.html","url_text":"\"UDAN flights from Bokaro soon\""}]},{"reference":"\"CM lays Bokaro airport foundation\". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/cm-lays-bokaro-airport-foundation/cid/1532169","url_text":"\"CM lays Bokaro airport foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bokaro soon to land on aviation map of country\". www.dailypioneer.com. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/bokaro-soon-to-land-on-aviation-map-of-country.html","url_text":"\"Bokaro soon to land on aviation map of country\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Traffic Control tower installed at Bokaro Airport\". The Pioneer. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/air-traffic-control-tower-installed-at-bokaro-airport.html","url_text":"\"Air Traffic Control tower installed at Bokaro Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jharkhand Flights Start From Bokaro Airport From February 28 Civil Aviation Ministry Has Fixed The Date\". Prabhat Khabar. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/bokaro/jharkhand-flights-start-from-bokaro-airport-from-february-28-civil-aviation-ministry-has-fixed-the-date-ttv","url_text":"\"Jharkhand Flights Start From Bokaro Airport From February 28 Civil Aviation Ministry Has Fixed The Date\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bokaro_Airport&params=23_38_36_N_86_08_56_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"23°38′36″N 86°08′56″E / 23.64333°N 86.14889°E / 23.64333; 86.14889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bokaro_Airport&params=23_38_36_N_86_08_56_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"23°38′36″N 86°08′56″E / 23.64333°N 86.14889°E / 23.64333; 86.14889"},{"Link":"http://airportsbase.org/India/all/Maraphari/BOKARO","external_links_name":"\"Airport codes Bokaro\""},{"Link":"https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/prime-minister-will-inaugurate-bokaro-and-dumka-airports-","external_links_name":"\"Prime Minister will Inaugurate Bokaro and Dumka Airports\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/udan-flights-from-bokaro-soon.html","external_links_name":"\"UDAN flights from Bokaro soon\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/cm-lays-bokaro-airport-foundation/cid/1532169","external_links_name":"\"CM lays Bokaro airport foundation\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/bokaro-soon-to-land-on-aviation-map-of-country.html","external_links_name":"\"Bokaro soon to land on aviation map of country\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/air-traffic-control-tower-installed-at-bokaro-airport.html","external_links_name":"\"Air Traffic Control tower installed at Bokaro Airport\""},{"Link":"https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/bokaro/jharkhand-flights-start-from-bokaro-airport-from-february-28-civil-aviation-ministry-has-fixed-the-date-ttv","external_links_name":"\"Jharkhand Flights Start From Bokaro Airport From February 28 Civil Aviation Ministry Has Fixed The Date\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Reutersv%C3%A4rd	Oscar Reutersvärd	["1 Biography","2 Work","3 Swedish postage stamps","4 References","5 External links"]	Swedish artist (1915–2002) Oscar ReutersvärdOscar Reutersvärd with two of his friendsBorn29 November 1915Stockholm, SwedenDied2 February 2002(2002-02-02) (aged 86)Lund, SwedenNationalitySwedishNotable workImpossible figures Oscar Reutersvärd (29 November 1915 – 2 February 2002) was a Swedish graphic artist, who in 1934 pioneered the art of 3D drawings that may initially appear feasible, yet cannot be physically constructed. He is sometimes described as "the father of the impossible figure", although there are much older examples, e.g. Hogarth's Satire on False Perspective. Biography Born on 29 November 1915 in Stockholm, Sweden, he reportedly suffered from dyslexia and had difficulty estimating the distance and size of objects. But his family was artistic, and encouraged his painting and sculpture efforts at home. Work Reutersvärd's originality appeared early in his career—at the age of 18. In 1934, the school student created a figure, the "impossible triangle", composed of a series of cubes in perspective. "the triangle at first seems like the simple geometrical shape with which all schoolchildren are familiar. However, as the eye tries to follow its outlines, the triangle abruptly becomes a dizzying experience as its bottom link plays havoc with the brain's intuitive knowledge of physical laws." according to World of Mathematics, 2006, published by Thomson Gale. This very triangle was chosen in 1982 by the government of Sweden as the subject of a 25 öre postage stamp. In 1937, he created his first impossible stairs, and the concept that would lead to the impossible fork. Subsequently, he focused on academics. In 1958, he read the now classic article by Lionel and Roger Penrose on impossible objects, which included the triangle and staircase that the British father and son team had developed independently. One artist inspired by the Penrose article was M.C. Escher—who produced two prints of impossible buildings in 1961 and 1962. The application of the concepts he originated over 20 years prior, by serious mathematicians and artists, rekindled Reutersvärd's interest. By 1963, he had created several new and original impossible figures, and was featured by a gallery in Stockholm. He would create his figures with India ink on Japanese rice paper, drawing freehand, without a ruler or any mechanical device. He generally used "Japanese perspective, where all parallel lines remain parallel and do not meet at points of visual convergence." The shaky lines, often exacerbated by working on the ten hour train ride between Stockholm and Lund, is obvious in some of his pictures. Figures were frequently colored with Japanese colored chalk. In comparing his work to that of the much more famous artist of the impossible, M. C. Escher, it can be observed that Escher builds inhabited worlds around impossible objects, whereas Reutersvärd's designs generally consist of pure geometric forms. Reutersvärd produced more than 2,500 figures. In the late 1960s, several books were published featuring his work, and he attracted a following, with many international gallery exhibitions. Through the 1980s and 1990s, he continued to develop impossible figures, filling many notebooks. Finally, in the mid 1990s, his work was prominently commissioned for several public buildings in Sweden, and the National Museum of Sweden and Museum of Modern Art of Stockholm both displayed his work. Tungt flygande flykt (English: heavy flying escape), in Lund Sweden, 1962 Today both mathematicians and psychologists use his drawings as templates for studying visual perception. In addition to his development of impossible figures, he was a designer of many public works in Sweden, including large sculptures, mazes and architectural features. Oscar Reutersvärd gave at the Conference Incontri con la matematica (Mathematical Conference held annually, since 1986, in Castel San Pietro Terme, Bologna, Italy) the ability to use his figures for the publications annually made for the Conference. Swedish postage stamps Reutersvärd's achievements were honoured in 1982 by a series of three Swedish postage stamps. The stamps were engraved by Czesław Słania, based on watercolours by Reutersvärd. They remained in circulation for only about two years, after which they were withdrawn when the postage rate was changed. The Swedish government had the unused stamps destroyed; these scarce items are now eagerly sought collectibles. References ^ a b c d e f Seckel, Al (2004). Masters of Deception: Escher, Dalí & the Artists of Optical Illusion. Foreword by Douglas R. Hofstadter. New York: Sterling. pp. 261–283. ISBN 1-4027-0577-8. ^ Penrose, Lionel; Penrose, Roger (February 1958). "Impossible Objects: A Special Type of Visual Illusion". British Journal of Psychology. 49 (1): 31–33. ^ Gullberg, Jan (1997). Mathematics: From the Birth of Numbers. New York–London: W.W. Norton. pp. 374–375. ISBN 0-393-04002-X. ^ Peterzell, David (5 October 2008). UCSD Psych 3/102 Impossible Figures Reutersvard – via YouTube. ^ Danesi, Marcel (2004). The Puzzle Instinct: The Meaning of Puzzles in Human Life. Indiana University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-253-21708-3. External links "Sweden 1982–1985". Homepage Cz.Slania's Engravings. (The stamps include three with designs by Reutersvärd.) "Art of Reutersvard". Illusion Works. Jason Mathews. "Oscar Reutersvärd". Handyman's Garage. "Oscar Reutersvärd". Impossible World. Bruno D'Amore. "O. Reutersvärd". Incontri con la Matematica. First published 2000. (in Italian) Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Sweden Australia Artists KulturNav RKD Artists ULAN People Trove Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes"},{"link_name":"impossible figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_object"},{"link_name":"Satire on False Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire_on_False_Perspective"}],"text":"Oscar Reutersvärd (29 November 1915 – 2 February 2002) was a Swedish graphic artist, who in 1934 pioneered the art of 3D drawings that may initially appear feasible, yet cannot be physically constructed. He is sometimes described as \"the father of the impossible figure\", although there are much older examples, e.g. Hogarth's Satire on False Perspective.","title":"Oscar Reutersvärd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockholm, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seckel-1"}],"text":"Born on 29 November 1915 in Stockholm, Sweden, he reportedly suffered from dyslexia and had difficulty estimating the distance and size of objects. But his family was artistic, and encouraged his painting and sculpture efforts at home.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"impossible triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_triangle"},{"link_name":"impossible stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_stairs"},{"link_name":"Lionel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Penrose"},{"link_name":"Roger Penrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BritPsy-2"},{"link_name":"M.C. 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In 1934, the school student created a figure, the \"impossible triangle\", composed of a series of cubes in perspective. \"the triangle at first seems like the simple geometrical shape with which all schoolchildren are familiar. However, as the eye tries to follow its outlines, the triangle abruptly becomes a dizzying experience as its bottom link plays havoc with the brain's intuitive knowledge of physical laws.\" according to World of Mathematics, 2006, published by Thomson Gale. This very triangle was chosen in 1982 by the government of Sweden as the subject of a 25 öre postage stamp.\nIn 1937, he created his first impossible stairs, and the concept that would lead to the impossible fork. Subsequently, he focused on academics. In 1958, he read the now classic article by Lionel and Roger Penrose on impossible objects,[2] which included the triangle and staircase that the British father and son team had developed independently. One artist inspired by the Penrose article was M.C. Escher—who produced two prints of impossible buildings in 1961 and 1962. The application of the concepts he originated over 20 years prior, by serious mathematicians and artists, rekindled Reutersvärd's interest. By 1963, he had created several new and original impossible figures, and was featured by a gallery in Stockholm.[1]He would create his figures with India ink on Japanese rice paper, drawing freehand, without a ruler or any mechanical device. He generally used \"Japanese perspective, where all parallel lines remain parallel and do not meet at points of visual convergence.\"[3] The shaky lines, often exacerbated by working on the ten hour train ride between Stockholm and Lund, is obvious in some of his pictures.[1] Figures were frequently colored with Japanese colored chalk.[1] In comparing his work to that of the much more famous artist of the impossible, M. C. Escher, it can be observed that Escher builds inhabited worlds around impossible objects, whereas Reutersvärd's designs generally consist of pure geometric forms.Reutersvärd produced more than 2,500 figures. In the late 1960s, several books were published featuring his work, and he attracted a following, with many international gallery exhibitions. Through the 1980s and 1990s, he continued to develop impossible figures, filling many notebooks. Finally, in the mid 1990s, his work was prominently commissioned for several public buildings in Sweden, and the National Museum of Sweden and Museum of Modern Art of Stockholm both displayed his work.[1]Tungt flygande flykt (English: heavy flying escape), in Lund Sweden, 1962Today both mathematicians and psychologists[4] use his drawings as templates for studying visual perception.[5]In addition to his development of impossible figures, he was a designer of many public works in Sweden, including large sculptures, mazes and architectural features.Oscar Reutersvärd gave at the Conference Incontri con la matematica (Mathematical Conference held annually, since 1986, in Castel San Pietro Terme, Bologna, Italy) the ability to use his figures for the publications annually made for the Conference.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_postage_stamps"},{"link_name":"Czesław Słania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_S%C5%82ania"},{"link_name":"watercolours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolours"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seckel-1"}],"text":"Reutersvärd's achievements were honoured in 1982 by a series of three Swedish postage stamps. The stamps were engraved by Czesław Słania, based on watercolours by Reutersvärd. They remained in circulation for only about two years, after which they were withdrawn when the postage rate was changed. The Swedish government had the unused stamps destroyed; these scarce items are now eagerly sought collectibles.[1]","title":"Swedish postage stamps"}]	[{"image_text":"Tungt flygande flykt (English: heavy flying escape), in Lund Sweden, 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Oscar_Reutersv%C3%A4rd_Lunds_bollhus.JPG/220px-Oscar_Reutersv%C3%A4rd_Lunds_bollhus.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Seckel, Al (2004). Masters of Deception: Escher, Dalí & the Artists of Optical Illusion. Foreword by Douglas R. Hofstadter. New York: Sterling. pp. 261–283. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Dart_SLF	Dennis Dart	["1 First generation (high-floor)","1.1 Alternative fuels","2 Second generation (Dart SLF)","2.1 Dart SPD","2.2 Dart MPD","2.3 Narrow width Dart SLF","2.4 Thomas SLF 200","3 Exports","3.1 Australia","3.2 Canada","3.3 Hong Kong & Macau","3.4 Malta","3.5 Netherlands","3.6 Portugal","3.7 Singapore","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dennis Dart" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) British rear-engined single-decker midibus Motor vehicle Dennis DartThames Travel Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied Dennis Dart MPDOverviewManufacturerDennis (1989–2001)TransBus International (2001–2004)Alexander Dennis (2004–2008)Thomas Built BusesProduction1989–2008Body and chassisDoors1 or 2Floor typeStep-entrance (Dart)Low-floor (Dart SLF)PowertrainEngineCummins B SeriesCummins ISBeCapacity23−44 seatedTransmissionAllisonEatonVoithDimensionsLengthDart: 8.5 m (28 ft), 9.0 m (29.5 ft), 9.8 m (32 ft)Dart SLF:8.8 m (29 ft),9.2 m (30 ft), 9.3 m (31 ft), 10.0 m (32.8 ft), 10.1 m (33 ft), 10.6 m (35 ft), 10.7 m (35 ft), 11.3 m (37 ft)Width2.3 m (7 ft 7 in), 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) or 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)ChronologyPredecessorDennis DominoDennis LanceSuccessorAlexander Dennis Enviro200 The Dennis Dart is a rear-engined single-decker midibus chassis that was introduced by Dennis of Guildford, England in 1989, replacing the Dennis Domino. Initially built as a high-floor design, in 1996 the low-floor second generation Dennis Dart SLF was launched. In 2001, production of the Dart SLF passed to TransBus International, during which time it was sold as the TransBus Dart SLF; Alexander Dennis took over production in 2004, renaming the product as the Alexander Dennis Dart SLF. More than 12,600 Darts were produced in total during a 19-year production run. Most were purchased by United Kingdom operators, although examples were sold in Europe, North America, Australia and Hong Kong. In the United States, the Dart SLF, with Alexander ALX200 bodywork, was built and sold by Thomas Built Buses as the Thomas SLF 200. The first generation Dart ceased production in 1998. Production of the Dart SLF continued until 2008, when it was replaced by the Alexander Dennis Enviro200. First generation (high-floor) Arriva North West & Wales early (1989) Duple Dartline bodied Dennis Dart in Crewe The Dennis Dart was conceived when Hestair Group (owner of Dennis and Duple) decided to produce a bus between a minibus and a full-sized single-decker. It was launched in October 1988 at the British International Motor Show and was originally only available with Duple Dartline bodywork. It was 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) wide and was initially available in the length of 9.0 m (29.5 ft), but later available in lengths of 8.5 m (28 ft) and 9.8 m (32 ft). It was powered by a Cummins 6BT engine and coupled to the Allison AT545 gearbox. In 1989 the Dart chassis was made available for bodying by other manufacturers. In 1990, Wadham Stringer became the next builder to body the Dart with a body called the Portsdown, but it was sold in small numbers and replaced by the UVG Urbanstar in 1995. In the same year, Wright bodied the Dart with the Handybus. In early 1991, Plaxton launched the Pointer (which was initially designated as Reeve Burgess Pointer as it was built at Reeve Burgess's plant, until later in the same year when it was transferred to Plaxton's Scarborough plant). Later in 1991, East Lancs bodied the Dart with its EL2000. In the latter half of 1991, Alexander launched the Dash. As the low-floor single-decker buses became more popular in late 1990s, orders for standard-floor Dart dropped heavily and production ceased in 1998. Over 3,400 first generation Darts were produced. Alternative fuels Dennis Dart 9SDL Carlyle Ecobus In 1993, Southampton Citybus adapted six Dart 9SDL Carlyle bodied buses to use compressed natural gas, the cylinders being mounted in a pod on the roof. In 1996 a further 10 adapted vehicles were ordered. At the time of the delivery of the Darts, Southampton Citybus were the largest operator of gas-powered vehicles in the United Kingdom. They were fitted with an engine developed in the United States by Cummins and Westport. First Cityline in Bristol trialled a pair of Plaxton Pointer bodied Dart MPDs in 1996, which were powered by six CNG canisters mounted on their roofs. These buses were branded by First as 'GasBus'. Second generation (Dart SLF) Arriva Guildford & West Surrey Plaxton Pointer 1 bodied Dennis Dart SLF in 2009 In 1996, Dennis launched a low-floor version of the Dart known as the Dart SLF, with the letters SLF standing for Super Low Floor in reference to the new low-floor design. It was 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) wide and initially offered in lengths of 10 m (33 ft) and 10.6 m (35 ft), with air suspension introduced in place of the taper leaf used in the original design. First Somerset & Avon East Lancs Spryte bodied Dennis Dart SLF in Bath in 2013 It was initially offered with the low floor version of the Pointer bodywork (which was notable for being wider), replaced by the updated Pointer 2 in 1997. It was also offered with a wide variety of bodies, namely the East Lancs Spryte, UVG Urbanstar (later renamed as the Caetano Compass; replaced by the Nimbus in 1999), the Wright Crusader, Alexander ALX200 (discontinued in 2001 with the formation of TransBus International and being replaced by the Pointer 2), Marshall Capital (developed from the C37; later built by MCV), Caetano Nimbus and MCV Evolution (since 2005 - a further evolution of the Marshall bodywork). With the move to Euro III emissions in October 2001, the new Cummins ISBe engine was launched, with the four-cylinder 3.9-litre (240-cubic-inch)-litre model being used in all lengths except the 11.3 m (37 ft) version, which uses the more powerful six-cylinder, 5.9 L (360 cu in) version. The Cummins ISBe Euro IV engine became available on the Dart SLF chassis since late 2006. In 2007, the Dennis Dart SLF was superseded by the Alexander Dennis Enviro200. Over 9,100 low floor Darts were built, the last entering service with Park Island Transport in March 2008. Dart SPD Hedingham & Chambers Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied Alexander Dennis Dart SPD in 2016 In 1997, the Dart SPD (short for Super Pointer Dart) was launched with a length of 11.3 m (about the same length as a long Leyland National), typically seating 40 to 44 passengers. The Dart SPD was launched to compete with full-size buses such as the Volvo B10BLE and Scania L94UB, while retaining the more lightweight construction of the basic Dart SLF. The Dart SPD has a more powerful engine and a more heavy duty Allison World Series B300R gearbox than the Dart SLF, but also with an option of a Voith gearbox. Originally offered only with Plaxton Pointer 2 bodywork (hence the 'P' in the name), this larger bus was later offered with other bodywork such as the East Lancs Myllennium, the Alexander ALX200 with a few bodied by Marshall. Dart MPD Bluebird Bus & Coach Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied Alexander Dennis Dart MPD in 2008 In 1998, the Dart MPD (short for Mini Pointer Dart) was launched. At 8.8 m (29 ft) long, the Dart MPD was a model reminiscent of the original 8.5 m (28 ft) Darts; it was launched to compete with newly emerging shorter midibuses such as the Optare Solo. The Dart MPD typically seated 23 to 29 passengers, and was available in both provincial and London specifications. As with the Dart SPD, the MPD was launched initially with only the Plaxton Pointer 2 bodywork, although other bodies became available later on. Narrow width Dart SLF Caetano Slimbus bodied narrow width Dart SLF in 2018 In 2002, TransBus launched a narrower-width variant of the Dart SLF at the request of bus operators in the Channel Islands of Guernsey and then Jersey, who replaced the majority of their fleets with slightly narrower Darts designed to comply with the islands' vehicle size restrictions, sporting adapted versions of existing East Lancs Myllennium and Caetano Nimbus bodies respectively. Further examples have since joined them and small numbers of similar buses have entered service with other operators around the UK. Gibraltar also has a fleet of these narrower buses. The last ones entered service in summer 2007 in Gibraltar. Thomas SLF 200 In 1998, a joint venture was formed between Dennis and Thomas Built Buses to build the Dennis Dart SLF with Alexander ALX200 bodywork for the North American market. Initially sold as the Thomas SLF 200, following a restructure by parent company Daimler Truck North America, it was sold as the DaimlerChrysler SLF 200. It was launched at the American Public Transportation Association Expo 1999. Initially built with a Cummins engine, it was later sold with a Mercedes-Benz engine. After sales failed to line up to expectations, the joint venture was dissolved in 2003. Exports ACTION Wright Crusader bodied Dennis Dart SLF in Canberra in 2009 Although primarily sold in the United Kingdom, some were sold overseas: Australia In Australia, ACTION of Canberra took delivery of 25 Wright Crusader bodied Dennis Dart SLFs in 1997, Brisbane Bus Lines (3), Invicta Bus Services (27), TransAdelaide (2) and Transperth (2) purchased Darts. Canada In British Columbia, BC Transit took delivery of 90 Dart SLFs with Plaxton Pointer 2 bodies from 1999 to 2001 for services in the resort municipality of Whistler and its other transit system companies in the province. Hong Kong & Macau Park Island Transport Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied TransBus Dart SLF in Kwai Fong in 2015 In Hong Kong, Citybus, Kowloon Motor Bus, New Lantao Bus, New World First Bus and Park Island Transport purchased Darts. Some of Citybus vehicles were repatriated back to England by parent Stagecoach Group for use at its Devon and Hampshire subsidiaries. In Macau, Transmac took delivery of ten dual-door and air-conditioned Pointer-bodied Darts in January 1996. Malta Four Dennis Dart SLFs with Eaton six-speed manual transmissions were delivered to Paramount Garage of Malta in 1997. The first two Darts were delivered with a 10.6 metres (35 ft) East Lancs Spryte body equipped with large hopper windows and electronically-operated sun visors, while the remaining two were later delivered with Plaxton Pointer bodies. A Transbus Dart SLF built with Neobus bodywork was delivered to Malta in 2002 by Gasan Transport Systems Ltd and presented to members of the Maltese Public Transport Association. A second demonstrator was built by Transbus but was not exported to Malta, later entering service in the United Kingdom with Flimwell independent operator Hams Travel. Netherlands Arriva Netherlands purchased 50 Darts with Alexander ALX200 bodies. Portugal Stagecoach Group had 10 Dart SLFs bodied locally in 1999 for its Portuguese subsidiary in Lisbon. Singapore In Singapore, Singapore Bus Service purchased 10 Duple Metsec bodied Darts in 1994 for smaller routes (M1, M2, M4 and 183).. References ^ Major Show 88 Commercial Motor 27 October 1988 ^ Hestair Duple and Dennis Specialist Vehicles have released more information on their new midibus, the Dart Commercial Motor 22 September 1988 ^ Dennis launches darts Commercial Motor 13 July 1989 ^ a b c 25 Years Ago: The birth of the Dennis Dart Buses issue 714 September 2014 page 22 ^ Dart dialogue Commercial Motor 14 December 1989 ^ "Wadham low-floor midi". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 19 April 1990. p. 19. Retrieved 28 May 2023. ^ "Wright midi boosts jobs". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 1 November 1990. p. 20. Retrieved 28 May 2023. ^ "RB Dart body on target". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 16 August 1990. p. 19. Retrieved 28 May 2023. ^ East Lancs set to build on Dart chassis Commercial Motor 16 May 1991 ^ The Model Page Bus & Coach Preservation May 2017 page 58 ^ a b c Britain's Buses (6 ed.). Key Publishing. 2021. pp. 17, 90, 108. ISBN 978-1-802820-096. ^ Jenkins, David (18 January 2023). "A long slow battle". Buses. No. 815. Stamford: Key Publishing. pp. 30–34. Retrieved 18 June 2023. Citybus became a pioneer of gas bus operation, in an EU-funded joint project with local councils. Branded as Ecobus, it launched in 1994 with the conversion of six existing Dennis Darts in the fleet. Joined by 10 new ones delivered in 1996, it made Citybus the largest operator of gas buses at that time. They lasted for around 10 years. ^ Harrison, Michael (29 January 1997). "Southampton busmen set to cash in". The Independent. London. Retrieved 3 June 2023. ^ a b c d Goundry, Andy (23 March 2020). Dennis Buses and Other Vehicles. Crowood Press. pp. 134, 146. ISBN 978-1-78500-708-8. Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ Morgan, Mike (13 January 1996). "UK gets first purpose-built gas bus". Coach & Bus Week. No. 200. Peterborough: Emap. p. 8. ^ a b The History of Alexander Dennis Alexander Dennis ^ Alexander Dennis reveals Enviro200 Dart Bus & Coach Professional 20 March 2006 ^ a b Darting around Lancashire Buses issue 793 April 2021 ^ Thomas SLF 200 Thomas Built Buses ^ DaimlerChrysler SLF 200 Thomas Built Buses ^ Low-Floor Buses Fleetline issue 247 July 1997 page 132 ^ "Crusaders for Australia". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 402. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. 28 March 1997. ^ "Wright Buses for Canberra". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 403. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. 4 April 1997. p. 2. Further to last week's story about the order from Action Bus of Canberra, Australia for Wright Crusader low floor midibuses on Dennis Dart SLF chassis, Wright's has informed us that the current order is for 25 buses worth £1.5 million. ^ A Friendly Dart Truck & Bus Transportation July 1997 page 150 ^ Invicta Sells to Grenda Australian Bus Panorama issue 24/5 March 2009 page 12 ^ Melbourne's TeleBus: a pioneer of on-demand services Australian Bus issue 98 March 2020 page 20 ^ Dennis Buses in Adelaide Transit Australia June 1997 page 138 ^ Transperth News Rattler issue 399 January 2006 page 6 ^ Dart regains its Hong Kong look Buses issue 775 October 2019 page 67 ^ Far East Pointer Darts Buses issue 784 July 2020 pages 44/45 ^ "On target for Macao". Coach & Bus Week. No. 215. Peterborough: Emap. 27 April 1996. p. 32. ^ "First manual Darts for Malta". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 394. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. 31 January 1997. p. 9. ^ Jones, Stuart (7 March 1997). "UK built low floor buses for overseas markets". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 399. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. p. 17. ^ "Bus made for Malta launched". Times of Malta. 9 August 2002. Retrieved 12 September 2023. Further reading Beddall, David (2019). The London Dennis Dart and Dart SLF. Pen & Sword. ISBN 9781445687520. External links Media related to Dennis Dart at Wikimedia Commons Dennis Dart SLF Alexander Dennis Buses portal vteDennis vehiclesBuses Ace Arrow (front-engined) Arrow (rear-engined) Dart (front-engined) Dart/Dart SLF Dominant Dominator Domino Dorchester Dragon/Condor E/EV F/FS Falcon (front-engined) Falcon (rear-engined) G/GL H/HS/HV Javelin Jubilant Lance/Lance 2/Lance 3 (front-engined) Lance (rear-engined) Lancet/Lancet 2/Lancet 3/Lancet 4 (front-engined) Lancet UF Lancet (underfloor-engined) Loline Mace Pelican Pike R-Series Trident 2 Trident 3 Fire engines D series Dagger DF series DFS series DS series F series G-Type N-Type R series Rapier RS/SS series Sabre TF series TSD series Trucks Ace Centaur Delta Hefty Heron Horia Jubilant Max Max Major Maxim Paravan Pax Stork Category vteAlexander Dennis, bus and coach timeline, 1990-present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 Chassis Dart Javelin Trident 2 Enviro400 (Chassis) Trident 3 Bodies DM5000 President Pointer Enviro 400 City Single-deck bus ALX100 Enviro100EV ALX200 Enviro200 Enviro200 MMC / EV ALX300 Enviro300 Double-decker bus Enviro400 ALX400 Enviro400 MMC / EV Enviro500 ALX500 Enviro500 MMC / EV Coach Plaxton Elite Plaxton Leopard Panorama Plaxton Panther Alexander Dennis (formerly known as Transbus International)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rear-engined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-engine_design"},{"link_name":"single-decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-decker_bus"},{"link_name":"midibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midibus"},{"link_name":"Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Specialist_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford"},{"link_name":"Dennis Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Domino"},{"link_name":"low-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor_bus"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennis"},{"link_name":"Alexander ALX200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_ALX200"},{"link_name":"Thomas Built Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Built_Buses"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dennis Enviro200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro200"}],"text":"British rear-engined single-decker midibusMotor vehicleThe Dennis Dart is a rear-engined single-decker midibus chassis that was introduced by Dennis of Guildford, England in 1989, replacing the Dennis Domino. Initially built as a high-floor design, in 1996 the low-floor second generation Dennis Dart SLF was launched. In 2001, production of the Dart SLF passed to TransBus International, during which time it was sold as the TransBus Dart SLF; Alexander Dennis took over production in 2004, renaming the product as the Alexander Dennis Dart SLF.More than 12,600 Darts were produced in total during a 19-year production run. Most were purchased by United Kingdom operators, although examples were sold in Europe, North America, Australia and Hong Kong. In the United States, the Dart SLF, with Alexander ALX200 bodywork, was built and sold by Thomas Built Buses as the Thomas SLF 200.The first generation Dart ceased production in 1998. Production of the Dart SLF continued until 2008, when it was replaced by the Alexander Dennis Enviro200.","title":"Dennis Dart"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DennisDartDupleDartlineBusG123RGT_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Arriva North West & Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_North_West_%26_Wales"},{"link_name":"Duple Dartline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duple_Dartline"},{"link_name":"Crewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe"},{"link_name":"Hestair Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestair_Group"},{"link_name":"Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Specialist_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"Duple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duple_Coachbuilders"},{"link_name":"minibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibus"},{"link_name":"full-sized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid_bus"},{"link_name":"single-decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-decker_bus"},{"link_name":"British International Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"Duple Dartline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duple_Dartline"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins_UK"},{"link_name":"Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Transmission"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buses714-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wadham Stringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_Stringer"},{"link_name":"UVG Urbanstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Compass"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrightbus"},{"link_name":"Handybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Handybus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxton_Pointer"},{"link_name":"Reeve Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve_Burgess"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"East Lancs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancashire_Coachbuilders"},{"link_name":"EL2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancs_EL2000"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Alexander_Coachbuilders"},{"link_name":"Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dash"},{"link_name":"low-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor_bus"},{"link_name":"single-decker buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-decker_bus"},{"link_name":"standard-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-floor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buses714-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BritainsBuses-11"}],"text":"Arriva North West & Wales early (1989) Duple Dartline bodied Dennis Dart in CreweThe Dennis Dart was conceived when Hestair Group (owner of Dennis and Duple) decided to produce a bus between a minibus and a full-sized single-decker.It was launched in October 1988 at the British International Motor Show and was originally only available with Duple Dartline bodywork.[1] It was 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) wide and was initially available in the length of 9.0 m (29.5 ft), but later available in lengths of 8.5 m (28 ft) and 9.8 m (32 ft). It was powered by a Cummins 6BT engine and coupled to the Allison AT545 gearbox.[2][3][4]In 1989 the Dart chassis was made available for bodying by other manufacturers.[5] In 1990, Wadham Stringer became the next builder to body the Dart with a body called the Portsdown, but it was sold in small numbers and replaced by the UVG Urbanstar in 1995.[6] In the same year, Wright bodied the Dart with the Handybus.[7] In early 1991, Plaxton launched the Pointer (which was initially designated as Reeve Burgess Pointer as it was built at Reeve Burgess's plant, until later in the same year when it was transferred to Plaxton's Scarborough plant).[8] Later in 1991, East Lancs bodied the Dart with its EL2000.[9] In the latter half of 1991, Alexander launched the Dash.As the low-floor single-decker buses became more popular in late 1990s, orders for standard-floor Dart dropped heavily and production ceased in 1998. Over 3,400 first generation Darts were produced.[4][10][11]","title":"First generation (high-floor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecobus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Southampton Citybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Citybus"},{"link_name":"compressed natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins"},{"link_name":"Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport_Innovations"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goundry-14"},{"link_name":"First Cityline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_West_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Alternative fuels","text":"Dennis Dart 9SDL Carlyle EcobusIn 1993, Southampton Citybus adapted six Dart 9SDL Carlyle bodied buses to use compressed natural gas, the cylinders being mounted in a pod on the roof. In 1996 a further 10 adapted vehicles were ordered.[12] At the time of the delivery of the Darts, Southampton Citybus were the largest operator of gas-powered vehicles in the United Kingdom.[13] They were fitted with an engine developed in the United States by Cummins and Westport.[14]First Cityline in Bristol trialled a pair of Plaxton Pointer bodied Dart MPDs in 1996, which were powered by six CNG canisters mounted on their roofs. These buses were branded by First as 'GasBus'.[15]","title":"First generation (high-floor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arriva_Guildford_%26_West_Surrey_3091_P291_FPK.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arriva Guildford & West Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Guildford_%26_West_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Plaxton Pointer 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxton_Pointer"},{"link_name":"low-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor_bus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buses714-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BritainsBuses-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S824_WYD_42824_East_Lancs_Spryte-_Dennis_Dart_(8528234001).jpg"},{"link_name":"First Somerset & Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Somerset_%26_Avon"},{"link_name":"East Lancs Spryte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancs_Spryte"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"low floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor_bus"},{"link_name":"East Lancs Spryte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancs_Spryte"},{"link_name":"Caetano Compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Compass"},{"link_name":"Nimbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Nimbus"},{"link_name":"Wright Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Crusader"},{"link_name":"Alexander ALX200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_ALX200"},{"link_name":"Marshall Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Capital"},{"link_name":"MCV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCV_Bus_%26_Coach"},{"link_name":"MCV Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCV_Evolution"},{"link_name":"Euro III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_III"},{"link_name":"Cummins ISBe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins_B_Series_engine"},{"link_name":"Euro IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_IV"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dennis Enviro200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro200"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Park Island Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Island_Transport"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buses793-18"}],"text":"Arriva Guildford & West Surrey Plaxton Pointer 1 bodied Dennis Dart SLF in 2009In 1996, Dennis launched a low-floor version of the Dart known as the Dart SLF, with the letters SLF standing for Super Low Floor in reference to the new low-floor design.[4][11][16] It was 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) wide and initially offered in lengths of 10 m (33 ft) and 10.6 m (35 ft), with air suspension introduced in place of the taper leaf used in the original design.First Somerset & Avon East Lancs Spryte bodied Dennis Dart SLF in Bath in 2013It was initially offered with the low floor version of the Pointer bodywork (which was notable for being wider), replaced by the updated Pointer 2 in 1997. It was also offered with a wide variety of bodies, namely the East Lancs Spryte, UVG Urbanstar (later renamed as the Caetano Compass; replaced by the Nimbus in 1999), the Wright Crusader, Alexander ALX200 (discontinued in 2001 with the formation of TransBus International and being replaced by the Pointer 2), Marshall Capital (developed from the C37; later built by MCV), Caetano Nimbus and MCV Evolution (since 2005 - a further evolution of the Marshall bodywork).With the move to Euro III emissions in October 2001, the new Cummins ISBe engine was launched, with the four-cylinder 3.9-litre (240-cubic-inch)-litre model being used in all lengths except the 11.3 m (37 ft) version, which uses the more powerful six-cylinder, 5.9 L (360 cu in) version. The Cummins ISBe Euro IV engine became available on the Dart SLF chassis since late 2006. In 2007, the Dennis Dart SLF was superseded by the Alexander Dennis Enviro200.[17] Over 9,100 low floor Darts were built, the last entering service with Park Island Transport in March 2008.[18]","title":"Second generation (Dart SLF)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hedingham_Omnibuses_bus_L351_Dennis_Dart_Plaxton_Pointer_EU56_FLM_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hedingham & Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedingham_%26_Chambers"},{"link_name":"Plaxton Pointer 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxton_Pointer_2"},{"link_name":"Leyland National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_National"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-16"},{"link_name":"Volvo B10BLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B10BLE"},{"link_name":"Scania L94UB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_L94UB"},{"link_name":"Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Transmission"},{"link_name":"Voith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voith"},{"link_name":"Plaxton Pointer 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxton_Pointer"},{"link_name":"East Lancs Myllennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancs_Myllennium"},{"link_name":"Alexander ALX200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_ALX200"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Bus"}],"sub_title":"Dart SPD","text":"Hedingham & Chambers Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied Alexander Dennis Dart SPD in 2016In 1997, the Dart SPD (short for Super Pointer Dart) was launched with a length of 11.3 m (about the same length as a long Leyland National), typically seating 40 to 44 passengers.[16] The Dart SPD was launched to compete with full-size buses such as the Volvo B10BLE and Scania L94UB, while retaining the more lightweight construction of the basic Dart SLF. The Dart SPD has a more powerful engine and a more heavy duty Allison World Series B300R gearbox than the Dart SLF, but also with an option of a Voith gearbox. Originally offered only with Plaxton Pointer 2 bodywork (hence the 'P' in the name), this larger bus was later offered with other bodywork such as the East Lancs Myllennium, the Alexander ALX200 with a few bodied by Marshall.","title":"Second generation (Dart SLF)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bluebird_Bus_%26_Coach_bus_21_(MX56_HYR),_25_July_2008_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bluebird Bus & Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebird_Bus_%26_Coach"},{"link_name":"Plaxton Pointer 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxton_Pointer"},{"link_name":"Optare Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optare_Solo"},{"link_name":"Plaxton Pointer 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxton_Pointer_2"}],"sub_title":"Dart MPD","text":"Bluebird Bus & Coach Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied Alexander Dennis Dart MPD in 2008In 1998, the Dart MPD (short for Mini Pointer Dart) was launched. At 8.8 m (29 ft) long, the Dart MPD was a model reminiscent of the original 8.5 m (28 ft) Darts; it was launched to compete with newly emerging shorter midibuses such as the Optare Solo. The Dart MPD typically seated 23 to 29 passengers, and was available in both provincial and London specifications. As with the Dart SPD, the MPD was launched initially with only the Plaxton Pointer 2 bodywork, although other bodies became available later on.","title":"Second generation (Dart SLF)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20180309-M-travel-AE54HYU_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Caetano Slimbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Nimbus"},{"link_name":"Channel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"East Lancs Myllennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancs_Myllennium"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"}],"sub_title":"Narrow width Dart SLF","text":"Caetano Slimbus bodied narrow width Dart SLF in 2018In 2002, TransBus launched a narrower-width variant of the Dart SLF at the request of bus operators in the Channel Islands of Guernsey and then Jersey, who replaced the majority of their fleets with slightly narrower Darts designed to comply with the islands' vehicle size restrictions, sporting adapted versions of existing East Lancs Myllennium and Caetano Nimbus bodies respectively. Further examples have since joined them and small numbers of similar buses have entered service with other operators around the UK. Gibraltar also has a fleet of these narrower buses. The last ones entered service in summer 2007 in Gibraltar.","title":"Second generation (Dart SLF)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Built Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Built_Buses"},{"link_name":"Daimler Truck North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Truck_North_America"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goundry-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"American Public Transportation Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goundry-14"}],"sub_title":"Thomas SLF 200","text":"In 1998, a joint venture was formed between Dennis and Thomas Built Buses to build the Dennis Dart SLF with Alexander ALX200 bodywork for the North American market. Initially sold as the Thomas SLF 200, following a restructure by parent company Daimler Truck North America, it was sold as the DaimlerChrysler SLF 200.[14][19][20]It was launched at the American Public Transportation Association Expo 1999. Initially built with a Cummins engine, it was later sold with a Mercedes-Benz engine. After sales failed to line up to expectations, the joint venture was dissolved in 2003.[14]","title":"Second generation (Dart SLF)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACTION_-_BUS_138_-_Wright_%27Crusader%27_bodied_Dennis_Dart_SLF.jpg"},{"link_name":"ACTION","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTION"},{"link_name":"Wright Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Crusader"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"}],"text":"ACTION Wright Crusader bodied Dennis Dart SLF in Canberra in 2009Although primarily sold in the United Kingdom, some were sold overseas:","title":"Exports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ACTION","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTION"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Wright Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Crusader"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Bus Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Bus_Lines"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Invicta Bus Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invicta_Bus_Services"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"TransAdelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransAdelaide"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Transperth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"In Australia, ACTION of Canberra took delivery of 25 Wright Crusader bodied Dennis Dart SLFs in 1997,[21][22][23] Brisbane Bus Lines (3),[24] Invicta Bus Services (27),[25][26] TransAdelaide (2)[27] and Transperth (2)[28] purchased Darts.","title":"Exports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"BC Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Transit"},{"link_name":"resort municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort_municipality"},{"link_name":"Whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goundry-14"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"In British Columbia, BC Transit took delivery of 90 Dart SLFs with Plaxton Pointer 2 bodies from 1999 to 2001 for services in the resort municipality of Whistler and its other transit system companies in the province.[14]","title":"Exports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL3004_PITCL_NR332_16-09-2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Park Island Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Island_Transport"},{"link_name":"Kwai Fong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwai_Fong"},{"link_name":"Citybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citybus_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Kowloon Motor Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Motor_Bus"},{"link_name":"New Lantao Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lantao_Bus"},{"link_name":"New World First Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_First_Bus"},{"link_name":"Park Island Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Island_Transport"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_Group"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_South_West"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_South"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Transmac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmac"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong & Macau","text":"Park Island Transport Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied TransBus Dart SLF in Kwai Fong in 2015In Hong Kong, Citybus, Kowloon Motor Bus, New Lantao Bus, New World First Bus and Park Island Transport purchased Darts. Some of Citybus vehicles were repatriated back to England by parent Stagecoach Group for use at its Devon and Hampshire subsidiaries.[29][30]In Macau, Transmac took delivery of ten dual-door and air-conditioned Pointer-bodied Darts in January 1996.[31]","title":"Exports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation"},{"link_name":"manual transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"East Lancs Spryte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancs_Spryte"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Neobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neobus_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Flimwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flimwell"}],"sub_title":"Malta","text":"Four Dennis Dart SLFs with Eaton six-speed manual transmissions were delivered to Paramount Garage of Malta in 1997. The first two Darts were delivered with a 10.6 metres (35 ft) East Lancs Spryte body equipped with large hopper windows and electronically-operated sun visors, while the remaining two were later delivered with Plaxton Pointer bodies.[32][33]A Transbus Dart SLF built with Neobus bodywork was delivered to Malta in 2002 by Gasan Transport Systems Ltd and presented to members of the Maltese Public Transport Association.[34] A second demonstrator was built by Transbus but was not exported to Malta, later entering service in the United Kingdom with Flimwell independent operator Hams Travel.","title":"Exports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arriva Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BritainsBuses-11"}],"sub_title":"Netherlands","text":"Arriva Netherlands purchased 50 Darts with Alexander ALX200 bodies.[11]","title":"Exports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_Group#Portugal"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buses793-18"}],"sub_title":"Portugal","text":"Stagecoach Group had 10 Dart SLFs bodied locally in 1999 for its Portuguese subsidiary in Lisbon.[18]","title":"Exports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore Bus Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_Transit"},{"link_name":"Duple Metsec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duple_Metsec"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Singapore","text":"In Singapore, Singapore Bus Service purchased 10 Duple Metsec bodied Darts in 1994 for smaller routes (M1, M2, M4 and 183)..[citation needed]","title":"Exports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pen & Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_%26_Sword"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781445687520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445687520"}],"text":"Beddall, David (2019). The London Dennis Dart and Dart SLF. Pen & Sword. ISBN 9781445687520.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Arriva North West & Wales early (1989) Duple Dartline bodied Dennis Dart in Crewe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/DennisDartDupleDartlineBusG123RGT_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-DennisDartDupleDartlineBusG123RGT_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dennis Dart 9SDL Carlyle Ecobus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ecobus.jpg/220px-Ecobus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arriva Guildford & West Surrey Plaxton Pointer 1 bodied Dennis Dart SLF in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arriva_Guildford_%26_West_Surrey_3091_P291_FPK.JPG/220px-Arriva_Guildford_%26_West_Surrey_3091_P291_FPK.JPG"},{"image_text":"First Somerset & Avon East Lancs Spryte bodied Dennis Dart SLF in Bath in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/S824_WYD_42824_East_Lancs_Spryte-_Dennis_Dart_%288528234001%29.jpg/220px-S824_WYD_42824_East_Lancs_Spryte-_Dennis_Dart_%288528234001%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hedingham & Chambers Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied Alexander Dennis Dart SPD in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hedingham_Omnibuses_bus_L351_Dennis_Dart_Plaxton_Pointer_EU56_FLM_%281%29.jpg/220px-Hedingham_Omnibuses_bus_L351_Dennis_Dart_Plaxton_Pointer_EU56_FLM_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bluebird Bus & Coach Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied Alexander Dennis Dart MPD in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bluebird_Bus_%26_Coach_bus_21_%28MX56_HYR%29%2C_25_July_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bluebird_Bus_%26_Coach_bus_21_%28MX56_HYR%29%2C_25_July_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caetano Slimbus bodied narrow width Dart SLF in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/20180309-M-travel-AE54HYU_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-20180309-M-travel-AE54HYU_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"ACTION Wright Crusader bodied Dennis Dart SLF in Canberra in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ACTION_-_BUS_138_-_Wright_%27Crusader%27_bodied_Dennis_Dart_SLF.jpg/220px-ACTION_-_BUS_138_-_Wright_%27Crusader%27_bodied_Dennis_Dart_SLF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Park Island Transport Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied TransBus Dart SLF in Kwai Fong in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/LL3004_PITCL_NR332_16-09-2015.jpg/220px-LL3004_PITCL_NR332_16-09-2015.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Wadham low-floor midi\". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 19 April 1990. p. 19. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/19th-april-1990/19/wadham-low-floor-midi","url_text":"\"Wadham low-floor midi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wright midi boosts jobs\". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 1 November 1990. p. 20. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/1st-november-1990/20/wright-midi-boosts-jobs","url_text":"\"Wright midi boosts jobs\""}]},{"reference":"\"RB Dart body on target\". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 16 August 1990. p. 19. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-august-1990/19/rb-dart-body-on-target","url_text":"\"RB Dart body on target\""}]},{"reference":"Britain's Buses (6 ed.). Key Publishing. 2021. pp. 17, 90, 108. ISBN 978-1-802820-096.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Publishing","url_text":"Key Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-802820-096","url_text":"978-1-802820-096"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, David (18 January 2023). \"A long slow battle\". Buses. No. 815. Stamford: Key Publishing. pp. 30–34. Retrieved 18 June 2023. Citybus became a pioneer of gas bus operation, in an EU-funded joint project with local councils. Branded as Ecobus, it launched in 1994 with the conversion of six existing Dennis Darts in the fleet. Joined by 10 new ones delivered in 1996, it made Citybus the largest operator of gas buses at that time. They lasted for around 10 years.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keybuses.com/article/long-slow-battle","url_text":"\"A long slow battle\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Michael (29 January 1997). \"Southampton busmen set to cash in\". The Independent. London. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/southampton-busmen-set-to-cash-in-1285743.html","url_text":"\"Southampton busmen set to cash in\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Goundry, Andy (23 March 2020). Dennis Buses and Other Vehicles. Crowood Press. pp. 134, 146. ISBN 978-1-78500-708-8. Retrieved 3 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O53SDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Dennis Buses and Other Vehicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowood_Press","url_text":"Crowood Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78500-708-8","url_text":"978-1-78500-708-8"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Mike (13 January 1996). \"UK gets first purpose-built gas bus\". Coach & Bus Week. No. 200. Peterborough: Emap. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders for Australia\". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 402. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. 28 March 1997.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wright Buses for Canberra\". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 403. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. 4 April 1997. p. 2. Further to last week's story about the order from Action Bus of Canberra, Australia for Wright Crusader low floor midibuses on Dennis Dart SLF chassis, Wright's has informed us that the current order is for 25 buses worth £1.5 million.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"On target for Macao\". Coach & Bus Week. No. 215. Peterborough: Emap. 27 April 1996. p. 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"First manual Darts for Malta\". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 394. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. 31 January 1997. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, Stuart (7 March 1997). \"UK built low floor buses for overseas markets\". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 399. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. p. 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bus made for Malta launched\". Times of Malta. 9 August 2002. Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/bus-made-for-malta-launched.169357","url_text":"\"Bus made for Malta launched\""}]},{"reference":"Beddall, David (2019). The London Dennis Dart and Dart SLF. Pen & Sword. ISBN 9781445687520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_%26_Sword","url_text":"Pen & Sword"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445687520","url_text":"9781445687520"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dennis+Dart%22","external_links_name":"\"Dennis Dart\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dennis+Dart%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dennis+Dart%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dennis+Dart%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dennis+Dart%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dennis+Dart%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/27th-october-1988/37/motor-show-88-report","external_links_name":"Major Show 88"},{"Link":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/22nd-september-1988/5/-hestair-duple-and-dennis-specialist-vehicles-have","external_links_name":"Hestair Duple and Dennis Specialist Vehicles have released more information on their new midibus, the Dart"},{"Link":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/13th-july-1989/20/dennis-launches-darts","external_links_name":"Dennis launches darts"},{"Link":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/14th-december-1989/18/dart-dialogue","external_links_name":"Dart dialogue"},{"Link":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/19th-april-1990/19/wadham-low-floor-midi","external_links_name":"\"Wadham low-floor midi\""},{"Link":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/1st-november-1990/20/wright-midi-boosts-jobs","external_links_name":"\"Wright midi boosts jobs\""},{"Link":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-august-1990/19/rb-dart-body-on-target","external_links_name":"\"RB Dart body on target\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-may-1991/20/east-lams-to-build-two-on-dad-chassis","external_links_name":"East Lancs set to build on Dart chassis"},{"Link":"https://www.keybuses.com/article/long-slow-battle","external_links_name":"\"A long slow battle\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/southampton-busmen-set-to-cash-in-1285743.html","external_links_name":"\"Southampton busmen set to cash in\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O53SDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Dennis Buses and Other Vehicles"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175419/https://www.alexander-dennis.com/about-us/our-history/","external_links_name":"The History of Alexander Dennis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060324091514/http://www.busandcoach.com/newsStory.aspx?id=680","external_links_name":"Alexander Dennis reveals Enviro200 Dart"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010223203157/http://www.thomasbus.com/products/commercial/slf200.asp","external_links_name":"Thomas SLF 200"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030603180532/http://www.thomasbuiltbuses.com/transitshuttle.asp?busid=tslf","external_links_name":"DaimlerChrysler SLF 200"},{"Link":"https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/bus-made-for-malta-launched.169357","external_links_name":"\"Bus made for Malta launched\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015255/http://www.alexander-dennis.com/single_deck/dart.htm","external_links_name":"Dennis Dart SLF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_Karlsruhe	Karlsruher SC	["1 History","1.1 A succession of mergers","1.2 The formation of Karlsruher SC","1.3 The Schäfer era","1.4 After relegation from the Bundesliga in 1998","1.5 From 2007","1.6 Reserve team","1.7 League timeline","2 Honours","2.1 League","2.2 Cup","2.3 International","2.4 Reserve team","3 Players","3.1 Current squad","3.2 Out on loan","3.3 Reserve team squad","4 Coaching staff","4.1 Coaching history","5 Recent seasons","5.1 Karlsruher SC","5.2 Karlsruher SC II","6 References","7 External links"]	German professional football club For other uses, see Karlsruhe (disambiguation). Football clubKarlsruher SCFull nameKarlsruher Sport-ClubMühlburg-Phönix e. V.Nickname(s)KSC, Eurofighter (since 93–94 season)Founded6 June 1894; 130 years ago (1894-06-06)GroundBBBank WildparkCapacity34,302PresidentHolger Siegmund-SchultzeHead coachChristian EichnerLeague2. Bundesliga2023–242. Bundesliga, 5th of 18WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Current season Karlsruher Sport-Club Mühlburg-Phönix e. V. better known as Karlsruher SC is a German association football club, based in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg that currently plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football. Domestically, the club was crowned German champion in 1909, and won the DFB-Pokal in 1955 and 1956. In Europe, KSC won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1996, which remains the club's last major honor. Formed as Karlsruher Fussball Club Phönix in 1894, the modern form of the club was formed as the result of several mergers in 1952, and its early success granted KSC a spot in the inaugural Bundesliga season in 1963. KSC spent the next few decades as a yo-yo club frequently being promoted and relegated between the top two divisions, with their best Bundesliga season coming in 1996 when KSC finished 6th in the table. Relegation followed in 1998, and the club has since spent all but two seasons between the second and third tiers. KSC maintains a fierce rivalry with VfB Stuttgart, in which old Badenese-Württembergian animosities are played out. History A succession of mergers The most successful of these ancestral clubs was Karlsruher Fussball Club Phönix, formed on 6 June 1894 by dissatisfied members of the gymnastics club Karlsruher Turngemeinde. They quickly became a strong regional side, playing in the Südkreis-Liga, and won the national title in 1909, defeating defending champions Viktoria 89 Berlin 4–2 in the championship final that season. In 1912, Phönix merged with KFC Alemannia, established in 1897, to create KFC Phönix (Phönix Alemannia). First Logo of Phönix Karlsruhe in 1897 It was as Phönix Karlsruhe that the club joined the Gauliga Baden, one of 16 top-flight divisions created in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich. They slipped from the first division for a single season in 1936, but returned to compete as a mediocre side over the next several years. In the 1943–44 season, Karlsruhe played with Germania Durlach as the combined wartime side named KSG (Kriegssportgemeinschaft) Phönix/Germania Karlsruhe. After World War II in 1946, Phönix re-emerged to compete in the newly formed first division Oberliga Süd, finishing 15th in their first season there. The club was relegated the following season. Logo of predecessor side VfB Karlsruhe ca. 1931.Two other threads in the evolution of KSC were the formation of FC Mühlburg in 1905 out of 1. FV Sport Mühlburg (founded in 1890) and Viktoria Mühlburg (founded in 1892), and the merger of FC Germania (founded in 1898) and FC Weststadt (founded in 1902) to form VfB Karlsruhe in 1911. FC Mühlburg and VfB Karlsruhe would in turn merge to form VfB Mühlburg in 1933. The group of clubs which came together to form VfB Mühlburg were an undistinguished lot, sharing just one season of upper-league play between them. The new side, however, started to compete in the first-division Gauliga Baden immediately after the league was established in 1933. Historical chart of Karlsruher SC league performance A lower-table side through the 1930s, VfB's performance improved considerably in the following decade. As war overtook the country, the Gauliga Baden was sub-divided at various times into a number of more local city-based circuits and the team was able to earn three-second-place finishes in divisional play. The Gauliga Baden collapsed in 1944–45 after playing a significantly reduced schedule in which many teams, including Mühlburg were unable to compete. After the war the club slipped from top-flight competition until earning promotion to the Oberliga Süd in 1947. They generally competed as a mid-table side here with the exception of a strong performance in 1951 when they narrowly missed an advance to the national championship rounds after earning a third-place result just a single point behind SpVgg Fürth. The formation of Karlsruher SC KFC Phoenix and VfB Mühlburg united to form the Karlsruher Sport-Club Mühlburg-Phönix e. V., on 16 October 1952 and the new team earned good results throughout the remainder of the decade. In 1955, they beat Schalke 04 3–2 to win the DFB-Pokal, and repeated the success next year with a 3–1 win over Hamburger SV. That season, they also made an appearance in the national final, where they lost 2–4 to Borussia Dortmund. KSC was Oberliga Süd champion in 1956, 1958 and 1960, as well as runner-up in the DFB-Pokal in 1960, when they lost the final match 2–3 to Borussia Mönchengladbach. Their record earned them admission as one of sixteen founding clubs into Germany's new professional football league, the Bundesliga, when it began play in 1963. Karlsruhe struggled in the top flight, never managing better than a 13th-place finish over five seasons before finally being demoted to the second-division Regionalliga Süd. Over the next three seasons, the team earned a first-place finish as well as two-second-place finishes there, but were unable to advance in the promotion rounds. After the 1974 formation of the 2. Bundesliga, which consisted of two divisions at the time, KSC finished first in the 2. Bundesliga Süd and returned to the top flight for the 1975–76 season, but were able to stay up for only two years. They next returned to the first division in 1980 where they spent four seasons before being sent down again. After a two-year absence they fought their way back to the Bundesliga in 1987 to begin an extended stay. The Schäfer era Under the guidance of new coach Winfried Schäfer, KSC's return to the top flight was marked with some success as for the first time the team managed to work its way out of the bottom half of the league table. In the 1993–94 season, the club had a successful run in the UEFA Cup, going out in the semi-finals on away goals to Austria Salzburg after beating, in turn, PSV, Valencia, Bordeaux and Boavista. Their stunning 7–0 second-round victory over Valencia, a top team in the Spanish La Liga at the time and in historical terms as well, might be considered the high point of the club's history in its centennial year. Edgar "Euro Eddy" Schmitt scored 4 goals and became a club legend. Between 1992 and 1997, the club was ranked in the single digits in six consecutive Bundesliga seasons, and participated in two more UEFA Cups, reaching the third round both in the 1996–97 and 1997–98 seasons, being eliminated from the competition after losing their second-leg matches to Brøndby and Spartak Moscow respectively. In 1995, KSC won the DFB-Hallenpokal, an indoor football tournament that was traditionally held during winter breaks of the Bundesliga seasons. They also played in the final of the DFB-Pokal in 1996, but lost 0–1 to 1. FC Kaiserslautern. As the millennium drew to a close, Karlsruhe faded. The club started the 1997–98 Bundesliga season well, with two wins and a draw in their opening three matches, but their downfall began with a 1–6 defeat to Bayer Leverkusen on Day 4. At the league winter break the club sat outside the relegation ranks, but a series of negative results pushed them down to 15th place until the second-last matchday of the season. Schäfer was fired in March 1998, but this did not keep the club from slipping to the Second Bundesliga after a 16th-place finish. The club needed an away draw against Hansa Rostock on the final day of the season to avoid relegation, but lost the match 2–4 while Borussia Mönchengladbach beat VfL Wolfsburg 2–0 to overtake KSC and finish 15th on goal difference. After relegation from the Bundesliga in 1998 KSC finished fifth in their first season in the 2. Bundesliga after relegation, only two points behind third-place SSV Ulm 1846 which was promoted to the Bundesliga. However, a last place finish in a terrible 1999–2000 season played under dire financial circumstances dropped them down to the Regionalliga Süd (III). The club rebounded and on the strength of a first-place result in the Regionalliga made a prompt return to second division play. After four seasons of mediocre play that saw KSC narrowly avoid being sent further down, the team turned in a much-improved performance and earned a sixth-place result in 2005–06. From 2007 KSC secured the 2007 2. Bundesliga title with three games left in the season by way of a 1–0 victory over SpVgg Unterhaching on 29 April, combined with a draw by second-placed Hansa Rostock on 30 April. KSC maintained its dominance over the course of the season, playing 14 matches (nine wins, five draws) before suffering their first loss of the campaign at the hands of Erzgebirge Aue. They are the first team in the history of the single-division 2. Bundesliga to occupy the top spot throughout the whole season. In their return season to the Bundesliga in 2007–08 they finished 11th, fading in the second half of the year after a strong start that saw them positioned in the qualifying places for European competition. The club continued to perform poorly in the 2008–09 season, ultimately finishing 17th and finding themselves relegated to the 2. Bundesliga once more. The club's two most recent campaigns there ended with 10th and 15th-place finishes. Karlsruhe finished second level as 16th and faced Jahn Regensburg with relegation play-offs. These teams draw with as 1–1 at Regensburg and as 2–2 at Karlsruhe. This meant Karlsruhe's relegation to third tier after 12 years according to away goal rule. The club successfully bounced back in 2012–13 when it won a championship in the 3. Liga and earned promotion back to the 2. Bundesliga. 2014–15 would see the club come close to a return to the Bundesliga, a third-place finish would see them play a promotion play-off against Hamburg, and after a 1–1 draw in Hamburg in the first leg, KSC were seconds away from promotion, only for Hamburg to score an equaliser in the 90th minute to force extra time, where they would score a winning away goal late in the second half to secure their Bundesliga status for another season. In 2019, Karlsruhe won 4–1 against Preußen Münster on matchday 31, therefore returning to the 2. Bundesliga after a hiatus of two years. Reserve team Main article: Karlsruher SC II The Karlsruher SC II, historically also referred to as Karlsruher SC Amateure, is a successful side in its own right, playing for many years as high up as the Regionalliga Süd. At the end of the 2011–12 season, the team was forcefully relegated to the Oberliga because of the relegation of the first team to the 3. Liga as reserve teams of 3. Liga clubs are not permitted in the Regionalliga anymore from 2012. The team had suffered a similar fate in 2000, when the first team was relegated to the Regionalliga Süd and the reserve team therefore had to leave this league despite finishing above the relegation ranks. Between 1991 and 2000, the team also won the North Baden Cup on four occasions, thereby qualifying for the first round of the DFB-Pokal on each occasion. Its greatest success in this competition was reaching the third round in 1996–97. After many restrained years, in which the targeted promotion was clearly missed, the already greatly reduced second team was discontinued for financial reasons at the end of the 2017–18 Oberliga season. However, KSC reopened its second team as a fans' team for the 2019–20 season and entered the Kreisklasse C, the lowest level of league football in Karlsruhe and North Baden. League timeline This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Honours The club's honours: League German football championship Champions: 1909 Runners-up: 1956 Southern German championship Champions: 1909, 1955–56, 1957–58, 1959–60, 1974–75 Südkreis-Liga (I) Champions: 1909 Runners-up: 1910, 1912 Bezirksliga Baden (I) Champions: 1933 Runners-up: 1928, 1931 Gauliga Baden Runners-up: 1935 Oberliga Süd (I) Champions: 1955–56, 1957–58, 1959–60 2. Bundesliga (II) Champions: 1974–75, 1983–84, 2006–07 Runners-up: 1979–80, 1986–87 Regionalliga Süd (II) Champions: 1968–69 Runners-up: 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73 Regionalliga Süd (III) Champions: 2000–01 3. Liga (III) Champions: 2012–13 Runners-up: 2018–19 Cup DFB-Pokal Winners: 1954–55, 1955–56 Runners-up: 1959–60, 1995–96 Baden Cup (Tiers III-V) Winners: 2012–13, 2017–18, 2018–19 International UEFA Intertoto Cup Champions: 1996 Intertoto Cup Winners: 1988 (group 10), 1992 (group 4) Reserve team Oberliga Baden-Württemberg Champions: 1989–90, 1995–96, 2004–05 Verbandsliga Nordbaden (IV-V) Champions: 1982–83, 1988–89, 1993–94 Amateurliga Nordbaden (III) Champions: 1964–65 North Baden Cup Winners: 1990–91, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1999–2000 All pre-1952 titles listed here were won by Phönix Karlsruhe. Players Current squad As of 10 June 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK GER Kai Eisele 2 DF GER Sebastian Jung 4 DF GER Marcel Beifus 5 DF FIN Daniel O'Shaughnessy 6 MF GER Leon Jensen 7 MF GER Robin Heußer 8 MF GER Jérôme Gondorf (captain) 9 FW CRO Igor Matanović (on loan from Eintracht Frankfurt) 10 MF GER Marvin Wanitzek 11 FW GEO Budu Zivzivadze 13 FW GER Lars Stindl 15 MF BIH Dženis Burnić 16 DF GER Philip Heise 17 MF GER Nicolai Rapp No. Pos. Nation Player 18 DF GER Daniel Brosinski 20 DF GER David Herold 21 DF GER Marco Thiede 22 DF AUT Christoph Kobald 23 GK GER Patrick Drewes 24 FW GER Fabian Schleusener 26 FW GER Paul Nebel (on loan from Mainz 05) 28 DF GER Marcel Franke 29 GK GER Max Weiß 30 MF TUR Eren Öztürk 31 MF GER Tim Rossmann 32 DF GER Robin Bormuth 39 MF TUR Efe-Kaan Sihlaroglu Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — FW GER Stefano Marino (at FC Astoria Walldorf until 30 June 2024) Reserve team squad Main article: Karlsruher SC II Coaching staff Position Name Head coach Christian Eichner Assistant head coach Zlatan Bajramović Assistant coach Sirus Motekallemi Goalkeeper coach Markus Miller Fitness coach Florian Böckler Rehab coach Wendelin Wäcker Team Doctor Dr. Marcus Schweizer Physiotherapist Matteo Poppert Kevin Benz Kit man Torsten Merkel Cafer Aydogan Laundry Gloria Schorb Bus Driver Thomas Laschuk Andreas Heinrich Technical Director Necat Aygün Youth Chief Scout Sebastian Freis Team Manager Burkhard Reich Sarah Saliba Coaching history Coaches of the club since 1952: Hans Hipp – 16 October 1952 – 30 April 1953 Friedel Moser – 1 May 1953 – 30 June 1953 Adolf Patek – 1 July 1953 – 31 July 1956 Ludwig Janda – 1 July 1956 – 30 June 1959 Eduard Frühwirth – 1 July 1959 – 30 June 1962 Kurt Sommerlatt – 1 July 1962 – 26 January 1965 Helmut Schneider – 27 January 1965 – 18 October 1965 Werner Roth – 19 October 1965 – 1 November 1966 Paul Frantz – 2 November 1966 – 24 October 1967 Georg Gawliczek – 25 October 1967 – 8 February 1968 Herbert Widmayer – 10 February 1968 – 18 February 1968 Bernhard Termath – 19 February 1968 – 30 June 1968 Kurt Baluses – 1 July 1968 – 21 May 1971 Carl-Heinz Rühl – 1 July 1973 – 30 June 1977 Bernd Hoss – 1 July 1977 – 26 October 1977 Rolf Schafstall – 27 October 1977 – 15 April 1978 Walter Baureis – 1 July 1978 – 26 November 1978 Manfred Krafft – 1 July 1978 – 30 June 1981 Max Merkel – 27 November 1981 – 30 June 1982 Horst Franz – 1 July 1982 – 31 January 1983 Werner Olk – 1 July 1984 – 22 March 1985 Lothar Buchmann – 26 March 1985 – 25 April 1986 Winfried Schäfer – 1 July 1986 – 25 March 1998 Jörg Berger – 25 March 1998 – 25 August 1998 Rainer Ulrich – 26 August 1998 – 15 October 1999 Joachim Löw – 28 October 1999 – 19 April 2000 Stefan Kuntz – 1 July 2000 – 25 October 2002 Lorenz-Günther Köstner – 1 November 2002 – 20 December 2004 Reinhold Fanz – 28 December 2004 – 4 January 2005 Edmund Becker – 13 January 2005 – 19 August 2009 Markus Kauczinski – 20 August 2009 – 3 September 2009 Markus Schupp – 3 September 2009 – 1 November 2010 Markus Kauczinski – 1 November 2010 – 21 November 2010 Uwe Rapolder – 22 November 2010 – 1 March 2011 Rainer Scharinger – 2 March 2011 – 31 October 2011 Markus Kauczinski – 31 October 2011 – 6 November 2011 Jørn Andersen – 6 November 2011 – 26 March 2012 Markus Kauczinski – 26 March 2012 – 30 June 2016 Tomas Oral – 1 July 2016 – 4 December 2016 Lukas Kwasniok – 4 December 2016 – 22 December 2016 Mirko Slomka – 3 January 2017 – 4 April 2017 Marc-Patrick Meister – 4 April 2017 – 20 August 2017 Christian Eichner, Zlatan Bajramović – 20 August 2017 – 29 August 2017 Alois Schwartz – 29 August 2017 – 3 February 2020 Christian Eichner – 3 February 2020 – Recent seasons The recent season-by-season performance of the club: This list has no precise inclusion criteria as described in the Manual of Style for standalone lists. Please improve this article by adding inclusion criteria, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (January 2024) Karlsruher SC Season Division Tier Position 1963–64 1. Bundesliga I 13th 1964–65 1. Bundesliga 15th 1965–66 1. Bundesliga 16th 1966–67 1. Bundesliga 13th 1967–68 1. Bundesliga 18th ↓ 1968–69 Regionalliga Süd II 1st 1969–70 Regionalliga Süd 2nd 1970–71 Regionalliga Süd 2nd 1971–72 Regionalliga Süd 5th 1972–73 Regionalliga Süd 2nd 1973–74 Regionalliga Süd 8th 1974–75 2. Bundesliga Süd 1st ↑ 1975–76 1. Bundesliga I 15th 1976–77 1. Bundesliga 16th ↓ 1977–78 2. Bundesliga Süd II 7th 1978–79 2. Bundesliga Süd 5th 1979–80 2. Bundesliga Süd 2nd ↑ 1980–81 1. Bundesliga I 10th 1981–82 1. Bundesliga 14th 1982–83 1. Bundesliga 17th ↓ 1983–84 2. Bundesliga II 1st ↑ 1984–85 1. Bundesliga I 17th ↓ 1985–86 2. Bundesliga II 7th 1986–87 2. Bundesliga 2nd ↑ 1987–88 1. Bundesliga I 15th 1988–89 1. Bundesliga 11th 1989–90 1. Bundesliga 10th 1990–91 1. Bundesliga 13th 1991–92 1. Bundesliga 8th 1992–93 1. Bundesliga 6th 1993–94 1. Bundesliga 6th 1994–95 1. Bundesliga 8th 1995–96 1. Bundesliga 7th 1996–97 1. Bundesliga 6th 1997–98 1. Bundesliga 16th ↓ 1998–99 2. Bundesliga II 5th 1999–2000 2. Bundesliga 18th ↓ 2000–01 Regionalliga Süd III 1st ↑ 2001–02 2. Bundesliga II 13th 2002–03 2. Bundesliga 13th 2003–04 2. Bundesliga 14th 2004–05 2. Bundesliga 11th 2005–06 2. Bundesliga 6th 2006–07 2. Bundesliga 1st ↑ 2007–08 1. Bundesliga I 11th 2008–09 1. Bundesliga 17th ↓ 2009–10 2. Bundesliga II 10th 2010–11 2. Bundesliga 15th 2011–12 2. Bundesliga 16th ↓ 2012–13 3. Liga III 1st ↑ 2013–14 2. Bundesliga II 5th 2014–15 2. Bundesliga 3rd 2015–16 2. Bundesliga 7th 2016–17 2. Bundesliga 18th ↓ 2017–18 3. Liga III 3rd 2018–19 3. Liga 2nd ↑ 2019–20 2. Bundesliga II 15th 2020–21 2. Bundesliga 6th 2021–22 2. Bundesliga 12th 2022–23 2. Bundesliga 7th 2023–24 2. Bundesliga 5th 2024–25 2. Bundesliga Karlsruher SC II Season Division Tier Position 1999–00 Regionalliga Süd III 12th↓ 2000–01 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg IV 8th 2001–02 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 11th 2002–03 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 15th 2003–04 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 4th 2004–05 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 1st↑ 2005–06 Regionalliga Süd III 11th 2006–07 Regionalliga Süd 14th 2007–08 Regionalliga Süd 16th 2008–09 Regionalliga Süd IV 16th 2009–10 Regionalliga Süd 10th 2010–11 Regionalliga Süd 10th 2011–12 Regionalliga Süd 5th↓ 2012–13 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg V 12th 2013–14 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 5th 2014–15 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 6th 2015–16 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 4th 2016–17 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 12th 2017–18 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 15th (folded) 2018–19 defunct 2019–20 Kreisklasse C1 Karlsruhe XI With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. In 2012, the number of Regionalligas was increased from three to five with all Regionalliga Süd clubs except the Bavarian ones entering the new Regionalliga Südwest. Key ↑ Promoted ↓ Relegated References ^ "Beirat: KSC - MEINE HEIMAT". ^ "Bundesliga – Die offizielle Seite". bundesliga.de – die offizielle Webseite der Bundesliga. ^ Hamburg, Hamburger Abendblatt- (26 April 2017). "Was der HSV mit dem rasanten Absturz des KSC zu tun hat". abendblatt.de (in German). Retrieved 2 April 2019. ^ "LIVE! Preußen Münster – Karlsruher SC, 3. Liga, Saison 2018/19, 37. Spieltag". kicker (in German). Retrieved 11 May 2019. ^ DFB-Pokal (in German) Weltfussball.de. Retrieved 11 January 2015 ^ ka-news (6 March 2018). "Bittere Entscheidung im Wildpark: KSC meldet zweite Mannschaft ab!". ka-news.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2018. ^ "KSC II feiert Rückkehr als Fanmannschaft". KSC.de (in German). Karlsruher SC. 12 June 2019. ^ "Kader: KSC". Karlsruher SC (in German). Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ "Karlsruher SC .:. Trainer von A-Z" (in German). weltfussball.de. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ "Historical German domestic league tables" (in German). Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ "Tables and results of all German football leagues" (in German). Fussball.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ a b 30 Jahre Bundesliga (1963–1993), DFB special edition booklet External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karlsruher SC. Official website Karlsruher SC at Weltfussball Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables (in German) vteKarlsruher SCInformation Club Players Stadium Reserve team Seasons 1991–92 1993–94 2007–08 2012–13 2013–14 2020–21 2021–22 Matches 1909 German football championship Final 1955 DFB-Pokal Final 1956 German football championship Final 1956 DFB-Pokal Final 1960 DFB-Pokal Final 1996 DFB-Pokal Final vte2. BundesligaSeasons 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 2024–25 clubs Eintracht Braunschweig Darmstadt 98 Fortuna Düsseldorf SV Elversberg Greuther Fürth Hamburger SV Hannover 96 Hertha BSC 1. FC Kaiserslautern Karlsruher SC 1. FC Köln 1. FC Magdeburg Preußen Münster 1. FC Nürnberg SC Paderborn Jahn Regensburg Schalke 04 SSV Ulm 1846 Former clubs2. Bundesliga (1981–present) Alemannia Aachen VfR Aalen Rot Weiss Ahlen Viktoria Aschaffenburg Erzgebirge Aue FC Augsburg SV Babelsberg 03 SpVgg Bayreuth Blau-Weiß 90 Berlin Tennis Borussia Berlin Union Berlin Arminia Bielefeld VfL Bochum Stahl Brandenburg Werder Bremen Wacker Burghausen VfR Bürstadt SC Charlottenburg Chemnitzer FC Energie Cottbus Dynamo Dresden MSV Duisburg Rot-Weiß Erfurt Rot-Weiss Essen Eintracht Frankfurt FSV Frankfurt Freiburger FC SC Freiburg FC Gütersloh Hallescher FC TSV Havelse 1. FC Heidenheim 1899 Hoffenheim FC Homburg FC Ingolstadt Carl Zeiss Jena Hessen Kassel Holstein Kiel TuS Koblenz Fortuna Köln RB Leipzig VfB Leipzig VfB Lübeck 1. FSV Mainz 05 Waldhof Mannheim SV Meppen Borussia Mönchengladbach TSV 1860 Munich Kickers Offenbach Rot-Weiß Oberhausen VfB Oldenburg VfL Osnabrück FC Remscheid SSV Reutlingen Hansa Rostock 1. FC Saarbrücken FSV Salmrohr SV Sandhausen TuS Schloß Neuhaus 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 Sportfreunde Siegen Union Solingen FC St. Pauli VfB Stuttgart Stuttgarter Kickers Eintracht Trier KFC Uerdingen 05 SpVgg Unterhaching Wattenscheid 09 Wehen Wiesbaden VfL Wolfsburg Wormatia Worms Wuppertaler SV Würzburger Kickers FSV Zwickau 2. Bundesliga Nord (1974–1981) HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst Wacker 04 Berlin 1. FC Bocholt Bonner SC OSC Bremerhaven Borussia Dortmund SpVgg Erkenschwick Schwarz-Weiß Essen 1. SC Göttingen 05 DJK Gütersloh Arminia Hannover OSV Hannover SC Herford Westfalia Herne Viktoria Köln Bayer Leverkusen Rot-Weiß Lüdenscheid 1. FC Mülheim Spandauer SV DSC Wanne-Eickel Olympia Wilhelmshaven 2. Bundesliga Süd (1974–1981) Eintracht Bad Kreuznach KSV Baunatal VfB Eppingen FC Hanau 93 VfR Heilbronn Bayern Hof ESV Ingolstadt MTV Ingolstadt VfR Mannheim Borussia Neunkirchen FK Pirmasens BSV 07 Schwenningen Röchling Völklingen Würzburger FV Clubs Introduction Promotion to 2. Bundesliga Promotion to Bundesliga Top scorers vteBundesliga2024–25 clubs FC Augsburg Bayer Leverkusen Bayern Munich VfL Bochum Borussia Mönchengladbach Borussia Dortmund Eintracht Frankfurt SC Freiburg 1. FC Heidenheim TSG Hoffenheim Holstein Kiel RB Leipzig Mainz 05 FC St. Pauli VfB Stuttgart Union Berlin Werder Bremen VfL Wolfsburg Former clubs 1860 Munich Alemannia Aachen Arminia Bielefeld Bayer 05 Uerdingen/KFC Uerdingen 05 Blau-Weiß 90 Berlin Borussia Neunkirchen Darmstadt 98 Dynamo Dresden Fortuna Düsseldorf Eintracht Braunschweig Energie Cottbus Fortuna Köln Greuther Fürth Hamburger SV Hannover 96 Hansa Rostock Hertha BSC FC 08 Homburg FC Ingolstadt 1. FC Kaiserslautern Karlsruher SC Kickers Offenbach 1. FC Köln VfB Leipzig Meidericher SV/MSV Duisburg Preußen Münster 1. FC Nürnberg Rot-Weiss Essen Rot-Weiß Oberhausen SC Paderborn 1. FC Saarbrücken Schalke 04 Stuttgarter Kickers Tasmania Berlin Tennis Borussia Berlin SSV Ulm SpVgg Unterhaching Waldhof Mannheim Wattenscheid 09 Wuppertaler SV History Meisterschale Reichsliga Introduction in 1963 1965 scandal 1971 scandal 2005 scandal Promotion Competition Clubs winners Players foreign Managers Lists and statistics Records and statistics Borussia Mönchengladbach 12–0 Borussia Dortmund All-time table Footballer of the Year Top scorers Top scorers by season Hat-tricks Attendance Awards Seasons 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Category Managers Players vte3. LigaSeasons 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 2024–25 clubs Alemannia Aachen Erzgebirge Aue Arminia Bielefeld Energie Cottbus Borussia Dortmund II Dynamo Dresden Rot-Weiss Essen Hannover 96 II FC Ingolstadt Viktoria Köln Waldhof Mannheim 1860 Munich VfL Osnabrück Hansa Rostock 1. FC Saarbrücken SV Sandhausen VfB Stuttgart II SpVgg Unterhaching SC Verl SV Wehen Wiesbaden Former clubs VfR Aalen Rot Weiss Ahlen SV Babelsberg 03 SpVgg Bayreuth 1. FC Union Berlin Viktoria Berlin Eintracht Braunschweig Werder Bremen II Wacker Burghausen Chemnitzer FC Darmstadt 98 Borussia Dortmund II MSV Duisburg Fortuna Düsseldorf SV Elversberg Kickers Emden Rot-Weiß Erfurt FSV Frankfurt SC Freiburg II SG Sonnenhof Großaspach Hallescher FC TSV Havelse 1. FC Heidenheim Carl Zeiss Jena 1. FC Kaiserslautern Karlsruher SC Holstein Kiel TuS Koblenz Fortuna Köln RB Leipzig Sportfreunde Lotte VfB Lübeck 1. FC Magdeburg 1. FSV Mainz 05 II SV Meppen Bayern Munich II Türkgücü München Preußen Münster Rot-Weiß Oberhausen Kickers Offenbach VfB Oldenburg SC Paderborn 07 Jahn Regensburg Stuttgarter Kickers KFC Uerdingen 05 SSV Ulm 1846 Wuppertaler SV Würzburger Kickers FSV Zwickau Promotion to 3. Liga Promotion to 2. Bundesliga vteOriginal Bundesliga clubs, 1963–64 Borussia Dortmund Duisburg Eintracht Braunschweig Eintracht Frankfurt Hamburg Hertha Berlin Kaiserslautern Karlsruhe FC Köln 1860 Munich Nürnberg Preußen Münster Saarbrücken Schalke VfB Stuttgart Werder Bremen vteUEFA Intertoto Cup winners1995–2005 1995: Bordeaux Strasbourg 1996: Karlsruhe Silkeborg Guingamp 1997: Auxerre Bastia Lyon 1998: Bologna Valencia Werder 1999: Juventus West Ham United Montpellier 2000: Celta Stuttgart Udinese 2001: Paris Saint-Germain Troyes Aston Villa 2002: Málaga Stuttgart Fulham 2003: Villarreal Perugia Schalke 04 2004: Villarreal Lille Schalke 04 2005: Hamburg Marseille Lens 2006–2008 2006: Newcastle United 2007: Hamburg 2008: Braga Winning managers vteUnder 19 Bundesliga South/Southwest 2022–23 clubs FC Augsburg SV Darmstadt 98 Eintracht Frankfurt SC Freiburg 1. FC Heidenheim TSG 1899 Hoffenheim FC Ingolstadt 04 Karlsruher SC 1. FSV Mainz 05 FC Bayern Munich TSV 1860 Munich 1. FC Nürnberg SSV Reutlingen 05 VfB Stuttgart SV Eintracht Trier 05 SpVgg Unterhaching FC-Astoria Walldorf vteUnder 17 Bundesliga South/Southwest 2022–23 clubs FC Augsburg SV Darmstadt 98 Eintracht Frankfurt SC Freiburg SpVgg Greuther Fürth TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Karlsruher SC 1. FSV Mainz 05 FC Bayern Munich TSV 1860 Munich 1. FC Nürnberg SSV Jahn Regensburg 1. FC Saarbrücken Stuttgarter Kickers VfB Stuttgart SpVgg Unterhaching FC Astoria Walldorf Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karlsruhe (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"German association football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"UEFA Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"inaugural Bundesliga season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963-64_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"yo-yo club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-yo_club"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"third tiers.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"VfB Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Badenese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badenese"},{"link_name":"Württembergian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg"}],"text":"For other uses, see Karlsruhe (disambiguation).Football clubKarlsruher Sport-Club Mühlburg-Phönix e. V. better known as Karlsruher SC is a German association football club, based in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg that currently plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football. Domestically, the club was crowned German champion in 1909, and won the DFB-Pokal in 1955 and 1956. In Europe, KSC won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1996, which remains the club's last major honor.Formed as Karlsruher Fussball Club Phönix in 1894, the modern form of the club was formed as the result of several mergers in 1952, and its early success granted KSC a spot in the inaugural Bundesliga season in 1963. KSC spent the next few decades as a yo-yo club frequently being promoted and relegated between the top two divisions, with their best Bundesliga season coming in 1996 when KSC finished 6th in the table. Relegation followed in 1998, and the club has since spent all but two seasons between the second and third tiers. KSC maintains a fierce rivalry with VfB Stuttgart, in which old Badenese-Württembergian animosities are played out.","title":"Karlsruher SC"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Südkreis-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdkreis-Liga"},{"link_name":"Viktoria 89 Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFC_Viktoria_1889"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_karlsruhe_ca1897.png"},{"link_name":"Gauliga Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliga_Baden"},{"link_name":"Third Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Reich"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"quantify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VfB_Karlsruhe.png"},{"link_name":"jargon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karlsruher_Performance_Chart.png"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_S%C3%BCd_(1945%E2%80%9363)"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"SpVgg Fürth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVgg_Greuther_F%C3%BCrth"}],"sub_title":"A succession of mergers","text":"The most successful of these ancestral clubs was Karlsruher Fussball Club Phönix, formed on 6 June 1894 by dissatisfied members of the gymnastics club Karlsruher Turngemeinde. They quickly became a strong regional side, playing in the Südkreis-Liga, and won the national title in 1909, defeating defending champions Viktoria 89 Berlin 4–2 in the championship final that season.[citation needed] In 1912, Phönix merged with KFC Alemannia, established in 1897, to create KFC Phönix (Phönix Alemannia).First Logo of Phönix Karlsruhe in 1897It was as Phönix Karlsruhe that the club joined the Gauliga Baden, one of 16 top-flight divisions created in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich. They slipped from the first division for a single season in 1936, but returned to compete as a mediocre side[according to whom?] over the next several[quantify] years. In the 1943–44 season, Karlsruhe played with Germania Durlach as the combined wartime side named KSG (Kriegssportgemeinschaft) Phönix/Germania Karlsruhe. After World War II in 1946, Phönix re-emerged to compete in the newly formed first division Oberliga Süd, finishing 15th in their first season there. The club was relegated the following season.Logo of predecessor side VfB Karlsruhe ca. 1931.Two other threads[jargon] in the evolution of KSC were the formation of FC Mühlburg in 1905 out of 1. FV Sport Mühlburg (founded in 1890) and Viktoria Mühlburg (founded in 1892), and the merger of FC Germania (founded in 1898) and FC Weststadt (founded in 1902) to form VfB Karlsruhe in 1911.[citation needed] FC Mühlburg and VfB Karlsruhe would in turn merge to form VfB Mühlburg in 1933.[citation needed] The group of clubs which came together to form VfB Mühlburg were an undistinguished lot,[according to whom?] sharing just one season of upper-league play between them. The new side, however, started to compete in the first-division Gauliga Baden immediately after the league was established in 1933.Historical chart of Karlsruher SC league performanceA lower-table side through the 1930s, VfB's performance improved considerably[according to whom?] in the following decade. As war overtook the country, the Gauliga Baden was sub-divided at various times into a number of more local city-based circuits and the team was able to earn three-second-place finishes in divisional play. The Gauliga Baden collapsed in 1944–45 after playing a significantly reduced schedule in which many teams, including Mühlburg were unable to compete. After the war the club slipped[vague] from top-flight competition until earning promotion to the Oberliga Süd in 1947. They generally competed as a mid-table side here with the exception of a strong[according to whom?] performance in 1951 when they narrowly missed an advance to the national championship rounds after earning a third-place result just a single point behind SpVgg Fürth.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Hamburger SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_SV"},{"link_name":"Borussia Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund"},{"link_name":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCd_(1963%E2%80%9374)"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"}],"sub_title":"The formation of Karlsruher SC","text":"KFC Phoenix and VfB Mühlburg united to form the Karlsruher Sport-Club Mühlburg-Phönix e. V., on 16 October 1952 and the new team earned good[according to whom?] results throughout the remainder of the decade. In 1955, they beat Schalke 04 3–2 to win the DFB-Pokal, and repeated the success next year with a 3–1 win over Hamburger SV. That season, they also made an appearance in the national final, where they lost 2–4 to Borussia Dortmund. KSC was Oberliga Süd champion in 1956, 1958 and 1960, as well as runner-up in the DFB-Pokal in 1960, when they lost the final match 2–3 to Borussia Mönchengladbach. Their record earned them admission as one of sixteen founding clubs into Germany's new professional football league, the Bundesliga, when it began play in 1963.Karlsruhe struggled in the top flight, never managing better than a 13th-place finish over five seasons before finally being demoted to the second-division Regionalliga Süd. Over the next three seasons, the team earned a first-place finish as well as two-second-place finishes there, but were unable to advance in the promotion rounds. After the 1974 formation of the 2. Bundesliga, which consisted of two divisions at the time, KSC finished first in the 2. Bundesliga Süd and returned to the top flight for the 1975–76 season, but were able to stay up for only two years. They next returned to the first division in 1980 where they spent four seasons before being sent down again. After a two-year absence they fought their way back[tone] to the Bundesliga in 1987 to begin an extended stay.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winfried Schäfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_Sch%C3%A4fer"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"away goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals"},{"link_name":"Austria Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Austria_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"PSV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Boavista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boavista_F.C."},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brøndby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8ndby_IF"},{"link_name":"Spartak Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"DFB-Hallenpokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Hallenpokal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1. FC Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Bayer Leverkusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen"},{"link_name":"Hansa Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Hansa_Rostock"},{"link_name":"VfL Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Wolfsburg"},{"link_name":"goal difference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_difference"}],"sub_title":"The Schäfer era","text":"Under the guidance of new coach Winfried Schäfer, KSC's return to the top flight was marked with some success[vague] as for the first time the team managed to work its way out[vague] of the bottom half of the league table. In the 1993–94 season, the club had a successful[according to whom?] run in the UEFA Cup, going out in the semi-finals on away goals to Austria Salzburg after beating, in turn, PSV, Valencia, Bordeaux and Boavista. Their[vague] stunning[tone] 7–0 second-round victory over Valencia, a top team in the Spanish La Liga at the time and in historical terms as well,[according to whom?] might be considered[by whom?] the high point of the club's history in its centennial year. Edgar \"Euro Eddy\" Schmitt scored 4 goals and became a club legend.[tone] Between 1992 and 1997, the club was ranked in the single digits in six consecutive Bundesliga seasons,[citation needed] and participated in two more UEFA Cups, reaching the third round both in the 1996–97 and 1997–98 seasons, being eliminated from the competition after losing their second-leg matches to Brøndby and Spartak Moscow respectively.[citation needed] In 1995, KSC won the DFB-Hallenpokal, an indoor football tournament that was traditionally held during winter breaks of the Bundesliga seasons.[citation needed] They also played in the final of the DFB-Pokal in 1996, but lost 0–1 to 1. FC Kaiserslautern.As the millennium drew to a close, Karlsruhe faded.[vague] The club started the 1997–98 Bundesliga season well,[according to whom?] with two wins and a draw in their opening three matches, but their downfall began with a 1–6 defeat to Bayer Leverkusen on Day 4. At the league winter break the club sat outside the relegation ranks, but a series of negative results pushed them down to 15th place until the second-last matchday of the season. Schäfer was fired in March 1998, but this did not keep the club from slipping to the Second Bundesliga after a 16th-place finish. The club needed an away draw against Hansa Rostock on the final day of the season to avoid relegation, but lost the match 2–4 while Borussia Mönchengladbach beat VfL Wolfsburg 2–0 to overtake KSC and finish 15th on goal difference.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SSV Ulm 1846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSV_Ulm_1846"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCd_(1994%E2%80%932012)"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"sub_title":"After relegation from the Bundesliga in 1998","text":"KSC finished fifth in their first season in the 2. Bundesliga after relegation, only two points behind third-place SSV Ulm 1846 which was promoted to the Bundesliga. However, a last place finish in a terrible[according to whom?] 1999–2000 season played under dire[tone] financial circumstances dropped them down to the Regionalliga Süd (III). The club rebounded[vague] and on the strength of a first-place result in the Regionalliga made a prompt[tone] return to second division play. After four seasons of mediocre[according to whom?] play that saw KSC narrowly avoid being sent further down,[vague] the team turned in a much-improved[according to whom?] performance and earned a sixth-place result in 2005–06.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"SpVgg Unterhaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVgg_Unterhaching"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"},{"link_name":"Erzgebirge Aue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Erzgebirge_Aue"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"European competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Jahn Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSV_Jahn_Regensburg"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"away goal rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goal_rule"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Preußen Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Preu%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"From 2007","text":"KSC secured the 2007 2. Bundesliga title with three games left in the season by way of a 1–0 victory over SpVgg Unterhaching on 29 April, combined with a draw by second-placed Hansa Rostock on 30 April.[2] KSC maintained its dominance over the course of the season, playing 14 matches (nine wins, five draws) before suffering[tone] their first loss of the campaign at the hands of Erzgebirge Aue. They are[vague] the first team in the history of the single-division 2. Bundesliga to occupy the top spot throughout the whole season.In their return season to the Bundesliga in 2007–08 they finished 11th, fading in the second half of the year after a strong[according to whom?] start that saw them positioned in the qualifying places for European competition. The club continued to perform poorly[according to whom?] in the 2008–09 season, ultimately finishing 17th and finding themselves relegated to the 2. Bundesliga once more. The club's two most recent campaigns there[when?] ended with 10th and 15th-place finishes. Karlsruhe finished second level as 16th and faced Jahn Regensburg with relegation play-offs.[vague] These teams draw with as 1–1 at Regensburg and as 2–2 at Karlsruhe.[vague] This meant Karlsruhe's relegation to third tier after 12 years according to away goal rule.The club successfully bounced back[tone] in 2012–13 when it won a championship in the 3. Liga and earned promotion back to the 2. Bundesliga.2014–15 would see the club come close to a return to the Bundesliga, a third-place finish would see them play a promotion play-off against Hamburg, and after a 1–1 draw in Hamburg in the first leg, KSC were seconds away from promotion, only for Hamburg to score an equaliser in the 90th minute to force extra time, where they would score a winning away goal late in the second half to secure their Bundesliga status for another season.[3]In 2019, Karlsruhe won 4–1 against Preußen Münster on matchday 31,[4] therefore returning to the 2. Bundesliga after a hiatus of two years.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karlsruher SC II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruher_SC_II"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"},{"link_name":"North Baden Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Baden_Cup"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Reserve team","text":"The Karlsruher SC II, historically also referred to as Karlsruher SC Amateure, is a successful side in its own right,[according to whom?] playing for many years as high up as the Regionalliga Süd. At the end of the 2011–12 season, the team was forcefully relegated to the Oberliga because of the relegation of the first team to the 3. Liga as reserve teams of 3. Liga clubs are not permitted in the Regionalliga anymore from 2012.[vague][citation needed] The team had suffered[tone] a similar fate in 2000, when the first team was relegated to the Regionalliga Süd and the reserve team therefore had to leave this league despite finishing above the relegation ranks.Between 1991 and 2000, the team also won the North Baden Cup on four occasions, thereby qualifying for the first round of the DFB-Pokal on each occasion. Its greatest success[according to whom?] in this competition was reaching the third round in 1996–97.[5]After many restrained years,[vague] in which the targeted promotion was clearly missed,[according to whom?] the already greatly reduced second team was discontinued for financial reasons at the end of the 2017–18 Oberliga season.[6] However, KSC reopened its second team as a fans' team for the 2019–20 season and entered the Kreisklasse C, the lowest level of league football in Karlsruhe and North Baden.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League timeline","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruher_SC&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"German football championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_football_champions"},{"link_name":"1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_German_football_championship"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_German_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Southern German championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_German_championship"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Südkreis-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdkreis-Liga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bezirksliga Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirksliga_Baden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gauliga Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliga_Baden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_S%C3%BCd_(1945%E2%80%9363)"},{"link_name":"1955–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Oberliga"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_Oberliga"},{"link_name":"1959–60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Oberliga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCd_(1963%E2%80%9374)"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCd_(1994%E2%80%932012)"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_3._Liga"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruher_SC&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1955–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1959–60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Baden Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Verbandspokal"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Verbandspokal"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruher_SC&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"UEFA Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruher_SC&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Verbandsliga Nordbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsliga_Nordbaden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Amateurliga Nordbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateurliga_Nordbaden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"North Baden Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Baden_Cup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The club's honours:League[edit]\nGerman football championship\nChampions: 1909\nRunners-up: 1956\nSouthern German championship\nChampions: 1909, 1955–56, 1957–58, 1959–60, 1974–75[citation needed]\nSüdkreis-Liga (I)\nChampions: 1909[citation needed]\nRunners-up: 1910, 1912[citation needed]\nBezirksliga Baden (I)\nChampions: 1933[citation needed]\nRunners-up: 1928, 1931[citation needed]\nGauliga Baden\nRunners-up: 1935[citation needed]\nOberliga Süd (I)\nChampions: 1955–56, 1957–58, 1959–60[citation needed]\n2. Bundesliga (II)\nChampions: 1974–75, 1983–84, 2006–07\nRunners-up: 1979–80, 1986–87\nRegionalliga Süd (II)\nChampions: 1968–69[citation needed]\nRunners-up: 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73[citation needed]\nRegionalliga Süd (III)\nChampions: 2000–01[citation needed]\n3. Liga (III)\nChampions: 2012–13\nRunners-up: 2018–19\n\n\nCup[edit]\nDFB-Pokal\nWinners: 1954–55, 1955–56\nRunners-up: 1959–60, 1995–96\nBaden Cup (Tiers III-V)\nWinners: 2012–13, 2017–18, 2018–19\nInternational[edit]\nUEFA Intertoto Cup\nChampions: 1996[citation needed]\nIntertoto Cup\nWinners: 1988 (group 10), 1992 (group 4)[citation needed]\nReserve team[edit]\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\nChampions: 1989–90, 1995–96, 2004–05[citation needed]\nVerbandsliga Nordbaden (IV-V)\nChampions: 1982–83, 1988–89, 1993–94[citation needed]\nAmateurliga Nordbaden (III)\nChampions: 1964–65[citation needed]\nNorth Baden Cup\nWinners: 1990–91, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1999–2000[citation needed]All pre-1952 titles listed here were won by Phönix Karlsruhe.[citation needed]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 10 June 2024[8]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reserve team squad","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Coaching history","text":"Coaches of the club since 1952:[9]","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruher_SC&action=edit&section=21"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"1. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCd_(1963%E2%80%931974)"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCd_(1994%E2%80%932012)"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruher_SC&action=edit&section=22"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCd_(1994%E2%80%932012)"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Regionalligas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Südwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCdwest"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The recent season-by-season performance of the club:[10][11]Karlsruher SC[edit]\n[12]\n\n\n\n\nSeason\n\nDivision\n\nTier\n\nPosition\n\n\n1963–64[12]\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\nI\n\n13th\n\n\n1964–65\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n15th\n\n\n1965–66\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n16th\n\n\n1966–67\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n13th\n\n\n1967–68\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n18th ↓\n\n\n1968–69\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\nII\n\n1st\n\n\n1969–70\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\n2nd\n\n\n1970–71\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\n2nd\n\n\n1971–72\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\n5th\n\n\n1972–73\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\n2nd\n\n\n1973–74\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\n8th\n\n\n1974–75\n\n2. Bundesliga Süd\n\n1st ↑\n\n\n1975–76\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\nI\n\n15th\n\n\n1976–77\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n16th ↓\n\n\n1977–78\n\n2. Bundesliga Süd\n\nII\n\n7th\n\n\n1978–79\n\n2. Bundesliga Süd\n\n5th\n\n\n1979–80\n\n2. Bundesliga Süd\n\n2nd ↑\n\n\n1980–81\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\nI\n\n10th\n\n\n1981–82\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n14th\n\n\n1982–83\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n17th ↓\n\n\n1983–84\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\nII\n\n1st ↑\n\n\n1984–85\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\nI\n\n17th ↓\n\n\n1985–86\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\nII\n\n7th\n\n\n1986–87\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n2nd ↑\n\n\n1987–88\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\nI\n\n15th\n\n\n1988–89\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n11th\n\n\n1989–90\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n10th\n\n\n1990–91\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n13th\n\n\n1991–92\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n8th\n\n\n1992–93\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n6th\n\n\n1993–94\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n6th\n\n\n1994–95\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n8th\n\n\n1995–96\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n7th\n\n\n1996–97\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n6th\n\n\n1997–98\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n16th ↓\n\n\n1998–99\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\nII\n\n5th\n\n\n1999–2000\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n18th ↓\n\n\n2000–01\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\nIII\n\n1st ↑\n\n\n2001–02\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\nII\n\n13th\n\n\n2002–03\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n13th\n\n\n2003–04\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n14th\n\n\n2004–05\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n11th\n\n\n2005–06\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n6th\n\n\n2006–07\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n1st ↑\n\n\n2007–08\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\nI\n\n11th\n\n\n2008–09\n\n1. Bundesliga\n\n17th ↓\n\n\n2009–10\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\nII\n\n10th\n\n\n2010–11\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n15th\n\n\n2011–12\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n16th ↓\n\n\n2012–13\n\n3. Liga\n\nIII\n\n1st ↑\n\n\n2013–14\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\nII\n\n5th\n\n\n2014–15\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n3rd\n\n\n2015–16\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n7th\n\n\n2016–17\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n18th ↓\n\n\n2017–18\n\n3. Liga\n\nIII\n\n3rd\n\n\n2018–19\n\n3. Liga\n\n2nd ↑\n\n\n2019–20\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\nII\n\n15th\n\n\n2020–21\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n6th\n\n\n2021–22\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n12th\n\n\n2022–23\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n7th\n\n\n2023–24\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n5th\n\n\n2024–25\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n\n\n\n\nKarlsruher SC II[edit]\n\n\n\nSeason\n\nDivision\n\nTier\n\nPosition\n\n\n1999–00\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\nIII\n\n12th↓\n\n\n2000–01\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\nIV\n\n8th\n\n\n2001–02\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\n11th\n\n\n2002–03\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\n15th\n\n\n2003–04\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\n4th\n\n\n2004–05\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\n1st↑\n\n\n2005–06\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\nIII\n\n11th\n\n\n2006–07\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\n14th\n\n\n2007–08\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\n16th\n\n\n2008–09\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\nIV\n\n16th\n\n\n2009–10\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\n10th\n\n\n2010–11\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\n10th\n\n\n2011–12\n\nRegionalliga Süd\n\n5th↓\n\n\n2012–13\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\nV\n\n12th\n\n\n2013–14\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\n5th\n\n\n2014–15\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\n6th\n\n\n2015–16\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\n4th\n\n\n2016–17\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\n12th\n\n\n2017–18\n\nOberliga Baden-Württemberg\n\n15th (folded)\n\n\n2018–19\n\ndefunct\n\n\n2019–20\n\nKreisklasse C1 Karlsruhe\n\nXIWith the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. In 2012, the number of Regionalligas was increased from three to five with all Regionalliga Süd clubs except the Bavarian ones entering the new Regionalliga Südwest.[citation needed]Key","title":"Recent seasons"}]	[{"image_text":"First Logo of Phönix Karlsruhe in 1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Phoenix_karlsruhe_ca1897.png/110px-Phoenix_karlsruhe_ca1897.png"},{"image_text":"Logo of predecessor side VfB Karlsruhe ca. 1931.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/VfB_Karlsruhe.png/110px-VfB_Karlsruhe.png"},{"image_text":"Historical chart of Karlsruher SC league performance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Karlsruher_Performance_Chart.png/260px-Karlsruher_Performance_Chart.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Beirat: KSC - MEINE HEIMAT\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksc.de/club/organisation/beirat","url_text":"\"Beirat: KSC - MEINE HEIMAT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bundesliga – Die offizielle Seite\". bundesliga.de – die offizielle Webseite der Bundesliga.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundesliga.com/de/bundesliga?omi=46560&reiter=b&tag=31&fla=1","url_text":"\"Bundesliga – Die offizielle Seite\""}]},{"reference":"Hamburg, Hamburger Abendblatt- (26 April 2017). \"Was der HSV mit dem rasanten Absturz des KSC zu tun hat\". abendblatt.de (in German). Retrieved 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article210371403/Was-der-HSV-mit-dem-beispiellosen-Absturz-des-KSC-zu-tun-hat.html","url_text":"\"Was der HSV mit dem rasanten Absturz des KSC zu tun hat\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIVE! Preußen Münster – Karlsruher SC, 3. Liga, Saison 2018/19, 37. Spieltag\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 11 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/3liga/spieltag/3-liga/2018-19/37/4278739/livematch_preussen-muenster-104_karlsruher-sc-6.html","url_text":"\"LIVE! Preußen Münster – Karlsruher SC, 3. Liga, Saison 2018/19, 37. Spieltag\""}]},{"reference":"ka-news (6 March 2018). \"Bittere Entscheidung im Wildpark: KSC meldet zweite Mannschaft ab!\". ka-news.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ka-news.de/ksc/news/Karlsruhe~/Bittere-Entscheidung-im-Wildpark-KSC-meldet-zweite-Mannschaft-ab;art516931,2195643","url_text":"\"Bittere Entscheidung im Wildpark: KSC meldet zweite Mannschaft ab!\""}]},{"reference":"\"KSC II feiert Rückkehr als Fanmannschaft\". KSC.de (in German). Karlsruher SC. 12 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksc.de/verein/info/news/show/article/ksc-ii-feiert-rueckkehr-als-fanmannschaft/","url_text":"\"KSC II feiert Rückkehr als Fanmannschaft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kader: KSC\". Karlsruher SC (in German). Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksc.de/profis/team/spieler","url_text":"\"Kader: KSC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karlsruher SC .:. Trainer von A-Z\" (in German). weltfussball.de. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weltfussball.de/teams/karlsruher-sc/9/","url_text":"\"Karlsruher SC .:. Trainer von A-Z\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical German domestic league tables\" (in German). Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","url_text":"\"Historical German domestic league tables\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tables and results of all German football leagues\" (in German). Fussball.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518003238/http://www.fussball.de/fussball-ergebnisse-die-top-ligen-bei-fussball-de/id_45692854/index","url_text":"\"Tables and results of all German football leagues\""},{"url":"http://www.fussball.de/fussball-ergebnisse-die-top-ligen-bei-fussball-de/id_45692854/index","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ksc.de/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruher_SC&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.ksc.de/club/organisation/beirat","external_links_name":"\"Beirat: KSC - MEINE HEIMAT\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundesliga.com/de/bundesliga?omi=46560&reiter=b&tag=31&fla=1","external_links_name":"\"Bundesliga – Die offizielle Seite\""},{"Link":"https://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article210371403/Was-der-HSV-mit-dem-beispiellosen-Absturz-des-KSC-zu-tun-hat.html","external_links_name":"\"Was der HSV mit dem rasanten Absturz des KSC zu tun hat\""},{"Link":"https://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/3liga/spieltag/3-liga/2018-19/37/4278739/livematch_preussen-muenster-104_karlsruher-sc-6.html","external_links_name":"\"LIVE! Preußen Münster – Karlsruher SC, 3. Liga, Saison 2018/19, 37. Spieltag\""},{"Link":"http://www.weltfussball.de/spielplan/dfb-pokal-2014-2015-achtelfinale/0/","external_links_name":"DFB-Pokal"},{"Link":"https://www.ka-news.de/ksc/news/Karlsruhe~/Bittere-Entscheidung-im-Wildpark-KSC-meldet-zweite-Mannschaft-ab;art516931,2195643","external_links_name":"\"Bittere Entscheidung im Wildpark: KSC meldet zweite Mannschaft ab!\""},{"Link":"https://www.ksc.de/verein/info/news/show/article/ksc-ii-feiert-rueckkehr-als-fanmannschaft/","external_links_name":"\"KSC II feiert Rückkehr als Fanmannschaft\""},{"Link":"https://www.ksc.de/profis/team/spieler","external_links_name":"\"Kader: KSC\""},{"Link":"http://www.weltfussball.de/teams/karlsruher-sc/9/","external_links_name":"\"Karlsruher SC .:. Trainer von A-Z\""},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"\"Historical German domestic league tables\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518003238/http://www.fussball.de/fussball-ergebnisse-die-top-ligen-bei-fussball-de/id_45692854/index","external_links_name":"\"Tables and results of all German football leagues\""},{"Link":"http://www.fussball.de/fussball-ergebnisse-die-top-ligen-bei-fussball-de/id_45692854/index","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ksc.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.weltfussball.de/teams/karlsruher-sc/","external_links_name":"Karlsruher SC"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2015206-1","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wackel-Elvis	Wackel-Elvis	["1 Design","2 Television commercials","3 Commercial product","4 Cultural impact","5 See also","6 References"]	German-made Elvis dashboard figure that moves Wackel-Elvis dashboard figure at Graceland in Memphis, Tennessee A Wackel-Elvis (German pronunciation: , "Wobbly Elvis") is a small, hanging dashboard figure designed to resemble musician and actor Elvis Presley. A prototype of the figure was first introduced by the German automobile manufacturer Audi in a series of television commercials which were broadcast in several European countries. The commercials were produced by the advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi in 2001 to promote Audi's new continuously variable "multitronic" transmission. Due to a high demand by Elvis fans after publication of the commercials, 15,000 Wackel-Elvis figures were produced and sold at the Audi factory outlet store. Different from the design found in most conventional bobblehead dolls, not the head of the figure nods or wobbles on an otherwise static figure. Instead, the Wackel-Elvis figure is suspended from an elastic band connected to a suction cup attached to the windshield or rear window of a vehicle. The waist and left shoulder of the figure are equipped with flexible metal spring joints while its right foot stands on a pointed nail. This design prompts the figure to swing its hips, pivot around its vertical axis and shake its left arm up and down while the vehicle is in motion, creating an effect that resembles Elvis Presley performing on stage. Design Parts of Wackel-Elvis Wackel-Elvis was designed to portray musician and actor Elvis Presley around the time of the early 1970s. The dress of Wackel-Elvis resembles the white jumpsuit Elvis Presley wore in the 1973 Aloha from Hawaii television satellite broadcast. Other than most conventional bobblehead dolls, in which a flexible neck joint connects a wobbling head to a static figure that rests on a surface, Wackel-Elvis is attached to the inside of the windshield or rear window of a vehicle. The figure is suspended from a suction cup connecting to an adjustable elastic string which, at its other end, is attached to a loop on top of the head of the figure. On a sharply pointed nail, protruding approximately .2 inches (5 mm) from the sole of the right foot of the figure, Wackel-Elvis stands on top of the dashboard or rear cargo cover. With the vehicle in motion, the left arm stretched away from the body of the figure produces centrifugal force, causing the figure to spin back and forth around its vertical axis. While spinning, the foot of the figure is held in place by the nail and its head held in place being suspended from the string. The left arm and hip of Wackel-Elvis wobble consistent with the vehicle motion, creating the illusion of Elvis Presley performing or dancing on stage. Four injection molded semi-rigid plastic pieces constitute the circa 6 inches (15 cm) tall figure which features printed accents on the dress and hand-painted details on hands, face and neck, hair, sunglasses, microphone and inserts in the trouser legs. Molded as one piece, the upper body of the figure including a static head is the most prominent part. The right arm with hand and microphone is also molded as one piece and attached to the upper body piece at the right shoulder by a snap-in joint with a square connector which keeps the right arm of the figure in a static position relative to the upper body piece. The lower body piece consists of the pelvic area and both legs molded as one piece. At the waist of the figure, the upper and lower body pieces are connected to each other by a flexible metal spring joint, as are the left arm piece and the upper body piece at the left shoulder. Both threaded connectors of the spring joint at the left shoulder of the figure are recessed, hiding the spring mechanism of the joint. The threaded connector of the lower body piece protrudes upward but the spring joint mechanism at the waist of the figure is concealed by a connector deeply recessed under the waist and belt portion of the jumpsuit which constitutes the bottom portion of the upper body piece. Due to safety concerns, the pointed nail in the right foot of the figure was removed from some exported versions of Wackel-Elvis. However, the missing nail can be replaced by nails found in common plastic pushpins after the plastic surrounding the nail has been removed. Television commercials Wackel-Elvis in the Audi television commercial by Saatchi & Saatchi (2001) In 2001, German automobile manufacturer Audi aired television commercials in Europe to promote their new electronically controlled continuously variable (or stepless) "multitronic" transmission. The Frankfurt, Germany branch of advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi, headquartered in New York City, produced the Audi commercials featuring an Elvis impersonator whose car had broken down. The Elvis impersonator and his Wackel-Elvis were picked up by a friendly fellow driver - played by German actress Karina Krawczyk - in an Audi equipped with the new transmission. The punch line of the commercials was that due to the lack of shifting motion while accelerating with the continuously variable transmission the Audi was equipped with, the Wackel-Elvis dashboard figure did not wobble as it had done in the Elvis impersonator's car before it broke down, causing disappointment for the impersonator. In some of the commercials an Elvis Presley sound-alike version of the 1965 Roger Miller song King of the Road was used as background music. Another set of the series of commercials featured a generic Elvis Presley sound alike title as background song. In some of the spots the Elvis impersonator was offered a ride in a silver colored Audi sedan. In other versions he was picked up by the same fellow driver in a silver colored Audi wagon. Close to the end of the commercials Wackel-Elvis, immobilized by the stepless transmission, was prodded in the belly to initiate the wobbling motion in the Audi automobile. In some of the commercials in the series, the stub was executed by the female driver, in others by the Elvis impersonator. While flagging down the fellow driver after the breakdown of his car, in some versions of the commercials the Elvis impersonator supported his gesture with a sharp and short whistle. In other versions of the spot he remained quiet when gesturing the driver of the car to stop. Commercial product Wackel-Elvis retail box The Audi commercials featured a prototypical Wackel-Elvis, initially intended for use in the television commercials only. Unlike the eventual commercial dashboard figure, the Wackel-Elvis featured in the Audi commercials was presented with blonde hair and wearing a golden jumpsuit; the prototype was designed with more pronounced bow legs than the commercial product. Due to high demand of viewers after the spots aired in several European countries, an initial production run of 15,000 figures was sold out quickly. Another 150,000 Wackel-Elvis dashboard figures were mass-produced in China to satisfy the high demand for the product. In 2001, Wackel-Elvis was sold for DEM 15.60 (EUR 7.98 or ca. USD 11.00) in the Audi factory outlet store in Ingolstadt, Germany. Wackel-Elvis is a product officially licensed by Elvis Presley Enterprises (E. P. E.). The license is documented by the "E. P. E. Official Product" logo on the side and a hologram on the front of the retail box. A portrait of Elvis Presley and an image of his signature are reproduced on the front of the retail box. Counterfeit versions of Wackel-Elvis in a golden dress, not licensed by E. P. E., were available on the market shortly after the release of the official product to participate in its commercial popularity. The retail box of the counterfeit figure did not bear the "E. P. E. Official Product" logo nor the hologram. Cultural impact Aloha from Hawaii jumpsuit Videos have been produced by fans of Wackel-Elvis which closely relate to the product. One video features an animated digitalization of Wackel-Elvis. In the animation, the digitalized figure creates the impression of Wackel-Elvis dancing to the 1956 recording of the Elvis Presley song Too Much. Another video shows a car ride through the Elbe Tunnel beneath the River Elbe in Hamburg, Germany from the dashboard perspective of Wackel-Elvis. A recent performance shows Wackel Elvis doing an off hand rendition of "Blue Suede Shoes". See also Bobblehead Elvis Presley Cultural depictions of Elvis Presley Saatchi & Saatchi References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wackel-Elvis. ^ a b c Fans Waiting in Line for Release of Wackel-Elvis - November 6, 2001, Die Welt (German) ^ Karina Kravczyk Audi commercial (2001) - Internet Movie Database ^ a b c d e f Audi Wackel-Elvis commercial (2001, British version) ^ a b c d e f Audi Wackel-Elvis commercial (2001, German version) ^ a b c d e f Audi Wackel-Elvis commercial (2001, French version) ^ Wackel-Elvis retail box bearing Elvis Presley Enterprises logo and hologram ^ Animation of Wackel-Elvis dancing to the Elvis Presley song Too Much ^ Car ride through the River Elbe tunnel from the Wackel-Elvis perspective ^ Wackel Elvis lives!	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wackel-Elvis_at_Graceland_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Graceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceland"},{"link_name":"[ˈvakəlˈɛlvɪs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"European countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"advertising agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_agency"},{"link_name":"Saatchi & Saatchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saatchi_%26_Saatchi"},{"link_name":"continuously variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission"},{"link_name":"multitronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitronic"},{"link_name":"bobblehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobblehead"},{"link_name":"vertical axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_axis"}],"text":"Wackel-Elvis dashboard figure at Graceland in Memphis, TennesseeA Wackel-Elvis (German pronunciation: [ˈvakəlˈɛlvɪs], \"Wobbly Elvis\") is a small, hanging dashboard figure designed to resemble musician and actor Elvis Presley. A prototype of the figure was first introduced by the German automobile manufacturer Audi in a series of television commercials which were broadcast in several European countries. The commercials were produced by the advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi in 2001 to promote Audi's new continuously variable \"multitronic\" transmission. Due to a high demand by Elvis fans after publication of the commercials, 15,000 Wackel-Elvis figures were produced and sold at the Audi factory outlet store.Different from the design found in most conventional bobblehead dolls, not the head of the figure nods or wobbles on an otherwise static figure. Instead, the Wackel-Elvis figure is suspended from an elastic band connected to a suction cup attached to the windshield or rear window of a vehicle. The waist and left shoulder of the figure are equipped with flexible metal spring joints while its right foot stands on a pointed nail. This design prompts the figure to swing its hips, pivot around its vertical axis and shake its left arm up and down while the vehicle is in motion, creating an effect that resembles Elvis Presley performing on stage.","title":"Wackel-Elvis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wackel-Elvis_Parts_01_front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloha from Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_from_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"centrifugal force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force"},{"link_name":"vertical axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_axis"},{"link_name":"injection molded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_molding"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"pelvic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic"},{"link_name":"waist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waist"}],"text":"Parts of Wackel-ElvisWackel-Elvis was designed to portray musician and actor Elvis Presley around the time of the early 1970s. The dress of Wackel-Elvis resembles the white jumpsuit Elvis Presley wore in the 1973 Aloha from Hawaii television satellite broadcast. Other than most conventional bobblehead dolls, in which a flexible neck joint connects a wobbling head to a static figure that rests on a surface, Wackel-Elvis is attached to the inside of the windshield or rear window of a vehicle. The figure is suspended from a suction cup connecting to an adjustable elastic string which, at its other end, is attached to a loop on top of the head of the figure. On a sharply pointed nail, protruding approximately .2 inches (5 mm) from the sole of the right foot of the figure, Wackel-Elvis stands on top of the dashboard or rear cargo cover. With the vehicle in motion, the left arm stretched away from the body of the figure produces centrifugal force, causing the figure to spin back and forth around its vertical axis. While spinning, the foot of the figure is held in place by the nail and its head held in place being suspended from the string. The left arm and hip of Wackel-Elvis wobble consistent with the vehicle motion, creating the illusion of Elvis Presley performing or dancing on stage.Four injection molded semi-rigid plastic pieces constitute the circa 6 inches (15 cm) tall figure which features printed accents on the dress and hand-painted details on hands, face and neck, hair, sunglasses, microphone and inserts in the trouser legs. Molded as one piece, the upper body of the figure including a static head is the most prominent part. The right arm with hand and microphone is also molded as one piece and attached to the upper body piece at the right shoulder by a snap-in joint with a square connector which keeps the right arm of the figure in a static position relative to the upper body piece. The lower body piece consists of the pelvic area and both legs molded as one piece. At the waist of the figure, the upper and lower body pieces are connected to each other by a flexible metal spring joint, as are the left arm piece and the upper body piece at the left shoulder. Both threaded connectors of the spring joint at the left shoulder of the figure are recessed, hiding the spring mechanism of the joint. The threaded connector of the lower body piece protrudes upward but the spring joint mechanism at the waist of the figure is concealed by a connector deeply recessed under the waist and belt portion of the jumpsuit which constitutes the bottom portion of the upper body piece.Due to safety concerns, the pointed nail in the right foot of the figure was removed from some exported versions of Wackel-Elvis. However, the missing nail can be replaced by nails found in common plastic pushpins after the plastic surrounding the nail has been removed.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wackel-Elvis_300_224_px_Audi_Commercial_2001_France.jpg"},{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"Saatchi & Saatchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saatchi_%26_Saatchi"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"continuously variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission"},{"link_name":"multitronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitronic"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"advertising agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_agency"},{"link_name":"Saatchi & Saatchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saatchi_%26_Saatchi"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DieWelt-1"},{"link_name":"Karina Krawczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karina_Krawczyk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEUKsedKotR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEDEsedKofR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEFRwagWild-5"},{"link_name":"sound-alike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-alike"},{"link_name":"Roger Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Miller"},{"link_name":"King of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Road_(song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEUKsedKotR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEDEsedKofR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEFRwagWild-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEUKsedKotR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEDEsedKofR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEFRwagWild-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEUKsedKotR-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEFRwagWild-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEDEsedKofR-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEUKsedKotR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEDEsedKofR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEFRwagWild-5"}],"text":"Wackel-Elvis in the Audi television commercial by Saatchi & Saatchi (2001)In 2001, German automobile manufacturer Audi aired television commercials in Europe to promote their new electronically controlled continuously variable (or stepless) \"multitronic\" transmission. The Frankfurt, Germany branch of advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi, headquartered in New York City, produced the Audi commercials featuring an Elvis impersonator whose car had broken down.[1] The Elvis impersonator and his Wackel-Elvis were picked up by a friendly fellow driver - played by German actress Karina Krawczyk[2] - in an Audi equipped with the new transmission. The punch line of the commercials was that due to the lack of shifting motion while accelerating with the continuously variable transmission the Audi was equipped with, the Wackel-Elvis dashboard figure did not wobble as it had done in the Elvis impersonator's car before it broke down, causing disappointment for the impersonator.[3][4][5]In some of the commercials an Elvis Presley sound-alike version of the 1965 Roger Miller song King of the Road was used as background music.[3][4] Another set of the series of commercials featured a generic Elvis Presley sound alike title as background song.[5] In some of the spots the Elvis impersonator was offered a ride in a silver colored Audi sedan.[3][4] In other versions he was picked up by the same fellow driver in a silver colored Audi wagon.[5] Close to the end of the commercials Wackel-Elvis, immobilized by the stepless transmission, was prodded in the belly to initiate the wobbling motion in the Audi automobile. In some of the commercials in the series, the stub was executed by the female driver,[3][5] in others by the Elvis impersonator.[4] While flagging down the fellow driver after the breakdown of his car, in some versions of the commercials the Elvis impersonator supported his gesture with a sharp and short whistle.[3] In other versions of the spot he remained quiet when gesturing the driver of the car to stop.[4][5]","title":"Television commercials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wackel-Elvis_box_side_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"prototypical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DieWelt-1"},{"link_name":"bow legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_varum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEUKsedKotR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEDEsedKofR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEFRwagWild-5"},{"link_name":"Ingolstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingolstadt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DieWelt-1"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"hologram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hologram"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Counterfeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit"}],"text":"Wackel-Elvis retail boxThe Audi commercials featured a prototypical Wackel-Elvis, initially intended for use in the television commercials only.[1] Unlike the eventual commercial dashboard figure, the Wackel-Elvis featured in the Audi commercials was presented with blonde hair and wearing a golden jumpsuit; the prototype was designed with more pronounced bow legs than the commercial product.[3][4][5] Due to high demand of viewers after the spots aired in several European countries, an initial production run of 15,000 figures was sold out quickly. Another 150,000 Wackel-Elvis dashboard figures were mass-produced in China to satisfy the high demand for the product. In 2001, Wackel-Elvis was sold for DEM 15.60 (EUR 7.98 or ca. USD 11.00) in the Audi factory outlet store in Ingolstadt, Germany.[1]Wackel-Elvis is a product officially licensed by Elvis Presley Enterprises (E. P. E.). The license is documented by the \"E. P. E. Official Product\" logo on the side and a hologram on the front of the retail box. A portrait of Elvis Presley and an image of his signature are reproduced on the front of the retail box.[6] Counterfeit versions of Wackel-Elvis in a golden dress, not licensed by E. P. E., were available on the market shortly after the release of the official product to participate in its commercial popularity. The retail box of the counterfeit figure did not bear the \"E. P. E. Official Product\" logo nor the hologram.","title":"Commercial product"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graceland_2010-12-18_Memphis_TN_41.jpg"},{"link_name":"Too Much","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Much_(Elvis_Presley_song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Elbe Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Tunnel_(1975)"},{"link_name":"River Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Aloha from Hawaii jumpsuitVideos have been produced by fans of Wackel-Elvis which closely relate to the product. One video features an animated digitalization of Wackel-Elvis. In the animation, the digitalized figure creates the impression of Wackel-Elvis dancing to the 1956 recording of the Elvis Presley song Too Much.[7] Another video shows a car ride through the Elbe Tunnel beneath the River Elbe in Hamburg, Germany from the dashboard perspective of Wackel-Elvis.[8] A recent performance shows Wackel Elvis doing an off hand rendition of \"Blue Suede Shoes\".[9]","title":"Cultural impact"}]	[{"image_text":"Wackel-Elvis dashboard figure at Graceland in Memphis, Tennessee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wackel-Elvis_at_Graceland_cropped.jpg/220px-Wackel-Elvis_at_Graceland_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Parts of Wackel-Elvis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wackel-Elvis_Parts_01_front.jpg/220px-Wackel-Elvis_Parts_01_front.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wackel-Elvis in the Audi television commercial by Saatchi & Saatchi (2001)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Wackel-Elvis_300_224_px_Audi_Commercial_2001_France.jpg/220px-Wackel-Elvis_300_224_px_Audi_Commercial_2001_France.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wackel-Elvis retail box","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wackel-Elvis_box_side_cropped.jpg/220px-Wackel-Elvis_box_side_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aloha from Hawaii jumpsuit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Graceland_2010-12-18_Memphis_TN_41.jpg/220px-Graceland_2010-12-18_Memphis_TN_41.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bobblehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobblehead"},{"title":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"title":"Cultural depictions of Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Elvis_Presley"},{"title":"Saatchi & Saatchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saatchi_%26_Saatchi"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article456186/Wackel_Elvis_von_Audi_Fans_stehen_Schlange.html","external_links_name":"Fans Waiting in Line for Release of Wackel-Elvis"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0470445/otherworks","external_links_name":"Karina Kravczyk Audi commercial (2001)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQo95oI4nXY","external_links_name":"Audi Wackel-Elvis commercial (2001, British version)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1czNu9pTzM","external_links_name":"Audi Wackel-Elvis commercial (2001, German version)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ND_vQOIaNY","external_links_name":"Audi Wackel-Elvis commercial (2001, French version)"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wackel-Elvis_box_side.jpg","external_links_name":"Wackel-Elvis retail box bearing Elvis Presley Enterprises logo and hologram"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VVtbYSqInQ","external_links_name":"Animation of Wackel-Elvis dancing to the Elvis Presley song Too Much"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwkOtS9jeYQ","external_links_name":"Car ride through the River Elbe tunnel from the Wackel-Elvis perspective"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OubjEdyPsnA","external_links_name":"Wackel Elvis lives!"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha:_Warlords	Onimusha: Warlords	["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Genma Onimusha","5 Remaster","6 Reception","7 Legacy","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]	2001 action-adventure hack and slash video game 2001 video gameOnimusha: WarlordsNorth American PlayStation 2 box artDeveloper(s)CapcomPublisher(s)CapcomDirector(s)Jun TakeuchiProducer(s)Keiji InafuneArtist(s)Shimako SatōWriter(s)Noboru SugimuraHirohisa SodaShin YoshidaComposer(s)Takashi NiigakiRei Kondoh (remaster)SeriesOnimushaPlatform(s)PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox OneRelease January 25, 2001 PlayStation 2JP: January 25, 2001NA: March 14, 2001EU: July 6, 2001 XboxNA: January 29, 2002JP: February 22, 2002EU: March 22, 2002 Microsoft WindowsCHN: July 8, 2003RU: December 1, 2005WW: January 15, 2019 (remaster) Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox OneJP: December 20, 2018WW: January 15, 2019 Genre(s)Action-adventure, hack and slashMode(s)Single-player Onimusha: Warlords, known in Japan as Onimusha (Japanese: 鬼武者), is an action-adventure hack and slash video game developed and published by Capcom for the PlayStation 2. The first entry of the Onimusha series, it was originally released in 2001. An updated form as Genma Onimusha (Japanese: 幻魔鬼武者) for the Xbox was released in 2002. The original Warlords version was ported to Microsoft Windows, although it was only available in China and Russia. A remaster for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One was released in 2018, with a Windows version following in 2019. The game's plot is set in the Sengoku period and focuses on the samurai Samanosuke Akechi who fights against the forces of Nobunaga Oda. After Nobunaga's death in battle, Samanosuke goes on a quest to save Princess Yuki from demons working alongside Nobunaga's forces. The player controls Samanosuke and his partner, a female ninja Kaede, in their fight against demons. While the game borrows elements from Capcom's own Resident Evil survival horror series, such as solving puzzles and a fixed camera, the game is focused more on the action game genre with Samanosuke possessing multiple weapons that can be upgraded by defeating several enemies. Capcom originally wanted to release the game for the original PlayStation but the close release of its next generation version resulted in the project being scrapped. Following its release, Onimusha: Warlords achieved high popularity, becoming the first PlayStation 2 game to reach one million sales. Its sales eventually surpassed two million units worldwide. The game has been well-received by video game publications and has been recognized as one of the best titles on the system. It was followed by two direct sequels for the same console and another three games within the franchise. Gameplay Onimusha: Warlords features pre-rendered backgrounds. The player primarily controls swordsman Samanosuke Akechi in his fight against demons. The game balances its action elements with puzzles that involve interacting with the environments and obtaining items to make progress. The player begins the game with a standard katana sword, and can obtain long-range weapons with limited supply. As the player progresses, the protagonist Samanosuke can gain three elemental weapons: Raizan, Enryuu and Shippuu, each with an elemental magic attack. As enemies are defeated, they release different colored souls that are absorbed by using the demon gauntlet on Samanosuke's wrist: red souls act as "currency" which can be used to upgrade weaponry, yellow souls recover health, while blue souls recover magic power which is used to perform each weapon's elemental abilities. Some sections are played with Samanosuke's assistant, the kunoichi Kaede. She has her own distinctive weapons and acrobatic abilities, but is unable to absorb souls. Plot During the Battle of Okehazama, Samanosuke of the Akechi clan watches but is attacked by Imagawa Yoshimoto's men. Though Nobunaga Oda was victorious against Yoshimoto, he is fatally wounded and assumed dead. A year later, Samanosuke receives a letter from his cousin Princess Yuki of the Saitō clan for his assistance as she fears monsters are behind the disappearances of her servants. Joined by Kaede, Samanosuke arrives too late to Inabayama Castle as Yuki is abducted as he and Kaede split up to cover ground. After being defeated by a monster while trying to rescue Yuki, Samanosuke is visited by the twelve oni who give Samanosuke the power to vanquish the monsters that abducted Yuki, the Genma, and seal their souls in a mystical gauntlet. While searching for Yuki, Samanosuke finds a laboratory and encounters the Genma scientist Guildenstern, learning that the Genma have resurrected Nobunaga to serve them before slaying Guildenstern's creation Reynaldo. Samanosuke later encounters Nobunaga's servant Tokichiro as he attempted to recruit him before reunited with Kaede as they follow the boy Yumemaru who Yuki took under her care. When Samanosuke finds Yumemaru spirited off, he learns from Tokichiro that Yuki is essential for a human sacrifice where the Genmas' god Fortinbras will bless her blood that Nobunaga will drink to gain the power to destroy the Saitō clan. After saving Yumemaru from the Genma Marcellus, Samanosuke leaves him with Kaede as he looks for Yuki underground. But as Tokichiro traps Samanosuke, Kaede is knocked out by Genma resembling Samanosuke while Yumemaru is taken by a woman. When she awakens, Kaede is led to the prison and finds Yuki locked in a cell. Guildenstern arrives and leaves Kaede to die at the hand of a powerful Genma, only for her kill it while escaping. Samanosuke awakens and kills his doppelgänger in the underground passage. He makes his way back into the keep and finds Yumemaru with the woman who introduces herself as the Genma Hecuba as she assumes her true form while spiriting Yumemaru into the netherworld with Samanosuke in pursuit. Joined by Kaede as he learns that her kin intends to kill Yumemaru before Yuki to heighten her sorrow to make her blood more potent for Nobunaga, Samanosuke kills Hecuba. As Samanosuke makes his way through the demon door, he encounters Guildenstern who summons an improved Marcellus. After defeating him, Samanosuke makes his way into Fortinbras' throne room, where he finds Yuki and Yumemaru trapped on the upper level. Before he can free them, Fortinbras enters the room and summons Nobunaga before the monster attacks Samanosuke. After Samanosuke defeats Fortinbras, he frees Yumemaru and Yuki as Kaede enters the room. As they flee the collapsing chamber, Samanosuke is grabbed by Fortinbras as Kaede, Yumemaru, and Yuki are forced to escape. Some of Samanosuke's blood falls on the gauntlet and activates it as it transforms him into an Onimusha. In his Onimusha state, Samanosuke kills Fortinbras by stabbing him through his central eye. As Samanosuke transforms back into a human, he encounters Nobunaga and the two have a stare off as the room continues to collapse. It is not known what happens between Samanosuke and Nobunaga. During the ending sequence, Yuki and Yumemaru follow Samanosuke's advice and travel the world while Kaede dies 14 years later in a battle (in the original ending Kaede is said to have continued to search for Samanosuke but is unable to find him, but this was corrected in Onimusha Blade Warriors that she does in fact find Samanosuke and they work together to take down the Genma). After the end credits, Samanosuke is seen alive, viewing Inabayama Castle from afar before he departs to parts unknown. Development The origins for Onimusha can be traced back to 1997, when Capcom's Yoshiki Okamoto told magazine Dengeki Nintendo 64 about an idea he had for a ninja version of Resident Evil (1996) that could potentially make its way to the Nintendo 64 or 64DD. The game would be set in a "ninja house" filled with booby traps, similar to the mansion from Resident Evil, where battles are fought using swords and shuriken. In a 2003 interview with GameCenter CX, Keiji Inafune explained that the project began when he proposed a Sengoku period version of Resident Evil to company executives which he called "Sengoku Biohazard". Development began on the PlayStation with Inafune being given Resident Evil 1.5 to use a basis for the new game. Onimusha was planned by Capcom as a trilogy. Its first title was originally being developed for the PlayStation, but the project was eventually moved to the PlayStation 2. The PlayStation version was scrapped and never released. It was about 50% complete before it was canceled. Onimusha team's excitement about the PlayStation 2's capabilities resulted in that change. They developed the game basing on the system from the Resident Evil series. The game's plot was written by Noboru Sugimura and Flagship. The storyline was set in the Sengoku period due to how its multiple conflicts could provide an interesting background for the plot. While the historical Oda Nobunaga can be considered either a hero or a villain, Capcom chose to portray him as the latter one. Character movements were created using motion capture. Film actor and singer Takeshi Kaneshiro was the character model and Japanese voice actor for Samanosuke Akechi. The game's orchestral music is credited in-game to composer Mamoru Samuragochi. According to Time: "To record it, Samuragoch browbeat the producers into employing a 200-piece orchestra, including musicians playing such traditional instruments as a Japanese flute and taiko drums. The result is both haunting and inspirational, reminiscent of majestic scores for films like Lawrence of Arabia". However, he admitted in 2014 that he directed his orchestrator Takashi Niigaki to ghostwrite the music for the game, for which Samuragochi took full credit for composition. In the English localization of Onimusha: Warlords, the word oni was translated as ogre and the word genma as "demon". In all subsequent games in the series the words oni and genma have remained intact in the English scripts. It was the only game within the series that gives players the option of hearing the voice acting in either English or Japanese with subtitles (this option was not provided in the UK/EU PAL version) until the fourth installment, which also had this feature. Genma Onimusha Onimusha: Warlords was ported to the Xbox in 2002 under the title Genma Onimusha, formally announced by Capcom in May 2001 with the company expecting to be released by late 2001. The overall game remains very similar with no changes to story. The Xbox version contains many updates to the game, including better graphics, new gameplay additions, and a new 5.1 Dolby Digital audio. There are no new weapons added, but the player can now find three different armors to wear, a ninja shinobi outfit, a grey colored samurai armor, and a fully masked samurai armor. When equipped, the in-game character model also changes. In contrary to this, the original armors that were found in the Playstation 2 version have been removed. The main new explorable area is a new tower area, which when finished will give Samanosuke the best armor in the game. Outside of new armor sets, the difficulty has also been increased with new enemy placements, as well as having enemies become superpowered if they are able to absorb the new green soul before the player can. The main new enemy is a killer doll who appears in certain scripted areas, following the character and dealing major damage. The doll is invincible and Samanosuke cannot defeat the doll in the game. Additionally, the second major difference in Genma Onimusha is the inclusion of green souls. When five green souls are in the player's possession, the player can activate temporary invulnerability with a slow health recharge. Players frequently have to enter tug-of-war scenarios with the enemies over the possession of green souls; if a green soul is absorbed by a demon, the demon will gain new attacks and they will also see a dramatic increase in their defense. They will release a greater number of souls upon death. Lastly Samanosuke can now charge his magic attacks, dealing more damaged with longer charges. Remaster A remaster for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One was released on December 20, 2018 in Japan and on January 15, 2019 in other territories. Windows version via Steam was released worldwide in January 2019. This is a remaster of the original game, and doesn't include any features from Genma Onimusha. The game is now presented in HD, with clearer graphics and smoother framerate. New features include the ability to play in widescreen, with the screen scrolling up or down depending on the player's location. The players can choose between tank controls or full 3D movement. The soundtrack has been re-recorded due to controversy with the original composer Mamoru Samuragochi. The original model for Samanosuke, Takashi Kaneshiro, returned to redub his lines. The players can switch weapons in-game and is no longer required to go to the items menu every time they want to change weapons, although they cannot change weapons mid-combo. The remastered version has sold over 300,000 units across all platforms. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankingsPS2: 84%XBOX: 81%MetacriticPS2: 86/100XBOX: 83/100NS: 71/100PC: 67/100PS4: 73/100XONE: 74/100Review scoresPublicationScoreGame InformerPS2: 8.75/10GameSpotPS2: 8.4/10XBOX: 8.7/10IGNPS2: 8.9/10XBOX: 8.3/10Next Generation Onimusha: Warlords was a commercial success, selling over 2 million copies worldwide, with 1.04 million copies sold in Japan. The game went Platinum in just under a month in the region, quickly becoming the top-selling PlayStation 2 game ever at the time of its release. By July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version of Onimusha: Warlords had sold 800,000 copies and earned $28 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 75th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined sales of the Onimusha series reached 3 million units in the United States by July 2006. Capcom VP of Strategic Planning and Business Development Christian Svensson referred to the first two Onimusha games as one of their most successful titles. The game has received positive reviews. Critics praised the graphics, sound, and gameplay, but complained about the short length of the game. In Japan, Famitsu magazine scored the PlayStation 2 version of the game a 35 out of 40, and gave the Xbox version a 34 out of 40. As of 2010, the game has a GameRankings average score of 84% for the PlayStation 2 version, and 81% for the Xbox port. The Xbox version was nominated for GameSpot's annual "Best Story on Xbox" and "Best Action Adventure Game on Xbox" awards. Blake Fischer of Next Generation gave a three stars out of five for PS2 version, saying that Onimusha is a beautiful game, but it lacks the refinement of more modern game designs. At the SIGGRAPH 2000 conference, Onimusha received the "Best of Show" award for its opening sequence. Complex listed it as one of the most beloved and missed PlayStation 2 games. The reviewer from GameSpot said that he was called biased multiple times when doing the article for the video game. In a 2010 retrospective, GamePro ranked it as the 28th best game for the PlayStation 2. In 2012, FHM included the game's Kaede among the nine "sexiest ninja babes in games". The 2019 remaster received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics; while its action gameplay was praised for standing the test of time, its visuals, game design, and presentation were said to have aged poorly. The remaster's lack of the additional content found in Genma Onimusha was also met with criticism. Horror media website Bloody Disgusting gave it a 3.5/5, writing that "beneath a new lick of paint and some clever adjustments, Onimusha: Warlords doesn't make for an essential action game in 2019, but it's a great modernization all the same", while Windows Central gave the Xbox One version a 4 out of 5, calling it "not perfect by any means", but going on to state that it was a "wonderful blast from the past". In a more critical review, IGN awarded the game with a 6.5/10, the final verdict being that Onimusha: Warlords is exactly how the players remember it, but felt to be not a "good" thing. Legacy Further information: Onimusha The game spawned two direct sequels, Onimusha 2: Samurai's Destiny and Onimusha 3: Demon Siege, that followed Samanosuke and more warriors in their fight against Nobunaga Oda. While Demon Siege was the closing chapter of the story, Capcom developed Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams due to popular fan response. There have been two spin-offs, Onimusha Tactics and Onimusha Blade Warriors, that focus on different genres. A bug within Warlords inspired game designer Hideki Kamiya in the making of the action game Devil May Cry. Notes ^ Music composition is credited in-game and via the official soundtrack to Mamoru Samuragochi, but Niigaki revealed in February 2014 that he had ghostwritten the music credited to Samuragochi throughout his career. References ^ I. G. N. Staff (February 24, 2001). "Onimusha Date is Set". IGN. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023. ^ "Press Releases". June 1, 2002. Archived from the original on June 1, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2023. ^ "Onimusha Guide & Walkthrough – PlayStation 2 (PS2) – IGN". IGN. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012. ^ "Interview with Capcom Japan's Yoshiki Okamoto. – IGN". Uk.ign.com. May 28, 1997. Archived from the original on November 3, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2013. ^ GameCenter CX. Season 1. Episode #03 "Capcom". February 12, 2003. ^ a b "ON THE CUTTING EDGE". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013. ^ "Onimusha for the original PlayStation". Youtube.com. August 26, 2006. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2013. ^ a b "Interview with Keiji Inafune, producer of Onimusha: Warlords". PSXextreme. March 26, 2001. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2013. ^ "Capcom Europe: History". Capcom Europe. p. 4. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2012. ^ "Capcom Presents Onimusha: Warlords For PlayStation 2". Spong. May 11, 2000. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2012. ^ Perry, Douglas C. (January 25, 2001). "Onimusha Warlords". IGN. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2013. ^ Larimer, Tim (September 15, 2001). "Songs of Silence: Video-game music maestro Samuragoch can't hear his own work". Time.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2001. Retrieved September 1, 2013. ^ "'Japanese Beethoven' admits he is a fraud". BBC News. February 5, 2014. Archived from the original on February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014. ^ "GHOST COMPOSER: Japan's 'Beethoven' Can't Write Music And Is Only Pretending To Be Deaf". Business Insider. February 6, 2014. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2014. ^ "First look: Genma Onimusha". GameSpot. May 22, 2001. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ "TGS 2001: Silent Hill 2 and Genma Onimusha Impressions". IGN. October 12, 2001. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ a b Romano, Sal (August 28, 2018). "Onimusha: Warlords for PS4, Xbox One, and Switch launches December 20 in Japan". Gematsu. Archived from the original on December 23, 2022. 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Archived from the original on January 31, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ "Onimusha: Warlords for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Onimusha: Warlords for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Onimusha: Warlords for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020. ^ "Onimusha: Warlords for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Onimusha: Warlords". Game Informer. March 2001. p. 62. ^ "Genma Onimusha review". GameSpot. March 8, 2001. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ Fielder, Joe (January 28, 2002). "Genma Onimusha review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ Perry, Doug (March 14, 2001). "Onimusha Warlords". IGN. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ Goldstein, Hilary (January 31, 2002). "Genma Onimusha review". IGN. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ a b Fischer, Blake (April 2001). "Finals". Next Generation. Vol. 4, no. 4. Imagine Media. pp. 72–73. ^ "IGN: Onimusha Moves More Than Two Million". IGN.com. February 7, 2002. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2009. ^ "The Magic Box – Japan Platinum Chart Games". The-MagicBox.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2009. ^ "IGN: Onimusha Goes Platinum in Japan". IGN.com. March 23, 2001. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2009. ^ Gantayat, Anoop (February 12, 2001). "IGN: Onimusha Becomes Best Selling PS2 Title Ever". IGN.com. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2009. ^ Campbell, Colin; Keiser, Joe (July 29, 2006). "The Top 100 Games of the 21st Century". Next Generation. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. ^ Reily, Jim (October 18, 2010). "Onimusha, Dino Crisis Franchises Not Dead". IGN. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013. ^ プレイステーション2 – 鬼武者. Weekly Famitsu. No.915 Pt.2. Pg.59. June 30, 2006. ^ Xbox – 幻魔鬼武者. Weekly Famitsu. No.915 Pt.2. Pg.104. June 30, 2006. ^ GameSpot Staff (December 30, 2002). "GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2002". GameSpot. Archived from the original on February 7, 2003. ^ ""ONIMUSHA: OPENING MOVIE OF PS2" WON BEST OF SHOW AWARD FOR THE COMPUTER ANIMATION FESTIVAL, SIGGRAPH 2000". Linksdw. Archived from the original on October 31, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2013. ^ Turner, Gus; Welch, Hanuman (July 18, 2013). "Onimusha: Warlords". Complex. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2013. ^ "GameSpotting". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 3, 2002. Retrieved September 3, 2017. ^ GamePro Staff (December 25, 2010). "The 36 Best PS2 Games, page 2, Feature Story from GamePro". Archived from the original on December 25, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2013. ^ Gelo Gonzales, 9 Sexiest Ninja Babes in Games, FHM, March 29, 2012 ^ "Review: Onimusha Warlords is a Standard Remaster of a PS2 Classic". Bloody Disgusting. January 15, 2019. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Onimusha Warlords Xbox One review: A Wonderful Blast from the Past". Windows Central. January 15, 2019. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Onimusha: Warlords Review". IGN. January 16, 2019. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Keiji Inafune Talks Onimusha 4". IGN. May 4, 2005. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2013. ^ Gibson, Ellie (January 17, 2006). "Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams Preview". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2013. ^ Electronic Gaming Monthly, December 2001 issue, pg. 56 ^ Moore, Jarod (August 24, 2021). "Devil May Cry's Classic Combat Was Inspired By a Bug in Onimusha". IGN. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021. External links Onimusha: Warlords at MobyGames vteOnimushaMain series Warlords 2: Samurai's Destiny 3: Demon Siege Dawn of Dreams Spin-offs Tactics Blade Warriors Adaptations TV series Related Tatsunoko vs. Capcom Teppen vteFilms directed by Shimako Satō Eko Eko Azarak: Wizard of Darkness (1995) Eko Eko Azarak 2: Birth of the Wizard (1996) Resident Evil – Code: Veronica (cut scenes, 2000-2001) Onimusha: Warlords (cut scenes, 2001) Minami-kun no Koibito (TV, 2004) K-20: Legend of the Mask (2008) Unfair 2: The Answer (2011) Unfair: The End (2015) Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"action-adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure_game"},{"link_name":"hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Onimusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil"},{"link_name":"survival horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_horror"},{"link_name":"action game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_game"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"}],"text":"2001 video gameOnimusha: Warlords, known in Japan as Onimusha (Japanese: 鬼武者), is an action-adventure hack and slash video game developed and published by Capcom for the PlayStation 2. The first entry of the Onimusha series, it was originally released in 2001. An updated form as Genma Onimusha (Japanese: 幻魔鬼武者) for the Xbox was released in 2002. The original Warlords version was ported to Microsoft Windows, although it was only available in China and Russia. A remaster for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One was released in 2018, with a Windows version following in 2019.The game's plot is set in the Sengoku period and focuses on the samurai Samanosuke Akechi who fights against the forces of Nobunaga Oda. After Nobunaga's death in battle, Samanosuke goes on a quest to save Princess Yuki from demons working alongside Nobunaga's forces. The player controls Samanosuke and his partner, a female ninja Kaede, in their fight against demons.While the game borrows elements from Capcom's own Resident Evil survival horror series, such as solving puzzles and a fixed camera, the game is focused more on the action game genre with Samanosuke possessing multiple weapons that can be upgraded by defeating several enemies. Capcom originally wanted to release the game for the original PlayStation but the close release of its next generation version resulted in the project being scrapped.Following its release, Onimusha: Warlords achieved high popularity, becoming the first PlayStation 2 game to reach one million sales. Its sales eventually surpassed two million units worldwide. The game has been well-received by video game publications and has been recognized as one of the best titles on the system. It was followed by two direct sequels for the same console and another three games within the franchise.","title":"Onimusha: Warlords"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-rendered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-rendered"},{"link_name":"puzzles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"kunoichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunoichi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Onimusha: Warlords features pre-rendered backgrounds. The player primarily controls swordsman Samanosuke Akechi in his fight against demons. The game balances its action elements with puzzles that involve interacting with the environments and obtaining items to make progress.The player begins the game with a standard katana sword, and can obtain long-range weapons with limited supply. As the player progresses, the protagonist Samanosuke can gain three elemental weapons: Raizan, Enryuu and Shippuu, each with an elemental magic attack. As enemies are defeated, they release different colored souls that are absorbed by using the demon gauntlet on Samanosuke's wrist: red souls act as \"currency\" which can be used to upgrade weaponry, yellow souls recover health, while blue souls recover magic power which is used to perform each weapon's elemental abilities.Some sections are played with Samanosuke's assistant, the kunoichi Kaede. She has her own distinctive weapons and acrobatic abilities, but is unable to absorb souls.[3]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Okehazama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okehazama"},{"link_name":"Akechi clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akechi_clan"},{"link_name":"Imagawa Yoshimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagawa_Yoshimoto"},{"link_name":"Nobunaga Oda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobunaga_Oda"},{"link_name":"Saitō clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_clan"},{"link_name":"Inabayama Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inabayama_Castle"},{"link_name":"oni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"Tokichiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Yumemaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeda_Toshimasu"},{"link_name":"Onimusha Blade Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha_Blade_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Inabayama Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Castle"}],"text":"During the Battle of Okehazama, Samanosuke of the Akechi clan watches but is attacked by Imagawa Yoshimoto's men. Though Nobunaga Oda was victorious against Yoshimoto, he is fatally wounded and assumed dead. A year later, Samanosuke receives a letter from his cousin Princess Yuki of the Saitō clan for his assistance as she fears monsters are behind the disappearances of her servants. Joined by Kaede, Samanosuke arrives too late to Inabayama Castle as Yuki is abducted as he and Kaede split up to cover ground. After being defeated by a monster while trying to rescue Yuki, Samanosuke is visited by the twelve oni who give Samanosuke the power to vanquish the monsters that abducted Yuki, the Genma, and seal their souls in a mystical gauntlet. While searching for Yuki, Samanosuke finds a laboratory and encounters the Genma scientist Guildenstern, learning that the Genma have resurrected Nobunaga to serve them before slaying Guildenstern's creation Reynaldo. Samanosuke later encounters Nobunaga's servant Tokichiro as he attempted to recruit him before reunited with Kaede as they follow the boy Yumemaru who Yuki took under her care. When Samanosuke finds Yumemaru spirited off, he learns from Tokichiro that Yuki is essential for a human sacrifice where the Genmas' god Fortinbras will bless her blood that Nobunaga will drink to gain the power to destroy the Saitō clan.After saving Yumemaru from the Genma Marcellus, Samanosuke leaves him with Kaede as he looks for Yuki underground. But as Tokichiro traps Samanosuke, Kaede is knocked out by Genma resembling Samanosuke while Yumemaru is taken by a woman. When she awakens, Kaede is led to the prison and finds Yuki locked in a cell. Guildenstern arrives and leaves Kaede to die at the hand of a powerful Genma, only for her kill it while escaping. Samanosuke awakens and kills his doppelgänger in the underground passage. He makes his way back into the keep and finds Yumemaru with the woman who introduces herself as the Genma Hecuba as she assumes her true form while spiriting Yumemaru into the netherworld with Samanosuke in pursuit. Joined by Kaede as he learns that her kin intends to kill Yumemaru before Yuki to heighten her sorrow to make her blood more potent for Nobunaga, Samanosuke kills Hecuba. As Samanosuke makes his way through the demon door, he encounters Guildenstern who summons an improved Marcellus. After defeating him, Samanosuke makes his way into Fortinbras' throne room, where he finds Yuki and Yumemaru trapped on the upper level. Before he can free them, Fortinbras enters the room and summons Nobunaga before the monster attacks Samanosuke. After Samanosuke defeats Fortinbras, he frees Yumemaru and Yuki as Kaede enters the room.As they flee the collapsing chamber, Samanosuke is grabbed by Fortinbras as Kaede, Yumemaru, and Yuki are forced to escape. Some of Samanosuke's blood falls on the gauntlet and activates it as it transforms him into an Onimusha. In his Onimusha state, Samanosuke kills Fortinbras by stabbing him through his central eye. As Samanosuke transforms back into a human, he encounters Nobunaga and the two have a stare off as the room continues to collapse. It is not known what happens between Samanosuke and Nobunaga. During the ending sequence, Yuki and Yumemaru follow Samanosuke's advice and travel the world while Kaede dies 14 years later in a battle (in the original ending Kaede is said to have continued to search for Samanosuke but is unable to find him, but this was corrected in Onimusha Blade Warriors that she does in fact find Samanosuke and they work together to take down the Genma). After the end credits, Samanosuke is seen alive, viewing Inabayama Castle from afar before he departs to parts unknown.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yoshiki Okamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiki_Okamoto"},{"link_name":"Dengeki Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengeki_Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"64DD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64DD"},{"link_name":"shuriken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuriken"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-5"},{"link_name":"GameCenter CX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCenter_CX"},{"link_name":"Keiji Inafune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiji_Inafune"},{"link_name":"Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil 1.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil_1.5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1upinter-7"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psxinter-9"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1upinter-7"},{"link_name":"Noboru Sugimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noboru_Sugimura"},{"link_name":"Flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(company)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psxinter-9"},{"link_name":"motion capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture"},{"link_name":"Takeshi Kaneshiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Kaneshiro"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mamoru Samuragochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Samuragochi"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Japanese flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakuhachi"},{"link_name":"taiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko"},{"link_name":"Lawrence of Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Takashi Niigaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Niigaki"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"ogre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogre"},{"link_name":"subtitles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitles"}],"text":"The origins for Onimusha can be traced back to 1997, when Capcom's Yoshiki Okamoto told magazine Dengeki Nintendo 64 about an idea he had for a ninja version of Resident Evil (1996) that could potentially make its way to the Nintendo 64 or 64DD. The game would be set in a \"ninja house\" filled with booby traps, similar to the mansion from Resident Evil, where battles are fought using swords and shuriken.[4] In a 2003 interview with GameCenter CX, Keiji Inafune explained that the project began when he proposed a Sengoku period version of Resident Evil to company executives which he called \"Sengoku Biohazard\". Development began on the PlayStation with Inafune being given Resident Evil 1.5 to use a basis for the new game.[5]Onimusha was planned by Capcom as a trilogy.[6] Its first title was originally being developed for the PlayStation, but the project was eventually moved to the PlayStation 2. The PlayStation version was scrapped and never released. It was about 50% complete before it was canceled.[7] Onimusha team's excitement about the PlayStation 2's capabilities resulted in that change.[8] They developed the game basing on the system from the Resident Evil series.[6]The game's plot was written by Noboru Sugimura and Flagship.[9][10] The storyline was set in the Sengoku period due to how its multiple conflicts could provide an interesting background for the plot. While the historical Oda Nobunaga can be considered either a hero or a villain, Capcom chose to portray him as the latter one.[8] Character movements were created using motion capture. Film actor and singer Takeshi Kaneshiro was the character model and Japanese voice actor for Samanosuke Akechi.[11]The game's orchestral music is credited in-game to composer Mamoru Samuragochi. According to Time: \"To record it, Samuragoch[i] browbeat the producers into employing a 200-piece orchestra, including musicians playing such traditional instruments as a Japanese flute and taiko drums. The result is both haunting and inspirational, reminiscent of majestic scores for films like Lawrence of Arabia\".[12] However, he admitted in 2014 that he directed his orchestrator Takashi Niigaki to ghostwrite the music for the game, for which Samuragochi took full credit for composition.[13][14]In the English localization of Onimusha: Warlords, the word oni was translated as ogre and the word genma as \"demon\". In all subsequent games in the series the words oni and genma have remained intact in the English scripts. It was the only game within the series that gives players the option of hearing the voice acting in either English or Japanese with subtitles (this option was not provided in the UK/EU PAL version) until the fourth installment, which also had this feature.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Dolby Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Onimusha: Warlords was ported to the Xbox in 2002 under the title Genma Onimusha, formally announced by Capcom in May 2001 with the company expecting to be released by late 2001.[15] The overall game remains very similar with no changes to story. The Xbox version contains many updates to the game, including better graphics, new gameplay additions, and a new 5.1 Dolby Digital audio. There are no new weapons added, but the player can now find three different armors to wear, a ninja shinobi outfit, a grey colored samurai armor, and a fully masked samurai armor. When equipped, the in-game character model also changes. In contrary to this, the original armors that were found in the Playstation 2 version have been removed. The main new explorable area is a new tower area, which when finished will give Samanosuke the best armor in the game. Outside of new armor sets, the difficulty has also been increased with new enemy placements, as well as having enemies become superpowered if they are able to absorb the new green soul before the player can. The main new enemy is a killer doll who appears in certain scripted areas, following the character and dealing major damage. The doll is invincible and Samanosuke cannot defeat the doll in the game.Additionally, the second major difference in Genma Onimusha is the inclusion of green souls. When five green souls are in the player's possession, the player can activate temporary invulnerability with a slow health recharge. Players frequently have to enter tug-of-war scenarios with the enemies over the possession of green souls; if a green soul is absorbed by a demon, the demon will gain new attacks and they will also see a dramatic increase in their defense. They will release a greater number of souls upon death. Lastly Samanosuke can now charge his magic attacks, dealing more damaged with longer charges.[16]","title":"Genma Onimusha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gematsu-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignremaster-19"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gematsu-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignremaster-19"},{"link_name":"Mamoru Samuragochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Samuragochi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"A remaster for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One was released on December 20, 2018 in Japan and on January 15, 2019 in other territories.[17][18] Windows version via Steam was released worldwide in January 2019.[17][18] This is a remaster of the original game, and doesn't include any features from Genma Onimusha. The game is now presented in HD, with clearer graphics and smoother framerate. New features include the ability to play in widescreen, with the screen scrolling up or down depending on the player's location. The players can choose between tank controls or full 3D movement. The soundtrack has been re-recorded due to controversy with the original composer Mamoru Samuragochi. The original model for Samanosuke, Takashi Kaneshiro, returned to redub his lines. The players can switch weapons in-game and is no longer required to go to the items menu every time they want to change weapons, although they cannot change weapons mid-combo.[19] The remastered version has sold over 300,000 units across all platforms.[20]","title":"Remaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps2gt-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xboxgt-23"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pstwomc-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gameinformer-30"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gspotxPS2-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gspotxbox-32"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignps2-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igntxbox-34"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_Range"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nextgensales-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps2gt-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xboxgt-23"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestworst2002-44"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG-35"},{"link_name":"SIGGRAPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGGRAPH"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"FHM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHM"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Bloody Disgusting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankingsPS2: 84%[21]XBOX: 81%[22]MetacriticPS2: 86/100[23]XBOX: 83/100[24]NS: 71/100[25]PC: 67/100[26]PS4: 73/100[27]XONE: 74/100[28]Review scoresPublicationScoreGame InformerPS2: 8.75/10[29]GameSpotPS2: 8.4/10[30]XBOX: 8.7/10[31]IGNPS2: 8.9/10[32]XBOX: 8.3/10[33]Next Generation[34]Onimusha: Warlords was a commercial success, selling over 2 million copies worldwide, with 1.04 million copies sold in Japan.[35][36] The game went Platinum in just under a month in the region, quickly becoming the top-selling PlayStation 2 game ever at the time of its release.[37][38] By July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version of Onimusha: Warlords had sold 800,000 copies and earned $28 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 75th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined sales of the Onimusha series reached 3 million units in the United States by July 2006.[39] Capcom VP of Strategic Planning and Business Development Christian Svensson referred to the first two Onimusha games as one of their most successful titles.[40]The game has received positive reviews. Critics praised the graphics, sound, and gameplay, but complained about the short length of the game. In Japan, Famitsu magazine scored the PlayStation 2 version of the game a 35 out of 40,[41] and gave the Xbox version a 34 out of 40.[42] As of 2010, the game has a GameRankings average score of 84% for the PlayStation 2 version,[21] and 81% for the Xbox port.[22] The Xbox version was nominated for GameSpot's annual \"Best Story on Xbox\" and \"Best Action Adventure Game on Xbox\" awards.[43]Blake Fischer of Next Generation gave a three stars out of five for PS2 version, saying that Onimusha is a beautiful game, but it lacks the refinement of more modern game designs.[34]At the SIGGRAPH 2000 conference, Onimusha received the \"Best of Show\" award for its opening sequence.[44] Complex listed it as one of the most beloved and missed PlayStation 2 games.[45] The reviewer from GameSpot said that he was called biased multiple times when doing the article for the video game.[46] In a 2010 retrospective, GamePro ranked it as the 28th best game for the PlayStation 2.[47] In 2012, FHM included the game's Kaede among the nine \"sexiest ninja babes in games\".[48]The 2019 remaster received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics; while its action gameplay was praised for standing the test of time, its visuals, game design, and presentation were said to have aged poorly. The remaster's lack of the additional content found in Genma Onimusha was also met with criticism. Horror media website Bloody Disgusting gave it a 3.5/5, writing that \"beneath a new lick of paint and some clever adjustments, Onimusha: Warlords doesn't make for an essential action game in 2019, but it's a great modernization all the same\",[49] while Windows Central gave the Xbox One version a 4 out of 5, calling it \"not perfect by any means\", but going on to state that it was a \"wonderful blast from the past\".[50] In a more critical review, IGN awarded the game with a 6.5/10, the final verdict being that Onimusha: Warlords is exactly how the players remember it, but felt to be not a \"good\" thing.[51]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Onimusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha"},{"link_name":"Onimusha 2: Samurai's Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha_2:_Samurai%27s_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Onimusha 3: Demon Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha_3:_Demon_Siege"},{"link_name":"Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha:_Dawn_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igninter-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamerinter-54"},{"link_name":"Onimusha Tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha_Tactics"},{"link_name":"Onimusha Blade Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha_Blade_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Hideki Kamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Kamiya"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egm-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignonimushabug-56"}],"text":"Further information: OnimushaThe game spawned two direct sequels, Onimusha 2: Samurai's Destiny and Onimusha 3: Demon Siege, that followed Samanosuke and more warriors in their fight against Nobunaga Oda. While Demon Siege was the closing chapter of the story, Capcom developed Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams due to popular fan response.[52][53] There have been two spin-offs, Onimusha Tactics and Onimusha Blade Warriors, that focus on different genres. A bug within Warlords inspired game designer Hideki Kamiya in the making of the action game Devil May Cry.[54][55]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Mamoru Samuragochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Samuragochi"}],"text":"^ Music composition is credited in-game and via the official soundtrack to Mamoru Samuragochi, but Niigaki revealed in February 2014 that he had ghostwritten the music credited to Samuragochi throughout his career.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"I. G. N. Staff (February 24, 2001). \"Onimusha Date is Set\". IGN. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_(singer)	Carlos (singer)	["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 Filmography","4 Television","5 Bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Carlos" singer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) CarlosCarlos at the 2007 Paris International Sport Fishing Show. Carlos was a sport fishing addict.Background informationBirth nameYvan-Chrysostome DoltoBorn(1943-02-20)February 20, 1943Paris, FranceDiedJanuary 17, 2008(2008-01-17) (aged 64)Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, FranceLabelsLave-toi les oreillesWebsitemusicarlos.comMusical artist Carlos (born Yvan-Chrysostome Dolto; February 20, 1943 — January 17, 2008) was a French singer, entertainer and actor. He is sometimes called Jean-Christophe Doltovitch. Biography He was the son of the psychoanalyst Françoise Dolto and the physiotherapist Boris Dolto (born Doltovitch) a Russian migrant from Crimea. He also obtained a diploma in 1961 at l’École française d'orthopédie et de masso-kinésithérapie, headed by his father. At the age of 14 he met Johnny Hallyday, who befriended him. He was renamed Carlos in 1958, in homage to the percussionist Carlos "Patato" Valdes. He then became Hallyday's artistic assistant. From 1962 to 1972, he was Sylvie Vartan's artistic assistant, and it was he and Vartan who discovered Mike Brant, whom they brought to France in 1969. Carlos was heavily overweight and cultivated a jovial countenance, and adopted a look similar to the singer Antoine, with leis and Hawaiian shirts. In 1980, he became a spokesman for the Oasis brand fruit drink, with his song "Rosalie" (a cover of Georges Plonquitte , singer for Typical Combo, a Guadeloupean group) being used in their television advertisements. In 1988, he was named the mascot of the amusement park Mirapolis, open in the Val-d'Oise, which quickly went bankrupt. He ran for office in the local elections in Courdimanche in 1989, but was not elected. He regularly participated in the radio program Les Grosses Têtes of Philippe Bouvard and had his own cartoon, Around the World in Eighty Dreams (Les aventures de Carlos), in 1992. He was also the narrator of the French version of Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids (T'as l'bonjour d'Albert). From 2000 to 2007, he directed documentary films for the series Le Gros homme et la Mer (The Fat Man and the Sea), for the stations Odyssée and Voyage. Carlos died in January 2008 of a liver cancer in Clichy and was buried in Bourg-la-Reine cemetery beside his mother, Françoise Dolto, and his father, Boris Dolto. Discography À faire danser les Antilles (1983) À la queue leu leu (1974) Ali Baba (1971) Allez la France (1998) Animal parade (1971) Arriba Sevillana (1986) Arriba Sevillana (Version maxi) (1986) Avec elle (1991) Baby bla-bla (Susanne) (1984) Bakana (Bakala Nanu Meme) (1977) Balade animée (1991) Bamba Carlos (1976) Barbe Bleue (with Chantal Goya) (1978) Big bisou (part I) (1977) Big bisou (part II) (1977) Big bisou (version intégrale) (1977) Big bisous (version 1993) Big bisous (version 97) (1997) Bonsoir Véronique (1980) Boum boum (1997) C'est bon (salsa) (1980) C'est la faute à Dagobert (1970) C'est pas du tout cuit (1972) C'est pas parce qu'on est grand (1977) C'est toujours occupé (1977) Canon (1991) Captain Carlos (1986) Carlos à Saint-André-les-Alpes (1981) Carlos Colomb (1978) Carlos lapin (1970) Carlostenstrasse (1976) Cha cha chaud (version 1998) (1998) Cocotte en papier (1974) Cocotte en papier (version 1998) (1998) Cocotte en papier (Version single) (1974) Colucci (1997) Crazy Joe (1974) Crésus et Roméo (duo with Joe Dassin) (1974) Croak the monster (1980) Cuentame (Cha-cha-cha) / Cha cha chaud (1977) Dame tartine (1988) Dédé Bilo (1984) Demandez-moi ce que vous voulez (1974) Des week-ends de sept jours (1976) Dis bonjour au Monsieur, dis bonjour à la dame (1978) Dis moi Monsieur Carlos (1994) Dis pourquoi papa (1980) Docteur Boogie (1981) Eh dis Père Noël (1991) El rey (1986) Elle m'emballait (1991) Epilogue (1974) Eso es el amor (Ah lachez-moi !) (version intégrale) (1979) Est-ce que j'ai une tête à chanter des chansons d'amour ? (1976) Fanfan la fanfare (1e partie) (1983) Fanfan la fanfare (2e partie) (1983) Faut s'éclater (1982) Fiou d'elle (1986) Gargantua (1988) Gros nounours (1985) Happiness (1970) Idého (1991) Intro(1974) J'fais rien qu'à faire des bêtises (Duo with Alice Dona) (1974) J'suis un rigolo (after I'm Just A Gigolo by Louis Prima) (version 1993) Jamais sans mes potes (1997) Je m'balade (1976) Je rêve des petits hommes verts (1978) Je suis indécis (hou la la) (1978) Je suis trop sentimental (1981) Je suis un magicien (1976) Je suis un rigolo / Fou le boogie (1981) Je viens de la part de ma cousine (1970) Kangourou (1984) L'amour ça rend beau les laids (version 1998) (1998) L'amour ça rend bô lélé (1987) L'amour con g (1996) L'année des nanas (1975) L'auto du papa de Toto (1979) La Bamboula (1974) La Bamboula (version 1993) La cantine (1973) La cantine (version 1993) La chanson des cromagnons (1981) La cigale et la fourmi (with Sylvie Vartan) La Coladeira (2001) La danse pour faire bébé (1996) La demoiselle de déshonneur (1974) La demoiselle de déshonneur (version 1998) (1998) La divine sieste de papa (1986) La fête à bicyclette (1997) La France le matin (1973) La France le matin (version 1993) La leçon de square-dance (with Gédéon) (1980) La maison en chocolat (1980) La pêche au gros (1986) La reine du shopping (1970) La smala (1974) La vie est belle (1970) Le berger des Folies-bergères (1976) Le bougalou du loup-garou (1973) Le bougalou du loup-garou (1976) Le bougalou du loup-garou (1993) Le bus (1974) Le copain des enfants (1972) Le Kankondanse (1984) Le kikouyou (1991) Le mignon petit canard (1976) Le Père Noël a disparu (1970) Le Père Noël du supermarché (1978) Le petit baisenville (with the group Il était une fois) (1974) Le rigolo (1997) Le tiercé (1974) Le tiercé (version 1993) Le tiercé (version single) (1974) Le tirelipimpon (version courte) (1989) Le tirelipimpon (version longue) (1989) Les canaris (1977) Les Croisades (1975) Les pauvres papas (1981) Les pieds bleus (1974) Les premiers sont les bonnets d'âne (1977) Les rues de Saint-Germain (1994) Les têtards (1991) Ma Corrida (1981) Ma gym en musique (1980) Maguy (1981) Malabar et Roudoudou (1974) Mama Panama (1982) Manger un croissant (1974) Mario mon coco (1982) Marourou Tahiti (Merci Tahiti) (1986) Maxwell (1991) Medley (1993) Medley 98 (1998) Mets ton doigt dans le vent (1979) Miam Miam (1981) Mille coups de cœur (1986) Moi y'a bobo (1976) Mon royaume pour une femme (1974) Nostracarlus (1981) Ô Zitouna (1973) Ô Zitouna (version 1998) (1998) Oh yé (Oye) (1986) On est foutus on mange trop (based on the Papa Mambo of Alain Souchon) (1979) On est tous des clowns (1974) One Man Slow (Moi, moi, moi) (1984) Ouvre ta maison (1970) P'tite fleur fanée (1986) Papa Mambo (version courte) (1979) Papa Mambo (version intégrale) (1979) Papayou (1983) Papayou (version 1993) Papoudoux (1997) Pare-chocs (1991) Pas assez beau (1998) Pas grandi (1982) Petit a (1980) Petit Jean (1980) Ping-pong (1980) Pourvou que ça doure (1981) Privé d'enfance (1997) Professeur Carlos (1976) Qu'est-ce qu'on était heureux en 1932 (1970) Réfléchis (1981) Rosalie (détourné plus tard dans la publicité pour le jus de fruit Oasis (Qu'est-ce que tu bois Dou Dou, dis donc ?) (1978) Rosalie (biguine) (1978) Rosalie (version 1993) Rosalie (version 1998) (1998) Rosalie (version longue durée) S.O.S (tendresse) (1981) Savez-vous comment danser ? (1979) Se ranger des ecritures (1974) Señor météo (1974) Señor météo (version 1993) Si j'étais président (1976) Si je maigris (1981) Si tu ne m'attendais pas (1974) Si tu vas Dario (1991) Susanna T'as l'béguin d'la béguine (1984) T'as l'bonjour d'Albert (1985) T'es bon public (1976) Tcha-tcha (1987) Tibou d'caoutchouc (1997) Tous les enfants vont chanter (1980) Tout nu, tout bronzé (version 1993) Tout nu, tout bronzé (1973) Trempe ton cul (1997) Tropical nanas (1986) Tubes à boum (1984) Un garçon comfortable (1972) Viens chez Roger (1974) Viens dans mon igloo (1974) Vive les grands Bretons (1976) Y'a des indiens partout (1970) Y'a des indiens partout (version 1993) Y'a plus de papas, y'a plus de mamans (1979) Filmography This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2013) 1964 : Patate of Robert Thomas : le copain d'Alexa 1971 : Le Cri du cormoran le soir au-dessus des jonques of Michel Audiard : Purcell 1979 : Je te tiens, tu me tiens par la barbichette of Jean Yanne : Condom Television This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2013) 1992 : Les Aventures de Carlos 1992 : Faux-Frère 1992–1996 : Le Jap Bibliography Carlos (1996). Je m'appelle Carlos. Paris: Ramsay. Carlos (1997). Les meilleures histoires drôles de Carlos. Paris: Ramsay. Carlos (2001). Le bêtisier des bêtisiers. Paris: Archipel. References ^ Rosalie written and composed by Georges Plonquitte External links Official website Le chanteur Carlos est mort, Le Monde, January 17, 2008 Carlos at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Musical artistCarlos (born Yvan-Chrysostome Dolto; February 20, 1943 — January 17, 2008) was a French singer, entertainer and actor. He is sometimes called Jean-Christophe Doltovitch.","title":"Carlos (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychoanalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalyst"},{"link_name":"Françoise Dolto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dolto"},{"link_name":"physiotherapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiotherapist"},{"link_name":"Boris Dolto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boris_Dolto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hallyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday"},{"link_name":"Carlos \"Patato\" Valdes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_%22Patato%22_Valdes"},{"link_name":"Sylvie Vartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvie_Vartan"},{"link_name":"Mike Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Brant"},{"link_name":"overweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overweight"},{"link_name":"Antoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_(singer)"},{"link_name":"leis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_shirt"},{"link_name":"Georges Plonquitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Plonquitte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Plonquitte"},{"link_name":"Typical Combo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typical_Combo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"amusement park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_park"},{"link_name":"Mirapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirapolis"},{"link_name":"Val-d'Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise"},{"link_name":"Courdimanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courdimanche"},{"link_name":"Les Grosses Têtes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Grosses_T%C3%AAtes"},{"link_name":"Philippe Bouvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Bouvard"},{"link_name":"Around the World in Eighty Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Albert_and_the_Cosby_Kids"},{"link_name":"liver cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cancer"},{"link_name":"Clichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine"},{"link_name":"Bourg-la-Reine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourg-la-Reine"},{"link_name":"Françoise Dolto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dolto"},{"link_name":"Boris Dolto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boris_Dolto&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"He was the son of the psychoanalyst Françoise Dolto and the physiotherapist Boris Dolto (born Doltovitch) a Russian migrant from Crimea. He also obtained a diploma in 1961 at l’École française d'orthopédie et de masso-kinésithérapie, headed by his father.At the age of 14 he met Johnny Hallyday, who befriended him. He was renamed Carlos in 1958, in homage to the percussionist Carlos \"Patato\" Valdes. He then became Hallyday's artistic assistant. From 1962 to 1972, he was Sylvie Vartan's artistic assistant, and it was he and Vartan who discovered Mike Brant, whom they brought to France in 1969.Carlos was heavily overweight and cultivated a jovial countenance, and adopted a look similar to the singer Antoine, with leis and Hawaiian shirts. In 1980, he became a spokesman for the Oasis brand fruit drink, with his song \"Rosalie\" (a cover of Georges Plonquitte [fr], singer for Typical Combo, a Guadeloupean group)[1] being used in their television advertisements.In 1988, he was named the mascot of the amusement park Mirapolis, open in the Val-d'Oise, which quickly went bankrupt. He ran for office in the local elections in Courdimanche in 1989, but was not elected. He regularly participated in the radio program Les Grosses Têtes of Philippe Bouvard and had his own cartoon, Around the World in Eighty Dreams (Les aventures de Carlos), in 1992. He was also the narrator of the French version of Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids (T'as l'bonjour d'Albert). From 2000 to 2007, he directed documentary films for the series Le Gros homme et la Mer (The Fat Man and the Sea), for the stations Odyssée and Voyage.Carlos died in January 2008 of a liver cancer in Clichy and was buried in Bourg-la-Reine cemetery beside his mother, Françoise Dolto, and his father, Boris Dolto.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chantal Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Goya"},{"link_name":"Joe Dassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dassin"},{"link_name":"Alice Dona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Dona"},{"link_name":"I'm Just A Gigolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Just_A_Gigolo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Prima"},{"link_name":"Sylvie Vartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvie_Vartan"},{"link_name":"Il était une fois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_%C3%A9tait_une_fois_(band)"},{"link_name":"Alain Souchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Souchon"},{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis"},{"link_name":"igloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo"}],"text":"À faire danser les Antilles (1983)\nÀ la queue leu leu (1974)\nAli Baba (1971)\nAllez la France (1998)\nAnimal parade (1971)\nArriba Sevillana (1986)\nArriba Sevillana (Version maxi) (1986)\nAvec elle (1991)\nBaby bla-bla (Susanne) (1984)\nBakana (Bakala Nanu Meme) (1977)\nBalade animée (1991)\nBamba Carlos (1976)\nBarbe Bleue (with Chantal Goya) (1978)\nBig bisou (part I) (1977)\nBig bisou (part II) (1977)\nBig bisou (version intégrale) (1977)\nBig bisous (version 1993)\nBig bisous (version 97) (1997)\nBonsoir Véronique (1980)\nBoum boum (1997)\nC'est bon (salsa) (1980)\nC'est la faute à Dagobert (1970)\nC'est pas du tout cuit (1972)\nC'est pas parce qu'on est grand (1977)\nC'est toujours occupé (1977)\nCanon (1991)\nCaptain Carlos (1986)\nCarlos à Saint-André-les-Alpes (1981)\nCarlos Colomb (1978)\nCarlos lapin (1970)\nCarlostenstrasse (1976)\nCha cha chaud (version 1998) (1998)\nCocotte en papier (1974)\nCocotte en papier (version 1998) (1998)\nCocotte en papier (Version single) (1974)\nColucci (1997)\nCrazy Joe (1974)\nCrésus et Roméo (duo with Joe Dassin) (1974)\nCroak the monster (1980)\nCuentame (Cha-cha-cha) / Cha cha chaud (1977)\nDame tartine (1988)\nDédé Bilo (1984)\nDemandez-moi ce que vous voulez (1974)\nDes week-ends de sept jours (1976)\nDis bonjour au Monsieur, dis bonjour à la dame (1978)\nDis moi Monsieur Carlos (1994)\nDis pourquoi papa (1980)\nDocteur Boogie (1981)\nEh dis Père Noël (1991)\nEl rey (1986)\nElle m'emballait (1991)\nEpilogue (1974)\nEso es el amor (Ah lachez-moi !) (version intégrale) (1979)\nEst-ce que j'ai une tête à chanter des chansons d'amour ? (1976)\nFanfan la fanfare (1e partie) (1983)\nFanfan la fanfare (2e partie) (1983)\nFaut s'éclater (1982)\nFiou d'elle (1986)\nGargantua (1988)\nGros nounours (1985)\nHappiness (1970)\nIdého (1991)\nIntro(1974)\nJ'fais rien qu'à faire des bêtises (Duo with Alice Dona) (1974)\nJ'suis un rigolo (after I'm Just A Gigolo by Louis Prima) (version 1993)\nJamais sans mes potes (1997)\nJe m'balade (1976)\nJe rêve des petits hommes verts (1978)\nJe suis indécis (hou la la) (1978)\nJe suis trop sentimental (1981)\nJe suis un magicien (1976)\nJe suis un rigolo / Fou le boogie (1981)\nJe viens de la part de ma cousine (1970)\nKangourou (1984)\nL'amour ça rend beau les laids (version 1998) (1998)\nL'amour ça rend bô lélé (1987)\nL'amour con g (1996)\nL'année des nanas (1975)\nL'auto du papa de Toto (1979)\nLa Bamboula (1974)\nLa Bamboula (version 1993)\nLa cantine (1973)\nLa cantine (version 1993)\nLa chanson des cromagnons (1981)\nLa cigale et la fourmi (with Sylvie Vartan)\nLa Coladeira (2001)\nLa danse pour faire bébé (1996)\nLa demoiselle de déshonneur (1974)\nLa demoiselle de déshonneur (version 1998) (1998)\nLa divine sieste de papa (1986)\nLa fête à bicyclette (1997)\nLa France le matin (1973)\nLa France le matin (version 1993)\nLa leçon de square-dance (with Gédéon) (1980)\nLa maison en chocolat (1980)\nLa pêche au gros (1986)\nLa reine du shopping (1970)\nLa smala (1974)\nLa vie est belle (1970)\nLe berger des Folies-bergères (1976)\nLe bougalou du loup-garou (1973)\nLe bougalou du loup-garou (1976)\nLe bougalou du loup-garou (1993)\nLe bus (1974)\nLe copain des enfants (1972)\nLe Kankondanse (1984)\nLe kikouyou (1991)\nLe mignon petit canard (1976)\nLe Père Noël a disparu (1970)\nLe Père Noël du supermarché (1978)\nLe petit baisenville (with the group Il était une fois) (1974)\nLe rigolo (1997)\nLe tiercé (1974)\nLe tiercé (version 1993)\nLe tiercé (version single) (1974)\nLe tirelipimpon (version courte) (1989)\nLe tirelipimpon (version longue) (1989)\nLes canaris (1977)\nLes Croisades (1975)\nLes pauvres papas (1981)\nLes pieds bleus (1974)\nLes premiers sont les bonnets d'âne (1977)\nLes rues de Saint-Germain (1994)\nLes têtards (1991)\nMa Corrida (1981)\nMa gym en musique (1980)\nMaguy (1981)\nMalabar et Roudoudou (1974)\nMama Panama (1982)\nManger un croissant (1974)\nMario mon coco (1982)\nMarourou Tahiti (Merci Tahiti) (1986)\nMaxwell (1991)\nMedley (1993)\nMedley 98 (1998)\nMets ton doigt dans le vent (1979)\nMiam Miam (1981)\nMille coups de cœur (1986)\nMoi y'a bobo (1976)\nMon royaume pour une femme (1974)\nNostracarlus (1981)\nÔ Zitouna (1973)\nÔ Zitouna (version 1998) (1998)\nOh yé (Oye) (1986)\nOn est foutus on mange trop (based on the Papa Mambo of Alain Souchon) (1979)\nOn est tous des clowns (1974)\nOne Man Slow (Moi, moi, moi) (1984)\nOuvre ta maison (1970)\nP'tite fleur fanée (1986)\nPapa Mambo (version courte) (1979)\nPapa Mambo (version intégrale) (1979)\nPapayou (1983)\nPapayou (version 1993)\nPapoudoux (1997)\nPare-chocs (1991)\nPas assez beau (1998)\nPas grandi (1982)\nPetit a (1980)\nPetit Jean (1980)\nPing-pong (1980)\nPourvou que ça doure (1981)\nPrivé d'enfance (1997)\nProfesseur Carlos (1976)\nQu'est-ce qu'on était heureux en 1932 (1970)\nRéfléchis (1981)\nRosalie (détourné plus tard dans la publicité pour le jus de fruit Oasis (Qu'est-ce que tu bois Dou Dou, dis donc ?) (1978)\nRosalie (biguine) (1978)\nRosalie (version 1993)\nRosalie (version 1998) (1998)\nRosalie (version longue durée)\nS.O.S (tendresse) (1981)\nSavez-vous comment danser ? (1979)\nSe ranger des ecritures (1974)\nSeñor météo (1974)\nSeñor météo (version 1993)\nSi j'étais président (1976)\nSi je maigris (1981)\nSi tu ne m'attendais pas (1974)\nSi tu vas Dario (1991)\nSusanna\nT'as l'béguin d'la béguine (1984)\nT'as l'bonjour d'Albert (1985)\nT'es bon public (1976)\nTcha-tcha (1987)\nTibou d'caoutchouc (1997)\nTous les enfants vont chanter (1980)\nTout nu, tout bronzé (version 1993)\nTout nu, tout bronzé (1973)\nTrempe ton cul (1997)\nTropical nanas (1986)\nTubes à boum (1984)\nUn garçon comfortable (1972)\nViens chez Roger (1974)\nViens dans mon igloo (1974)\nVive les grands Bretons (1976)\nY'a des indiens partout (1970)\nY'a des indiens partout (version 1993)\nY'a plus de papas, y'a plus de mamans (1979)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patate"},{"link_name":"Robert Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thomas_(director)"},{"link_name":"Le Cri du cormoran le soir au-dessus des jonques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Cri_du_cormoran_le_soir_au-dessus_des_jonques&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michel Audiard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Audiard"},{"link_name":"Je te tiens, tu me tiens par la barbichette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Je_te_tiens,_tu_me_tiens_par_la_barbichette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean Yanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Yanne"}],"text":"1964 : Patate of Robert Thomas : le copain d'Alexa\n1971 : Le Cri du cormoran le soir au-dessus des jonques of Michel Audiard : Purcell\n1979 : Je te tiens, tu me tiens par la barbichette of Jean Yanne : Condom","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Les Aventures de Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saban%27s_Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Faux-Frère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faux-Fr%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Jap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_JAP_(S%C3%A9rie)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1992 : Les Aventures de Carlos\n1992 : Faux-Frère\n1992–1996 : Le Jap","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Carlos (1996). Je m'appelle Carlos. Paris: Ramsay.\nCarlos (1997). Les meilleures histoires drôles de Carlos. Paris: Ramsay.\nCarlos (2001). Le bêtisier des bêtisiers. Paris: Archipel.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Carlos%22+singer","external_links_name":"\"Carlos\" singer"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Carlos%22+singer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Carlos%22+singer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Carlos%22+singer+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Carlos%22+singer","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Carlos%22+singer&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://musicarlos.com/","external_links_name":"musicarlos.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_(singer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_(singer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://lapelanga.com/belle-femm-pas-ka-ta-ou-georges-plonquitte","external_links_name":"Rosalie written and composed by Georges Plonquitte"},{"Link":"http://www.musicarlos.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-1000412@51-1000415,0.html","external_links_name":"Le chanteur Carlos est mort"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0137722/","external_links_name":"Carlos"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/309550/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108372384","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11917264","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12542934d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12542934d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135106443","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98011986","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567582105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/93bcafd9-e8b9-41c1-9553-01825070e60e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w654387b","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034702733","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody_Brown	Brody Brown	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Grammy Awards","4 Selected discography","5 References","6 External links"]	American songwriter and producer Brody BrownBirth nameChristopher Steven BrownBornCompton, California, U.S.GenresPophip hopR&BOccupation(s)Songwriterrecord producermulti-instrumentalistYears active2002–presentLabels80s BabyMember of1500 or Nothin'Shampoo Press & CurlMusical artist Christopher Steven "Brody" Brown is an American songwriter and record producer. Best known for his association with singer Bruno Mars, they met in 2008 and formed the production team Shampoo Press & Curl in 2015. In addition, Brown is also part of the production group 1500 or Nothin' alongside fellow Californians James Fauntleroy, Lamar Edwards and Larrance Dopson. Brown has written or produced for artists including Nipsey Hussle, CeeLo Green, Kesha, Adele, Lukas Graham, Ed Sheeran, Snoop Dogg, Wiz Khalifa, and Mark Ronson. Early life Brown was born in Compton, California. Growing up, he listened to the jazz his mother played during the week and the gospel she played on Sundays. As a child, he taught himself to read music and play the drums, bass, guitar and piano. In junior high school, in addition to playing with the school band, he played with rock, salsa, and jazz bands. He also performed regularly at local churches. Brown was a member of The Crips. He was shot at and jailed as a teenager. In a 2016 interview he said that music "kept him from becoming another statistic in a hard neighborhood." Career Brown joined 1500 or Nothin' in 2003, and prior to dropping out of high school in 2005, he began writing and playing with Bobby Valentino, whom he met through a mutual friend. At 17, he signed a publishing deal with Steve Lindsey, a publishing executive who had also signed Mike Elizondo, Kara DioGuardi, J.R. Rotem, and Mars, among others. Lindsey showed Brown and fellow songwriters Mars and Jeff Bhasker (whom Mars met through Mike Lynn) the ins and outs of writing pop music and acted as a mentor, helping them to hone their craft. Brown subsequently co-wrote tracks with Mars for his debut album, Doo-Wops & Hooligans (2010), Unorthodox Jukebox (2012), 24k Magic (2016), and Silk Sonic's An Evening with Silk Sonic. Other songs he co-wrote with Mars include "Grenade", which was nominated for six Grammy Awards in 2011, and the 24K Magic title track, "That's What I Like", which in 2017 won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year, Best R&B Song, and Best R&B Performance. 24K Magic also won Album of the Year. He and Mars additionally worked together on tracks for other artists, including Adele's "All I Ask", from 25 (2015), Snoop Dogg & Wiz Khalifa's "Young, Wild, & Free", Mark Ronson's "Feel Right" and CeeLo Green's "Fuck You". Brown was a co-writer on Silk Sonic's "Leave the Door Open", which won four 2022 Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Best R&B Song, and Best R&B Performance. Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2010 "Fuck You" (CeeLo Green) Song of the Year Nominated 2011 "Grenade" (Bruno Mars) Nominated 2012 "Young, Wild & Free" (Snoop Dogg Wiz Khalifa and Bruno Mars) Best Rap Song Nominated 2017 25 (Adele) Album of the Year Won 2018 24K Magic (Bruno Mars) Won "24K Magic" (Bruno Mars) Record of the Year Won "That's What I Like" (Bruno Mars) Song of the Year Won Best R&B Song Won 2022 "Leave the Door Open" (Silk Sonic) Song of the Year Won Best R&B Song Won Selected discography Year Album or Song Artist Credit 2021 An Evening with Silk Sonic Silk Sonic Composer, instrumentation 2020 Alicia Alicia Keys Composer 6pc Hot EP 6LACK Producer 2019 No. 6 Collaborations Project Ed Sheeran Composer 2018 Victory Lap Nipsey Hussle Producer, programmerKeyboards additional production 2017 That's What I Like Bruno Mars Composer Rainbow Kesha Producer 2016 "Versace on the Floor" Bruno Mars Composer "Open Heart" (Acoustic live) CeeLo Green Composer 24K Magic Bruno Mars Composer, vocals (background) 2015 Uptown Special Mark Ronson Bass, composer Ludaversal Ludacris Composer "Beast Mode" Ludacris Composer Lucas Graham Lukas Graham Executive producer, composer 25 Adele Composer, piano 2014 Music of Grand Theft Auto V Soundtrack Composer 2012 Unorthodox Jukebox Bruno Mars Composer Food & Liquor IIThe Great American Rap Album Pt. 1 Lupe Fiasco Composer, producer, programmer 2011 The R.E.D. Album The Game Composer, producer The Muppets Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The Muppets Composer 2010 "Fuck You" CeeLo Green Composer Doo-Wops & Hooligans Bruno Mars Composer, multi-instrumentalist instrumentation B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray B.o.B Bass, guitar 2009 Malice N Wonderland Snoop Dogg Composer References ^ Roberts, Randall (November 28, 2017). "The mysterious production team Shampoo Press & Curl earns nods for Bruno Mars' 24K Magic". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 1, 2018. ^ a b "Brody Brown \| Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved July 13, 2021. ^ a b c Recording Academy (November 23, 2020). "Grammy Award Results for Brody Brown". grammy.com. Retrieved August 2, 2021. BROWN WINS 5 NOMINATIONS 8 ^ a b "Bruno Mars". GRAMMY.com. November 23, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ a b Bacher, Danielle (February 7, 2012). "Brody Brown: From the Compton Crips to the Grammy Stage". LA Weekly. Retrieved July 10, 2021. ^ a b "GREAT OUTTA COMPTON: MULTITALENTED BRODY BROWN TURNED HIS BACK ON STREETS TO TURN OUT GREAT BEATS". All Access Music. January 5, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2021. ^ a b c "Songwriter Profile: Brody Brown (Bruno Mars, Adele, Mark Ronson)". Music Connection Magazine. March 7, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2021. ^ "1500 or Nothin' Production Collective & Roland Team for Synth-Focused Music Education Collaboration". Billboard. June 17, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ LeDonne, Rob (July 10, 2013). "Jeff Bhasker: Music's Go-To Guy". American Songwriter. Retrieved November 17, 2013. ^ Gonzalez, Shivani (April 3, 2022). "Grammys 2022 Winners: The Complete List". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2022. External links Brody Brown at IMDb vteGrammy Award for Song of the Year1950s "Nel blu, dipinto di blu (Volare)" – Domenico Modugno (songwriter) (1958) "The Battle of New Orleans" – Jimmy Driftwood (songwriter) (1959) 1960s "Theme of Exodus" – Ernest Gold (songwriter) (1960) "Moon River" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1961) "What Kind of Fool Am I?" – Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) (1962) "Days of Wine and Roses" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1963) "Hello, Dolly!" – Jerry Herman (songwriter) (1964) "The Shadow of Your Smile" – Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel (songwriters) (1965) "Michelle" – John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) (1966) "Up, Up, and Away" – Jimmy Webb (songwriter) (1967) "Little Green Apples" – Bobby Russell (songwriter) (1968) "Games People Play" – Joe South (songwriter) (1969) 1970s "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Paul Simon (songwriter) (1970) "You've Got a Friend" – Carole King (songwriter) (1971) "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Ewan MacColl (songwriter) (1972) "Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox (songwriters) (1973) "The Way We Were" – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (songwriters) (1974) "Send In the Clowns" – Stephen Sondheim (songwriter) (1975) "I Write the Songs" – Bruce Johnston (songwriter) (1976) "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams (songwriters) / "You Light Up My Life" – Joe Brooks (songwriter) (1977) "Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (songwriter) (1978) "What a Fool Believes" – Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald (songwriters) (1979) 1980s "Sailing" – Christopher Cross (songwriter) (1980) "Bette Davis Eyes" – Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) (1981) "Always on My Mind" – Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson (songwriters) (1982) "Every Breath You Take" – Sting (songwriter) (1983) "What's Love Got to Do with It" – Graham Lyle & Terry Britten (songwriters) (1984) "We Are the World" – Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie (songwriters) (1985) "That's What Friends Are For" – Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager (songwriters) (1986) "Somewhere Out There" – James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil (songwriters) (1987) "Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (songwriter) (1988) "Wind Beneath My Wings" – Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar (songwriters) (1989) 1990s "From a Distance" – Julie Gold (songwriter) (1990) "Unforgettable" – Irving Gordon (songwriter) (1991) "Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1992) "A Whole New World" – Alan Menken & Tim Rice (songwriters) (1993) "Streets of Philadelphia" – Bruce Springsteen (songwriter) (1994) "Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (songwriter) (1995) "Change the World" – Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims (songwriters) (1996) "Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal (songwriters) (1997) "My Heart Will Go On" – James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1998) "Smooth" – Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas (songwriters) (1999) 2000s "Beautiful Day" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2000) "Fallin'" – Alicia Keys (songwriter) (2001) "Don't Know Why" – Jesse Harris (songwriter) (2002) "Dance with My Father" – Richard Marx & Luther Vandross (songwriters) (2003) "Daughters" – John Mayer (songwriter) (2004) "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2005) "Not Ready to Make Nice" – Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson (songwriters) (2006) "Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (songwriter) (2007) "Viva la Vida" – Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin (songwriters) (2008) "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart (songwriters) (2009) 2010s "Need You Now" – Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott (songwriters) (2010) "Rolling in the Deep" – Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth (songwriters) (2011) "We Are Young" – Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess (songwriters) (2012) "Royals" – Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor (songwriters) (2013) "Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (songwriters) (2014) "Thinking Out Loud" – Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge (songwriters) (2015) "Hello" – Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin (songwriters) (2016) "That's What I Like" – Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip (songwriters) (2017) "This Is America" – Donald Glover, Ludwig Göransson & Jeffery Lamar Williams (songwriters) (2018) "Bad Guy" – Billie Eilish O'Connell & Finneas O'Connell (songwriters) (2019) 2020s "I Can't Breathe" – Dernst Emile II, H.E.R. & Tiara Thomas (songwriters) (2020) "Leave the Door Open" – Brandon Anderson, Christopher Brody Brown, Dernst Emile II & Bruno Mars (songwriters) (2021) "Just Like That" – Bonnie Raitt (songwriter) (2022) "What Was I Made For?" – Billie Eilish O'Connell & Finneas O'Connell (songwriters) (2023)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruno Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Mars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1500 or Nothin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_or_Nothin%27"},{"link_name":"James Fauntleroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fauntleroy"},{"link_name":"Nipsey Hussle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipsey_Hussle"},{"link_name":"CeeLo Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeeLo_Green"},{"link_name":"Kesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesha"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"Lukas Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Graham"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Wiz Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"Mark Ronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ronson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-All_Music-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammy-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammy_2_wBM-4"}],"text":"American songwriter and producerMusical artistChristopher Steven \"Brody\" Brown is an American songwriter and record producer. Best known for his association with singer Bruno Mars, they met in 2008 and formed the production team Shampoo Press & Curl in 2015.[1] In addition, Brown is also part of the production group 1500 or Nothin' alongside fellow Californians James Fauntleroy, Lamar Edwards and Larrance Dopson. Brown has written or produced for artists including Nipsey Hussle, CeeLo Green, Kesha, Adele, Lukas Graham, Ed Sheeran, Snoop Dogg, Wiz Khalifa, and Mark Ronson.[2][3][4]","title":"Brody Brown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Danielle-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-All_Access-6"},{"link_name":"The Crips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crips"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-7"}],"text":"Brown was born in Compton, California. Growing up, he listened to the jazz his mother played during the week and the gospel she played on Sundays. As a child, he taught himself to read music and play the drums, bass, guitar and piano. In junior high school, in addition to playing with the school band, he played with rock, salsa, and jazz bands. He also performed regularly at local churches.[5][6]Brown was a member of The Crips. He was shot at and jailed as a teenager. In a 2016 interview he said that music \"kept him from becoming another statistic in a hard neighborhood.\"[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Valentino_(American_singer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Danielle-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-All_Access-6"},{"link_name":"Steve Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Mike Elizondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Elizondo"},{"link_name":"Kara DioGuardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_DioGuardi"},{"link_name":"J.R. Rotem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R._Rotem"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-7"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bhasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bhasker"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASRBJB-9"},{"link_name":"Silk Sonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Sonic"},{"link_name":"An Evening with Silk Sonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_with_Silk_Sonic"},{"link_name":"All I Ask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Ask"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_(Adele_album)"},{"link_name":"Young, Wild, & Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young,_Wild,_%26_Free"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-All_Music-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammy-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammy_2_wBM-4"},{"link_name":"Leave the Door Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_the_Door_Open"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Brown joined 1500 or Nothin' in 2003, and prior to dropping out of high school in 2005, he began writing and playing with Bobby Valentino, whom he met through a mutual friend.[5][8][6] At 17, he signed a publishing deal with Steve Lindsey, a publishing executive who had also signed Mike Elizondo, Kara DioGuardi, J.R. Rotem, and Mars, among others.[7] Lindsey showed Brown and fellow songwriters Mars and Jeff Bhasker (whom Mars met through Mike Lynn) the ins and outs of writing pop music and acted as a mentor, helping them to hone their craft.[7][9]Brown subsequently co-wrote tracks with Mars for his debut album, Doo-Wops & Hooligans (2010), Unorthodox Jukebox (2012), 24k Magic (2016), and Silk Sonic's An Evening with Silk Sonic. Other songs he co-wrote with Mars include \"Grenade\", which was nominated for six Grammy Awards in 2011, and the 24K Magic title track, \"That's What I Like\", which in 2017 won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year, Best R&B Song, and Best R&B Performance. 24K Magic also won Album of the Year. He and Mars additionally worked together on tracks for other artists, including Adele's \"All I Ask\", from 25 (2015), Snoop Dogg & Wiz Khalifa's \"Young, Wild, & Free\", Mark Ronson's \"Feel Right\" and CeeLo Green's \"Fuck You\".[2][3][4]Brown was a co-writer on Silk Sonic's \"Leave the Door Open\", which won four 2022 Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Best R&B Song, and Best R&B Performance. [10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grammy Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Roberts, Randall (November 28, 2017). \"The mysterious production team Shampoo Press & Curl earns nods for Bruno Mars' 24K Magic\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-grammys-2018-nominations-live-the-mysterious-production-team-shampoo-1511887380-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"The mysterious production team Shampoo Press & Curl earns nods for Bruno Mars' 24K Magic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brody Brown \| Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/brody-brown-mn0002451887/credits","url_text":"\"Brody Brown \| Credits\""}]},{"reference":"Recording Academy (November 23, 2020). \"Grammy Award Results for Brody Brown\". grammy.com. Retrieved August 2, 2021. BROWN WINS 5 NOMINATIONS 8","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/brody-brown/4158","url_text":"\"Grammy Award Results for Brody Brown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bruno Mars\". GRAMMY.com. November 23, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/bruno-mars/5082","url_text":"\"Bruno Mars\""}]},{"reference":"Bacher, Danielle (February 7, 2012). \"Brody Brown: From the Compton Crips to the Grammy Stage\". LA Weekly. Retrieved July 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laweekly.com/brody-brown-from-the-compton-crips-to-the-grammy-stage/","url_text":"\"Brody Brown: From the Compton Crips to the Grammy Stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"GREAT OUTTA COMPTON: MULTITALENTED BRODY BROWN TURNED HIS BACK ON STREETS TO TURN OUT GREAT BEATS\". All Access Music. January 5, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.allaccess.com/brody-brown-turned-back-on-streets-to-turn-out-great-beats/","url_text":"\"GREAT OUTTA COMPTON: MULTITALENTED BRODY BROWN TURNED HIS BACK ON STREETS TO TURN OUT GREAT BEATS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Songwriter Profile: Brody Brown (Bruno Mars, Adele, Mark Ronson)\". Music Connection Magazine. March 7, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicconnection.com/songwriter-profile-brody-brown-bruno-mars-adele-mark-ronson/","url_text":"\"Songwriter Profile: Brody Brown (Bruno Mars, Adele, Mark Ronson)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Connection_Magazine","url_text":"Music Connection Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"1500 or Nothin' Production Collective & Roland Team for Synth-Focused Music Education Collaboration\". Billboard. June 17, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8516433/1500-or-nothin-roland-synth-music-education-sound-academy/","url_text":"\"1500 or Nothin' Production Collective & Roland Team for Synth-Focused Music Education Collaboration\""}]},{"reference":"LeDonne, Rob (July 10, 2013). \"Jeff Bhasker: Music's Go-To Guy\". American Songwriter. Retrieved November 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americansongwriter.com/2013/07/songwriter-u-jeff-bhasker-musics-go-to-guy/","url_text":"\"Jeff Bhasker: Music's Go-To Guy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Songwriter","url_text":"American Songwriter"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Shivani (April 3, 2022). \"Grammys 2022 Winners: The Complete List\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/03/arts/music/grammys-winners.html","url_text":"\"Grammys 2022 Winners: The Complete List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-grammys-2018-nominations-live-the-mysterious-production-team-shampoo-1511887380-htmlstory.html","external_links_name":"\"The mysterious production team Shampoo Press & Curl earns nods for Bruno Mars' 24K Magic\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/brody-brown-mn0002451887/credits","external_links_name":"\"Brody Brown \| Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/brody-brown/4158","external_links_name":"\"Grammy Award Results for Brody Brown\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/bruno-mars/5082","external_links_name":"\"Bruno Mars\""},{"Link":"https://www.laweekly.com/brody-brown-from-the-compton-crips-to-the-grammy-stage/","external_links_name":"\"Brody Brown: From the Compton Crips to the Grammy Stage\""},{"Link":"https://music.allaccess.com/brody-brown-turned-back-on-streets-to-turn-out-great-beats/","external_links_name":"\"GREAT OUTTA COMPTON: MULTITALENTED BRODY BROWN TURNED HIS BACK ON STREETS TO TURN OUT GREAT BEATS\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicconnection.com/songwriter-profile-brody-brown-bruno-mars-adele-mark-ronson/","external_links_name":"\"Songwriter Profile: Brody Brown (Bruno Mars, Adele, Mark Ronson)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8516433/1500-or-nothin-roland-synth-music-education-sound-academy/","external_links_name":"\"1500 or Nothin' Production Collective & Roland Team for Synth-Focused Music Education Collaboration\""},{"Link":"http://www.americansongwriter.com/2013/07/songwriter-u-jeff-bhasker-musics-go-to-guy/","external_links_name":"\"Jeff Bhasker: Music's Go-To Guy\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/03/arts/music/grammys-winners.html","external_links_name":"\"Grammys 2022 Winners: The Complete List\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3349024/","external_links_name":"Brody Brown"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_flag	Federalist flag	["1 History","2 Design","3 Symbolism","4 See also","5 References"]	Flag commonly used by groups or individuals promoting European federalism European MovementAdopted1948DesignGreen 'E' letter on a white field The federalist flag, also known as the Flag of the European Movement, is a flag commonly used by groups or individuals promoting European federalism, consisting of a large green "E" upon a white field. It was designed as the flag of the European Movement, but is no longer used by it. History Federalist flag displayed at the 1948 Congress of Europe in the Hall of Knights in The Hague The flag first appeared at the Congress of Europe in 1948, which was organised by the International Committee of the Movements for European Unity; however, the colour of the E was red. The congress demonstrated the first divisions between unionists and federalists (those wanting a loose union and those wanting a United States of Europe). The congress led to the creation of the European Movement and, at its first meeting in Strasbourg in September of the same year, adopted the "E" flag but changed the colour red to green. It intended the flag to be a symbol of hope for peace and unity in Europe. It is unknown who authored the flag, though it is speculated that the man most likely to have proposed it was Duncan Sandys, British Conservative and the son-in-law of Winston Churchill, who was responsible for developing the British European Movement. The flag was first flown in London in 1949 at the European economic congress. The Council of Europe was established in 1949 as a European forum, with a stated purpose of protecting democracy and human rights. It began its search for a European flag the following year; however, the Council chose not to adopt the green "E" flag, or any other previously used flags. In 1955 it adopted a circle of twelve yellow stars upon a blue background. The European Communities, later the European Union, also chose not to use the European Movement's flag, adopting the Council of Europe's flag in 1986 on the initiative of the European Parliament. As it was not adopted by any European governmental body, and with the Council and European Union's flag being more widely recognised, the European Movement's green "E" began to be confined to the more committed federalist supporters and organisations, such as the Union of European Federalists and the Young European Federalists (though the European Movement now uses a logo based on the twelve star flag). Design The flag is dominated by a green, elongated and rigid letter "E" upon a white background. Geometrically, the flag can be divided three ways across and five ways down, all of equal size; the "E" fills the top and bottom fifth, the left most third and one third in the third fifth from the top. The E hence fills two thirds of the area of the elongated flag. Symbolism Today, the flag no longer simply stands for European unity, but for the political struggle for a European federation. The flag has been commonly used by citizens, hoisting it at border crossings following the Second World War, in the 1970s calling for direct European elections, by over 100,000 protesters in Milan calling for the adoption of the Spinelli Treaty (which would have created a European federation but was not adopted) and likewise by tens of thousands supporting the European Constitution at the 2000 Nice European Council. This has given it a character, unlike the European Union flag, of signifying struggle, in the fight against nationalism and against unionists who agree with European unity but are not willing to accept a federation which the federalists describe as "the self-evident consequences". Indicating, there is a desire among federalists not to let the flag fall into disuse. It is not something that is in competition with the European Union's flag, which the federalists see as representing the status quo. Rather they desire the federalist flag to be used as a partisan flag by the federalists who desire "a democratic and efficient Europe, a Europe capable of acting in the world and adquately coping with the challenges of the 21st century, a Europe capable of defending and promoting beyond its frontiers the values of peace, humanism and progress, which constitute the common heritage of all European citizens." Furthermore, in its ideals of peace, progress, anti-nationalism and ending the division of mankind, it is also seen by some as transcending Europe's borders as a universal symbol of these values. See also Flag of Europe (Council of Europe and European Union) Flag of the Western Union Flag of the Western European Union Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community European Movement Union of European Federalists (UEF) History of the European Union References ^ a b c d Soldini, David (28 August 2008) The Federalist Flag, the Battle-Flag for Europe, The New Federalist ^ Former Flag of the European Movement, Flags of the World ^ Soldini, David (28 August 2008). "The Federalist Flag, the Battle-Flag for Europe". The New Federalist. Retrieved 2 February 2022.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European federalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Europe"},{"link_name":"European Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement"}],"text":"The federalist flag, also known as the Flag of the European Movement, is a flag commonly used by groups or individuals promoting European federalism, consisting of a large green \"E\" upon a white field. It was designed as the flag of the European Movement, but is no longer used by it.","title":"Federalist flag"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht,_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg"},{"link_name":"Congress of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Hall of Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridderzaal"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Congress of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1948)"},{"link_name":"United States of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation"},{"link_name":"European Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Europaea"},{"link_name":"unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Duncan Sandys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Sandys"},{"link_name":"British Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soldini-1"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOTW-2"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"circle of twelve yellow stars upon a blue background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"European Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Union of European Federalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists"},{"link_name":"Young European Federalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeunes_Europ%C3%A9ens_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ralistes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soldini-1"}],"text":"Federalist flag displayed at the 1948 Congress of Europe in the Hall of Knights in The HagueThe flag first appeared at the Congress of Europe in 1948, which was organised by the International Committee of the Movements for European Unity; however, the colour of the E was red. The congress demonstrated the first divisions between unionists and federalists (those wanting a loose union and those wanting a United States of Europe). The congress led to the creation of the European Movement and, at its first meeting in Strasbourg in September of the same year, adopted the \"E\" flag but changed the colour red to green. It intended the flag to be a symbol of hope for peace and unity in Europe. It is unknown who authored the flag, though it is speculated that the man most likely to have proposed it was Duncan Sandys, British Conservative and the son-in-law of Winston Churchill, who was responsible for developing the British European Movement.[1] The flag was first flown in London in 1949 at the European economic congress.[2]The Council of Europe was established in 1949 as a European forum, with a stated purpose of protecting democracy and human rights. It began its search for a European flag the following year; however, the Council chose not to adopt the green \"E\" flag, or any other previously used flags. In 1955 it adopted a circle of twelve yellow stars upon a blue background. The European Communities, later the European Union, also chose not to use the European Movement's flag, adopting the Council of Europe's flag in 1986 on the initiative of the European Parliament. As it was not adopted by any European governmental body, and with the Council and European Union's flag being more widely recognised, the European Movement's green \"E\" began to be confined to the more committed federalist supporters and organisations, such as the Union of European Federalists and the Young European Federalists (though the European Movement now uses a logo based on the twelve star flag).[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E"}],"text":"The flag is dominated by a green, elongated and rigid letter \"E\" upon a white background. Geometrically, the flag can be divided three ways across and five ways down, all of equal size; the \"E\" fills the top and bottom fifth, the left most third and one third in the third fifth from the top. The E hence fills two thirds of the area of the elongated flag.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"border crossings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_crossing"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"direct European elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Spinelli Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_Club"},{"link_name":"European Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council"},{"link_name":"nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soldini-1"},{"link_name":"partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(political)"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"anti-nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nationalism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soldini-1"}],"text":"Today, the flag no longer simply stands for European unity, but for the political struggle for a European federation. The flag has been commonly used by citizens, hoisting it at border crossings following the Second World War, in the 1970s calling for direct European elections, by over 100,000 protesters in Milan calling for the adoption of the Spinelli Treaty (which would have created a European federation but was not adopted) and likewise by tens of thousands supporting the European Constitution at the 2000 Nice European Council. This has given it a character, unlike the European Union flag, of signifying struggle, in the fight against nationalism and against unionists who agree with European unity but are not willing to accept a federation which the federalists describe as \"the self-evident consequences\".[1]Indicating, there is a desire among federalists not to let the flag fall into disuse. It is not something that is in competition with the European Union's flag, which the federalists see as representing the status quo. Rather they desire the federalist flag to be used as a partisan flag by the federalists who desire \"a democratic and efficient Europe, a Europe capable of acting in the world and adquately [sic] coping with the challenges of the 21st century, a Europe capable of defending and promoting beyond its frontiers the values of peace, humanism and progress, which constitute the common heritage of all European citizens.\"[3] Furthermore, in its ideals of peace, progress, anti-nationalism and ending the division of mankind, it is also seen by some as transcending Europe's borders as a universal symbol of these values.[1]","title":"Symbolism"}]	[{"image_text":"Federalist flag displayed at the 1948 Congress of Europe in the Hall of Knights in The Hague","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg/220px-Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Flag of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe"},{"title":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"title":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"title":"Flag of the Western Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_Union"},{"title":"Flag of the Western European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union"},{"title":"Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"},{"title":"European Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement"},{"title":"Union of European Federalists (UEF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists_(UEF)"},{"title":"History of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union"}]	[{"reference":"Soldini, David (28 August 2008). \"The Federalist Flag, the Battle-Flag for Europe\". The New Federalist. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/The-Federalist-Flag-the-Battle-Flag-for-Europe?lang=en","url_text":"\"The Federalist Flag, the Battle-Flag for Europe\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.taurillon.org/The-Federalist-Flag-the-Battle-Flag-for-Europe","external_links_name":"The Federalist Flag, the Battle-Flag for Europe"},{"Link":"https://www.fotw.info/flags/eu%7Dmov.html#for","external_links_name":"Former Flag of the European Movement"},{"Link":"https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/The-Federalist-Flag-the-Battle-Flag-for-Europe?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"The Federalist Flag, the Battle-Flag for Europe\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sumter_Jr.	Thomas Sumter	["1 Early life","1.1 Timberlake Expedition","1.2 Imprisonment for debt","1.3 Family life and business","2 American Revolutionary War","3 Political career","4 Family","5 Death","6 Namesakes","7 Legacy","8 References"]	American military officer, planter and politician (1734–1832) This article is about the 18th-century general. For his grandson, see Thomas De Lage Sumter. Thomas SumterPortrait by Rembrandt Peale (c. 1795)United States Senatorfrom South CarolinaIn officeDecember 15, 1801 – December 16, 1810Preceded byCharles PinckneySucceeded byJohn TaylorMember of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1797 – December 15, 1801Preceded byRichard WinnSucceeded byRichard WinnIn officeMarch 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byRichard Winn Personal detailsBorn(1734-08-14)August 14, 1734Hanover County, Virginia ColonyDiedJune 1, 1832(1832-06-01) (aged 97)Near Stateburg, South CarolinaResting placeThomas Sumter Memorial Park, Sumter County, South CarolinaPolitical partyDemocratic-Republican PartyMilitary serviceAllegiance Great Britain United StatesBranch/serviceVirginia militia Continental ArmyYears of serviceVirginia militia (1755) Continental Army (1776–1781)Rank Brigadier GeneralCommands2nd South Carolina RegimentBattles/wars Timberlake Expedition American Revolutionary War Battle of Rocky Mount Battle of Hanging Rock Battle of Fishing Creek Battle of Fishdam Ford Battle of Blackstock's Farm Thomas Sumter (August 14, 1734 – June 1, 1832) was an American military officer, planter, and politician who served in the Continental Army as a brigadier-general during the Revolutionary War. After the war, Sumter was elected to the House of Representatives and to the Senate, where he served from 1801 to 1810, when he retired. Sumter was nicknamed the "Fighting Gamecock" for his military tactics during the Revolutionary War. Early life Thomas Sumter was born in Hanover County in the Colony of Virginia. His father, William Sumpter, was a miller and former indentured servant, while his mother, Elizabeth, was a midwife. His father was born in England, and Sumter was of English and Welsh descent. Most of Thomas Sumter's early years were spent tending livestock and helping his father at the mill, not in school. Given just a rudimentary education on the frontier, the young Sumter served in the Virginia militia, where he was present for Edward Braddock's defeat. Timberlake Expedition Main article: Timberlake Expedition Plaque at the South Carolina statehouse At the end of the Anglo-Cherokee War, in 1761, Sumter was invited to join what was to become known as the "Timberlake Expedition", organized by Colonel Adam Stephen and led by Henry Timberlake, who had volunteered for the assignment.: 38–39 The purpose of the expedition was to visit the Overhill Cherokee towns and renew alliances with the Cherokee following the war. The small expeditionary party consisted of Sumter (who was partially financing the venture with borrowed money), Timberlake, an interpreter named John McCormack, and a servant.: 38 According to Timberlake's journal, at one point early in the nearly year and a half long journey, Sumter swam nearly a half-mile in the icy waters to retrieve their canoe, which had drifted away while they were exploring a cave.: 41–48 The party arrived in the Overhill town of Tomotley on December 20, where they were greeted by the town's head man, Ostenaco (or "Mankiller"): 57–58 and soon found themselves participants in a peace pipe ceremony. In the following weeks, Sumter and the group attended peace ceremonies in several Overhill towns, such as Chota, Citico, and Chilhowee.: 63–65 The party returned to Williamsburg, Virginia, accompanied by several Beloved Men of the Cherokee, arriving on the James River in early April 1762.: 118–129 While in Williamsburg, Ostenaco professed a desire to meet the king of England,: 130–133 and in May 1762, Sumter traveled to England with Timberlake and three distinguished Cherokee leaders, including Ostenaco. Arriving in London in early June, the Indians were an immediate attraction, drawing crowds all over the city.: 130–136 The three Cherokee then accompanied Sumter back to America, landing in South Carolina on or about August 25, 1762.: 143–147 Imprisonment for debt Sumter became stranded in South Carolina due to financial difficulties. He petitioned the Virginia Colony for reimbursement of his travel expenses, but was denied. Subsequently, Sumter was imprisoned for debt in Virginia. When his friend and fellow soldier, Joseph Martin, arrived in Staunton, Martin asked to spend the night with Sumter in jail. Martin gave Sumter ten guineas and a tomahawk. Sumter used the money to buy his way out of jail in 1766.: xxvii When Martin and Sumter were reunited some thirty years later, Sumter repaid the money. Family life and business Sumter settled in Stateburg, South Carolina, in the Claremont District (later the Sumter District) in the High Hills of Santee. He married Mary Jameson in 1767. Together, they opened several small businesses and eventually became members of the planter class, acquiring ownership over slave plantations. American Revolutionary War Sumter raised a local militia group in Stateburg. In February 1776, Sumter was elected lieutenant colonel of the Second Regiment of the South Carolina Line of which he was later appointed colonel. in 1780 he was appointed brigadier general, a post he held until the end of the war. He participated in several battles in the early months of the war, including the campaign to prevent an invasion of Georgia. Perhaps his greatest military achievement was his partisan campaigning, which contributed to Lord Cornwallis' decision to abandon the Carolinas for Virginia. Statue of Thomas Sumter on the courthouse lawn in Sumter, South Carolina During fighting in August 1780, he defeated a combined force of Loyalists and British Army regulars at Hanging Rock, and intercepted and defeated an enemy convoy. Later, however, his regiment was almost annihilated by forces led by Banastre Tarleton. He recruited a new force, defeated Major James Wemyss in November, and repulsed an attack by Tarleton, in which he was wounded. Sumter was carried into the Blackstock house, where his surgeon, Dr. Nathaniel Abney, probed for and extracted the ball from under his left shoulder. In 1781, in response to a low number of recruits, Sumter publicly implemented a bounty for Continental Army recruiters, which stipulated that anyone who managed to recruit a certain number of volunteers for the South Carolina Line would receive Loyalist-owned slaves as a reward. Sumter acquired the nickname "Carolina Gamecock" during the American Revolution, for his fierce fighting tactics. After the Battle of Blackstock's Farm, British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton commented that Sumter "fought like a gamecock", and Cornwallis described the Gamecock as his "greatest plague". Political career After the Revolutionary War, Sumter was elected to the United States House of Representatives, serving from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1793, and from March 4, 1797, to December 15, 1801. He later served in the United States Senate, having been selected by the legislature to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Charles Pinckney. Sumter resigned from his seat in the Senate on December 16, 1810. Family Thomas' son, Thomas Sumter Jr., served in Rio de Janeiro from 1810 to 1819 as the United States Ambassador to the Portuguese Court during its exile to Brazil. Thomas Jr.'s wife, Natalie De Lage Sumter (née Nathalie de Lage de Volude), was a daughter of French nobility, sent by her parents to America for her safety during the French Revolution. She was raised in New York City from 1794 to 1801 by Vice President Aaron Burr as his ward, alongside his own daughter Theodosia. His grandson, Colonel Thomas De Lage Sumter, served in the U.S. Army during the Second Seminole War, and later represented South Carolina in the United States House of Representatives. Sumter's older brother, William Sumter, was a captain in the Revolutionary War. Death Sumter died on June 1, 1832, at his slave plantation "South Mount", which was located near Stateburg, South Carolina, at the age of 97. Sumter was the last surviving American general of the Revolutionary War. He is buried at the Thomas Sumter Memorial Park in Sumter County, South Carolina. Namesakes Gravesite of Thomas Sumter The city of Sumter, South Carolina, originally incorporated as Sumterville in 1845, was named for Thomas Sumter. The city has erected a memorial to him, and has been dubbed "The Gamecock City" after his nickname. Prior to being renamed Sumter County in 1868, Sumter District was commonly referred to as the "Old Gamecock District". The use of this nickname continued after the name change, with the county thereafter being called the "Old Gamecock County". Counties in four states are named for Sumter. These are South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia The unincorporated community of Sumterville, Florida is the former seat of Sumter County, Florida. Both are named for Thomas Sumter. Sumter shares a monument, erected in 1913, on the state capitol grounds in Columbia with two other Revolutionary War generals: Francis Marion and Andrew Pickens Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, a fort planned after the War of 1812, was named in his honor. The fort is best known as the site upon which the shots initiating the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter. Sumter's nickname, "Fighting Gamecock", has become one of several traditional nicknames for a native of South Carolina. For example, the University of South Carolina's official nickname is the "Gamecocks". Since 1903, the college's teams have been simply known as the "South Carolina Gamecocks". The costumed mascot of the University is referred to as Cocky, short for "Gamecock". Other schools within South Carolina have been named after Sumter or utilize a Gamecock as their mascot. The mascot of Sumter High School is a "Gamecock" and the school's sports teams refer to themselves as the "Sumter High Gamecocks" in honor of Sumter. Thomas Sumter Academy, a private school within Sumter County, was founded in 1964. Their mascot is known as "the General" but does not visually resemble Thomas Sumter and is typically depicted as wearing a Civil War era uniform. Legacy Thomas Sumter and his actions served as one of the models for the fictional character of Benjamin Martin in The Patriot, a motion picture released in 2000. References ^ a b c d e United States Congress. "Thomas Sumter (id: S001073)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Selected Readings in American Military History. Infantry School. 1953. p. 70. Retrieved October 4, 2022 – via Google Books. ^ Lockhart, Matthew A. (2016). "Sumter, Thomas". South Carolina Encyclopedia. University of South Carolina. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sumter, Thomas" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ^ a b c d e f g h i Timberlake, Henry (1948). Williams, Samuel (ed.). Memoirs, 1756–1765. Marietta, Georgia: Continental Book Co. ^ Bass, Robert (1961). Gamecock: The Life and Campaigns of General Thomas Sumter. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 9. ^ St James Chronicle, July 3, 1762. ^ Timberlake, Henry. King, Duane (ed.). The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake: The Story of a Soldier, Adventurer, and Emissary to the Cherokees, 1756–1765. UNC Press. ^ Rees, John U. (2019). 'They Were Good Soldiers': African-Americans Serving in the Continental Army, 1775-1783. Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-9116-2854-5. ^ Buchanan, John. The Road to Guilford Courthouse. p. 393. ^ Tisdale, Thomas (2001). A Lady of the High Hills: Natalie Delage Sumter. Univ. of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-415-2. ^ Schachner, Nathan (1961) . Aaron Burr: A Biography. A. S. Barnes. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. ^ Burr, Aaron (1837). Davis, Matthew Livingston (ed.). Memoirs of Aaron Burr: With Miscellaneous Selections from His Correspondence. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 387 n.1. ^ Gilbert, Oscar E. and Catherine R.; True for the Cause of Liberty: The Second Spartan Regiment in the American Revolution; p. 194; ISBN 978-1-61200-328-3 ^ "General Thomas Sumter and Brother William Sumter". The Watchman and Southron. August 21, 1907. p. 2. Retrieved December 20, 2020. ^ "The North Carolina Patriots – Capt. William Sumter". www.carolana.com. Retrieved December 20, 2020. ^ Sumter, Joel (August 1, 1874). "Thomas Sumter Papers, Draper Manuscripts, Statement from Joel Sumter to Lyman Draper". Draper Manuscripts. 8VV344-349 : 344–349 – via Wisconsin Historical Society. ^ Kent, A.A. (April 27, 1897). "General Thomas Sumter, A Brother and Other Members of the Family that Lived in Caldwell Co, NC". Newspapers.com. The Lenoir Topic, Lenoir, North Carolina. p. 1. Retrieved January 20, 2023. ^ "Thomas Sumter (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "History & Heritage". City of Sumter, SC. August 4, 2018. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "Calhoun Monument Association". The Sumter Banner. Newspapers.com. March 8, 1854. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "The Atlanta Fair". The Watchman and Southron. Newspapers.com. August 23, 1881. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 215. ISBN 0-915430-00-2. ^ a b "History". Thomas Sumter Academy. Retrieved December 21, 2022. Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article about "Thomas Sumter". U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byDistrict created Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th congressional district March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793 Succeeded byRichard Winn Preceded byRichard Winn Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th congressional district March 4, 1797 – December 15, 1801 Succeeded byRichard Winn U.S. Senate Preceded byCharles Pinckney U.S. senator (Class 2) from South Carolina 1801–1810 Served alongside: John C. Colhoun, Pierce Butler, John Gaillard Succeeded byJohn Taylor Honorary titles Preceded byWilliam Johnson Oldest living U.S. senator November 14, 1819 – June 1, 1832 Succeeded byCharles Carroll vteUnited States senators from South CarolinaClass 2 P. Butler Hunter Pinckney Sumter Taylor W. Smith R. Hayne Calhoun Huger Calhoun Elmore Barnwell Rhett De Saussure Evans A. Hayne Chesnut Robertson M. Butler Tillman Benet Pollock Dial Blease Byrnes Lumpkin Peace Maybank Daniel Thurmond Wofford Thurmond Graham Class 3 Izard Read Colhoun P. Butler Gaillard Harper W. Smith Miller Preston McDuffie A. Butler Hammond Sawyer Patterson Hampton Irby Earle McLaurin Latimer Gary E. Smith Hall Johnston Russell Hollings DeMint Scott Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States People US Congress Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas De Lage Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Lage_Sumter"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"brigadier-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"}],"text":"This article is about the 18th-century general. For his grandson, see Thomas De Lage Sumter.Thomas Sumter (August 14, 1734 – June 1, 1832) was an American military officer, planter, and politician who served in the Continental Army as a brigadier-general during the Revolutionary War. After the war, Sumter was elected to the House of Representatives and to the Senate, where he served from 1801 to 1810, when he retired. Sumter was nicknamed the \"Fighting Gamecock\" for his military tactics during the Revolutionary War.","title":"Thomas Sumter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanover County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCE-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"Edward Braddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Braddock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"}],"text":"Thomas Sumter was born in Hanover County in the Colony of Virginia.[1] His father, William Sumpter, was a miller and former indentured servant, while his mother, Elizabeth, was a midwife. His father was born in England, and Sumter was of English and Welsh descent.[2] Most of Thomas Sumter's early years were spent tending livestock and helping his father at the mill, not in school.[3] Given just a rudimentary education on the frontier, the young Sumter served in the Virginia militia,[1] where he was present for Edward Braddock's defeat.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Sumter_(commemorative_plaque_at_the_South_Carolina_statehouse).jpg"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Cherokee War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War"},{"link_name":"Adam Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Henry Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Timberlake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timberlake1948-5"},{"link_name":"Overhill Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhill_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bass-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timberlake1948-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timberlake1948-5"},{"link_name":"Tomotley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomotley"},{"link_name":"Ostenaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostenaco"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timberlake1948-5"},{"link_name":"peace pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe"},{"link_name":"Chota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_(Cherokee_town)"},{"link_name":"Citico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citico_(Cherokee_town)"},{"link_name":"Chilhowee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilhowee_(Cherokee_town)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timberlake1948-5"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Beloved Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timberlake1948-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timberlake1948-5"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StJames-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timberlake1948-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timberlake1948-5"}],"sub_title":"Timberlake Expedition","text":"Plaque at the South Carolina statehouseAt the end of the Anglo-Cherokee War, in 1761, Sumter was invited to join what was to become known as the \"Timberlake Expedition\", organized by Colonel Adam Stephen and led by Henry Timberlake, who had volunteered for the assignment.[5]: 38–39 The purpose of the expedition was to visit the Overhill Cherokee towns and renew alliances with the Cherokee following the war.[6] The small expeditionary party consisted of Sumter (who was partially financing the venture with borrowed money), Timberlake, an interpreter named John McCormack, and a servant.[5]: 38According to Timberlake's journal, at one point early in the nearly year and a half long journey, Sumter swam nearly a half-mile in the icy waters to retrieve their canoe, which had drifted away while they were exploring a cave.[5]: 41–48 The party arrived in the Overhill town of Tomotley on December 20, where they were greeted by the town's head man, Ostenaco (or \"Mankiller\")[5]: 57–58 and soon found themselves participants in a peace pipe ceremony. In the following weeks, Sumter and the group attended peace ceremonies in several Overhill towns, such as Chota, Citico, and Chilhowee.[5]: 63–65The party returned to Williamsburg, Virginia, accompanied by several Beloved Men of the Cherokee, arriving on the James River in early April 1762.[5]: 118–129While in Williamsburg, Ostenaco professed a desire to meet the king of England,[5]: 130–133 and in May 1762, Sumter traveled to England with Timberlake and three distinguished Cherokee leaders, including Ostenaco. Arriving in London in early June, the Indians were an immediate attraction, drawing crowds all over the city.[7][5]: 130–136 The three Cherokee then accompanied Sumter back to America, landing in South Carolina on or about August 25, 1762.[5]: 143–147","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Martin_(general)"},{"link_name":"Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(coin)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimberlakeKing-8"}],"sub_title":"Imprisonment for debt","text":"Sumter became stranded in South Carolina due to financial difficulties. He petitioned the Virginia Colony for reimbursement of his travel expenses, but was denied. Subsequently, Sumter was imprisoned for debt in Virginia. When his friend and fellow soldier, Joseph Martin, arrived in Staunton, Martin asked to spend the night with Sumter in jail. Martin gave Sumter ten guineas and a tomahawk. Sumter used the money to buy his way out of jail in 1766.[8]: xxvii When Martin and Sumter were reunited some thirty years later, Sumter repaid the money.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stateburg, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"High Hills of Santee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Hills_of_Santee"},{"link_name":"planter class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_class"},{"link_name":"slave plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_plantation"}],"sub_title":"Family life and business","text":"Sumter settled in Stateburg, South Carolina, in the Claremont District (later the Sumter District) in the High Hills of Santee. He married Mary Jameson in 1767. Together, they opened several small businesses and eventually became members of the planter class, acquiring ownership over slave plantations.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"Second Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_South_Carolina_Regiment"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"invasion of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Lord Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"Carolinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_sumter_1352.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Hanging Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Banastre Tarleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Line"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Battle of Blackstock's Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blackstock%27s_Farm"},{"link_name":"Banastre Tarleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchanan-10"}],"text":"Sumter raised a local militia group in Stateburg. In February 1776, Sumter was elected lieutenant colonel of the Second Regiment of the South Carolina Line of which he was later appointed colonel. in 1780 he was appointed brigadier general, a post he held until the end of the war.[4] He participated in several battles in the early months of the war, including the campaign to prevent an invasion of Georgia. Perhaps his greatest military achievement was his partisan campaigning, which contributed to Lord Cornwallis' decision to abandon the Carolinas for Virginia.Statue of Thomas Sumter on the courthouse lawn in Sumter, South CarolinaDuring fighting in August 1780, he defeated a combined force of Loyalists and British Army regulars at Hanging Rock, and intercepted and defeated an enemy convoy. Later, however, his regiment was almost annihilated by forces led by Banastre Tarleton. He recruited a new force, defeated Major James Wemyss in November, and repulsed an attack by Tarleton, in which he was wounded.[4] Sumter was carried into the Blackstock house, where his surgeon, Dr. Nathaniel Abney, probed for and extracted the ball from under his left shoulder.[citation needed]In 1781, in response to a low number of recruits, Sumter publicly implemented a bounty for Continental Army recruiters, which stipulated that anyone who managed to recruit a certain number of volunteers for the South Carolina Line would receive Loyalist-owned slaves as a reward.[9] Sumter acquired the nickname \"Carolina Gamecock\" during the American Revolution, for his fierce fighting tactics. After the Battle of Blackstock's Farm, British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton commented that Sumter \"fought like a gamecock\", and Cornwallis described the Gamecock as his \"greatest plague\".[10]","title":"American Revolutionary War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Charles Pinckney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"}],"text":"After the Revolutionary War, Sumter was elected to the United States House of Representatives, serving from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1793, and from March 4, 1797, to December 15, 1801.\nHe later served in the United States Senate, having been selected by the legislature to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Charles Pinckney.[1] Sumter resigned from his seat in the Senate on December 16, 1810.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to the Portuguese Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Natalie De Lage Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_De_Lage_Sumter"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Nathalie de Lage de Volude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_De_Lage_Sumter"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tisdale-11"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Aaron Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr"},{"link_name":"Theodosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosia_Burr_Alston"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schachner-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burr-13"},{"link_name":"Thomas De Lage Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Lage_Sumter"},{"link_name":"Second Seminole War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Seminole_War"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Thomas' son, Thomas Sumter Jr., served in Rio de Janeiro from 1810 to 1819 as the United States Ambassador to the Portuguese Court during its exile to Brazil. Thomas Jr.'s wife, Natalie De Lage Sumter (née Nathalie de Lage de Volude), was a daughter of French nobility, sent by her parents to America for her safety during the French Revolution.[11] She was raised in New York City from 1794 to 1801 by Vice President Aaron Burr as his ward, alongside his own daughter Theodosia.[12][13] His grandson, Colonel Thomas De Lage Sumter, served in the U.S. Army during the Second Seminole War, and later represented South Carolina in the United States House of Representatives.[14]Sumter's older brother, William Sumter, was a captain in the Revolutionary War.[15][16][17][18]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stateburg, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sumter County, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"}],"text":"Sumter died on June 1, 1832, at his slave plantation \"South Mount\", which was located near Stateburg, South Carolina, at the age of 97. Sumter was the last surviving American general of the Revolutionary War.[19] He is buried at the Thomas Sumter Memorial Park in Sumter County, South Carolina.[1]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThomasSumterGraveSite.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sumter, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sumter County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sumterville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumterville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Sumter County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC_Revolutionary_War_generals_monument_in_Columbia_IMG_4797.JPG"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Francis Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marion"},{"link_name":"Andrew Pickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pickens_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Fort Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter"},{"link_name":"Charleston Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Harbor"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fort Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Gamecocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks"},{"link_name":"Cocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocky_(mascot)"},{"link_name":"Sumter High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_High_School"},{"link_name":"Sumter County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsacademy-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsacademy-24"}],"text":"Gravesite of Thomas SumterThe city of Sumter, South Carolina, originally incorporated as Sumterville in 1845, was named for Thomas Sumter.[20] The city has erected a memorial to him, and has been dubbed \"The Gamecock City\" after his nickname.Prior to being renamed Sumter County in 1868, Sumter District was commonly referred to as the \"Old Gamecock District\".[21] The use of this nickname continued after the name change, with the county thereafter being called the \"Old Gamecock County\".[22]Counties in four states are named for Sumter. These are South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia[23] The unincorporated community of Sumterville, Florida is the former seat of Sumter County, Florida. Both are named for Thomas Sumter.Sumter shares a monument, erected in 1913, on the state capitol grounds in Columbia with two other Revolutionary War generals: Francis Marion and Andrew PickensFort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, a fort planned after the War of 1812, was named in his honor. The fort is best known as the site upon which the shots initiating the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter.Sumter's nickname, \"Fighting Gamecock\", has become one of several traditional nicknames for a native of South Carolina. For example, the University of South Carolina's official nickname is the \"Gamecocks\". Since 1903, the college's teams have been simply known as the \"South Carolina Gamecocks\". The costumed mascot of the University is referred to as Cocky, short for \"Gamecock\".Other schools within South Carolina have been named after Sumter or utilize a Gamecock as their mascot.The mascot of Sumter High School is a \"Gamecock\" and the school's sports teams refer to themselves as the \"Sumter High Gamecocks\" in honor of Sumter.\nThomas Sumter Academy, a private school within Sumter County, was founded in 1964.[24] Their mascot is known as \"the General\" but does not visually resemble Thomas Sumter and is typically depicted as wearing a Civil War era uniform.[24]","title":"Namesakes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patriot_(2000_film)"}],"text":"Thomas Sumter and his actions served as one of the models for the fictional character of Benjamin Martin in The Patriot, a motion picture released in 2000.","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Plaque at the South Carolina statehouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Thomas_Sumter_%28commemorative_plaque_at_the_South_Carolina_statehouse%29.jpg/180px-Thomas_Sumter_%28commemorative_plaque_at_the_South_Carolina_statehouse%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Thomas Sumter on the courthouse lawn in Sumter, South Carolina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Thomas_sumter_1352.JPG/170px-Thomas_sumter_1352.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gravesite of Thomas Sumter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ThomasSumterGraveSite.jpg/170px-ThomasSumterGraveSite.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sumter shares a monument, erected in 1913, on the state capitol grounds in Columbia with two other Revolutionary War generals: Francis Marion and Andrew Pickens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/SC_Revolutionary_War_generals_monument_in_Columbia_IMG_4797.JPG/170px-SC_Revolutionary_War_generals_monument_in_Columbia_IMG_4797.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Thomas Sumter (id: S001073)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001073","url_text":"\"Thomas Sumter (id: S001073)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Selected Readings in American Military History. Infantry School. 1953. p. 70. Retrieved October 4, 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBMAAAAMAAJ&dq=Selected+Readings+in+American+Military+History&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-yfKQ0K32AhUDiFwKHSo1DvQQ6AF6BAgLEAM","url_text":"Selected Readings in American Military History"}]},{"reference":"Lockhart, Matthew A. (2016). \"Sumter, Thomas\". South Carolina Encyclopedia. University of South Carolina.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/sumter-thomas/","url_text":"\"Sumter, Thomas\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Sumter, Thomas\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 85.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sumter,_Thomas","url_text":"\"Sumter, Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Timberlake, Henry (1948). Williams, Samuel (ed.). Memoirs, 1756–1765. Marietta, Georgia: Continental Book Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bass, Robert (1961). Gamecock: The Life and Campaigns of General Thomas Sumter. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gamecocklifecamp00bass","url_text":"Gamecock: The Life and Campaigns of General Thomas Sumter"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gamecocklifecamp00bass/page/9","url_text":"9"}]},{"reference":"Timberlake, Henry. King, Duane (ed.). The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake: The Story of a Soldier, Adventurer, and Emissary to the Cherokees, 1756–1765. UNC Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rees, John U. (2019). 'They Were Good Soldiers': African-Americans Serving in the Continental Army, 1775-1783. Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-9116-2854-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9116-2854-5","url_text":"978-1-9116-2854-5"}]},{"reference":"Buchanan, John. The Road to Guilford Courthouse. p. 393.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tisdale, Thomas (2001). A Lady of the High Hills: Natalie Delage Sumter. Univ. of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-415-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E9oJWbRFHgsC","url_text":"A Lady of the High Hills: Natalie Delage Sumter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-415-2","url_text":"978-1-57003-415-2"}]},{"reference":"Schachner, Nathan (1961) [1937]. Aaron Burr: A Biography. A. S. Barnes. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fadedpage.com/books/20140826/html.php","url_text":"Aaron Burr: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._S._Barnes","url_text":"A. S. Barnes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131332/http://www.fadedpage.com/books/20140826/html.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burr, Aaron (1837). Davis, Matthew Livingston (ed.). Memoirs of Aaron Burr: With Miscellaneous Selections from His Correspondence. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 387 n.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memoirsaaronbur02davigoog","url_text":"Memoirs of Aaron Burr: With Miscellaneous Selections from His Correspondence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_(publisher)#Harper_&_Brothers_(1833%E2%80%931962)","url_text":"Harper & Brothers"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memoirsaaronbur02davigoog/page/n397","url_text":"387"}]},{"reference":"\"General Thomas Sumter and Brother William Sumter\". The Watchman and Southron. August 21, 1907. p. 2. Retrieved December 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65663165/general-thomas-sumter-and-brother/","url_text":"\"General Thomas Sumter and Brother William Sumter\""}]},{"reference":"\"The North Carolina Patriots – Capt. William Sumter\". www.carolana.com. Retrieved December 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carolana.com/NC/Revolution/patriots_nc_capt_william_sumter.html","url_text":"\"The North Carolina Patriots – Capt. William Sumter\""}]},{"reference":"Sumter, Joel (August 1, 1874). \"Thomas Sumter Papers, Draper Manuscripts, Statement from Joel Sumter to Lyman Draper\". Draper Manuscripts. 8VV344-349 [268-269]: 344–349 – via Wisconsin Historical Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/","url_text":"\"Thomas Sumter Papers, Draper Manuscripts, Statement from Joel Sumter to Lyman Draper\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, A.A. (April 27, 1897). \"General Thomas Sumter, A Brother and Other Members of the Family that Lived in Caldwell Co, NC\". Newspapers.com. The Lenoir Topic, Lenoir, North Carolina. p. 1. Retrieved January 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116868386/general-thomas-sumter-and-family/","url_text":"\"General Thomas Sumter, A Brother and Other Members of the Family that Lived in Caldwell Co, NC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Sumter (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/people/thomas-sumter.htm#:~:text=Sumter%20was%20a%20dedicated%20Jeffersonian,the%20age%20of%20ninety%2Dseven.","url_text":"\"Thomas Sumter (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"History & Heritage\". City of Sumter, SC. August 4, 2018. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sumtersc.gov/community/history","url_text":"\"History & Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calhoun Monument Association\". The Sumter Banner. Newspapers.com. March 8, 1854. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/77710595/?terms=%22gamecocks%22&match=1","url_text":"\"Calhoun Monument Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Atlanta Fair\". The Watchman and Southron. Newspapers.com. August 23, 1881. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/668576573/?terms=%22gamecocks%22&match=1","url_text":"\"The Atlanta Fair\""}]},{"reference":"Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 215. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/s.pdf","url_text":"Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915430-00-2","url_text":"0-915430-00-2"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Thomas Sumter Academy. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Fritsch	Jamie Fritsch	["1 Playing career","2 Career statistics","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	American ice hockey player Ice hockey player Jamie FritschBorn (1985-02-25) February 25, 1985 (age 39)Odenton, Maryland, U.S.Height 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 195 lb (88 kg; 13 st 13 lb)Position DefenseShot LeftPlayed for Philadelphia FlyersMilano RossobluBraehead ClanNHL draft UndraftedPlaying career 2009–2016 Jamie Fritsch (born February 25, 1985) is an American former professional ice hockey defenceman who last played for Braehead Clan, Scotland of the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL). He played in one National Hockey League (NHL) game with the Philadelphia Flyers during the 2008–09 season. Playing career Undrafted, he played collegiate hockey with the University of New Hampshire of the Hockey East. After completing his senior year in 2008–09, amassing 146 games with the Wildcats, he was signed by the Philadelphia Flyers on an amateur try-out contract on April 12, 2009. Signed because of the Flyers salary cap limitations, Fritsch made his NHL debut in the last regular season game against the New York Rangers on the same day. He became the second player to make it to the NHL who grew up in Maryland. Jamie signed with the Gwinnett Gladiators of the ECHL for the 2009–10 season and played in 48 games posting 5 points. On February 5, 2010, he was signed to a try-out with the Norfolk Admirals of the AHL and appeared in 2 games. Following the season, he was traded to the Las Vegas Wranglers on August 12, 2010. Fritsch signed his first European contract as a free agent with Italian club, Hockey Milano Rossoblu on August 20, 2013. After a single season in Italy, Fritsch continued abroad in signing a one-year contract with Scottish club, Braehead Clan of the EIHL on August 13, 2014. Career statistics Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 2005–06 New Hampshire Wildcats HE 32 4 6 10 24 — — — — — 2006–07 New Hampshire Wildcats HE 39 2 9 11 50 — — — — — 2007–08 New Hampshire Wildcats HE 37 4 6 10 49 — — — — — 2008–09 New Hampshire Wildcats HE 38 1 7 8 48 — — — — — 2008–09 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 1 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 2009–10 Gwinnett Gladiators ECHL 48 1 4 5 41 — — — — — 2009–10 Norfolk Admirals AHL 2 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 2010–11 Las Vegas Wranglers ECHL 54 3 7 10 56 2 0 1 1 2 2010–11 Houston Aeros AHL 13 0 0 0 4 — — — — — 2011–12 Las Vegas Wranglers ECHL 42 1 8 9 62 8 0 3 3 6 2011–12 Bridgeport Sound Tigers AHL 1 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 2011–12 Houston Aeros AHL 16 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 2012–13 Las Vegas Wranglers ECHL 60 3 10 13 68 — — — — — 2013–14 Milano Rossoblu ITL 42 2 23 25 50 4 0 1 1 6 2014–15 Braehead Clan EIHL 60 3 27 30 48 2 0 1 1 4 2015–16 Braehead Clan EIHL 60 5 13 18 52 2 0 0 0 7 NHL totals 1 0 0 0 0 — — — — — See also List of players who played only one game in the NHL References ^ "Fritsch, McIver confirm retirements". Braehead Clan. 2016-07-18. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2016-07-18. ^ "Panaccio: Flyers Sign Fritsch to Amateur Tryout". CSN Philadelphia. 2009-04-12. Archived from the original on 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2010-05-03. ^ "NHL cameo for Flyers remains career summit for Wranglers Fritsch". lvrj.com. 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2010-02-03. ^ "Maryland-Bred Fritsch Breaks NHL Barrie". TeamMaryland.com. 2009-04-14. Archived from the original on 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2010-05-03. ^ "Admirals sign D Jamie Fritsch to Professional Try-Out contract". oursportscentral.com. 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2010-05-03. ^ "Fritsch traded to Las Vegas". Gwinnett Gladiators. 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ "North American signings for Milano" (in Italian). Hockey Milano Rossoblu. 2013-08-20. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-08-20. ^ "Jamie bring breath of Fritsch air to the Clan". Braehead Clan. 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"defenceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenceman"},{"link_name":"Braehead Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braehead_Clan"},{"link_name":"Elite Ice Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Ice_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NHL_season"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerJamie Fritsch (born February 25, 1985) is an American former professional ice hockey defenceman who last played for Braehead Clan, Scotland of the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL).[1] He played in one National Hockey League (NHL) game with the Philadelphia Flyers during the 2008–09 season.","title":"Jamie Fritsch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"Hockey East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_East"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009-10_ECHL_season"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Admirals_(AHL)"},{"link_name":"AHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Wranglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Wranglers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Undrafted, he played collegiate hockey with the University of New Hampshire of the Hockey East. After completing his senior year in 2008–09, amassing 146 games with the Wildcats, he was signed by the Philadelphia Flyers on an amateur try-out contract on April 12, 2009.[2] Signed because of the Flyers salary cap limitations,[3] Fritsch made his NHL debut in the last regular season game against the New York Rangers on the same day. He became the second player to make it to the NHL who grew up in Maryland.[4]Jamie signed with the Gwinnett Gladiators of the ECHL for the 2009–10 season and played in 48 games posting 5 points. On February 5, 2010, he was signed to a try-out with the Norfolk Admirals of the AHL and appeared in 2 games.[5] Following the season, he was traded to the Las Vegas Wranglers on August 12, 2010.[6]Fritsch signed his first European contract as a free agent with Italian club, Hockey Milano Rossoblu on August 20, 2013.[7] After a single season in Italy, Fritsch continued abroad in signing a one-year contract with Scottish club, Braehead Clan of the EIHL on August 13, 2014.[8]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of players who played only one game in the NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_players_who_played_only_one_game_in_the_NHL"}]	[{"reference":"\"Fritsch, McIver confirm retirements\". Braehead Clan. 2016-07-18. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2016-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002040/http://www.braeheadclan.com/news/2618/news-fritsch--mciver-confirm-retirements.html#.V410kUZ97IU","url_text":"\"Fritsch, McIver confirm retirements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braehead_Clan","url_text":"Braehead Clan"},{"url":"http://www.braeheadclan.com/news/2618/news-fritsch--mciver-confirm-retirements.html#.V410kUZ97IU","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Panaccio: Flyers Sign Fritsch to Amateur Tryout\". CSN Philadelphia. 2009-04-12. Archived from the original on 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2010-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100108081350/http://www.csnphilly.com/pages/landing_09","url_text":"\"Panaccio: Flyers Sign Fritsch to Amateur Tryout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSN_Philadelphia","url_text":"CSN Philadelphia"},{"url":"http://www.csnphilly.com/pages/landing_09/?&Panaccio-Flyers-Sign-Fritsch-to-Amateur-=1&blockID=48860&feedID=717","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NHL cameo for Flyers remains career summit for Wranglers Fritsch\". lvrj.com. 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2010-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lvrj.com/sports/nhl-cameo-for-flyers-remains-career-summit-for-wranglers-fritsch-132843338.html?ref=338","url_text":"\"NHL cameo for Flyers remains career summit for Wranglers Fritsch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland-Bred Fritsch Breaks NHL Barrie\". TeamMaryland.com. 2009-04-14. Archived from the original on 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2010-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120917232047/http://www.teammaryland.com/news2.php?news_id=164073","url_text":"\"Maryland-Bred Fritsch Breaks NHL Barrie\""},{"url":"http://www.teammaryland.com/news2.php?news_id=164073","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Admirals sign D Jamie Fritsch to Professional Try-Out contract\". oursportscentral.com. 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2010-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=3960531","url_text":"\"Admirals sign D Jamie Fritsch to Professional Try-Out contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fritsch traded to Las Vegas\". Gwinnett Gladiators. 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2010-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gwinnettgladiators.com/news/article.asp?art=1459","url_text":"\"Fritsch traded to Las Vegas\""}]},{"reference":"\"North American signings for Milano\" (in Italian). Hockey Milano Rossoblu. 2013-08-20. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131113122040/http://www.hockeymilano.it/main/?p=9453","url_text":"\"North American signings for Milano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Milano_Rossoblu","url_text":"Hockey Milano Rossoblu"},{"url":"http://www.hockeymilano.it/main/?p=9453","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jamie bring breath of Fritsch air to the Clan\". Braehead Clan. 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.braeheadclan.com/news/442/news-jamie-brings-breath-of-fritsch-air-to-clan.html#.VAVLuWSSzVl","url_text":"\"Jamie bring breath of Fritsch air to the Clan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braehead_Clan","url_text":"Braehead Clan"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002040/http://www.braeheadclan.com/news/2618/news-fritsch--mciver-confirm-retirements.html#.V410kUZ97IU","external_links_name":"\"Fritsch, McIver confirm retirements\""},{"Link":"http://www.braeheadclan.com/news/2618/news-fritsch--mciver-confirm-retirements.html#.V410kUZ97IU","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100108081350/http://www.csnphilly.com/pages/landing_09","external_links_name":"\"Panaccio: Flyers Sign Fritsch to Amateur Tryout\""},{"Link":"http://www.csnphilly.com/pages/landing_09/?&Panaccio-Flyers-Sign-Fritsch-to-Amateur-=1&blockID=48860&feedID=717","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lvrj.com/sports/nhl-cameo-for-flyers-remains-career-summit-for-wranglers-fritsch-132843338.html?ref=338","external_links_name":"\"NHL cameo for Flyers remains career summit for Wranglers Fritsch\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120917232047/http://www.teammaryland.com/news2.php?news_id=164073","external_links_name":"\"Maryland-Bred Fritsch Breaks NHL Barrie\""},{"Link":"http://www.teammaryland.com/news2.php?news_id=164073","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=3960531","external_links_name":"\"Admirals sign D Jamie Fritsch to Professional Try-Out contract\""},{"Link":"http://www.gwinnettgladiators.com/news/article.asp?art=1459","external_links_name":"\"Fritsch traded to Las Vegas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131113122040/http://www.hockeymilano.it/main/?p=9453","external_links_name":"\"North American signings for Milano\""},{"Link":"http://www.hockeymilano.it/main/?p=9453","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.braeheadclan.com/news/442/news-jamie-brings-breath-of-fritsch-air-to-clan.html#.VAVLuWSSzVl","external_links_name":"\"Jamie bring breath of Fritsch air to the Clan\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8475115","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=35342&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/f/fritsja01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=93658","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlake_Audio	Westlake Recording Studios	["1 History","2 Recording Studios","2.1 Studio A","2.2 Studio B","2.3 Studio C","2.4 Studio D","2.5 Studio E","2.6 Production Suites 1 & 2","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 34°05′27″N 118°20′54″W / 34.09095°N 118.348461°W / 34.09095; -118.348461Recording studio in California, US Westlake Recording StudiosA mixing desk in Westlake StudiosCompany typeRecording studioIndustryMusic, radio dramaFounded1970sFounderTom Hidley & Glenn PhoenixHeadquartersWest Hollywood, California, U.S.Number of locations2Websitewestlakestudios.com Westlake Recording Studios is a music recording studio in West Hollywood, California. History Westlake Recording Studios was founded in the early 1970s by the American audio engineer Tom Hidley under the name Westlake Audio. Hidley was experienced in the development of audio technology, having collaborated with Madman Muntz in the development of the first car stereo in 1959, and along with Amnon "Ami" Hadani, he had previously set up another recording studio in Hollywood, TTG Studios, in 1965. The layout of the rooms at Westlake Studios aimed for an acoustic design that could give a fairly flat frequency response at the recording position, with low reverberation delay and extensive use of bass traps. As the need to transfer audio material between different studios grew, there was an increasing demand for standardization across the recording industry; the success of Hidley's acoustic design was copied at other sites, and "Westlake-style" rooms spread to a number of other studios by the late 1970s. Westlake has been credited as "one of the first big commercial efforts to produce acoustically standardised 'interchangeable' rooms". Artists who have recorded music at Westlake Studios have included Rihanna, The Weeknd, Charli XCX, Café Quijano, Donna Summer, Giorgio Moroder, Quincy Jones, Billy Idol, Bruce Swedien, Gilberto Gil, Missy Elliott, Madonna, Marilyn Manson, Aaliyah and Justin Timberlake. Notable recordings produced at Westlake Studios have included Michael Jackson's album, Thriller (April–November 1982), the number-one-selling album of all time; and Alanis Morissette's Jagged Little Pill (1994–1995). Westlake Studios have also been used to produce audio material for films, television shows and commercials. In June 1980, National Public Radio, in a co-production with the BBC, used Westlake Studios to record a 13-part radio adaptation of Star Wars. NPR returned to Westlake in 1996 to record its production of Return of the Jedi. Recording Studios Buddy Bregman recording his last album sessions in Studio D at Westlake, May 2006 Platinum disc of Thriller, recorded in Westlake Studio A in 1982 Westlake has a total of seven recording studios, including four with full size live rooms, two production rooms and a mixing suite. Studios A and B are located on Beverly Boulevard in Los Angeles and Studios C, D, E, Production Room 1 and Production Room 2 are located on Santa Monica Boulevard, CA in West Hollywood, CA. Studio A Studio A is one of the most historic rooms at Westlake. The control room of Studio A features an 80-channel Solid State Logic XL 9000 K console and a 1,200-square-foot (110 m2) tracking room, including a large piano isolation room. Studio A was where Michael Jackson's Thriller was recorded in 1982. Studio B Studio B is a full size studio that features a 72-channel Solid State Logic 4072 G series console and a large selection of outboard gear. It has a 500-square-foot (46 m2) tracking room and a 65-square-foot (6.0 m2) isolation room. Studio C Studio C is a full size studio that features a 72-channel Solid State Logic 9072 J series console and a large selection of outboard gear. It has a 1,000-square-foot (93 m2) tracking room and a large private lounge. Studio D Studio D is Westlake's largest room. It features a Solid State Logic XL 9000 K console and a large selection of outboard gear. The main tracking area is 1,120 square feet (104 m2) and there is a 200-square-foot (19 m2) piano isolation room and a 176-foot (54 m) isolation room. Studio D has a private entrance and features 3 lounge areas including a loft that overlooks the tracking room. Studio E Studio E is a mixing suite that features a Solid State Logic 9072 J Series console. Out of all the studios at Westlake, Studio E has the largest selection of outboard gear. Studio E has a 52-square-foot (4.8 m2) vocal booth and a private lounge. Production Suites 1 & 2 In addition to the five studios, Westlake has two smaller production rooms designed for overdubs, writing and mixing. Both of these rooms contain Solid State Logic AWS 900+'s, 24-channel controlled analog consoles. Both rooms contain small tracking rooms fit to record vocals, guitar, bass and many other smaller instruments. References ^ Verna, Paul (July 1, 1995). "From Auto Sound to Infrasound, Hidley's Career has Been Built on Breakthroughs". Billboard. ^ Philip Newell (2003). Recording Studio Design. Focal Press. pp. 315–316. ISBN 0-240-51917-5. Retrieved January 14, 2017. ^ a b "History". Westlake Recording Studios. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2017. ^ "Westlake Studios". Untitled Document. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ a b "Studio File: Westlake Studios, Los Angeles \| Sound On Sound". Sound on Sound. SOS Publications Group. Retrieved January 13, 2017. ^ a b Easlea, Daryl; Chancler, Ndugu (October 7, 2016). Michael Jackson: Rewind: The Life and Legacy of Pop Music's King. Race Point Publishing. ISBN 9781631063671. Retrieved January 13, 2017. ^ "Michael Jackson Opens Up, Pop Icon Looks Back At A "Thriller" Of A Career In New Interview - The ShowBuzz". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2008. ^ Sterling, Christopher H. (December 2, 2003). Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set. Routledge. ISBN 9781135456481. Retrieved January 13, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g "Studios". Westlake Recording Studios. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017. 34°05′27″N 118°20′54″W / 34.09095°N 118.348461°W / 34.09095; -118.348461 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westlake Recording Studios. Official website Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recording studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio"},{"link_name":"West Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"text":"Recording studio in California, USWestlake Recording Studios is a music recording studio in West Hollywood, California.","title":"Westlake Recording Studios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"audio engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"Tom Hidley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hidley"},{"link_name":"Madman Muntz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madman_Muntz"},{"link_name":"TTG Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTG_Studios"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb5-10-1"},{"link_name":"reverberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberation"},{"link_name":"bass traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_trap"},{"link_name":"standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"The Weeknd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weeknd"},{"link_name":"Charli XCX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charli_XCX"},{"link_name":"Café Quijano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Quijano"},{"link_name":"Donna Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Summer"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Moroder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Billy Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Idol"},{"link_name":"Bruce Swedien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Swedien"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Gil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson"},{"link_name":"Aaliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaliyah"},{"link_name":"Justin Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOS-5"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Easlea-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alanis Morissette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanis_Morissette"},{"link_name":"Jagged Little Pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Little_Pill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOS-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"National Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"radio adaptation of Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(radio)#Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Westlake Recording Studios was founded in the early 1970s by the American audio engineer Tom Hidley under the name Westlake Audio. Hidley was experienced in the development of audio technology, having collaborated with Madman Muntz in the development of the first car stereo in 1959, and along with Amnon \"Ami\" Hadani, he had previously set up another recording studio in Hollywood, TTG Studios, in 1965.[1] The layout of the rooms at Westlake Studios aimed for an acoustic design that could give a fairly flat frequency response at the recording position, with low reverberation delay and extensive use of bass traps. As the need to transfer audio material between different studios grew, there was an increasing demand for standardization across the recording industry; the success of Hidley's acoustic design was copied at other sites, and \"Westlake-style\" rooms spread to a number of other studios by the late 1970s. Westlake has been credited as \"one of the first big commercial efforts to produce acoustically standardised 'interchangeable' rooms\".[2][3]Artists who have recorded music at Westlake Studios have included Rihanna, The Weeknd, Charli XCX, Café Quijano, Donna Summer, Giorgio Moroder, Quincy Jones, Billy Idol, Bruce Swedien, Gilberto Gil,[4] Missy Elliott, Madonna, Marilyn Manson, Aaliyah and Justin Timberlake.[5] Notable recordings produced at Westlake Studios have included Michael Jackson's album, Thriller (April–November 1982),[6] the number-one-selling album of all time;[7] and Alanis Morissette's Jagged Little Pill (1994–1995).[5]Westlake Studios have also been used to produce audio material for films, television shows and commercials.[3] In June 1980, National Public Radio, in a co-production with the BBC, used Westlake Studios to record a 13-part radio adaptation of Star Wars. NPR returned to Westlake in 1996 to record its production of Return of the Jedi.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddy_Bregman_conducts_at_Westlake_Recording_Studios_-_(May_2006).jpg"},{"link_name":"Buddy Bregman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Bregman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thriller_platinum_record,_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Hollywood.JPG"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-studios-9"},{"link_name":"Beverly Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"West Hollywood, CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood,_CA"}],"text":"Buddy Bregman recording his last album sessions in Studio D at Westlake, May 2006Platinum disc of Thriller, recorded in Westlake Studio A in 1982Westlake has a total of seven recording studios, including four with full size live rooms, two production rooms and a mixing suite.[9]Studios A and B are located on Beverly Boulevard in Los Angeles and Studios C, D, E, Production Room 1 and Production Room 2 are located on Santa Monica Boulevard, CA in West Hollywood, CA.","title":"Recording Studios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solid State Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Logic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-studios-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Easlea-6"}],"sub_title":"Studio A","text":"Studio A is one of the most historic rooms at Westlake. The control room of Studio A features an 80-channel Solid State Logic XL 9000 K console and a 1,200-square-foot (110 m2) tracking room, including a large piano isolation room. Studio A was where Michael Jackson's Thriller was recorded in 1982.[9][6]","title":"Recording Studios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solid State Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Logic"},{"link_name":"4072 G series console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Logic_SL_4000"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-studios-9"}],"sub_title":"Studio B","text":"Studio B is a full size studio that features a 72-channel Solid State Logic 4072 G series console and a large selection of outboard gear. 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Retrieved January 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westlakestudios.com/studios/","url_text":"\"Studios\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513002820/http://www.westlakestudios.com/studios/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westlake_Recording_Studios&params=34.09095_N_118.348461_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°05′27″N 118°20′54″W / 34.09095°N 118.348461°W / 34.09095; -118.348461"},{"Link":"http://westlakestudios.com/","external_links_name":"westlakestudios.com"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rgsEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22two+terrible+guys%22&pg=PA101","external_links_name":"\"From Auto Sound to Infrasound, Hidley's Career has Been Built on Breakthroughs\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AKVQ7Ywz3DYC&pg=PA315","external_links_name":"Recording Studio Design"},{"Link":"http://www.westlakestudios.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160522113740/http://www.westlakestudios.com/about/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182425/http://www.gilbertogil.com.br/sec_disco_info.php?id=18&texto","external_links_name":"\"Westlake Studios\""},{"Link":"https://gilbertogil.com.br/sec_disco_info.php?id=18&texto","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.soundonsound.com/music-business/studio-file-westlake-studios-los-angeles","external_links_name":"\"Studio File: Westlake Studios, Los Angeles \| Sound On Sound\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NUo-DQAAQBAJ&q=michael%20jackson%20thriller%20westlake%20studios&pg=PA112","external_links_name":"Michael Jackson: Rewind: The Life and Legacy of Pop Music's King"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080106103821/http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/06/music/main3461884.shtml??source=RSS&attr=_3461884","external_links_name":"\"Michael Jackson Opens Up, Pop Icon Looks Back At A \"Thriller\" Of A Career In New Interview - The ShowBuzz\""},{"Link":"http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/06/music/main3461884.shtml??source=RSS&attr=_3461884","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5oimpCPL1ewC&q=Westlake%20Recording%20Studios%20star%20wars%20radio&pg=PT3213","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set"},{"Link":"http://www.westlakestudios.com/studios/","external_links_name":"\"Studios\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513002820/http://www.westlakestudios.com/studios/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westlake_Recording_Studios&params=34.09095_N_118.348461_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°05′27″N 118°20′54″W / 34.09095°N 118.348461°W / 34.09095; -118.348461"},{"Link":"http://www.westlakestudios.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/1d1d1a87-90aa-4667-ad1d-318a81c04723","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Layered_Space-Time	Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time	["1 V-BLAST","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Part of a series onAntennas Common types Dipole Fractal Loop Monopole Satellite dish Television Whip Components Balun Block upconverter Coaxial cable Counterpoise (ground system) Feed Feed line Low-noise block downconverter Passive radiator Receiver Rotator Stub Transmitter Tuner Twin-lead Systems Antenna farm Amateur radio Cellular network Hotspot Municipal wireless network Radio Radio masts and towers Wi-Fi Wireless Safety and regulation Wireless device radiation and health Wireless electronic devices and health International Telecommunication Union(Radio Regulations) World Radiocommunication Conference Radiation sources / regions Boresight Focal cloud Ground plane Main lobe Near and far field Side lobe Vertical plane Characteristics Array gain Directivity Efficiency Electrical length Equivalent radius Factor Friis transmission equation Gain Height Radiation pattern Radiation resistance Radio propagation Radio spectrum Signal-to-noise ratio Spurious emission Techniques Beam steering Beam tilt Beamforming Small cell Bell Laboratories LayeredSpace-Time (BLAST) Massive Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Reconfiguration Spread spectrum Wideband Space DivisionMultiple Access (WSDMA) vte Bell Laboratories Layer Space-Time (BLAST) is a transceiver architecture for offering spatial multiplexing over multiple-antenna wireless communication systems. Such systems have multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver in an effort to exploit the many different paths between the two in a highly-scattering wireless environment. BLAST was developed by Gerard Foschini at Lucent Technologies' Bell Laboratories (now Nokia Bell Labs). By careful allocation of the data to be transmitted to the transmitting antennas, multiple data streams can be transmitted simultaneously within a single frequency band — the data capacity of the system then grows directly in line with the number of antennas (subject to certain assumptions). This represents a significant advance on current, single-antenna systems. V-BLAST V-BLAST (Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time) is a detection algorithm to the receipt of multi-antenna MIMO systems. Available for the first time in 1996 at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey in the United States by Gerard J. Foschini. He proceeded simply to eliminate interference caused successively issuers. Its principle is quite simple: to make a first detection of the most powerful signal. It regenerates the received signal from this user from this decision. Then, the signal is regenerated subtracted from the received signal and, with this new signal, it proceeds to the detection of the second user's most powerful, since it has already cleared the first and so forth. What gives a vector containing received less interference. The complete detection algorithm can be summarized as recursive as follows: Initialize: i ← 1 r 1 = r G 1 = ( H H H + σ 2 I N t ) − 1 H H k 1 = arg ⁡ min ‖ ( G 1 ) j ‖ 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}i&\leftarrow 1\\r_{1}&=r\\G_{1}&=(H^{H}H+\sigma ^{2}I_{N_{t}})^{-1}H^{H}\\k_{1}&=\arg \min \left\\|(G_{1})_{j}\right\\|^{2}\\\end{aligned}}} Recursive: w k = ( G i ) k i y k = w k T × r i s ^ k = s i g n ( y k ) r i + 1 = r i − s ^ k ( H ) k i G i + 1 = ( ( H i H H i ) + σ 2 I N t ) − 1 H i H k i + 1 = arg ⁡ min ‖ ( G i + 1 ) j ‖ 2 i ← i + 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}w_{k}&=(G_{i})_{ki}\\y_{k}&=w_{k}^{T}\times r_{i}\\{\hat {s}}_{k}&=sign(y_{k})\\r_{i+1}&=r_{i}-{\hat {s}}_{k}(H)_{ki}\\G_{i+1}&=((H_{i}^{H}H_{i})+\sigma ^{2}I_{Nt})^{-1}H_{i}^{H}\\k_{i+1}&=\arg \min \left\\|(G_{i+1})_{j}\right\\|^{2}\\i&\leftarrow i+1\end{aligned}}} See also Space–time code — a means for using multiple antennas to improve reliability rather than data-rate. Telecommunication References ^ Gerard. J. Foschini (October 1996). "Layered Space-Time Architecture for Wireless Communication in a Fading Environment When Using Multi-Element Antennas" (PDF). Bell Labs Technical Journal: 41–59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2007-03-31. ^ P. W. Wolniansky; G. J. Foschini; G. D. Golden; R. A. Valenzuela (September 1998). "V-BLAST: An architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel". 1998 URSI International Symposium on Signals, Systems, and Electronics. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX167). pp. 295–300. doi:10.1109/ISSSE.1998.738086. ISBN 0-7803-4900-8. S2CID 62773170. {{cite book}}: \|journal= ignored (help) Further reading Jankiraman, Mohinder (2004). Space-time codes and MIMO systems. Artech House. ISBN 9781580538664. External links http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/BellLabs This article about wireless technology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transceiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiver"},{"link_name":"spatial multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"multiple-antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-output"},{"link_name":"wireless communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communication"},{"link_name":"scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering"},{"link_name":"Gerard Foschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Foschini"},{"link_name":"Lucent Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucent_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Bell Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"data streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_stream"},{"link_name":"frequency band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_band"},{"link_name":"data capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bell Laboratories Layer Space-Time (BLAST) is a transceiver architecture for offering spatial multiplexing over multiple-antenna wireless communication systems. Such systems have multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver in an effort to exploit the many different paths between the two in a highly-scattering wireless environment. BLAST was developed by Gerard Foschini at Lucent Technologies' Bell Laboratories (now Nokia Bell Labs). By careful allocation of the data to be transmitted to the transmitting antennas, multiple data streams can be transmitted simultaneously within a single frequency band — the data capacity of the system then grows directly in line with the number of antennas (subject to certain assumptions). This represents a significant advance on current, single-antenna systems.[1]","title":"Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"MIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bell Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Gerard J. Foschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_J._Foschini"}],"text":"V-BLAST (Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time) is a detection algorithm to the receipt of multi-antenna MIMO systems.[2] Available for the first time in 1996 at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey in the United States by Gerard J. Foschini. He proceeded simply to eliminate interference caused successively issuers.Its principle is quite simple: to make a first detection of the most powerful signal. It regenerates the received signal from this user from this decision. Then, the signal is regenerated subtracted from the received signal and, with this new signal, it proceeds to the detection of the second user's most powerful, since it has already cleared the first and so forth. What gives a vector containing received less interference.The complete detection algorithm can be summarized as recursive as follows:Initialize:i\n \n \n \n ←\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n r\n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n \n H\n \n H\n \n \n H\n +\n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n I\n \n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n H\n \n H\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n arg\n ⁡\n min\n \n \n ‖\n \n (\n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}i&\\leftarrow 1\\\\r_{1}&=r\\\\G_{1}&=(H^{H}H+\\sigma ^{2}I_{N_{t}})^{-1}H^{H}\\\\k_{1}&=\\arg \\min \\left\\\|(G_{1})_{j}\\right\\\|^{2}\\\\\\end{aligned}}}Recursive:w\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n \n G\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n k\n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n w\n \n k\n \n \n T\n \n \n ×\n \n r\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n ^\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n s\n i\n g\n n\n (\n \n y\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n r\n \n i\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n s\n ^\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n (\n H\n \n )\n \n k\n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n (\n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n )\n +\n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n I\n \n N\n t\n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n arg\n ⁡\n min\n \n \n ‖\n \n (\n \n G\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n \n ←\n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}w_{k}&=(G_{i})_{ki}\\\\y_{k}&=w_{k}^{T}\\times r_{i}\\\\{\\hat {s}}_{k}&=sign(y_{k})\\\\r_{i+1}&=r_{i}-{\\hat {s}}_{k}(H)_{ki}\\\\G_{i+1}&=((H_{i}^{H}H_{i})+\\sigma ^{2}I_{Nt})^{-1}H_{i}^{H}\\\\k_{i+1}&=\\arg \\min \\left\\\|(G_{i+1})_{j}\\right\\\|^{2}\\\\i&\\leftarrow i+1\\end{aligned}}}","title":"V-BLAST"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space-time codes and MIMO systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HU-T7y16AGEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781580538664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580538664"}],"text":"Jankiraman, Mohinder (2004). Space-time codes and MIMO systems. Artech House. ISBN 9781580538664.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Space–time code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%E2%80%93time_code"},{"title":"Telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"}]	[{"reference":"Gerard. J. Foschini (October 1996). \"Layered Space-Time Architecture for Wireless Communication in a Fading Environment When Using Multi-Element Antennas\" (PDF). Bell Labs Technical Journal: 41–59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2007-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220221122035/http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~hcdc/Library/StCommClass/Fosc96.pdf","url_text":"\"Layered Space-Time Architecture for Wireless Communication in a Fading Environment When Using Multi-Element Antennas\""},{"url":"http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~hcdc/Library/StCommClass/Fosc96.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"P. W. Wolniansky; G. J. Foschini; G. D. Golden; R. A. Valenzuela (September 1998). \"V-BLAST: An architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel\". 1998 URSI International Symposium on Signals, Systems, and Electronics. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX167). pp. 295–300. doi:10.1109/ISSSE.1998.738086. ISBN 0-7803-4900-8. S2CID 62773170.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISSSE.1998.738086","url_text":"10.1109/ISSSE.1998.738086"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-4900-8","url_text":"0-7803-4900-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62773170","url_text":"62773170"}]},{"reference":"Jankiraman, Mohinder (2004). Space-time codes and MIMO systems. Artech House. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Baer_(judge)	Max Baer (judge)	["1 Formative years","2 Education","3 Legal and civic affairs career","3.1 Key Court of Common Pleas actions","3.2 Key Pennsylvania Supreme Court rulings","3.3 Awards and other honors","4 Death and tributes","5 Elections","5.1 2003 election","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	American judge (1947–2022) Max BaerChief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme CourtIn officeApril 1, 2021 – September 30, 2022Preceded byThomas G. SaylorSucceeded byDebra ToddJustice of the Pennsylvania Supreme CourtIn officeJanuary 5, 2004 – September 30, 2022Preceded byWilliam H. LambSucceeded byDaniel McCaffery Personal detailsBornDavid Max Baer(1947-12-24)December 24, 1947Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedSeptember 30, 2022(2022-09-30) (aged 74)Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, U.S.Political partyDemocraticEducationUniversity of Pittsburgh (BA)Duquesne University (JD)Robert Morris University (MS) David Max Baer (December 24, 1947 – September 30, 2022) was an American judge who served as a justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from the time of his election in 2003 until his death in 2022. He was elevated to the court's most senior position, chief justice, in 2021. Nicknamed the "Fighting Judge" during his quest to be elected to the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas in 1989, he went on to institute a series of reforms in the court's Family Division that were replicated by courts across the United States. He was subsequently honored for his positive impact on the nation's judicial system by the President of the United States. In 2003, he was described by editors at The Philadelphia Inquirer as "a jurist with a great thirst for making the state's courts function better for all." Formative years Born as David Max Baer in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on December 24, 1947, Max Baer was the oldest son of Henry "Budd" Baer, a native of Wheeling, West Virginia, who became a successful auto dealer after relocating to western Pennsylvania, and Helen (Scheimer) Baer, who was a native of Dormont, Pennsylvania, and past president of the University of Pittsburgh Alumni Association. Raised in Dormont, Baer and his parents and siblings were active with the Beth El Congregation in South Hills. Education A graduate of the Linsly Military Institute in Wheeling, West Virginia, Baer earned his Bachelor of Arts from the University of Pittsburgh in 1971. In 1975, he was awarded a Juris Doctor from Duquesne University. Legal and civic affairs career From December 1975 to 1979, he served as Deputy Attorney General of Pennsylvania. In 1978, he represented three Pennsylvania State Police troopers who were being sued for illegal arrest by a suspect in a high-profile murder case. The civil case was dismissed by the federal court in May 1978 when "the suit was dropped because the plaintiffs did not want to face cross-examination," according to newspaper interviews conducted with Baer. The suspect was subsequently found not guilty of second-degree murder, rape and robbery. A resident of Lakemont Drive in Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, and an attorney who had been engaged in private practice law since 1979 as a partner with the law firm of Campbell, Sherrard and Burke, Baer ran as a Democrat for, and was elected to, the position of judge in the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas in 1989. Assigned to the Family Division of the court upon taking office in January 1990, he issued rulings in adoption, child custody, and juvenile justice cases. In 1999, he was retained for a second ten-year term with that court. In 2003, he was elected to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court after narrowly defeating state Superior Court Judge Joan Orie Melvin. In response to a questionnaire submitted to candidates for the post prior to the election, Baer stated: "I believe the people have a right to know the beliefs of all candidates, including judges. One of the criticisms of judicial elections is that public is not informed. The ability to express beliefs will remedy that. However, the public must understand that a judge is obligated to follow the law regardless of personal beliefs, sometimes rendering a decision inconsistent with those beliefs." His salary for service on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court was initially $140,000 per year. In 2009, Baer delivered the keynote address during the centennial celebration of the Luzerne County Courthouse. Baer was retained in a retention election in 2013 for a second ten-year term. He ascended to chief justice in 2021 upon the retirement of Chief Justice Thomas Saylor. Key Court of Common Pleas actions Among the changes he made to Allegheny Court of Common Pleas, Baer created a program which required parents who were involved in child custody cases to attend parenting classes and engage in mediation sessions that were designed to help the parents avoid becoming entangled in litigation. Baer also garnered recognition for his efforts to streamline Pennsylvania's adoption process and improve the screening and oversight of adoption caseworkers. Key Pennsylvania Supreme Court rulings In 2009, Baer supported the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's majority ruling that outdated property tax assessments of county government agencies which failed to reassess properties within their jurisdictions in a timely manner were unconstitutional because they violated the uniformity clause of the state constitution. Baer advised counties "to begin reassessment, or to stand ready to defend the lawsuit which will inevitably come," and recommended that agencies reassess properties whenever deviation rates in property sale prices exceeded twenty percent. In 2018, Baer was one of five Democrats on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to issue a majority ruling which struck down Pennsylvania's 2011 congressional district map ("League of Women Voters, et al. v. the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, et al."), noting that the "map 'clearly, plainly and palpably' violated the state constitution because it favored the GOP's candidates in 13 of the state's 18 districts." When Pennsylvania's governor and state legislature failed to achieve compromise on a replacement map, the court appointed an advisor to create a new map that was adopted prior to the 2018 mid-term elections. In 2020, Baer was also one of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court justices to issue a majority ruling which affirmed that ballot drop boxes and satellite election offices are permissible and appropriate under Pennsylvania state law. The ruling also approved the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's plan to extend the submission deadline for mail-in ballots in response to anticipated mail delivery problems by the United States Postal Service. In his ruling, Baer wrote, "There is nothing constitutionally infirm about a deadline of 8:00 p.m. on Election Day for the receipt of ballots," basing his opinion on the Free and Equal Elections clause of the state constitution, "which requires leaders to keep 'all aspects of the electoral process' as open as possible to allow the largest number of people to vote in a given election," according to news reports of the court's action. Awards and other honors Baer was honored for his public service multiple times, including as recipient of: Champion of Children Award National Award for judicial innovation, presented by the President of the United States during a White House ceremony Pennsylvania Child and Adoption Advocate of the Year Steward Award Death and tributes Baer died at his home in the Pittsburgh suburb of South Hills on September 30, 2022, just months before attaining the mandatory retirement age of 75. Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf ordered that all state flags at state buildings and grounds be flown at half-staff in Baer's honor, praising Baer as a "respected and esteemed jurist with decades of service to our courts and our commonwealth." The Pennsylvania Supreme Court held a public memorial service for Baer on October 4, 2022, at the Charles J. Dougherty ballroom in Duquesne's Power Center. The service was also broadcast live online. Elections 2003 election Pennsylvania Justice of the Supreme Court Election 2003 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Max Baer 1,284,846 51.9 Republican Joan Orie Melvin 1,192,952 48.1 Total votes 2,477,798 100.0 See also List of Jewish American jurists Supreme Court of Pennsylvania References ^ "Chief Justice Max Baer \| Supreme Court Justices \| Supreme Court \| Courts \| Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania". ^ Vellucci, Justin. "PA Supreme Court Justice Max Baer Dies at 74." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle, October 7, 2022. ^ Sostek, Anya. "With a letter to an 11-year-old girl, Chief Justice Max Baer left a legacy." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 14, 2022. ^ Jackson, Peter. "Nominees Picked for Courts," in "Primary Election." York, Pennsylvania: The York Dispatch, May 21, 2003, p. 6 (subscription required). ^ Pitz, Marylynne. "Baer Finds Fighting Words Can Win Votes." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 17, 1989, p. 9 (subscription required). ^ "Max Baer" (obituary). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 1, 2022. ^ "Court, County and City Races," in "Other Endorsements." Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Philadelphia Inquirer, November 2, 2003, p. C06 (subscription required). ^ "Baer, Henry 'Budd'" (obituary). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 13, 2007. ^ "Baer, Helen (Scheimer)" (obituary). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 16, 2011. ^ "Vondas, Jerry. "Helen Scheimer Baer's knowledge benefited students, organizations." Tarentum, Pennsylvania: TribLive, December 18, 2011. ^ Vellucci, "PA Supreme Court Justice Max Baer Dies at 74," Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle. ^ "Baer, Henry 'Budd," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. ^ Vondas, "Helen Scheimer Baer's knowledge benefited students, organizations," TribLive. ^ "Max Baer" (obituary), Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. ^ Vellucci, "PA Supreme Court Justice Max Baer Dies at 74," Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle. ^ "Kane Names 3 Aides." Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 20, 1975, p. 2 (subscription required). ^ "Extension Granted in Clark Case Suit," in "Regional News." Danville, Pennsylvania: The Danville News, July 13, 1978, p. 2 (subscription required). ^ "Delay granted troopers' lawyer in suit," in "Montour County." Sunbury, Pennsylvania: The Daily Item, July 12, 1978, p. 16 (subscription required). ^ "Civil Suit Withdrawn by Suspect in Danville Murder." Berwick, Pennsylvania: Berwick Enterprise, May 27, 1978, p. 15. (subscription required). ^ "Bonawitz Murder Still Unsolved." Sunbury, Pennsylvania: The Daily Item, April 24, 1984, p. 11 (subscription required). ^ "Local Judge Races Highlight Election Day," and Max Baer (brief bio with photo), in "Common Pleas Court." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: The Pittsburgh Press, October 31, 1989, p. 41. ^ "Max Baer" (candidate statement), in "Common Pleas Court," in "Primary '89 Voters Guide." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 9, 1989, p. 55 (subscription required). ^ "Dauer Reassigns Friedman, Other Judges." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 3, 1990, p. 29 (subscription required). ^ Stack, Barbara White. "Mentally Ill Youths a Dilemma for CYS." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, pp. 1 and 3 (subscription required). ^ "Youth Accused in Pitt Shooting to Have Adult Trial." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 19, 1995, p. 11 (subscription required). ^ "Judge Baer's Intellect and Honesty Make Him Worthy of Seat on Supreme Court," in "Our View: General Election 2003." Allentown, Pennsylvania: The Morning, Call, October 26, 2003, p. 20 (subscription required). ^ Carpenter, Mackenzie. "There's No Middle Ground When It Comes to Judge Baer." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 12, 2003, pp. 1, 18-19 (subscription required). ^ Ackerman, Jan. "Field Narrowed to 10 in Judicial Race." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 26, 1999, pp. 75-76 (subscription required). ^ Commonwealth of PA - Elections Information ^ Max Baer, in "Campaign Voters Guide." Indiana, Pennsylvania: The Indiana Gazette, October 28, 2002, p. 10 (subscription required). ^ "Appeals Court Races to Depend on Voter Turnout." Indiana, Pennsylvania: The Indiana Gazette, October 27, 2003, p. 3 (subscription required). ^ Learn-Andes, Jennifer. "Courthouse at 100 a Worthy Party, Say Officials." Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: The Times Leader, September 23, 2009, pp. 1 and 14 (subscription required). ^ Miller, Matt. "Chief Justice Thomas G. Saylor to relinquish Pa. Supreme Court’s top post months before he retires." Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: PennLive, March 1, 2021. ^ "Judge Baer's Intellect and Honesty Make Him Worthy of Seat on Supreme Court," The Morning Call. ^ "State Supreme Court Deems Older Reassessments Unconstitutional." Hazleton, Pennsylvania: Standard-Speaker, May 4, 2009, p. A4 (subscription required). ^ Dunklau, Sam. "Chief Justice Max Baer Was at the Center of Some of Pennsylvania’s Biggest Election Cases." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: WESA-FM, October 4, 2022. ^ Dunklau, "Chief Justice Max Baer Was at the Center of Some of Pennsylvania’s Biggest Election Cases." ^ Max Baer (brief bio with photo), in "Judicial Elections/State & Allegheny County," in "2003 Voters Guide." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 28, 2003, p. 26 (subscription required). ^ Vellucci, "PA Supreme Court Chief Justice Max Baer Dies at 74," Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle. ^ McGoldrick, Gillian; Moss, Jon; Stinelli, Mick (October 1, 2022). "Pa. Supreme Court Chief Justice Max Baer dies at 74". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 1, 2022. ^ "Max Baer, Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s Chief Justice, Dies." Providence, Rhode Island: WPRI-TV, October 1, 2022. ^ Lash, Cindi. "Pa. Supreme Court Plans Public Memorial Service for Late Chief Justice Max Baer." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: WESA-FM, October 2, 2022. External links Profile of the Honorable Max Baer Max Baer at Ballotpedia Legal offices Preceded byThomas G. Saylor Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court 2021–2022 Succeeded byDebra Todd vteChief Justices of Pennsylvania18th Century David Lloyd Jeremiah Langhorne James Logan William Allen Benjamin Chew Thomas McKean Edward Shippen IV Seal of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court19th Century William Tilghman John Bannister Gibson Jeremiah S. Black Ellis Lewis Walter H. Lowrie George W. Woodward James Thompson John M. Read Daniel Agnew George Sharswood Ulysses Mercur Isaac G. Gordon Edward M. Paxson James P. Sterrett Henry Green J. Brewster McCollum 20th Century James T. Mitchell D. Newlin Fell J. Hay Brown Robert von Moschzisker Robert S. Frazer John W. Kephart William I. Schaffer George W. Maxey James B. Drew Horace Stern Charles Alvin Jones John C. Bell Jr. Benjamin R. Jones Michael J. Eagen Henry X. O'Brien Samuel J. Roberts Robert N. C. Nix Jr. John P. Flaherty Jr. 21st Century Stephen Zappala Sr. Ralph Cappy Ronald D. Castille Thomas G. Saylor Max Baer Debra Todd	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"David Max Baer[1] (December 24, 1947 – September 30, 2022) was an American judge who served as a justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from the time of his election in 2003 until his death in 2022. He was elevated to the court's most senior position, chief justice, in 2021.[2][3]Nicknamed the \"Fighting Judge\"[4][5] during his quest to be elected to the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas in 1989, he went on to institute a series of reforms in the court's Family Division that were replicated by courts across the United States. He was subsequently honored for his positive impact on the nation's judicial system by the President of the United States.[6]In 2003, he was described by editors at The Philadelphia Inquirer as \"a jurist with a great thirst for making the state's courts function better for all.\"[7]","title":"Max Baer (judge)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Wheeling, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dormont, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormont,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Born as David Max Baer in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on December 24, 1947, Max Baer was the oldest son of Henry \"Budd\" Baer, a native of Wheeling, West Virginia, who became a successful auto dealer after relocating to western Pennsylvania,[8] and Helen (Scheimer) Baer, who was a native of Dormont, Pennsylvania, and past president of the University of Pittsburgh Alumni Association.[9][10]Raised in Dormont, Baer and his parents and siblings were active with the Beth El Congregation in South Hills.[11][12][13]","title":"Formative years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linsly Military Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linsly_School"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Duquesne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_Law"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A graduate of the Linsly Military Institute in Wheeling, West Virginia,[14] Baer earned his Bachelor of Arts from the University of Pittsburgh in 1971. In 1975, he was awarded a Juris Doctor from Duquesne University.[15]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deputy Attorney General of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Police"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Allegheny County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Court of Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Court_of_Common_Pleas"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Joan Orie Melvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Orie_Melvin"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Luzerne County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzerne_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Thomas Saylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_G._Saylor"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"From December 1975 to 1979, he served as Deputy Attorney General of Pennsylvania.[16] In 1978, he represented three Pennsylvania State Police troopers who were being sued for illegal arrest by a suspect in a high-profile murder case.[17][18] The civil case was dismissed by the federal court in May 1978 when \"the suit was dropped because the plaintiffs did not want [the suspect] to face cross-examination,\" according to newspaper interviews conducted with Baer.[19] The suspect was subsequently found not guilty of second-degree murder, rape and robbery.[20]A resident of Lakemont Drive in Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, and an attorney who had been engaged in private practice law since 1979 as a partner with the law firm of Campbell, Sherrard and Burke, Baer ran as a Democrat for, and was elected to, the position of judge in the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas in 1989.[21][22] Assigned to the Family Division of the court upon taking office in January 1990,[23] he issued rulings in adoption, child custody, and juvenile justice cases.[24][25][26][27]In 1999, he was retained for a second ten-year term with that court.[28]In 2003, he was elected to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court after narrowly defeating state Superior Court Judge Joan Orie Melvin.[29] In response to a questionnaire submitted to candidates for the post prior to the election, Baer stated:[30]\"I believe the people have a right to know the beliefs of all candidates, including judges. One of the criticisms of judicial elections is that public is not informed. The ability to express beliefs will remedy that. However, the public must understand that a judge is obligated to follow the law regardless of personal beliefs, sometimes rendering a decision inconsistent with those beliefs.\"His salary for service on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court was initially $140,000 per year.[31]In 2009, Baer delivered the keynote address during the centennial celebration of the Luzerne County Courthouse.[32]Baer was retained in a retention election in 2013 for a second ten-year term. He ascended to chief justice in 2021 upon the retirement of Chief Justice Thomas Saylor.[33]","title":"Legal and civic affairs career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Key Court of Common Pleas actions","text":"Among the changes he made to Allegheny Court of Common Pleas, Baer created a program which required parents who were involved in child custody cases to attend parenting classes and engage in mediation sessions that were designed to help the parents avoid becoming entangled in litigation. Baer also garnered recognition for his efforts to streamline Pennsylvania's adoption process and improve the screening and oversight of adoption caseworkers.[34]","title":"Legal and civic affairs career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Free and Equal Elections clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_elections_law"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Key Pennsylvania Supreme Court rulings","text":"In 2009, Baer supported the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's majority ruling that outdated property tax assessments of county government agencies which failed to reassess properties within their jurisdictions in a timely manner were unconstitutional because they violated the uniformity clause of the state constitution. Baer advised counties \"to begin reassessment, or to stand ready to defend the lawsuit which will inevitably come,\" and recommended that agencies reassess properties whenever deviation rates in property sale prices exceeded twenty percent.[35]In 2018, Baer was one of five Democrats on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to issue a majority ruling which struck down Pennsylvania's 2011 congressional district map (\"League of Women Voters, et al. v. the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, et al.\"), noting that the \"map 'clearly, plainly and palpably' violated the state constitution because it favored the GOP's candidates in 13 of the state's 18 districts.\" When Pennsylvania's governor and state legislature failed to achieve compromise on a replacement map, the court appointed an advisor to create a new map that was adopted prior to the 2018 mid-term elections.[36]In 2020, Baer was also one of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court justices to issue a majority ruling which affirmed that ballot drop boxes and satellite election offices are permissible and appropriate under Pennsylvania state law. The ruling also approved the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's plan to extend the submission deadline for mail-in ballots in response to anticipated mail delivery problems by the United States Postal Service. In his ruling, Baer wrote, \"There is nothing constitutionally infirm about a deadline of 8:00 p.m. on Election Day for the receipt of ballots,\" basing his opinion on the Free and Equal Elections clause of the state constitution, \"which requires leaders to keep 'all aspects of the electoral process' as open as possible to allow the largest number of people to vote in a given election,\" according to news reports of the court's action.[37]","title":"Legal and civic affairs career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Awards and other honors","text":"Baer was honored for his public service multiple times, including as recipient of:[38]Champion of Children Award\nNational Award for judicial innovation, presented by the President of the United States during a White House ceremony\nPennsylvania Child and Adoption Advocate of the Year\nSteward Award","title":"Legal and civic affairs career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hills_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Baer died at his home in the Pittsburgh suburb of South Hills[39] on September 30, 2022, just months before attaining the mandatory retirement age of 75.[40]Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf ordered that all state flags at state buildings and grounds be flown at half-staff in Baer's honor, praising Baer as a \"respected and esteemed jurist with decades of service to our courts and our commonwealth.\"[41]The Pennsylvania Supreme Court held a public memorial service for Baer on October 4, 2022, at the Charles J. Dougherty ballroom in Duquesne's Power Center. The service was also broadcast live online.[42]","title":"Death and tributes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2003 election","title":"Elections"}]	[{"image_text":"Seal of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of Jewish American jurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_jurists"},{"title":"Supreme Court of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania"}]	[{"reference":"\"Chief Justice Max Baer \| Supreme Court Justices \| Supreme Court \| Courts \| Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacourts.us/courts/supreme-court/supreme-court-justices/chief-justice-max-baer","url_text":"\"Chief Justice Max Baer \| Supreme Court Justices \| Supreme Court \| Courts \| Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania\""}]},{"reference":"McGoldrick, Gillian; Moss, Jon; Stinelli, Mick (October 1, 2022). \"Pa. Supreme Court Chief Justice Max Baer dies at 74\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.post-gazette.com/news/obituaries/2022/10/01/max-baer-pennsylvania-supreme-court-dies/stories/202210010040","url_text":"\"Pa. 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Elections Information"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/527901827/?terms=%22Max%20Baer%22%20and%20%22Court%20of%20Common%20Pleas%22&match=1","external_links_name":"Campaign Voters Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/527901526/?terms=%22Max%20Baer%22%20and%20%22Court%20of%20Common%20Pleas%22&match=3","external_links_name":"Appeals Court Races to Depend on Voter Turnout"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/429361574/?terms=%22Max%20Baer%22%20and%20%22Court%20of%20Common%20Pleas%22&match=4","external_links_name":"Courthouse at 100 a Worthy Party, Say Officials"},{"Link":"https://www.pennlive.com/news/2021/03/chief-justice-thomas-g-saylor-to-relinquish-pa-supreme-courts-top-post-months-before-he-retires.html","external_links_name":"Chief Justice Thomas G. Saylor to relinquish Pa. Supreme Court’s top post months before he retires"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/530017145/?terms=%22Max%20Baer%22%20and%20%22Court%20of%20Common%20Pleas%22&match=3","external_links_name":"State Supreme Court Deems Older Reassessments Unconstitutional"},{"Link":"https://www.wesa.fm/courts-justice/2022-10-04/chief-justice-max-baer-was-at-the-center-of-some-of-pennsylvanias-biggest-election-cases","external_links_name":"Chief Justice Max Baer Was at the Center of Some of Pennsylvania’s Biggest Election Cases"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/89886736/?terms=%22Max%20Baer%22%20and%20%22Court%20of%20Common%20Pleas%22&match=1","external_links_name":"Judicial Elections/State & Allegheny County"},{"Link":"https://www.post-gazette.com/news/obituaries/2022/10/01/max-baer-pennsylvania-supreme-court-dies/stories/202210010040","external_links_name":"\"Pa. Supreme Court Chief Justice Max Baer dies at 74\""},{"Link":"https://www.wpri.com/news/us-and-world/ap-max-baer-pennsylvania-supreme-courts-chief-justice-dies/","external_links_name":"Max Baer, Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s Chief Justice, Dies"},{"Link":"https://www.wesa.fm/politics-government/2022-11-04/homewood-residents-say-they-want-a-police-chief-who-takes-diversity-accountability-seriously","external_links_name":"Pa. Supreme Court Plans Public Memorial Service for Late Chief Justice Max Baer"},{"Link":"http://www.pacourts.us/T/SupremeCourt/SupremeCourtJustices/JusticeBaer.htm","external_links_name":"Profile of the Honorable Max Baer"},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Max_Baer","external_links_name":"Max Baer"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_UEFA_European_Under-19_Football_Championship	2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship	["1 Qualification","2 Squads","3 Group A","4 Group B","5 Knock-out stage","5.1 Bracket","5.2 Semi-finals","5.3 Final","6 Goalscorers","7 References","8 External links"]	2009 UEFA European Under-19 ChampionshipЮнацький чемпіонат Європи з футболу (U-19) 20092009 UEFA Under-19 logoTournament detailsHost countryUkraineDates21 July – 2 AugustTeams8Venue(s)4 (in Mariupol and Donetsk host cities)Final positionsChampions Ukraine (1st title)Runners-up EnglandTournament statisticsMatches played15Goals scored40 (2.67 per match)Attendance100,455 (6,697 per match)Top scorer(s) Nathan Delfouneso (4)Best player(s) Kyrylo Petrov← 2008 2010 → International football competition The UEFA European Under-19 Championship 2009 Final Tournament was held in Ukraine in the cities of Donetsk and Mariupol. Players born after 1 January 1990 were eligible to participate in this competition. Qualification Qualification for the final tournament was played over two stages: 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification – 2 October 2008 – 27 November 2008 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship elite qualification – 1 March 2009 – 31 May 2009 The following teams had qualified for the tournament: England France Serbia Slovenia Spain Switzerland Turkey Ukraine (host) Squads Main article: 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship squads Group A Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Status England 3 1 2 0 10 4 +6 5 Advanced to the semi-finals Ukraine 3 1 2 0 3 2 +1 5 Switzerland 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 4 Slovenia 3 0 1 2 2 9 −7 1 21 July 200916:00 CET England 1–1 Switzerland Mattock 34' Report Wüthrich 90+2' Metalurh Stadium, DonetskAttendance: 2,000Referee: Manuel Gräfe (Germany) 21 July 200918:00 CET Ukraine 0–0 Slovenia Report RSC Olimpiyskiy, DonetskAttendance: 12,800Referee: Jiří Jech (Czech Republic) 24 July 200916:00 CET Slovenia 1–2 Switzerland Fink 66' Report Pasche 79'Mustafi 85' Metalurh Stadium, DonetskAttendance: 1,100Referee: Ovidiu Alin Hategan (Romania) 24 July 200918:00 CET Ukraine 2–2 England Petrov 2', 61' Report Lansbury 25' (pen.) Gosling 51' RSC Olimpiyskiy, DonetskAttendance: 7,438Referee: Bas Nijhuis (Netherlands) 27 July 200918:00 CET Switzerland 0–1 Ukraine Report Rybalka 85' RSC Olimpiyskiy, DonetskAttendance: 4,300Referee: István Vad (Hungary) 27 July 200918:00 CET Slovenia 1–7 England Dimitrov 50' Report Lansbury 10' Briggs 19' Welbeck 25', 32' Delfouneso 38', 70' Ranger 74' Metalurh Stadium, DonetskAttendance: 300Referee: Jérôme Efong Nzolo (Belgium) Group B Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Status Serbia 3 2 1 0 4 2 +2 7 Advanced to the semi-finals France 3 1 2 0 3 2 +1 5 Spain 3 1 0 2 3 4 −1 3 Turkey 3 0 1 2 2 4 −2 1 21 July 200917:00 CET France 1–1 Serbia Brahimi 40' Report Aleksić 44' Zakhidnyi Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 1,100Referee: István Vad (Hungary) 21 July 200919:30 CET Turkey 1–2 Spain Albayrak 12' Report Falque 49' (pen.)Joselu 51' Illichivets Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 9,200Referee: Ovidiu Alin Hategan (Romania) 24 July 200915:30 CET France 1–1 Turkey N'Diaye 90' Report Yıldırım 64' Zakhidnyi Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 1,000Referee: Jérôme Efong Nzolo (Belgium) 24 July 200917:30 CET Serbia 2–1 Spain Milanović 36', 51' Report Joselu 6' Illichivets Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 9,800Referee: Jiří Jech (Czech Republic) 27 July 200916:00 CET Spain 0–1 France Report Brahimi 26' Illichivets Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 8,500Referee: Manuel Gräfe (Germany) 27 July 200916:00 CET Serbia 1–0 Turkey Aleksić 17' Report Zakhidnyi Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 1,017Referee: Bas Nijhuis (Netherlands) Knock-out stage Bracket Semi-finalsFinal 30 July – Donetsk England3 2 August – Donetsk France1 England0 30 July – Mariupol Ukraine2 Serbia1 Ukraine3 Semi-finals 30 July 200916:30 CET England 3–1 (a.e.t.) France Lansbury 37' Delfouneso 92', 104' Report Gueye 8' RSC Olimpiyskiy, DonetskAttendance: 4,200Referee: Bas Nijhuis (Netherlands) 30 July 200919:00 CET Serbia 1–3 Ukraine Aleksić 22' Report Shakhov 1' Harmash 39', 86' Illichivets Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 12,600Referee: Manuel Gräfe (Germany) Final 2 August 200915:30 CET England 0–2 Ukraine Report Harmash 5' Korkishko 50' RSC Olimpiyskiy, DonetskAttendance: 25,100Referee: Jiří Jech (Czech Republic) England GK 1 Jason Steele (c) DF 2 Kieran Trippier DF 3 Joe Mattock 45' MF 4 Dan Gosling DF 5 Kyle Walker FW 7 Danny Welbeck 64' MF 8 Danny Drinkwater 53' 55' FW 10 Nathan Delfouneso MF 11 Henri Lansbury MF 16 Joe Bennett DF 18 Matthew Briggs 56' Substitutes GK 13 Declan Rudd DF 6 Gavin Hoyte 56' FW 9 Nile Ranger 64' FW 12 Rhys Murphy MF 15 Andros Townsend MF 17 Andrew Tutte 55' Manager Brian Eastick Ukraine GK 1 Ihor Levchenko DF 2 Dmytro Kushnirov DF 3 Temur Partsvaniya DF 4 Serhiy Kryvtsov FW 7 Dmytro Korkishko 50' MF 8 Kyrylo Petrov (c) 62' 90+6' MF 9 Denys Harmash 5' 67' MF 14 Yevhen Shakhov MF 15 Serhiy Rybalka FW 17 Valeriy Kaverin 80' FW 19 Ihor Chaykovskyi Substitutes GK 12 Vyacheslav Bazylevych DK 5 Maksym Bilyi MF 10 Artur Karnoza FW 11 Serhiy Shevchuk 80' FW 18 Dmytro Yeremenko 90+6' MF 20 Serhiy Lohinov Manager Yuri Kalitvintsev Assistant referees Mathias Klasenius Saulius Dirda Fourth official Istvan Vad 2009 UEFA U-19 European champions UkraineFirst title Goalscorers 4 goals Nathan Delfouneso 3 goals Henri Lansbury Danijel Aleksić Denys Harmash 2 goals Danny Welbeck Yacine Brahimi Milan Milanović Joselu Kyrylo Petrov 1 goal Matthew Briggs Dan Gosling Joseph Mattock Nile Ranger Magaye Gueye Alfred N'Diaye Dejan Dimitrov Matic Fink Iago Falque Orhan Mustafi Alexandre Pasche Sébastien Wüthrich Eren Albayrak Sercan Yıldırım Dmytro Korkishko Serhiy Rybalka Yevhen Shakhov References ^ "2009: Kyrylo Petrov". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to UEFA European U-19 Championship 2009. Official Site vteUEFA European U-18 and U-19 ChampionshipUnder-18 era, 1948–2001FIFA YouthTournament England 1948 Netherlands 1949 Austria 1950 France 1951 Spain 1952 Belgium 1953 West Germany 1954 UEFA Youth Tournament Italy 1955 Hungary 1956 Spain 1957 Luxembourg 1958 Bulgaria 1959 Austria 1960 Portugal 1961 Romania 1962 England 1963 Netherlands 1964 West Germany 1965 Yugoslavia 1966 Turkey 1967 France 1968 East Germany 1969 Scotland 1970 Czechoslovakia 1971 Spain 1972 Italy 1973 Sweden 1974 Switzerland 1975 Hungary 1976 Belgium 1977 Poland 1978 Austria 1979 East Germany 1980 UEFA U-18Championships West Germany 1981 Finland 1982 England 1983 Soviet Union 1984 Yugoslavia 1986 Czechoslovakia 1988 Hungary 1990 Germany 1992 England 1993 Spain 1994 Greece 1995 France 1996 Iceland 1997 Cyprus 1998 Sweden 1999 Germany 2000 Finland 2001 Qualification 1986 1988 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Squads 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Under-19 era, 2002–presentUEFA U-19Championships Norway 2002 Liechtenstein 2003 Switzerland 2004 Northern Ireland 2005 Poland 2006 Austria 2007 Czech Republic 2008 Ukraine 2009 France 2010 Romania 2011 Estonia 2012 Lithuania 2013 Hungary 2014 Greece 2015 Germany 2016 Georgia 2017 Finland 2018 Armenia 2019 Northern Ireland 2020 Romania 2021 Slovakia 2022 Malta 2023 Northern Ireland 2024 Romania 2025 Wales 2026 Israel 2027 Qualification 2002 2003 2004 2005 (First, Elite) 2006 (First, Elite) 2007 (First, Elite) 2008 (First, Elite) 2009 (First, Elite) 2010 (First, Elite) 2011 (First, Elite) 2012 (First, Elite) 2013 (First, Elite) 2014 (First, Elite) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Squads 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA European Under-19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"}],"text":"International football competitionThe UEFA European Under-19 Championship 2009 Final Tournament was held in Ukraine in the cities of Donetsk and Mariupol. Players born after 1 January 1990 were eligible to participate in this competition.","title":"2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship elite 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stages:2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification – 2 October 2008 – 27 November 2008\n2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship elite qualification – 1 March 2009 – 31 May 2009The following teams had qualified for the tournament:England\n France\n Serbia\n Slovenia\n Spain\n Switzerland\n Turkey\n Ukraine (host)","title":"Qualification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Squads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mattock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mattock"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120712200023/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under19/fixturesresults/round=15213/match=2001222/report=rp.html"},{"link_name":"Wüthrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_W%C3%BCthrich"},{"link_name":"Metalurh Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurh_Stadium_(Donetsk)"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"Manuel 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Gosling 51'\nRSC Olimpiyskiy, DonetskAttendance: 7,438Referee: Bas Nijhuis (Netherlands)27 July 200918:00 CET\nSwitzerland 0–1 Ukraine\n\nReport\nRybalka 85'\nRSC Olimpiyskiy, DonetskAttendance: 4,300Referee: István Vad (Hungary)27 July 200918:00 CET\nSlovenia 1–7 England\nDimitrov 50'\nReport\nLansbury 10' Briggs 19' Welbeck 25', 32' Delfouneso 38', 70' Ranger 74'\nMetalurh Stadium, DonetskAttendance: 300Referee: Jérôme Efong Nzolo (Belgium)","title":"Group 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CET\nFrance 1–1 Serbia\nBrahimi 40'\nReport\nAleksić 44'\nZakhidnyi Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 1,100Referee: István Vad (Hungary)21 July 200919:30 CET\nTurkey 1–2 Spain\nAlbayrak 12'\nReport\nFalque 49' (pen.)Joselu 51'\nIllichivets Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 9,200Referee: Ovidiu Alin Hategan (Romania)24 July 200915:30 CET\nFrance 1–1 Turkey\nN'Diaye 90'\nReport\nYıldırım 64'\nZakhidnyi Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 1,000Referee: Jérôme Efong Nzolo (Belgium)24 July 200917:30 CET\nSerbia 2–1 Spain\nMilanović 36', 51'\nReport\nJoselu 6'\nIllichivets Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 9,800Referee: Jiří Jech (Czech Republic)27 July 200916:00 CET\nSpain 0–1 France\n\nReport\nBrahimi 26'\nIllichivets Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 8,500Referee: Manuel Gräfe (Germany)27 July 200916:00 CET\nSerbia 1–0 Turkey\nAleksić 17'\nReport\n\nZakhidnyi Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 1,017Referee: Bas Nijhuis (Netherlands)","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knock-out stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bracket","title":"Knock-out stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lansbury"},{"link_name":"Delfouneso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Delfouneso"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120710194435/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under19/fixturesresults/round=15214/match=2001283/index.html"},{"link_name":"Gueye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magaye_Gueye"},{"link_name":"RSC Olimpiyskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSC_Olimpiyskiy"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"Bas 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France\nLansbury 37' Delfouneso 92', 104'\nReport\nGueye 8'\nRSC Olimpiyskiy, DonetskAttendance: 4,200Referee: Bas Nijhuis (Netherlands)30 July 200919:00 CET\nSerbia 1–3 Ukraine\nAleksić 22'\nReport\nShakhov 1' Harmash 39', 86'\nIllichivets Stadium, MariupolAttendance: 12,600Referee: Manuel Gräfe (Germany)","title":"Knock-out stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120711122109/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under19/fixturesresults/round=15215/match=2001285/report=rp.html"},{"link_name":"Harmash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Harmash"},{"link_name":"Korkishko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Korkishko"},{"link_name":"RSC 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Vad","title":"Knock-out stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Nathan Delfouneso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Delfouneso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Henri Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lansbury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Danijel Aleksić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danijel_Aleksi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Denys Harmash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Harmash"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Danny Welbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Welbeck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Yacine Brahimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacine_Brahimi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Milan 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Wüthrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_W%C3%BCthrich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Eren Albayrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eren_Albayrak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Sercan Yıldırım","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sercan_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Dmytro Korkishko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Korkishko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Serhiy Rybalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhiy_Rybalka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Yevhen Shakhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevhen_Shakhov_(footballer,_born_1990)"}],"text":"4 goalsNathan Delfouneso3 goalsHenri Lansbury\n Danijel Aleksić\n Denys Harmash2 goalsDanny Welbeck\n Yacine Brahimi\n Milan Milanović\n Joselu\n Kyrylo Petrov1 goalMatthew Briggs\n Dan Gosling\n Joseph Mattock\n 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Iacangelo	Peter Iacangelo	["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","3 References","4 External links"]	American film, stage, and television actor (1948–2021) Peter IacangeloBorn(1948-08-13)August 13, 1948Brooklyn, New York, U.S.DiedNovember 17, 2021(2021-11-17) (aged 73)West Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.Alma materHofstra UniversityOccupation(s)Film and television actorYears active1976–1999Spouse Melody Marzola (m. 1975)Children3 Peter Iacangelo Jr. (August 13, 1948 – November 17, 2021) was an American film, stage and television actor. He was perhaps best known for playing the role of Lou, the irascible owner of Lou's Tavern in the 1999 film Fight Club. Life and career Iacangelo was born in Brooklyn, New York on August 13, 1948. He attended Hofstra University. Iacangelo began his acting career in 1976, appearing in the Broadway play Threepenny Opera. Iacangelo made his screen debut in the 1978 film Bloodbrothers. In 1980 he appeared in an American production of the play Filumena. From the 1980s to 1999 Iacangelo appeared and guest-starred in numerous film and television programs including The Drew Carey Show, Cheers (and its spin-off The Tortellis), Hanky Panky, Hill Street Blues, Night of the Running Man, Taxi, Hardcastle and McCormick, St. Elsewhere, Look Who's Talking Now, Quantum Leap, Archie Bunker's Place, Becker, Cagney & Lacey, Truth or Consequences, N.M., St. Elsewhere, Hero at Large, Who's the Boss?, The Jeffersons, They Came from Outer Space, Murphy Brown, ALF, We're Talking Serious Money, Mr. Belvedere, Dear John, Family Matters and Tattoo. He retired in 1999, last appearing in the film Fight Club, playing the role of the bartender Lou. Iacangelo died in West Columbia, South Carolina on November 17, 2021, at the age of 73. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1978 Bloodbrothers Malfie 1980 Hero at Large Man at Rally 1980 Hoodlums Zoo 1980 Times Square Plainclothes Cop 1981 Spittoon 1981 Tattoo Dubin 1982 Hanky Panky Cop on R.R. Platform 1983 Carpool Gates TV movie 1986 The Return of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer Norwood Fitz TV movie 1988 Frank Nitti: The Enforcer TV movie 1988 Killer Instinct Owner TV movie 1992 Murder Without Motive: The Edmund Perry Story Police Sergeant Grady TV movie 1992 We're Talking Serious Money Frankie the Beast' 1993 Look Who's Talking Now Wolf/Dog (voice) 1995 Night of the Running Man Al Chambers 1997 Truth or Consequences, N.M. Wiseguy 1998 The Rat Pack Johnny TV movie 1999 Fight Club Lou Television Year Title Role Notes 1982 Hill Street Blues Husband/Bruno Heverman 2 episodes 1982 Archie Bunker's Place George 2 episodes 1982 The Phoenix Fred Barford 1 episode 1982 St. Elsewhere Policeman 1 episode 1983–1986 The A-Team Angry Cab Customer/Brother Francisco 2 episodes 1983 Cagney & Lacey Bartender 1 episode 1983–1985 The Jeffersons Officer/Guard 2 episodes 1983 The Renegades Davis 1 episode 1983 Taxi Inspector Donovan 1 episode 1984 Cheers Victor Shapone 1 episode 1984 Falcon Crest Bug Sweeper 1 episode 1984 Hardcastle and McCormick Masters 1 episode 1984 Masquerade Johnny 1 episode 1984 Gimme a Break! Mr. Brown 1 episode 1984 E/R Yale Garrison 1 episode 1985 Night Court Policeman 1 episode 1985 Our Family Honor Phil 1 episode 1985 Who's the Boss? Carlo Garabaldi 1 episode 1986 Knots Landing Sam Comiskey 1 episode 1986 Amazing Stories Limo Driver 1 episode 1986 The Fall Guy Wrestling Promoter 1 episode 1986 The New Mike Hammer Howard Rosenwall 1 episode 1986 Easy Street The Delivery Man 1 episode 1987 The Tortellis Arnie Wexler 1 episode 1988 The Hogan Family Pete 1 episode 1988 Freddy's Nightmares Dad 1 episode 1988 Mr. Belvedere Bruno 1 episode 1989 ALF Lee Fraiser 1 episode 1990 Singer & Sons Delivery Man 1 episode 1990 Life Goes On Policeman 1 episode 1991 They Came from Outer Space Tony Maroni 1 episode 1991 Murphy Brown Bartender 1 episode 1991 Dream On Gun Store Owner 1 episode 1991 Dear John Mort 3 episodes 1991 Good & Evil The Pawnbroker 1 episode 1992 Quantum Leap Frank O'Connor 1 episode 1992 Down the Shore Policeman 1 episode 1993 Good Advice Mr. Lamonico 1 episode 1993 Love & War Phil Polito 1 episode 1993 Family Matters Man with Tree 1 episode 1996 The Faculty Fred 1 episode 1996 Ink Cop 1 episode 1997 Malcolm & Eddie Sergeant O'Malley 1 episode 1997 The Drew Carey Show Ice Cream Vendor 1 episode 1997 In the House Capt. Spaulding 2 episodes 1998 Jumanji Lowlife (voice) 1 episode 1999 The Practice Gun Expert John Marshall 1 episode 1999 Becker Rich 1 episode 1999 Cousin Skeeter Sergeant 1 episode References ^ "Melody Marzola Wed To P. A. Iacangelo Jr". The New York Times. April 6, 1975. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ a b c "Poo-Wá-Bah 2008–2009". Issuu. Hofstra University. March 8, 2010. p. 15. Retrieved June 25, 2021. ^ Lovett, Kenneth (August 28, 1986). "From Junkyard to L.A.'s Back Lots". Newday. Melville, New York. p. 28. Retrieved September 26, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d John Willis' Theatre World. Crown Publishers. 1981. p. 40. ISBN 9780517542644 – via Google Books. ^ Lardner, James (January 10, 1980). "Laughs Lost in the Translation". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 25, 2021. ^ "Television Highlights and Television Schedule". The Journal Herald. Dayton, Ohio. July 26, 1984. p. 43. Retrieved September 26, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Peter Iacangelo List of Movies and TV Shows". TV Guide. Retrieved June 25, 2021. ^ "Peter Iacangelo". Echovita. Retrieved February 28, 2022. ^ "Special magazine 2022". SAG-AFTRA. p. 90. Retrieved February 28, 2022. External links Peter Iacangelo at IMDb Peter Iacangelo at the TCM Movie Database Peter Iacangelo at AllMovie Rotten Tomatoes profile	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fight Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Club"}],"text":"American film, stage, and television actor (1948–2021)Peter Iacangelo Jr. (August 13, 1948 – November 17, 2021) was an American film, stage and television actor.[3] He was perhaps best known for playing the role of Lou, the irascible owner of Lou's Tavern in the 1999 film Fight Club.","title":"Peter Iacangelo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-4"},{"link_name":"Hofstra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstra_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-4"},{"link_name":"Bloodbrothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodbrothers_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Drew Carey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show"},{"link_name":"Cheers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Tortellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tortellis"},{"link_name":"Hanky Panky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanky_Panky_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Hill Street Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues"},{"link_name":"Night of the Running Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Running_Man"},{"link_name":"Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hardcastle and McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcastle_and_McCormick"},{"link_name":"St. Elsewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elsewhere"},{"link_name":"Look Who's Talking Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Who%27s_Talking_Now"},{"link_name":"Quantum Leap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Leap_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Archie Bunker's Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Bunker%27s_Place"},{"link_name":"Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becker_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cagney & Lacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagney_%26_Lacey"},{"link_name":"Truth or Consequences, N.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_or_Consequences,_N.M._(film)"},{"link_name":"St. Elsewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elsewhere"},{"link_name":"Hero at Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_at_Large"},{"link_name":"Who's the Boss?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_the_Boss%3F"},{"link_name":"The Jeffersons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jeffersons"},{"link_name":"They Came from Outer Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Came_from_Outer_Space"},{"link_name":"Murphy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Brown"},{"link_name":"ALF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALF_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"We're Talking Serious Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re_Talking_Serious_Money"},{"link_name":"Mr. Belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Belvedere"},{"link_name":"Dear John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_John_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Family Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters"},{"link_name":"Tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fight Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Club"},{"link_name":"West Columbia, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Iacangelo was born in Brooklyn, New York on August 13, 1948.[4] He attended Hofstra University.[2][4] Iacangelo began his acting career in 1976, appearing in the Broadway play Threepenny Opera.[4]Iacangelo made his screen debut in the 1978 film Bloodbrothers. In 1980 he appeared in an American production of the play Filumena.[4][5]From the 1980s to 1999 Iacangelo appeared and guest-starred in numerous film and television programs including The Drew Carey Show, Cheers[6] (and its spin-off The Tortellis), Hanky Panky, Hill Street Blues, Night of the Running Man, Taxi, Hardcastle and McCormick, St. Elsewhere, Look Who's Talking Now, Quantum Leap, Archie Bunker's Place, Becker, Cagney & Lacey, Truth or Consequences, N.M., St. Elsewhere, Hero at Large, Who's the Boss?, The Jeffersons, They Came from Outer Space, Murphy Brown, ALF, We're Talking Serious Money, Mr. Belvedere, Dear John, Family Matters and Tattoo.[2][7] He retired in 1999, last appearing in the film Fight Club, playing the role of the bartender Lou.Iacangelo died in West Columbia, South Carolina on November 17, 2021, at the age of 73.[8][9]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Melody Marzola Wed To P. A. Iacangelo Jr\". The New York Times. April 6, 1975. Retrieved June 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/06/archives/melody-marzola-wed-to-pa-iacangelo-jr.html","url_text":"\"Melody Marzola Wed To P. A. Iacangelo Jr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Poo-Wá-Bah 2008–2009\". Issuu. Hofstra University. March 8, 2010. p. 15. Retrieved June 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/hofstra/docs/dance_poowabah_2009","url_text":"\"Poo-Wá-Bah 2008–2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issuu","url_text":"Issuu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstra_University","url_text":"Hofstra University"}]},{"reference":"Lovett, Kenneth (August 28, 1986). \"From Junkyard to L.A.'s Back Lots\". Newday. Melville, New York. p. 28. Retrieved September 26, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/722386269/","url_text":"\"From Junkyard to L.A.'s Back Lots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday_(Suffolk_Edition)","url_text":"Newday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville,_New_York","url_text":"Melville, New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"John Willis' Theatre World. Crown Publishers. 1981. p. 40. ISBN 9780517542644 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C0s3AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"John Willis' Theatre World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517542644","url_text":"9780517542644"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Lardner, James (January 10, 1980). \"Laughs Lost in the Translation\". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/01/10/laughs-lost-in-the-translation/b55b04f7-7641-4d4a-a440-40537dc7ec5d/","url_text":"\"Laughs Lost in the Translation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Television Highlights and Television Schedule\". The Journal Herald. Dayton, Ohio. July 26, 1984. p. 43. Retrieved September 26, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/396067100/","url_text":"\"Television Highlights and Television Schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_Herald","url_text":"The Journal Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio","url_text":"Dayton, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Iacangelo List of Movies and TV Shows\". TV Guide. Retrieved June 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/peter-iacangelo/credits/3000000344/","url_text":"\"Peter Iacangelo List of Movies and TV Shows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Iacangelo\". Echovita. Retrieved February 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.echovita.com/us/obituaries/sc/west-columbia/peter-iacangelo-13731644","url_text":"\"Peter Iacangelo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special magazine 2022\". SAG-AFTRA. p. 90. Retrieved February 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.copcomm.com/i/1444689-special-2022/89?","url_text":"\"Special magazine 2022\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/06/archives/melody-marzola-wed-to-pa-iacangelo-jr.html","external_links_name":"\"Melody Marzola Wed To P. A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Thurrock_Athletic_F.C.	West Thurrock Athletic F.C.	["1 History","2 Ground","3 Records","4 References","5 External links"]	Football clubWest Thurrock AthleticFull nameWest Thurrock Athletic Football ClubNickname(s)The RocksFounded1946Dissolved1968GroundBay House Meadow, West Thurrock Final season 1967–68 Greater London League, 9th of 14 West Thurrock Athletic Football Club was a football club based in West Thurrock, England. History Founded in 1946, West Thurrock Athletic joined the South Essex League, joining the London League Division Two a year later. West Thurrock entered the 1947–48 FA Cup, reaching the first qualifying round, before losing 3–0 away to neighbours Grays Athletic. In 1950, the club won promotion to the Premier Division, winning it in 1952. In the 1962–63 season, West Thurrock finished runners-up in the London League. In 1964, the club became founder members of the Greater London League, playing in the system before folding at the end of the 1967–68 season. Ground Initially, the club played at the West Thurrock Memorial Ground, before moving to Bay House Meadow on London Road in West Thurrock. Records Best FA Cup performance: First qualifying round, 1947–48 References ^ a b "A Look Into History Part Twenty Two". Essex Senior League. 29 March 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020. ^ "West Thurrock Athletic". Football Club History Database. Retrieved 31 May 2020. External links West Thurrock Athletic at the Football Club History Database This article about a defunct English football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"West Thurrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Thurrock"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Football clubWest Thurrock Athletic Football Club was a football club based in West Thurrock, England.","title":"West Thurrock Athletic F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Essex League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Essex_League"},{"link_name":"London League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_League_(football)"},{"link_name":"1947–48 FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Grays Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grays_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"1962–63 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Greater London League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_League"},{"link_name":"1967–68 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESL-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Founded in 1946, West Thurrock Athletic joined the South Essex League, joining the London League Division Two a year later. West Thurrock entered the 1947–48 FA Cup, reaching the first qualifying round, before losing 3–0 away to neighbours Grays Athletic. In 1950, the club won promotion to the Premier Division, winning it in 1952. In the 1962–63 season, West Thurrock finished runners-up in the London League. In 1964, the club became founder members of the Greater London League, playing in the system before folding at the end of the 1967–68 season.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Thurrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Thurrock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESL-1"}],"text":"Initially, the club played at the West Thurrock Memorial Ground, before moving to Bay House Meadow on London Road in West Thurrock.[1]","title":"Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1947–48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_FA_Cup"}],"text":"Best FA Cup performance: First qualifying round, 1947–48","title":"Records"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"A Look Into History Part Twenty Two\". Essex Senior League. 29 March 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://essexseniorleague.co.uk/a-look-into-history-part-twenty-two/","url_text":"\"A Look Into History Part Twenty Two\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Thurrock Athletic\". Football Club History Database. Retrieved 31 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://fchd.info/W-THURRA.HTM","url_text":"\"West Thurrock Athletic\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://essexseniorleague.co.uk/a-look-into-history-part-twenty-two/","external_links_name":"\"A Look Into History Part Twenty Two\""},{"Link":"http://fchd.info/W-THURRA.HTM","external_links_name":"\"West Thurrock Athletic\""},{"Link":"https://www.fchd.info/W-THURRA.HTM","external_links_name":"West Thurrock Athletic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Thurrock_Athletic_F.C.&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudene	Sudene	["1 Premise","2 Actions","3 References","4 External links"]	The Superintendency for the Development of the Northeast (Portuguese: Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste), or Sudene (Portuguese pronunciation: ) for short, is a Brazilian governmental agency created in 1959, during the government of President Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1961), to stimulate economic growth in the northeastern region of Brazil, one of the poorest of the country, that faces chronic droughts and has a semi-arid climate. Sudene was created by suggestion of economist Celso Furtado, one of the leading intellectuals of Brazil, who was the agency's first director. Premise Furtado's premise was that the semi-arid climate of the Northeast was an environmental reality against which it would be very unproductive to fight – despite governmental action to take water to that region – and that state poverty reduction programs should thus aim at using the existing natural advantages of the area – namely, its availability of labor – and promote industrialization instead of the region's traditional economic focus, which was on agriculture and livestock. Actions The agency's first steps were to speed up the construction of hydroelectric dams in the São Francisco River, followed by governmental incentives for the creation of heavy industry projects, such as the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex, in the state of Bahia, and the industrial district of Aratu, in the metropolitan area of Salvador. Sudene is also responsible for the formation of intermediary products industries: fertilizers production in the state of Sergipe and a chemicals complex in Salgema, state of Alagoas. In the state of Pernambuco, investments concentrated on the metropolitan area of the city of Recife, with durable goods industries being created in the cities of Jaboatão, Cabo and Paulista. In the state of Ceará, a new perspective was adopted: Sudene's incentives helped form a textiles industrial area, around the capital of the state, Fortaleza. In 1999, Sudene was involved in corruption scandals which led President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1994-2002) to decree its dissolution. In 2002, however, the agency was recreated with the name of Adene - Agency for the Development of the Northeast. References The process of industrialization in Recife, Brazil - https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00845198 External links Sudene in Historianet Adene's official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Portugal Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sudene"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Furtado's premise was that the semi-arid climate of the Northeast was an environmental reality against which it would be very unproductive to fight – despite governmental action to take water to that region – and that state poverty reduction programs should thus aim at using the existing natural advantages of the area – namely, its availability of labor – and promote industrialization instead of the region's traditional economic focus, which was on agriculture and livestock.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric"},{"link_name":"São Francisco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River"},{"link_name":"Camaçari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cama%C3%A7ari"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia"},{"link_name":"Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Sergipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergipe"},{"link_name":"Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagoas"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Ceará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cear%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Fortaleza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortaleza"},{"link_name":"Fernando Henrique Cardoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso"}],"text":"The agency's first steps were to speed up the construction of hydroelectric dams in the São Francisco River, followed by governmental incentives for the creation of heavy industry projects, such as the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex, in the state of Bahia, and the industrial district of Aratu, in the metropolitan area of Salvador. Sudene is also responsible for the formation of intermediary products industries: fertilizers production in the state of Sergipe and a chemicals complex in Salgema, state of Alagoas. In the state of Pernambuco, investments concentrated on the metropolitan area of the city of Recife, with durable goods industries being created in the cities of Jaboatão, Cabo and Paulista. In the state of Ceará, a new perspective was adopted: Sudene's incentives helped form a textiles industrial area, around the capital of the state, Fortaleza.In 1999, Sudene was involved in corruption scandals which led President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1994-2002) to decree its dissolution. In 2002, however, the agency was recreated with the name of Adene - Agency for the Development of the Northeast.","title":"Actions"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00845198","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00845198"},{"Link":"http://www.historianet.com.br/conteudo/default.aspx?codigo=470","external_links_name":"Sudene in Historianet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020926144846/http://www.adene.gov.br/","external_links_name":"Adene's official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011939321X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124895594","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123142520","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12822740w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12822740w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1034117-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007456665305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79053627","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/452957","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11944778?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/08391126X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Schneeman	George Schneeman	["1 Life and work","2 Reception and critical assessment","3 References","4 External links"]	American painter This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "George Schneeman" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) George Schneeman (March 11, 1934 – January 27, 2009) was an American painter who lived in Tuscany, Italy, and New York City. Life and work George Schneeman was born on March 11, 1934, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He received a B.A. in philosophy and English literature from St Mary's College, Winona, Minnesota, and then began graduate work in English literature at the University of Minnesota. He then enlisted in the army. Having shown an aptitude for languages, he was posted to Verona, Italy. The following excerpt is from an autobiographical statement Schneeman wrote in 2007 on the occasion of an exhibition at the Instituto Italiano di Cultura: I began painting, oddly enough, while on active duty in the U.S. Army, in Verona, Italy, 1958. Shortly thereafter I married , was discharged from the service, and moved with my wife to rural Tuscany, where I remained for seven years, painting landscapes and figures. My attitudes toward painting were markedly shaped by early renaissance art, an influence that has never left me. In Italy I eked out a living giving English lessons and teaching Italian and Art History to American colleges groups in Siena. With three children of our own, my wife and I, living in a farmhouse with neither electricity nor running water, led a secluded life, out of touch with contemporary art, but very much in touch with Sienese and Florentine art. In 1966, when it came time to decide whether our three boys were going to grow up as Americans or Tuscan peasants, we moved to New York City, where we have lived ever since. In Italy, Schneeman had met Renzo Sommaruga, a well known Italian artist who lived in Verona and with whom was born a deep and lasting friendship and with whom he shared the passion for painting and poetry. He also had met two young New York writers, Peter Schjeldahl and Ron Padgett. On his move to New York City, Schneeman immediately became part of a group of poets centered around the St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery and began to work extensively with them, painting many portraits of these poets, producing flyers for their readings, covers for their books and collaborating with them extensively. Schneeman is known for being one of the most prolific collaborators in a milieu frequently characterized by its collaborative spirit; over approximately forty years, he collaborated on hundreds of pieces of art with, amongst others, Ted Berrigan, Anne Waldman, Allen Ginsberg, Larry Fagin, Dick Gallup, Michael Brownstein, Lewis MacAdams, Alice Notley, Bill Berkson, Tom Clark, Steve Katz, Ted Greenwald and Lewis Warsh. Many of these collaborations were documented in Painter Among Poets: The Collaborative Art of George Schneeman, edited by Ron Padgett (Granary Books, 2004). Scheenman's artwork has been featured on Comes Through in the Call Hold, a recording with Clark Coolidge, Anne Waldman, and Thurston Moore, released by Fast Speaking Music. In the 1970s, Schneeman turned to fresco painting, which he had learned in Italy, and in the 1980s, he began to paint on ceramics, eventually learning to throw and slip-cast his own ceramics. From the late 1990s onwards, he spent part of the year in Tuscany, Italy, where he began to paint landscapes once again. Schneeman died of heart failure on January 27, 2009. Reception and critical assessment Schneeman showed at the Holly Solomon Gallery from 1976 through 1982, and at the Donahue / Sosinski in 2002 and 2002. From 1982 till 1996, he mounted his own solo exhibitions every two years at his studio on the Lower East Side, showing paintings and collages along with his ceramics. In 2006, he had a retrospective exhibition in a private home on the Lower East Side, which included a comprehensive selection of his work and various media: large figures on canvas, egg tempera landscapes on board, oil pastel drawings, fresco portraits, collages, ceramics, and missed media collaborations with poets. He received several grants and awards, including the Rosenthal Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters (1969), a National Endowment for the Arts grant (1980) and a grant from the Fund for Poetry (1996). As Art in America has noted, Schneeman was largely self-taught, and though his work was critically well received, he never experienced sustained commercial success during his life. Schneeman was wary of art-world careerism, and viewed the relationship between his work as an artist and his broader life with family as friends as one; from his days as an Italian contadini (farmer) living a rural life in Tuscany, he designed and built most of his homes, including furniture, toys, musical instruments and dining ware. The art critic Peter Schjeldahl wrote about the close relationship between Schneeman's art and life, commenting, "The art, craft, and design of George Schneeman are all of a piece, as if these disciplines had never been opposed ... and otherwise split off from the flow of life. The light, slightly roughed-up sensuousness of his approach to everything and the homey frugality of his means have a common sense so uncommon it's exotic. His work is good in the sense of good quality and also in the sense of goodness, a humanly right relation of parts to whole ... It's about pleasure as a habit ...". The poet Ron Padgett, a friend and long-time collaborator, has written of Schneeman's art that, "It is beautiful – mild, balanced, well-drawn, firm, straightforward, and sometimes serene. It is also light, modern, attractive, clear, and likeable. It is not outrageous, declamatory, shocking, sneering, trendy, bizarre, or shrill. It is good. Sometimes it is affectionate." References ^ (George Schneeman, Cue Art Foundation, 2003) ^ (George Schneeman, "Autobiographical Statement" George Schneeman in Italy, Instituto Italiano di Cultura, San Francisco 2011, p. 6) ^ "Comes Through in the Call Hold \| Anne Waldman". ^ Fox, Margalit (31 January 2009). "George Schneeman, 74, Poet-Artist, Dies". The New York Times. ^ (Art In America, April 2009) ^ (Introduction, "The Home Plate Show" 1983) ^ (Padgett, quoted by Bill Berkson, in Painter Among Poets, edited by Ron Padgett, Granary Books, New York 2004, p. 96.) External links George Schneeman - Selected Collaborations with Poets (42 images) George Schneeman - Selected Book & Flyer Art - (44 images). “Mr. Schneeman produced hundreds of collaborative pieces that were neither pure visual art nor pure verbal art but something tantalizingly indefinable between the two." The New York Times, January 31, 2009 George Schneeman - Enduring Presence https://web.archive.org/web/20110404035400/http://www.cueartfoundation.org/george-schneeman.html https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/arts/design/31schneeman.html Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"George Schneeman (March 11, 1934 – January 27, 2009) was an American painter who lived in Tuscany, Italy, and New York City.","title":"George Schneeman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Paul, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Winona, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"},{"link_name":"contemporary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Renzo Sommaruga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Sommaruga"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Peter Schjeldahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schjeldahl"},{"link_name":"Ron Padgett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Padgett"},{"link_name":"St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Church_in-the-Bowery"},{"link_name":"Ted Berrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Berrigan"},{"link_name":"Anne Waldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Waldman"},{"link_name":"Allen Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg"},{"link_name":"Larry Fagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Fagin"},{"link_name":"Lewis MacAdams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_MacAdams"},{"link_name":"Alice Notley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Notley"},{"link_name":"Bill Berkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Berkson"},{"link_name":"Lewis Warsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Warsh"},{"link_name":"Clark Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Anne Waldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Waldman"},{"link_name":"Thurston Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Moore"},{"link_name":"Fast Speaking Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Speaking_Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art"},{"link_name":"landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_painting"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"George Schneeman was born on March 11, 1934, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He received a B.A. in philosophy and English literature from St Mary's College, Winona, Minnesota, and then began graduate work in English literature at the University of Minnesota.[1] He then enlisted in the army. Having shown an aptitude for languages, he was posted to Verona, Italy.The following excerpt is from an autobiographical statement Schneeman wrote in 2007 on the occasion of an exhibition at the Instituto Italiano di Cultura:I began painting, oddly enough, while on active duty in the U.S. Army, in Verona, Italy, 1958. Shortly thereafter I married [Katie Schneeman], was discharged from the service, and moved with my wife to rural Tuscany, where I remained for seven years, painting landscapes and figures. My attitudes toward painting were markedly shaped by early renaissance art, an influence that has never left me.\nIn Italy I eked out a living giving English lessons and teaching Italian and Art History to American colleges groups in Siena. With three children of our own, my wife and I, living in a farmhouse with neither electricity nor running water, led a secluded life, out of touch with contemporary art, but very much in touch with Sienese and Florentine art.In 1966, when it came time to decide whether our three boys were going to grow up as Americans or Tuscan peasants, we moved to New York City, where we have lived ever since.[2]In Italy, Schneeman had met Renzo Sommaruga, a well known Italian artist who lived in Verona and with whom was born a deep and lasting friendship and with whom he shared the passion for painting and poetry. He also had met two young New York writers, Peter Schjeldahl and Ron Padgett. On his move to New York City, Schneeman immediately became part of a group of poets centered around the St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery and began to work extensively with them, painting many portraits of these poets, producing flyers for their readings, covers for their books and collaborating with them extensively. Schneeman is known for being one of the most prolific collaborators in a milieu frequently characterized by its collaborative spirit; over approximately forty years, he collaborated on hundreds of pieces of art with, amongst others, Ted Berrigan, Anne Waldman, Allen Ginsberg, Larry Fagin, Dick Gallup, Michael Brownstein, Lewis MacAdams, Alice Notley, Bill Berkson, Tom Clark, Steve Katz, Ted Greenwald and Lewis Warsh. Many of these collaborations were documented in Painter Among Poets: The Collaborative Art of George Schneeman, edited by Ron Padgett (Granary Books, 2004). Scheenman's artwork has been featured on Comes Through in the Call Hold, a recording with Clark Coolidge, Anne Waldman, and Thurston Moore, released by Fast Speaking Music.[3]In the 1970s, Schneeman turned to fresco painting, which he had learned in Italy, and in the 1980s, he began to paint on ceramics, eventually learning to throw and slip-cast his own ceramics. From the late 1990s onwards, he spent part of the year in Tuscany, Italy, where he began to paint landscapes once again.Schneeman died of heart failure on January 27, 2009.[4]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"egg tempera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_tempera"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Art in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Schneeman showed at the Holly Solomon Gallery from 1976 through 1982, and at the Donahue / Sosinski in 2002 and 2002. From 1982 till 1996, he mounted his own solo exhibitions every two years at his studio on the Lower East Side, showing paintings and collages along with his ceramics. In 2006, he had a retrospective exhibition in a private home on the Lower East Side, which included a comprehensive selection of his work and various media: large figures on canvas, egg tempera landscapes on board, oil pastel drawings, fresco portraits, collages, ceramics, and missed media collaborations with poets. He received several grants and awards, including the Rosenthal Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters (1969), a National Endowment for the Arts grant (1980) and a grant from the Fund for Poetry (1996).As Art in America has noted, Schneeman was largely self-taught, and though his work was critically well received, he never experienced sustained commercial success during his life.[5] Schneeman was wary of art-world careerism, and viewed the relationship between his work as an artist and his broader life with family as friends as one; from his days as an Italian contadini (farmer) living a rural life in Tuscany, he designed and built most of his homes, including furniture, toys, musical instruments and dining ware. The art critic Peter Schjeldahl wrote about the close relationship between Schneeman's art and life, commenting, \"The art, craft, and design of George Schneeman are all of a piece, as if these disciplines had never been opposed ... and otherwise split off from the flow of life. The light, slightly roughed-up sensuousness of his approach to everything and the homey frugality of his means have a common sense so uncommon it's exotic. His work is good in the sense of good quality and also in the sense of goodness, a humanly right relation of parts to whole ... It's about pleasure as a habit ...\".[6] The poet Ron Padgett, a friend and long-time collaborator, has written of Schneeman's art that, \"It is beautiful – mild, balanced, well-drawn, firm, straightforward, and sometimes serene. It is also light, modern, attractive, clear, and likeable. It is not outrageous, declamatory, shocking, sneering, trendy, bizarre, or shrill. It is good. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Interest_Company	Community interest company	["1 History","2 Characteristics","2.1 The asset lock","2.2 Comparison with charities","3 Formation and registration","4 Regulator","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	UK company using their profits and assets for the public good This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is part of a series onCorporate law By jurisdiction Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa UK United States Vietnam European Union France Germany General corporate forms Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint-stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Shell corporation Shelf corporation Sole proprietorship Corporate formsby jurisdiction European Union Societas (SE) Societas cooperativa (SCE) Societas privata (SPE) Societas unius personae (SUP) Economic interest grouping (EEIG) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales) (CIO) Scottish charitable incorporated organisation (SCIO) Community interest company (CIC) Industrial and provident society (IPS) Limited company (Ltd.) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company (LLC) Low-profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership (LLLP) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag (AB) Aktiengesellschaft (AG) Ansvarlig selskap (ANS) Aktieselskab (A/S) Aksjeselskap (AS) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH) Kabushiki gaisha (K.K.) Naamloze vennootschap (N.V.) Osakeyhtiö (Oy) S.A. Société à responsabilité limitée (SARL) more... Doctrines Business judgment rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Tag-along right Drag-along right Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires Related areas Beneficial ownership Civil procedure Contract Corporate registers Registered agent Company portal Law portalvte A community interest company (CIC, pronounced "see-eye-see", or colloquially, "kick") is a form of social enterprise in the United Kingdom intended "for people wishing to establish businesses which trade with a social purpose..., or to carry on other activities for the benefit of the community". CICs were introduced by the UK government in 2005 under Part 2 of the Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004. They enjoy the flexibility and certainty of the company form, but with statutory provisions to ensure they are working for the benefit of the community. The Regulator of Community Interest Companies provides oversight, which is intended to be "light touch". CICs have proved popular, with some 10,000 registered in the first ten years of the status being available. CICs tackle a wide range of social and environmental issues and operate in all parts of the economy. By using business methods to achieve public good, it is believed that CICs have a distinct and valuable role to play in helping create a strong, sustainable and socially inclusive economy. History Limited companies that do not have charitable status find it difficult to ensure that their assets are dedicated to public benefit. Before the CIC regime was introduced there was no simple, clear way of locking the support of such a company to a public benefit purpose, other than applying for charitable status. The community interest company emerged from many sources, often citing the absence in the UK of a company form for not-for-profit social enterprises similar to those in other countries. A first significant proposal for a new company form in the UK was advanced in 2001 in "The case for the Public Interest Company", by Paul Corrigan, Jane Steele and Greg Parston of the Public Management Foundation. This proposal was based on research funded by the Gulbenkian Foundation, Gordon Roddick, and the Office for Public Management, and was influenced by the example of the American public benefit corporation. Stephen Lloyd of Bates Wells Braithwaite is also credited with having conceived of the idea of the "Community Interest Company" and led much of the work on establishment of that legal company form in the UK. Characteristics CICs are diverse. They include social and community enterprises, social firms, mutual organizations such as co-operatives, and large-scale organizations operating locally, regionally, nationally, or internationally. In order for a company to be registered as a CIC, the Regulator must be satisfied that that "a reasonable person might consider that its activities are being carried on for the benefit of the community", or at least a section of the community. This community interest test is met primarily by including a suitable objects clause in the articles of association. In order to meet this test, CICs cannot: be primarily focussed on political activity be set up to serve an unduly restrictive group be a political party, a political campaigning organisation or a subsidiary of a political party be a charity carry out unlawful activities. The articles of a CIC must also provide that its assets cannot be used except for the benefit of the community. This is known as the asset lock. The asset lock The "asset lock" refers to provisions in the company's articles that ensure the assets of the company are, at least mainly, applied for the benefit of the community. The precise terms are specified in legislation. Assets not applied directly for the benefit of the community may only be exchanged for full value or transferred to another "asset-locked body". The only exceptions are distributions to the company's members for the purpose of returning paid-up capital, or paying dividends and interest (which are subject to caps). Comparison with charities A CIC is ipso facto not a charity, even if in all other respects it meets the requirements of charitable status. They are more lightly regulated than charities, which can be advantageous. On the other hand they do not have the benefit of charitable status, such as a favourable tax treatment: CICs are liable to corporation tax like any other company. Those who may want to set up a CIC are expected to be philanthropic entrepreneurs who want to do good in a form other than charity. This may be because: CICs are identified explicitly with social enterprise. Some organizations may feel that this is more suitable than charitable status. Members of the board of a charity may only be paid where the constitution contains such a power, and it can be considered to be in the best interests of the charity. It means that, in general, the founder of a social enterprise who wishes to be paid cannot be on the board and must give up strategic control of the organization to a volunteer board, which is often unacceptable. This limitation does not apply to CICs. They are looking to work for community benefit with the relative freedom of the non-charitable company form to identify and adapt to circumstances, but with a clear assurance of not-for-profit distribution status. The definition of community interest that applies to CICs is wider than the public interest test for charity. A charity can convert to a CIC with the consent of the Charity Commission. In so doing, it will lose its charitable status, including tax advantages. A charity may own a CIC as a subsidiary, in which case (exceptionally) there are no restrictions on distributions to the shareholder. Formation and registration CICs are limited companies, either limited by shares or limited by guarantee. Thus Registered Societies and unincorporated associations cannot be CICs. When a CIC is requested, the CIC regulator considers whether the application meets the criteria to become a CIC. If satisfied, the regulator advises the Registrar in Companies House who, provided that all the documents are in order, will issue a certificate of incorporation as a CIC. CICs must file a "community interest company report" (form CIC34) as part of their annual submission to Companies House. This includes confirmation of directors' remuneration and some explanation of their social impact or evidence of the social benefit that they have provided over the last financial year. A CIC is expected, though not absolutely required, to specify an "asset-locked body" in its articles of association, to which any surplus assets will be transferred when the company is wound up. If such a body is not specified, the Regulator's approval must be obtained before any distribution can be made. Formation and registration are similar to those of any limited company. New organizations can register by filing the Form IN01 and memorandum and articles of association together with a Form CIC36 signed by all their directors, explaining their community credentials, to the Registrar of Companies for England and Wales, or the Registrar for Scotland, with a fee of £35. Since 11 March 2019, CICs can be registered online for a reduced fee of £27. Existing companies can convert to a CIC by passing resolutions which make changes to their name and their memorandum and articles of association and by delivering to the Registrar of Companies copies of these documents, together with a fee of £35, and a form CIC37 (which is similar to a CIC36, but asks for confirmation that the company is not a charity or that permission has been obtained from the Charity Commission to convert from a charity to a CIC). The Registrar will conduct the normal checks for registration and pass the papers to the Regulator of Community Interest Companies, to determine whether the company satisfies the community interest test. Regulator The 2004 act created the officer known as the Regulator of Community Interest Companies, who is appointed for a term of up to five years by the relevant Secretary of State – from 2016 to 2023 the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, since 2023 the Secretary of State for Business and Trade. Louise Smyth was appointed as Regulator in September 2020; she is also (since 2017) Chief Executive and Registrar for England and Wales at Companies House. See also B Corporation (certification) – a global initiative Community Contribution Companies in Canada L3C – a similar type of legal structure in the United States Benefit corporation in the United States Social entrepreneurship References ^ Regulator of Community Interest Companies (2016). Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Information and guidance notes. Chapter 1: Introduction (PDF). Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. p. 8. ^ Regulator of Community Interest Companies (2016). Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Leaflets. Information Pack (PDF). Department of Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. p. 5. ^ "The rise and rise of the community interest company". Third Sector. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015. ^ Bounds, Andrew (9 July 2013). "Social enterprises seen as the driver for growth". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2015. ^ Paul Corrigan, Jane Steele, and Greg Parston (2001). "The case for the public interest company". Public Management Foundation. ^ Brindle, David (29 August 2014). "Stephen Lloyd obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004, Part 2 ^ https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/1788/regulation/3/made ^ https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/1788/regulation/4/made ^ https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/1788/regulation/6/made ^ https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/1788/schedule/1/made ^ https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/1788/schedule/2/made ^ https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/1788/schedule/3/made ^ Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies (2016). Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Information and guidance notes. Chapter 6: The Asset Lock (PDF). Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. pp. 4–5. ^ Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004, s. 26 ^ Jump, Paul. "How to: Decide between charitable and CIC status". Third Sector. Retrieved 30 September 2015. ^ "CIC34: community interest company report". GOV.UK. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ "CIC Incorporations: The New Online Process". gov.UK. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019. ^ "CIC business activities: forms and step-by-step guidelines". GOV.UK. ^ "Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004". legislation.gov.uk. Part 2, s27 and Schedule 3. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2021. ^ "Louise Smyth appointed as interim Regulator of Community Interest Companies". GOV.UK. Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2021. ^ "Companies House announces new Chief Executive". GOV.UK. Companies House. 1 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2021. 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Commons Organizations	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_enterprise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_(Audit,_Investigations_and_Community_Enterprise)_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"Regulator of Community Interest Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-the-regulator-of-community-interest-companies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A community interest company (CIC, pronounced \"see-eye-see\", or colloquially, \"kick\") is a form of social enterprise in the United Kingdom intended \"for people wishing to establish businesses which trade with a social purpose..., or to carry on other activities for the benefit of the community\".[1]CICs were introduced by the UK government in 2005 under Part 2 of the Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004. They enjoy the flexibility and certainty of the company form, but with statutory provisions to ensure they are working for the benefit of the community. The Regulator of Community Interest Companies provides oversight, which is intended to be \"light touch\".[2]CICs have proved popular, with some 10,000 registered in the first ten years of the status being available.[3] CICs tackle a wide range of social and environmental issues and operate in all parts of the economy. By using business methods to achieve public good, it is believed that CICs have a distinct and valuable role to play in helping create a strong, sustainable and socially inclusive economy.[4]","title":"Community interest company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability"},{"link_name":"companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gulbenkian Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Foundation"},{"link_name":"public benefit corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-benefit_nonprofit_corporation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Limited companies that do not have charitable status find it difficult to ensure that their assets are dedicated to public benefit. Before the CIC regime was introduced there was no simple, clear way of locking the support of such a company to a public benefit purpose, other than applying for charitable status.The community interest company emerged from many sources, often citing the absence in the UK of a company form for not-for-profit social enterprises similar to those in other countries. A first significant proposal for a new company form in the UK was advanced in 2001 in \"The case for the Public Interest Company\",[5] by Paul Corrigan, Jane Steele and Greg Parston of the Public Management Foundation. This proposal was based on research funded by the Gulbenkian Foundation, Gordon Roddick, and the Office for Public Management, and was influenced by the example of the American public benefit corporation. Stephen Lloyd of Bates Wells Braithwaite is also credited with having conceived of the idea of the \"Community Interest Company\" and led much of the work on establishment of that legal company form in the UK.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutual organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_organization"},{"link_name":"co-operatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"CICs are diverse. They include social and community enterprises, social firms, mutual organizations such as co-operatives, and large-scale organizations operating locally, regionally, nationally, or internationally.In order for a company to be registered as a CIC, the Regulator must be satisfied that that \"a reasonable person might consider that its activities are being carried on for the benefit of the community\", or at least a section of the community.[7] This community interest test is met primarily by including a suitable objects clause in the articles of association.In order to meet this test, CICs cannot:be primarily focussed on political activity[8]\nbe set up to serve an unduly restrictive group[9]\nbe a political party, a political campaigning organisation or a subsidiary of a political party[10]\nbe a charity\ncarry out unlawful activities.The articles of a CIC must also provide that its assets cannot be used except for the benefit of the community. This is known as the asset lock.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"The asset lock","text":"The \"asset lock\" refers to provisions in the company's articles that ensure the assets of the company are, at least mainly, applied for the benefit of the community. The precise terms are specified in legislation.[11][12][13] Assets not applied directly for the benefit of the community may only be exchanged for full value or transferred to another \"asset-locked body\". The only exceptions are distributions to the company's members for the purpose of returning paid-up capital, or paying dividends and interest (which are subject to caps).[14]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"corporation tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"philanthropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"not-for-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Charity Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission"}],"sub_title":"Comparison with charities","text":"A CIC is ipso facto not a charity, even if in all other respects it meets the requirements of charitable status.[15] They are more lightly regulated than charities, which can be advantageous. On the other hand they do not have the benefit of charitable status, such as a favourable tax treatment: CICs are liable to corporation tax like any other company.Those who may want to set up a CIC are expected to be philanthropic entrepreneurs who want to do good in a form other than charity. This may be because:CICs are identified explicitly with social enterprise. Some organizations may feel that this is more suitable than charitable status.\nMembers of the board of a charity may only be paid where the constitution contains such a power, and it can be considered to be in the best interests of the charity. It means that, in general, the founder of a social enterprise who wishes to be paid cannot be on the board and must give up strategic control of the organization to a volunteer board, which is often unacceptable. This limitation does not apply to CICs.\nThey are looking to work for community benefit with the relative freedom of the non-charitable company form to identify and adapt to circumstances, but with a clear assurance of not-for-profit distribution status.\nThe definition of community interest that applies to CICs is wider than the public interest test for charity.[16]A charity can convert to a CIC with the consent of the Charity Commission. In so doing, it will lose its charitable status, including tax advantages. A charity may own a CIC as a subsidiary, in which case (exceptionally) there are no restrictions on distributions to the shareholder.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limited companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_company"},{"link_name":"Registered Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_and_provident_society"},{"link_name":"Companies House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_House"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"wound up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"CICs are limited companies, either limited by shares or limited by guarantee. Thus Registered Societies and unincorporated associations cannot be CICs.When a CIC is requested, the CIC regulator considers whether the application meets the criteria to become a CIC. If satisfied, the regulator advises the Registrar in Companies House who, provided that all the documents are in order, will issue a certificate of incorporation as a CIC.CICs must file a \"community interest company report\" (form CIC34) as part of their annual submission to Companies House. This includes confirmation of directors' remuneration and some explanation of their social impact or evidence of the social benefit that they have provided over the last financial year.[17]A CIC is expected, though not absolutely required, to specify an \"asset-locked body\" in its articles of association, to which any surplus assets will be transferred when the company is wound up. If such a body is not specified, the Regulator's approval must be obtained before any distribution can be made.Formation and registration are similar to those of any limited company. New organizations can register by filing the Form IN01 and memorandum and articles of association together with a Form CIC36 signed by all their directors, explaining their community credentials, to the Registrar of Companies for England and Wales, or the Registrar for Scotland, with a fee of £35. Since 11 March 2019, CICs can be registered online for a reduced fee of £27.[18]Existing companies can convert to a CIC by passing resolutions which make changes to their name and their memorandum and articles of association and by delivering to the Registrar of Companies copies of these documents, together with a fee of £35, and a form CIC37 (which is similar to a CIC36, but asks for confirmation that the company is not a charity or that permission has been obtained from the Charity Commission to convert from a charity to a CIC). The Registrar will conduct the normal checks for registration and pass the papers to the Regulator of Community Interest Companies, to determine whether the company satisfies the community interest test.[19]","title":"Formation and registration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Business and Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business_and_Trade"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Companies House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_House"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The 2004 act created the officer known as the Regulator of Community Interest Companies, who is appointed for a term of up to five years by the relevant Secretary of State[20] – from 2016 to 2023 the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, since 2023 the Secretary of State for Business and Trade.Louise Smyth was appointed as Regulator in September 2020;[21] she is also (since 2017) Chief Executive and Registrar for England and Wales at Companies House.[22]","title":"Regulator"}]	[]	[{"title":"B Corporation (certification)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_Corporation_(certification)"},{"title":"Community Contribution Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Contribution_Companies"},{"title":"L3C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-profit_limited_liability_company"},{"title":"Benefit corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_corporation"},{"title":"Social entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship"}]	[{"reference":"Regulator of Community Interest Companies (2016). Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Information and guidance notes. Chapter 1: Introduction (PDF). Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a82d997e5274a2e8ab59aad/cic-12-1333-community-interest-companies-guidance-chapter-1-introduction.pdf","url_text":"Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Information and guidance notes. Chapter 1: Introduction"}]},{"reference":"Regulator of Community Interest Companies (2016). Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Leaflets. Information Pack (PDF). Department of Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a74de05e5274a59fa715938/13-783-community-interest-companies-information-pack.pdf","url_text":"Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Leaflets. Information Pack"}]},{"reference":"\"The rise and rise of the community interest company\". Third Sector. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/analysis-rise-rise-community-interest-companies/governance/article/1348096","url_text":"\"The rise and rise of the community interest company\""}]},{"reference":"Bounds, Andrew (9 July 2013). \"Social enterprises seen as the driver for growth\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8b2c00ac-e59a-11e2-ad1a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3nDPedBcZ","url_text":"\"Social enterprises seen as the driver for growth\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231202/https://www.ft.com/content/8b2c00ac-e59a-11e2-ad1a-00144feabdc0#axzz3nDPedBcZ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brindle, David (29 August 2014). \"Stephen Lloyd obituary\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/aug/29/stephen-lloyd","url_text":"\"Stephen Lloyd obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies (2016). Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Information and guidance notes. Chapter 6: The Asset Lock (PDF). Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. pp. 4–5.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a82bc6fe5274a2e8ab5915d/14-1089-community-interest-companies-chapter-6-the-asset-lock.pdf","url_text":"Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Information and guidance notes. Chapter 6: The Asset Lock"}]},{"reference":"Jump, Paul. \"How to: Decide between charitable and CIC status\". Third Sector. Retrieved 30 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/to-decide-charitable-cic-status/governance/article/634004","url_text":"\"How to: Decide between charitable and CIC status\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIC34: community interest company report\". GOV.UK. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/form-cic34-community-interest-company-report","url_text":"\"CIC34: community interest company report\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIC Incorporations: The New Online Process\". gov.UK. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://communityinterestcompanies.blog.gov.uk/2019/03/13/cic-incorporations-the-new-online-process/","url_text":"\"CIC Incorporations: The New Online Process\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIC business activities: forms and step-by-step guidelines\". GOV.UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/community-interest-companies-business-activities/cic-business-activities-forms-and-step-by-step-guidelines","url_text":"\"CIC business activities: forms and step-by-step guidelines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004\". legislation.gov.uk. Part 2, s27 and Schedule 3. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/27/section/27","url_text":"\"Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101229091922/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/27/section/27","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Louise Smyth appointed as interim Regulator of Community Interest Companies\". GOV.UK. Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/louise-smyth-appointed-as-interim-regulator-of-community-interest-companies","url_text":"\"Louise Smyth appointed as interim Regulator of Community Interest Companies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200906134449/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/louise-smyth-appointed-as-interim-regulator-of-community-interest-companies","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Companies House announces new Chief Executive\". GOV.UK. Companies House. 1 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/companies-house-announces-new-chief-executive","url_text":"\"Companies House announces new Chief Executive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170801135131/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/companies-house-announces-new-chief-executive","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-the-regulator-of-community-interest-companies","external_links_name":"Regulator of Community Interest Companies"},{"Link":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a82d997e5274a2e8ab59aad/cic-12-1333-community-interest-companies-guidance-chapter-1-introduction.pdf","external_links_name":"Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Information and guidance notes. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Kenworthy	Gus Kenworthy	["1 Early life and education","2 Skiing career","3 Media appearances","4 Personal life","5 Advocacy and charity activities","6 Filmography","6.1 Film","6.2 Television","6.3 Web series","6.4 Music videos","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	British-American freestyle skier Gus KenworthyKenworthy in 2019Personal informationBirth nameAugustus Richard KenworthyNationalityBritish, AmericanBorn (1991-10-01) October 1, 1991 (age 32)Chelmsford, Essex, EnglandHeight175 cm (5 ft 9 in)Weight75 kg (165 lb)Websiteguskenworthy.comYouTube informationChannel goosey3713 Years active2007–presentSubscribers52.9k(December 30, 2021)Total views7.8 million(December 30, 2021)Last updated: September 2019 Medal record Men's freestyle skiing Representing United States Olympic Games 2014 Sochi Slopestyle X Games 2016 Aspen Slopestyle 2016 Aspen Superpipe 2016 Oslo Superpipe 2016 Oslo Big Air 2013 Tignes Slopestyle New Zealand Winter Games 2011 Cardrona Slopestyle 2011 Cardrona Halfpipe Winter Dew Tour 2012 Breckenridge Big Air 2014 Breckenridge Slopestyle 2015 Breckenridge Slopestyle Breckenridge 2016 Team Challenge Breckenridge 2017 Team Challenge Breckenridge 2018 Team Challenge FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2017 Sierra Nevada Slopestyle Representing Great Britain Ski World Cup Calgary 2020 Freestyle Halfpipe Winter Dew Tour Copper 2020 Modified Superpipe Augustus Richard Kenworthy (born October 1, 1991) is a British-American former freestyle skier, actor, and YouTuber. He has competed in slopestyle, halfpipe, and big air. Kenworthy won the silver medal in men's slopestyle at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. As of 2019 Kenworthy represents Great Britain. He was cast as Chet Clancy in the ninth season of the horror anthology series American Horror Story: 1984. Early life and education Kenworthy was born in Chelmsford, Essex to an English mother, Heather "Pip" Tyler, and an American father, Peter Kenworthy. He has two older brothers, Hugh and Nick Kenworthy. In 1993 when Gus Kenworthy was two years old, the family emigrated and settled in Telluride. Kenworthy graduated from Telluride High School in June 2010. He could have graduated in 2009 but chose instead to take a year off to ski. Skiing career Kenworthy won AFP World Championships overall titles in 2011, 2012, and 2013. In 2014, he placed second at the Olympics in Sochi, Russia and won his first medal, a bronze, at the X Games in Tignes, France in the slopestyle event. He won the World Cup Men's Halfpipe in Park City, Utah, in 2015 and again in 2016 in Mammoth, California, and finished second in 2017. He finished third in the Men's Slopestyle during the 2017 World Cup in Silvaplana, Switzerland. In December 2019, he announced he would compete for his birth nation, Great Britain. In February 2020, he won his first gold medal as a competitor for Great Britain. In January 2022, he made his final X Games competition competing in the Superpipe final. He finished his X Games career having made 32 appearances in the event. At the 2022 Winter Olympics, Kenworthy competed for the last time. He qualified for the final in 12th and finished 8th in the final. Media appearances In 2019, Kenworthy guest starred on RuPaul's Drag Race, All Stars 4, Episode 3, "Snatch Game of Love", as one of the available bachelors. Kenworthy joined the main cast in the ninth season of FX's anthology series American Horror Story as Chet Clancy. In 2017, Kenworthy was a cast member on the MTV series The Challenge: Champs vs. Pros, which featured former competitors as well as professional athletes. Personal life In October 2015, Kenworthy publicly came out as gay in an interview with ESPN. Rolling Stone noted the "freestyle medalist is the first action-sports star to come out." He was in a relationship with Robin Macdonald, who was also involved in the ski industry, working in film and photography. The couple gained international media attention for their involvement with the issue of stray dogs in Sochi at the 2014 Winter Olympics. From November 2015 to July 2019, Kenworthy was in a relationship with American theatre and film actor and reality television personality Matthew Wilkas. At the 2018 Winter Olympics, in Pyeongchang, South Korea, Wilkas kissed Kenworthy before his qualifying run in the men's slopestyle; the kiss was broadcast on live television and was lauded as being a significant moment for the visibility of LGBT athletes. In June 2017, Kenworthy received the HRC Visibility Award for his work in LGBT visibility in professional sports. Kenworthy said he did not believe that boycotting the 2022 Olympics in China would solve any international human rights situations, and while in China, he spoke out against "human rights atrocities". In 2022, it was revealed that Kenworthy had been dating Creative Artists Agency executive Adam Umhoefer for two years. Advocacy and charity activities In 2018, he was chosen by Fierté Montréal as one of the six grand marshals for the Pride Parade. He announced his participation in AIDS/LifeCycle in 2019, aiming to raise $1 million to fight HIV/AIDS. He joined approximately 2,000 other cyclists on a 7-day, 545-mile cycling trip from San Francisco to Los Angeles. He raised a total of $249,745. Filmography Film Year Title Role Ref(s) 2019 Olympic Dreams Gus 2023 80 for Brady Erik 2023 The Sacrifice Game 2024 Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead TBA Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 2016 The Real O'Neals Himself Episode: "The Real Match" 2017 The Challenge: Champs vs. Pros Himself 6 episodes 2017 Sharknado 5: Global Swarming Skier Television film 2018 RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Himself Episode: "Snatch Game of Love" 2019 Beat Bobby Flay Himself - Celebrity Judge Episode: “Oh Brother” 2019 American Horror Story: 1984 Chet Clancy 9 episodes 2020 Will & Grace Slutty Steve Episode: "Filthy Phil, Part I" 2021 Coming Out Colton Himself Documentary 2023 Special Forces: World's Toughest Test Himself - Contestant Season: 1 Web series Year Title Role Notes 2017 New York Is Dead Pogo Ball Student 1 episode Music videos Year Title Artist Notes 2022 "Taste So Good (The Cann Song)" Vincint (featuring Hayley Kiyoko, MNEK, & Kesha) See also Homosexuality in modern sports Homosexuality in sports in the United States References ^ "Gus Kenworthy". teamusa.org. United States Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2018. ^ a b "About goosey3713". YouTube. ^ "ESPN X Games profile for Gus Kenworthy". Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Klingsporn, Katie (February 12, 2014). "Go, Gus!". Telluride Daily Planet. Retrieved February 17, 2014. ^ a b Viebrock, Susan (February 3, 2011). "Fashion Friday: Pip on what to wear to the Fling (Interview with Pip Kenworthy)". Telluride Inside... and Out. Retrieved February 17, 2014. ^ a b "Kenworthy Grabs Silver in U.S. Podium Sweep". Watch Newspapers (Western San Juan Mountains newspaper, serving Telluride). February 13, 2014. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014. ^ Hemphill, Steve (June 9, 2010). "Q&A Wednesday with Gus Kenworthy". Freeskier Magazine. Retrieved February 17, 2014. ^ "Kenworthy Keeps Overall Title at AFP Worlds". US Freeskiing. Archived from the original on February 17, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Michelson, Megan. "AFP Champs: Big Air". Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Hansman, Heather. "Kenworthy, Voisin Win AFP Slopestyle". ESPN X Games. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ "US Freeskiing's profile on Gus Kenworthy". US Freeskiing. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ "Atomic Skis' profile on Gus Kenworthy". Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ "World Cup - Men's Halfpipe 28.02.2015". data.fis-ski.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017. ^ "World Cup - Men's Halfpipe 23.01.2016". data.fis-ski.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017. ^ "World Cup - Men's Halfpipe 04.02.2017". data.fis-ski.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017. ^ "World Cup - Men's Slopestyle 03.03.2017". data.fis-ski.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017. ^ a b Roper, Eleanor (December 3, 2019). "US Olympian Kenworthy switches to GB". Retrieved December 4, 2019. ^ "Ski World Cup: GB's Gus Kenworthy wins freestyle gold in Calgary". BBC Sport. February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020. ^ "Gus Kenworthy Says Competing in Final Winter Olympics Will 'Honor' His Mom: She's 'So Supportive'". Peoplemag. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ "Gus Kenworthy retires at the 2022 Winter Olympics: "I couldn't be more thankful"". GAY TIMES. February 20, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ Bruton, Michelle. "Olympic Halfpipe Final Will Be Gus Kenworthy's Last Ever Competition, But His Legacy Goes Far Beyond Skiing". Forbes. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ Petski, Denise (February 6, 2019). "'American Horror Story': Gus Kenworthy & Emma Roberts Set For Season 9". Deadline. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ "The Challenge: Champs Vs. Pros TV Series Cast Members \| MTV". MTV. Retrieved January 17, 2018. ^ Brener, Jeremy (May 16, 2017). "Openly gay Olympian Gus Kenworthy competes on new MTV show". Outsports. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ Roenigk, Alyssa (October 22, 2015). "Olympic freeskier Gus Kenworthy's next bold move — coming out". ESPN. Retrieved October 25, 2015. ^ "Olympic skier Gus Kenworthy proud to be part of LGBTQ community at Beijing Games". NBC News. February 17, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ Stroude, Will (November 12, 2015). "Gus Kenworthy talks about Sochi, first sexual experiences and becoming a gay role model". Attitude. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2017. ^ Browne, David. "Hot Rebel Skier Gus Kenworthy". Rolling Stone. No. December 2015. ^ Kenworthy, Gus (October 22, 2015). "Twitter" (Tweet). Retrieved October 22, 2015 – via Twitter. ^ a b Hicklin, Aaron (December 29, 2016). "The Love Portfolio: Gus Kenworthy + Matt Wilkas". Out.com. Retrieved October 15, 2017. ^ "Openly Gay Skier Gus Kenworthy Is Embracing His Role at the Winter Olympics". Time. December 15, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ Rachel Axon; Lindsay Jones (February 13, 2014). "U.S. Olympian is doing his best to adopt all the stray puppies in Sochi". USA Today. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ "U.S. freestyle skier Gus Kenworthy adopting stray Sochi puppies". CBS News. February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Wong, Curtis M. (July 11, 2019). "Gus Kenworthy Splits From Longtime Boyfriend Matthew Wilkas". HuffPost. Retrieved July 11, 2019. ^ "Gus Kenworthy Splits From Longtime Boyfriend Matthew Wilkas". HuffPost. July 11, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ Buzinski, Jim (December 27, 2018). "Gus Kenworthy kissing his boyfriend Matt Wilkas on live TV at the Olympics was the gay sports moment of 2018". Outsports. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ Reilly, Katie (February 17, 2018). "Gus Kenworthy and His Boyfriend Kissed on TV at the Olympics and Fans Are Ecstatic". Time. Retrieved March 4, 2018. ^ Gregory, Sean (February 18, 2018). "Gus Kenworthy's Boyfriend Matthew Wilkas on the Meaning of Their Historic Olympics Kiss". Time. Retrieved March 4, 2018. ^ Graham, Bryan Armen (February 18, 2018). "Gus Kenworthy's kiss with boyfriend on NBC greeted with acclaim". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ Gus Kenworthy Receives the HRC Visibility Award, June 26, 2017, retrieved May 7, 2022 ^ "The Resistance Reclaims Its Time at the HRC Los Angeles Dinner". Human Rights Campaign. March 14, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ "Gus Kenworthy Shares Why He Won't Boycott Olympics Despite China's Human Rights Record". HuffPost. February 16, 2022. ^ Leicester, John (February 21, 2022). "Human rights? China won that Winter Olympics battle. Almost". Associated Press News. ^ Padgett, Donald (January 27, 2022). "Gus Kenworthy Publicly Kissed His Boyfriend of 2 Years At Winter X Games". Out. Retrieved September 25, 2023. ^ Burnett, Richard (August 9, 2018). "Montreal Pride shows its true colours". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved January 24, 2020. ^ Moore, Nick (February 8, 2019). "Gus Kenworthy pledging to raise $1 million to fight HIV • AIDS/LifeCycle". AIDS/LifeCycle. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ Serafino, Jason (May 23, 2019). "Gus Kenworthy Talks About the Upcoming AIDS/LifeCycle and Social Media Activism". Muscle & Fitness. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ "Gus Kenworthy". www.facebook.com. ^ "ALC2019: Gus Kenworthy - AIDS/LifeCycle". www.tofighthiv.org. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018. ^ Grobar, Matt (May 6, 2022). "Shudder Boards Jenn Wexler's '70s Horror Film 'The Sacrifice Game' Starring Mena Massoud, Olivia Scott Welch, Gus Kenworthy & Chloë Levine". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 15, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gus Kenworthy. Official website Gus Kenworthy at IMDb Gus Kenworthy at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Gus Kenworthy at the X Games (archived) Gus Kenworthy at Olympedia Gus Kenworthy at Olympics.com Gus Kenworthy at Team USA (archived) Gus Kenworthy on YouTube Channel Portals: Biography LGBT Olympics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freestyle skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing"},{"link_name":"YouTuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber"},{"link_name":"slopestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopestyle"},{"link_name":"halfpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfpipe"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal"},{"link_name":"2014 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_slopestyle"},{"link_name":"Sochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story: 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_1984"}],"text":"Augustus Richard Kenworthy (born October 1, 1991) is a British-American former freestyle skier, actor, and YouTuber. He has competed in slopestyle, halfpipe, and big air. Kenworthy won the silver medal in men's slopestyle at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. As of 2019 Kenworthy represents Great Britain. He was cast as Chet Clancy in the ninth season of the horror anthology series American Horror Story: 1984.","title":"Gus Kenworthy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Viebrock-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watchnewspapers.com-6"},{"link_name":"Telluride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Viebrock-5"},{"link_name":"Telluride High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluride_School_District_R-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watchnewspapers.com-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hemphill-7"}],"text":"Kenworthy was born in Chelmsford, Essex to an English mother, Heather \"Pip\" Tyler, and an American father, Peter Kenworthy.[4][5] He has two older brothers, Hugh and Nick Kenworthy.[6]In 1993 when Gus Kenworthy was two years old, the family emigrated and settled in Telluride.[5]Kenworthy graduated from Telluride High School in June 2010.[6] He could have graduated in 2009 but chose instead to take a year off to ski.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-For_keeps-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Big_Air-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-11"},{"link_name":"Tignes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tignes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Park City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mammoth, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain_Ski_Area"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Silvaplana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvaplana"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2022 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Kenworthy won AFP World Championships overall titles in 2011, 2012, and 2013.[8][9][10][11] In 2014, he placed second at the Olympics in Sochi, Russia and won his first medal, a bronze, at the X Games in Tignes, France in the slopestyle event.[12] He won the World Cup Men's Halfpipe in Park City, Utah,[13] in 2015 and again in 2016 in Mammoth, California, and finished second in 2017.[14][15] He finished third in the Men's Slopestyle during the 2017 World Cup in Silvaplana, Switzerland.[16]In December 2019, he announced he would compete for his birth nation, Great Britain.[17] In February 2020, he won his first gold medal as a competitor for Great Britain.[18] In January 2022, he made his final X Games competition competing in the Superpipe final. He finished his X Games career having made 32 appearances in the event.At the 2022 Winter Olympics, Kenworthy competed for the last time.[19][20][21] He qualified for the final in 12th and finished 8th in the final.","title":"Skiing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snatch Game of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snatch_Game"},{"link_name":"ninth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_1984"},{"link_name":"FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_series"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"The Challenge: Champs vs. Pros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Challenge:_Champs_vs._Pros"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In 2019, Kenworthy guest starred on RuPaul's Drag Race, All Stars 4, Episode 3, \"Snatch Game of Love\", as one of the available bachelors. Kenworthy joined the main cast in the ninth season of FX's anthology series American Horror Story as Chet Clancy.[17][22]In 2017, Kenworthy was a cast member on the MTV series The Challenge: Champs vs. Pros, which featured former competitors as well as professional athletes.[23][24]","title":"Media appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"came out as gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-out.com-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puppies-33"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wilkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wilkas"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-out.com-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-split-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"2018 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Pyeongchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang"},{"link_name":"men's slopestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_slopestyle"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"LGBT athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_2018-02-17_Reilly-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_2018-02-18_Gregory-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"HRC Visibility Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign"},{"link_name":"LGBT visibility in professional sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_issues_at_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Creative Artists Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Artists_Agency"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"In October 2015, Kenworthy publicly came out as gay in an interview with ESPN.[25][26][27] Rolling Stone noted the \"freestyle medalist is the first action-sports star to come out.\"[28][29] He was in a relationship with Robin Macdonald, who was also involved in the ski industry, working in film and photography.[30][31] The couple gained international media attention for their involvement with the issue of stray dogs in Sochi at the 2014 Winter Olympics. [32][33]From November 2015 to July 2019, Kenworthy was in a relationship with American theatre and film actor and reality television personality Matthew Wilkas.[30][34][35] At the 2018 Winter Olympics, in Pyeongchang, South Korea, Wilkas kissed Kenworthy before his qualifying run in the men's slopestyle;[36] the kiss was broadcast on live television and was lauded as being a significant moment for the visibility of LGBT athletes.[37][38][39] In June 2017, Kenworthy received the HRC Visibility Award for his work in LGBT visibility in professional sports.[40][41]Kenworthy said he did not believe that boycotting the 2022 Olympics in China would solve any international human rights situations, and while in China, he spoke out against \"human rights atrocities\".[42][43]In 2022, it was revealed that Kenworthy had been dating Creative Artists Agency executive Adam Umhoefer for two years.[44]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fierté Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiert%C3%A9_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"AIDS/LifeCycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS/LifeCycle"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"In 2018, he was chosen by Fierté Montréal as one of the six grand marshals for the Pride Parade.[45] He announced his participation in AIDS/LifeCycle in 2019, aiming to raise $1 million to fight HIV/AIDS.[46][47] He joined approximately 2,000 other cyclists on a 7-day, 545-mile cycling trip from San Francisco to Los Angeles. He raised a total of $249,745.[48][49]","title":"Advocacy and charity activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Web series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Homosexuality in modern sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports"},{"title":"Homosexuality in sports in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_sports_in_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"\"Gus Kenworthy\". teamusa.org. United States Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. 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Telluride Daily Planet. Retrieved February 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.telluridenews.com/articles/2014/02/12/news/doc52fabc5693bae070855693.txt","url_text":"\"Go, Gus!\""}]},{"reference":"Viebrock, Susan (February 3, 2011). \"Fashion Friday: Pip on what to wear to the Fling (Interview with Pip Kenworthy)\". Telluride Inside... and Out. Retrieved February 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tellurideinside.com/2011/02/fashion-friday-pip-on-what-to-wear-to-the-fling.html","url_text":"\"Fashion Friday: Pip on what to wear to the Fling (Interview with Pip Kenworthy)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenworthy Grabs Silver in U.S. Podium Sweep\". Watch Newspapers (Western San Juan Mountains newspaper, serving Telluride). February 13, 2014. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221190827/http://www.watchnewspapers.com/view/full_story/24569991/article-Kenworthy-Grabs-Silver-in-U-S--Podium-Sweep?instance=latest_story","url_text":"\"Kenworthy Grabs Silver in U.S. Podium Sweep\""},{"url":"http://www.watchnewspapers.com/view/full_story/24569991/article-Kenworthy-Grabs-Silver-in-U-S--Podium-Sweep?instance=latest_story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hemphill, Steve (June 9, 2010). \"Q&A Wednesday with Gus Kenworthy\". Freeskier Magazine. Retrieved February 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://freeskier.com/stories/qa-wednesday-gus-kenworthy","url_text":"\"Q&A Wednesday with Gus Kenworthy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenworthy Keeps Overall Title at AFP Worlds\". US Freeskiing. Archived from the original on February 17, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140217192545/http://usfreeskiing.com/news/kenworthy-keeps-overall-title-afp-worlds","url_text":"\"Kenworthy Keeps Overall Title at AFP Worlds\""},{"url":"http://usfreeskiing.com/news/kenworthy-keeps-overall-title-afp-worlds","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michelson, Megan. \"AFP Champs: Big Air\". Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027232407/http://xgames.espn.go.com/skiing/article/7828949/gus-kenworthy-wins-afp-world-championships-big-air","url_text":"\"AFP Champs: Big Air\""},{"url":"http://xgames.espn.go.com/skiing/article/7828949/gus-kenworthy-wins-afp-world-championships-big-air","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hansman, Heather. \"Kenworthy, Voisin Win AFP Slopestyle\". ESPN X Games. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027232410/http://xgames.espn.go.com/article/9153243/gus-kenworthy-maggie-voisin-win-2013-afp-world-championships-slopestyle","url_text":"\"Kenworthy, Voisin Win AFP Slopestyle\""},{"url":"http://xgames.espn.go.com/article/9153243/gus-kenworthy-maggie-voisin-win-2013-afp-world-championships-slopestyle","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Freeskiing's profile on Gus Kenworthy\". US Freeskiing. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140213081726/http://usfreeskiing.com/athletes/gus-kenworthy-0","url_text":"\"US Freeskiing's profile on Gus Kenworthy\""},{"url":"https://usfreeskiing.com/athletes/gus-kenworthy-0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Atomic Skis' profile on Gus Kenworthy\". Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atomic.com/en-US/Athletes/Alpine/FreeSki/Gus%20Kenworthy.aspx","url_text":"\"Atomic Skis' profile on Gus Kenworthy\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup - Men's Halfpipe 28.02.2015\". data.fis-ski.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=FS&competitorid=167048&raceid=8360","url_text":"\"World Cup - Men's Halfpipe 28.02.2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup - Men's Halfpipe 23.01.2016\". data.fis-ski.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=FS&competitorid=167048&raceid=8709","url_text":"\"World Cup - Men's Halfpipe 23.01.2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup - Men's Halfpipe 04.02.2017\". data.fis-ski.com. 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Retrieved August 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/05/mena-massoud-olivia-scott-welch-more-to-star-in-shudders-the-sacrifice-game-1235017489/","url_text":"\"Shudder Boards Jenn Wexler's '70s Horror Film 'The Sacrifice Game' Starring Mena Massoud, Olivia Scott Welch, Gus Kenworthy & Chloë Levine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://guskenworthy.com/","external_links_name":"guskenworthy.com"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/goosey3713","external_links_name":"goosey3713"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128180535/http://www.teamusa.org/us-ski-and-snowboard/athletes/Gus-Kenworthy","external_links_name":"\"Gus Kenworthy\""},{"Link":"https://www.teamusa.org/us-ski-and-snowboard/athletes/gus-kenworthy","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/goosey3713/about","external_links_name":"\"About goosey3713\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221080131/http://xgames.espn.go.com/athlete/3015443/gus-kenworthy","external_links_name":"\"ESPN X Games profile for Gus Kenworthy\""},{"Link":"http://xgames.espn.go.com/athlete/3015443/gus-kenworthy","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.telluridenews.com/articles/2014/02/12/news/doc52fabc5693bae070855693.txt","external_links_name":"\"Go, Gus!\""},{"Link":"http://www.tellurideinside.com/2011/02/fashion-friday-pip-on-what-to-wear-to-the-fling.html","external_links_name":"\"Fashion Friday: Pip on what to wear to the Fling (Interview with Pip Kenworthy)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221190827/http://www.watchnewspapers.com/view/full_story/24569991/article-Kenworthy-Grabs-Silver-in-U-S--Podium-Sweep?instance=latest_story","external_links_name":"\"Kenworthy Grabs Silver in U.S. Podium Sweep\""},{"Link":"http://www.watchnewspapers.com/view/full_story/24569991/article-Kenworthy-Grabs-Silver-in-U-S--Podium-Sweep?instance=latest_story","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://freeskier.com/stories/qa-wednesday-gus-kenworthy","external_links_name":"\"Q&A Wednesday with Gus Kenworthy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140217192545/http://usfreeskiing.com/news/kenworthy-keeps-overall-title-afp-worlds","external_links_name":"\"Kenworthy Keeps Overall Title at AFP Worlds\""},{"Link":"http://usfreeskiing.com/news/kenworthy-keeps-overall-title-afp-worlds","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027232407/http://xgames.espn.go.com/skiing/article/7828949/gus-kenworthy-wins-afp-world-championships-big-air","external_links_name":"\"AFP Champs: Big Air\""},{"Link":"http://xgames.espn.go.com/skiing/article/7828949/gus-kenworthy-wins-afp-world-championships-big-air","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027232410/http://xgames.espn.go.com/article/9153243/gus-kenworthy-maggie-voisin-win-2013-afp-world-championships-slopestyle","external_links_name":"\"Kenworthy, Voisin Win AFP Slopestyle\""},{"Link":"http://xgames.espn.go.com/article/9153243/gus-kenworthy-maggie-voisin-win-2013-afp-world-championships-slopestyle","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140213081726/http://usfreeskiing.com/athletes/gus-kenworthy-0","external_links_name":"\"US Freeskiing's profile on Gus Kenworthy\""},{"Link":"https://usfreeskiing.com/athletes/gus-kenworthy-0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.atomic.com/en-US/Athletes/Alpine/FreeSki/Gus%20Kenworthy.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Atomic Skis' profile on Gus Kenworthy\""},{"Link":"https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=FS&competitorid=167048&raceid=8360","external_links_name":"\"World Cup - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invest_Northern_Ireland	Invest Northern Ireland	["1 About","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Economic development agency for Northern Ireland Invest Northern IrelandInvest NI headquarters, Bedford Street, Belfast in May 2010Agency overviewJurisdictionNorthern IrelandParent agencyDepartment for the Economy Invest Northern Ireland (Invest NI) is Northern Ireland's regional economic development agency. It is a non-departmental public body (NDPB) of the Department for the Economy (DfE). According to DETI's website, it "supports business growth and inward investment, promotes innovation, research and development and in-company training, encourages exports and supports local economic development and company start up." About According to Invest NI's website: "Our role is to grow the economy by helping new and existing businesses to compete internationally, and by attracting new investment to Northern Ireland. We are part of the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment and provide strong government support for business by effectively delivering the Government’s economic development strategies, making the most efficient use of available resources. Invest NI offers the Northern Ireland business community a single organisation providing high-quality services, programs, support and expert advice. We principally support businesses in the manufacturing and tradeable services sectors." According to disclosures under the American Foreign Agents Registration Act, Invest Northern Ireland is engaged in lobbying U.S. legislators or government bodies. See also Department for the Economy Economy of Northern Ireland US-Northern Ireland Investment Conference References ^ "DETI". www.detini.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. ^ http://www.investni.com Invest NI ^ Anupama Narayanswamy and Luke Rosiak, Adding it up: The Top Players in Foreign Agent Lobbying, ProPublica, August 18, 2009. External links Invest NI DETI Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine nibusinessinfo.co.uk vteEconomy of Ireland Economy of Ireland Economy of Northern Ireland Companies Companies Largest companies Breweries Airlines Companies on Euronext Dublin Hotels Newspapers Restaurant chains Supermarket chains Currency & taxation Ireland Taxation Currency Centre Currency Commission Euro Northern Ireland Pound sterling Banking Banks Bank of Ireland Ulster Bank First Trust Bank Northern Bank Allied Irish Banks Permanent TSB Ireland state owned Banks: Central Bank Strategic Banking Corporation of Ireland Other: Insolvency Policy Ireland Minister for Finance Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment Budgets July Jobs Stimulus Croke Park Agreement Northern Ireland Department for the Economy Invest Northern Ireland Proposed United Ireland Development demographics Regions by Human Development Index Localised Dublin economy Belfast economy Tourism Transport Peopleand labour Billionaires Inventors Businesspeople Business schools Dublin Demography Pensions Sectors Brands Energy Mining Cuisine Beer Agriculture Education Media Cinema Music Healthcare Architecture Supermarkets Tourism Transport Co-operatives Aurivo Co-operative Society Limited The Cope Dairygold Dublin Food Co-op Irish Agricultural Organisation Society Irish Co-operative Organisation Society Lakeland Dairies Londis (Ireland) Near FM Ornua Quay Co-op The Urban Co-op Tirlán History COVID-19 Post-2008 economic downturn Post-2008 banking crisis Celtic tiger Irish pound Banknotes of Ireland Banknotes of Northern Ireland Anglo-Irish trade war Partition Loan funds Famine Mining Ireland portal Category Commons vteNorthern Ireland articlesHistory Annals of Ulster Norman invasion Bruce campaign Black Death Tudor conquest Tyrone's Rebellion Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster 1641 Rebellion / Confederate War Settlement of 1652 Williamite War Penal Laws First Great Famine 1798 Rebellion Act of Union Tithe War Second Great Famine Land War Fenian Rising Home Rule crisis Easter Rising War of Independence Anglo-Irish Treaty Belfast Blitz Northern Campaign Border Campaign The Troubles Peace process Belfast History of Derry Geography Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty Counties Geography and climate National Trust properties Places Giant's Causeway Mourne Mountains Politics Act of Union 1800 Government of Ireland Act 1920 Parliament of Northern Ireland Acts Secretary of State Good Friday Agreement 1998 Northern Ireland Act 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly Acts Flags issue Local government Parliamentary constituencies Economy Banking Bank of Ireland Danske Bank AIB (NI) Ulster Bank Invest Northern Ireland Transport Society Culture Education integrated Media Parades Religion Ulster Folk and Transport Museums Ulster Museum Sport Association football (soccer) Camogie Cricket Gaelic football Gaelic handball Hurling Rugby Social issues Corruption LGBT rights Same-sex marriage Prostitution Demographics Christianity in Ireland Baptists Catholicism Church of Ireland Methodism Presbyterianism Immigrant communities Irish language Northern Irish people Ulster Scots language Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Cú Chulainn Flag list flags issue Flax Coat of arms of Ulster OutlineIndex Category Portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States This article related to government in the United Kingdom or its constituent countries is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an organisation in Northern Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"economic development agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development_agency"},{"link_name":"non-departmental public body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body"},{"link_name":"Department for the Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_the_Economy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Invest Northern Ireland (Invest NI) is Northern Ireland's regional economic development agency. It is a non-departmental public body (NDPB) of the Department for the Economy (DfE). According to DETI's website, it \"supports business growth and inward investment, promotes innovation, research and development and in-company training, encourages exports and supports local economic development and company start up.\"[1]","title":"Invest Northern Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Foreign Agents Registration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Agents_Registration_Act"},{"link_name":"lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"According to Invest NI's website: \"Our role is to grow the economy by helping new and existing businesses to compete internationally, and by attracting new investment to Northern Ireland. We are part of the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment and provide strong government support for business by effectively delivering the Government’s economic development strategies, making the most efficient use of available resources. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandraraja_II	Chandraraja II	["1 References","1.1 Bibliography"]	Chahamana king Chandraraja IIChahamana kingReignc. 836–863 CEPredecessorGovindaraja ISuccessorGovindaraja IIDynastyChahamanas of Shakambhari Chandra-raja II (r. c. 836–863 CE) was an Indian king from the Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty. He ruled parts of present-day Rajasthan in north-western India. Chandra succeeded his father Govindaraja I (alias Guvaka I) on the Chahamana throne. The Bijolia inscription names Guvaka's successor as Shashi-nripa (IAST: Śaśinṛpa), which appears to be another name of Chandraraja II. Both the names - "Chandra-raja" and "Shashi-nripa" - literally mean "moon-king". The Prithviraja Vijaya eulogizes Chandra using vague terms, but little concrete information is available about his reign. He was succeeded by his son Govindaraja II (alias Guvaka II). References ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 55. ^ R. B. Singh 1964, pp. 55–56. ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 95. ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 96. Bibliography Dasharatha Sharma (1959). Early Chauhān Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9780842606189. R. B. Singh (1964). History of the Chāhamānas. N. Kishore. OCLC 11038728. vteChahamanas of Shakambhari (Chauhans of Ajmer)9th century and earlier Chahamana (possibly mythical) Vasudeva Samantaraja Naradeva Ajayaraja I Vigraharaja I Chandraraja I Gopendraraja Durlabharaja I Govindaraja I Chandraraja II Govindaraja II 10th-11th centuries Chandanaraja Vakpatiraja I Simharaja Vigraharaja II Durlabharaja II Govindaraja III Vakpatiraja II Viryarama Chamundaraja Durlabharaja III Vigraharaja III Prithviraja I 12th century Ajayaraja II Arnoraja Jagaddeva Vigraharaja IV Amaragangeya Prithviraja II Someshvara Prithviraja III Govindaraja IV Hariraja	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Govindaraja I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govindaraja_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh196455-1"},{"link_name":"Bijolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijolia"},{"link_name":"IAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh196455%E2%80%9356-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh196495-3"},{"link_name":"Prithviraja Vijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraja_Vijaya"},{"link_name":"Govindaraja II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govindaraja_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh196496-4"}],"text":"Chahamana kingChandra-raja II (r. c. 836–863 CE) was an Indian king from the Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty. He ruled parts of present-day Rajasthan in north-western India.Chandra succeeded his father Govindaraja I (alias Guvaka I) on the Chahamana throne.[1] The Bijolia inscription names Guvaka's successor as Shashi-nripa (IAST: Śaśinṛpa), which appears to be another name of Chandraraja II.[2] Both the names - \"Chandra-raja\" and \"Shashi-nripa\" - literally mean \"moon-king\".[3]The Prithviraja Vijaya eulogizes Chandra using vague terms, but little concrete information is available about his reign. He was succeeded by his son Govindaraja II (alias Guvaka II).[4]","title":"Chandraraja II"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dasharatha Sharma (1959). Early Chauhān Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9780842606189.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Early Chauhān Dynasties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842606189","url_text":"9780842606189"}]},{"reference":"R. B. Singh (1964). History of the Chāhamānas. N. Kishore. OCLC 11038728.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"History of the Chāhamānas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11038728","url_text":"11038728"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Early Chauhān Dynasties"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"History of the Chāhamānas"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11038728","external_links_name":"11038728"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malafeyevo	Malafeyevo	["1 Geography","2 References"]	Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaMalafeyevo МалафеевоVillageMalafeyevoShow map of Vologda OblastMalafeyevoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°07′N 37°02′E / 59.117°N 37.033°E / 59.117; 37.033CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictKaduysky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Malafeyevo (Russian: Малафеево) is a rural locality (a village) in Semizerye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2002. Geography Malafeyevo is located 20 km southwest of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Vershina is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Деревня Малафеево на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Расстояние от Малафеева до Кадуя vteRural localities in Kaduysky District Abakanovo Aksentyevskaya Alekanovo Alenkino Alyavino Andronovo Annenskaya Baranovskaya Berezhok Bilkovo Bolshaya Gorka Bolshaya Rukavitskaya Bolshoy Smerdyach Bor Borisovo Boylovo Bryukhovo Budimorovo Buzykino Cherepanovo Chudinovo Chuprino Churovo Danilkovo Dedovets Dilskiye Dubrovnoye Dyomshino Fadeyevo Falenskaya Fanerny Zavod Filino Grigorovo Ilemnoye Ishkoboy Ivachevo Ivanovo Ivanovskoye Izorkovo Kaduy Kalinnikovo Kananyevskaya Kapchino Khlamovo Kholmishche Koposovo Korotnevaya Kovalyovo Krasnaya Zarya Krestovaya Krugloye Kryltsovo Kulikovo Kurakino Kuzminka Larionovskaya Lebenets Lepilovo Log Lukyanovo Lykovskaya Maksinskaya Malafeyevo Malaya Gorka Malaya Rukavitskaya Malaya Stupolokhta Maly Smerdyach Malyshevo Markovskaya Marlykovo Martyukhino Marygino Maza Melekhino Melentyevo Mikhalevo Mikhaylovskaya Moshnitskoye Myza Nikolskoye Nikonovskaya Niz Nizhniye Nizhniye Nizhny Pochinok Novinka Novoye Oseka Panyukovo Pelemen Ploskoye Porog Posobkovo Postnikovo Preobrazhenskaya Pryagayevo Pryamikovo Pugino Rykanets Safonovo Savelyevskaya Selishche Seltso-Rodnoye Seninskaya Shigodskiye Shiryevo Shoborovo Sloboda Smeshkovo Solokhta Sosnovka Spirenskaya Spiryutino Sredny Dvor Srednyaya Stupolokhta Stan Starostino Starukhi Strelkovo Sudakovo Syobra Timokhino Tomasha Tsipelevo Turpal Uspenskoye Ust-Kolp Vakhonkino Vasilyevskaya Velikoye Veliky Dvor Verkhny Dvor Verkhovye Vershina Vertyagino Volotskaya Voron Yakimovo Yakshinskaya Yamyshevo Yaryshevo Yazvitsevo Yeremeyevo Zadnyaya Stupolokhta Zaerap Zakazarye Zanino Zaozerye Zaruchevye Zavod Zayatskoye Zhidelevo Zhornovets Zhukov Pochinok Zykovo This Kaduysky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Kaduysky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduysky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Malafeyevo (Russian: Малафеево) is a rural locality (a village) in Semizerye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Malafeyevo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaduy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduy,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Malafeyevo is located 20 km southwest of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Vershina is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Malafeyevo&params=59_07_N_37_02_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"59°07′N 37°02′E / 59.117°N 37.033°E / 59.117; 37.033"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/kaduyskiy-rayon/derevnya-malafeevo/","external_links_name":"Деревня Малафеево на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_malafeevo_kaduj","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Малафеева до Кадуя"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malafeyevo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Venice_International_Film_Festival	47th Venice International Film Festival	["1 Jury","2 Official Sections","2.1 In Competition","2.2 Out of Competition","3 Independent Sections","3.1 Venice International Film Critics' Week","4 Official Awards","4.1 Main Competition","5 Independent Awards","5.1 The President of the Italian Senate's Gold Medal","5.2 Audience Award","5.3 Golden Ciak","5.4 FIPRESCI Prize","5.5 Premio La Navicella Venezia Cinema","5.6 OCIC Award","5.7 UNICEF Award","5.8 Pasinetti Award","5.9 Pietro Bianchi Award","5.10 Little Golden Lion","5.11 Elvira Notari Prize","5.12 Bastone Bianco Award","5.13 Kodak-Cinecritica Award","5.14 UCCA Venticittà Award","6 References","7 External links"]	1990 film festival edition 47th Venice International Film FestivalFestival posterLocationVenice, ItalyFounded1932AwardsGolden Lion: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are DeadFestival date4 – 14 September 1990WebsiteWebsiteVenice Film Festival chronology48th 46th The 47th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 4 to 14 September 1990. American writer Gore Vidal was the Jury President of the main competition. The Golden Lion winner was Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead directed by Tom Stoppard. Jury The following people comprised the 1990 jury: Gore Vidal, American writer - Jury President María Luisa Bemberg, Argentine filmmaker and actress Edoardo Bruno, Italian film critic Gilles Jacob, French film critic Kira Muratova, Soviet filmmaker Omar Sharif, Egyptian actor Ula Stöckl, German filmmaker and actress Anna-Lena Wibom Alberto Lattuada, Italian director Official Sections In Competition English title Original title Director(s) Production country The African Woman Die Rückkehr Margarethe von Trotta West Germany, Italy An Angel at My Table Jane Campion New Zealand, Australia, United Kingdom, United States Boys on the Outside Ragazzi fuori Marco Risi Italy Collapse Raspad Mikhail Belikov Soviet Union Farewell to Autumn Pozegnanie jesieni Mariusz Trelinski Poland The Gamblers Spieler Dominik Graf West Germany Goodfellas Martin Scorsese United States I Hired a Contract Killer Aki Kaurismäki Finland, Sweden Karartma geceleri Yusuf Kurcenly Turkey Laura Adler's Last Love Affair אהבתה האחרונה של לורה אדלר Avraham Heffner Israel Martha and I Marta a já Jiri Weiss Czechoslovakia, West Germany Mo' Better Blues Spike Lee United States The Moon in the Mirror La luna en el espejo Silvio Caiozzi Chile Mr. & Mrs. Bridge James Ivory United Kingdom No Fear, No Die S'en fout la mort Claire Denis France The Only Witness Edinstveniyat svidetel Mikhail Pandoursky Bulgaria Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead Tom Stoppard United Kingdom Sirup Helle Ryslinge Denmark Tales of a Golden Geisha あげまん Juzo Itami Japan Traces of an Amorous Life Tracce di vita amorosa Peter Del Monte Italy Walls Mathilukal Adoor Gopalakrishnan India Out of Competition Dovidenia v pekle, prijatelia directed by Juraj Jakubisko (Czechoslovakia, Italy) Henry and June directed by Philip Kaufman (United States) Romeo.Juliet directed by Armando Acosta (Belgium) Dick Tracy directed by Warren Beatty (United States) The Company of Strangers directed by Cynthia Scott (Canada) Blood Oath directed by Stephen Wallace (Australia) Il y a des jours... et des lunes directed by Claude Lelouch (France) I taràssachi directed by Francesco Ranieri Martinotti, Rocco Mortelliti, Fulvio Ottaviano (Italy) Dancin' Thru the Dark directed by Mike Ockrent (United Kingdom) Un week-end sur deux directed by Nicole Garcia (France) Shakha Proshakha directed by Satyajit Ray (India) Independent Sections Venice International Film Critics' Week The following feature films were selected to be screened as In Competition for this section: Boom Boom by Rosa Vergés (Spain) Cold Light of Day by Fiona Louise (United Kingdom) December (Dicembre) by Antonio Monda (Italy) La Discrète by Christian Vincent (France) He’s Still There by Halfdan O. Hussie (United States) Under a Sky of Blue (Pod nebom golubym) by Vitaliy Dudin (Soviet Union) The Station (La Stazione) by Sergio Rubini (Italy) Winckelmann's Travels (Winckelmanns Reisen) by Jan Schütte (West Germany) Official Awards Tom Stoppard, winner of Golden Lion at 47th Venice International Film Festival Main Competition Golden Lion: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard Grand Special Jury Prize: An Angel at My Table by Jane Campion Silver Lion: Best Director: Martin Scorsese for Goodfellas Best Screenplay: Helle Ryslinge for Sirup Silver Osella: Best Cinematography: Marco Risi for Boys on the Outside Best Editing: Dominique Auvray for No Fear, No Die Best Original Music: Valeri Milovansky for The Only Witness Volpi Cup for Best Actor: Oleg Borisov for The Only Witness Volpi Cup for Best Actress: Gloria Münchmeyer for The Moon in the Mirror Independent Awards The President of the Italian Senate's Gold Medal Raspad by Mikhail Belikov Audience Award Martin Scorsese for Goodfellas Golden Ciak Best Film: Mr. & Mrs. Bridge by James Ivory Best Actress: Marianne Sägebrecht for Martha and I FIPRESCI Prize Mathilukal by Adoor Gopalakrishnan Premio La Navicella Venezia Cinema The Only Witness by Michail Pandurski OCIC Award An Angel at My Table by Jane Campion Honorable Mention: I, the Worst of All (Yo, la peor de todas) by María Luisa Bemberg UNICEF Award Mathilukal by Adoor Gopalakrishnan Pasinetti Award Best Film: Mr. & Mrs. Bridge by James Ivory Best Actor: Richard Dreyfuss for Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead Best Actress: Stefania Sandrelli for The African Woman Pietro Bianchi Award Ettore Scola Little Golden Lion An Angel at My Table by Jane Campion Elvira Notari Prize An Angel at My Table by Jane Campion Bastone Bianco Award An Angel at My Table by Jane Campion Goodfellas by Martin Scorsese Special Mention: Mo' Better Blues by Spike Lee Kodak-Cinecritica Award The Station (La stazione) by Sergio Rubini UCCA Venticittà Award Cold Light of Day by Fhiona-Louise Special Mention: Under a Sky of Blue by Vitali Dudin References ^ "VENICE 1990 – THE 47TH VENICE FILM FESTIVAL". Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "The 1990s". Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "Juries for the 1990s". Retrieved 27 March 2018. ^ "7th International Film Critics' Week". sicvenezia.it. Retrieved 1 April 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1990 Venice Film Festival. Official website Venice Film Festival 1990 Awards on IMDb vteVenice Film FestivalAwards Golden Lion Grand Jury Prize Special Jury Prize Silver Lion (for Best Direction) Volpi Cup for Best Actor Volpi Cup for Best Actress Golden Osella Marcello Mastroianni Award Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement Independent awards Giornate degli Autori Queer Lion Young Cinema Award By year 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of Venice Film Festival jury presidents	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gore Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Golden Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lion"},{"link_name":"Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_%26_Guildenstern_Are_Dead_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"}],"text":"The 47th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 4 to 14 September 1990.[1][2]American writer Gore Vidal was the Jury President of the main competition.The Golden Lion winner was Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead directed by Tom Stoppard.","title":"47th Venice International Film Festival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gore Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Vidal"},{"link_name":"María Luisa Bemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa_Bemberg"},{"link_name":"Edoardo Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Gilles Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Kira Muratova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira_Muratova"},{"link_name":"Omar Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Ula Stöckl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula_St%C3%B6ckl"},{"link_name":"Alberto Lattuada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Lattuada"}],"text":"The following people comprised the 1990 jury:[3]Gore Vidal, American writer - Jury President\nMaría Luisa Bemberg, Argentine filmmaker and actress\nEdoardo Bruno, Italian film critic\nGilles Jacob, French film critic\nKira Muratova, Soviet filmmaker\nOmar Sharif, Egyptian actor\nUla Stöckl, German filmmaker and actress\nAnna-Lena Wibom\nAlberto Lattuada, Italian director","title":"Jury"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Official Sections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"In Competition","title":"Official Sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juraj Jakubisko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juraj_Jakubisko"},{"link_name":"Henry and June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_and_June"},{"link_name":"Philip Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Romeo.Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo.Juliet"},{"link_name":"Armando Acosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Acosta_(director)"},{"link_name":"Dick Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tracy_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Warren Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Beatty"},{"link_name":"The Company of Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Company_of_Strangers"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Scott"},{"link_name":"Blood Oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Oath_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Il y a des jours... et des lunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_y_a_des_jours..._et_des_lunes"},{"link_name":"Claude Lelouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lelouch"},{"link_name":"Dancin' Thru the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancin%27_Thru_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Mike Ockrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ockrent"},{"link_name":"Un week-end sur deux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_week-end_sur_deux"},{"link_name":"Nicole Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Shakha Proshakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakha_Proshakha"},{"link_name":"Satyajit Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Ray"}],"sub_title":"Out of Competition","text":"Dovidenia v pekle, prijatelia directed by Juraj Jakubisko (Czechoslovakia, Italy)\nHenry and June directed by Philip Kaufman (United States)\nRomeo.Juliet directed by Armando Acosta (Belgium)\nDick Tracy directed by Warren Beatty (United States)\nThe Company of Strangers directed by Cynthia Scott (Canada)\nBlood Oath directed by Stephen Wallace (Australia)\nIl y a des jours... et des lunes directed by Claude Lelouch (France)\nI taràssachi directed by Francesco Ranieri Martinotti, Rocco Mortelliti, Fulvio Ottaviano (Italy)\nDancin' Thru the Dark directed by Mike Ockrent (United Kingdom)\nUn week-end sur deux directed by Nicole Garcia (France)\nShakha Proshakha directed by Satyajit Ray (India)","title":"Official Sections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Independent Sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rosa Vergés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Verg%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Antonio Monda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Monda"},{"link_name":"La Discrète","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Discr%C3%A8te"},{"link_name":"Christian Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Vincent_(director)"},{"link_name":"The Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Station_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Sergio Rubini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Rubini"},{"link_name":"Winckelmann's Travels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winckelmann%27s_Travels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winckelmanns_Reisen"},{"link_name":"Jan Schütte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sch%C3%BCtte"}],"sub_title":"Venice International Film Critics' Week","text":"The following feature films were selected to be screened as In Competition for this section:[4]Boom Boom by Rosa Vergés (Spain)\nCold Light of Day by Fiona Louise (United Kingdom)\nDecember (Dicembre) by Antonio Monda (Italy)\nLa Discrète by Christian Vincent (France)\nHe’s Still There by Halfdan O. Hussie (United States)\nUnder a Sky of Blue (Pod nebom golubym) by Vitaliy Dudin (Soviet Union)\nThe Station (La Stazione) by Sergio Rubini (Italy)\nWinckelmann's Travels [de] (Winckelmanns Reisen) by Jan Schütte (West Germany)","title":"Independent Sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stoppard_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"Golden Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lion"}],"text":"Tom Stoppard, winner of Golden Lion at 47th Venice International Film Festival","title":"Official Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_%26_Guildenstern_Are_Dead_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"Grand Special Jury Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Jury_Prize_(Venice_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"An Angel at My 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Actress: Gloria Münchmeyer for The Moon in the Mirror","title":"Official Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Independent Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The President of the Italian Senate's Gold Medal","text":"Raspad by Mikhail Belikov","title":"Independent Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"Goodfellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodfellas"}],"sub_title":"Audience Award","text":"Martin Scorsese for Goodfellas","title":"Independent Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mr. & Mrs. Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Bridge"},{"link_name":"James Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ivory"},{"link_name":"Marianne Sägebrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_S%C3%A4gebrecht"},{"link_name":"Martha and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_and_I"}],"sub_title":"Golden Ciak","text":"Best Film: Mr. & Mrs. Bridge by James 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Taylor_(attorney)	Chris Taylor (businessman)	["1 Career","2 Awards","3 References","4 External links"]	Canadian entertainment lawyer (active 1990– ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Chris Taylor" businessman – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chris TaylorBornChristopher Normand TaylorOccupationsAttorneyrecord executiveYears active1980–presentLabelLast Gang Records Christopher Normand Taylor is a Canadian entertainment lawyer and record executive. In 2004, Taylor co-founded Last Gang Records with concert promoter Donald K. Tarlton. The label was acquired by Entertainment One in 2016, with Taylor becoming the president of eOne's music operations. As of 2023, he remains the president and CEO of eOne Music, which was renamed MNRK Music Group in 2021. Career After graduating from law school, Taylor founded the rock/reggae group One in 1990. The band toured North America, playing over a thousand shows, released four albums, and was nominated for a Juno Award. In 1994, the band signed with Virgin Records and released their fourth album, Smokin' The Goats, which included two Canadian Top 40 singles, "Wide Load" and "54–46". In 1997, he began practising law with the law firm of Sanderson Taylor representing Canadian artists Nelly Furtado, Avril Lavigne, and Tom Cochrane, among others. In 1998, via his former manager, Chris Smith, Taylor discovered Nelly Furtado and assisted with introducing her talents to record companies in the United States. Shortly following Furtado's rise, Taylor played a role in introducing Sum 41 to the music industry. More recently, he had been working for rap artist Drake. In 2003, he founded entertainment company Last Gang Entertainment with music industry promoter and impresario Donald Tarlton, discovering and signing alternative/dance artists Metric, Death From Above 1979, MSTRKRFT, and Crystal Castles. The label has been nominated as Canadian Independent Record Label of the Year at the Canadian Music Awards eight times, with its latest nomination in 2014. Last Gang Management manages Lights and Arkells and co-manages Ryan Hemsworth, BadBadNotGood, Holy Fuck, Tennyson, and chef Matty Matheson, in partnership with management company People's Champ. In 2006, he cofounded his own law firm, Taylor Mitsopulos Klein Oballa, representing additional acts such as Billy Talent, Three Days Grace, Justin Nozuka, Daniel Powter, Alexisonfire, Gogol Bordello, and Lights in addition to producers and songwriters such as Henry "Cirkut" Walter and Gordon Lightfoot. The law firm also provides legal advice to YTV's number-one-rated show, The Next Star, Canada's Walk of Fame, charitable organization Free The Children, and Slaight Music. Taylor was the long-time lawyer for Canadian media personalities George Stroumboulopoulos and Matte Babel, among others. In January 2012, the law firm changed its name to Taylor Klein Oballa LLP. In March 2016, Taylor sold Last Gang to Entertainment One and took the position of President of Entertainment One's music division. The management division at Entertainment One added management companies Hardlivings and Nerve, which handle clients including Riton, Tieks, Jax Jones, Tiga, The Black Madonna, and Daniel Avery. Entertainment One's music division was named the #2 Independent Label in the US in 2016, and the artists associated with the company had a total of nine Grammy Award nominations for 2017. eOne publishing entered into joint venture with Grammy winning producer/writers, "Stereotypes" in August 2018. Taylor led the sale of Hasbro/eOne’s music business to Blackstone for USD $385 million in cash with the deal closing on June 29, 2021. The music business was renamed, MNRK Music Group on September 27, 2021 and Taylor was named President & CEO. Taylor is an executive producer of the "House of Strombo" concert series along with George Stroumboulopoulos, Michael Sugar, and Bob Mackowycz. In April 2017, Apple Music announced its partnership with House of Strombo. In 2019, Taylor served as executive producer of “Shoulder to Shoulder: A Centennial Tribute to Women's Suffrage” by The Karrin Allyson Sextet. Taylor is on the advisory board for Ricky Martin’s, Martin Music Lab. In December 2021 Taylor was a guest on the Trapital podcast with host Dan Runcie discussing MNRK, the music business and technology. Awards In 2013, Taylor was honored by the Canadian Civil Liberties Association for Excellence in Advocacy alongside former Supreme Court Justice The Honourable Ian Binnie, and filmmaker David Cronenberg. In 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 Billboard magazine included Taylor in their "Indie Music Business Power List" and in June 2018 Variety Magazine named Taylor as one of its "International Music Industry Leaders". In 2018, the Canadian Independent Music Association awarded him the Entrepreneur of the Year Award. In 2021, Taylor was included alongside, Beyonce, The Weeknd, Jay Z, and Shakira in Billboard Magazine’s first “Change Agents” list, honoring leaders across the music industry who stepped up over the past year to help the industry survive the pandemic and respond to calls for social and racial justice. In 2023 Taylor won a Grammy Award as executive producer on the Best Latin Jazz Album of the Year, “Fandango at the Wall in New York (2022)” from the Afro Latin Jazz Orchestra directed by Arturo O’Farrill. - Acceptance Speech References ^ "'eOne Music Is Now MNRK Music Group; Chris Taylor Remains President/CEO'". Billboard. 27 September 2021. ^ a b "Spin Doctor - Toronto Star Aug 2, 2009". Toronto Star. 2 August 2009. ^ "Billboard" (PDF). www.americanradiohistory.com. October 27, 1994. Retrieved 2019-05-29. ^ Inc, Nielsen Business Media (29 October 1994). "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. – via Google Books. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ Inc, Nielsen Business Media (11 March 2000). "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. – via Google Books. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ "Toronto Star: Ex-rocker Chris Taylor now a player of a different kind, as a force behind Toronto's biggest music stars". Toronto Star. 2 August 2009. ^ "About Last Gang - Last Gang Records". ^ "Canadian Music Week Announces Nominees For The Canadian Music & Broadcast Industry Awards". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-07. ^ "Our Lawyers - Taylor Oballa Murray Leyland LLP Entertainment and Media Lawyers". ^ "Billboard: Chris Taylor Appointed President Of Entertainment One Music". Billboard. ^ "Entertainment One Music adds Hardlivings management to roster". Music Business Worldwide. 8 September 2016. ^ "eOne Welcomes Nerve Artist Management". 4 November 2016. ^ "Chris Taylor's Global Ambition For eOne Music". 11 December 2016. ^ "Entertainment One Celebrates 9 Nominations for The 2017 GRAMMY AWARDS". ^ "Grammy-Winning Producers The Stereotypes Launch Joint Publishing Venture With eOne". 28 August 2018. ^ "Blackstone To Acquire eOne Music From Hasbro In 385m Cash Deal". 26 April 2021. ^ "Hasbro Closes eOne Music Business Sale For 385 Million". The Hollywood Reporter. 29 June 2021. ^ "eOne Music Is Now MNRK Music Group; Chris Taylor Remains President/CEO". Billboard. ^ "Apple Music presents intimate concert series, House Of Strombo". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. ^ "Apple Music Picks Up Toronto's 'House of Strombo' Concert Series". Billboard. ^ Newman, Melinda. "Harry Belafonte, Rosanne Cash, Karrin Allyson Celebrate 'Centennial Tribute to Women's Suffrage'". Billboard. ^ "'Ricky Martin Launches Martin Music Lab, With Focus On 'Elevating' Audio Entertainment Experiences'". Billboard. ^ "'Chris Taylor on MNRK's Rebrand and Managing Death Row Records Catalog and Music's M&A Market". Trapital. 17 December 2021. ^ "Canadian Civil Liberties Association for Excellence in Advocacy". Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2017". Billboard. ^ "Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2018". Billboard. ^ "Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2019". Billboard. ^ "Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2020". Billboard. ^ "Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2021". Billboard. ^ "Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2022". Billboard. ^ "Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2023". Billboard. ^ "Variety - International Music Industry Leaders". 4 June 2018. ^ "CIMA - Gala Spotlight: Entrepreneur of the year Award, Chris Taylor". ^ "Billboard Change Agents: Leaders Stepping Up In A Year of Turmoil". Billboard. ^ "Fandango at the Wall in New York (2022)". External links TKO Lawyers Last Gang Records Last Gang Records YouTube Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"entertainment lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_law"},{"link_name":"Last Gang Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Gang_Records"},{"link_name":"Donald K. 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As of 2023, he remains the president and CEO of eOne Music, which was renamed MNRK Music Group in 2021.[1]","title":"Chris Taylor (businessman)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock/reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae_rock"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Juno Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torontostar-2"},{"link_name":"Virgin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"54–46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54-46_That%27s_My_Number"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nelly 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1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_From_Above_1979"},{"link_name":"MSTRKRFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSTRKRFT"},{"link_name":"Crystal Castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Castles_(band)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Last Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Gang_Records"},{"link_name":"Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Arkells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkells"},{"link_name":"Ryan Hemsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Hemsworth"},{"link_name":"BadBadNotGood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BadBadNotGood"},{"link_name":"Holy Fuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Fuck"},{"link_name":"Matty Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Matheson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Billy Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Talent"},{"link_name":"Three Days Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Days_Grace"},{"link_name":"Justin Nozuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Nozuka"},{"link_name":"Daniel Powter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Powter"},{"link_name":"Alexisonfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexisonfire"},{"link_name":"Gogol Bordello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogol_Bordello"},{"link_name":"Henry \"Cirkut\" Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkut_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Lightfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Lightfoot"},{"link_name":"YTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YTV_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"The Next Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Star"},{"link_name":"Canada's Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Free The Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_The_Children"},{"link_name":"George Stroumboulopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stroumboulopoulos"},{"link_name":"Last Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Gang_Records"},{"link_name":"Entertainment One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_One"},{"link_name":"Entertainment One's music division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_One_Music"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Riton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riton_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tieks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieks_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jax Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jax_Jones"},{"link_name":"Tiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiga_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"George Stroumboulopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stroumboulopoulos"},{"link_name":"Michael Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sugar"},{"link_name":"Bob Mackowycz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mackowycz"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Karrin Allyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrin_Allyson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"After graduating from law school, Taylor founded the rock/reggae group One in 1990. The band toured North America, playing over a thousand shows, released four albums, and was nominated for a Juno Award.[2] In 1994, the band signed with Virgin Records and released their fourth album, Smokin' The Goats, which included two Canadian Top 40 singles, \"Wide Load\"[3][4] and \"54–46\"[citation needed].In 1997, he began practising law with the law firm of Sanderson Taylor[5] representing Canadian artists Nelly Furtado, Avril Lavigne, and Tom Cochrane, among others.In 1998, via his former manager, Chris Smith, Taylor discovered Nelly Furtado and assisted with introducing her talents to record companies in the United States.[2] Shortly following Furtado's rise, Taylor played a role in introducing Sum 41 to the music industry. More recently, he had been working for rap artist Drake.[6]In 2003, he founded entertainment company Last Gang Entertainment with music industry promoter and impresario Donald Tarlton, discovering and signing alternative/dance artists Metric, Death From Above 1979, MSTRKRFT, and Crystal Castles.[7] The label has been nominated as Canadian Independent Record Label of the Year at the Canadian Music Awards eight times, with its latest nomination in 2014.[8] Last Gang Management manages Lights and Arkells and co-manages Ryan Hemsworth, BadBadNotGood, Holy Fuck, Tennyson, and chef Matty Matheson, in partnership with management company People's Champ.In 2006, he cofounded his own law firm, Taylor Mitsopulos Klein Oballa,[9] representing additional acts such as Billy Talent, Three Days Grace, Justin Nozuka, Daniel Powter, Alexisonfire, Gogol Bordello, and Lights in addition to producers and songwriters such as Henry \"Cirkut\" Walter and Gordon Lightfoot. The law firm also provides legal advice to YTV's number-one-rated show, The Next Star, Canada's Walk of Fame, charitable organization Free The Children, and Slaight Music. Taylor was the long-time lawyer for Canadian media personalities George Stroumboulopoulos and Matte Babel, among others. In January 2012, the law firm changed its name to Taylor Klein Oballa LLP.In March 2016, Taylor sold Last Gang to Entertainment One and took the position of President of Entertainment One's music division.[10] The management division at Entertainment One added management companies Hardlivings[11] and Nerve,[12] which handle clients including Riton, Tieks, Jax Jones, Tiga, The Black Madonna, and Daniel Avery. Entertainment One's music division was named the #2 Independent Label in the US in 2016,[13] and the artists associated with the company had a total of nine Grammy Award nominations for 2017.[14]eOne publishing entered into joint venture with Grammy winning producer/writers, \"Stereotypes\" in August 2018.[15]Taylor led the sale of Hasbro/eOne’s music business to Blackstone for USD $385 million in cash[16] with the deal closing on June 29, 2021.[17] The music business was renamed, MNRK Music Group on September 27, 2021 and Taylor was named President & CEO.[18]Taylor is an executive producer of the \"House of Strombo\" concert series[19] along with George Stroumboulopoulos, Michael Sugar, and Bob Mackowycz. In April 2017, Apple Music announced its partnership with House of Strombo.[20] In 2019, Taylor served as executive producer of “Shoulder to Shoulder: A Centennial Tribute to Women's Suffrage” by The Karrin Allyson Sextet.[21] Taylor is on the advisory board for Ricky Martin’s, Martin Music Lab.[22] In December 2021 Taylor was a guest on the Trapital podcast with host Dan Runcie discussing MNRK, the music business and technology.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Civil Liberties Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Civil_Liberties_Association"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Justice"},{"link_name":"Ian Binnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Binnie"},{"link_name":"David Cronenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cronenberg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Acceptance Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS983US983&sxsrf=AB5stBjOXM4aS2rVunT7f373p4dWX4oYDQ:1689972013274&q=fandango+at+the+wall+acceptance+speech&tbm=vid&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjH_Z-s1KCAAxUzI0QIHY-2De8Q0pQJegQICxAB&biw=1536&bih=754&dpr=1.25#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:da934826,vid:XOssmPeVvAA"}],"text":"In 2013, Taylor was honored by the Canadian Civil Liberties Association for Excellence in Advocacy alongside former Supreme Court Justice The Honourable Ian Binnie, and filmmaker David Cronenberg.[24] In 2017,[25] 2018,[26] 2019,[27] 2020,[28] 2021,[29] 2022,[30] and 2023[31] Billboard magazine included Taylor in their \"Indie Music Business Power List\" and in June 2018 Variety Magazine named Taylor as one of its \"International Music Industry Leaders\".[32] In 2018, the Canadian Independent Music Association awarded him the Entrepreneur of the Year Award.[33] In 2021, Taylor was included alongside, Beyonce, The Weeknd, Jay Z, and Shakira in Billboard Magazine’s first “Change Agents” list, honoring leaders across the music industry who stepped up over the past year to help the industry survive the pandemic and respond to calls for social and racial justice.[34] In 2023 Taylor won a Grammy Award as executive producer on the Best Latin Jazz Album of the Year, “Fandango at the Wall in New York (2022)” from the Afro Latin Jazz Orchestra directed by Arturo O’Farrill.[35] - Acceptance Speech","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"'eOne Music Is Now MNRK Music Group; Chris Taylor Remains President/CEO'\". Billboard. 27 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/9636183/eone-music-is-now-mnrk-music-group","url_text":"\"'eOne Music Is Now MNRK Music Group; Chris Taylor Remains President/CEO'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spin Doctor - Toronto Star Aug 2, 2009\". Toronto Star. 2 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2009/08/02/spin_doctor.html","url_text":"\"Spin Doctor - Toronto Star Aug 2, 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard\" (PDF). www.americanradiohistory.com. October 27, 1994. Retrieved 2019-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1994/BB-1994-10-22.pdf","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"Inc, Nielsen Business Media (29 October 1994). \"Billboard\". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YQgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"Inc, Nielsen Business Media (11 March 2000). \"Billboard\". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kA4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Star: Ex-rocker Chris Taylor now a player of a different kind, as a force behind Toronto's biggest music stars\". Toronto Star. 2 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/article/674956","url_text":"\"Toronto Star: Ex-rocker Chris Taylor now a player of a different kind, as a force behind Toronto's biggest music stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"\"About Last Gang - Last Gang Records\".","urls":[{"url":"https://lastgang.com/about-last-gang/","url_text":"\"About Last Gang - Last Gang Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Music Week Announces Nominees For The Canadian Music & Broadcast Industry Awards\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134052/http://www.cimamusic.ca/canadian-music-week-announces-nominees-for-the-canadian-music-broadcast-industry-awards/","url_text":"\"Canadian Music Week Announces Nominees For The Canadian Music & Broadcast Industry Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.cimamusic.ca/canadian-music-week-announces-nominees-for-the-canadian-music-broadcast-industry-awards/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Lawyers - Taylor Oballa Murray Leyland LLP Entertainment and Media Lawyers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tkolawyers.com/our-lawyers/chris-taylor/","url_text":"\"Our Lawyers - Taylor Oballa Murray Leyland LLP Entertainment and Media Lawyers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard: Chris Taylor Appointed President Of Entertainment One Music\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6977774/chris-taylor-appointed-president-of-entertainment-one-music","url_text":"\"Billboard: Chris Taylor Appointed President Of Entertainment One Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Entertainment One Music adds Hardlivings management to roster\". Music Business Worldwide. 8 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/entertainment-one-music-adds-hardlivings-management-roster/","url_text":"\"Entertainment One Music adds Hardlivings management to roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"eOne Welcomes Nerve Artist Management\". 4 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicconnection.com/eone-nerve-artist-management/","url_text":"\"eOne Welcomes Nerve Artist Management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Taylor's Global Ambition For eOne Music\". 11 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fyimusicnews.ca/articles/2016/12/12/chris-taylors-global-ambition-eone-music","url_text":"\"Chris Taylor's Global Ambition For eOne Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entertainment One Celebrates 9 Nominations for The 2017 GRAMMY AWARDS\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Entertainment-One-Celebrates-9-Nominations-for-The-2017-GRAMMY-AWARDS-20161207","url_text":"\"Entertainment One Celebrates 9 Nominations for The 2017 GRAMMY AWARDS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy-Winning Producers The Stereotypes Launch Joint Publishing Venture With eOne\". 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/grammy-winning-producers-the-stereotypes-launch-joint-publishing-venture-with-eone/","url_text":"\"Grammy-Winning Producers The Stereotypes Launch Joint Publishing Venture With eOne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackstone To Acquire eOne Music From Hasbro In 385m Cash Deal\". 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/blackstone-to-acquire-eone-music-from-hasbro-in-385m-cash-deal/","url_text":"\"Blackstone To Acquire eOne Music From Hasbro In 385m Cash Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hasbro Closes eOne Music Business Sale For 385 Million\". The Hollywood Reporter. 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/hasbro-closes-eone-music-business-sale-for-385-million-1234975471/","url_text":"\"Hasbro Closes eOne Music Business Sale For 385 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"eOne Music Is Now MNRK Music Group; Chris Taylor Remains President/CEO\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/9636183/eone-music-is-now-mnrk-music-group","url_text":"\"eOne Music Is Now MNRK Music Group; Chris Taylor Remains President/CEO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Music presents intimate concert series, House Of Strombo\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Tsiet4QrX4","url_text":"\"Apple Music presents intimate concert series, House Of Strombo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7Tsiet4QrX4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Music Picks Up Toronto's 'House of Strombo' Concert Series\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7760289/apple-music-house-strombo-series-george-stroumboulopoulos","url_text":"\"Apple Music Picks Up Toronto's 'House of Strombo' Concert Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Melinda. \"Harry Belafonte, Rosanne Cash, Karrin Allyson Celebrate 'Centennial Tribute to Women's Suffrage'\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8528703/centennial-shoulder-to-shoulder-tribute","url_text":"\"Harry Belafonte, Rosanne Cash, Karrin Allyson Celebrate 'Centennial Tribute to Women's Suffrage'\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Ricky Martin Launches Martin Music Lab, With Focus On 'Elevating' Audio Entertainment Experiences'\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/9462358/ricky-martin-music-lab-orbital-audio-launch-immersive-listening/","url_text":"\"'Ricky Martin Launches Martin Music Lab, With Focus On 'Elevating' Audio Entertainment Experiences'\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Chris Taylor on MNRK's Rebrand and Managing Death Row Records Catalog and Music's M&A Market\". Trapital. 17 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://trapital.co/2021/12/17/chris-taylor-on-mnrks-rebrand-managing-death-row-records-catalog-and-musics-ma-market/","url_text":"\"'Chris Taylor on MNRK's Rebrand and Managing Death Row Records Catalog and Music's M&A Market\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Civil Liberties Association for Excellence in Advocacy\". Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130725202624/http://ccla.org/events/celebrating-canada/","url_text":"\"Canadian Civil Liberties Association for Excellence in Advocacy\""},{"url":"http://ccla.org/events/celebrating-canada/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2017\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7898108/2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents","url_text":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2018\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/8472361/revealed-billboards-2018-indie-power-players","url_text":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2019\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8515672/billboard-indie-power-players-list-2019/","url_text":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2020\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/9400400/billboard-indie-power-players-executives-list-2020/","url_text":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2021\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/9583016/billboard-indie-power-players-executives-list-2021/","url_text":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2022\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/billboard-indie-power-players-executives-list-2022/","url_text":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2023\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/billboard-indie-power-players-list-2023-executives/#recipient_hashed=379ee137ecae8238f385d81838194a0fda307240da1fb039bb40f3fa9380a732&recipient_salt=b5210d70e7d1d3edc928bc1c4f1bfb75e5f7f5bfae15baca0c648f2c91898f33","url_text":"\"Billboard - Indie Music Business Power List 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Variety - International Music Industry Leaders\". 4 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/gallery/international-music-industry-leaders-2018/#!20/chris-taylor-3","url_text":"\"Variety - International Music Industry Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIMA - Gala Spotlight: Entrepreneur of the year Award, Chris Taylor\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cimamusic.ca/news/recent-news/read,article/17620/2018-cima-gala-spotlight-chris-taylor-entertainment-one","url_text":"\"CIMA - Gala Spotlight: Entrepreneur of the year Award, Chris Taylor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Change Agents: Leaders Stepping Up In A Year of Turmoil\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Grant	Killing of Oscar Grant	["1 Involved parties","1.1 Oscar Grant III","1.2 Johannes Mehserle","2 Incident","3 Video evidence","3.1 Influence of videos","4 BART review and investigation process","5 Aftermath","5.1 Fruitvale protest and march; downtown rioting","5.2 Dellums' appearance and rioting flare up","5.3 Reaction from the business community and city officials","6 Criminal trial","6.1 Bail hearing","6.2 Preliminary hearing","6.3 Plea and jury selection","6.4 Taser confusion","6.5 Witness testimony","6.6 Closing arguments and verdict","7 Sentencing","7.1 Appeal","8 Responses","8.1 BART","8.2 Public","8.3 Protests","9 Civil lawsuits","10 In popular culture","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]	2009 manslaughter in Oakland, California Killing of Oscar GrantPart of Police brutality in the United StatesA screenshot of Grant pinned down as police are handcuffing him, moments before the shooting; this was captured from one of the videos that recorded the police incident.LocationOakland, California, U.S.DateJanuary 1, 2009; 15 years ago (2009-01-01) 2:15 a.m. PST (10:15 UTC)Attack typeHomicide, manslaughter, police killing, shootingVictimOscar Grant III, aged 22PerpetratorJohannes MehserleVerdict Guilty of involuntary manslaughter and gun enhancement Not guilty of second-degree murder and voluntary manslaughter Gun enhancement conviction overturned by trial judge ConvictionsInvoluntary manslaughter Sentence14 months and 30 days in prison ChargesSecond-degree murder, voluntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, and gun enhancementLitigation$50 million (originally $25 million) lawsuit by John Burris against BART on behalf of Grant's mother and daughter was settled for $2.8 million; Grant's father's lawsuit was denied Oscar Grant III was a 22-year-old Black man who was killed in the early morning hours of New Year's Day 2009 by BART Police Officer Johannes Mehserle in Oakland, California. Responding to reports of a fight on a crowded Bay Area Rapid Transit train returning from San Francisco, BART Police officers detained Grant and several other passengers on the platform at the Fruitvale BART Station. BART officer Anthony Pirone kneed Grant in the head and forced Grant to lie face down on the platform. Mehserle drew his pistol and shot Grant. Grant was rushed to Highland Hospital in Oakland and pronounced dead later that day. The events were captured on bystanders’ mobile phones. Owners disseminated their footage to media outlets and to various websites where it went viral. Both protests and riots took place in the following days. Some of the other passengers on the train, along with Grant's girlfriend Sophina, were able to break up the fight. Shortly afterward, the train conductor announced to the passengers that the police had been contacted and were on their way to the station at which they were stopped. As the passengers began to exit the train, Grant and his girlfriend saw the police walking towards them and split up. As they got closer to the train, police started to pick out people they believed to have been involved in the fight. Pirone walked up to two Black men and ripped the jacket off one. Pirone threw three people against the wall and then turned to the train, yelling for everyone involved in the fight to exit the train and come to him. Everyone remained on the train, so Pirone walked into the train to see if there was anyone who looked as if they were involved in the fight. Pirone saw Grant and removed him. On January 30, 2010, Alameda County prosecutors charged Mehserle with second-degree murder in their indictment for the shooting. Mehserle resigned from his position and pleaded not guilty. The trial began on June 10, 2010. On July 8, 2010, Mehserle was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter and not guilty of the murder charge and voluntary manslaughter. Though initial protests on July 8, 2010, against the jury verdict were peacefully organized, after dark there were incidents of looting, arson, destruction of property, and small riots. Nearly 80 people were eventually arrested. On November 5, 2010, Mehserle was sentenced to two years, minus time served. He served his time in Los Angeles County Jail protective custody, held in a private cell for his safety. On June 13, 2011, Mehserle was released under parole after serving 11 months. Oakland civil rights attorney John Burris filed a $25 million wrongful death claim against BART on behalf of Grant's family. BART settled with Grant's daughter and mother for a total of $2.8 million in 2011. It also settled with several of Grant's friends who had sued for damages because of police brutality. A separate suit by Grant's father did not result in a jury award, as it was decided that due to his imprisonment he was not sufficiently involved in Grant's life. The killing, and the protests against it, were an important precursor to the Black Lives Matter movement, which began in 2013. The biographical drama film Fruitvale Station (2013), written and directed by Ryan Coogler, portrays the last 24 hours of Grant's life, his killing, and the immediate aftermath. Involved parties Oscar Grant III Oscar Grant III Oscar Juliuss Grant III (February 27, 1986 – January 1, 2009) lived in Hayward, California. He worked as a meat cutter at Farmer Joe's Marketplace in Oakland's Dimond District after jobs at several Kentucky Fried Chicken outlets. He had attended both San Lorenzo and Mount Eden high schools in San Lorenzo and Hayward, respectively, until the 10th grade and eventually earned his GED. Grant was on parole at the time of his death, having been released from prison following a sixteen-month sentence for gun possession. Grant's funeral was held at the Palma Ceia Baptist Church in Hayward on January 7, 2009. Grant's mother, sister, daughter, and girlfriend (his daughter's mother) filed a wrongful death claim against BART following his death. It was settled in 2011. Johannes Mehserle Johannes Sebastian Mehserle (born 1982, in Germany) was raised in the Bay Area. Mehserle graduated from New Technology High School in Napa, California. Mehserle joined the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Police in March 2007. After the shooting, he was denounced by many witnesses, who reported to the media that he had shot Grant without any reason. Incident Oscar Grant had been celebrating with his friends at The Embarcadero in San Francisco on New Year's Eve. He and about eight friends returned to East Bay in the lead car of a BART train bound for Fruitvale, a station in Oakland. BART offered extended service and a special "Flash Pass" for the New Year's Eve holiday. At approximately 2:00 a.m. PST, BART Police responded to reports of a physical altercation involving up to 20 people on an incoming train from the West Oakland BART Station; the participants were described as "hammered and stoned". BART Officers Tony Pirone and Marysol Domenici were the first officers to arrive at the scene. The officers removed Grant and several other men suspected of fighting from the train and detained them on the platform. Pirone handcuffed Grant's friend, angering other riders. Pirone lined up Grant and two other men against the wall. When five other officers, including Johannes Mehserle and his partner Woffinden, arrived at the Fruitvale station, they found the situation "chaotic", according to their accounts. Fruitvale BART station, where Grant was shot and killed BART Officer Marysol Domenici was the first officer on the scene along with her partner, Tony Pirone. They tried to take control of passengers coming off the train. Domenici testified at the BART incident hearing that Grant and his friends swore at her and did not obey her orders. She is quoted as having testified that: "If they would've followed orders, this wouldn't have happened. They probably would've just been cited and released." A subsequent internal investigation conducted by an outside law firm retained by BART found that Pirone lied when he claimed to have confirmed with the train operator that the men the BART police detained on the platform were involved in the reported train fight. The train operator recalled informing Pirone that she was unsure whether those detained had been involved in the fight. A cell phone video broadcast on local television station KTVU on January 23 showed what appeared to be Pirone rushing towards one of the detained men and punching him in the face multiple times, two minutes before the shooting occurred. Grant's family alleges in their civil claim against BART that an officer threw Grant against a wall and kneed him in the face. Videos captured by bystanders contradicted Pirone's claims to investigators, showing Grant, a 22-year-old Hayward resident, never tried to punch or kick Pirone. To the contrary, the internal investigation report found that Pirone struck Grant in the head and kneed him, likely causing injuries documented in his autopsy, including head fractures and a hematoma. Until the report became public in May 2019, Pirone's attorney had maintained that Grant provoked Pirone by trying to knee the officer in the groin and by hitting Domenici's arm when she tried to handcuff one of Grant's friends. Witnesses testified that Pirone was the aggressor during the incident. An attorney for Grant's family, John Burris, also disputed Pirone's account, saying that Grant and his friends were "peaceful" when the train stopped. Grant raised his hands while seated against the platform wall. Additional footage from a cell phone was presented in court showing Pirone standing over the prone Grant before the shooting and yelling: "Bitch-ass nigger, right?" Pirone and his attorney say he was repeating an insulting epithet that Grant had yelled at him. While dozens of people from the stopped train shouted and cursed at officers, Mehserle and Pirone positioned Grant face-down. According to Pirone, Grant was disobeying instructions and cursing at officers. Witnesses said that Grant pleaded with BART police not to shock him with a taser. Pirone knelt on Grant's neck and told him that he was under arrest for resisting an officer. Mehserle tried to handcuff Grant but could not reach his hands. He stood up, unholstered his gun, a SIG Sauer P226, and fired a shot into Grant's back. Immediately after the shooting, Mehserle appeared surprised and raised his hands to his face. Several witnesses say Mehserle said "Oh my God!" several times after the shooting. The .40 caliber bullet from Mehserle's semi-automatic handgun entered Grant's back, exited through his front side and ricocheted off the concrete platform, puncturing his lung. According to one witness, Grant yelled, "You shot me! I got a four-year-old daughter!" Grant died seven hours later, at 9:13 a.m., at Highland Hospital in Oakland. Initially, there were rumors that Grant was handcuffed before he was killed. However, court filings by the district attorney's office state that Grant's hands were behind his back and that he was "restrained and unarmed", but do not say that he was handcuffed. Mehserle said he feared that Grant was "going for his waistband" and a gun. The day after the shooting, BART spokesman Jim Allison said that Grant was not restrained when he was shot, and multiple witnesses testified that Grant refused to give up his hands for handcuffing prior to the shooting. The family's claim against BART stated that Grant was handcuffed only after he was shot. Video evidence Direct evidence of the shooting was documented by video cameras held by passengers on the train idling next to the platform, as police detained Grant and a number of other men suspected of being involved in the disturbance. Several witnesses testified during the preliminary hearing for Mehserle's trial that they began recording because they believed BART officers were acting too aggressively. They gave the videos to television news, which broadcast them; others posted videos on the internet. Oakland attorney John Burris, who represented the family in their suit against BART over Grant's death, said BART confiscated numerous cell phone images that he believed contain additional evidence of the killing. Alameda County District Attorney Tom Orloff said video confiscated by BART was useful in bringing the murder charge against Mehserle. Witnesses at the scene said police attempted to confiscate cameras. These claims were never acknowledged by BART police. Orloff, the district attorney, said that several passenger videos that had not been made public were "very helpful" in the investigation. On January 2, KTVU aired a video by an anonymous passenger who submitted a cell phone video of the shooting. On January 23, KTVU aired a cell-phone video which appeared to show a second officer punching Grant in the face prior to the shooting. In late February, KRON 4 aired a clip of a video showing a different angle of this altercation. BART spokesperson Linton Johnson described the surveillance footage from the Fruitvale platform cameras as "benign". He said the platform cameras had recorded some of the incident, but footage did not include the shooting. Frank Borelli, a retired police officer and writer, said that the scene as shown in the video moments before the shooting would be as important to understanding what happened as the shooting itself. "The four officers have to be operating under a high level of stress given the relatively confined setting and the people on the BART train who are expressing, in a very loud vocal fashion, their displeasure with the officers' actions. Those officers, should things go bad for them, are vastly outnumbered by a group of people who have already voiced their unhappiness with the police." After viewing the shooting from multiple angles, police use-of-force expert Roy Bedard, who initially said he thought the shooting was an accident, changed his mind. He said: "I hate to say this, it looks like an execution to me" and "It really looks bad for the officer." University of San Francisco law professor Robert Talbot said the videos could support a claim of an accidental shooting: "Nothing about his body looks murderous." Influence of videos Video evidence of the incident were widely broadcast and streamed online. Seven hundred thousand people viewed the videos in the first few days after the shooting. One local television station video posted to its website was downloaded more than 500,000 times in four days, and one independent media video posted to the internet averaged more than 1,000 views per hour. Seeing direct evidence of the shooting resulted in public outrage and protests and fueled riots. BART review and investigation process After the 2009 shooting, Mehserle submitted to drug and alcohol testing per BART's standard operating procedure. The results showed no drugs or alcohol in his system. He retained a criminal defense attorney and refused to speak to the authorities, invoking the Public Safety Officers Procedural Bill of Rights Act (California Government Code section 3300–3313) and the Fifth Amendment, claiming potential self-incrimination. BART organized an internal investigation of the incident. On January 5, 2009, Mehserle's attorney postponed a scheduled meeting by BART investigators, seeking to defer it. BART Police administration and investigators commanded the officer to attend an investigative interview on January 7. Mehserle did not attend; instead his attorney and his BART Police Officers Association union representative came and submitted his letter of resignation. Mehserle and his family received a number of death threats after videos of the shooting appeared, and he moved at least twice. His parents temporarily left their Napa home because of death threats to the family. Domenici testified at the investigation hearing. She was terminated by BART based on an accusation that she was untruthful in her statements to transit investigators. She appealed the firing. On December 18, 2010, it was reported that San Francisco labor arbitrator William Riker ordered the former officer re-instated with full back pay because there was no basis to find that Domenici was not telling the truth. Aftermath The shooting and the subsequent uprisings were covered in regional, national, and international news. Video images of the shooting were widely broadcast and streamed online in the days following Grant's death. Several hundred thousand viewed the videos in the first few days after the incident. Widespread dissemination of the direct evidence of the shooting led to public outrage, protests, and fueled riots. Police in riot gear were dispatched and made efforts to disperse the crowds. During the course of the evening of January 8, there was peaceful protest, with some of the protesters turning to rioting and rampant property vandalism. A black bloc and other rioters smashed hundreds of car and shop windows, several private cars, and numerous trash containers and dumpsters. Public buildings such as the Oakland Police Internal Affairs office and the almost restored Fox Theatre were heavily vandalized. The rioting wound down later in the evening. Police made at least 105 arrests for suspicion of various offenses. More than 300 businesses were affected by the vandalism. Community members and activists decried the shooting incident as another case of police brutality. There was a broad public perception that BART Police and the Alameda County District Attorney's office were not conducting an effective investigation because, according to an East Bay Times article, BART completed the shooting investigation on January 12, 2009, 11 days after the shooting occurred. Others were angry that Mehserle allegedly did not cooperate with Police and District Attorney's Office investigators. Fruitvale protest and march; downtown rioting On January 7, 2009, protests over the shooting and administration of justice began peacefully about 3:30 p.m. with about 500 people gathering at the Fruitvale station. In the early evening, some of the protesters marched toward Oakland's central business district and downtown. Over 200 Oakland police officers were dispatched in an attempt to disperse the protesters. Police roadblocked streets and diverted vehicle and foot traffic. After entering the central business district, the march continued to BART Police command and control headquarters at 8th & Madison streets near the Lake Merritt BART station. Once at BART Police Command and Control, a contingent of angry protesters surrounded a police car. The officer driving the car fled on foot. Meanwhile, a group of 30 to 40 demonstrators broke out the cruiser's windows and attempted to overturn it. A line of police wearing gas masks swept up behind the rear of the march and deployed tear gas in an attempt to disperse the crowd. The protest continued as the crowd marched along 8th Street through Chinatown. At Broadway, officers wearing gas masks deployed more tear gas canisters and acted quickly to charge and disperse the crowd as they approached the vicinity of Oakland Police headquarters at 7th and Broadway. The protest regrouped downtown at the intersection of 14th and Broadway, blocking motor vehicle traffic. Some of the protesters lay face down in the intersection, in a symbolic act of solidarity with Grant, who was killed in the same position. Others shouted at police and chanted in unison. Others carried signs that read, "Your idea of justice?" and "Jail Killer Cops" and lit candles in remembrance of Grant. Police in helmets and gas masks grouped in standing line formations on the south, west, and north sides of the intersection, allowing an avenue of retreat down 14th Street on the east side of the intersection. About an hour later, police gave orders to disperse and fired tear gas, rubber bullets, and other less-lethal weapons and devices at demonstrators. Protestors threw bottles, rocks, and other objects at police. Police pushed the crowd east along 14th Street into Lakeside, and the scene dissolved into a riot along the 14th Street spine. Numerous helicopters which had been airborne throughout the evening converged on the area. Law enforcement helicopters shone powerful spotlights down onto surface streets, while media helicopters shot video, which were broadcast in real time on local television stations. In the ensuing hours, a small clutch of rioters burned the contents of trash cans, dumpsters, newspaper boxes and set fire to at least five cars, including an Oakland police patrol car. Some rioters smashed the windshields of parked cars. The riot spread deep into Lakeside, and cars were burned and heavily damaged on Madison Street. Other rioters in this clutch broke storefront windows, including those of a McDonald's fast-food restaurant at Jackson and 14th Streets. The night of the riot coincided with trash collection day the following morning and numerous trash dumpsters and containers were parked curbside. Rioters used these dumpsters to start fires along city streets. Rioters damaged some of the carefully restored historic woodwork and terra cotta on the nearly restored Fox Theater. Damage to the Fox was preliminarily estimated at $10,000 to $20,000. Dellums' appearance and rioting flare up As the rioting moved east toward Lake Merritt, Oakland Mayor Ron Dellums and Larry Reid held an impromptu press conference at 14th and Jackson Streets, along the spine of the rioting, and called for the crowd to disperse peacefully. Dellums peacefully marched with the crowd back West along 14th Street to the steps of City Hall, where he attempted to address the crowd. After the crowd reacted negatively, he cut the meeting short and entered City Hall. Demonstrators continued through City Hall Plaza, with angry splinter groups of rioters smashing the windows of Oakland Police Department's Internal Affairs and Recruiting Office at the east side of 250 Frank Ogawa Plaza. Windows of police cruisers parked outside the offices were also smashed. The protesters continued east along 17th Street, crossing Broadway and Franklin, where rioters broke numerous storefront windows, before continuing back into Lakeside, lighting discarded Christmas trees on fire. Police continued their efforts to disperse the crowds, and rioting continued on Broadway downtown. The rioting wound down around 10:40 p.m. in the vicinity of 20th Street and Broadway outside the Paramount Theater, where police detained around 80 individuals for various offenses. Most were cited and released for complaints which include inciting a riot, vandalism, assault on a police officer, and arson. Police recovered two handguns from the rioters. Around 120 people in total were arrested for offenses arising from the protests during the course of the evening. Two have been charged to date. Fruitvale, Lake Merritt, and 12th Street BART stations were temporarily shut down at various points during the evening. Numerous media photographers and videographers, both affiliated and independent, filmed the scene from close proximity on the ground. Media helicopters shot video of developments from overhead, which were broadcast in real time on local television stations. Reaction from the business community and city officials The riots augmented the perception of crime in Oakland, adding to the previous year's run of takeover robberies, and were a challenge to overcome for greater economic investment. The Dellums administration held a press conference in City Hall Hearing room 4 on January 8, and decried the riots as regressive. Dellums noted there were riots in the streets of Oakland in 1967, 40 years ago, "and here we are, still smashing cars". Dellums noted that people were upset and had "lost faith in the process" because of what he called lack of communication by BART officials and the district attorney's office in the days after Grant was killed. BART has also been criticized for not ordering Mehserle to speak to internal affairs earlier. Criminal trial On January 12, Alameda County District Attorney Tom Orloff filed a complaint for murder and an Alameda County Superior Court Judge signed a fugitive arrest warrant, as Mehserle had left the city. He was arrested January 13 at a friend's home in the Zephyr Cove, Nevada, area near Lake Tahoe. His attorney said Mehserle had gone after receiving death threats in the Bay Area. Mehserle waived extradition, and was held in protective custody at the Santa Rita Jail in Dublin, California. Mehserle pleaded not guilty at his arraignment January 15. On July 9, 2010, the U.S. Justice Department opened a civil rights investigation against Mehserle, but closed the investigation without filing charges. On January 30, Alameda County Superior Court Judge Morris Jacobson set bail for Mehserle at $3 million. A week later, with the help of fundraising from the police union, Mehserle posted bail. Alameda County District Attorney Tom Orloff refused to speculate whether Mehserle would be charged with first or second-degree murder, saying "What I feel the evidence indicates is an unlawful killing done by an intentional act and from the evidence we have there's nothing that would mitigate that to something lower than a murder." Orloff noted Mehserle's refusal to explain himself as a reason for charging him with murder, rather than manslaughter. Orloff said he would fight any motion to change venue for the trial. Mehserle retained Pleasant Hill criminal defense attorney Michael Rains, who previously successfully represented one of the Oakland Riders. Before Mehserle retained Rains, the attorney was quoted as saying that it could be difficult to prosecute Mehserle for murder because the law discourages "second-guessing and hindsighting" of police officers, who tend to be favorably viewed by juries. Mehserle's defense was paid for by a statewide fund for police officers. Bail hearing At a January 30 bail hearing, Rains told the court that Mehserle had carried a Taser for only a few shifts prior to the January 1 shooting, and he mistakenly deployed his service weapon when he thought Grant was reaching for a gun. Rains said, "Mr. Grant was actively, actively, actively resisting arrest." He said that some witnesses heard Mehserle say, "Get back, I'm gonna taze him." Rains said he plans to call witnesses who will show "there was a level of resistance by Oscar Grant and others that will negate malice." The prosecutors' theory of the case is that the video direct evidence shows that Mehserle deliberately reached for his weapon. They argued: "What we see in the video is an officer releasing his control of a suspect, standing up, drawing his weapon, with some difficulty, and shooting it." Jacobson agreed in deciding to set bail at $3 million that Mehserle's claim of Taser confusion was inconsistent with his earlier statement to a fellow officer, and that Mehserle might be changing his story. He later imposed a gag order on attorneys and investigators in the case, prohibiting them from releasing future filings or otherwise commenting to the press. Preliminary hearing Rains argued during the preliminary hearing that Mehserle lacked the malice necessary for a murder charge and that he intended to tase Grant. A BART officer testified, saying that Grant and his friends had yelled profanities and did not obey her orders to sit down moments before Mehserle fired at Grant. She said she was fearful when she heard taunts coming from Grant, his friends, and passengers on the train. After the seven days of testimony, Judge C. Don Clay concluded that Mehserle had not mistakenly used his service pistol instead of his stun gun. The judge based this on Mehserle's statements to other officers that he thought Grant had a gun. He also noted that Mehserle had held his weapon with both hands, but he was trained to use just his left if he was firing a Taser. Mehserle faced up to life in prison if convicted of first-degree murder. Rains filed a supplemental motion arguing that Judge Clay should take a second look at a ruling that barred the defense attorney from presenting evidence about Grant's criminal background, as well as a ruling that barred him from presenting evidence that Mehserle told a fellow officer just before the shooting incident that he planned to use his Taser on Grant. He protested that "Both rulings amount to grave errors under longstanding and never-questioned California authorities" and alleged that they "substantially interfere with Mehserle's federal due process right to defend against the murder charge". Rains failed to convince Judge Clay to remove District Attorney Tom Orloff's office from the case. Rains claimed Orloff violated his client's rights because he ordered two Oakland police officers to try to interview Mehserle after he was arrested, even though Orloff knew Mehserle had an attorney. Judge Clay said Orloff's actions did not prove a bias nor did it meet the requirements necessary for him to be removed from the case. Plea and jury selection On June 19, 2009, Mehserle pleaded not guilty. The jury trial was scheduled to begin in October. Mehserle's attorney Michael Rains sought a change of venue of the trial, on the grounds that there would not be an impartial jury in Alameda County. Citing extensive media coverage and the social upheaval of protests and riots, the judge agreed. Rains' request was honored on October 16, and downtown Los Angeles was chosen as the venue on November 19. Los Angeles County Judge Robert J. Perry was assigned to the case. He said that he would not allow cameras in the courtroom. A hearing was held on February 19, 2010, to address two issues. The judge did not reduce Mehserle's bail, as requested by the defense. The judge also rejected a motion by the defense to remove Alameda County prosecutors from the case. Rains had argued that prosecutors and detectives acted inappropriately when they interviewed Mehserle earlier in the case. Another hearing was set for March 26. Mehserle's attorney stated that his client did not commit first-degree murder, and asked the judge to instruct the jury to limit its deliberations to either second-degree murder or acquittal. Rains wrote that Mehserle would not argue the killing was conducted in the heat of passion or in self-defense. Rains also argued that prosecutors had shown no evidence that the fatal shooting was either voluntary or involuntary manslaughter. On May 7, Judge Perry granted a motion by defense to discuss Grant's conviction for possessing a gun and evading arrest. Perry formally selected the jury on June 8 after attorneys had used their motions. The 12-member jury consisted of eight women and four men; of these jurors, seven were white, four Hispanic, and one Asian. Of the alternates, there were five women and one man, consisting of three Asians, two whites, and one Hispanic. It was alleged that six of the jury had law enforcement connections. Grant's family expressed outrage at the absence of blacks on the jury. The day before the trial began, Deputy District Attorney David Stein revealed a photo that Grant took of Mehserle with a cell phone camera. The photo showed Mehserle pointing a Taser at Grant. Taser confusion Several experts who observed video evidence suggested Mehserle might have confused his gun for his Taser, causing him to mistakenly believe he was tasering Grant. William Lewinski stated this as an expert witness in the case. If Mehserle thought he was firing his Taser, this could provide a full or partial defense to the murder charge. It depended on whether Mehserle had a legal right to use his Taser at all, which was questioned. Prosecutors alleged that paperwork, including a blood alcohol test, completed by Mehserle after the shooting showed that he had changed his story about what occurred. While there had been previous cases where police officers confused guns with Tasers, modern Tasers weigh half as much as handguns. The prosecution argued that the position of Mehserle's Taser "in relation to his duty weapon, combined with the different 'feel' and color of the two weapons made it highly unlikely that he would have mistaken one for the other". Burris responded to claims of Taser confusion by arguing that video evidence did not support the idea of Taser confusion. In any event, he said, Mehserle had no reason to fire his Taser. Mehserle was wearing his Taser on the left side of his body (on the opposite side from which he wore his gun) – but set up for a cross-body, strong hand (right-hand) draw. BART purchased the Taser X26 stun guns in September 2008 and provided them to officers after six hours of training, as recommended by the manufacturer. Witness testimony On June 14, Carlos Reyes recalled Mehserle saying, "Oh shit, I shot him" after shooting Grant. Grant's former girlfriend, Sophina Mesa, testified she called Grant while he and his friends were being detained, and he said, "They're beating us up for no reason, I'll call you back." Deputy District Attorney David Stein believed that Grant's phone call proved that he was not trying to resist arrest that night. Cell phone records showed two calls between Grant and Mesa — at 2:05 a.m. and 2:09 a.m. — the latter two minutes before Grant was shot. On June 15, three eyewitnesses of the account testified that neither Grant nor the other suspects actively resisted the officers at any time. Each expressed disgust at the behavior of officers preceding the shooting that night. On June 22, Jackie Bryson, a friend of Grant "who was kneeling and handcuffed just inches from Grant when Johannes Mehserle shot him", testified for the prosecution. Bryson said that Grant's hands were under Grant's body and Grant said: "I quit. I surrender." He claimed that Mehserle said "Fuck this" before shooting Grant. Defense attorney Rains repeatedly accused Bryson of lying to convict Mehserle and pointed out a video showing Bryson running toward the train while handcuffed. Responding to Rains' question, "You were going to leave your friend on that platform, weren't you?" Bryson said "I would never leave my friend." Rains accused Bryson of being inconsistent based on his statements in the civil lawsuit he had filed in early January 2009 against BART. Bryson said that he had lied to investigators, distrusted the police, and had been frequently stressed since Grant's killing. On June 25, Mehserle took the witness stand. Sobbing, he said that he had not thought that he was holding his gun until he heard a pop and looked at his right hand. Responding to a question from Rains, he recalled Grant saying "you shot me" right after the shot went off. Judge Perry called a recess after Grant supporter Timothy Killings shouted out to Mehserle to "save those fucking tears". After another outburst, Killings was arrested for contempt of court. Closing arguments and verdict Judge Perry offered jurors three conviction options: second-degree murder (with a sentence of 15 years to life in prison), voluntary manslaughter (3 to 11 years), or involuntary manslaughter (2 to 4 years); in addition the jury could have decided to acquit. Prosecutor Michael O'Brien said that by shooting Grant, Mehserle inherently committed a crime. Intention meant murder or voluntary manslaughter, and an accident indicated recklessness on Mehserle's part and thus involuntary manslaughter. Judge Perry gave two interpretations of Mehserle's shocked reaction after shooting Grant: either Mehserle had intended to use his Taser or he realized that many people were witnesses to his action. Closing arguments took place on July 1. Expressing a belief that Mehserle "lost all control" the night he shot Grant and labeled the shooting as an accident to avoid liability, Deputy District Attorney David Stein asked the jury to convict Mehserle of second-degree murder. Defense attorney Rains argued that the shooting was accidental and told them not to make "some sort of commentary on the state of relations between the police and the community in this country". Jury deliberations began on Friday, July 2. The jury had the day off on July 5 because of the Independence Day holiday. On July 6, deliberations were suspended after one juror left for vacation, having notified the judge in advance, another juror went to a medical appointment, and another called in sick. One new alternate juror joined the panel. One juror submitted a question asking whether provocation by "sources other than the suspect(s)" can make one guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Stein argued that the jury should be able to consider outside influences on Mehserle, but Rains disagreed. On July 8, 2010, the jury informed the court that they had reached a verdict by 2:10 p.m. The deliberations with this jury panel totaled six and a half hours over the course of two days. At approximately 4:00 p.m., the jury announced that they had found Johannes Mehserle guilty of involuntary manslaughter, and not guilty of charges for second-degree murder or voluntary manslaughter charges. The jury found Mehserle guilty of a gun enhancement charge that could have added up to ten years to his prison sentence, made him ineligible for probation, and required him to serve 85 percent of his sentence, in contrast to the 50 percent that most state prisoners serve. Having previously been freed on a $3 million bond, Mehserle was remanded into custody after the verdict was read. The next court date, when sentencing would occur, was set for August 6, 2010. After the verdict, the court released a two-page letter written by Mehserle in which he said: "no words can express how truly sorry I am". Sentencing Mehserle was originally scheduled to be sentenced on August 6, 2010. Sentencing was rescheduled for November 5 at the defense's request. On November 5, 2010, Mehserle was sentenced to two years with double credit for time already served, reducing his term by 292 days for the 146 days he has already spent in jail. The judge overturned the gun enhancement, which could have added an additional 3 to 10 years to the sentence. He was released from prison at 12:01 a.m. on June 13, 2011. Appeal On May 9, 2012, nearly a year after his release from prison, Mehserle appealed his conviction to the First District Court of Appeal in San Francisco. His lawyer, Dylan Schaffer, stated the purpose of this appeal was to allow Mehserle to return to "police work", which was not possible with this conviction on his record. They intended to continue to the state and the U.S. Supreme Court, but in September 2012, the California Supreme Court unanimously denied review of an appellate ruling upholding the conviction. Responses BART On January 8, 2009, BART's elected directors offered apologies to the victim's family. BART later filed a legal response to the lawsuit that claimed that the shooting was "a tragic accident", and that Grant contributed to the fatal incident. BART said the officers were "just defending themselves" and that "Oscar Grant willfully, wrongfully, and unlawfully made an assault upon defendants and would have beaten, bruised, and ill-treated them if defendants had not immediately defended themselves." In the days after the shooting, BART held multiple public meetings to ease tensions, led by BART Director Carole Ward Allen. She called on the BART Board to hire two independent auditors to investigate the shooting, and to provide recommendations to the board regarding BART Police misconduct. Director Ward Allen established BART's first Police Department Review Committee and worked with Assemblyman Sandre Swanson to pass AB 1586 in the California State Legislature, which enforced civilian oversight of the BART Police Department. BART board member Lynette Sweet said that "BART has not handled this correctly," and called for the BART police chief and general manager to step down, but only one other board member, Tom Radulovich, has supported such action. An investigation was conducted to determine whether any other officers should be disciplined. On January 12, investigation results were forwarded to the district attorney. The investigation, which interviewed seven police officers and 33 other witnesses, came to no conclusion and made no recommendations. The details were forwarded to Meyers Nave, an outside law firm, for an independent investigation. It was led by Jayne Williams, the former city attorney for San Leandro, and was estimated to cost $250,000. In August, the law firm provided two reports to BART but released only one publicly. The report said officers failed to follow recommended procedures, failed to work as a team, and had lapses in both tactical communication and leadership. KTVU broadcast cell-phone video that showed Pirone striking Grant, resulting in additional agency actions. BART General Manager Dorothy Dugger said a "rigorous" internal affairs investigation would be ordered. Later, an attorney, representing BART and referring to the same video, said that Grant provoked Pirone's blow by trying to knee Pirone at least twice, "It is our position that there was a provocation and assault on Mr. Pirone based upon a video that shows Mr. Grant apparently hitting Mr. Pirone with his knee," On September 22, KTVU reported that Meyers Nave, in its unreleased report, had recommended the termination of Tony Pirone and Marysol Domenici. After being on leave since the incident, Domenici was terminated on March 24, 2010. She was rehired the following December after labor arbitration settled in her favor. Pirone was terminated on April 21 after an internal investigation upheld a finding of misconduct against him. Like Domenici, Pirone later sought to be reinstated through arbitration. This is a process whereby the BART administration and BART police union elect a member of the police union to decide if the firing of Anthony Pirone was justified. This arbitration was delayed, as Pirone served a tour in Afghanistan in the US Army. When he returned, the arbitration was set to finish by the end of 2013, but was delayed until the end of 2014. In December 2014, BART spokesperson Alicia Trost told reporters that Pirone's arbitration was denied, and the arbitrator upheld the termination. Pirone's lawyer, William Rapoport, declined to comment. Public Protesters holding signs on January 8, 2009 Protesters organized several demonstrations and marches in the weeks following the shooting and during court hearings. Alice Huffman, state president of the NAACP, said there was little doubt the shooting was criminal. Many reporters and community organizers stated that racial issues played a role both in the killing and in the community response. Grant's family claimed that officers used racial slurs during the arrest. BART Police Chief Gary Gee remarked that the BART investigation had found no "nexus to race that provoked this to happen". There was a broad public perception that BART Police were not conducting an effective investigation. Efforts by BART officers to confiscate witnesses' cellphone images during the incident created controversy. The shooting stirred outrage among political leaders and legal observers; Alameda County Supervisor Keith Carson, Oakland City Councilmember Desley Brooks (Eastmont-Seminary), and Berkeley Copwatch labeled the shooting an execution. Local columnists criticized such language as "inflammatory" and "the exact opposite of the kind of sane leadership we need and expect from our elected officials". When the case went to trial, tensions were provoked because the selected jury contained no Black people. March for Oscar Grant, 14 January 2009 Grant's death has been cited as one of several police killings that contributed to the nationwide Black Lives Matter movement. Protests During hours of the unrest, shops were vandalized in Downtown Oakland. The fatal shooting of Grant was a catalyst for several protests. On January 8, 2009, a protest march in Oakland of about 250 people became violent. Rioters caused more than $200,000 in damages: breaking shop and car windows, burning cars, setting trash bins on fire, and throwing bottles at police officers. Police arrested more than 100 persons. Grant's family pleaded for calm and spoke out against the violence at a press conference the next day. On January 9, police in riot gear dispersed a crowd of about 100 demonstrators after some of the rioters stopped vehicles and threw trash cans in the street. A January 14 demonstration briefly turned violent, and police arrested 18 people after rioters smashed car and store windows in Oakland's City Center district. Another eight were arrested in a January 30 demonstration after Mehserle's bail hearing, in which he said that he had intended to use his Taser rather than to shoot Grant. Mayor Ron Dellums suggested that Mehserle's right to bail should be abrogated to prevent violence in the community. Oakland Tribune columnist Tammerlin Drummond criticized the protestors as "self-described 'anarchists,' who aren't even from Oakland, and wannabe Black Panther Party members... playing right into the hands of the defense" by giving Mehserle a plausible case for change of venue. On May 18, 2009, 100 persons protested outside of the Alameda County Courthouse during the preliminary hearing and then marched to the nearby Oakland Police Department. A protest organizer was arrested after the group blocked traffic. Protests continued throughout the pretrial process. At the hearing on February 19, 2010, some 50 protesters carried signs outside the Los Angeles courthouse. An estimated 200 protesters gathered at San Francisco's Embarcadero BART station on April 8, 2010, to call for the disbanding of the transit system's police department and the firing of an officer who was on the scene when Grant was shot. On July 8, 2010, following the verdict, protests began peacefully, and officials commended both the protesters and the police for their demonstrated restraint. When the time of the verdict announcement was announced, many people packed BART trains to leave Oakland in fear of unrest, and Interstates 880 and 980 had heavy traffic. Multiple peaceful gatherings were held throughout Oakland after the verdict was announced, and sporadic conflicts were quelled quickly by the police early in the evening. As night fell, people engaged in opportunistic looting of local businesses. Oakland's police chief was quoted as saying that the people doing violence did not primarily seem to be Oakland residents protesting the verdict, but instead were self-styled "anarchists...who are almost professional people who go into crowds like this and cause problems". Oakland police arrested 83 people on a variety of charges, ranging from vandalism to failure to disperse to assault. According to the Oakland Police Chief Batts, nearly 3 out of 4 of those arrested during the protest did not live in Oakland. The San Francisco Chronicle reported that many of the rioters who were most aggressive in damaging Oakland businesses and property were organized white anarchists wearing black clothing and hoods. An anarchist slogan was painted on one wall that read "Say 'no' to work. Say 'yes' to looting." Some Oakland officials objected to the "anarchist" label, saying that the outside agitators seemed to lack any cohesive philosophy and were simply bent on making trouble. Civil lawsuits Several lawsuits were filed against BART after these events; two made it to trial. Oakland attorney John Burris filed a $25 million wrongful death claim against BART on behalf of Grant's family (mother, daughter, sister and girlfriend) on January 6, 2009. In February 2009, Burris filed claims for a total of $1.5 million on behalf of five of Grant's friends, whom he says were detained without cause for five hours after the shooting, alleging illegal search and seizure, false arrest, and use of excessive force. Burris later increased the amount sought by Grant's family to $50 million. The civil case was partially resolved when BART settled with Grant's daughter for $5.1 million (with accrued interest), according to Burris' law firm. BART paid a $1.3 million settlement to Grant's mother. The five friends of Grant settled with BART and received a total of $175,000. Grant's father, who has been in prison since before Grant was born, separately sued Mehserle for damages related to Grant III's death. Zeporia Smith, the mother of Johnnie Caldwell, a friend of Grant's, filed a suit in 2011 (after her son was killed in a separate incident). She claimed that Officer Marysol Domenici had used excessive force against her son while detaining him on the platform at Fruitvale. Caldwell had testified in a video deposition in 2009 that after Grant III was shot, Officer Domenici dragged Caldwell across the platform, threatened him with a Taser, and shoved him on a departing train. In 2014 a civil jury heard both the Grant Jr. and Smith cases. On July 1, 2014, the civil jury rejected the claims of Grant's father against Mehserle in the shooting of Grant, as they concluded that his imprisonment had prevented him from having a close relationship with his son. In the same trial, the jury ruled in favor of Officer Domenici and against Smith. One person said that the lack of a video documenting Caldwell's claim of excessive force had been a determining factor. In popular culture The documentary film entitled Operation Small Axe (2010) focused on police brutality in the Bay Area in the context of the shooting of Grant, and, later that year, of Lovelle Mixon, who was accused of having fatally shot four police officers. Directed and produced by Adimu Madyun, the film won the 2010 Rise Up Award from The Patois International Rights Film Festival in New Orleans. It was written by J.R. Valrey, a volunteer producer and advocacy journalist at San Francisco KPFA-FM. The Oakland, California indie rock band Rogue Wave refer to the incident in the song "Solitary Gun" on their 2010 album Permalight: "Stepped off the train and looked for Fruitvale signs. The January air it whips across my spine." In 2011, Seattle-based hip-hop duo Blue Scholars released the album Cinemetropolis, featuring a song called "Oskar Barnack ∞ Oscar Grant", with lyrics centering around filming (Barnack) police activity (Grant). In January 2013, filmmaker Ryan Coogler premiered Fruitvale (later retitled Fruitvale Station). The feature drama portrays the last 24 hours of Grant's life, showing him with family, friends and at work. Coogler used some of the eyewitness footage made during the BART incident. Principal photography included locations in Oakland, San Francisco, San Leandro, and San Quentin State Prison. It starred Michael B. Jordan as Oscar, and Octavia Spencer as Oscar's mother Wanda. On January 26, 2013, the film won the U.S. Dramatic Grand Jury Prize as well as the U.S. Dramatic Audience Award at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. In 2014, playwright Chinaka Hodge premiered Chasing Mehserle, a play about Watts, a young man from Oakland who becomes obsessed with chasing down and killing officer Johannes Mehserle. In 2017, Angie Thomas published her debut novel, The Hate U Give, which was expanded from a short story she wrote in college in reaction to the shooting of Grant. In 2019, Daveed Diggs and Rafael Casal released their album Seven Nights in Chicago. The track "Breath" references the shooting of Oscar Grant. See also San Francisco Bay Area portal List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States Slips and capture Portals: California Law San Francisco Bay Area References ^ "Ex-BART Officer Johannes Mehserle Released From Jail". CBS San Francisco. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2015. ^ Dirks, Sandhya (2019). "It Started With Oscar Grant". 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BART shooting of Oscar Grant, Oakland Tribune Justice for Oscar Grant Movement, Indy Bay Making Contact : Who Polices the Police (Podcast) Archived July 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine vteBlack Lives MatterPeople Melina Abdullah Tay Anderson Cat Brooks Cori Bush Gwen Carr Benjamin Crump Patrisse Cullors Aalayah Eastmond Johnetta Elzie Bruce Franks Jr. Darnella Frazier Erica Garner Alicia Garza Elle Hearns Sandy Hudson Blair Imani Natalie Aleta Jackson Marissa Johnson Sasha Johnson Jari Jones Tishaura Jones Mariame Kaba Colin Kaepernick Brittany Kamai Janaya Khan Shaun King Nekima Levy Armstrong Eva Lewis Tamika Mallory Philip McHarris DeRay Mckesson Muhiyidin Moye Bree Newsome Nikkita Oliver Ijeoma Oluo Brittany Packnett Cunningham Eugene Puryear Teressa Raiford Jen Reid Linda Sarsour Al Sharpton Samuel Sinyangwe Nova Stevens Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor John Thompson Ayọ Tometi Assa Traoré Syrus Marcus Ware Events2010s Ferguson unrest 2015 Baltimore protests 2015–2016 University of Missouri protests Dismissal of Robert Rialmo 2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest 2017 St. Louis protests 2020s Breonna Taylor protests George Floyd protests changes made name changes removal of monuments and memorials reactions trial of Derek Chauvin violence and controversies Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church police violence incidents Buffalo police shoving incident St. Louis gun-toting incident vehicle-ramming incidents Black Birders Week Blackout Tuesday Capitol Hill Occupied Protest Academic strike General strike Kenosha unrest shooting Athlete strikes 2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot 2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest Orisha Land Daunte Wright protests 2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest vehicle-ramming attack Tyre Nichols protests Locations Protests in New York City List of George Floyd protests United States outside the United States List of Daunte Wright protests Deaths protested2009–2011 Oscar Grant Aiyana Jones James Anderson Mark Duggan Kenneth Chamberlain Sr. Anthony Lamar Smith 2012–2013 Ramarley Graham Trayvon Martin Rekia Boyd Jordan Davis Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams Tyrone West Larry Jackson Jr. Jonathan Ferrell Miriam Carey Renisha McBride 2014 Dontre Hamilton Eric Garner John Crawford III Michael Brown Ezell Ford Laquan McDonald Akai Gurley Tamir Rice Antonio Martin Jerame Reid 2015 Natasha McKenna Charley Leundeu Keunang Tony Robinson Anthony Hill Meagan Hockaday Eric Harris Walter Scott Freddie Gray William Chapman Charleston church shooting Jonathan Sanders Sandra Bland Samuel DuBose Mansur Ball-Bey Jeremy McDole Corey Jones Jamar Clark Mario Woods 2016 Greg Gunn Alton Sterling Philando Castile Joseph Mann Adama Traoré Abdirahman Abdi Paul O'Neal Korryn Gaines Jamarion Robinson Sylville Smith Elijah Doughty Terence Crutcher Keith Lamont Scott Alfred Olango Deborah Danner 2017 Jocques Clemmons Jordan Edwards Edson Da Costa Rashan Charles Patrick Harmon 2018 Anthony Weber Stephon Clark Marcus-David Peters Antwon Rose Jr. Markeis McGlockton Daniel Hambrick Botham Jean Tamla Horsford Jemel Roberson EJ Bradford Jr. 2019 George Robinson Willie McCoy Danquirs Franklin Javier Ambler Lassana Cisse Ronald Greene Pamela Turner Layleen Polanco Shukri Abdi Christopher Kapessa Elijah McClain Atatiana Jefferson 2020 Alvin Cole Ahmaud Arbery Manuel Ellis Breonna Taylor Daniel Prude Nina Pop George Floyd Dion Johnson Tony McDade Regis Korchinski-Paquet James Scurlock David McAtee Oluwatoyin Salau Carlos Carson Rayshard Brooks Julian Lewis Dijon Kizzee Marcellis Stinnette Chaniece Wallace Walter Wallace Andre Hill Dolal Idd 2021 Marvin Scott Adam Toledo Daunte Wright Lindani Myeni Ma'Khia Bryant Andrew Brown Jr. Winston Boogie Smith Leneal Frazier 2022 Amir Locke Patrick Lyoya Jayland Walker Donovan Lewis 2023 Keenan Anderson Tyre Nichols Irvo Otieno Jordan Neely Ricky Cobb II Johnny Hollman Ta'Kiya Young Leonard Cure 2024 Dexter Reed Roger Fortson Other casesprotested Kalief Browder 2015 Texas pool party incident Shooting of Charles Kinsey Shooting of Jacob Blake Shooting of Ralph Yarl Rankin County torture incident In popular cultureArt New York City Bust of George Floyd Portland, Oregon George Floyd mural We Stand with You Say Their Names Statue of George Floyd Street murals Cincinnati Indianapolis Portland, Oregon Salt Lake City Santa Cruz, California Seattle Capitol Hill City Hall Springfield, Massachusetts Books All American Boys Black Software Blackout Brit(ish) Dear Martin The Hate U Give His Name Is George Floyd I Can't Breathe: A Killing on Bay Street Rest in Power: The Enduring Life of Trayvon Martin Film 16 Shots 3 1/2 Minutes, 10 Bullets American Son Bars4Justice Fruitvale Station Generation Revolution The Hate U Give Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement Stranger Fruit Two Distant Strangers Whose Streets? 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Responding to reports of a fight on a crowded Bay Area Rapid Transit train returning from San Francisco, BART Police officers detained Grant and several other passengers on the platform at the Fruitvale BART Station. BART officer Anthony Pirone kneed Grant in the head and forced Grant to lie face down on the platform. Mehserle drew his pistol and shot Grant. Grant was rushed to Highland Hospital in Oakland and pronounced dead later that day. The events were captured on bystanders’ mobile phones. Owners disseminated their footage to media outlets and to various websites where it went viral. Both protests and riots took place in the following days.Some of the other passengers on the train, along with Grant's girlfriend Sophina, were able to break up the fight. Shortly afterward, the train conductor announced to the passengers that the police had been contacted and were on their way to the station at which they were stopped. As the passengers began to exit the train, Grant and his girlfriend saw the police walking towards them and split up. As they got closer to the train, police started to pick out people they believed to have been involved in the fight. Pirone walked up to two Black men and ripped the jacket off one. Pirone threw three people against the wall and then turned to the train, yelling for everyone involved in the fight to exit the train and come to him. Everyone remained on the train, so Pirone walked into the train to see if there was anyone who looked as if they were involved in the fight. Pirone saw Grant and removed him.On January 30, 2010, Alameda County prosecutors charged Mehserle with second-degree murder in their indictment for the shooting. Mehserle resigned from his position and pleaded not guilty. The trial began on June 10, 2010. On July 8, 2010, Mehserle was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter and not guilty of the murder charge and voluntary manslaughter.Though initial protests on July 8, 2010, against the jury verdict were peacefully organized, after dark there were incidents of looting, arson, destruction of property, and small riots. Nearly 80 people were eventually arrested. On November 5, 2010, Mehserle was sentenced to two years, minus time served. He served his time in Los Angeles County Jail protective custody, held in a private cell for his safety. On June 13, 2011, Mehserle was released under parole after serving 11 months.[1]Oakland civil rights attorney John Burris filed a $25 million wrongful death claim against BART on behalf of Grant's family. BART settled with Grant's daughter and mother for a total of $2.8 million in 2011. It also settled with several of Grant's friends who had sued for damages because of police brutality. A separate suit by Grant's father did not result in a jury award, as it was decided that due to his imprisonment he was not sufficiently involved in Grant's life.The killing, and the protests against it, were an important precursor to the Black Lives Matter movement, which began in 2013.[2] The biographical drama film Fruitvale Station (2013), written and directed by Ryan Coogler, portrays the last 24 hours of Grant's life, his killing, and the immediate aftermath.","title":"Killing of Oscar Grant"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Involved parties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscargrantkilledbypolice2.JPG"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthdayktvu-3"},{"link_name":"Hayward, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuffs-4"},{"link_name":"meat cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_cutter"},{"link_name":"Dimond District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimond_District"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Fried Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Fried_Chicken"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate7-5"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_High_School"},{"link_name":"Mount Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Eden_High_School"},{"link_name":"GED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GED"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate7-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-services-8"},{"link_name":"wrongful death claim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_death_claim"}],"sub_title":"Oscar Grant III","text":"Oscar Grant IIIOscar Juliuss Grant III (February 27, 1986[3] – January 1, 2009) lived in Hayward, California.[4] He worked as a meat cutter at Farmer Joe's Marketplace in Oakland's Dimond District after jobs at several Kentucky Fried Chicken outlets.[5] He had attended both San Lorenzo and Mount Eden high schools in San Lorenzo and Hayward, respectively, until the 10th grade and eventually earned his GED.[5] Grant was on parole at the time of his death, having been released from prison following a sixteen-month sentence for gun possession.[6][7]Grant's funeral was held at the Palma Ceia Baptist Church in Hayward on January 7, 2009.[8] Grant's mother, sister, daughter, and girlfriend (his daughter's mother) filed a wrongful death claim against BART following his death. It was settled in 2011.","title":"Involved parties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onstand-9"},{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"New Technology High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Technology_High_School"},{"link_name":"Napa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa,_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gentlegiant-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Johannes Mehserle","text":"Johannes Sebastian Mehserle (born 1982, in Germany)[9] was raised in the Bay Area.[10] Mehserle graduated from New Technology High School in Napa, California.Mehserle joined the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Police in March 2007.[11] After the shooting, he was denounced by many witnesses, who reported to the media that he had shot Grant without any reason.[citation needed]","title":"Involved parties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Embarcadero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Embarcadero_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"East Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)"},{"link_name":"Fruitvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitvale,_Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missteps-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kpix1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deadlybart-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFPSA-16"},{"link_name":"BART Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BART_Police"},{"link_name":"West Oakland BART Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Oakland_(BART_station)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missteps-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maher204-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missteps-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missteps-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chron125-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missteps-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuffs-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fruitvale_Bart.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fruitvale BART station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitvale_(BART_station)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bail-motion-21"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missteps-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chron125-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ktvu123-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merc106-23"},{"link_name":"hematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematoma"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapoport_statement-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upton205-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bay_Area_News_Group_2009-05-19-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upton205-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-video-shooting-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Francisco_Chronicle_2009-06-29-28"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"taser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taser"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate7-5"},{"link_name":"resisting an officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resisting_arrest"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chron125-18"},{"link_name":"SIG Sauer P226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P226"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-video-shooting-27"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fong-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":".40 caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.40_S%26W"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fong-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Probe-32"},{"link_name":"Highland Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Hospital_(Oakland,_California)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuffs-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindmurdercharge-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YouTube-34"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deadlybart-15"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merc106-23"}],"text":"Oscar Grant had been celebrating with his friends at The Embarcadero in San Francisco on New Year's Eve. He and about eight friends returned to East Bay in the lead car of a BART train bound for Fruitvale, a station in Oakland.[12][13][14] BART offered extended service and a special \"Flash Pass\" for the New Year's Eve holiday.[15][16]At approximately 2:00 a.m. PST, BART Police responded to reports of a physical altercation involving up to 20 people on an incoming train from the West Oakland BART Station; the participants were described as \"hammered and stoned\".[12][10][17]BART Officers Tony Pirone and Marysol Domenici were the first officers to arrive at the scene. The officers removed Grant and several other men suspected of fighting from the train and detained them on the platform. Pirone handcuffed Grant's friend, angering other riders.[12] Pirone lined up Grant and two other men against the wall.[12][18]When five other officers, including Johannes Mehserle and his partner Woffinden, arrived at the Fruitvale station, they found the situation \"chaotic\", according to their accounts.[12][4][19]Fruitvale BART station, where Grant was shot and killedBART Officer Marysol Domenici was the first officer on the scene along with her partner, Tony Pirone. They tried to take control of passengers coming off the train. Domenici testified at the BART incident hearing that Grant and his friends swore at her and did not obey her orders. She is quoted as having testified that: \"If they would've followed orders, this wouldn't have happened. They probably would've just been cited and released.\"[20] A subsequent internal investigation conducted by an outside law firm retained by BART found that Pirone lied when he claimed to have confirmed with the train operator that the men the BART police detained on the platform were involved in the reported train fight.[21] The train operator recalled informing Pirone that she was unsure whether those detained had been involved in the fight.A cell phone video broadcast on local television station KTVU on January 23 showed what appeared to be Pirone rushing towards one of the detained men and punching him in the face multiple times, two minutes before the shooting occurred.[12][18][22] Grant's family alleges in their civil claim against BART that an officer threw Grant against a wall and kneed him in the face.[23] Videos captured by bystanders contradicted Pirone's claims to investigators, showing Grant, a 22-year-old Hayward resident, never tried to punch or kick Pirone. To the contrary, the internal investigation report found that Pirone struck Grant in the head and kneed him, likely causing injuries documented in his autopsy, including head fractures and a hematoma. Until the report became public in May 2019, Pirone's attorney had maintained that Grant provoked Pirone by trying to knee the officer in the groin and by hitting Domenici's arm when she tried to handcuff one of Grant's friends.[24][25]Witnesses testified that Pirone was the aggressor during the incident.[26] An attorney for Grant's family, John Burris, also disputed Pirone's account, saying that Grant and his friends were \"peaceful\" when the train stopped.[25] Grant raised his hands while seated against the platform wall.[27] Additional footage from a cell phone was presented in court showing Pirone standing over the prone Grant before the shooting and yelling: \"Bitch-ass nigger, right?\" Pirone and his attorney say he was repeating an insulting epithet that Grant had yelled at him.[28]While dozens of people from the stopped train shouted and cursed at officers, Mehserle and Pirone positioned Grant face-down. According to Pirone, Grant was disobeying instructions and cursing at officers.[10] Witnesses said that Grant pleaded with BART police not to shock him with a taser.[5] Pirone knelt on Grant's neck and told him that he was under arrest for resisting an officer.[10][18]Mehserle tried to handcuff Grant but could not reach his hands. He stood up, unholstered his gun, a SIG Sauer P226,[10] and fired a shot into Grant's back.[27] Immediately after the shooting, Mehserle appeared surprised and raised his hands to his face.[10][29] Several witnesses say Mehserle said \"Oh my God!\" several times after the shooting.[30] The .40 caliber bullet from Mehserle's semi-automatic handgun entered Grant's back, exited through his front side and ricocheted off the concrete platform, puncturing his lung.[29][31] According to one witness, Grant yelled, \"You shot me! I got a four-year-old daughter!\"[32] Grant died seven hours later, at 9:13 a.m., at Highland Hospital in Oakland.[4]Initially, there were rumors that Grant was handcuffed before he was killed. However, court filings by the district attorney's office state that Grant's hands were behind his back and that he was \"restrained and unarmed\", but do not say that he was handcuffed. Mehserle said he feared that Grant was \"going for his waistband\" and a gun.[10][33][34] The day after the shooting, BART spokesman Jim Allison said that Grant was not restrained when he was shot,[15] and multiple witnesses testified that Grant refused to give up his hands for handcuffing prior to the shooting.[35] The family's claim against BART stated that Grant was handcuffed only after he was shot.[23]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Direct evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_evidence"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"preliminary hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_hearing"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bay_Area_News_Group_2009-05-19-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-video-shooting-27"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missteps-12"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindmurdercharge-33"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ktvu123-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuffs-4"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BARTcameras-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bart_video-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bart_video-44"},{"link_name":"University of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egelko115-45"}],"text":"Direct evidence of the shooting was documented by video cameras held by passengers on the train idling next to the platform, as police detained Grant and a number of other men suspected of being involved in the disturbance.[36] Several witnesses testified during the preliminary hearing for Mehserle's trial that they began recording because they believed BART officers were acting too aggressively.[26] They gave the videos to television news, which broadcast them; others posted videos on the internet.[27]Oakland attorney John Burris, who represented the family in their suit against BART over Grant's death, said BART confiscated numerous cell phone images that he believed contain additional evidence of the killing.[37] Alameda County District Attorney Tom Orloff said video confiscated by BART was useful in bringing the murder charge against Mehserle.[38] Witnesses at the scene said police attempted to confiscate cameras.[39][40][41] These claims were never acknowledged by BART police.[12]Orloff, the district attorney, said that several passenger videos that had not been made public were \"very helpful\" in the investigation.[33]On January 2, KTVU aired a video by an anonymous passenger who submitted a cell phone video of the shooting. On January 23, KTVU aired a cell-phone video which appeared to show a second officer punching Grant in the face prior to the shooting.[22] In late February, KRON 4 aired a clip of a video showing a different angle of this altercation.[citation needed]BART spokesperson Linton Johnson described the surveillance footage from the Fruitvale platform cameras as \"benign\". He said the platform cameras had recorded some of the incident, but footage did not include the shooting.[4][42]Frank Borelli, a retired police officer and writer, said that the scene as shown in the video moments before the shooting would be as important to understanding what happened as the shooting itself.[43] \"The four officers have to be operating under a high level of stress given the relatively confined setting and the people on the BART train who are expressing, in a very loud vocal fashion, their displeasure with the officers' actions. Those officers, should things go bad for them, are vastly outnumbered by a group of people who have already voiced their unhappiness with the police.\"[44]After viewing the shooting from multiple angles, police use-of-force expert Roy Bedard, who initially said he thought the shooting was an accident, changed his mind. He said: \"I hate to say this, it looks like an execution to me\" and \"It really looks bad for the officer.\"[44] University of San Francisco law professor Robert Talbot said the videos could support a claim of an accidental shooting: \"Nothing about his [Mehserle] body looks murderous.\"[45]","title":"Video evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Video evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_evidence"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bart_video-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnet1-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bart_video-44"},{"link_name":"direct evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_evidence"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvey-47"}],"sub_title":"Influence of videos","text":"Video evidence of the incident were widely broadcast and streamed online. Seven hundred thousand people viewed the videos in the first few days after the shooting.[44] One local television station video posted to its website was downloaded more than 500,000 times in four days,[46] and one independent media video posted to the internet averaged more than 1,000 views per hour.[44] Seeing direct evidence of the shooting resulted in public outrage and protests and fueled riots.[47]","title":"Video evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-video-shooting-27"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bailmotion-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Fifth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deaththreats-50"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gentlegiant-11"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resignation-51"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gentlegiant-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deaththreats-50"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-20"}],"text":"After the 2009 shooting, Mehserle submitted to drug and alcohol testing per BART's standard operating procedure.[27] The results showed no drugs or alcohol in his system.[48] He retained a criminal defense attorney and refused to speak to the authorities, invoking the Public Safety Officers Procedural Bill of Rights Act (California Government Code section 3300–3313)[49] and the Fifth Amendment, claiming potential self-incrimination.[50]BART organized an internal investigation of the incident. On January 5, 2009, Mehserle's attorney postponed a scheduled meeting by BART investigators, seeking to defer it. BART Police administration and investigators commanded the officer to attend an investigative interview on January 7. Mehserle did not attend; instead his attorney and his BART Police Officers Association union representative came and submitted his letter of resignation.[11][51]Mehserle and his family received a number of death threats after videos of the shooting appeared, and he moved at least twice. His parents temporarily left their Napa home because of death threats to the family.[11][50]Domenici testified at the investigation hearing. She was terminated by BART based on an accusation that she was untruthful in her statements to transit investigators. She appealed the firing. On December 18, 2010, it was reported that San Francisco labor arbitrator William Riker ordered the former officer re-instated with full back pay because there was no basis to find that Domenici was not telling the truth.[20]","title":"BART review and investigation process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-video-shooting-27"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bart_video-44"},{"link_name":"direct evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_evidence"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mike_Harvey_2009-56"},{"link_name":"riot gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_gear"},{"link_name":"rioting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot"},{"link_name":"property vandalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism"},{"link_name":"black bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bloc"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"police brutality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"The shooting and the subsequent uprisings were covered in regional, national,[27][52] and international news.[53][54][55] Video images of the shooting were widely broadcast and streamed online in the days following Grant's death. Several hundred thousand viewed the videos in the first few days after the incident.[44] Widespread dissemination of the direct evidence of the shooting led to public outrage, protests, and fueled riots.[56]Police in riot gear were dispatched and made efforts to disperse the crowds. During the course of the evening of January 8, there was peaceful protest, with some of the protesters turning to rioting and rampant property vandalism. A black bloc and other rioters smashed hundreds of car and shop windows,[57] several private cars, and numerous trash containers and dumpsters. Public buildings such as the Oakland Police Internal Affairs office and the almost restored Fox Theatre were heavily vandalized.[58] The rioting wound down later in the evening. Police made at least 105 arrests for suspicion of various offenses. More than 300 businesses were affected by the vandalism.[59]Community members and activists decried the shooting incident as another case of police brutality. There was a broad public perception that BART Police and the Alameda County District Attorney's office were not conducting an effective investigation because, according to an East Bay Times article, BART completed the shooting investigation on January 12, 2009, 11 days after the shooting occurred.[60] Others were angry that Mehserle allegedly did not cooperate with Police and District Attorney's Office investigators.[61]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"roadblocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadblock"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland#Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulwa-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulwa-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulwa-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulwa-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulwa-63"},{"link_name":"tear gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tear_gas"},{"link_name":"rubber bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_bullet"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indy1-66"},{"link_name":"less-lethal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_lethal"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rallyrage-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Lakeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside_Apartments_District,_Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steven_E.F._Brown-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EastBayTimes1.8.09-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EastBayTimes1.8.09-71"}],"sub_title":"Fruitvale protest and march; downtown rioting","text":"On January 7, 2009, protests over the shooting and administration of justice began peacefully about 3:30 p.m. with about 500 people gathering at the Fruitvale station.[62] In the early evening, some of the protesters marched toward Oakland's central business district and downtown. Over 200 Oakland police officers were dispatched in an attempt to disperse the protesters. Police roadblocked streets and diverted vehicle and foot traffic. After entering the central business district, the march continued to BART Police command and control headquarters at 8th & Madison streets near the Lake Merritt BART station.Once at BART Police Command and Control, a contingent of angry protesters surrounded a police car. The officer driving the car fled on foot.[63] Meanwhile, a group of 30 to 40 demonstrators broke out the cruiser's windows and attempted to overturn it. A line of police wearing gas masks swept up behind the rear of the march and deployed tear gas in an attempt to disperse the crowd.[63]The protest continued as the crowd marched along 8th Street through Chinatown. At Broadway, officers wearing gas masks deployed more tear gas canisters and acted quickly to charge and disperse the crowd as they approached the vicinity of Oakland Police headquarters at 7th and Broadway.[64]The protest regrouped downtown at the intersection of 14th and Broadway, blocking motor vehicle traffic.[65] Some of the protesters lay face down in the intersection, in a symbolic act of solidarity with Grant, who was killed in the same position.[63] Others shouted at police and chanted in unison. Others carried signs that read, \"Your idea of justice?\" and \"Jail Killer Cops\"[63] and lit candles in remembrance of Grant.Police in helmets and gas masks grouped in standing line formations on the south, west, and north sides of the intersection, allowing an avenue of retreat down 14th Street on the east side of the intersection.[63]About an hour later, police gave orders to disperse and fired tear gas, rubber bullets,[66] and other less-lethal weapons and devices at demonstrators.[67] Protestors threw bottles, rocks, and other objects at police.[68] Police pushed the crowd east along 14th Street into Lakeside, and the scene dissolved into a riot along the 14th Street spine.Numerous helicopters which had been airborne throughout the evening converged on the area. Law enforcement helicopters shone powerful spotlights down onto surface streets,[69] while media helicopters shot video, which were broadcast in real time on local television stations.In the ensuing hours, a small clutch[70] of rioters burned the contents of trash cans, dumpsters, newspaper boxes and set fire to at least five cars, including an Oakland police patrol car. Some rioters smashed the windshields of parked cars.[71] The riot spread deep into Lakeside, and cars were burned and heavily damaged on Madison Street. Other rioters in this clutch broke storefront windows, including those of a McDonald's fast-food restaurant at Jackson and 14th Streets. The night of the riot coincided with trash collection day the following morning and numerous trash dumpsters and containers were parked curbside. Rioters used these dumpsters to start fires along city streets.[72] Rioters damaged some of the carefully restored historic woodwork and terra cotta on the nearly restored Fox Theater. Damage to the Fox was preliminarily estimated at $10,000 to $20,000.[71]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Dellums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Dellums"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulwa-63"},{"link_name":"Oakland Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steven_E.F._Brown-69"},{"link_name":"Christmas trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_trees"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulwa-63"},{"link_name":"vandalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism"},{"link_name":"assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault"},{"link_name":"arson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Lake Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Merritt_(BART_station)"},{"link_name":"12th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_City_Center/12th_Street_(BART_station)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Dellums' appearance and rioting flare up","text":"As the rioting moved east toward Lake Merritt, Oakland Mayor Ron Dellums and Larry Reid held an impromptu press conference at 14th and Jackson Streets, along the spine of the rioting, and called for the crowd to disperse peacefully.[63] Dellums peacefully marched with the crowd back West along 14th Street to the steps of City Hall, where he attempted to address the crowd. After the crowd reacted negatively, he cut the meeting short and entered City Hall.Demonstrators continued through City Hall Plaza, with angry splinter groups of rioters smashing the windows of Oakland Police Department's Internal Affairs and Recruiting Office at the east side of 250 Frank Ogawa Plaza. Windows of police cruisers parked outside the offices were also smashed.The protesters continued east along 17th Street, crossing Broadway and Franklin, where rioters broke numerous storefront windows,[69] before continuing back into Lakeside, lighting discarded Christmas trees on fire. Police continued their efforts to disperse the crowds, and rioting continued on Broadway downtown.The rioting wound down around 10:40 p.m.[63] in the vicinity of 20th Street and Broadway outside the Paramount Theater, where police detained around 80 individuals for various offenses. Most were cited and released for complaints which include inciting a riot, vandalism, assault on a police officer, and arson. Police recovered two handguns from the rioters.[73] Around 120 people in total were arrested for offenses arising from the protests during the course of the evening.[74] Two have been charged to date.Fruitvale, Lake Merritt, and 12th Street BART stations were temporarily shut down at various points during the evening.Numerous media photographers and videographers, both affiliated and independent,[75] filmed the scene from close proximity on the ground.[76] Media helicopters shot video of developments from overhead, which were broadcast in real time on local television stations.[77]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Oakland_Tribune-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Reaction from the business community and city officials","text":"The riots augmented the perception of crime in Oakland, adding to the previous year's run of takeover robberies, and were a challenge to overcome for greater economic investment.[78] The Dellums administration held a press conference in City Hall Hearing room 4 on January 8, and decried the riots as regressive. Dellums noted there were riots in the streets of Oakland in 1967, 40 years ago, \"and here we are, still smashing cars\".[79] Dellums noted that people were upset and had \"lost faith in the process\" because of what he called lack of communication by BART officials and the district attorney's office in the days after Grant was killed. BART has also been criticized for not ordering Mehserle to speak to internal affairs earlier.[80]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alameda County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Tom Orloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Orloff"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"Zephyr Cove, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Cove,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Lake Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindmurdercharge-33"},{"link_name":"extradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"protective custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_custody"},{"link_name":"Santa Rita Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rita_Jail"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_California"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindmurdercharge-33"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"U.S. Justice Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"bail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa205-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postbail-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindmurdercharge-33"},{"link_name":"change venue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_venue"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindmurdercharge-33"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Hill,_California"},{"link_name":"Oakland Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Riders"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa122-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap114-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa122-87"}],"text":"On January 12, Alameda County District Attorney Tom Orloff filed a complaint for murder and an Alameda County Superior Court Judge signed a fugitive arrest warrant, as Mehserle had left the city. He was arrested January 13 at a friend's home in the Zephyr Cove, Nevada, area near Lake Tahoe. His attorney said Mehserle had gone after receiving death threats in the Bay Area.[33] Mehserle waived extradition, and was held in protective custody at the Santa Rita Jail in Dublin, California.[33] Mehserle pleaded not guilty at his arraignment January 15.[81] On July 9, 2010, the U.S. Justice Department opened a civil rights investigation against Mehserle, but closed the investigation without filing charges.[82]On January 30, Alameda County Superior Court Judge Morris Jacobson set bail for Mehserle at $3 million.[10] A week later, with the help of fundraising from the police union,[83] Mehserle posted bail.[84]Alameda County District Attorney Tom Orloff refused to speculate whether Mehserle would be charged with first or second-degree murder, saying \"What I feel the evidence indicates is an unlawful killing done by an intentional act and from the evidence we have there's nothing that would mitigate that to something lower than a murder.\"[85][86] Orloff noted Mehserle's refusal to explain himself as a reason for charging him with murder, rather than manslaughter.[33] Orloff said he would fight any motion to change venue for the trial.[33]Mehserle retained Pleasant Hill criminal defense attorney Michael Rains, who previously successfully represented one of the Oakland Riders.[87] Before Mehserle retained Rains, the attorney was quoted as saying that it could be difficult to prosecute Mehserle for murder because the law discourages \"second-guessing and hindsighting\" of police officers, who tend to be favorably viewed by juries.[88] Mehserle's defense was paid for by a statewide fund for police officers.[87]","title":"Criminal trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ktvumay20-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib130-90"},{"link_name":"direct evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_evidence"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib130-90"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"gag order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag_order"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gagorder-91"}],"sub_title":"Bail hearing","text":"At a January 30 bail hearing, Rains told the court that Mehserle had carried a Taser for only a few shifts prior to the January 1 shooting, and he mistakenly deployed his service weapon when he thought Grant was reaching for a gun.[10] Rains said, \"Mr. Grant was actively, actively, actively resisting arrest.\"[89] He said that some witnesses heard Mehserle say, \"Get back, I'm gonna taze him.\"[90] Rains said he plans to call witnesses who will show \"there was a level of resistance by Oscar Grant and others that will negate malice.\"The prosecutors' theory of the case is that the video direct evidence shows that Mehserle deliberately reached for his weapon. They argued: \"What we see in the video is an officer releasing his control of a suspect, standing up, drawing his weapon, with some difficulty, and shooting it.\"[90] Jacobson agreed in deciding to set bail at $3 million that Mehserle's claim of Taser confusion was inconsistent with his earlier statement to a fellow officer, and that Mehserle might be changing his story.[10] He later imposed a gag order on attorneys and investigators in the case, prohibiting them from releasing future filings or otherwise commenting to the press.[91]","title":"Criminal trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kron4-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"Preliminary hearing","text":"Rains argued during the preliminary hearing that Mehserle lacked the malice necessary for a murder charge and that he intended to tase Grant. A BART officer testified, saying that Grant and his friends had yelled profanities and did not obey her orders to sit down moments before Mehserle fired at Grant. She said she was fearful when she heard taunts coming from Grant, his friends, and passengers on the train.[92] After the seven days of testimony, Judge C. Don Clay concluded that Mehserle had not mistakenly used his service pistol instead of his stun gun. The judge based this on Mehserle's statements to other officers that he thought Grant had a gun. He also noted that Mehserle had held his weapon with both hands, but he was trained to use just his left if he was firing a Taser.[93] Mehserle faced up to life in prison if convicted of first-degree murder.[94]Rains filed a supplemental motion arguing that Judge Clay should take a second look at a ruling that barred the defense attorney from presenting evidence about Grant's criminal background, as well as a ruling that barred him from presenting evidence that Mehserle told a fellow officer just before the shooting incident that he planned to use his Taser on Grant. He protested that \"Both rulings amount to grave errors under longstanding and never-questioned California authorities\" and alleged that they \"substantially interfere with Mehserle's federal due process right to defend against the murder charge\".[95] Rains failed to convince Judge Clay to remove District Attorney Tom Orloff's office from the case. Rains claimed Orloff violated his client's rights because he ordered two Oakland police officers to try to interview Mehserle after he was arrested, even though Orloff knew Mehserle had an attorney. Judge Clay said Orloff's actions did not prove a bias nor did it meet the requirements necessary for him to be removed from the case.[96]","title":"Criminal trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"change of venue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_venue"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&G_2009-12-02-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercury_2009-12-03-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_2010-05-02-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Risling-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"Plea and jury selection","text":"On June 19, 2009, Mehserle pleaded not guilty. The jury trial was scheduled to begin in October. Mehserle's attorney Michael Rains sought a change of venue of the trial, on the grounds that there would not be an impartial jury in Alameda County.[97] Citing extensive media coverage and the social upheaval of protests and riots, the judge agreed.[98] Rains' request was honored on October 16, and downtown Los Angeles was chosen as the venue on November 19.[99]Los Angeles County Judge Robert J. Perry was assigned to the case. He said that he would not allow cameras in the courtroom.[100] A hearing was held on February 19, 2010, to address two issues. The judge did not reduce Mehserle's bail, as requested by the defense. The judge also rejected a motion by the defense to remove Alameda County prosecutors from the case. Rains had argued that prosecutors and detectives acted inappropriately when they interviewed Mehserle earlier in the case. Another hearing was set for March 26.[101]Mehserle's attorney stated that his client did not commit first-degree murder, and asked the judge to instruct the jury to limit its deliberations to either second-degree murder or acquittal. Rains wrote that Mehserle would not argue the killing was conducted in the heat of passion or in self-defense. Rains also argued that prosecutors had shown no evidence that the fatal shooting was either voluntary or involuntary manslaughter.[102]On May 7, Judge Perry granted a motion by defense to discuss Grant's conviction for possessing a gun and evading arrest.[103] Perry formally selected the jury on June 8 after attorneys had used their motions. The 12-member jury consisted of eight women and four men; of these jurors, seven were white, four Hispanic, and one Asian. Of the alternates, there were five women and one man, consisting of three Asians, two whites, and one Hispanic. It was alleged that six of the jury had law enforcement connections.[104]Grant's family expressed outrage at the absence of blacks on the jury.[105] The day before the trial began, Deputy District Attorney David Stein revealed a photo that Grant took of Mehserle with a cell phone camera. The photo showed Mehserle pointing a Taser at Grant.[106]","title":"Criminal trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fong-29"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-policeone-107"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bart_video-44"},{"link_name":"William Lewinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lewinski"},{"link_name":"expert witness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witness"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madison-108"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egelko115-45"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brownpushes-109"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_2010-05-02-102"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egelko115-45"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ktvu206-110"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Taser X26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taser_X26"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulwa130-10"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aparton201-112"}],"sub_title":"Taser confusion","text":"Several experts who observed video evidence suggested Mehserle might have confused his gun for his Taser,[29][107] causing him to mistakenly believe he was tasering Grant.[44] William Lewinski stated this as an expert witness in the case.[108] If Mehserle thought he was firing his Taser, this could provide a full or partial defense to the murder charge.[45][109] It depended on whether Mehserle had a legal right to use his Taser at all, which was questioned.[10] Prosecutors alleged that paperwork, including a blood alcohol test, completed by Mehserle after the shooting showed that he had changed his story about what occurred.[102]While there had been previous cases where police officers confused guns with Tasers, modern Tasers weigh half as much as handguns.[45] The prosecution argued that the position of Mehserle's Taser \"in relation to his duty weapon, combined with the different 'feel' and color of the two weapons made it highly unlikely that he would have mistaken one for the other\".[110] Burris responded to claims of Taser confusion by arguing that video evidence did not support the idea of Taser confusion. In any event, he said, Mehserle had no reason to fire his Taser.[10] Mehserle was wearing his Taser on the left side of his body (on the opposite side from which he wore his gun) – but set up for a cross-body, strong hand (right-hand) draw.[111]BART purchased the Taser X26 stun guns in September 2008 and provided them to officers after six hours of training,[10] as recommended by the manufacturer.[112]","title":"Criminal trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Term_of_shock-113"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Term_of_shock-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alex_Alonso_2-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Witness testimony","text":"On June 14, Carlos Reyes recalled Mehserle saying, \"Oh shit, I shot him\" after shooting Grant. Grant's former girlfriend, Sophina Mesa, testified she called Grant while he and his friends were being detained, and he said, \"They're beating us up for no reason, I'll call you back.\" Deputy District Attorney David Stein believed that Grant's phone call proved that he was not trying to resist arrest that night. Cell phone records showed two calls between Grant and Mesa — at 2:05 a.m. and 2:09 a.m. — the latter two minutes before Grant was shot.[113]On June 15, three eyewitnesses of the account testified that neither Grant nor the other suspects actively resisted the officers at any time. Each expressed disgust at the behavior of officers preceding the shooting that night.[113]On June 22, Jackie Bryson, a friend of Grant \"who was kneeling and handcuffed just inches from Grant when Johannes Mehserle shot him\", testified for the prosecution. Bryson said that Grant's hands were under Grant's body and Grant said: \"I quit. I surrender.\" He claimed that Mehserle said \"Fuck this\" before shooting Grant. Defense attorney Rains repeatedly accused Bryson of lying to convict Mehserle and pointed out a video showing Bryson running toward the train while handcuffed. Responding to Rains' question, \"You were going to leave your friend on that platform, weren't you?\" Bryson said \"I would never leave my friend.\" Rains accused Bryson of being inconsistent based on his statements in the civil lawsuit he had filed in early January 2009 against BART. Bryson said that he had lied to investigators, distrusted the police, and had been frequently stressed since Grant's killing.[114]On June 25, Mehserle took the witness stand. Sobbing, he said that he had not thought that he was holding his gun until he heard a pop and looked at his right hand. Responding to a question from Rains, he recalled Grant saying \"you shot me\" right after the shot went off. Judge Perry called a recess after Grant supporter Timothy Killings shouted out to Mehserle to \"save those fucking tears\".[115] After another outburst, Killings was arrested for contempt of court.[116]","title":"Criminal trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voluntary manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter"},{"link_name":"acquit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-convicted-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-incustody-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"Closing arguments and verdict","text":"Judge Perry offered jurors three conviction options: second-degree murder (with a sentence of 15 years to life in prison), voluntary manslaughter (3 to 11 years), or involuntary manslaughter (2 to 4 years); in addition the jury could have decided to acquit. Prosecutor Michael O'Brien said that by shooting Grant, Mehserle inherently committed a crime. Intention meant murder or voluntary manslaughter, and an accident indicated recklessness on Mehserle's part and thus involuntary manslaughter. Judge Perry gave two interpretations of Mehserle's shocked reaction after shooting Grant: either Mehserle had intended to use his Taser or he realized that many people were witnesses to his action.[117]Closing arguments took place on July 1. Expressing a belief that Mehserle \"lost all control\" the night he shot Grant and labeled the shooting as an accident to avoid liability, Deputy District Attorney David Stein asked the jury to convict Mehserle of second-degree murder. Defense attorney Rains argued that the shooting was accidental and told them not to make \"some sort of commentary on the state of relations between the police and the community in this country\".[118] Jury deliberations began on Friday, July 2. The jury had the day off on July 5 because of the Independence Day holiday.[citation needed]On July 6, deliberations were suspended after one juror left for vacation, having notified the judge in advance, another juror went to a medical appointment, and another called in sick. One new alternate juror joined the panel. One juror submitted a question asking whether provocation by \"sources other than the suspect(s)\" can make one guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Stein argued that the jury should be able to consider outside influences on Mehserle, but Rains disagreed.[119]On July 8, 2010, the jury informed the court that they had reached a verdict by 2:10 p.m. The deliberations with this jury panel totaled six and a half hours over the course of two days. At approximately 4:00 p.m., the jury announced that they had found Johannes Mehserle guilty of involuntary manslaughter, and not guilty of charges for second-degree murder or voluntary manslaughter charges.[120] The jury found Mehserle guilty of a gun enhancement charge that could have added up to ten years to his prison sentence, made him ineligible for probation, and required him to serve 85 percent of his sentence, in contrast to the 50 percent that most state prisoners serve.[121]Having previously been freed on a $3 million bond, Mehserle was remanded into custody after the verdict was read.[122] The next court date, when sentencing would occur, was set for August 6, 2010.[123]After the verdict, the court released a two-page letter written by Mehserle in which he said: \"no words can express how truly sorry I am\".[124]","title":"Criminal trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"}],"text":"Mehserle was originally scheduled to be sentenced on August 6, 2010. Sentencing was rescheduled for November 5 at the defense's request.On November 5, 2010, Mehserle was sentenced to two years with double credit for time already served, reducing his term by 292 days for the 146 days he has already spent in jail.[125] The judge overturned the gun enhancement, which could have added an additional 3 to 10 years to the sentence.[126][127] He was released from prison at 12:01 a.m. on June 13, 2011.","title":"Sentencing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"California Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"Appeal","text":"On May 9, 2012, nearly a year after his release from prison, Mehserle appealed his conviction to the First District Court of Appeal in San Francisco. His lawyer, Dylan Schaffer, stated the purpose of this appeal was to allow Mehserle to return to \"police work\", which was not possible with this conviction on his record. They intended to continue to the state and the U.S. Supreme Court,[128] but\nin September 2012, the California Supreme Court unanimously denied review of an appellate ruling upholding the conviction.[129]","title":"Sentencing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apology-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MercNews4/3-131"},{"link_name":"BART Director Carole Ward Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Ward_Allen"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP111-132"},{"link_name":"BART Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BART_Police"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BARTcreates-133"},{"link_name":"Assemblyman Sandre Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandre_Swanson"},{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apology-130"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuff127-135"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BARTcreates-133"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BARTcreates-133"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BART-asks-137"},{"link_name":"San Leandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leandro,_California"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercury_News_2009-03-26-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woodall212-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercury_News_2009-08-18-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Francisco_Chronicle_2009-08-19-141"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ktvu123-22"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MercNews4/3-131"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"}],"sub_title":"BART","text":"On January 8, 2009, BART's elected directors offered apologies to the victim's family.[130] BART later filed a legal response to the lawsuit that claimed that the shooting was \"a tragic accident\", and that Grant contributed to the fatal incident. BART said the officers were \"just defending themselves\" and that \"Oscar Grant willfully, wrongfully, and unlawfully made an assault upon defendants and would have beaten, bruised, and ill-treated them if defendants had not\nimmediately defended themselves.\"[131]In the days after the shooting, BART held multiple public meetings to ease tensions, led by BART Director Carole Ward Allen.[132] She called on the BART Board to hire two independent auditors to investigate the shooting, and to provide recommendations to the board regarding BART Police misconduct.[133] Director Ward Allen established BART's first Police Department Review Committee and worked with Assemblyman Sandre Swanson to pass AB 1586 in the California State Legislature, which enforced civilian oversight of the BART Police Department.[134] BART board member Lynette Sweet said that \"BART has not handled this [situation] correctly,\"[130] and called for the BART police chief and general manager to step down, but only one other board member, Tom Radulovich, has supported such action.[135]An investigation was conducted to determine whether any other officers should be disciplined. On January 12, investigation results were forwarded to the district attorney.[133] The investigation, which interviewed seven police officers and 33 other witnesses,[136] came to no conclusion and made no recommendations.[133] The details were forwarded to Meyers Nave, an outside law firm, for an independent investigation.[137] It was led by Jayne Williams, the former city attorney for San Leandro, and was estimated to cost $250,000.[138][139] In August, the law firm provided two reports to BART but released only one publicly. The report said officers failed to follow recommended procedures, failed to work as a team, and had lapses in both tactical communication and leadership.[140][141]KTVU broadcast cell-phone video that showed Pirone striking Grant, resulting in additional agency actions. BART General Manager Dorothy Dugger said a \"rigorous\" internal affairs investigation would be ordered.[22] Later, an attorney, representing BART and referring to the same video, said that Grant provoked Pirone's blow by trying to knee Pirone at least twice, \"It is our position that there was a provocation and assault on Mr. Pirone based upon a video that shows Mr. Grant apparently hitting Mr. Pirone with his knee,\"[131] On September 22, KTVU reported that Meyers Nave, in its unreleased report, had recommended the termination of Tony Pirone and Marysol Domenici.[142] After being on leave since the incident, Domenici was terminated on March 24, 2010.[143] She was rehired the following December after labor arbitration settled in her favor.[144] Pirone was terminated on April 21 after an internal investigation upheld a finding of misconduct against him.[145] Like Domenici, Pirone later sought to be reinstated through arbitration. This is a process whereby the BART administration and BART police union elect a member of the police union to decide if the firing of Anthony Pirone was justified. This arbitration was delayed, as Pirone served a tour in Afghanistan in the US Army.[146] When he returned, the arbitration was set to finish by the end of 2013, but was delayed until the end of 2014. In December 2014, BART spokesperson Alicia Trost told reporters that Pirone's arbitration was denied,[147] and the arbitrator upheld the termination. Pirone's lawyer, William Rapoport, declined to comment.","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestors_in_California.jpg"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merc113-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bail_Protests-149"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brownpushes-109"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrestedABC-151"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindmurdercharge-33"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MakingContact-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radley-153"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egelko115-45"},{"link_name":"Copwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copwatch"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egelko115-45"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copwatch-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drummond-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byron-156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscar_Grant_die_in.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"}],"sub_title":"Public","text":"Protesters holding signs on January 8, 2009Protesters organized several demonstrations and marches in the weeks following the shooting and during court hearings.[148][149] Alice Huffman, state president of the NAACP, said there was little doubt the shooting was criminal.[109] Many reporters and community organizers stated that racial issues played a role both in the killing and in the community response.[150] Grant's family claimed that officers used racial slurs during the arrest.[151] BART Police Chief Gary Gee remarked that the BART investigation had found no \"nexus to race that provoked this to happen\".[33]There was a broad public perception that BART Police were not conducting an effective investigation.[152] Efforts by BART officers to confiscate witnesses' cellphone images during the incident created controversy.[153] The shooting stirred outrage among political leaders and legal observers; Alameda County Supervisor Keith Carson,[45] Oakland City Councilmember Desley Brooks (Eastmont-Seminary), and Berkeley Copwatch labeled the shooting an execution.[45][154] Local columnists criticized such language as \"inflammatory\" and \"the exact opposite of the kind of sane leadership we need and expect from our elected officials\".[155][156]When the case went to trial, tensions were provoked because the selected jury contained no Black people.March for Oscar Grant, 14 January 2009Grant's death has been cited as one of several police killings that contributed to the nationwide Black Lives Matter movement.[157][158]","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broken_Windows_after_protests_in_Oakland_Jan09.jpg"},{"link_name":"vandalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism"},{"link_name":"Downtown Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Oakland"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horror-159"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EastBayTimes1.8.09-71"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horror-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3charged-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kpix-fewer-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EastBayTimes1.8.09-71"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3charged-160"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EastBayTimes1.8.09-71"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horror-159"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt108-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2nd_night_of_protests-165"},{"link_name":"City Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_City_Center"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chron115-166"},{"link_name":"Ron Dellums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Dellums"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drummond203-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hicks-168"},{"link_name":"Black Panther Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party"},{"link_name":"change of venue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_venue"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drummond203-167"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Francisco_Chronicle_2009-05-18-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington_Post_2010-02-19-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83_arrests-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_880_(California)"},{"link_name":"980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_980"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mobs-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83_arrests-172"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"}],"sub_title":"Protests","text":"During hours of the unrest, shops were vandalized in Downtown Oakland.The fatal shooting of Grant was a catalyst for several protests. On January 8, 2009, a protest march in Oakland of about 250 people[159] became violent. Rioters caused more than $200,000 in damages: breaking shop and car windows, burning cars, setting trash bins on fire, and throwing bottles at police officers.[71][159][160][161][162][163] Police arrested more than 100 persons.[71][160] Grant's family pleaded for calm and spoke out against the violence at a press conference the next day.[71][159][164] On January 9, police in riot gear dispersed a crowd of about 100 demonstrators after some of the rioters stopped vehicles and threw trash cans in the street.[165]A January 14 demonstration briefly turned violent, and police arrested 18 people after rioters smashed car and store windows in Oakland's City Center district.[166] Another eight were arrested in a January 30 demonstration after Mehserle's bail hearing, in which he said that he had intended to use his Taser rather than to shoot Grant. Mayor Ron Dellums suggested that Mehserle's right to bail should be abrogated to prevent violence in the community.[167][168]Oakland Tribune columnist Tammerlin Drummond criticized the protestors as \"self-described 'anarchists,' who aren't even from Oakland, and wannabe Black Panther Party members... playing right into the hands of the defense\" by giving Mehserle a plausible case for change of venue.[167]On May 18, 2009, 100 persons protested outside of the Alameda County Courthouse during the preliminary hearing and then marched to the nearby Oakland Police Department. A protest organizer was arrested after the group blocked traffic.[169]Protests continued throughout the pretrial process. At the hearing on February 19, 2010, some 50 protesters carried signs outside the Los Angeles courthouse.[170] An estimated 200 protesters gathered at San Francisco's Embarcadero BART station on April 8, 2010, to call for the disbanding of the transit system's police department and the firing of an officer who was on the scene when Grant was shot.[171]On July 8, 2010, following the verdict, protests began peacefully,[172] and officials commended both the protesters and the police for their demonstrated restraint.[173] When the time of the verdict announcement was announced, many people packed BART trains to leave Oakland in fear of unrest, and Interstates 880 and 980 had heavy traffic.[174] Multiple peaceful gatherings were held throughout Oakland after the verdict was announced, and sporadic conflicts were quelled quickly by the police early in the evening. As night fell, people engaged in opportunistic looting of local businesses.[175] Oakland's police chief was quoted as saying that the people doing violence did not primarily seem to be Oakland residents protesting the verdict, but instead were self-styled \"anarchists...who are almost professional people who go into crowds like this and cause problems\".[176] Oakland police arrested 83 people on a variety of charges, ranging from vandalism to failure to disperse to assault.[172] According to the Oakland Police Chief Batts, nearly 3 out of 4 of those arrested during the protest did not live in Oakland.[177]The San Francisco Chronicle reported that many of the rioters who were most aggressive in damaging Oakland businesses and property were organized white anarchists wearing black clothing and hoods. An anarchist slogan was painted on one wall that read \"Say 'no' to work. Say 'yes' to looting.\"[178]Some Oakland officials objected to the \"anarchist\" label, saying that the outside agitators seemed to lack any cohesive philosophy and were simply bent on making trouble.[179]","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Burris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burris"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-video-shooting-27"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSFSB-180"},{"link_name":"search and seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_seizure"},{"link_name":"false arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_arrest"},{"link_name":"excessive force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excessive_force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maher204-17"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upton205-25"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contra-185"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contra-185"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contra-185"}],"text":"Several lawsuits were filed against BART after these events; two made it to trial. Oakland attorney John Burris filed a $25 million wrongful death claim against BART on behalf of Grant's family (mother, daughter, sister and girlfriend) on January 6, 2009.[27][180]In February 2009, Burris filed claims for a total of $1.5 million on behalf of five of Grant's friends, whom he says were detained without cause for five hours after the shooting, alleging illegal search and seizure, false arrest, and use of excessive force.[17][25]Burris later increased the amount sought by Grant's family to $50 million. The civil case was partially resolved when BART settled with Grant's daughter for $5.1 million (with accrued interest), according to Burris' law firm.[181] BART paid a $1.3 million settlement to Grant's mother. The five friends of Grant settled with BART and received a total of $175,000.[182]Grant's father, who has been in prison since before Grant was born, separately sued Mehserle for damages related to Grant III's death.[183][184]Zeporia Smith, the mother of Johnnie Caldwell, a friend of Grant's, filed a suit in 2011 (after her son was killed in a separate incident). She claimed that Officer Marysol Domenici had used excessive force against her son while detaining him on the platform at Fruitvale. Caldwell had testified in a video deposition in 2009 that after Grant III was shot, Officer Domenici dragged Caldwell across the platform, threatened him with a Taser, and shoved him on a departing train.[185]In 2014 a civil jury heard both the Grant Jr. and Smith cases. On July 1, 2014, the civil jury rejected the claims of Grant's father against Mehserle in the shooting of Grant, as they concluded that his imprisonment had prevented him from having a close relationship with his son.[185]In the same trial, the jury ruled in favor of Officer Domenici and against Smith. One person said that the lack of a video documenting Caldwell's claim of excessive force had been a determining factor.[185]","title":"Civil lawsuits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lovelle Mixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_shootings_of_Oakland_police_officers"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"KPFA-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPFA-FM"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Rogue Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_Wave_(band)"},{"link_name":"Permalight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalight"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Blue Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Scholars"},{"link_name":"Cinemetropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemetropolis"},{"link_name":"Barnack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Barnack"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Ryan Coogler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Coogler"},{"link_name":"Fruitvale Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitvale_Station"},{"link_name":"San Quentin State Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Quentin_State_Prison"},{"link_name":"Michael B. Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_B._Jordan"},{"link_name":"Octavia Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Spencer"},{"link_name":"2013 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Chinaka Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinaka_Hodge"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Angie Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Thomas"},{"link_name":"The Hate U Give","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hate_U_Give"},{"link_name":"Daveed Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daveed_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Rafael Casal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Casal"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"}],"text":"The documentary film entitled Operation Small Axe (2010) focused on police brutality in the Bay Area in the context of the shooting of Grant, and, later that year, of Lovelle Mixon, who was accused of having fatally shot four police officers. Directed and produced by Adimu Madyun, the film won the 2010 Rise Up Award from The Patois International Rights Film Festival in New Orleans.[186] It was written by J.R. Valrey, a volunteer producer and advocacy journalist at San Francisco KPFA-FM.[187][188]\nThe Oakland, California indie rock band Rogue Wave refer to the incident in the song \"Solitary Gun\" on their 2010 album Permalight:[189] \"Stepped off the train and looked for Fruitvale signs. The January air it whips across my spine.\"\nIn 2011, Seattle-based hip-hop duo Blue Scholars released the album Cinemetropolis, featuring a song called \"Oskar Barnack ∞ Oscar Grant\", with lyrics centering around filming (Barnack) police activity (Grant).[190]\nIn January 2013, filmmaker Ryan Coogler premiered Fruitvale (later retitled Fruitvale Station). The feature drama portrays the last 24 hours of Grant's life, showing him with family, friends and at work. Coogler used some of the eyewitness footage made during the BART incident. Principal photography included locations in Oakland, San Francisco, San Leandro, and San Quentin State Prison. It starred Michael B. Jordan as Oscar, and Octavia Spencer as Oscar's mother Wanda. On January 26, 2013, the film won the U.S. Dramatic Grand Jury Prize as well as the U.S. Dramatic Audience Award at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival.\nIn 2014, playwright Chinaka Hodge premiered Chasing Mehserle, a play about Watts, a young man from Oakland who becomes obsessed with chasing down and killing officer Johannes Mehserle.[191]\nIn 2017, Angie Thomas published her debut novel, The Hate U Give, which was expanded from a short story she wrote in college in reaction to the shooting of Grant.\nIn 2019, Daveed Diggs and Rafael Casal released their album Seven Nights in Chicago. The track \"Breath\" references the shooting of Oscar Grant.[192]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[{"image_text":"Oscar Grant III","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Oscargrantkilledbypolice2.JPG/170px-Oscargrantkilledbypolice2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fruitvale BART station, where Grant was shot and killed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fruitvale_Bart.JPG/220px-Fruitvale_Bart.JPG"},{"image_text":"Protesters holding signs on January 8, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Protestors_in_California.jpg/170px-Protestors_in_California.jpg"},{"image_text":"March for Oscar Grant, 14 January 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Oscar_Grant_die_in.jpg/220px-Oscar_Grant_die_in.jpg"},{"image_text":"During hours of the unrest, shops were vandalized in Downtown Oakland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Broken_Windows_after_protests_in_Oakland_Jan09.jpg/170px-Broken_Windows_after_protests_in_Oakland_Jan09.jpg"}]	[{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"title":"List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Slips and capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slips_and_capture"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ex-BART Officer Johannes Mehserle Released From Jail\". CBS San Francisco. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2011/06/13/ex-bart-officer-johannes-mehserle-released-from-prison/","url_text":"\"Ex-BART Officer Johannes Mehserle Released From Jail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPIX-TV","url_text":"CBS San Francisco"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412193713/https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2011/06/13/ex-bart-officer-johannes-mehserle-released-from-prison/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dirks, Sandhya (2019). \"It Started With Oscar Grant\". Third Coast International Audio Festival. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. 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June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsone.com/556015/oscar-grants-fiancee-testifies-at-murder-trial/","url_text":"\"Oscar Grant's Fiancée Testifies at Murder Trial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_One","url_text":"News One"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625105308/https://newsone.com/556015/oscar-grants-fiancee-testifies-at-murder-trial/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Services set for man fatally shot by BART police officer\". Associated Press. 2009. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. 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Archived from the original on February 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090203071629/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2009%2F01%2F30%2FBABI15KCD5.DTL&type=adfree","url_text":"\"Skeptical judge grants bail to former BART cop\""},{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/30/BABI15KCD5.DTL&type=adfree","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jim Doyle (January 10, 2009). \"BART cop recalled as 'gentle giant' as a kid\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/10/MNQV156LHC.DTL","url_text":"\"BART cop recalled as 'gentle giant' as a kid\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123040511/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2009%2F01%2F10%2FMNQV156LHC.DTL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bulwa, Demian (January 30, 2009). \"BART's shooting probe missteps\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/30/MNOP15JI6F.DTL","url_text":"\"BART's shooting probe missteps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414084242/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2009%2F01%2F30%2FMNOP15JI6F.DTL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Family Files Claim In BART Shooting; Officer ID'd\". KPIX-TV. 2009. 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A group of about eight friends, including Grant and Caldwell, rode BART from San Francisco to Oakland","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_18490814","url_text":"\"Man fatally shot in Hayward identified as Oscar Grant III's best friend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Tribune","url_text":"Oakland Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219020515/http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_18490814","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Jill; Zito, Kelly; Knight, Heather (January 2, 2009). \"Deadly BART brawl — officer shoots rider, 22\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. 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San Jose Mercury News. January 6, 2009. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mercurynews.com/alamedacounty/ci_11387608","url_text":"\"$25 million claim by family of man killed by BART police\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News","url_text":"San Jose Mercury News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309230631/http://www.mercurynews.com/alamedacounty/ci_11387608","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Egelko, Bob; Lagos, Marisa (January 28, 2009). \"Lawyer: Cop who hit BART victim was provoked\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Fire_(wrestler)	Star Fire (wrestler)	["1 Professional wrestling career","1.1 World Wonder Ring Stardom (2014–2015)","1.2 Independent circuit (2018)","1.3 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2018–2020)","2 Championships and accomplishments","3 References","4 External links"]	Mexican professional wrestler Star FireStar Fire in 2014Born (1992-02-04) February 4, 1992 (age 32)Mexico City, MexicoProfessional wrestling careerRing name(s)Star FireBilled height1.58 m (5 ft 2 in)Billed weight56 kg (123 lb)Trained byArturo BeristainSkaydeÚltimo GuerreroCynthia MorenoNanae TakahashiIo ShiraiDebutApril 27, 2006 Star Fire (born February 4, 1992) is a Mexican luchadora enmascarada, or masked professional wrestler. Star Fire's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. She is primarily known for her work for World Wonder Ring Stardom in Japan, where she is a former High Speed Champion, as well as a former member of the Oedo Tai stable. Professional wrestling career Star Fire started to fight with the CMLL and first appeared at Arena Mexico in 2007. She fought there for two years. World Wonder Ring Stardom (2014–2015) On May 18, 2014, Star Fire had her debut match for World Wonder Ring Stardom teaming with Diosa Atenea in a losing effort against Io Shirai and Kairi Hojo. She won her first title, the High Speed Championship, by defeating Koguma on May 17, 2015. On July 27, Fire made her first successful defense of the High Speed Championship against Kris Wolf. She lost the title to Rosa Negra in her second defense on September 23. Independent circuit (2018) Star Fire returned to the ring after two years out of the ring due an injury in Japan, teaming with Marcela defeated Lilith Dark and Metálica. Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2018–2020) On June 4, Star Fire made her debut at AAA in Verano de Escándalo teaming with Hijo de Vikingo, Arkangel Divino and Dinastía in a tag team match, where they defeated Arez, Belial, Ultimo Maldito and Lady Maravilla. Championships and accomplishments Women Wrestling Stars WWS Championship (1 time) WWS Next Star Tournament (2014) World Wonder Ring Stardom High Speed Championship (1 time) References ^ Madigan, Dan (2007). "Okay... what is Lucha Libre?". Mondo Lucha Libre: the bizarre & honorable world of wild Mexican wrestling. HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 29–40. ISBN 978-0-06-085583-3. ^ a b 2014年5月17日 Gold May2015. World Wonder Ring Stardom (in Japanese). May 17, 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015. ^ "Mexicana Star Fire, Campeona en Japón". MedioTiempo (in Spanish). May 19, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015. ^ 2015年9月23日 5★Star GP2015～シングルの覇者決定～. World Wonder Ring Stardom (in Japanese). September 23, 2015. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ Ocampo, Ernesto (June 7, 2018). "AAA: Explosivo y sorpresivo "Verano de Escándalo"" (in Spanish). SuperLuchas. Retrieved June 7, 2018. External links Links to related articles vteHigh Speed ChampionsNEO(2009–2010)2000s Natsuki☆Taiyo Kaori Yoneyama/Death Yama-san 2010s Leon Stardom(2011–present)2010s Io Shirai Koguma Starfire Rosa Negra Mayu Iwatani Kris Wolf Shanna Mari Apache Hazuki Riho 2020s AZM Natsupoi Starlight Kid Saki Kashima Mei Seira Saya Kamitani (current) vteOedo TaiCurrent Fukigen Death Karma Natsuko Tora Momo Watanabe Rina Ruaka Starlight Kid Thekla Former Act Yasukawa Andras Miyagi Bea Priestley Hana Kimura Hazuki Heidi Lovelace Holidead Jamie Hayter Kagetsu Konami Kris Wolf Kyoko Kimura La Rosa Negra Leah Vaughan Martina Nikki Storm Saki Kashima Star Fire Sumire Natsu Tam Nakano Thunder Rosa Viper Portals: Biography Mexico	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"luchadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_libre"},{"link_name":"masked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_mask"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mondo-1"},{"link_name":"World Wonder Ring Stardom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wonder_Ring_Stardom"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"High Speed Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Champion"}],"text":"Star Fire (born February 4, 1992) is a Mexican luchadora enmascarada, or masked professional wrestler. Star Fire's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans.[1]She is primarily known for her work for World Wonder Ring Stardom in Japan, where she is a former High Speed Champion, as well as a former member of the Oedo Tai stable.","title":"Star Fire (wrestler)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CMLL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMLL"},{"link_name":"Arena Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Mexico"}],"text":"Star Fire started to fight with the CMLL and first appeared at Arena Mexico in 2007. She fought there for two years.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Wonder Ring Stardom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wonder_Ring_Stardom"},{"link_name":"Io Shirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_Shirai"},{"link_name":"Kairi Hojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairi_Hojo"},{"link_name":"High Speed Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Championship"},{"link_name":"Koguma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koguma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StarFire1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kris Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Rosa Negra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Negra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stardom092315-4"}],"sub_title":"World Wonder Ring Stardom (2014–2015)","text":"On May 18, 2014, Star Fire had her debut match for World Wonder Ring Stardom teaming with Diosa Atenea in a losing effort against Io Shirai and Kairi Hojo. She won her first title, the High Speed Championship, by defeating Koguma on May 17, 2015.[2][3] On July 27, Fire made her first successful defense of the High Speed Championship against Kris Wolf. She lost the title to Rosa Negra in her second defense on September 23.[4]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Marcela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcela_(wrestler)"}],"sub_title":"Independent circuit (2018)","text":"Star Fire returned to the ring after two years out of the ring due an injury in Japan, teaming with Marcela defeated Lilith Dark and Metálica.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verano de Escándalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verano_de_Esc%C3%A1ndalo_(2018)"},{"link_name":"Lady Maravilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Maravilla"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VdE2015Announced-5"}],"sub_title":"Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2018–2020)","text":"On June 4, Star Fire made her debut at AAA in Verano de Escándalo teaming with Hijo de Vikingo, Arkangel Divino and Dinastía in a tag team match, where they defeated Arez, Belial, Ultimo Maldito and Lady Maravilla.[5]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Wonder Ring Stardom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wonder_Ring_Stardom"},{"link_name":"High Speed Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StarFire1-2"}],"text":"Women Wrestling Stars\nWWS Championship (1 time)\nWWS Next Star Tournament (2014)\nWorld Wonder Ring Stardom\nHigh Speed Championship (1 time)[2]","title":"Championships and accomplishments"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Madigan, Dan (2007). \"Okay... what is Lucha Libre?\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_58th_House_of_Representatives_district	Texas's 58th House of Representatives district	["1 References"]	American legislative district Texas's 58th StateHouse of RepresentativesdistrictRepresentative DeWayne BurnsR–Cleburne Demographics66.7% White4.8% Black23.4% Hispanic1.6% AsianPopulation (2020) • Voting age189,132140,933 The 58th district of the Texas House of Representatives contains all of Johnson and Somervell counties. The current representative is DeWayne Burns, who was first elected in 2014. References ^ "Texas House of Representatives District 58". Ballotpedia. Retrieved September 25, 2022. ^ "District Population Analysis with County Subtotals" (PDF). data.capitol.texas.gov. Texas Legislative Council. Retrieved September 25, 2022. vteSeats in the Texas LegislatureSenate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 (obsolete: F, 32, 33) House of Representatives 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 This Texas elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Somervell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somervell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"DeWayne Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWayne_Burns"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Texas_House_of_Representatives_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The 58th district of the Texas House of Representatives contains all of Johnson and Somervell counties. The current representative is DeWayne Burns, who was first elected in 2014.[1][2]","title":"Texas's 58th House of Representatives district"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Texas House of Representatives District 58\". Ballotpedia. Retrieved September 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_58","url_text":"\"Texas House of Representatives District 58\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Population Analysis with County Subtotals\" (PDF). data.capitol.texas.gov. Texas Legislative Council. Retrieved September 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.capitol.texas.gov/dataset/71af633c-21bf-42cf-ad48-4fe95593a897/resource/4d3dea56-d572-4794-af00-91975614049b/download/planh2316r100.pdf","url_text":"\"District Population Analysis with County Subtotals\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_58","external_links_name":"\"Texas House of Representatives District 58\""},{"Link":"https://data.capitol.texas.gov/dataset/71af633c-21bf-42cf-ad48-4fe95593a897/resource/4d3dea56-d572-4794-af00-91975614049b/download/planh2316r100.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Population Analysis with County Subtotals\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas%27s_58th_House_of_Representatives_district&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_spotted_wobbegong	Dwarf spotted wobbegong	["1 See also","2 References"]	Species of shark Dwarf spotted wobbegong Orectolobus parvimaculatus Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Subclass: Elasmobranchii Subdivision: Selachimorpha Order: Orectolobiformes Family: Orectolobidae Genus: Orectolobus Species: O. parvimaculatus Binomial name Orectolobus parvimaculatusLast & Chidlow, 2008 Range of the Dwarf spotted wobbegong (confirmed in dark blue, possible in light blue) The dwarf spotted wobbegong (Orectolobus parvimaculatus) is a carpet shark in the family Orectolobidae, described in 2008. It is found at depths of 9 to 135 metres (30 to 443 ft) off south-western Australia. It reaches a total length of 88.5 centimetres (34.8 in). See also Sharks portal List of sharks References ^ Huveneers, C.; McAuley, R.B. (2015). "Orectolobus parvimaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T161651A68639242. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T161651A68639242.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Orectolobus parvimaculatus" in FishBase. may 2009 version. vteExtant shark species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii Subdivision Selachii Order Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)Hemigaleidae (Weasel sharks)Hemipristis Snaggletooth shark (H. elongata) Chaenogaleus Hooktooth shark (C. macrostoma) Hemigaleus Australian weasel shark (H. australiensis) Sicklefin weasel shark (H. microstoma) Paragaleus Whitetip weasel shark (P. leucolomatus) Atlantic weasel shark (P. pectoralis) Slender weasel shark (P. randalli) Straight-tooth weasel shark (P. tengi) LeptochariidaeLeptocharias Barbeled houndshark (L. smithii) Proscylliidae (Finback sharks)Ctenacis Harlequin catshark (C. fehlmanni) Eridacnis Cuban ribbontail catshark (E. barbouri) Pygmy ribbontail catshark (E. radcliffei) African ribbontail catshark (E. sinuans) Proscyllium Graceful catshark (P. habereri) P. venustum PseudotriakidaeGollum Slender smooth-hound (G. attenuatus) Pseudotriakis False catshark (P. microdon) Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead sharks)Eusphyra Winghead shark (E. blochii) Sphyrna Scalloped bonnethead (S. corona) Whitefin hammerhead (S. couardi) Scalloped hammerhead (S. lewini) Scoophead (S. media) Great hammerhead (S. mokarran) Bonnethead (S. tiburo) Smalleye hammerhead (S. tudes) Smooth hammerhead (S. zygaena) Triakidae (Houndsharks)Furgaleus Whiskery shark (F. macki) Galeorhinus School shark (G. galeus) Gogolia Sailback houndshark (G. filewoodi) Hemitriakis Deepwater sicklefin hound shark (H. abdita) Sicklefin hound shark (H. falcata) Japanese topeshark (H. japanica) Whitefin topeshark (H. leucoperiptera) Ocellate topeshark (Hemitriakis Sp.A) Hypogaleus Blacktip tope (H. hyugaensis) Iago Longnose houndshark (I. garricki) Bigeye houndshark (I. omanensis) Lowfin houndshark (Iago Sp.A) Mustelus (Smooth-hounds) M. albipinnis Gummy shark (M. antarcticus) Starry smooth-hound (M. asterias) Gray smooth-hound (M. californicus) Dusky smooth-hound (M. canis) Sharptooth smooth-hound (M. dorsalis) Striped smooth-hound (M. fasciatus) Spotless smooth-hound (M. griseus) Brown smooth-hound (M. henlei) Smalleye smooth-hound (M. higmani) Spotted estuary smooth-hound (M. lenticulatus) Sicklefin smooth-hound (M. lunulatus) Starspotted smooth-hound (M. manazo) Speckled smooth-hound (M. mento) M. minicanis Arabian smooth-hound (M. mosis) Common smooth-hound (M. mustelus) Narrowfin smooth-hound (M. norrisi) Whitespotted smooth-hound (M. palumbes) Blackspotted smooth-hound (M. punctulatus) M. ravidus Narrownose smooth-hound (M. schmitti) Gulf smoothhound (M. sinusmexicanus) Humpback smooth-hound (M. whitneyi) M. widodoi Scylliogaleus Flapnose houndshark (S. quecketti) Triakis Sharpfin houndshark (T. acutipinna) Spotted houndshark (T. maculata) Sharptooth houndshark (T. megalopterus) Banded houndshark (T. scyllium) Leopard shark (T. semifasciata) Carcharhinidae Large family listed below Scyliorhinidae Large family listed below Family Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks)Carcharhinus Blacknose shark (C. acronotus) Silvertip shark (C. albimarginatus) Bignose shark (C. altimus) Graceful shark (C. amblyrhynchoides) Grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos) Pigeye shark (C. amboinensis) Borneo shark (C. borneensis) Copper shark (C. brachyurus) Spinner shark (C. brevipinna) Nervous shark (C. cautus) Whitecheek shark (C. dussumieri) Silky shark (C. falciformis) Creek whaler (C. fitzroyensis) Galapagos shark (C. galapagenisis) Pondicherry shark (C. hemiodon) Finetooth shark (C. isodon) Smoothtooth blacktip shark (C. leiodon) Bull shark (C. leucas) Blacktip shark (C. limbatus) Oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus) Hardnose shark (C. macloti) Blacktip reef shark (C. melanopterus) Dusky shark (C. obscurus) Caribbean reef shark (C. perezii) Sandbar shark (C. plumbeus) Smalltail shark (C. porosus) Blackspot shark (C. sealei) Night shark (C. signatus) Spottail shark (C. sorrah) Australian blacktip shark (C. tilstoni) Galeocerdo Tiger shark (G. cuvier) Glyphis (River sharks) Ganges shark (G. gangeticus) Northern river shark (G. garricki) Speartooth shark (G. glyphis) Irrawaddy river shark (G. siamensis) Borneo river shark (Glyphis sp. B) Isogomphodon Daggernose shark (I. oxyrhynchus) Lamiopsis Broadfin shark (L. temminckii) Loxodon Sliteye shark (L. macrorhinus) Nasolamia Whitenose shark (N. velox) Negaprion Sicklefin lemon shark (N. acutidens) Lemon shark (N. brevirostris) Prionace Blue shark (P. glauca) Rhizoprionodon Milk shark (R. acutus) Brazilian sharpnose shark (R. lalandii) Pacific sharpnose shark (R. longurio) Grey sharpnose shark (R. oligolinx) Caribbean sharpnose shark (R. porosus) Australian sharpnose shark (R. taylori) Atlantic sharpnose shark (R. terraenovae) Scoliodon Spadenose shark (S. laticaudus) Triaenodon Whitetip reef shark (T. obesus) Family Scyliorhinidae (Catsharks)Apristurus Flatnose cat shark (A. acanutus) A. albisoma A. aphyodes Atlantic ghost catshark (A. atlanticus) Brown catshark (A. brunneus) Hoary catshark (A. canutus) Flaccid catshark (A. exsanguis) A. fedorovi Humpback cat shark (A. gibbosus) Longfin catshark (A. herklotsi) Smallbelly catshark (A. indicus) A. internatus Broadnose catshark (A. investigatoris) Japanese catshark (A. japonicus) Longnose catshark (A. kampae) Iceland catshark (A. laurussonii) Longhead catshark (A. longicephalus) Flathead catshark (A. macrorhynchus) Broadmouth cat shark (A. macrostomus) Ghost catshark (A. manis) Black roughscale catshark (A. melanoasper) Smalleye catshark (A. microps) Smalldorsal cat shark (A. micropterygeus) Largenose catshark (A. nasutus) Smallfin catshark (A. parvipinnis) A. pinguis Spatulasnout catshark (A. platyrhynchus) Deepwater catshark (A. profundorum) Broadgill catshark (A. riveri) Saldanha catshark (A. saldanha) Pale catshark (A. sibogae) South China catshark (A. sinensis) Spongehead catshark (A. spongiceps) Panama ghost catshark (A. stenseni) Asymbolus Australian spotted catshark (A. analis) A. funebris Western spotted catshark (A. occiduus) Pale spotted catshark (A. pallidus) A. parvus A. rubiginosus Variegated catshark (A. submaculatus) Gulf catshark (A. vincenti) Atelomycterus A. baliensis Banded sand catshark (A. fasciatus) Australian marbled catshark (A. macleayi) Coral catshark (A. marmoratus) Aulohalaelurus New Caledonia catshark (A. kanakorum) Australian blackspotted catshark (A. labiosus) Cephaloscyllium Whitefin swellshark (C. albipinnum) Circle-blotch pygmy swellshark (C. circulopullum) Cook's swellshark (C. cooki) Reticulated swellshark (C. fasciatum) Formosa swellshark (C. formosanum) Australian reticulate swellshark (C. hicosellum) Draughtsboard shark (C. isabellum) Australian swellshark (C. laticeps) Spotted swellshark (C. maculatum) Leopard-spotted swellshark (C. pardelotum) Painted swellshark (C. pictum) Sarawak pygmy swellshark (C. sarawakensis) Flagtail swellshark (C. signourum) Indian swellshark (C. silasi) Speckled swellshark (C. speccum) Balloon shark (C. sufflans) Blotchy swellshark (C. umbratile) Saddled swellshark (C. variegatum) Swellshark (C. ventriosum) Narrowbar swellshark (C. zebrum) Cephalurus Lollipop catshark (C. cephalus) Figaro Australian sawtail catshark (F. boardmani) Northern sawtail catshark (F. striatus) Galeus Antilles catshark (G. antillensis) Roughtail catshark (G. arae) Atlantic sawtail cat shark (G. atlanticus) Longfin sawtail cat shark (G. cadenati) Gecko catshark (G. eastmani) Slender sawtail catshark (G. gracilis) Longnose sawtail cat shark (G. longirostris) Blackmouth catshark (G. melastomus) Southern sawtail catshark (G. mincaronei) Mouse catshark (G. murinus) Broadfin sawtail catshark (G. nipponensis) Peppered catshark (G. piperatus) African sawtail catshark (G. polli) G. priapus Blacktip sawtail catshark (G. sauteri) Dwarf sawtail catshark (G. schultzi) Springer's sawtail cat shark (G. springeri) Halaelurus Arabian catshark (H. alcockii) Speckled catshark (H. boesemani) Blackspotted catshark (H. buergeri) Dusky catshark (H. canescens) Broadhead cat shark (H. clevai) New Zealand catshark (H. dawsoni) Bristly catshark (H. hispidus) Spotless catshark (H. immaculatus) Lined catshark (H. lineatus) Mud catshark (H. lutarius) Tiger catshark (H. natalensis) Quagga catshark (H. quagga) Haploblepharus Puffadder shyshark (H. edwardsii) Brown shyshark (H. fuscus) Natal shyshark (H. kistnasamyi) Dark shyshark (H. pictus) Holohalaelurus H. favus H. grennian Crying izak (H. melanostigma) African spotted catshark (H. punctatus) Izak catshark (H. regani) Parmaturus White-tip catshark (P. albimarginatus) White-clasper catshark (P. albipenis) Beige catshark (P. bigus) Campeche catshark (P. campechiensis) Velvet catshark (P. lanatus) McMillan's catshark (P. macmillani) Blackgill catshark (P. melanobranchus) Salamander shark (P. pilosus) Filetail catshark (P. xaniurus) Shorttail catshark (Parmaturus sp. A) Pentanchus Onefin catshark (P. profundicolus) Poroderma Pyjama catshark (P. africanum) Leopard catshark (P. pantherinum) Schroederichthys Narrowmouthed catshark (S. bivius) Redspotted catshark (S. chilensis) Narrowtail catshark (S. maculatus) Lizard catshark (S. saurisqualus) Slender catshark (S. tenuis) Scyliorhinus Polkadot catshark (S. besnardi) Boa catshark (S. boa) Small-spotted catshark (S. canicula) Yellowspotted catshark (S. capensis) West African catshark (S. cervigoni) Comoro cat shark (S. comoroensis) Brownspotted catshark (S. garmani) Freckled catshark (S. haeckelii) Whitesaddled catshark (S. hesperius) Blotched catshark (S. meadi) Chain catshark (S. retifer) Nursehound (S. stellaris) Izu cat shark (S. tokubee) Cloudy catshark (S. torazame) Dwarf catshark (S. torrei) Order Echinorhiniformes (Bramble sharks)EchinorhinidaeEchinorhinus Bramble shark (E. brucus) Prickly shark (E. cookei) Order Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks)HeterodontidaeHeterodontus Horn shark (H. francisci) Crested bullhead shark (H. galeatus) Japanese bullhead shark (H. japonicus) Mexican hornshark (H. mexicanus) Oman bullhead shark (H. omanensis) Port Jackson shark (H. portusjacksoni) Galapagos bullhead shark (H. quoyi) Whitespotted bullhead shark (H. ramalheira) Zebra bullhead shark (H. zebra) Order HexanchiformesChlamydoselachidaeChlamydoselachus Frilled shark (C. anguineus) Southern African frilled shark (C. africana) Hexanchidae (Cow sharks)Heptranchias Sharpnose sevengill shark (H. perlo) Hexanchus Bluntnose sixgill shark (H. griseus) Bigeyed sixgill shark (H. nakamurai) Notorynchus Broadnose sevengill shark (N. cepedianus) Order Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks)AlopiidaeAlopias (Thresher sharks) Pelagic thresher (A. pelagicus) Bigeye thresher (A. superciliosus) Common thresher (A. vulpinus) Alopias sp. (A. sp.) CetorhinidaeCetorhinus Basking shark (C. maximus) LamnidaeCarcharodon Great white shark (C. carcharias) Isurus Shortfin mako shark (I. oxyrinchus) Longfin mako shark (I. paucus) Lamna Salmon shark (L. ditropis) Porbeagle (L. nasus) MegachasmidaeMegachasma Megamouth shark (M. pelagios) MitsukurinidaeMitsukurina Goblin shark (M. owstoni) OdontaspididaeCarcharias Grey nurse shark (C. taurus) Indian sand tiger (C. tricuspidatus) Odontaspis Smalltooth sand tiger (O. ferox) Bigeye sand tiger (O. noronhai) PseudocarchariidaePseudocarcharias Crocodile shark (P. kamoharai) Order Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)BrachaeluridaeBrachaelurus Blind shark (B. waddi) Heteroscyllium Bluegrey carpetshark (H. colcloughi) Ginglymostomatidae (Nurse sharks)Ginglymostoma Nurse shark (G. cirratum) Nebrius Tawny nurse shark (N. ferrugineus) Pseudoginglymostoma Short-tail nurse shark (P. brevicaudatum) Hemiscylliidae (Bamboo sharks)Chiloscyllium Arabian carpetshark (C. arabicum) Burmese bamboo shark (C. burmensis) Bluespotted bamboo shark (C. caerulopunctatum) Grey bamboo shark (C. griseum) Hasselt's bamboo shark (C. hasseltii) Slender bamboo shark (C. indicum) Whitespotted bamboo shark (C. plagiosum) Brownbanded bamboo shark (C. punctatum) Hemiscyllium Indonesian speckled carpetshark (H. freycineti) H. galei Papuan epaulette shark (H. hallstromi) H. henryi Epaulette shark (H. ocellatum) Hooded carpetshark (H. strahani) Speckled carpetshark (H. trispeculare) Orectolobidae (Wobbegongs)Eucrossorhinus Tasselled wobbegong (E. dasypogon) Orectolobus Floral banded wobbegong (O. floridus) Banded wobbegong (O. halei) Western wobbegong (O. hutchinsi) Japanese wobbegong (O. japonicus) Spotted wobbegong (O. maculatus) Ornate wobbegong (O. ornatus) Dwarf spotted wobbegong (O. parvimaculatus) Network wobbegong (O. reticulatus) Northern wobbegong (O. wardi) Sutorectus Cobbler wobbegong (S. tentaculatus) Parascylliidae (Collared carpet sharks)Cirrhoscyllium Barbelthroat carpetshark (C. expolitum) Taiwan saddled carpetshark (C. formosanum) Saddle carpetshark (C. japonicum) Parascyllium Collared carpetshark (P. collare) Rusty carpetshark (P. ferrugineum) Ginger carpetshark (P. sparsimaculatum) Necklace carpetshark (P. variolatum) RhincodontidaeRhincodon Whale shark (R. typus) StegostomatidaeStegostoma Zebra shark (S. fasciatum) Order Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks)PristiophoridaePliotrema Sixgill sawshark (P. warreni) Pristiophorus Longnose sawshark (P. cirratus) Tropical sawshark (P. delicatus) Japanese sawshark (P. japonicus) Shortnose sawshark (P. nudipinnis) Bahamas sawshark (P. schroederi) Eastern Australian sawshark (Pristiophorus peroniensis) Philippine sawshark (Pristiophorus sp. C) Dwarf sawshark (Pristiophorus sp. D) Order SqualiformesCentrophoridae (Gulper sharks)Centrophorus Needle dogfish (C. acus) Dwarf gulper shark (C. atromarginatus) Gulper shark (C. granulosus) Dumb gulper shark (C. harrissoni) Blackfin gulper shark (C. isodon) Lowfin gulper shark (C. lusitanicus) Smallfin gulper shark (C. moluccensis) Taiwan gulper shark (C. niaukang) Leafscale gulper shark (C. squamosus) Mosaic gulper shark (C. tessellatus) Little gulper shark (C. uyato) Deania Birdbeak dogfish (D. calcea) Rough longnose dogfish (D. hystricosa) Arrowhead dogfish (D. profundorum) Longsnout dogfish (D. quadrispinosum) DalatiidaeEuprotomicroides Taillight shark (E. zantedeschia) Heteroscymnoides Longnose pygmy shark (H. marleyi) Mollisquama Pocket shark (M. parini) Dalatias Kitefin shark (D. licha) Isistius Cookiecutter shark (I. brasiliensis) South China cookiecutter shark (I. labialis) Largetooth cookiecutter shark (I. plutodus) Euprotomicrus Pygmy shark (E. bispinatus) Squaliolus Smalleye pygmy shark (S. aliae) Spined pygmy shark (S. laticaudus) EtmopteridaeAculeola Hooktooth dogfish (A. nigra) Centroscyllium Highfin dogfish (C. excelsum) Black dogfish (C. fabricii) Granular dogfish (C. granulatum) Bareskin dogfish (C. kamoharai) Combtooth dogfish (C. nigrum) Ornate dogfish (C. ornatum) Whitefin dogfish (C. ritteri) Etmopterus (Lantern sharks) New Zealand lanternshark (E. baxteri) Blurred lanternshark (E. bigelowi) Shorttail lanternshark (E. brachyurus) Lined lanternshark (E. bullisi) E. burgessi Cylindrical lanternshark (E. carteri) Tailspot lanternshark (E. caudistigmus) Combtooth lanternshark (E. decacuspidatus) Pink lanternshark (E. dianthus) E. dislineatus Blackmouth lanternshark (E. evansi) Pygmy lanternshark (E. fusus) Broadbanded lanternshark (E. gracilispinis) Southern lanternshark (E. granulosus) Caribbean lanternshark (E. hillianus) Smalleye lantern shark (E. litvinovi) Blackbelly lanternshark (E. lucifer) Slendertail lanternshark (E. molleri) Dwarf lanternshark (E. perryi) African lanternshark (E. polli) Great lanternshark (E. princeps) False lanternshark (E. pseudosqualiolus) Smooth lanternshark (E. pusillus) Dense-scale lantern shark (E. pycnolepis) West Indian lanternshark (E. robinsi) Fringefin lanternshark (E. schultzi) Thorny lanternshark (E. sentosus) Velvet belly lantern shark (E. spinax) Splendid lanternshark (E. splendidus) Tasmanian lanternshark (E. tasmaniensis) Brown lanternshark (E. unicolor) Hawaiian lanternshark (E. villosus) Green lanternshark (E. virens) Miroscyllium Rasptooth dogfish (M. sheikoi) Trigonognathus Viper dogfish (T. kabeyai) Oxynotidae (Rough sharks)Oxynotus Prickly dogfish (O. bruniensis) Caribbean roughshark (O. caribbaeus) Angular roughshark (O. centrina) Japanese roughshark (O. japonicus) Sailfin roughshark (O. paradoxus) Somniosidae (Sleeper sharks)Centroscymnus Portuguese dogfish (C. coelolepis) Shortnose velvet dogfish (C. cryptacanthus) Roughskin dogfish (C. owstoni) Centroselachus Longnose velvet dogfish (C. crepidater) Proscymnodon Largespine velvet dogfish (P. macracanthus) Plunket shark (P. plunketi) Scymnodalatias Whitetail dogfish (S. albicauda) Azores dogfish (S. garricki) Sparsetooth dogfish (S. oligodon) Sherwood dogfish (S. sherwoodi) Scymnodon Smallmouth velvet dogfish (S. obscurus) Knifetooth dogfish (S. ringens) Somniosus Southern sleeper shark (S. antarcticus) Frog shark (S. longus ) Greenland shark (S. microcephalus) Pacific sleeper shark (S. pacificus) Little sleeper shark (S. rostratus) Zameus Japanese velvet dogfish (Z. ichiharai) Velvet dogfish (Z. squamulosus) Squalidae (Dogfish sharks)Cirrhigaleus Roughskin spurdog (C. asper) Mandarin dogfish (C. barbifer) Squalus (Spurdogs) Spiny dogfish (S. acanthias) Eastern highfin spurdog (S. albifrons) S. acutirostris Western highfin spurdog (S. altipinnis) Longnose spurdog (S. blainville) Fatspine spurdog (S. crassispinus) Cuban dogfish (S. cubensis) Eastern longnose spurdog (S. grahami) Japanese spurdog (S. japonicus) Shortnose spurdog (S. megalops) Blacktailed spurdog (S. melanurus) Shortspine spurdog (S. mitsukurii) Bartail spurdog (S. notocaudatus) Western longnose spurdog (S. nasutus) Cyrano spurdog (S. rancureli) Pacific spiny dogfish (S. suckleyi) Order Squatiniformes (Angel sharks)SquatinidaeSquatina Sawback angelshark (S. aculeata) African angelshark (S. africana) Eastern Australian angelshark (Squatina albipunctata) Argentine angelshark (S. argentina) Chilean angelshark (S. armata) Australian angelshark (S. australis) Pacific angelshark (S. californica) Sand devil (S. dumeril) Taiwan angelshark (S. formosa) Angular angel shark (S. guggenheim) S. heteroptera Japanese angelshark (S. japonica) Indonesian angelshark (S. legnota) Cortez angelshark (S. mexicana) Clouded angelshark (S. nebulosa) Smoothback angelshark (S. oculata) S. punctata Western Australian angelshark (Squatina pseudocellata) Angelshark (S. squatina) Ornate angelshark (S. tergocellata) Ocellated angelshark (S. tergocellatoides) Taxon identifiersOrectolobus parvimaculatus Wikidata: Q31815 AFD: Orectolobus_parvimaculatus CoL: 754N3 FishBase: 63748 GBIF: 2417552 iNaturalist: 107867 IRMNG: 11461942 IUCN: 161651 NCBI: 582429 Observation.org: 906732 OBIS: 398230 WoRMS: 398230	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carpet shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet_shark"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Orectolobidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orectolobidae"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-2"}],"text":"The dwarf spotted wobbegong (Orectolobus parvimaculatus) is a carpet shark in the family Orectolobidae, described in 2008. It is found at depths of 9 to 135 metres (30 to 443 ft) off south-western Australia.[2] It reaches a total length of 88.5 centimetres (34.8 in).[2]","title":"Dwarf spotted wobbegong"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg"},{"title":"Sharks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sharks"},{"title":"List of sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sharks"}]	[{"reference":"Huveneers, C.; McAuley, R.B. (2015). \"Orectolobus parvimaculatus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T161651A68639242. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T161651A68639242.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161651/68639242","url_text":"\"Orectolobus parvimaculatus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T161651A68639242.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T161651A68639242.en"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161651/68639242","external_links_name":"\"Orectolobus parvimaculatus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T161651A68639242.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T161651A68639242.en"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Orectolobus&speciesname=parvimaculatus","external_links_name":"\"Orectolobus parvimaculatus\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Orectolobus_parvimaculatus","external_links_name":"Orectolobus_parvimaculatus"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/754N3","external_links_name":"754N3"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/63748","external_links_name":"63748"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2417552","external_links_name":"2417552"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/107867","external_links_name":"107867"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11461942","external_links_name":"11461942"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/161651","external_links_name":"161651"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=582429","external_links_name":"582429"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/906732/","external_links_name":"906732"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/398230","external_links_name":"398230"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=398230","external_links_name":"398230"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Dimitrianos	Agios Dimitrianos	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 34°54′22″N 32°33′1″E / 34.90611°N 32.55028°E / 34.90611; 32.55028Place in Paphos District, CyprusAgios Dimitrianos Άγιος ΔημητριανόςLocal chapelAgios DimitrianosLocation in CyprusCoordinates: 34°54′22″N 32°33′1″E / 34.90611°N 32.55028°E / 34.90611; 32.55028Country CyprusDistrictPaphos DistrictElevation564 m (1,850 ft)Population (2001) • Total85Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code8741Websitehttps://agiosdimitrianos.com Agios Dimitrianos (Greek: Άγιος Δημητριανός) is a village in the Paphos District of Cyprus, located 12 km west of Pano Panagia. Agios Dimitrianos has an elevation of 564 m. The village was named after the church of Agios Dimitrianos located in the area where the village was built. Nearby Communities : Polemi, Psathi. Built at an elevation of 550 meters among low hills and many vineyards, Agios Dimitrianos is a small settlement of approximately 70 inhabitants who live in traditional stone houses with wooden doors and balconies. Tourist accommodation includes rooms for rent and traditional guesthouses. References ^ Census 2001 ^ "GeoNames.org". www.geonames.org. Retrieved 2019-06-14. ^ Dimitrianos, Ayios (2016). "Cyprus Alive". Cyprus Alive. ^ "Agios Dimitrianos". www.hellenicaworld.com. Retrieved 2019-06-14. ^ "Agios Dimitrianos - Cyprus". Cyprus. Retrieved 2019-06-14. vtePaphos DistrictMunicipalities Geroskipou Paphos Pegeia Polis Communities Acheleia Agia Marinouda Agia Varvara Agios Dimitrianos Agios Georgios Agios Ioannis Agios Isidoros Agios Nikolaos Akoursos Amargeti Anadiou Anarita Androlykou Argaka Arminou Armou Asprogia Axylou Ayia Marina Kelokedharon Ayia Marina Chrysochous Chloraka Choletria Choli Choulou Chrysochou Dhrousha Drinia Drymou Eledio Empa Episkopi Evretou Faleia Fasli Fasoula Foinikas Fyti Galataria Gialia Giolou Goudi Inia Istinjon Kallepia Kannaviou Karamoullides Kathikas Kato Akourdhalia Kato Arodes Kedares Kelokedara Kidasi Kilinia Kinousa Kissonerga Koili Konia Kouklia Kourtaka Kritou Marottou Kritou Terra Lapithiou Lasa Lemona Lempa Letymvou Livadi Loukrounou Lysos Makounta Mamonia Mamountali Mandria Marathounta Maronas Meladeia Melandra Mesa Chorio Mesana Mesogi Milia Miliou Mousere Nata Nea Dimmata Neo Chorio Nikokleia Pano Arodes Pano Panagia Pano Akourdaleia Pano Archimandrita Pelathousa Pentalia Peristerona Philousa Kelokedharon Philousa Khrysokhous Pitargou Polemi Pomos Praitori Prastio Psathi Salamiou Sarama Simou Skoulli Souskiou Statos–Agios Fotios Stavrokonnou Steni Stroumpi Tala Terra Theletra Timi Trachypedoula Tremithousa Trimithousa Tsada Vretsia Zacharia This Cyprus location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Paphos District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphos_District"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Pano Panagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano_Panagia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Polemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemi"},{"link_name":"Psathi.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psathi,_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Place in Paphos District, CyprusAgios Dimitrianos (Greek: Άγιος Δημητριανός) is a village in the Paphos District of Cyprus, located 12 km west of Pano Panagia. Agios Dimitrianos has an elevation of 564 m.[2] The village was named after the church of Agios Dimitrianos located in the area where the village was built.[3] Nearby Communities : Polemi, Psathi.[4] Built at an elevation of 550 meters among low hills and many vineyards, Agios Dimitrianos is a small settlement of approximately 70 inhabitants who live in traditional stone houses with wooden doors and balconies. Tourist accommodation includes rooms for rent and traditional guesthouses.[5]","title":"Agios Dimitrianos"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"GeoNames.org\". www.geonames.org. Retrieved 2019-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geonames.org/146734/agios-dimitrianos.html","url_text":"\"GeoNames.org\""}]},{"reference":"Dimitrianos, Ayios (2016). \"Cyprus Alive\". Cyprus Alive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyprusalive.com/en/village/pafos-agios-dimitrianos","url_text":"\"Cyprus Alive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agios Dimitrianos\". www.hellenicaworld.com. Retrieved 2019-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Cyprus/Geo/en/AgiosDimitrianos.html","url_text":"\"Agios Dimitrianos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agios Dimitrianos - Cyprus\". Cyprus. Retrieved 2019-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://cyprus.terrabook.com/cyprus/page/agios-dimitrianos/","url_text":"\"Agios Dimitrianos - Cyprus\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Agios_Dimitrianos&params=34_54_22_N_32_33_1_E_region:CY_type:city","external_links_name":"34°54′22″N 32°33′1″E / 34.90611°N 32.55028°E / 34.90611; 32.55028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Agios_Dimitrianos&params=34_54_22_N_32_33_1_E_region:CY_type:city","external_links_name":"34°54′22″N 32°33′1″E / 34.90611°N 32.55028°E / 34.90611; 32.55028"},{"Link":"https://agiosdimitrianos.com/","external_links_name":"https://agiosdimitrianos.com"},{"Link":"http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/A5E0A9096615A568C2257122003FB72E/$file/POPULATION%20BY%20MUNICIPALITY_COMMUNITY-EN.xls?OpenElement","external_links_name":"Census 2001"},{"Link":"https://www.geonames.org/146734/agios-dimitrianos.html","external_links_name":"\"GeoNames.org\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyprusalive.com/en/village/pafos-agios-dimitrianos","external_links_name":"\"Cyprus Alive\""},{"Link":"http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Cyprus/Geo/en/AgiosDimitrianos.html","external_links_name":"\"Agios Dimitrianos\""},{"Link":"https://cyprus.terrabook.com/cyprus/page/agios-dimitrianos/","external_links_name":"\"Agios Dimitrianos - Cyprus\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agios_Dimitrianos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Boston_mayoral_election	1951 Boston mayoral election	["1 Candidates","1.1 Candidates eliminated in preliminary","2 Results","2.1 General election results by ward","3 See also","4 References"]	Election 1951 Boston mayoral election ← 1949 November 6, 1951 1955 → Candidate John B. Hynes James Michael Curley Party Nonpartisan Nonpartisan Popular vote 154,206 76,354 Percentage 66.88% 33.12% Mayor before election John B. Hynes Elected Mayor John B. Hynes Elections in Massachusetts General 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Federal government U.S. President 1788–89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 Dem 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 Dem 2004 Dem GOP 2008 Dem GOP 2012 2016 Dem GOP 2020 Dem GOP 2024 Dem GOP U.S. Senate Class 1: 1788 1790 1796 (S) 1796 1798 1800 (S) 1803 1808 (S) 1810 (S) 1811 1813 (S) 1815 1815 (S) 1816 (S) 1818 (S) 1820 1820 (S) 1822 1826 1827 1829 (S) 1833 1839 February 1841 (S) 1845 1851 1851 (S) 1857 1863 1869 1874 (S) 1875 1881 1887 1893 1899 1905 1911 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1958 1962 (S) 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2010 (S) 2012 2018 2024 Class 2: 1788 1793 1796 1800 (S) 1803 (S) 1805 1810 1811 (S) 1816 1822 (S) 1826 (S) 1828 1835 January 1841 (S) 1841 1845 (S) 1847 1853 1855 (S) 1859 1865 1871 1873 (S) 1877 1883 1889 1895 1901 1905 (S) 1907 1913 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 1944 (S) 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2013 (S) 2014 2020 U.S. House 1788/1789 1790/1792 1792/1793 1794/1795 1796/1797 1798/1799 1800/1801 1802/1803 1804 1806 1808 1810/1811 1812/1813 1814/1815 3rd 1816/1817 1818/1819 1820/1821 1822/1823 1824/1825 1826/1827 1828 1830/1832 1833/1834 1834/1835 1836 1838/1839 1840/1841 1842/1844 1844/1846 1846 1848/1850 1850/1851 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1991 (1st) 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 (9th) 2002 2004 2006 2007 (5th) 2008 2010 2012 2013 (5th) 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State government Governor 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 Apr. 1831 Nov. 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Senate 1787 1824 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State House 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2020 2022 Governor's Council 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2024 Ballot measures 1980: Proposition 2½ 2002: English Language Education in Public Schools 2006: 2008 Greyhound Protection Sensible Marijuana Policy State Income Tax Repeal 2010: No Sales Tax for Alcohol Sales Tax Relief Comprehensive Permits and Regional Planning 2012: Right to Repair Death with Dignity Medical Marijuana 2014: Automatic Gas Tax Increase Repeal Expansion of Bottle Deposits Casino Repeal Paid Sick Days 2016: Expand Slot Machine Gaming Charter School Expansion Farm Animal Confinement Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana 2018: Gender Identity Anti-Discrimination 2020: pending Boston Mayor 1822 1823 1824 Apr 1825 Dec 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844–45 Dec 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853–54 Dec 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1910 1914 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 City council 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Springfield Mayor 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 (S) 1973 1975 1977 1979 1983 1981 1985 1987 1989 (S) 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2015 2019 2023 Worcester Mayor 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Massachusetts portalvte The Boston mayoral election of 1951 occurred on Tuesday, November 6, 1951, between Mayor of Boston John B. Hynes and former Mayor James Michael Curley. Hynes was elected to his second term. This was the first Boston mayoral race with a preliminary election, which was held on Tuesday, September 25, 1951. In November 1949, voters had approved changing the structure of future mayoral contests to include a preliminary election, non-partisan in nature, to select two final candidates in advance of each general election, which would remain non-partisan. It also shifted the years in which elections would be held. The first such election had been set for 1951, meaning that Hynes' previous term was only two years in duration. Inaugural exercises were held Monday, January 7, 1952. Candidates James Michael Curley, Mayor of Boston from 1914 to 1918, 1922 to 1926, 1930 to 1934, 1946 to 1950. Member of the United States House of Representatives from 1913 to 1914 and from 1943 to 1947. Governor of Massachusetts from 1935 to 1937. Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1902–1903. John B. Hynes, Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts since 1950, Acting Mayor in 1947. Candidates eliminated in preliminary Thomas J. O'Brien, resident of Roxbury. Joseph F. Timilty, Boston Police Commissioner from 1936 to 1943. Results Candidates Preliminary Election General Election Votes % Votes % John B. Hynes (incumbent) 108,414 53.41 154,206 66.88 James Michael Curley 77,268 38.07 76,354 33.12 Joseph F. Timilty 15,890 7.83 Thomas J. O'Brien 1,406 0.69 General election results by ward Ward Hynes Curley Votes % Votes % 1 6,436 56.19 5,017 43.81 2 3,251 49.30 3,343 50.70 3 6,228 60.59 4,051 39.41 4 6,147 73.41 2,226 26.59 5 8,366 80.66 2,006 19.34 6 4,882 51.27 4,641 48.73 7 6,634 57.18 4,967 42.82 8 3,319 45.36 3,999 54.64 9 4,133 54.81 3,408 45.19 10 4,970 51.67 4,649 48.33 11 4,766 54.89 3,917 45.11 12 7,061 73.58 2,536 26.42 13 5,511 61.27 3,483 38.73 14 10,983 80.57 2,648 19.43 15 5,411 62.26 3,280 37.74 16 8,821 72.55 3,338 27.45 17 8,824 75.41 2,878 24.59 18 11,060 72.95 4,101 27.05 19 7,428 68.08 3,483 31.92 20 12,528 80.54 3,027 19.46 21 9,797 80.84 2,322 19.16 22 7,650 71.60 3,034 28.40 See also List of mayors of Boston, Massachusetts References ^ a b "Plan A Wins; Boston to Get New Charter". The Boston Globe. November 9, 1949. p. 1. Retrieved March 2, 2018 – via pqarchiver.com. ^ "Hynes and Score of Other Mayors Take Oath Today". The Boston Globe. January 7, 1952. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2018 – via pqarchiver.com. ^ Lewis, William (August 23, 1951). "Dark Horse May Enter Boston's Mayoralty Race". The Boston Globe. p. 1. Retrieved March 3, 2018 – via pqarchiver.com. ^ a b Annual Report of the Election Department. Boston 1952. p. 44. ^ Annual Report of the Election Department. Boston 192. p. 136. vte(1950 ←) 1951 United States elections (→ 1952)U.S.House Kentucky 6th sp Maine 3rd sp Missouri 11th sp Nebraska 3rd sp New Jersey 9th sp Ohio 3rd sp Pennsylvania 8th sp 14th sp 33rd sp Texas 13th sp West Virginia 5th sp Governors Kentucky Mississippi Mayors Baltimore, MD Boston, MA Chicago, IL Cleveland, OH Columbus, OH Evansville, IN Indianapolis, IN Manchester, NH Philadelphia, PA San Diego, CA Local Philadelphia, PA State-wide Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Jersey Ohio Pennsylvania Texas West Virginia vteBostonTopics Accent Annual events Architecture Arts Bibliography Boston Marathon bombing COVID-19 pandemic Culture Demographics Diplomatic missions Economy Education Colleges and universities Geography Historic Places Northern Southern History Timeline Media Nicknames People Politics Port Public Library Public Schools Sister cities Skyscrapers Songs Transportation Attractions Boston Common Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston Irish Famine Memorial Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Bunker Hill Monument Dorchester Heights Monument Faneuil Hall Fenway Park Franklin Park Zoo Freedom Trail Hynes Convention Center Institute of Contemporary Art Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Massachusetts State House Museum of Fine Arts Appeal to the Great Spirit Museum of Science New England Aquarium Old North Church Paul Revere House Symphony Hall TD Garden USS Constitution Museum Businessdistricts Back Bay Downtown Fenway–Kenmore Financial District Government Center Innovation district North End Route 128 corridor South End List of companies in Boston Government City charter City council City Hall Elections Emergency Medical Services (EMS) FinComm Fire Housing (BHA) Mayor Planning & Development Agency (BPDA) Police Neighborhoods Allston–Brighton Allston Brighton Back Bay Bay Village Beacon Hill Downtown Boston Financial District Government Center Charlestown Chestnut Hill Chinatown Dorchester Columbia Point Upham's Corner East Boston Fenway–Kenmore Harbor Islands Hyde Park Readville Jamaica Plain Forest Hills Leather District Mattapan Mission Hill Longwood North End Roslindale Roxbury Fort Hill South Boston Fort Point Seaport South End West End West Roxbury Sports Boston Bruins Boston Celtics Boston Marathon Boston Red Sox New England Free Jacks New England Patriots New England Revolution Suffolk County Greater Boston Massachusetts United States This article related to Boston is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Massachusetts elections–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"John B. Hynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hynes_(politician)"},{"link_name":"James Michael Curley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Michael_Curley"},{"link_name":"preliminary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planA-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Boston mayoral election of 1951 occurred on Tuesday, November 6, 1951, between Mayor of Boston John B. Hynes and former Mayor James Michael Curley. Hynes was elected to his second term.This was the first Boston mayoral race with a preliminary election, which was held on Tuesday, September 25, 1951. In November 1949, voters had approved changing the structure of future mayoral contests to include a preliminary election, non-partisan in nature, to select two final candidates in advance of each general election, which would remain non-partisan.[1] It also shifted the years in which elections would be held. The first such election had been set for 1951,[1] meaning that Hynes' previous term was only two years in duration.Inaugural exercises were held Monday, January 7, 1952.[2]","title":"1951 Boston mayoral election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Michael Curley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Michael_Curley"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Governor of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"John B. Hynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hynes_(politician)"}],"text":"James Michael Curley, Mayor of Boston from 1914 to 1918, 1922 to 1926, 1930 to 1934, 1946 to 1950. Member of the United States House of Representatives from 1913 to 1914 and from 1943 to 1947. Governor of Massachusetts from 1935 to 1937. Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1902–1903.\nJohn B. Hynes, Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts since 1950, Acting Mayor in 1947.","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roxbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph F. Timilty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Timilty_(police_commissioner)"},{"link_name":"Boston Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Department"}],"sub_title":"Candidates eliminated in preliminary","text":"Thomas J. O'Brien, resident of Roxbury.[3]\nJoseph F. Timilty, Boston Police Commissioner from 1936 to 1943.","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"General election results by ward","title":"Results"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of mayors of Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston#List"}]	[{"reference":"\"Plan A Wins; Boston to Get New Charter\". The Boston Globe. November 9, 1949. p. 1. Retrieved March 2, 2018 – via pqarchiver.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston-sub/doc/822180447.html","url_text":"\"Plan A Wins; Boston to Get New Charter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Hynes and Score of Other Mayors Take Oath Today\". The Boston Globe. January 7, 1952. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2018 – via pqarchiver.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston-sub/doc/840523402.html","url_text":"\"Hynes and Score of Other Mayors Take Oath Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, William (August 23, 1951). \"Dark Horse May Enter Boston's Mayoralty Race\". The Boston Globe. p. 1. Retrieved March 3, 2018 – via pqarchiver.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston-sub/doc/839561280.html","url_text":"\"Dark Horse May Enter Boston's Mayoralty Race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report of the Election Department. Boston [Election Dept.] 1952. p. 44.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofbo1951bost#page/44/mode/2up","url_text":"Annual Report of the Election Department"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report of the Election Department. Boston [Election Dept.] 192. p. 136.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofbo1951bost#page/136/mode/2up","url_text":"Annual Report of the Election Department"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston-sub/doc/822180447.html","external_links_name":"\"Plan A Wins; Boston to Get New Charter\""},{"Link":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston-sub/doc/840523402.html","external_links_name":"\"Hynes and Score of Other Mayors Take Oath Today\""},{"Link":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston-sub/doc/839561280.html","external_links_name":"\"Dark Horse May Enter Boston's Mayoralty Race\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofbo1951bost#page/44/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Annual Report of the Election Department"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofbo1951bost#page/136/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Annual Report of the Election Department"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951_Boston_mayoral_election&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951_Boston_mayoral_election&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus_usurpers	Gallienus usurpers	["1 Uprisings after the defeat of Valerian","1.1 Usurpers in the West","1.2 Usurpers in the East","2 Fictitious usurpers","3 See also","4 External links"]	Roman usurpers during the reign of emperor Gallienus This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Gallienus usurpers were the usurpers who claimed imperial power during the reign of Gallienus (253–268, the first part of which he shared with his father Valerian). The existence of usurpers during the Crisis of the Third Century was very common, and the high number of usurpers fought by Gallienus is due to his long rule; fifteen years being considered long by the standards of the 3rd century Roman Empire. Uprisings after the defeat of Valerian After Valerian's defeat and capture by the Persians in 260, his son Gallienus became the only emperor. However, many uprisings happened, both in the East, with the formation of the Palmyrene Empire, and in the West, with the birth of the Gallic Empire. With the uncertainty of the period, the legions wanted to restore Roman power in the wake of Valerian's defeat, against the pressure of the barbarian people in the west and the Persians in the East. Usurpers in the West 260: Ingenuus – Chosen by the population and the army of the province of Pannonia. Killed for Gallienus by Manius Acilius Aureolus in 260 during the battle at Mursa. 260: Regalianus – After his victory over the Sarmatians in 260, he was killed by a coalition of his own people and of the Roxolani. 260–269: Postumus – Ruled over a Gallic Empire until his murder in 269. 268: Manius Acilius Aureolus – Initially a Gallienus supporter, Aureolus turned against Gallienus while fighting against Postumus and his Gallic Empire. In 268, having surrendered to Emperor Claudius Gothicus after the death of Gallienus, Aureolus was murdered by the Praetorian Guard before Claudius could decide what to do with him. Usurpers in the East 260–261: Macrianus Major, Macrianus Minor, Quietus, and Balista, in the East. After Valerian's defeat, Gallienus was the only remaining emperor, but he was in the West. The Eastern army, needing a leader, offered the rule to Macrianus Major, a noble and wealthy man, but he refused because of his age and health. With the help of Balista, the Valerian prefect who had defeated the Persians after the emperor's death, and with Valerian wealth he held from his office of procurator arcae et praepositus annonae in expeditione Persica, Macrianus Major made his two sons Macrianus Minor and Quietus emperors. While Quietus and Balista stayed in the East and in Egypt to secure their rule, Macrianus Major and Minor moved to Thrace, to counter Gallienus, ruler of Italy and Illyricum. However, Gallienus' general Aureolus defeated and killed in battle both the Macriani, while Quietus was killed by Odaenathus of Palmyra. 261: Piso and Valens Thessalonicus, in Achaea. The only source for these two usurpers is the Historia Augusta. Valens was the governor of Achaea, and remained loyal to Gallienus. In his march west, Macrianus sent Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi to counter Valens. Valens' troops proclaimed their commander emperor, and Piso's troops did the same with their commander. Piso was then killed by Valens, who was later killed by his own troops. The account of Achaea events made by Historia Augusta is very obscure and contains some forgeries, such as a senatus consultum granting Piso a statue. 261: Mussius Aemilianus, in Aegyptus Province. Mussius supported the Macriani rebellion, controlling Egypt. When the Macriani were defeated, he probably proclaimed himself emperor, but was defeated and killed by Aurelius Theodotus, a general sent by Gallienus. 262: Memor was in Northern Africa. He projected a rebellion against Gallienus, but was killed by Theodotus. Fictitious usurpers The author(s) of the Historia Augusta, which modern scholars consider a forgery, listed several other Gallienus usurpers in the book on the Thirty Tyrants, among which: Trebellianus – rebelled in Isauria, gained control of Asia Minor, but was defeated by Camsisoleus, general of Gallienus, who was Egyptian and brother of Theodotus. Celsus – fictitious usurper of Africa. Allegedly proclaimed emperor by Vibius Passienus, proconsul of the province, and Fabius Pomponianus, general of the Libyan frontier. He ruled for seven days. Saturninus – not to be confused with Julius Saturninus, usurper under Probus, appears in the Historia Augusta as optimus ducum Gallieni temporis. According to this source, he was proclaimed emperor by his troops, but later killed by them for his severity. He is an apocryphal usurper, probably built on the model of Julius Saturninus. See also Thirty Tyrants (Roman) External links Roman Emperors DIR account, with references	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"usurpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_usurper"},{"link_name":"imperial power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Gallienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus"},{"link_name":"Valerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Crisis of the Third Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"}],"text":"The Gallienus usurpers were the usurpers who claimed imperial power during the reign of Gallienus (253–268, the first part of which he shared with his father Valerian). The existence of usurpers during the Crisis of the Third Century was very common, and the high number of usurpers fought by Gallienus is due to his long rule; fifteen years being considered long by the standards of the 3rd century Roman Empire.","title":"Gallienus usurpers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Palmyrene Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gallic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire"}],"text":"After Valerian's defeat and capture by the Persians in 260, his son Gallienus became the only emperor. However, many uprisings happened, both in the East, with the formation of the Palmyrene Empire, and in the West, with the birth of the Gallic Empire. With the uncertainty of the period, the legions wanted to restore Roman power in the wake of Valerian's defeat, against the pressure of the barbarian people in the west and the Persians in the East.","title":"Uprisings after the defeat of Valerian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ingenuus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuus"},{"link_name":"Pannonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Gallienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus"},{"link_name":"Manius Acilius Aureolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureolus"},{"link_name":"Mursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mursa"},{"link_name":"Regalianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalianus"},{"link_name":"Sarmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians"},{"link_name":"Roxolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxolani"},{"link_name":"Postumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus"},{"link_name":"Gallic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire"},{"link_name":"Manius Acilius Aureolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureolus"},{"link_name":"Gallienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus"},{"link_name":"Postumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus"},{"link_name":"Gallic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire"},{"link_name":"Claudius Gothicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus"}],"sub_title":"Usurpers in the West","text":"260: Ingenuus – Chosen by the population and the army of the province of Pannonia. Killed for Gallienus by Manius Acilius Aureolus in 260 during the battle at Mursa.\n260: Regalianus – After his victory over the Sarmatians in 260, he was killed by a coalition of his own people and of the Roxolani.\n260–269: Postumus – Ruled over a Gallic Empire until his murder in 269.\n268: Manius Acilius Aureolus – Initially a Gallienus supporter, Aureolus turned against Gallienus while fighting against Postumus and his Gallic Empire. In 268, having surrendered to Emperor Claudius Gothicus after the death of Gallienus, Aureolus was murdered by the Praetorian Guard before Claudius could decide what to do with him.","title":"Uprisings after the defeat of Valerian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macrianus Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrianus_Major"},{"link_name":"Macrianus Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrianus_Minor"},{"link_name":"Quietus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quietus"},{"link_name":"Balista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balista"},{"link_name":"Valerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect"},{"link_name":"Aureolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureolus"},{"link_name":"Odaenathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus"},{"link_name":"Palmyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra"},{"link_name":"Piso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi_(usurper)"},{"link_name":"Valens Thessalonicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_Thessalonicus"},{"link_name":"Achaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaea"},{"link_name":"Historia Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Augusta"},{"link_name":"Mussius Aemilianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussius_Aemilianus"},{"link_name":"Aegyptus Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_Province"},{"link_name":"Macriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macriani"},{"link_name":"Aurelius Theodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelius_Theodotus"},{"link_name":"Memor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memor"}],"sub_title":"Usurpers in the East","text":"260–261: Macrianus Major, Macrianus Minor, Quietus, and Balista, in the East. After Valerian's defeat, Gallienus was the only remaining emperor, but he was in the West. The Eastern army, needing a leader, offered the rule to Macrianus Major, a noble and wealthy man, but he refused because of his age and health. With the help of Balista, the Valerian prefect who had defeated the Persians after the emperor's death, and with Valerian wealth he held from his office of procurator arcae et praepositus annonae in expeditione Persica, Macrianus Major made his two sons Macrianus Minor and Quietus emperors. While Quietus and Balista stayed in the East and in Egypt to secure their rule, Macrianus Major and Minor moved to Thrace, to counter Gallienus, ruler of Italy and Illyricum. However, Gallienus' general Aureolus defeated and killed in battle both the Macriani, while Quietus was killed by Odaenathus of Palmyra.\n261: Piso and Valens Thessalonicus, in Achaea. The only source for these two usurpers is the Historia Augusta. Valens was the governor of Achaea, and remained loyal to Gallienus. In his march west, Macrianus sent Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi to counter Valens. Valens' troops proclaimed their commander emperor, and Piso's troops did the same with their commander. Piso was then killed by Valens, who was later killed by his own troops. The account of Achaea events made by Historia Augusta is very obscure and contains some forgeries, such as a senatus consultum granting Piso a statue.\n261: Mussius Aemilianus, in Aegyptus Province. Mussius supported the Macriani rebellion, controlling Egypt. When the Macriani were defeated, he probably proclaimed himself emperor, but was defeated and killed by Aurelius Theodotus, a general sent by Gallienus.\n262: Memor was in Northern Africa. He projected a rebellion against Gallienus, but was killed by Theodotus.","title":"Uprisings after the defeat of Valerian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historia Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Augusta"},{"link_name":"Thirty Tyrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"Trebellianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebellianus"},{"link_name":"Isauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isauria"},{"link_name":"Celsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsus_(usurper)"},{"link_name":"proconsul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"Saturninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturninus_(253-268)"},{"link_name":"Julius Saturninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Saturninus"},{"link_name":"Probus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus"}],"text":"The author(s) of the Historia Augusta, which modern scholars consider a forgery, listed several other Gallienus usurpers in the book on the Thirty Tyrants, among which:Trebellianus – rebelled in Isauria, gained control of Asia Minor, but was defeated by Camsisoleus, general of Gallienus, who was Egyptian and brother of Theodotus.\nCelsus – fictitious usurper of Africa. Allegedly proclaimed emperor by Vibius Passienus, proconsul of the province, and Fabius Pomponianus, general of the Libyan frontier. He ruled for seven days.\nSaturninus – not to be confused with Julius Saturninus, usurper under Probus, appears in the Historia Augusta as optimus ducum Gallieni temporis. According to this source, he was proclaimed emperor by his troops, but later killed by them for his severity. He is an apocryphal usurper, probably built on the model of Julius Saturninus.","title":"Fictitious usurpers"}]	[]	[{"title":"Thirty Tyrants (Roman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants_(Roman)"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.roman-emperors.org/galusurp.htm","external_links_name":"Roman Emperors DIR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlino_Scalo	Scarlino Scalo	["1 Main sights","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 See also"]	Coordinates: 42°56′36″N 10°50′13″E / 42.94333°N 10.83694°E / 42.94333; 10.83694Frazione in Tuscany, ItalyScarlino ScaloFrazioneView of Scarlino ScaloScarlino ScaloLocation of Scarlino Scalo in ItalyCoordinates: 42°56′36″N 10°50′13″E / 42.94333°N 10.83694°E / 42.94333; 10.83694Country ItalyRegion TuscanyProvinceGrosseto (GR)ComuneScarlinoElevation12 m (39 ft)Population (2011) • Total1,582DemonymScarlinesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code58020Dialing code(+39) 0564 Scarlino Scalo is a town in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Scarlino, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 1,230. Scarlino Scalo is about 39 km from Grosseto and 6 km from Scarlino, and it is situated in a plain at the bottom of the hill of Scarlino, near to the Aurelia Statal Road and along the Tirrenica railway line, which links Livorno and Pisa with Grosseto and Rome. Main sights Madonna delle Grazie, main parish church of the town, it was built in 1984. Palazzo Guelfi, former house of Angiolo Guelfi, it is now an Italian National Monument because it became shelter of national hero Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1849. References ^ (in Italian) Popolazione residente - Grosseto (dettaglio loc. abitate) - Censimento 2001, Istat Bibliography Aldo Mazzolai, Guida della Maremma. Percorsi tra arte e natura, Le Lettere, Florence, 1997. See also Pian d'Alma Puntone di Scarlino Scarlino Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scarlino Scalo. vteTuscany · Villages of the Province of Grosseto Alberese Albinia Ansedonia Arcille Baccinello Bagno di Gavorrano Bagnoli Bagnolo Bagnore Batignano Boccheggiano Borgo Carige Borgo Santa Rita Braccagni Buriano Caldana Cana Capalbio Scalo Casale di Pari Casone Castellaccia Castell'Ottieri Castiglioncello Bandini Catabbio Cellena Cerreto Chiarone Scalo Civitella Marittima Dogana Elmo Filare Fonteblanda Frassine Gerfalco Ghirlanda Giannella Giannutri Giardino Giglio Campese Giglio Castello Giglio Porto Giuncarico Grilli Istia d'Ombrone La Torba Lago Boracifero Le Macchie Marina di Grosseto Marroneto Marrucheti Marsiliana Monte Antico Montebamboli Montebuono Montegiovi Montelaterone Montemassi Montemerano Montenero d'Orcia Montepescali Montevitozzo Montiano Monticello Amiata Montorgiali Montorio Montorsaio Murci Niccioleta Nomadelfia Paganico Pancole Pari Pereta Pescia Fiorentina Pescina Petricci Pian d'Alma Pian di Rocca Piloni Poderi di Montemerano Poggi del Sasso Poggio Capanne Poggio Murella Poggioferro Polveraia Pomonte Porrona Porto Ercole Porto Santo Stefano Potassa Prata Preselle Principina a Mare Principina Terra Punta Ala Puntone di Scarlino Ravi Ribolla Rispescia Roccamare Roccatederighi Rocchette Rocchette di Fazio Roselle Salaiola San Donato San Giovanni delle Contee San Lorenzo San Martino sul Fiora San Quirico San Valentino Santa Caterina Sasso d'Ombrone Sassofortino Saturnia Scarlino Scalo Selva Selvena Sovana Sticciano Stribugliano Talamone Tatti Tirli Torniella Travale Triana Vallerona Valpiana Vetulonia Zancona This Province of Grosseto location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"frazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Scarlino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlino"},{"link_name":"province of Grosseto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Grosseto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grosseto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosseto"},{"link_name":"Scarlino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlino"},{"link_name":"Aurelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Aurelia"},{"link_name":"Tirrenica railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa-Livorno-Rome_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"}],"text":"Frazione in Tuscany, ItalyScarlino Scalo is a town in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Scarlino, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 1,230.[1]Scarlino Scalo is about 39 km from Grosseto and 6 km from Scarlino, and it is situated in a plain at the bottom of the hill of Scarlino, near to the Aurelia Statal Road and along the Tirrenica railway line, which links Livorno and Pisa with Grosseto and Rome.","title":"Scarlino Scalo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"}],"text":"Madonna delle Grazie, main parish church of the town, it was built in 1984.\nPalazzo Guelfi, former house of Angiolo Guelfi, it is now an Italian National Monument because it became shelter of national hero Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1849.","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Aldo Mazzolai, Guida della Maremma. Percorsi tra arte e natura, Le Lettere, Florence, 1997.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Pian d'Alma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pian_d%27Alma"},{"title":"Puntone di Scarlino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntone_di_Scarlino"},{"title":"Scarlino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlino"},{"title":"Scarlino Scalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scarlino_Scalo"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Villages_of_the_Province_of_Grosseto"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Villages_of_the_Province_of_Grosseto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Villages_of_the_Province_of_Grosseto"},{"title":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"title":"Villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"title":"Province of Grosseto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Grosseto"},{"title":"Alberese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberese"},{"title":"Albinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinia"},{"title":"Ansedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansedonia"},{"title":"Arcille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcille"},{"title":"Baccinello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccinello"},{"title":"Bagno di Gavorrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagno_di_Gavorrano"},{"title":"Bagnoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnoli,_Arcidosso"},{"title":"Bagnolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnolo,_Santa_Fiora"},{"title":"Bagnore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnore"},{"title":"Batignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batignano"},{"title":"Boccheggiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boccheggiano"},{"title":"Borgo Carige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgo_Carige"},{"title":"Borgo Santa Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgo_Santa_Rita"},{"title":"Braccagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braccagni"},{"title":"Buriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buriano,_Castiglione_della_Pescaia"},{"title":"Caldana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldana"},{"title":"Cana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana,_Tuscany"},{"title":"Capalbio Scalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capalbio_Scalo"},{"title":"Casale di Pari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casale_di_Pari"},{"title":"Casone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casone"},{"title":"Castellaccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellaccia"},{"title":"Castell'Ottieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell%27Ottieri"},{"title":"Castiglioncello Bandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglioncello_Bandini"},{"title":"Catabbio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabbio"},{"title":"Cellena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellena"},{"title":"Cerreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerreto,_Sorano"},{"title":"Chiarone Scalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiarone_Scalo"},{"title":"Civitella Marittima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitella_Marittima"},{"title":"Dogana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogana,_Civitella_Paganico"},{"title":"Elmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo,_Sorano"},{"title":"Filare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filare"},{"title":"Fonteblanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonteblanda"},{"title":"Frassine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frassine"},{"title":"Gerfalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerfalco"},{"title":"Ghirlanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghirlanda"},{"title":"Giannella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giannella"},{"title":"Giannutri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giannutri"},{"title":"Giardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardino,_Capalbio"},{"title":"Giglio Campese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giglio_Campese"},{"title":"Giglio Castello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giglio_Castello"},{"title":"Giglio Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giglio_Porto"},{"title":"Giuncarico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuncarico"},{"title":"Grilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grilli,_Gavorrano"},{"title":"Istia d'Ombrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istia_d%27Ombrone"},{"title":"La Torba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Torba"},{"title":"Lago Boracifero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Boracifero,_Monterotondo_Marittimo"},{"title":"Le Macchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Macchie"},{"title":"Marina di Grosseto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_di_Grosseto"},{"title":"Marroneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marroneto"},{"title":"Marrucheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrucheti"},{"title":"Marsiliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsiliana"},{"title":"Monte Antico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Antico"},{"title":"Montebamboli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montebamboli"},{"title":"Montebuono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montebuono,_Sorano"},{"title":"Montegiovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montegiovi"},{"title":"Montelaterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montelaterone"},{"title":"Montemassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montemassi"},{"title":"Montemerano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montemerano"},{"title":"Montenero d'Orcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenero_d%27Orcia"},{"title":"Montepescali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montepescali"},{"title":"Montevitozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevitozzo"},{"title":"Montiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montiano,_Magliano_in_Toscana"},{"title":"Monticello 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Fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescia_Fiorentina"},{"title":"Pescina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescina,_Seggiano"},{"title":"Petricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petricci"},{"title":"Pian d'Alma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pian_d%27Alma"},{"title":"Pian di Rocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pian_di_Rocca"},{"title":"Piloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloni"},{"title":"Poderi di Montemerano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poderi_di_Montemerano"},{"title":"Poggi del Sasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poggi_del_Sasso"},{"title":"Poggio Capanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poggio_Capanne"},{"title":"Poggio 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroat	Woolaston	["1 Development of the village","2 Governance","3 St. Andrew's Church","4 Stroat Church and ruined Bible Christian chapel","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°42′N 2°36′W / 51.70°N 02.6°W / 51.70; -02.6For places with similar spellings, see Woolston and Woollaston (disambiguation). Human settlement in EnglandWoolastonWoolaston villageWoolastonLocation within GloucestershirePopulation1,206 (2011)OS grid referenceSO594003Shire countyGloucestershireRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLydneyPostcode districtGL15PoliceGloucestershireFireGloucestershireAmbulanceSouth Western UK ParliamentForest of Dean List of places UK England Gloucestershire 51°42′N 2°36′W / 51.70°N 02.6°W / 51.70; -02.6 Woolaston is a village and civil parish in the Forest of Dean district of Gloucestershire in South West England. It lies on the north side of the Severn Estuary approximately 5 miles (8.0 kilometres) from the Welsh border at Chepstow and is surrounded by woodland and agricultural land. Development of the village Work has begun to develop the dairy into a small housing development. Recent developments have consolidated rather than expanded the village footprint. Traveling north west from Netherend with its primary school, village shop and 'The Netherend' pub, you pass what was once the Methodist chapel, then 'Birchwood Road', leading to a housing estate, the 'Ring Fence' a small lane with a number of cottages along it, the 'Rising Sun' one of the village's two public houses and the village allotments. Woolaston Common is about 1 mile from the main A48 road and north of the main village. Here there is a small hamlet of houses and an area of common ground which, for the most part of the year, is covered in bracken. Adjoining the common is also another hamlet called Sandtumps. Governance The village falls in the 'Hewelsfield and Woolaston' electoral ward. This ward stretches from Brockweir in the north east to Woolaston. The total population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 1,690. St. Andrew's Church St. Andrew's parish church at Woolaston is about a mile south west of Netherend along the A48 towards Chepstow. The earliest record of its existence is in 1131. However, the old circular churchyard and the nearby Roman road, which ran just to the north-west of the church, suggest a much earlier holy site. The Tower was originally a low one with a short wooden steeple, but following the granting of a faculty in 1774, it was completely rebuilt. It was threatened with closure in 2007 but at the final Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve it was announced the Church will be saved. Stroat Church and ruined Bible Christian chapel Stroat Church (previously known as Stroat Mission) is located three miles out of Woolaston on the A48 towards Chepstow. It has been involved in the village of Woolaston for over 120 years. Its history began with Squire Morgan and his family in the 1880s. They were evangelical Anglicans with a deep concern for the people of the Parish of Tidenham and in particular for those living in Woodcroft and, these being the distinctly rural areas where they most felt a need to evangelise. Scattered though the community was, the work they embarked upon at Woodcroft prospered. People came to worship from a wide area by whatever means they could, but mostly on foot or by horse and cart. Today the car has replaced the cart and the roads are lined with optical fibre broadband, but the countryside is still much as it was back then. It was in 1889 that the Morgans bought a plot of ground at Stroat and in that same year erected a corrugated iron building that became known as the Iron Room. As the years rolled on Stroat became independent of Woodcoft. There is a derelict Bible Christian chapel, built in 1836, on Woodside Road, near its junction with Slade Road. References ^ "Parish population 2011". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015. ^ "Farm in 36 homes plan". Forest of Dean and Wye Valley Review. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ "Hewelsfield and Woolaston ward 2011". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2015. ^ "Church of St Andrew". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ "Woolaston Church - St Andrews". Forest of Dean and Wye Valley. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ "Woolaston in the Forest of Dean". Dean web. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ "Stroat Church". Stroat Church. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ a b "Stroat Evangelical Church, Stroat, Tidenham". Gloucestershire Places of Worship. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ Gill (2011). "Bible Christian Chapel, Woolaston Woodside, built 1836". picasaweb.google.com. Retrieved 16 July 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woolaston. Photos of Woolaston and surrounding area on geograph	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woolston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolston_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Woollaston (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woollaston_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Forest of Dean district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_(district)"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"South West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England"},{"link_name":"Severn Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Estuary"},{"link_name":"Chepstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow"}],"text":"For places with similar spellings, see Woolston and Woollaston (disambiguation).Human settlement in EnglandWoolaston is a village and civil parish in the Forest of Dean district of Gloucestershire in South West England. It lies on the north side of the Severn Estuary approximately 5 miles (8.0 kilometres) from the Welsh border at Chepstow and is surrounded by woodland and agricultural land.","title":"Woolaston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"A48 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A48_road"}],"text":"Work has begun to develop the dairy into a small housing development.[2] Recent developments have consolidated rather than expanded the village footprint.Traveling north west from Netherend with its primary school, village shop and 'The Netherend' pub, you pass what was once the Methodist chapel, then 'Birchwood Road', leading to a housing estate, the 'Ring Fence' a small lane with a number of cottages along it, the 'Rising Sun' one of the village's two public houses and the village allotments.Woolaston Common is about 1 mile from the main A48 road and north of the main village. Here there is a small hamlet of houses and an area of common ground which, for the most part of the year, is covered in bracken. Adjoining the common is also another hamlet called Sandtumps.","title":"Development of the village"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Brockweir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockweir"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The village falls in the 'Hewelsfield and Woolaston' electoral ward. This ward stretches from Brockweir in the north east to Woolaston. The total population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 1,690.[3]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"churchyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchyard"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"steeple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeple_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Midnight Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Mass"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"St. Andrew's parish church at Woolaston is about a mile south west of Netherend along the A48 towards Chepstow. The earliest record of its existence is in 1131.[4] However, the old circular churchyard and the nearby Roman road, which ran just to the north-west of the church, suggest a much earlier holy site. The Tower was originally a low one with a short wooden steeple, but following the granting of a faculty in 1774, it was completely rebuilt.[5] It was threatened with closure in 2007 but at the final Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve it was announced the Church will be saved.[6]","title":"St. Andrew's Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-churchdb-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-churchdb-8"},{"link_name":"Bible Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Stroat Church (previously known as Stroat Mission) is located three miles out of Woolaston on the A48 towards Chepstow. It has been involved in the village of Woolaston for over 120 years.[7]Its history began with Squire Morgan and his family in the 1880s.[8] They were evangelical Anglicans with a deep concern for the people of the Parish of Tidenham and in particular for those living in Woodcroft and, these being the distinctly rural areas where they most felt a need to evangelise. Scattered though the community was, the work they embarked upon at Woodcroft prospered. People came to worship from a wide area by whatever means they could, but mostly on foot or by horse and cart. Today the car has replaced the cart and the roads are lined with optical fibre broadband, but the countryside is still much as it was back then.It was in 1889 that the Morgans bought a plot of ground at Stroat and in that same year erected a corrugated iron building that became known as the Iron Room.[8] As the years rolled on Stroat became independent of Woodcoft.There is a derelict Bible Christian chapel, built in 1836, on Woodside Road, near its junction with Slade Road.[9]","title":"Stroat Church and ruined Bible Christian chapel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Parish population 2011\". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130920&c=Woolaston&d=16&e=62&g=6427272&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1427456992369&enc=1","url_text":"\"Parish population 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161951/https://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130920&c=Woolaston&d=16&e=62&g=6427272&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1427456992369&enc=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Farm in 36 homes plan\". Forest of Dean and Wye Valley Review. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theforestreview.co.uk/article.cfm?id=116863&headline=Farm%20in%2036%20homes%20plan&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2019","url_text":"\"Farm in 36 homes plan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827105550/http://www.theforestreview.co.uk/article.cfm?id=116863&headline=Farm+in+36+homes+plan&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2019","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hewelsfield and Woolaston ward 2011\". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/hewelsfield-and-woolaston-e05004349#sthash.YD4DLXIY.dpbs","url_text":"\"Hewelsfield and Woolaston ward 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232050/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/hewelsfield-and-woolaston-e05004349#sthash.YD4DLXIY.dpbs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Church of St Andrew\". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1101547","url_text":"\"Church of St Andrew\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827105551/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1101547","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Woolaston Church - St Andrews\". Forest of Dean and Wye Valley. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wyedeantourism.co.uk/discover/things%20to%20do/t-3597%7C/i-4456-Woolaston_Church__St_Andrews","url_text":"\"Woolaston Church - St Andrews\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827105551/http://www.wyedeantourism.co.uk/discover/things%20to%20do/t-3597%7C/i-4456-Woolaston_Church__St_Andrews","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Woolaston in the Forest of Dean\". Dean web. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deanweb.info/history8.html","url_text":"\"Woolaston in the Forest of Dean\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200125021727/http://www.deanweb.info/history8.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stroat Church\". Stroat Church. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://stroatchurch.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Stroat Church\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827105613/http://stroatchurch.org.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stroat Evangelical Church, Stroat, Tidenham\". Gloucestershire Places of Worship. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://churchdb.gukutils.org.uk/GLS1164.php","url_text":"\"Stroat Evangelical Church, Stroat, Tidenham\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827105552/http://churchdb.gukutils.org.uk/GLS1164.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gill (2011). \"Bible Christian Chapel, Woolaston Woodside, built 1836\". picasaweb.google.com. Retrieved 16 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://picasaweb.google.com/apgstott/ChurchesAndChapels#569on%20Woodside%20Road%205374132511965506","url_text":"\"Bible Christian Chapel, Woolaston Woodside, built 1836\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Woolaston&params=51.7_N_2.6_W_region:GB_type:city(1206)","external_links_name":"51°42′N 2°36′W / 51.70°N 02.6°W / 51.70; -02.6"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Woolaston&params=51.699967_N_2.588866_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Woolaston","external_links_name":"SO594003"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Woolaston&params=51.7_N_2.6_W_region:GB_type:city(1206)","external_links_name":"51°42′N 2°36′W / 51.70°N 02.6°W / 51.70; -02.6"},{"Link":"https://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130920&c=Woolaston&d=16&e=62&g=6427272&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1427456992369&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Parish population 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161951/https://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130920&c=Woolaston&d=16&e=62&g=6427272&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1427456992369&enc=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.theforestreview.co.uk/article.cfm?id=116863&headline=Farm%20in%2036%20homes%20plan&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2019","external_links_name":"\"Farm in 36 homes plan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827105550/http://www.theforestreview.co.uk/article.cfm?id=116863&headline=Farm+in+36+homes+plan&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2019","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/hewelsfield-and-woolaston-e05004349#sthash.YD4DLXIY.dpbs","external_links_name":"\"Hewelsfield and Woolaston ward 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232050/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/hewelsfield-and-woolaston-e05004349#sthash.YD4DLXIY.dpbs","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1101547","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Andrew\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827105551/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1101547","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wyedeantourism.co.uk/discover/things%20to%20do/t-3597%7C/i-4456-Woolaston_Church__St_Andrews","external_links_name":"\"Woolaston Church - St Andrews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827105551/http://www.wyedeantourism.co.uk/discover/things%20to%20do/t-3597%7C/i-4456-Woolaston_Church__St_Andrews","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.deanweb.info/history8.html","external_links_name":"\"Woolaston in the Forest of Dean\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200125021727/http://www.deanweb.info/history8.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://stroatchurch.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Stroat Church\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827105613/http://stroatchurch.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://churchdb.gukutils.org.uk/GLS1164.php","external_links_name":"\"Stroat Evangelical Church, Stroat, Tidenham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827105552/http://churchdb.gukutils.org.uk/GLS1164.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://picasaweb.google.com/apgstott/ChurchesAndChapels#569on%20Woodside%20Road%205374132511965506","external_links_name":"\"Bible Christian Chapel, Woolaston Woodside, built 1836\""},{"Link":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=3679922","external_links_name":"Photos of Woolaston and surrounding area on geograph"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Emeldon	Robert de Emeldon	["1 Early career","2 Homicide","3 Later career","4 Disgrace","5 Pardon and last years","6 References"]	English crown official and judge Robert de Emeldon, or Embleton (died 1355) was an English-born Crown official and judge who spent much of his career in Ireland. He held several important public offices, including Attorney-General for Ireland, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland and Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer. He was a turbulent and violent man, who was guilty of at least one homicide, was imprisoned for a number of serious crimes including rape and manslaughter, and had a reputation for corruption: but he was a royal favourite of King Edward III and was thus able to survive his temporary disgrace in the early 1350s. Early career Embleton Church, late nineteenth century: Robert was born in Embleton He took his name from his birthplace, Embleton, Northumberland. He also had links with Newcastle-upon-Tyne, as he was a cousin of Richard de Emeldon, who was five times Mayor of Newcastle between 1305 and 1332, having moved there from Embleton.Robert became parish priest of Lesbury, Northumberland in 1329. He was an official in the English Chancery for many years: Gilbert states that he was a great favourite of Edward III, who had known him since childhood. He came to Ireland about 1335 and was appointed a prebendary in the Diocese of Clonfert. He was almost certainly a qualified lawyer: the Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer then did not always have legal qualifications, but the King's Attorney was invariably a professional advocate. Homicide The Patent Rolls have a terse entry for 18 January 1336: Pardon to Robert of Emeldon in consideration for his services to the King in Ireland for the death of Ralph de Byrton, knight, and of any consequent outlawries. No further details of the crime or of the victim are given, although the list of charges brought against Emeldon in 1350 included at least one charge of manslaughter. The reference to his services to the King suggests that the Crown, even at this early stage of his career, saw him as too valuable an official for his services to be lightly dispensed with. A royal pardon was relatively easy to obtain, even for such a serious crime, and this ability of serious criminals to evade justice seems to have become a matter of scandal only in the following century. Later career In 1340, Emeldon became Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland, and the attached position of Clerk of the Exchequer of Pleas, and was sworn a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. He also became Archdeacon of Kells. He was appointed Treasurer of Connacht in 1341, and was entrusted with the task of receiving on the Crown's behalf the profits of all lands in Connacht held by William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster, who had been murdered in 1333; the Earl held these lands as tenant in chief from the King. In 1346 he was rewarded for his good services to the Crown, after he accompanied Sir Ralph d'Ufford, the Justiciar of Ireland, on a campaign against Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond. During d'Ufford's brief government of Ireland (1344-6) Emeldon's own influence was at its height. He was appointed Attorney General for Ireland (King's Attorney), which was a relatively new office, in March 1348 and Lord High Treasurer shortly afterwards. The vacancy in the Lord Treasurer's office arose from charges of corruption and negligence, which ultimately proved to be groundless, made against Emeldon's predecessor, John de Burnham, who was required to spend several years in England clearing his name. The main instigator of the charges was William de Barton, a disgruntled former Keeper of Works at the Exchequer of Ireland, who had been removed from office by Burnham on the curious ground that he suffered from violent convulsions. Emeldon, unlike Barton, benefited directly from Burnham's long absence from Ireland, and although there is no firm evidence of his complicity, it is possible that he was involved in the accusations against Burnham, and also Chief Purveyor. He was certainly an ally of Barton, and recommended him for appointment to another senior position, Chief Engrosser (copier)in the Court of Exchequer (Ireland), in 1348. Emeldon himself quickly embarked on an enthusiastic career of embezzlement and bribery. Disgrace In 1350 the new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Sir Thomas de Rokeby, launched a campaign to remove corrupt Irish Government officials, of whom the most notorious was Emeldon, who was arrested and imprisoned shortly after Rokeby's arrival in Ireland, on charges of corruption. In Emeldon's case "corruption" seems to have meant not only financial dishonesty in the usual sense (although there was plenty of evidence of that), but also numerous crimes of violence, including assault, malicious wounding, rape, robbery and manslaughter. He was also accused of refusing to fund a military expedition in County Wicklow. Emeldon, instead of immediately protesting his innocence, pleaded benefit of clergy. It is likely that some of the charges against him were true; he had of course already been pardoned for killing Ralph de Byrton in 1336. Perhaps aware that his plea might be seen as an admission of his guilt, he quickly changed his stance. He pleaded his innocence at a hearing in the ecclesiastical court of the Archbishop of Dublin, and was given absolution, and announced his willingness to appear before the King personally. The matter was accordingly referred to the King and Council. Pardon and last years Due to the favour he enjoyed with the King, who maintained that he was a "loyal and always faithful servant", Emeldon was soon released from prison and received a second royal pardon, and the restoration of his confiscated lands and goods, despite Rokeby's protests. He became Chief Baron in 1351 and died in office in 1355. His last years apparently passed without serious incident References ^ a b c d e Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921 John Murray London 1926 Vol.1 p.80 ^ a b c Gilbert, Sir John History of the Viceroys of Ireland Dublin J. Duffy and Co. p.205 ^ a b c d e f g Mackay, Ronan "Embleton, Robert" Cambridge Dictionary of Irish Biography ^ Patent Rolls Edward III Vol.3 p.194 ^ Patent Roll 8 Henry VI "both offices had been held by Robert Emeldon".. ^ Close Roll 15 Edward III 21 November 1341 ^ Close Roll 20 Edward III ^ Patent Roll 21 Edward III ^ Patent Roll 22 Edward III ^ Connolly, Philomena The Proceedings against John de Burnham Treasurer of Ireland 1343-1349: "Essays Presented to J F Lydon Cambridge University Press 1993 p.72 ^ Connolly p.63 Secondary Sources Connolly, Philomena (1993). "The Proceedings against John de Burnham Treasurer of Ireland 1343-1349". Essays Presented to J F Lydon. Cambridge University Press: 72. Ball, F. Elrington (1926). The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. p. 80. Gilbert, Sir John (1865). History of the Viceroys of Ireland. Dublin: J. Duffy and Co. p. 205. Patent Rolls Edward III. Vol. 3. p. 194. vteChancellors of the Exchequer of Ireland Walter de Thornbury John de Hotham Nicholas de Balscote Adam de Harvington Thomas de Montpellier Thomas de Brayles Robert le Poer William de Bromley Robert de Emeldon John de Pembroke Thomas Bache William Fitzwilliam John de Troye Robert Preston, 1st Baron Gormanston Hugh Banent Robert Dyke Sampson d"Artois James Blakeney Robert Norreys Robert St Lawrence, 3rd Baron Howth Walter Ivers Edward Barnewall Patrick Bermingham Richard Delahide John Alan Thomas Cusack Henry Draycott Robert Dillon John Bathe Sir Edward Waterhouse George Clive Thomas Molyneux Sir Richard Cooke Dudley Norton Henry Holcroft Thomas Hibbotts Henry Holcroft Sir Robert Meredyth Richard Jones Sir Charles Meredyth Bruno Talbot Philip Savage Sir Ralph Gore, 4th Baronet Henry Boyle Marmaduke Coghill Henry Boyle Arthur Hill Henry Boyle Anthony Malone Sir William Yorke, 1st Baronet William Gerard Hamilton John Foster Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet Isaac Corry John Foster Sir John Newport, 1st Baronet John Foster William Wellesley-Pole William Vesey-FitzGerald Nicholas Vansittart	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lord High Treasurer of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Baron_of_the_Irish_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"homicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide"},{"link_name":"corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption"},{"link_name":"royal favourite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_favourite"},{"link_name":"King Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbert-2"}],"text":"Robert de Emeldon, or Embleton (died 1355) was an English-born Crown official and judge who spent much of his career in Ireland. He held several important public offices, including Attorney-General for Ireland, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland and Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer.[1] He was a turbulent and violent man, who was guilty of at least one homicide, was imprisoned for a number of serious crimes including rape and manslaughter, and had a reputation for corruption: but he was a royal favourite of King Edward III and was thus able to survive his temporary disgrace in the early 1350s.[2]","title":"Robert de Emeldon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embleton_Church_1.png"},{"link_name":"Embleton, Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embleton,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-upon-Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-3"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"Lesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbert-2"},{"link_name":"prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Clonfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Clonfert_(Roman_Catholic)"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"}],"text":"Embleton Church, late nineteenth century: Robert was born in EmbletonHe took his name from his birthplace, Embleton, Northumberland.[1] He also had links with Newcastle-upon-Tyne, as he was a cousin of Richard de Emeldon, who was five times Mayor of Newcastle between 1305 and 1332, having moved there from Embleton.[3]Robert became parish priest of Lesbury, Northumberland in 1329.[1]He was an official in the English Chancery for many years: Gilbert states that he was a great favourite of Edward III, who had known him since childhood.[2] He came to Ireland about 1335 and was appointed a prebendary in the Diocese of Clonfert. He was almost certainly a qualified lawyer: the Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer then did not always have legal qualifications, but the King's Attorney was invariably a professional advocate.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patent Rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_Rolls"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"outlawries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter"}],"text":"The Patent Rolls have a terse entry for 18 January 1336:Pardon to Robert of Emeldon in consideration for his services to the King in Ireland for the death of Ralph de Byrton, knight, and of any consequent outlawries.[4]No further details of the crime or of the victim are given, although the list of charges brought against Emeldon in 1350 included at least one charge of manslaughter. The reference to his services to the King suggests that the Crown, even at this early stage of his career, saw him as too valuable an official for his services to be lightly dispensed with. A royal pardon was relatively easy to obtain, even for such a serious crime, and this ability of serious criminals to evade justice seems to have become a matter of scandal only in the following century.","title":"Homicide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Exchequer of Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Privy Council of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Kells"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-3"},{"link_name":"Connacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht"},{"link_name":"William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Donn_de_Burgh,_3rd_Earl_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"murdered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdered"},{"link_name":"tenant in chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenant_in_chief"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Justiciar of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiciar_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_FitzGerald,_1st_Earl_of_Desmond"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-3"},{"link_name":"Attorney General for Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"negligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence"},{"link_name":"John de Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Exchequer of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchequer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"convulsions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsions"},{"link_name":"Purveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purveyance"},{"link_name":"Court of Exchequer (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"embezzlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement"},{"link_name":"bribery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 1340, Emeldon became Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland, and the attached position of Clerk of the Exchequer of Pleas, [5] and was sworn a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. He also became Archdeacon of Kells.[3] He was appointed Treasurer of Connacht in 1341, and was entrusted with the task of receiving on the Crown's behalf the profits of all lands in Connacht held by William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster, who had been murdered in 1333; the Earl held these lands as tenant in chief from the King.[6] In 1346 he was rewarded for his good services to the Crown, after he accompanied Sir Ralph d'Ufford, the Justiciar of Ireland, on a campaign against Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond.[7] During d'Ufford's brief government of Ireland (1344-6) Emeldon's own influence was at its height.[3]He was appointed Attorney General for Ireland (King's Attorney), which was a relatively new office, in March 1348[8] and Lord High Treasurer shortly afterwards.[1] The vacancy in the Lord Treasurer's office arose from charges of corruption and negligence, which ultimately proved to be groundless, made against Emeldon's predecessor, John de Burnham, who was required to spend several years in England clearing his name. The main instigator of the charges was William de Barton, a disgruntled former Keeper of Works at the Exchequer of Ireland, who had been removed from office by Burnham on the curious ground that he suffered from violent convulsions. Emeldon, unlike Barton, benefited directly from Burnham's long absence from Ireland, and although there is no firm evidence of his complicity, it is possible that he was involved in the accusations against Burnham, and also Chief Purveyor. He was certainly an ally of Barton, and recommended him for appointment to another senior position, Chief Engrosser (copier)in the Court of Exchequer (Ireland), in 1348.[9] Emeldon himself quickly embarked on an enthusiastic career of embezzlement and bribery.[10]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Rokeby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Rokeby_(died_1356)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbert-2"},{"link_name":"assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery"},{"link_name":"manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"military expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_expedition"},{"link_name":"County Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-3"},{"link_name":"benefit of clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_of_clergy"},{"link_name":"killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"absolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-3"}],"text":"In 1350 the new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Sir Thomas de Rokeby, launched a campaign to remove corrupt Irish Government officials, of whom the most notorious was Emeldon, who was arrested and imprisoned shortly after Rokeby's arrival in Ireland, on charges of corruption.[2] In Emeldon's case \"corruption\" seems to have meant not only financial dishonesty in the usual sense (although there was plenty of evidence of that), but also numerous crimes of violence, including assault, malicious wounding, rape, robbery and manslaughter.[11] He was also accused of refusing to fund a military expedition in County Wicklow.[3] Emeldon, instead of immediately protesting his innocence, pleaded benefit of clergy. It is likely that some of the charges against him were true; he had of course already been pardoned for killing Ralph de Byrton in 1336. Perhaps aware that his plea might be seen as an admission of his guilt, he quickly changed his stance. He pleaded his innocence at a hearing in the ecclesiastical court of the Archbishop of Dublin, and was given absolution,[3] and announced his willingness to appear before the King personally. The matter was accordingly referred to the King and Council.[3]","title":"Disgrace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"royal pardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_pardon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"}],"text":"Due to the favour he enjoyed with the King, who maintained that he was a \"loyal and always faithful servant\", Emeldon was soon released from prison and received a second royal pardon, and the restoration of his confiscated lands and goods, despite Rokeby's protests.[3] He became Chief Baron in 1351 and died in office in 1355. His last years apparently passed without serious incident[1]","title":"Pardon and last years"}]	[{"image_text":"Embleton Church, late nineteenth century: Robert was born in Embleton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Embleton_Church_1.png/200px-Embleton_Church_1.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Connolly, Philomena (1993). \"The Proceedings against John de Burnham Treasurer of Ireland 1343-1349\". Essays Presented to J F Lydon. Cambridge University Press: 72.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ball, F. Elrington (1926). The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. p. 80.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Sir John (1865). History of the Viceroys of Ireland. Dublin: J. Duffy and Co. p. 205.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofviceroy00gilbiala","url_text":"History of the Viceroys of Ireland"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofviceroy00gilbiala/page/205","url_text":"205"}]},{"reference":"Patent Rolls Edward III. Vol. 3. p. 194.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KwsJWhQdd4cC","external_links_name":"The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofviceroy00gilbiala","external_links_name":"History of the Viceroys of Ireland"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofviceroy00gilbiala/page/205","external_links_name":"205"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Prinz_Adalbert	SS Prinz Adalbert	["1 Prinz-class cargo liners","2 Description","3 HAPAG career","4 Allied career","5 References","6 Bibliography"]	Coordinates: 48°49′N 05°00′W / 48.817°N 5.000°W / 48.817; -5.000German-built cargo liner For other ships with the same name, see SMS Prinz Adalbert and Alesia (disambiguation) § Ships. Prinz Adalbert History Name 1902: Prinz Adalbert 1914: Prince 1916: Princetown 1917: Alesia Namesake 1902: Prince Adalbert of Prussia 1916: Princetown 1917: Alesia Owner 1902: Hamburg America Line 1917: C de N Sud-Atlantique Operator 1914: Admiralty 1915: Gellatly, Hankey & Co Port of registry 1902: Hamburg 1915: 1917: Route 1903: Hamburg – Brazil 1903: Hamburg – Vera Cruz 1904: Genoa – New York 1906: Genoa – Buenos Aires 1914: Hamburg – Philadelphia BuilderBremer Vulkan, Vegesack Yard number450 Launched21 August 1902 Completed12 January 1903 Maiden voyage20 January 1903: Hamburg – Brazil Identification code letters RMSN call sign DDZ Fatesunk by torpedo, 1917 General characteristics Typecargo liner Tonnage6,030 GRT, 3,797 NRT, 6,150 DWT Length403.3 ft (122.9 m) Beam49.2 ft (15.0 m) Depth27.1 ft (8.3 m) Decks3 Installed power402 NHP Propulsion 2 × quadruple-expansion engines 2 × screws Speed12 knots (22 km/h) Capacitypassengers: 120 × 1st class; 50 × 2nd class; 300 × 3rd class Sensors and processing systemsby 1910: submarine signalling Notessister ship: Prinz Oskar SS Prinz Adalbert was a twin-screw cargo liner that was launched in Germany in 1902 for Hamburg America Line (HAPAG). In 1914 the United Kingdom Admiralty seized her and renamed her Prince. In 1916 she was renamed Princetown. On 1917 she was transferred to the Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique and renamed Alesia. Later in 1917 a U-boat sank her. Prinz-class cargo liners Prince Adalbert of Prussia Between 1901 and 1903, HAPAG had seven new cargo liners built, each named after a prince of the House of Hohenzollern. Two were twin-screw ships, built by Bremer Vulkan Schiffbau & Machinenfabrik in Bremen-Vegesack. Prinz Adalbert was launched in 21 August 1902 and completed on 12 January 1903. Her sister ship Prinz Oskar was launched on 15 December 1902 and completed in 14 June 1903. The other five formed a class of single-screw ships. Reiherstieg Schiffswerfte & Maschinenfabrik in Hamburg built Prinz Eitel Friedrich and Prinz Waldemar. AG "Neptun" in Rostock built Prinz Sigismund. Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft in Flensburg built Prinz August Wilhelm and Prinz Joachim. Prinz Adalbert and Prinz Oskar were about 32 feet (10 m) longer and 4 feet (1.2 m) broader than the single-screw ships. The pair thus forms either a sub-class or a separate class. Description Prinz Adalbert in port Prinz Adalbert was named after Prince Adalbert of Prussia. Her registered length was 403.3 ft (122.9 m), her beam was 49.2 ft (15.0 m), and her depth was 27.1 ft (8.3 m). Her tonnages were 6,030 GRT and 3,797 NRT. As built, she had berths for 470 passengers: 120 in first class, 50 in second class, and 300 in third class. Prinz Adalbert had a pair of quadruple-expansion engines to drive her twin screws. Their combined power was rated at 402 NHP, and they gave her a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h). HAPAG career HAPAG registered Prinz Adalbert at Hamburg. Her code letters were RMSN. On 20 January 1903 she left Hamburg on her maiden voyage, which was to Rio de Janeiro. Later that year she sailed from Hamburg to Mexico, on a direct service that did not call at ports in the West Indies. In August 1904 HAPAG announced that from 1 October Prinz Adalbert and Prinz Oskar would serve its route between Genoa in Italy and New York via Naples. Steerage fares from New York would be $15 to Naples and Genoa, and $16 to Trieste in Italy and Fiume in Austria-Hungary (now Rijeka in Croatia). By 1905 the route included a call at Palermo in Sicily, on westbound voyages only. By 1906 her route was between Genoa and Buenos Aires in Argentina. By 1910 Prinz Adalbert was equipped with submarine signalling and wireless telegraphy. At the end of 1910 she started serving Philadelphia. The Chief Steward's photograph of the iceberg suspected of sinking RMS Titanic On 15 April 1912 she was in the North Atlantic when her chief steward photographed an iceberg. He wrote that "On one side red paint was plainly visible, which has the appearance of having been made by the scraping of a vessel on the iceberg." At the time, no-one aboard Prinz Adalbert' was aware that on the night of 14–15 April RMS Titanic had struck an iceberg and sunk. By 1913 Prinz Adalbert's wireless call sign was DDZ. By 1914 she and Prinz Oskar served a North Atlantic route between Hamburg and Philadelphia, sometimes with an intermediate call at Emden. On 3 August 1914 Germany declared war on Belgium and France, and the next day the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. Prinz Adalbert was in Falmouth, Cornwall at the time. Her Master was advised to put to sea, but he chose to keep his ship in Falmouth, where the Admiralty seized her. Allied career Prinz Adalbert was renamed Prince, and on 17 December 1914 became a accommodation ship at Invergordon, Scotland. Later she was renamed Princetown and was converted into a repair ship. According to one source, in 1915 she was returned to merchant service, with Gellatly, Hankey & Co of London as her managers. It was not until March 1916 that a prize court declared Princetown to be a prize ship. She was paid off on 20 October 1916 and disposed of for sale on 23 December 1916. On 17 January 1917 Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique (CNSA) of Marseille bought her at auction in a damaged condition. CNSA had her reconditioned in England, and renamed her Alesia, after the town of Alesia in ancient Gaul. In September 1917 Alesia left Bordeaux for Cardiff carrying coal and general cargo. On 5 September UC-69 torpedoed her 40 nautical miles (74 km) northwest of the island of Ushant in Brittany. Alesia was damaged but stayed afloat. The next day, still off Ushant, UC-50 torpedoed her, sinking her at position 48°49′N 05°00′W / 48.817°N 5.000°W / 48.817; -5.000. References ^ "Prinz Adalbert". Titanic Inquiry Project. Retrieved 6 May 2015. ^ a b c d Lloyd's Register 1904, PRI. ^ Haws 1980, pp. 75–76. ^ a b c Haws 1980, p. 76. ^ a b Rothe 1986, p. 91. ^ "From England for $7.50". The New York Times. 14 August 1904. p. 1. Retrieved 12 February 2024 – via Times Machine. ^ "SS Prinz Oskar and Prinz Adalbert Photos – Hamburg America Line – 1905". Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives. Retrieved 5 February 2024. ^ Bonsor 1983, pp. 344–345, 350. ^ Lloyd's Register 1910, PRI. ^ "'Titanic iceberg' photo to be auctioned". BBC News. 17 October 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2019. ^ The Marconi Press Agency Ltd 1913, p. 241. ^ The Marconi Press Agency Ltd 1914, p. 374. ^ "Hamburg-American Line". marine timetable images. Björn Larsson. Retrieved 5 February 2024. ^ a b "The Prize Court: Two German liners condemned". The Times. No. 41123. London. 24 March 1916. p. 3. ^ "Fate of Merchantmen". The Times. No. 40597. London. 7 August 1914. p. 6. ^ a b Warlow 2000 ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Alesia". uboat.net. Retrieved 5 February 2024. ^ "Prize Liner Sold". The Times. No. 41379. London. 18 January 1917. p. 6. ^ Bonsor 1983, pp. 405, 413. Bibliography Bonsor, Noel RP (1983). South Atlantic Seaway: an illustrated history of the passenger lines and liners from Europe to Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Jersey: Brookside Publications. ISBN 0-905824-06-7. Haws, Duncan (1980). The Ships of the Hamburg America, Adler and Carr Lines. Merchant Fleets in Profile. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-397-2. Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1904 – via Internet Archive. Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1910 – via Internet Archive. The Marconi Press Agency Ltd (1913). The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. London: The St Katherine Press. The Marconi Press Agency Ltd (1914). The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. London: The Marconi Press Agency Ltd. Rothe, Klaus (1986). Deutsche Ozean-Passagierschiffe 1896 bis 1918. Bibliothek der Schiffstypen (in German). Berlin: VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen. ISBN 3-344-00059-4. Warlow, Ben (2000). Shore Establishments of the Royal Navy: being a list of the static ships and establishments of the Royal Navy (2nd ed.). Liskeard: Maritime Books. ISBN 0-907771-73-4. vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in September 1917Shipwrecks 1 Sep: Akaroa 2 Sep: SM U-28 3 Sep: Dundee 5 Sep: SM U-88 6 Sep: Alesia 7 Sep: Minnehaha 10 Sep: SM UC-42 11 Sep: SM U-49 12 Sep: SM U-45 14 Sep: USS D-2 16 Sep: HMS G9 17 Sep: SM UC-45 18 Sep: Port Kembla 21 Sep: Radaas 23 Sep: Rosehill 26 Sep: SM UC-33 27 Sep: SM UC-6 29 Sep: SM UC-55 Unknown date: SM U-66, SM UB-32, SM UC-21 Other incidents 2 Sep: Dundee 5 Sep: Alesia 16 Sep: HMS Pasley 1916 1917 1918 August 1917 October 1917	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SMS Prinz Adalbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Prinz_Adalbert"},{"link_name":"Alesia (disambiguation) § Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alesia_(disambiguation)#Ships"},{"link_name":"screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"cargo liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_liner"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hamburg America Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_America_Line"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_de_Navigation_Sud-Atlantique"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"}],"text":"German-built cargo linerFor other ships with the same name, see SMS Prinz Adalbert and Alesia (disambiguation) § Ships.SS Prinz Adalbert was a twin-screw cargo liner that was launched in Germany in 1902 for Hamburg America Line (HAPAG). In 1914 the United Kingdom Admiralty seized her and renamed her Prince. In 1916 she was renamed Princetown. On 1917 she was transferred to the Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique and renamed Alesia. Later in 1917 a U-boat sank her.","title":"SS Prinz Adalbert"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Adalbert_of_Prussia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Adalbert of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Adalbert_of_Prussia_(1884%E2%80%931948)"},{"link_name":"House of Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern"},{"link_name":"Bremer Vulkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremer_Vulkan"},{"link_name":"Bremen-Vegesack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen-Vegesack"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sister ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"Prinz Oskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Prinz_Oskar"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_class"},{"link_name":"Reiherstieg Schiffswerfte & Maschinenfabrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiherstieg_Schiffswerfte_%26_Maschinenfabrik"},{"link_name":"Prinz Eitel Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Otsego"},{"link_name":"Prinz Waldemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Prinz_Waldemar"},{"link_name":"AG \"Neptun\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_Werft"},{"link_name":"Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock"},{"link_name":"Prinz Sigismund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_General_W._C._Gorgas"},{"link_name":"Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburger_Schiffbau-Gesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Flensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg"},{"link_name":"Prinz August Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Prinz_August_Wilhelm"},{"link_name":"Prinz Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Moccasin_(ID-1322)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lloyd's_Register''_1904PRI-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaws198075%E2%80%9376-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaws198076-4"}],"text":"Prince Adalbert of PrussiaBetween 1901 and 1903, HAPAG had seven new cargo liners built, each named after a prince of the House of Hohenzollern. Two were twin-screw ships, built by Bremer Vulkan Schiffbau & Machinenfabrik in Bremen-Vegesack. Prinz Adalbert was launched in 21 August 1902 and completed on 12 January 1903.[1] Her sister ship Prinz Oskar was launched on 15 December 1902 and completed in 14 June 1903.The other five formed a class of single-screw ships. Reiherstieg Schiffswerfte & Maschinenfabrik in Hamburg built Prinz Eitel Friedrich and Prinz Waldemar. AG \"Neptun\" in Rostock built Prinz Sigismund. Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft in Flensburg built Prinz August Wilhelm and Prinz Joachim.[2][3]Prinz Adalbert and Prinz Oskar were about 32 feet (10 m) longer and 4 feet (1.2 m) broader than the single-screw ships.[4] The pair thus forms either a sub-class or a separate class.","title":"Prinz-class cargo liners"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prinz_Adalbert_1902_HAPAG_am_Kai.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Adalbert of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Adalbert_of_Prussia_(1884%E2%80%931948)"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"tonnages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage"},{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"NRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lloyd's_Register''_1904PRI-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaws198076-4"},{"link_name":"quadruple-expansion engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Triple_or_multiple_expansion"},{"link_name":"NHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Nominal_horsepower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lloyd's_Register''_1904PRI-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaws198076-4"}],"text":"Prinz Adalbert in portPrinz Adalbert was named after Prince Adalbert of Prussia. Her registered length was 403.3 ft (122.9 m), her beam was 49.2 ft (15.0 m), and her depth was 27.1 ft (8.3 m). Her tonnages were 6,030 GRT and 3,797 NRT.[2] As built, she had berths for 470 passengers: 120 in first class, 50 in second class, and 300 in third class.[4]Prinz Adalbert had a pair of quadruple-expansion engines to drive her twin screws. Their combined power was rated at 402 NHP,[2] and they gave her a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h).[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"registered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_registration"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"code letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_letters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lloyd's_Register''_1904PRI-2"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothe198691-5"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Steerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steerage"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Trieste"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Palermo"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonsor1983344%E2%80%93345,_350-8"},{"link_name":"submarine signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_signals"},{"link_name":"wireless telegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lloyd's_Register''_1910PRI-9"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothe198691-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titanic_iceberg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"chief steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_steward"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic"},{"link_name":"struck an iceberg and sunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_call_sign"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Marconi_Press_Agency_Ltd1913241-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Marconi_Press_Agency_Ltd1914374-12"},{"link_name":"Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Emden"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Falmouth, Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_mariner"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times1916-0324-14"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"HAPAG registered Prinz Adalbert at Hamburg. Her code letters were RMSN.[2] On 20 January 1903 she left Hamburg on her maiden voyage, which was to Rio de Janeiro. Later that year she sailed from Hamburg to Mexico, on a direct service that did not call at ports in the West Indies.[5]In August 1904 HAPAG announced that from 1 October Prinz Adalbert and Prinz Oskar would serve its route between Genoa in Italy and New York via Naples. Steerage fares from New York would be $15 to Naples and Genoa, and $16 to Trieste in Italy and Fiume in Austria-Hungary (now Rijeka in Croatia).[6] By 1905 the route included a call at Palermo in Sicily, on westbound voyages only.[7] By 1906 her route was between Genoa and Buenos Aires in Argentina.[8]By 1910 Prinz Adalbert was equipped with submarine signalling and wireless telegraphy.[9] At the end of 1910 she started serving Philadelphia.[5]The Chief Steward's photograph of the iceberg suspected of sinking RMS TitanicOn 15 April 1912 she was in the North Atlantic when her chief steward photographed an iceberg. He wrote that \"On one side red paint was plainly visible, which has the appearance of having been made by the scraping of a vessel on the iceberg.\" At the time, no-one aboard Prinz Adalbert' was aware that on the night of 14–15 April RMS Titanic had struck an iceberg and sunk.[10]By 1913 Prinz Adalbert's wireless call sign was DDZ.[11][12] By 1914 she and Prinz Oskar served a North Atlantic route between Hamburg and Philadelphia, sometimes with an intermediate call at Emden.[13]On 3 August 1914 Germany declared war on Belgium and France, and the next day the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. Prinz Adalbert was in Falmouth, Cornwall at the time. Her Master was advised to put to sea,[clarification needed] but he chose to keep his ship in Falmouth,[14] where the Admiralty seized her.[15]","title":"HAPAG career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accommodation ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks_ship"},{"link_name":"Invergordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invergordon"},{"link_name":"repair ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repair_ship"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warlow-16"},{"link_name":"managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_management"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helgason-17"},{"link_name":"prize court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_court"},{"link_name":"prize ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_(law)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times1916-0324-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warlow-16"},{"link_name":"Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_de_Navigation_Sud-Atlantique"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille-Fos_Port"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonsor1983405,_413-19"},{"link_name":"Alesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alesia_(city)"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Docks"},{"link_name":"UC-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-69"},{"link_name":"Ushant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushant"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"UC-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-50"},{"link_name":"48°49′N 05°00′W / 48.817°N 5.000°W / 48.817; -5.000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Prinz_Adalbert&params=48_49_N_05_00_W_"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helgason-17"}],"text":"Prinz Adalbert was renamed Prince, and on 17 December 1914 became a accommodation ship at Invergordon, Scotland. Later she was renamed Princetown and was converted into a repair ship.[16] According to one source, in 1915 she was returned to merchant service, with Gellatly, Hankey & Co of London as her managers.[17]It was not until March 1916 that a prize court declared Princetown to be a prize ship.[14] She was paid off on 20 October 1916 and disposed of for sale on 23 December 1916.[16]On 17 January 1917 Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique (CNSA) of Marseille bought her at auction in a damaged condition. CNSA had her reconditioned in England, and renamed her Alesia,[18][19] after the town of Alesia in ancient Gaul.In September 1917 Alesia left Bordeaux for Cardiff carrying coal and general cargo. On 5 September UC-69 torpedoed her 40 nautical miles (74 km) northwest of the island of Ushant in Brittany. Alesia was damaged but stayed afloat. The next day, still off Ushant, UC-50 torpedoed her, sinking her at position 48°49′N 05°00′W / 48.817°N 5.000°W / 48.817; -5.000.[17]","title":"Allied career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-905824-06-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905824-06-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85059-397-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-397-2"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/HECROS1905ST/page/n716/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/HECROS1911ST/page/n840/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"The Marconi Press Agency Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-344-00059-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-344-00059-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-907771-73-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907771-73-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:September_1917_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:September_1917_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:September_1917_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Shipwrecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_September_1917"},{"link_name":"Akaroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaroa_(barque)"},{"link_name":"SM U-28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-28_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Dundee"},{"link_name":"SM U-88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-88"},{"link_name":"Alesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Minnehaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Minnehaha"},{"link_name":"SM UC-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-42"},{"link_name":"SM U-49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-49"},{"link_name":"SM U-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-45"},{"link_name":"USS D-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_D-2"},{"link_name":"HMS G9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_G9"},{"link_name":"SM UC-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-45"},{"link_name":"Port Kembla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Port_Kembla"},{"link_name":"Radaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Radaas"},{"link_name":"Rosehill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Rosehill"},{"link_name":"SM UC-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-33"},{"link_name":"SM UC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-6"},{"link_name":"SM UC-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-55"},{"link_name":"SM U-66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-66"},{"link_name":"SM UB-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-32"},{"link_name":"SM UC-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-21"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Dundee"},{"link_name":"Alesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"HMS Pasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Pasley_(1916)"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1918"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1918"},{"link_name":"August 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_August_1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_August_1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1917"},{"link_name":"October 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1917"}],"text":"Bonsor, Noel RP (1983). South Atlantic Seaway: an illustrated history of the passenger lines and liners from Europe to Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Jersey: Brookside Publications. ISBN 0-905824-06-7.\nHaws, Duncan (1980). The Ships of the Hamburg America, Adler and Carr Lines. Merchant Fleets in Profile. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-397-2.\nLloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1904 – via Internet Archive.\nLloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1910 – via Internet Archive.\nThe Marconi Press Agency Ltd (1913). The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. London: The St Katherine Press.\nThe Marconi Press Agency Ltd (1914). The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. London: The Marconi Press Agency Ltd.\nRothe, Klaus (1986). Deutsche Ozean-Passagierschiffe 1896 bis 1918. Bibliothek der Schiffstypen (in German). Berlin: VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen. ISBN 3-344-00059-4.\nWarlow, Ben (2000). Shore Establishments of the Royal Navy: being a list of the static ships and establishments of the Royal Navy (2nd ed.). Liskeard: Maritime Books. ISBN 0-907771-73-4.vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in September 1917Shipwrecks\n1 Sep: Akaroa\n2 Sep: SM U-28\n3 Sep: Dundee\n5 Sep: SM U-88\n6 Sep: Alesia\n7 Sep: Minnehaha\n10 Sep: SM UC-42\n11 Sep: SM U-49\n12 Sep: SM U-45\n14 Sep: USS D-2\n16 Sep: HMS G9\n17 Sep: SM UC-45\n18 Sep: Port Kembla\n21 Sep: Radaas\n23 Sep: Rosehill\n26 Sep: SM UC-33\n27 Sep: SM UC-6\n29 Sep: SM UC-55\nUnknown date: SM U-66, SM UB-32, SM UC-21\nOther incidents\n2 Sep: Dundee\n5 Sep: Alesia\n16 Sep: HMS Pasley\n1916 1917 1918 August 1917 October 1917","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Prince Adalbert of Prussia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Prince_Adalbert_of_Prussia.jpg/170px-Prince_Adalbert_of_Prussia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prinz Adalbert in port","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Prinz_Adalbert_1902_HAPAG_am_Kai.jpg/220px-Prinz_Adalbert_1902_HAPAG_am_Kai.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Chief Steward's photograph of the iceberg suspected of sinking RMS Titanic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Titanic_iceberg.jpg/220px-Titanic_iceberg.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Prinz Adalbert\". Titanic Inquiry Project. Retrieved 6 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.titanicinquiry.org/ships/prinzadalbert.php","url_text":"\"Prinz Adalbert\""}]},{"reference":"\"From England for $7.50\". The New York Times. 14 August 1904. p. 1. Retrieved 12 February 2024 – via Times Machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/08/14/117946092.html?pageNumber=1","url_text":"\"From England for $7.50\""}]},{"reference":"\"SS Prinz Oskar and Prinz Adalbert Photos – Hamburg America Line – 1905\". Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives. Retrieved 5 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ggarchives.com/Brochures/HamburgAmericanLine/AcrossTheAtlantic/1905/11-PrinzOskar-PrinzAdalbert.html","url_text":"\"SS Prinz Oskar and Prinz Adalbert Photos – Hamburg America Line – 1905\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Titanic iceberg' photo to be auctioned\". BBC News. 17 October 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-34559777","url_text":"\"'Titanic iceberg' photo to be auctioned\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Hamburg-American Line\". marine timetable images. Björn Larsson. Retrieved 5 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timetableimages.com/maritime/images/hapag.htm","url_text":"\"Hamburg-American Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Prize Court: Two German liners condemned\". The Times. No. 41123. London. 24 March 1916. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fate of Merchantmen\". The Times. No. 40597. London. 7 August 1914. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"Alesia\". uboat.net. Retrieved 5 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/174.html","url_text":"\"Alesia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prize Liner Sold\". The Times. No. 41379. London. 18 January 1917. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bonsor, Noel RP (1983). South Atlantic Seaway: an illustrated history of the passenger lines and liners from Europe to Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Jersey: Brookside Publications. ISBN 0-905824-06-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905824-06-7","url_text":"0-905824-06-7"}]},{"reference":"Haws, Duncan (1980). The Ships of the Hamburg America, Adler and Carr Lines. Merchant Fleets in Profile. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-397-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-397-2","url_text":"0-85059-397-2"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1904 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/HECROS1905ST/page/n716/mode/1up","url_text":"Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1910 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/HECROS1911ST/page/n840/mode/1up","url_text":"Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping"}]},{"reference":"The Marconi Press Agency Ltd (1913). The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. London: The St Katherine Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Company","url_text":"The Marconi Press Agency Ltd"}]},{"reference":"The Marconi Press Agency Ltd (1914). The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. London: The Marconi Press Agency Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rothe, Klaus (1986). Deutsche Ozean-Passagierschiffe 1896 bis 1918. Bibliothek der Schiffstypen (in German). Berlin: VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen. ISBN 3-344-00059-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-344-00059-4","url_text":"3-344-00059-4"}]},{"reference":"Warlow, Ben (2000). Shore Establishments of the Royal Navy: being a list of the static ships and establishments of the Royal Navy (2nd ed.). Liskeard: Maritime Books. ISBN 0-907771-73-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907771-73-4","url_text":"0-907771-73-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Prinz_Adalbert&params=48_49_N_05_00_W_","external_links_name":"48°49′N 05°00′W / 48.817°N 5.000°W / 48.817; -5.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Prinz_Adalbert&params=48_49_N_05_00_W_","external_links_name":"48°49′N 05°00′W / 48.817°N 5.000°W / 48.817; -5.000"},{"Link":"http://www.titanicinquiry.org/ships/prinzadalbert.php","external_links_name":"\"Prinz Adalbert\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/08/14/117946092.html?pageNumber=1","external_links_name":"\"From England for $7.50\""},{"Link":"https://www.ggarchives.com/Brochures/HamburgAmericanLine/AcrossTheAtlantic/1905/11-PrinzOskar-PrinzAdalbert.html","external_links_name":"\"SS Prinz Oskar and Prinz Adalbert Photos – Hamburg America Line – 1905\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-34559777","external_links_name":"\"'Titanic iceberg' photo to be auctioned\""},{"Link":"https://www.timetableimages.com/maritime/images/hapag.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hamburg-American Line\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/174.html","external_links_name":"\"Alesia\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/HECROS1905ST/page/n716/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/HECROS1911ST/page/n840/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(state)	Zhao (state)	["1 Origins and ascendancy","2 Fall of Zhao","3 Culture and society","4 List of Zhao rulers","4.1 Before the partition of Jin","4.2 After the partition of Jin","5 Zhao in astronomy","6 See also","7 References"]	Ancient Chinese kingdom (403-222 BCE) during the Warring States period Not to be confused with Chao (state). State of Zhao趙403 BC–222 BCStatusState → KingdomCapitalJinyang, HandanReligion Chinese folk religion Ancestor worship GovernmentMonarchy• 423 BCE - 409 BCE (first) Marquess Xian of Zhao• 403 BCE - 400 BCE Marquess Lie of Zhao• 386 BCE - 375 BCE Marquess Jing of Zhao• 374 BCE - 350 BCE Marquess Cheng of Zhao• 349 BCE - 326 BCE Marquess Su of Zhao• 325 BCE - 299 BCE King Wuling of Zhao• 298 BCE - 266 BCE King Huiwen of Zhao• 265 BCE - 245 BCE King Xiaocheng of Zhao• 244 BCE - 236 BCE King Daoxiang of Zhao• 235 BCE - 228 BCE King Youmiu of Zhao• 227 BCE - 223 BCE (last) King Jia of Zhao Historical eraWarring States period• Partition of Jin 403 BC• Conquered by Qin 222 BC Currency Spade money Other ancient Chinese coinage Preceded by Succeeded by Jin (Chinese state) Qin dynasty Zhao"Zhao" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese charactersTraditional Chinese趙Simplified Chinese赵TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhàoGwoyeu RomatzyhJawWade–GilesChao4IPAYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationJiuhJyutpingZiu6IPASouthern MinTâi-lôTiōOld ChineseBaxter–Sagart (2014)*rewʔ Ruins of the city of Dai, Zhao's last capital Zhao (traditional Chinese: 趙; simplified Chinese: 赵) was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It emerged from the tripartite division of Jin, along with Han and Wei, in the 5th century BC. Zhao gained considerable strength from the military reforms initiated during the reign of King Wuling, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Qin at the Battle of Changping. Its territory included areas in the modern provinces of Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi. It bordered the states of Qin, Wei, and Yan, as well as various nomadic peoples including the Hu and Xiongnu. Its capital was Handan, in modern Hebei province. Zhao was home to the administrative philosopher Shen Dao, Confucian Xun Kuang, and Gonsun Long, who is affiliated to the school of names. Origins and ascendancy The Zhao clan within Jin had been accumulating power for centuries, including annexing the Baidi state of Dai in the mid-5th century BC. At the end of the Spring and Autumn period, Jin was divided between three powerful ministers, one of whom was Zhao Xiangzi, patriarch of the Zhao family. In 403 BC, the Zhou king formally recognised the existence of the Zhao state along with two other states, Han and Wei. Some historians, beginning with Sima Guang, take this recognition to mark the beginning of the Warring States Period. At the beginning of the Warring States period, Zhao was one of the weaker states. Despite its extensive territory, its northern border was frequently harassed by the Eastern Hu, Forest Hu, Loufan, Xiongnu, and other northern nomadic peoples. Zhao lacked the military might of Wei or the wealth of Qi, and became a pawn in the struggle between them. This struggle came to a head in 354 BC when Wei invaded Zhao, forcing Zhao to seek help from Qi. The resulting Battle of Guiling was a major victory for Qi, reducing the threat to Zhao's southern border. Zhao remained relatively weak until the military reforms of King Wuling of Zhao (325–299 BC). Zhao soldiers were ordered to dress like their Hu neighbours and to replace war chariots with cavalry archers (胡服骑射; 胡服騎射; húfúqíshè). This reform proved to be a brilliant strategy. With the advanced technology of the Chinese states and tactics of the steppe nomads, Zhao's cavalry became a powerful force. As a result, the newly empowered Zhao were more evenly matched with their greatest threat, Qi. Zhao demonstrated its increased military prowess by conquering the state of Zhongshan in 295 BC after a protracted war and annexing territory from the neighbouring states of Wei, Yan, and Qin. During this time, Zhao cavalry also occasionally intruded into Qi during campaigns against Chu. Several brilliant military commanders of the period served Zhao contemporaneously, including Lian Po, Zhao She, and Li Mu. Lian Po was instrumental in defending Zhao against Qin. Zhao She was most active in the east, leading the invasion of Yan. Li Mu defended Zhao against the Xiongnu in the Zhao–Xiongnu War and later against Qin. Fall of Zhao Main article: Qin's wars of unification § Conquest of Zhao By the end of the Warring States period, Zhao was the only state strong enough to oppose the mighty Qin. An alliance with Wei against Qin began in 287 BC, but ended in defeat at Huayang in 273 BC. The struggle then culminated in the bloodiest battle of the entire period, the Battle of Changping in 260 BC. Zhao's forces were utterly defeated by Qin. Although the forces of Wei and Chu saved Handan from a subsequent siege by the victorious Qin, Zhao would never recover from the enormous loss of troops in the battle. In 229 BC, invasions led by the Qin general Wang Jian were resisted by Li Mu and his subordinate officer Sima Shang (司馬尚) until 228 BC. Li Mu was one of the finest generals of the Warring States period, and although he was unable to defeat Wang Jian (also one of the best generals of the period), Wang Jian was unable to make any headway. The invasion ended in a stalemate. The Qin emperor, Qin Shihuang, realised that he needed to get rid of Li Mu in order to conquer Zhao, and tried to sow discord among the Zhao leadership. The Zhao king Youmiu fell for the plot: on the false advice of disloyal court officials and Qin infiltrators, he ordered Li Mu's execution and relieved Sima Shang of his duties. Li Mu's replacement, Zhao Cong, was promptly defeated by Wang Jian. Qin captured King Youmiu and defeated Zhao in 228 BC. Prince Jia, half-brother of King Qian, was proclaimed King Jia at Dai and led the last Zhao forces against the Qin. This regime lasted until 222 BC, when the Qin army captured him and defeated his forces at Dai. A rebel named Wu Chen, following the example of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang in Chu, proclaimed himself King of Zhao. Wu was later killed by his subordinate Li Liang (李良). Zhang Er (張耳) and Chen Yu (陳餘), former officials of Zhao, created the Zhao royal Zhao Xie (趙歇) as King of Zhao. In 206 BC, the rebel lord Xiang Yu of Chu defeated the Qin dynasty and made himself and seventeen other lords kings, appointing Zhao Xie the king of Dai. Chen Yu helped Zhao Xie reclaim the land of Zhao from Zhang Er, so Zhao Xie created Chen Yu as Prince of Dai. In 205 BC, Chen Yu's subordinate in Dai, Xia Yue (夏說), was defeated by Liu Bang's generals Han Xin and Zhang Er. Chen Yu was defeated by Han Xin in 204 BC, and later Zhao Xie was killed by Han forces. Liu Bang gave the state of Zhao to Zhang Er. In 154 BC, an unrelated Zhao, led by Prince of Zhao Liu Sui (劉遂), participated in the unsuccessful Rebellion of the Seven States (Chinese: 七國之亂) against the newly installed second emperor of the Han dynasty. Culture and society Massive tombs of the Kings of Zhao near Handan Before Qin Shi Huang unified China in 221 BC, each region had its own customs and culture, although elite culture was identical throughout. In the Yu Gong (Tribute of Yu) chapter of the Book of Documents – probably written in the 4th century BC – China is described as divided into nine regions, each with its own distinctive peoples and products. The central theme of this section is that these nine regions are unified into one state through the travels of the eponymous sage, Yu the Great, and the sending of each region's unique goods to the capital as tribute. Other texts also discussed these regional differences in culture and physical environment. One such text was Wuzi (The Book of Master Wu), a military treatise of the Warring States, written in response to a request from Marquis Wu of Wei for advice on how to deal with the other states. Wu Qi, to whom work is attributed, explained that the government and nature of the people are linked to the physical environment and territory in which they live. Of Zhao, he said: The two states of Han and Zhao train their troops rigorously but have difficulty in applying their skills to the battlefield.— Wuzi, Master Wu Han and Zhao are states of the Central Plain. Theirs are a gentle people, weary from war and experienced in arms, but have little regard for their generals. The soldiers' salaries are meager and their officers have no strong commitment to their countries. Although their troops are experienced, they cannot be expected to fight to the death. To defeat them, we must concentrate large numbers of troops in our attacks to present them with certain peril. When they counterattack, we must be prepared to defend our positions vigorously and make them pay dearly. When they retreat, we must pursue and give them no rest. This will grind them down.— Wuzi, Master Wu List of Zhao rulers See also: Rulers family tree Before the partition of Jin Chengzi of Zhao Xuanzi of Zhao Zhuangzi of Zhao Wenzi of Zhao Jingzi of Zhao (趙景子) Jianzi of Zhao (趙簡子) Xiangzi of Zhao (趙襄子) Huanzi of Zhao (趙桓子) After the partition of Jin Marquess Xian (獻侯), personal name Huan (浣), ruled 424 BC–409 BC Marquess Lie (烈侯), personal name Ji (籍), son of previous, ruled 409 BC–387 BC, noted for several reforms Marquess Jing (敬侯), personal name Zhang (章), son of previous, ruled 387 BC–375 BC Marquess Cheng (成侯), personal name Zhong (種), son of previous, ruled 375 BC–350 BC Marquess Su (肅侯), personal name Yu (語), son of previous, ruled 350 BC–326 BC King Wuling (武靈王), personal name Yong (雍), son of previous, ruled 326 BC–Spring 299 BC King Huiwen (惠文王), personal name He (何), son of previous, ruled Spring 299 BC–266 BC King Xiaocheng (孝成王), personal name Dan (丹), son of previous, ruled 266 BC–245 BC King Daoxiang (悼襄王), personal name Yan (偃), son of previous, ruled 245 BC–236 BC King Youmiu (幽繆王), personal name Qian (遷), son of previous, ruled 236 BC–228 BC Jia, King of Zhao (代王), personal name Jia (嘉), half-brother of previous, ruled 228 BC–222 BC Xie, King of Zhao (趙王歇), ruled 209 BC–205 BC. Also known as Zhao Xie. A reinstalled king of Zhao by rioting peasants during the reign of Qin Er Shi. Defeated and killed by Liu Bang. Zhao in astronomy There are two opinions about the representing star of Zhao in Chinese astronomy. The opinions are : Zhao is represented with the star Lambda Herculis in asterism Left Wall, Heavenly Market enclosure, and also represented with two stars 26 Capricorni (趙一 Zhao yī, English: the First Star of Zhao) and 27 Capricorni (趙二 Zhao èr, English: the Second Star of Zhao) in asterism Twelve States, Girl mansion. (see Chinese constellation). Zhao is represented with the star Lambda Herculis, and also represented with star "m Capricorni". See also Zhao Kingdom (Han dynasty) Han-Zhao Later Zhao References ^ Huang Kejian (2016) . From Destiny to Dao: A Survey of Pre-Qin Philosophy in China. Silkroad Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-62320-070-1. ^ a b Lewis, Mark Edward (2009). The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 11 - 16. ISBN 9780674024779. ^ Chen Huihua (陳輝樺), ed. (23 June 2006). "中國古代的星象系統 (54)：天市左垣、市樓". Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy 天文教育資訊網 (in Chinese). ^ zh:北方中西星名對照表 ^ Richard Hinckley Allen (2021) . "Hercules". Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning. ^ Richard Hinckley Allen (2021) . "Capricornus". Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning. vteAncient Chinese statesZhou dynastyMajor states Cai Cao Chen Chu Jin Lu Qi Qin Shu Song Wey Wu Yan Yue Zheng Minor states Ba Bei Chao Dao Dai Deng E Eastern Guo Western Guo Gumie Guzhu Han (NW) Han (SE) Hua Huang Huo Ji Ji Jia Ju Lai Liang Liao Lü Luo Na Peng Pi Qǐ Quan Rui Ruo Shēn Shěn Sui Tan Tang Teng Xi Xian Xing Xu Xǔ Yang Ying Yiqu Yu Zeng Zhongli Zhongshan Zhoulai Zou Warring StatesSeven states Chu Han Qi Qin Wei Yan Zhao Minor states Ba Cai Dai Eastern Zhou Lu Shu Song Teng Western Zhou Wey Yiqu Yue Zheng Zhongshan Zou	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chao (state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_(state)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E5%A2%99_%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%84%E6%A2%93%E5%9C%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"趙","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%99"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(Ancient_China)"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"tripartite division of Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Jin"},{"link_name":"Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)"},{"link_name":"Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_(state)"},{"link_name":"King Wuling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Changping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changping"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_(state)"},{"link_name":"Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu_people"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Handan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handan"},{"link_name":"administrative philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Legalism"},{"link_name":"Shen Dao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Dao"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian"},{"link_name":"Xun Kuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_Kuang"},{"link_name":"Gonsun Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonsun_Long&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"school of names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Chao (state).Ruins of the city of Dai, Zhao's last capitalZhao (traditional Chinese: 趙; simplified Chinese: 赵) was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It emerged from the tripartite division of Jin, along with Han and Wei, in the 5th century BC. Zhao gained considerable strength from the military reforms initiated during the reign of King Wuling, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Qin at the Battle of Changping. Its territory included areas in the modern provinces of Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi. It bordered the states of Qin, Wei, and Yan, as well as various nomadic peoples including the Hu and Xiongnu. Its capital was Handan, in modern Hebei province.Zhao was home to the administrative philosopher Shen Dao, Confucian Xun Kuang, and Gonsun Long, who is affiliated to the school of names.[1]","title":"Zhao (state)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhao clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)"},{"link_name":"Baidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidi"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states"},{"link_name":"Dai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_(Spring_and_Autumn_Period)"},{"link_name":"divided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Jin"},{"link_name":"Zhao Xiangzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Xiangzi"},{"link_name":"Sima Guang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Guang"},{"link_name":"Eastern Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu_people"},{"link_name":"Loufan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loufan_County"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Battle of Guiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guiling"},{"link_name":"King Wuling of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu_people"},{"link_name":"war chariots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariots_in_ancient_China"},{"link_name":"Zhongshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)"},{"link_name":"Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(state)"},{"link_name":"Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(state)"},{"link_name":"Lian Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian_Po"},{"link_name":"Zhao She","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_She"},{"link_name":"Li Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Mu"},{"link_name":"Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_(state)"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Zhao–Xiongnu War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War"}],"text":"The Zhao clan within Jin had been accumulating power for centuries, including annexing the Baidi state of Dai in the mid-5th century BC.At the end of the Spring and Autumn period, Jin was divided between three powerful ministers, one of whom was Zhao Xiangzi, patriarch of the Zhao family. In 403 BC, the Zhou king formally recognised the existence of the Zhao state along with two other states, Han and Wei. Some historians, beginning with Sima Guang, take this recognition to mark the beginning of the Warring States Period.At the beginning of the Warring States period, Zhao was one of the weaker states. Despite its extensive territory, its northern border was frequently harassed by the Eastern Hu, Forest Hu, Loufan, Xiongnu, and other northern nomadic peoples. Zhao lacked the military might of Wei or the wealth of Qi, and became a pawn in the struggle between them. This struggle came to a head in 354 BC when Wei invaded Zhao, forcing Zhao to seek help from Qi. The resulting Battle of Guiling was a major victory for Qi, reducing the threat to Zhao's southern border.Zhao remained relatively weak until the military reforms of King Wuling of Zhao (325–299 BC). Zhao soldiers were ordered to dress like their Hu neighbours and to replace war chariots with cavalry archers (胡服骑射; 胡服騎射; húfúqíshè). This reform proved to be a brilliant strategy. With the advanced technology of the Chinese states and tactics of the steppe nomads, Zhao's cavalry became a powerful force. As a result, the newly empowered Zhao were more evenly matched with their greatest threat, Qi.Zhao demonstrated its increased military prowess by conquering the state of Zhongshan in 295 BC after a protracted war and annexing territory from the neighbouring states of Wei, Yan, and Qin. During this time, Zhao cavalry also occasionally intruded into Qi during campaigns against Chu.Several brilliant military commanders of the period served Zhao contemporaneously, including Lian Po, Zhao She, and Li Mu. Lian Po was instrumental in defending Zhao against Qin. Zhao She was most active in the east, leading the invasion of Yan. Li Mu defended Zhao against the Xiongnu in the Zhao–Xiongnu War and later against Qin.","title":"Origins and ascendancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Changping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changping"},{"link_name":"Wang Jian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Qin)"},{"link_name":"Li Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Mu"},{"link_name":"Qin Shihuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shihuang"},{"link_name":"Youmiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Youmiu"},{"link_name":"execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(legal)"},{"link_name":"King Jia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Jia_of_Dai"},{"link_name":"Dai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_(Warring_States_period)"},{"link_name":"Wu Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chen_(Qin_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Chen Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Sheng"},{"link_name":"Wu Guang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Guang"},{"link_name":"Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(state)"},{"link_name":"Li Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhang Er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chen Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yu_(Qin_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhao Xie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xiang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Yu"},{"link_name":"Qin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Xia Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liu Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bang"},{"link_name":"Han Xin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Xin"},{"link_name":"Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(Han_dynasty_kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Rebellion of the Seven States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"}],"text":"By the end of the Warring States period, Zhao was the only state strong enough to oppose the mighty Qin. An alliance with Wei against Qin began in 287 BC, but ended in defeat at Huayang in 273 BC. The struggle then culminated in the bloodiest battle of the entire period, the Battle of Changping in 260 BC. Zhao's forces were utterly defeated by Qin. Although the forces of Wei and Chu saved Handan from a subsequent siege by the victorious Qin, Zhao would never recover from the enormous loss of troops in the battle.In 229 BC, invasions led by the Qin general Wang Jian were resisted by Li Mu and his subordinate officer Sima Shang (司馬尚) until 228 BC. Li Mu was one of the finest generals of the Warring States period, and although he was unable to defeat Wang Jian (also one of the best generals of the period), Wang Jian was unable to make any headway. The invasion ended in a stalemate. The Qin emperor, Qin Shihuang, realised that he needed to get rid of Li Mu in order to conquer Zhao, and tried to sow discord among the Zhao leadership. The Zhao king Youmiu fell for the plot: on the false advice of disloyal court officials and Qin infiltrators, he ordered Li Mu's execution and relieved Sima Shang of his duties. Li Mu's replacement, Zhao Cong, was promptly defeated by Wang Jian. Qin captured King Youmiu and defeated Zhao in 228 BC. Prince Jia, half-brother of King Qian, was proclaimed King Jia at Dai and led the last Zhao forces against the Qin. This regime lasted until 222 BC, when the Qin army captured him and defeated his forces at Dai.A rebel named Wu Chen, following the example of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang in Chu, proclaimed himself King of Zhao. Wu was later killed by his subordinate Li Liang (李良). Zhang Er (張耳) and Chen Yu (陳餘), former officials of Zhao, created the Zhao royal Zhao Xie (趙歇) as King of Zhao. In 206 BC, the rebel lord Xiang Yu of Chu defeated the Qin dynasty and made himself and seventeen other lords kings, appointing Zhao Xie the king of Dai. Chen Yu helped Zhao Xie reclaim the land of Zhao from Zhang Er, so Zhao Xie created Chen Yu as Prince of Dai. In 205 BC, Chen Yu's subordinate in Dai, Xia Yue (夏說), was defeated by Liu Bang's generals Han Xin and Zhang Er. Chen Yu was defeated by Han Xin in 204 BC, and later Zhao Xie was killed by Han forces. Liu Bang gave the state of Zhao to Zhang Er.In 154 BC, an unrelated Zhao, led by Prince of Zhao Liu Sui (劉遂), participated in the unsuccessful Rebellion of the Seven States (Chinese: 七國之亂) against the newly installed second emperor of the Han dynasty.","title":"Fall of Zhao"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhao_Handan_Gucheng_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Handan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handan"},{"link_name":"Qin Shi Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang"},{"link_name":"Yu Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Gong"},{"link_name":"Book of Documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Documents"},{"link_name":"Yu the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Wuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuzi"},{"link_name":"Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_(state)"},{"link_name":"Wu Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Qi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Wuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuzi"},{"link_name":"Wuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuzi"}],"text":"Massive tombs of the Kings of Zhao near HandanBefore Qin Shi Huang unified China in 221 BC, each region had its own customs and culture, although elite culture was identical throughout. In the Yu Gong (Tribute of Yu) chapter of the Book of Documents – probably written in the 4th century BC – China is described as divided into nine regions, each with its own distinctive peoples and products. The central theme of this section is that these nine regions are unified into one state through the travels of the eponymous sage, Yu the Great, and the sending of each region's unique goods to the capital as tribute. Other texts also discussed these regional differences in culture and physical environment.[2]One such text was Wuzi (The Book of Master Wu), a military treatise of the Warring States, written in response to a request from Marquis Wu of Wei for advice on how to deal with the other states. Wu Qi, to whom work is attributed, explained that the government and nature of the people are linked to the physical environment and territory in which they live.[2]Of Zhao, he said:The two states of Han and Zhao train their troops rigorously but have difficulty in applying their skills to the battlefield.— Wuzi, Master WuHan and Zhao are states of the Central Plain. Theirs are a gentle people, weary from war and experienced in arms, but have little regard for their generals. The soldiers' salaries are meager and their officers have no strong commitment to their countries. Although their troops are experienced, they cannot be expected to fight to the death. To defeat them, we must concentrate large numbers of troops in our attacks to present them with certain peril. When they counterattack, we must be prepared to defend our positions vigorously and make them pay dearly. When they retreat, we must pursue and give them no rest. This will grind them down.— Wuzi, Master Wu","title":"Culture and society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rulers family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_ancient_Chinese_emperors#Zhao"}],"text":"See also: Rulers family tree","title":"List of Zhao rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chengzi of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Cui"},{"link_name":"Xuanzi of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Dun_(Spring_and_Autumn)"},{"link_name":"Zhuangzi of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Shuo"},{"link_name":"Wenzi of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Wu"},{"link_name":"Jingzi of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jingzi_of_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jianzi of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jianzi_of_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xiangzi of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangzi_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Huanzi of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huanzi_of_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Before the partition of Jin","text":"Chengzi of Zhao\nXuanzi of Zhao\nZhuangzi of Zhao\nWenzi of Zhao\nJingzi of Zhao (趙景子)\nJianzi of Zhao (趙簡子)\nXiangzi of Zhao (趙襄子)\nHuanzi of Zhao (趙桓子)","title":"List of Zhao rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marquess Xian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_Xian_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Marquess Lie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_Lie_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Marquess Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_Jing_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Marquess Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_Cheng_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Marquess Su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_Su_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"King Wuling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"King Huiwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"King Xiaocheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Xiaocheng_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"King Daoxiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Daoxiang_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"King Youmiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Youmiu"},{"link_name":"Jia, King of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia,_King_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Xie, King of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xie,_King_of_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qin Er Shi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Er_Shi"},{"link_name":"Liu Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bang"}],"sub_title":"After the partition of Jin","text":"Marquess Xian (獻侯), personal name Huan (浣), ruled 424 BC–409 BC\nMarquess Lie (烈侯), personal name Ji (籍), son of previous, ruled 409 BC–387 BC, noted for several reforms\nMarquess Jing (敬侯), personal name Zhang (章), son of previous, ruled 387 BC–375 BC\nMarquess Cheng (成侯), personal name Zhong (種), son of previous, ruled 375 BC–350 BC\nMarquess Su (肅侯), personal name Yu (語), son of previous, ruled 350 BC–326 BC\nKing Wuling (武靈王), personal name Yong (雍), son of previous, ruled 326 BC–Spring 299 BC\nKing Huiwen (惠文王), personal name He (何), son of previous, ruled Spring 299 BC–266 BC\nKing Xiaocheng (孝成王), personal name Dan (丹), son of previous, ruled 266 BC–245 BC\nKing Daoxiang (悼襄王), personal name Yan (偃), son of previous, ruled 245 BC–236 BC\nKing Youmiu (幽繆王), personal name Qian (遷), son of previous, ruled 236 BC–228 BC\nJia, King of Zhao (代王), personal name Jia (嘉), half-brother of previous, ruled 228 BC–222 BC\nXie, King of Zhao (趙王歇), ruled 209 BC–205 BC. Also known as Zhao Xie. A reinstalled king of Zhao by rioting peasants during the reign of Qin Er Shi. Defeated and killed by Liu Bang.","title":"List of Zhao rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Lambda Herculis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Herculis"},{"link_name":"Heavenly Market enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"26 Capricorni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=26_Capricorni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"27 Capricorni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Capricorni"},{"link_name":"Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_(Chinese_constellation)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chinese constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation"},{"link_name":"Lambda Herculis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Herculis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"There are two opinions about the representing star of Zhao in Chinese astronomy. The opinions are :Zhao is represented with the star Lambda Herculis in asterism Left Wall, Heavenly Market enclosure,[3] and also represented with two stars 26 Capricorni (趙一 Zhao yī, English: the First Star of Zhao) and 27 Capricorni (趙二 Zhao èr, English: the Second Star of Zhao) in asterism Twelve States, Girl mansion.[4] (see Chinese constellation).\nZhao is represented with the star Lambda Herculis,[5] and also represented with star \"m Capricorni\".[6]","title":"Zhao in astronomy"}]	[{"image_text":"Ruins of the city of Dai, Zhao's last capital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E5%A2%99_%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%84%E6%A2%93%E5%9C%B0.jpg/220px-%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E5%A2%99_%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%84%E6%A2%93%E5%9C%B0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Massive tombs of the Kings of Zhao near Handan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Zhao_Handan_Gucheng_01.jpg/220px-Zhao_Handan_Gucheng_01.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Zhao Kingdom (Han dynasty)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)"},{"title":"Han-Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Zhao"},{"title":"Later Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Zhao"}]	[{"reference":"Huang Kejian (2016) [2010]. From Destiny to Dao: A Survey of Pre-Qin Philosophy in China. Silkroad Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-62320-070-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bATIDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA185","url_text":"From Destiny to Dao: A Survey of Pre-Qin Philosophy in China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62320-070-1","url_text":"978-1-62320-070-1"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2009). The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 11 - 16. ISBN 9780674024779.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo/page/11","url_text":"The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo/page/11","url_text":"11 - 16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674024779","url_text":"9780674024779"}]},{"reference":"Chen Huihua (陳輝樺), ed. (23 June 2006). \"中國古代的星象系統 (54)：天市左垣、市樓\". Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy 天文教育資訊網 (in Chinese).","urls":[{"url":"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0606/ap060623.html","url_text":"\"中國古代的星象系統 (54)：天市左垣、市樓\""}]},{"reference":"Richard Hinckley Allen (2021) [1963]. \"Hercules\". Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Hercules.html","url_text":"\"Hercules\""}]},{"reference":"Richard Hinckley Allen (2021) [1963]. \"Capricornus\". Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Capricornus.html","url_text":"\"Capricornus\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bATIDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA185","external_links_name":"From Destiny to Dao: A Survey of Pre-Qin Philosophy in China"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo/page/11","external_links_name":"The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo/page/11","external_links_name":"11 - 16"},{"Link":"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0606/ap060623.html","external_links_name":"\"中國古代的星象系統 (54)：天市左垣、市樓\""},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Hercules.html","external_links_name":"\"Hercules\""},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Capricornus.html","external_links_name":"\"Capricornus\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloxe-Corton	Aloxe-Corton	["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 Etymology","3 History","3.1 Heraldry","4 Administration","4.1 Twinning","5 Demography","6 Sites and Monuments","7 Wine","7.1 Wineries","8 See also","9 Bibliography","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 47°03′59″N 4°51′37″E / 47.0664°N 4.8603°E / 47.0664; 4.8603 Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceAloxe-CortonCommuneA vineyard in Aloxe-Corton Coat of armsLocation of Aloxe-Corton Aloxe-CortonShow map of FranceAloxe-CortonShow map of Bourgogne-Franche-ComtéCoordinates: 47°03′59″N 4°51′37″E / 47.0664°N 4.8603°E / 47.0664; 4.8603CountryFranceRegionBourgogne-Franche-ComtéDepartmentCôte-d'OrArrondissementBeauneCantonLadoix-SerrignyIntercommunalityCA Beaune Côte et SudGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Maurice ChapuisArea12.63 km2 (1.02 sq mi)Population (2021)134 • Density51/km2 (130/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code21010 /21420Elevation218–360 m (715–1,181 ft) (avg. 248 m or 814 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. The village, surrounded by its vineyards. Aloxe-Corton (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France. Geography The commune lies about 4 km north by north-east of Beaune and 40 km south-west of Dijon at the northern end of the Côte de Beaune. There, the village of Aloxe is dominated by the Corton hill, nestled between the neighbouring communes of Ladoix-Serrigny and Pernand-Vergelesses. The D974 road forms the south-eastern border of the commune but does not enter. Access to the commune is by the D115D running north-west off the D974 to the village then continuing north-west to join the D18 road south of Pernand-Vergelesses. There is an extensive network of country roads throughout the commune which is entirely farmland, with the edge of the Bois de Corton in the north forming the northern border. The only stream in the commune is the Fosse des Branots in the south flowing to the east. There are no villages or hamlets in the commune other than Aloxe-Corton. Neighbouring communes and villages Pernand-Vergelesses Magny-les-Villers Corgoloin Savigny-les-Beaune Aloxe-Corton Ladoix-Serrigny Chorey-les-Beaune Climate Aloxe-Corton has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Aloxe-Corton is 11.4 °C (52.5 °F). The average annual rainfall is 777.7 mm (30.62 in) with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 20.9 °C (69.6 °F), and lowest in January, at around 2.5 °C (36.5 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Aloxe-Corton was 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) on 31 July 1983; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −20.0 °C (−4.0 °F) on 9 January 1985. Climate data for Aloxe-Corton (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1982−2002) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 15.0(59.0) 20.0(68.0) 25.2(77.4) 27.0(80.6) 30.4(86.7) 33.8(92.8) 39.7(103.5) 38.7(101.7) 32.0(89.6) 28.5(83.3) 19.5(67.1) 17.4(63.3) 39.7(103.5) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.3(41.5) 7.2(45.0) 12.0(53.6) 15.0(59.0) 20.1(68.2) 23.4(74.1) 26.7(80.1) 26.6(79.9) 21.5(70.7) 16.2(61.2) 9.1(48.4) 6.1(43.0) 15.8(60.4) Daily mean °C (°F) 2.5(36.5) 3.7(38.7) 7.6(45.7) 10.2(50.4) 15.1(59.2) 18.0(64.4) 20.9(69.6) 20.8(69.4) 16.3(61.3) 11.9(53.4) 5.9(42.6) 3.4(38.1) 11.4(52.5) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.4(31.3) 0.3(32.5) 3.2(37.8) 5.4(41.7) 10.0(50.0) 12.6(54.7) 15.2(59.4) 14.9(58.8) 11.2(52.2) 7.7(45.9) 2.6(36.7) 0.6(33.1) 7.0(44.6) Record low °C (°F) −20.0(−4.0) −13.2(8.2) −5.1(22.8) −3.6(25.5) 1.8(35.2) 4.6(40.3) 8.4(47.1) 5.9(42.6) 1.7(35.1) −2.5(27.5) −8.2(17.2) −12.8(9.0) −20.0(−4.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.1(2.41) 51.5(2.03) 50.7(2.00) 61.0(2.40) 81.8(3.22) 67.7(2.67) 62.0(2.44) 53.3(2.10) 65.2(2.57) 75.9(2.99) 77.0(3.03) 70.5(2.78) 777.7(30.62) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.4 9.4 9.6 10.1 11.3 8.9 7.6 7.8 8.1 10.5 11.2 11.7 117.6 Source: Meteociel Etymology Aloxe-Corton comes from the Celtic "al" meaning "high place". In French, Aloxe-Corton is pronounced "Aloss-Corton". The name of its Grand Cru vineyard Corton was added to that of the village on 22 March 1862. History Legend has it that the Emperor Charlemagne granted the lands in 775, initially planting some 70 vines. The vines were located in the area of "Curtis Otto" (i.e. Corton). The beneficiaries were the Canons of the Collegiate Church of St. Andoche Saulieu. Postcards on Aloxe-Corton Henri Poisot has a large collection of postcards of the village with nearly one hundred and fifty and still growing. He also has a large number of photos and old documents. Henri Poisot published a book entitled: 1728-1999 - History of the Cartography of the Great Vineyards of Burgundy (in French), a book of 102 pages with three folding maps. The book is available only from the Athenaeum in Beaune and from the Author. Heraldry Arms of Aloxe-Corton Blazon: Or, an eagle crowned double-headed in sable terraced in base azure charged with a burgundy cup argent with two handles Administration This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2021) List of Successive Mayors of Aloxe-Corton From To Name 2001 2026 Maurice Chapuis Twinning Aloxe-Corton has twinning associations with: Ürzig (Germany) since 1966. Demography The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aloxois or Aloxoises in French. Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 200— 1800 214+0.97%1806 235+1.57%1821 236+0.03%1831 264+1.13%1836 251−1.00%1841 234−1.39%1846 230−0.34%1851 214−1.43%1856 192−2.15%1861 194+0.21%1866 227+3.19%1872 240+0.93%1876 245+0.52%1881 265+1.58%1886 267+0.15%1891 249−1.39%1896 245−0.32%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 236−0.75%1906 224−1.04%1911 224+0.00%1921 233+0.39%1926 238+0.43%1931 223−1.29%1936 239+1.40%1946 233−0.25%1954 263+1.53%1962 285+1.01%1968 243−2.62%1975 218−1.54%1982 198−1.37%1990 187−0.71%1999 172−0.92%2007 180+0.57%2012 149−3.71%2017 134−2.10%Source: EHESS and INSEE Sites and Monuments Château of Corton André from the 19th century Aloxe-Corton has three castles and a church: Château de Corton Grancey built in part in 1749. The Cellars and the winery were built in 1834 Château Corton André, built at the end of the 19th century, it replaced a charming 18th century house Château de Corton transformed between 1885 and 1890 to replace some very old buildings that had belonged to the family of Vergnette de la Motte, for several centuries. Before that it belonged to the Cîteaux Abbey Church of Saint-Médard from 1890 by Pinchard which replaced an ancient chapel which stood on the Place du Chapitre for almost 1000 years. It contains several items that are registered as historical objects: Bas-Relief: Christ appearing to Saint Benezet (16th century) Painting: Benefits of the faith, expectations, and true love (16th century) Painting: Saint John the Baptist, Saint Catherine, Saint Gilles and a donor (1579) There is also a Lavoir (Public laundry) (1902) which is registered as a historical monument. Wine Sign and Vineyards Cuverie Corton Grancey Domaine Comte Senard Main articles: Aloxe-Corton wine, Corton (wine), and Corton-Charlemagne Aloxe-Corton is one of the wine communes of the Côte de Beaune. The southern and eastern parts of the Corton hill, including most of its vineyards, are located in the commune, including vineyards used to produce wines under the two Grand Cru appellation Corton (mostly red, some white) and Corton-Charlemagne (only white). Wineries Domaine Maurice Chapuis Domaine Bruno Collin Domaine Franck Follin-Arbelet Domaine Comte Sénard Domaine Michel Voarick Domaine Freddy Meuneveaux Domaine Louise Perrin Domaine Latour Château de Corton-André Domaine Jean Domaine Carlos See also French wine Route des Grands Crus Communes of the Côte-d'Or department Bibliography Historical Notice on the village of Aloxe-Corton, Charles Bigarne, Beaune, 1899 (in French) Monograph on the Commune of Aloxe-Corton, Joseph Delissey, Beaune, 1968, (in French) Aloxe-Corton, Claude Chapuis, Dijon, 1988 (in French) Aloxe-Corton - History of a Village, Henri Poisot, Beaune, 2007, (in French) References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ "Aloxe-Corton". Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ a b c Google Maps ^ "Normales et records pour Aloxe Corton (21)". Meteociel. Retrieved 16 June 2022. ^ List of Mayors of France (in French) ^ National Commission for Decentralised cooperation (in French) ^ Le nom des habitants du 21 - Côte-d'Or, habitants.fr ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Aloxe-Corton, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000028 Bas-Relief: Christ appearing to Saint Benezet (in French) ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000027 Painting: Benefits of the faith, expectations, and true love (in French) ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000026 Bas-Relief: Painting: Saint John the Baptist, Saint Catherine, Saint Gilles and a donor (in French) ^ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée IA21000601 Lavoir (in French) External links (in French) Official website Aloxe-Corton on the old IGN website (in French) Aloxe-Corton on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website (in French) Aloxe on the 1750 Cassini Map Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aloxe-Corton. vte Communes of the Côte-d'Or department Agencourt Agey Ahuy Aignay-le-Duc Aiserey Aisey-sur-Seine Aisy-sous-Thil Alise-Sainte-Reine Allerey Aloxe-Corton Ampilly-les-Bordes Ampilly-le-Sec Ancey Antheuil Antigny-la-Ville Arceau Arcenant Arcey Arconcey Arc-sur-Tille Argilly Arnay-le-Duc Arnay-sous-Vitteaux Arrans Asnières-en-Montagne Asnières-lès-Dijon Athée Athie Aubaine Aubigny-en-Plaine Aubigny-la-Ronce Aubigny-lès-Sombernon Autricourt Auvillars-sur-Saône Auxant Auxey-Duresses Auxonne Avelanges Avosnes Avot Bagnot Baigneux-les-Juifs Balot Barbirey-sur-Ouche Bard-le-Régulier Bard-lès-Époisses Barges Barjon Baubigny Baulme-la-Roche Beaulieu Beaumont-sur-Vingeanne Beaunesubpr Beaunotte Beire-le-Châtel Beire-le-Fort Belan-sur-Ource Bellefond Belleneuve Bellenod-sur-Seine Bellenot-sous-Pouilly Beneuvre Benoisey Bessey-en-Chaume Bessey-la-Cour Bessey-lès-Cîteaux Beurey-Bauguay Beurizot Bévy Bèze Bézouotte Billey Billy-lès-Chanceaux Binges Bissey-la-Côte Bissey-la-Pierre Blagny-sur-Vingeanne Blaisy-Bas Blaisy-Haut Blancey Blanot Bligny-lès-Beaune Bligny-le-Sec Bligny-sur-Ouche Boncourt-le-Bois Bonnencontre Boudreville Bouhey Bouilland Bouix Bourberain Bousselange Boussenois Boussey Boux-sous-Salmaise Bouze-lès-Beaune Brain Braux Brazey-en-Morvan Brazey-en-Plaine Brémur-et-Vaurois Bressey-sur-Tille Bretenière Bretigny Brianny Brion-sur-Ource Brochon Brognon Broin Broindon Buffon Buncey Bure-les-Templiers Busseaut Busserotte-et-Montenaille Bussières La Bussière-sur-Ouche Bussy-la-Pesle Bussy-le-Grand Buxerolles Censerey Cérilly Cessey-sur-Tille Chaignay Chailly-sur-Armançon Chambain Chambeire Chamblanc Chambœuf Chambolle-Musigny Chamesson Champagne-sur-Vingeanne Champagny Champ-d'Oiseau Champdôtre Champeau-en-Morvan Champignolles Champrenault Chanceaux Channay Charencey Charigny Charmes Charny Charrey-sur-Saône Charrey-sur-Seine Chassagne-Montrachet Chassey Châteauneuf Châtellenot Châtillon-sur-Seine Chaudenay-la-Ville Chaudenay-le-Château Chaugey La Chaume Chaume-et-Courchamp Chaume-lès-Baigneux Chaumont-le-Bois Chaux Chazeuil Chazilly Chemin-d'Aisey Chenôve Cheuge Chevannay Chevannes Chevigny-en-Valière Chevigny-Saint-Sauveur Chivres Chorey-les-Beaune Cirey-lès-Pontailler Civry-en-Montagne Clamerey Clénay Cléry Clomot Collonges-et-Premières Collonges-lès-Bévy Colombier Combertault Comblanchien Commarin Corberon Corcelles-les-Arts Corcelles-lès-Cîteaux Corcelles-les-Monts Corgengoux Corgoloin Cormot-Vauchignon Corpeau Corpoyer-la-Chapelle Corrombles Corsaint Couchey Coulmier-le-Sec Courban Courcelles-Frémoy Courcelles-lès-Montbard Courcelles-lès-Semur Courlon Courtivron Couternon Créancey Crécey-sur-Tille Crépand Crugey Cuiserey Culètre Curley Curtil-Saint-Seine Curtil-Vergy Cussey-les-Forges Cussy-la-Colonne Cussy-le-Châtel Daix Dampierre-en-Montagne Dampierre-et-Flée Darcey Darois Détain-et-Bruant Diancey Diénay Dijonpref Dompierre-en-Morvan Drambon Drée Duesme Ébaty Échalot Échannay Échenon Échevannes Échevronne Échigey Écutigny Éguilly Épagny Épernay-sous-Gevrey Époisses Éringes Esbarres Essarois Essey Étais Étalante L'Étang-Vergy Étaules Étevaux Étormay Étrochey Fain-lès-Montbard Fain-lès-Moutiers Fauverney Faverolles-lès-Lucey Fénay Le Fête Fixin Flacey Flagey-Echézeaux Flagey-lès-Auxonne Flammerans Flavignerot Flavigny-sur-Ozerain Fleurey-sur-Ouche Foissy Foncegrive Fontaine-Française Fontaine-lès-Dijon Fontaines-en-Duesmois Fontaines-les-Sèches Fontangy Fontenelle Forléans Fraignot-et-Vesvrotte Francheville Franxault Frénois Fresnes Frôlois Fussey Gemeaux Genay Genlis Gergueil Gerland Gevrey-Chambertin Gevrolles Gilly-lès-Cîteaux Gissey-le-Vieil Gissey-sous-Flavigny Gissey-sur-Ouche Glanon Gomméville Les Goulles Grancey-le-Château-Neuvelle Grancey-sur-Ource Grenant-lès-Sombernon Grésigny-Sainte-Reine Grignon Griselles Grosbois-en-Montagne Grosbois-lès-Tichey Gurgy-la-Ville Gurgy-le-Château Hauteroche Hauteville-lès-Dijon Heuilley-sur-Saône Is-sur-Tille Izeure Izier Jailly-les-Moulins Jallanges Jancigny Jeux-lès-Bard Jouey Jours-lès-Baigneux Juillenay Juilly Labergement-Foigney Labergement-lès-Auxonne Labergement-lès-Seurre Labruyère Lacanche Lacour-d'Arcenay Ladoix-Serrigny Laignes Lamarche-sur-Saône Lamargelle Lantenay Lanthes Lantilly Laperrière-sur-Saône Larrey Lechâtelet Léry Leuglay Levernois Licey-sur-Vingeanne Liernais Lignerolles Longchamp Longeault-Pluvault Longecourt-en-Plaine Longecourt-lès-Culêtre Longvic Losne Louesme Lucenay-le-Duc Lucey Lusigny-sur-Ouche Lux Maconge Magnien Magny-Lambert Magny-la-Ville Magny-lès-Aubigny Magny-lès-Villers Magny-Montarlot Magny-Saint-Médard Magny-sur-Tille Les Maillys Maisey-le-Duc Mâlain Maligny Manlay Marandeuil Marcellois Marcenay Marcheseuil Marcigny-sous-Thil Marcilly-et-Dracy Marcilly-Ogny Marcilly-sur-Tille Marey-lès-Fussey Marey-sur-Tille Marigny-le-Cahouët Marigny-lès-Reullée Marliens Marmagne Marsannay-la-Côte Marsannay-le-Bois Martrois Massingy Massingy-lès-Semur Massingy-lès-Vitteaux Mauvilly Mavilly-Mandelot Maxilly-sur-Saône Meilly-sur-Rouvres Le Meix Meloisey Menesble Ménessaire Ménétreux-le-Pitois Merceuil Mesmont Messanges Messigny-et-Vantoux Meuilley Meulson Meursanges Meursault Millery Mimeure Minot Mirebeau-sur-Bèze Missery Moitron Molesme Molinot Moloy Molphey Montagny-lès-Beaune Montagny-lès-Seurre Montbardsubpr Montberthault Montceau-et-Écharnant Monthelie Montigny-Montfort Montigny-Mornay-Villeneuve-sur-Vingeanne Montigny-Saint-Barthélemy Montigny-sur-Armançon Montigny-sur-Aube Montlay-en-Auxois Montliot-et-Courcelles Montmain Montmançon Montmoyen Montoillot Montot Mont-Saint-Jean Morey-Saint-Denis Mosson La Motte-Ternant Moutiers-Saint-Jean Musigny Mussy-la-Fosse Nan-sous-Thil Nantoux Nesle-et-Massoult Neuilly-Crimolois Nicey Nod-sur-Seine Nogent-lès-Montbard Noidan Noiron-sous-Gevrey Noiron-sur-Bèze Noiron-sur-Seine Nolay Norges-la-Ville Normier Nuits-Saint-Georges Obtrée Oigny Oisilly Orain Orgeux Origny Orret Orville Ouges Pagny-la-Ville Pagny-le-Château Painblanc Panges Pasques Pellerey Pernand-Vergelesses Perrigny-lès-Dijon Perrigny-sur-l'Ognon Pichanges Planay Plombières-lès-Dijon Pluvet Poinçon-lès-Larrey Poiseul-la-Grange Poiseul-la-Ville-et-Laperrière Poiseul-lès-Saulx Pommard Poncey-lès-Athée Poncey-sur-l'Ignon Pont Pont-et-Massène Pontailler-sur-Saône Posanges Pothières Pouillenay Pouilly-en-Auxois Pouilly-sur-Saône Pouilly-sur-Vingeanne Prâlon Précy-sous-Thil Premeaux-Prissey Prenois Prusly-sur-Ource Puits Puligny-Montrachet Quemigny-sur-Seine Quetigny Quincerot Quincey Quincy-le-Vicomte Recey-sur-Ource Remilly-en-Montagne Remilly-sur-Tille Renève Reulle-Vergy Riel-les-Eaux La Roche-en-Brenil Rochefort-sur-Brévon La Rochepot La Roche-Vanneau Roilly Rougemont Rouvray Rouvres-en-Plaine Rouvres-sous-Meilly Ruffey-lès-Beaune Ruffey-lès-Echirey Sacquenay Saffres Saint-Andeux Saint-Anthot Saint-Apollinaire Saint-Aubin Saint-Bernard Saint-Broing-les-Moines Saint-Didier Sainte-Colombe-en-Auxois Sainte-Colombe-sur-Seine Sainte-Marie-la-Blanche Sainte-Marie-sur-Ouche Sainte-Sabine Saint-Euphrône Saint-Germain-de-Modéon Saint-Germain-le-Rocheux Saint-Germain-lès-Senailly Saint-Hélier Saint-Jean-de-Bœuf Saint-Jean-de-Losne Saint-Julien Saint-Léger-Triey Saint-Marc-sur-Seine Saint-Martin-de-la-Mer Saint-Martin-du-Mont Saint-Maurice-sur-Vingeanne Saint-Mesmin Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux Saint-Philibert Saint-Pierre-en-Vaux Saint-Prix-lès-Arnay Saint-Rémy Saint-Romain Saint-Sauveur Saint-Seine-en-Bâche Saint-Seine-l'Abbaye Saint-Seine-sur-Vingeanne Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône Saint-Thibault Saint-Usage Saint-Victor-sur-Ouche Salives Salmaise Samerey Santenay Santosse Saulieu Saulon-la-Chapelle Saulon-la-Rue Saulx-le-Duc Saussey Saussy Savigny-lès-Beaune Savigny-le-Sec Savigny-sous-Mâlain Savilly Savoisy Savolles Savouges Segrois Seigny Selongey Semarey Semezanges Semond Semur-en-Auxois Senailly Sennecey-lès-Dijon Seurre Sincey-lès-Rouvray Soirans Soissons-sur-Nacey Sombernon Souhey Source-Seine Soussey-sur-Brionne Spoy Sussey Tailly Talant Talmay Tanay Tarsul Tart Tart-le-Bas Tellecey Ternant Terrefondrée Thenissey Thoires Thoisy-la-Berchère Thoisy-le-Désert Thomirey Thorey-en-Plaine Thorey-sous-Charny Thorey-sur-Ouche Thoste Thury Tichey Til-Châtel Tillenay Torcy-et-Pouligny Touillon Toutry Tréclun Trochères Trouhans Trouhaut Trugny Turcey Uncey-le-Franc Urcy Valforêt Le Val-Larrey Val-Mont Val-Suzon Vandenesse-en-Auxois Vannaire Vanvey Varanges Varois-et-Chaignot Vaux-Saules Veilly Velars-sur-Ouche Velogny Venarey-les-Laumes Verdonnet Vernois-lès-Vesvres Vernot Véronnes Verrey-sous-Drée Verrey-sous-Salmaise Vertault Vesvres Veuvey-sur-Ouche Veuxhaulles-sur-Aube Vianges Vic-de-Chassenay Vic-des-Prés Vic-sous-Thil Vieilmoulin Vielverge Vieux-Château Viévigne Viévy Vignoles Villaines-en-Duesmois Villaines-les-Prévôtes Villargoix Villars-et-Villenotte Villars-Fontaine Villeberny Villebichot Villecomte Villedieu Villeferry La Villeneuve-les-Convers Villeneuve-sous-Charigny Villers-la-Faye Villers-les-Pots Villers-Patras Villers-Rotin Villey-sur-Tille Villiers-en-Morvan Villiers-le-Duc Villotte-Saint-Seine Villotte-sur-Ource Villy-en-Auxois Villy-le-Moutier Viserny Vitteaux Vix Volnay Vonges Vosne-Romanée Voudenay Vougeot Voulaines-les-Templiers pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloxe-corton_entre_vignes.jpg"},{"link_name":"[alɔs kɔʁtɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Côte-d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bourgogne-Franche-Comté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceThe village, surrounded by its vineyards.Aloxe-Corton (French pronunciation: [alɔs kɔʁtɔ̃])[3] is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.","title":"Aloxe-Corton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaune"},{"link_name":"Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon"},{"link_name":"Côte de Beaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_de_Beaune"},{"link_name":"Ladoix-Serrigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladoix-Serrigny"},{"link_name":"Pernand-Vergelesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernand-Vergelesses"},{"link_name":"Pernand-Vergelesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernand-Vergelesses"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-4"},{"link_name":"Pernand-Vergelesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernand-Vergelesses"},{"link_name":"Magny-les-Villers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magny-les-Villers"},{"link_name":"Corgoloin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corgoloin"},{"link_name":"Savigny-les-Beaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savigny-les-Beaune"},{"link_name":"Ladoix-Serrigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladoix-Serrigny"},{"link_name":"Chorey-les-Beaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorey-les-Beaune"}],"text":"The commune lies about 4 km north by north-east of Beaune and 40 km south-west of Dijon at the northern end of the Côte de Beaune. There, the village of Aloxe is dominated by the Corton hill, nestled between the neighbouring communes of Ladoix-Serrigny and Pernand-Vergelesses. The D974 road forms the south-eastern border of the commune but does not enter. Access to the commune is by the D115D running north-west off the D974 to the village then continuing north-west to join the D18 road south of Pernand-Vergelesses. There is an extensive network of country roads throughout the commune which is entirely farmland, with the edge of the Bois de Corton in the north forming the northern border.[4]The only stream in the commune is the Fosse des Branots in the south flowing to the east.There are no villages or hamlets in the commune other than Aloxe-Corton.[4]Neighbouring communes and villages[4]\nPernand-Vergelesses\nMagny-les-Villers\nCorgoloin\n\n\n\n\n\nSavigny-les-Beaune\n\nAloxe-Corton\n\nLadoix-Serrigny\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChorey-les-Beaune","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Aloxe-Corton has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Aloxe-Corton is 11.4 °C (52.5 °F). The average annual rainfall is 777.7 mm (30.62 in) with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 20.9 °C (69.6 °F), and lowest in January, at around 2.5 °C (36.5 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Aloxe-Corton was 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) on 31 July 1983; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −20.0 °C (−4.0 °F) on 9 January 1985.Climate data for Aloxe-Corton (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1982−2002)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n33.8(92.8)\n\n39.7(103.5)\n\n38.7(101.7)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n39.7(103.5)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n6.1(43.0)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n2.5(36.5)\n\n3.7(38.7)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n0.3(32.5)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−20.0(−4.0)\n\n−13.2(8.2)\n\n−5.1(22.8)\n\n−3.6(25.5)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n−2.5(27.5)\n\n−8.2(17.2)\n\n−12.8(9.0)\n\n−20.0(−4.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n61.1(2.41)\n\n51.5(2.03)\n\n50.7(2.00)\n\n61.0(2.40)\n\n81.8(3.22)\n\n67.7(2.67)\n\n62.0(2.44)\n\n53.3(2.10)\n\n65.2(2.57)\n\n75.9(2.99)\n\n77.0(3.03)\n\n70.5(2.78)\n\n777.7(30.62)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n11.4\n\n9.4\n\n9.6\n\n10.1\n\n11.3\n\n8.9\n\n7.6\n\n7.8\n\n8.1\n\n10.5\n\n11.2\n\n11.7\n\n117.6\n\n\nSource: Meteociel[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Aloxe-Corton#Dubious"},{"link_name":"Corton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corton_(wine)"}],"text":"Aloxe-Corton comes from the Celtic \"al\" meaning \"high place\"[dubious – discuss].In French, Aloxe-Corton is pronounced \"Aloss-Corton\".The name of its Grand Cru vineyard Corton was added to that of the village on 22 March 1862.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Corton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corton_(wine)"}],"text":"Legend has it that the Emperor Charlemagne granted the lands in 775, initially planting some 70 vines. The vines were located in the area of \"Curtis Otto\" (i.e. Corton). The beneficiaries were the Canons of the Collegiate Church of St. Andoche Saulieu.Postcards on Aloxe-CortonHenri Poisot has a large collection of postcards of the village with nearly one hundred and fifty and still growing.He also has a large number of photos and old documents. Henri Poisot published a book entitled: 1728-1999 - History of the Cartography of the Great Vineyards of Burgundy (in French), a book of 102 pages with three folding maps. The book is available only from the Athenaeum in Beaune and from the Author.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Heraldry","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"List of Successive Mayors of Aloxe-Corton[6]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ürzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Crzig"}],"sub_title":"Twinning","text":"Aloxe-Corton has twinning associations with:[7]Ürzig (Germany) since 1966.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aloxois or Aloxoises in French.[8]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Corton_Andr%C3%A9_002.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cîteaux Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Abbey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_monument_historique_-_noir_sans_texte.svg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_monument_historique_-_noir_sans_texte.svg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_monument_historique_-_noir_sans_texte.svg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lavoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavoir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_monument_historique_-_rouge_sans_texte.svg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Château of Corton André from the 19th centuryAloxe-Corton has three castles and a church:Château de Corton Grancey built in part in 1749. The Cellars and the winery were built in 1834\nChâteau Corton André, built at the end of the 19th century, it replaced a charming 18th century house\nChâteau de Corton transformed between 1885 and 1890 to replace some very old buildings that had belonged to the family of Vergnette de la Motte, for several centuries. Before that it belonged to the Cîteaux Abbey\nChurch of Saint-Médard from 1890 by Pinchard which replaced an ancient chapel which stood on the Place du Chapitre for almost 1000 years. It contains several items that are registered as historical objects:\nBas-Relief: Christ appearing to Saint Benezet (16th century)[11]\nPainting: Benefits of the faith, expectations, and true love (16th century)[12]\nPainting: Saint John the Baptist, Saint Catherine, Saint Gilles and a donor (1579)[13]There is also a Lavoir (Public laundry) (1902) which is registered as a historical monument.[14]","title":"Sites and Monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloxe_Corton_sign_and_vineyards.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuverie_Corton_Grancey_-_Louis_Latour_-_Aloxe-Corton.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domaine_Comte_Senard,_Burgundy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Côte de Beaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_de_Beaune"},{"link_name":"Grand Cru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_cru_(wine)"},{"link_name":"appellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Corton-Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corton-Charlemagne"}],"text":"Sign and VineyardsCuverie Corton GranceyDomaine Comte SenardAloxe-Corton is one of the wine communes of the Côte de Beaune. The southern and eastern parts of the Corton hill, including most of its vineyards, are located in the commune, including vineyards used to produce wines under the two Grand Cru appellation Corton (mostly red, some white) and Corton-Charlemagne (only white).","title":"Wine"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wineries","text":"Domaine Maurice Chapuis\nDomaine Bruno Collin\nDomaine Franck Follin-Arbelet\nDomaine Comte Sénard\nDomaine Michel Voarick\nDomaine Freddy Meuneveaux\nDomaine Louise Perrin\nDomaine Latour\nChâteau de Corton-André\nDomaine Jean\nDomaine Carlos","title":"Wine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaune"},{"link_name":"Beaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaune"},{"link_name":"Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon"},{"link_name":"Beaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaune"}],"text":"Historical Notice on the village of Aloxe-Corton, Charles Bigarne, Beaune, 1899 (in French)\nMonograph on the Commune of Aloxe-Corton, Joseph Delissey, Beaune, 1968, (in French)\nAloxe-Corton, Claude Chapuis, Dijon, 1988 (in French)\nAloxe-Corton - History of a Village, Henri Poisot, Beaune, 2007, (in French)","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"The village, surrounded by its vineyards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aloxe-corton_entre_vignes.jpg/280px-Aloxe-corton_entre_vignes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arms of Aloxe-Corton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Blason_de_la_ville_d%27Aloxe-Corton_%28C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%29.svg/120px-Blason_de_la_ville_d%27Aloxe-Corton_%28C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Château of Corton André from the 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Corton_Andr%C3%A9_002.JPG/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Corton_Andr%C3%A9_002.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sign and Vineyards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aloxe_Corton_sign_and_vineyards.jpg/220px-Aloxe_Corton_sign_and_vineyards.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cuverie Corton Grancey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cuverie_Corton_Grancey_-_Louis_Latour_-_Aloxe-Corton.jpg/220px-Cuverie_Corton_Grancey_-_Louis_Latour_-_Aloxe-Corton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Domaine Comte Senard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Domaine_Comte_Senard%2C_Burgundy.jpg/220px-Domaine_Comte_Senard%2C_Burgundy.jpg"}]	[{"title":"French wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_wine"},{"title":"Route des Grands Crus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_des_Grands_Crus"},{"title":"Communes of the Côte-d'Or department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-21010","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Aloxe-Corton\". Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920055630/http://www.vins-bourgogne.fr/nos-vins-nos-terroirs/tous-les-bourgognes/aloxe-corton,2378,9172.html?&args=Y29tcF9pZD0xMzg2JmFjdGlvbj12aWV3RmljaGUmaWQ9MjExJnw%3D","url_text":"\"Aloxe-Corton\""},{"url":"http://www.vins-bourgogne.fr/nos-vins-nos-terroirs/tous-les-bourgognes/aloxe-corton,2378,9172.html?&args=Y29tcF9pZD0xMzg2JmFjdGlvbj12aWV3RmljaGUmaWQ9MjExJnw%3D","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Normales et records pour Aloxe Corton (21)\". Meteociel. Retrieved 16 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meteociel.fr/obs/clim/normales_records.php?code=21010001","url_text":"\"Normales et records pour Aloxe Corton (21)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aloxe-Corton&params=47.0664_N_4.8603_E_type:city(134)_region:FR-BFC","external_links_name":"47°03′59″N 4°51′37″E / 47.0664°N 4.8603°E / 47.0664; 4.8603"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aloxe-Corton&params=47.0664_N_4.8603_E_type:city(134)_region:FR-BFC","external_links_name":"47°03′59″N 4°51′37″E / 47.0664°N 4.8603°E / 47.0664; 4.8603"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-21010","external_links_name":"21010"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloxe-Corton&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-21010","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920055630/http://www.vins-bourgogne.fr/nos-vins-nos-terroirs/tous-les-bourgognes/aloxe-corton,2378,9172.html?&args=Y29tcF9pZD0xMzg2JmFjdGlvbj12aWV3RmljaGUmaWQ9MjExJnw%3D","external_links_name":"\"Aloxe-Corton\""},{"Link":"http://www.vins-bourgogne.fr/nos-vins-nos-terroirs/tous-les-bourgognes/aloxe-corton,2378,9172.html?&args=Y29tcF9pZD0xMzg2JmFjdGlvbj12aWV3RmljaGUmaWQ9MjExJnw%3D","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Aloxe-Corton,+France/@47.0679766,4.862768,6200m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x47f28cf7254bee05:0x409ce34b3146660?hl=en","external_links_name":"Google Maps"},{"Link":"https://www.meteociel.fr/obs/clim/normales_records.php?code=21010001","external_links_name":"\"Normales et records pour Aloxe Corton (21)\""},{"Link":"http://www.francegenweb.org/mairesgenweb/resultcommune.php?id=26589","external_links_name":"List of Mayors of France"},{"Link":"https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/cncdext/dyn/public/atlas/rechercheAtlasFrance.html","external_links_name":"National Commission for Decentralised cooperation"},{"Link":"https://www.habitants.fr/cote-d-or-21","external_links_name":"Le nom des habitants du 21 - Côte-d'Or"},{"Link":"http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=530","external_links_name":"Commune data sheet Aloxe-Corton"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-21010#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM21000028","external_links_name":"PM21000028 Bas-Relief: Christ appearing to Saint Benezet"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM21000027","external_links_name":"PM21000027 Painting: Benefits of the faith, expectations, and true love"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM21000026","external_links_name":"PM21000026 Bas-Relief: Painting: Saint John the Baptist, Saint Catherine, Saint Gilles and a donor"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA21000601","external_links_name":"IA21000601 Lavoir"},{"Link":"http://www.aloxe-corton.fr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312082427/http://www.ign.fr/affiche_rubrique.asp?rbr_id=1087&CommuneId=22211","external_links_name":"Aloxe-Corton on the old IGN website"},{"Link":"http://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/accueil?c=4.8603,47.0664&z=7.92265E-5&l=GEOGRAPHICALGRIDSYSTEMS.MAPS.3D$GEOPORTAIL:OGC:WMTS@aggregate(1)&l=ADMINISTRATIVEUNITS.BOUNDARIES$GEOPORTAIL:OGC:WMTS(1)&permalink=yes","external_links_name":"Aloxe-Corton on Géoportail"},{"Link":"http://rumsey.geogarage.com/maps/cassinige.html?lat=47.0664&lon=4.8603&zoom=13","external_links_name":"Aloxe on the 1750 Cassini Map"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124350588","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15250298b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15250298b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566988605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81149014","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028693752","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jucilei	Jucilei	["1 Career","2 Style of play","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","4.1 Club","4.2 Individual","5 References","6 External links"]	Brazilian footballer Jucilei Jucilei with São Paulo in 2018Personal informationFull name Jucilei da SilvaDate of birth (1988-04-06) 6 April 1988 (age 36)Place of birth São Gonçalo, BrazilHeight 1.87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career Ulbra2007 GrêmioSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2007–2009 J. Malucelli 4 (1)2009–2011 Corinthians 89 (6)2011–2014 Anzhi Makhachkala 74 (1)2014–2015 Al Jazira 23 (3)2015–2017 Shandong Luneng 43 (1)2017 → São Paulo (loan) 45 (1)2018–2020 São Paulo 49 (0)2021 Boavista 7 (0)2022 Atlético Carioca International career2010 Brazil 2 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals Jucilei da Silva (born 6 April 1988), known simply as Jucilei, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a central or defensive midfielder. Career Jucilei with Anzhi in 2011 Jucilei started his career with Malucelli and was transferred to Corinthians after being voted the best player of Malucelli in Paraná State Championship. He made his debut for Corinthians against Internacional on 10 May 2009, as the team lost 1–0. On 26 July 2010, he was called, by his former Corinthians coach Mano Menezes, to his first appearance for the Brazil national team. On 22 February 2011, Corinthians president Andrés Sánchez confirmed that big spending Russian side Anzhi had signed Jucilei, in a deal worth €10 million. After making 99 appearances in all competitions for Anzhi in just under three years, Jucilei moved to Al Jazira in the UAE Arabian Gulf League on 13 January 2014. He acquired Palestine citizenship to be counted as an Asian player, thus avoiding the foreign quota. On 28 June 2015, it was announced that Jucilei signed with Shandong Luneng in the Chinese Super League. On 1 May 2016, Jucilei scored his first goal for Shandong Luneng in Asian Champions League against Buriram United. He was also awarded for the player of the match. On 12 February 2017, Jucilei was loaned to São Paulo for one season. Style of play According to his former coach Cuca, Jucilei is a great defensive midfielder, "that has technique to advance with the ball and that marks very well." He also can play as centre-back. Career statistics Club Season League Cup Continental State League Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Malucelli 2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 4 1 Malucelli Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 4 1 Corinthians 2009 32 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 2 2010 34 2 - - 8 0 16 2 58 4 2011 0 0 - - 2 0 7 0 9 0 Corinthians Total 66 4 0 0 10 0 23 2 99 6 Anzhi Makhachkala 2011–12 28 1 1 0 - - - - 29 1 2012–13 27 0 5 0 14 1 - - 47 1 2013–14 19 0 0 0 5 0 - - 24 0 Anzhi Total 74 1 6 0 19 1 - - 99 2 Shandong Luneng Taishan 2015 13 0 2 0 - - - - 15 0 2016 30 1 1 0 11 2 - - 42 3 Shandong Total 43 1 3 0 11 2 - - 57 3 Career total 181 6 9 0 37 3 27 3 254 12 Honours Club Corinthians Brazilian Cup: 2009 Individual Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2010 Bola de Prata: 2010 References ^ "Futpedia: Jucilei (Jucilei da Silva)" (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31. Retrieved 2010-03-16. ^ "Anzhi Sign Corinthians' Jucilei Da Silva For €10 Million". Goal.com. ^ "Jucilei to Al Jazira". fc-anji.ru/. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ Westwood, Chris (6 August 2014). "Brazilian midfielder Jucilei to become Palestinian: The 26-year-old will now qualify to play for Palestine". SambaFoot. Retrieved 13 January 2016. ^ "Ex-corintiano virou palestino, rejeitou São Paulo e se afastou até de seleção por 'pé de meia'". ^ Song Miou. "Former Corinthian player Jucilei joins Shandong Luneng (sic)". news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-28. ^ "山东鲁能官宣尤西雷离队将租借至巴甲效力一年". Sina. 2017-02-12. Retrieved 2017-02-12. ^ Técnico de Jucilei na China, Cuca destaca: "pode jogar de zagueiro" ^ "Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão" (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. December 6, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2009. External links Jucilei at Soccerway Jucilei at National-Football-Teams.com Profile on Al Jazira official website (in English) Profile on UAE Arabian Gulf League official website (in English) Awards vte2010 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year GK: Fábio DF: Mariano DF: Dedé DF: Miranda DF: Roberto Carlos MF: Jucilei MF: Elias MF: Montillo MF: Conca FW: Neymar FW: Jonas vte2010 Bola de Prata GK: Fábio DF: Mariano DF: Chicão DF: Alex Silva DF: Roberto Carlos MF: Elias MF: Jucilei MF: Montillo MF: Conca FW: Neymar FW: Jonas This biographical article related to a Brazilian association football midfielder born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Central_midfielder"},{"link_name":"defensive midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Defensive_midfielder"}],"text":"Jucilei da Silva (born 6 April 1988), known simply as Jucilei, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a central or defensive midfielder.","title":"Jucilei"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jucilei_da_Silva_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Anzhi_Makhachkala"},{"link_name":"Malucelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Malucelli_Futebol"},{"link_name":"Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista"},{"link_name":"Paraná State Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paranaense"},{"link_name":"Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mano Menezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Menezes"},{"link_name":"Brazil national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Andrés Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_S%C3%A1nchez_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Al Jazira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazira_Club"},{"link_name":"UAE Arabian Gulf League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Arabian_Gulf_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Shandong Luneng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Luneng_Taishan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Asian Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Buriram United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buriram_United"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_FC"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Jucilei with Anzhi in 2011Jucilei started his career with Malucelli and was transferred to Corinthians after being voted the best player of Malucelli in Paraná State Championship.He made his debut for Corinthians against Internacional on 10 May 2009, as the team lost 1–0.[1] On 26 July 2010, he was called, by his former Corinthians coach Mano Menezes, to his first appearance for the Brazil national team.On 22 February 2011, Corinthians president Andrés Sánchez confirmed that big spending Russian side Anzhi had signed Jucilei, in a deal worth €10 million.[2]After making 99 appearances in all competitions for Anzhi in just under three years, Jucilei moved to Al Jazira in the UAE Arabian Gulf League on 13 January 2014.[3] He acquired Palestine citizenship to be counted as an Asian player, thus avoiding the foreign quota.[4][5]On 28 June 2015, it was announced that Jucilei signed with Shandong Luneng in the Chinese Super League.[6] On 1 May 2016, Jucilei scored his first goal for Shandong Luneng in Asian Champions League against Buriram United. He was also awarded for the player of the match.On 12 February 2017, Jucilei was loaned to São Paulo for one season.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuca_(footballer,_born_1963)"},{"link_name":"defensive midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_midfielder"},{"link_name":"centre-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-back"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"According to his former coach Cuca, Jucilei is a great defensive midfielder, \"that has technique to advance with the ball and that marks very well.\" He also can play as centre-back.[8]","title":"Style of play"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Copa_do_Brasil"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"CorinthiansBrazilian Cup: 2009","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bola de Prata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_de_Prata_(Brazil)"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2010[9]\nBola de Prata: 2010","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"Jucilei with Anzhi in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Jucilei_da_Silva_2011.jpg/160px-Jucilei_da_Silva_2011.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Futpedia: Jucilei (Jucilei da Silva)\" (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31. Retrieved 2010-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100131065031/http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/jucilei","url_text":"\"Futpedia: Jucilei (Jucilei da Silva)\""},{"url":"http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/jucilei","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anzhi Sign Corinthians' Jucilei Da Silva For €10 Million\". Goal.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/553/russia/2011/02/22/2363464/anzhi-sign-corinthians-jucilei-da-silva-for-10-million","url_text":"\"Anzhi Sign Corinthians' Jucilei Da Silva For €10 Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jucilei to Al Jazira\". fc-anji.ru/. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://fc-anji.ru/news/en/fc_anji_news/jucilei_to_al_jazeera140114/","url_text":"\"Jucilei to Al Jazira\""}]},{"reference":"Westwood, Chris (6 August 2014). \"Brazilian midfielder Jucilei to become Palestinian: The 26-year-old will now qualify to play for Palestine\". SambaFoot. Retrieved 13 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sambafoot.com/en/news/63241_brazilian_midfielder_jucilei_to_become_palestinian.html","url_text":"\"Brazilian midfielder Jucilei to become Palestinian: The 26-year-old will now qualify to play for Palestine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-corintiano virou palestino, rejeitou São Paulo e se afastou até de seleção por 'pé de meia'\".","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/436963_ex-corintiano-virou-palestino-rejeitou-sao-paulo-e-se-afastou-ate-de-selecao-por-pe-de-meia","url_text":"\"Ex-corintiano virou palestino, rejeitou São Paulo e se afastou até de seleção por 'pé de meia'\""}]},{"reference":"Song Miou. \"Former Corinthian player Jucilei joins Shandong Luneng (sic)\". news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702093129/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-06/28/c_134363075.htm","url_text":"\"Former Corinthian player Jucilei joins Shandong Luneng (sic)\""},{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-06/28/c_134363075.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"山东鲁能官宣尤西雷离队将租借至巴甲效力一年\". Sina. 2017-02-12. Retrieved 2017-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2017-02-12/doc-ifyamkzq1255521.shtml","url_text":"\"山东鲁能官宣尤西雷离队将租借至巴甲效力一年\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão\" (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. December 6, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/temporeal/cobertura/livre/06-12-2010/premio-craque-do-brasileirao/","url_text":"\"Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100131065031/http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/jucilei","external_links_name":"\"Futpedia: Jucilei (Jucilei da Silva)\""},{"Link":"http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/jucilei","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/553/russia/2011/02/22/2363464/anzhi-sign-corinthians-jucilei-da-silva-for-10-million","external_links_name":"\"Anzhi Sign Corinthians' Jucilei Da Silva For €10 Million\""},{"Link":"http://fc-anji.ru/news/en/fc_anji_news/jucilei_to_al_jazeera140114/","external_links_name":"\"Jucilei to Al Jazira\""},{"Link":"http://www.sambafoot.com/en/news/63241_brazilian_midfielder_jucilei_to_become_palestinian.html","external_links_name":"\"Brazilian midfielder Jucilei to become Palestinian: The 26-year-old will now qualify to play for Palestine\""},{"Link":"http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/436963_ex-corintiano-virou-palestino-rejeitou-sao-paulo-e-se-afastou-ate-de-selecao-por-pe-de-meia","external_links_name":"\"Ex-corintiano virou palestino, rejeitou São Paulo e se afastou até de seleção por 'pé de meia'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702093129/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-06/28/c_134363075.htm","external_links_name":"\"Former Corinthian player Jucilei joins Shandong Luneng (sic)\""},{"Link":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-06/28/c_134363075.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2017-02-12/doc-ifyamkzq1255521.shtml","external_links_name":"\"山东鲁能官宣尤西雷离队将租借至巴甲效力一年\""},{"Link":"https://esporte.uol.com.br/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2017/02/14/bem-avaliado-cuca-destaca-qualidades-de-jucilei-o-reforco-do-sao-paulo.htm","external_links_name":"Técnico de Jucilei na China, Cuca destaca: \"pode jogar de zagueiro\""},{"Link":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/temporeal/cobertura/livre/06-12-2010/premio-craque-do-brasileirao/","external_links_name":"\"Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/jucilei-da-silva/78542/","external_links_name":"Jucilei"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/39571.html","external_links_name":"Jucilei"},{"Link":"http://www.jc.ae/en/players/jucilei-da-silva.html/","external_links_name":"Profile on Al Jazira official website"},{"Link":"http://web.agleague.ae/en/person/jucilei-da-silva.html","external_links_name":"Profile on UAE Arabian Gulf League official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jucilei&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_side	A-side and B-side	["1 History","2 Double A-side","3 B/W","4 Characteristics","5 B-side compilations","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Other sources"]	Two sides of phonograph records and cassettes Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see A-Sides (disambiguation) and B-Sides (disambiguation). For Filipino pop band, see Side A (group). For the Christian theological positions, see Side A, Side B, Side X, Side Y (theological views). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "A-side and B-side" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Victor 17929-A and 17929-B A cassette tape The A-side and B-side are the two sides of phonograph records and cassettes, and the terms have often been printed on the labels of two-sided music recordings. The A-side usually features a recording that its artist, producer, or record company intends to be the initial focus of promotional efforts and radio airplay, with the aim of it becoming a hit record. The B-side (or "flip-side") is a secondary recording that typically receives less attention, although some B-sides have been as successful as, or more so than, their A-sides. Use of this language has largely declined in the 21st century as the music industry has transitioned away from analog recordings towards digital formats without physical sides, such as downloads and streaming. Nevertheless, some artists and labels continue to employ the terms A-side and B-side metaphorically to describe the type of content a particular release features, with B-side sometimes representing a "bonus" track or other material. History Conventions shifted in the early 1960s, at which point record companies started assigning the song they wanted radio stations to play to side A, as 45 rpm single records ("45s") dominated most markets in terms of cash sales in comparison to albums, which did not fare as well financially. Throughout the decade the industry would slowly shift to an album-driven paradigm for releasing new music; it was not until 1968 that the total production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. Double A-side A "double A-side", "AA-side", or "dual single" is a single where both sides are designated the A-side, with no designated B-side; that is, both sides are prospective hit songs and neither side will be promoted over the other. In 1949, Savoy Records promoted a new single by one of its artists, Paul Williams' "House Rocker" and "He Knows How to Hucklebuck", as "The New Double Side Hit – Both Sides "A" Sides". In 1965, Billboard reported that due to a disagreement between EMI and John Lennon about which side of the Beatles' "We Can Work It Out" and "Day Tripper" single should be considered the A-side and receive the plugging, "EMI settled for a double-side promotion campaign—unique in Britain." In the UK, before the advent of digital downloads, both A-sides were accredited with the same chart position, for the singles chart was compiled entirely from physical sales. In the UK, the biggest-selling non-charity single of all time was a double A-side, Wings' 1977 release "Mull of Kintyre"/"Girls' School", which sold over two million copies. It was also the UK Christmas No. 1 that year, one of only four occasions on which a double A-side has topped that chart, the others being Queen's 1991 re-release of "Bohemian Rhapsody" with "These Are the Days of Our Lives", Westlife's 1999 release "I Have a Dream"/"Seasons in the Sun", and the Beatles' "Day Tripper"/"We Can Work It Out" in 1965. Nirvana released "All Apologies" and "Rape Me" as a double A-side in 1993, and both songs are accredited as a hit on both the UK Singles Chart, and the Irish Singles Chart. B/W "b/w" redirects here. For the shortened form of "black and white", see black-and-white. For other uses, see B&W. The term "b/w", an abbreviation of "backed with", is often used in listings to indicate the B-side of a record. The term "c/w", for "coupled with", is used similarly. Characteristics B-sides are often considered to be filler material: songs of lower quality. However, some pop artists such as the Smiths and Oasis have been particularly known for releasing strong material on B-sides. B-sides have often been compiled on expanded or "deluxe" editions of albums or may be compiled into a "B-side compilation album" across multiple periods of an artist's career. B-side compilations Main article: List of B-side compilation albums See also B movie References ^ Plasketes, George (28 January 2013). B-Sides, Undercurrents and Overtones: Peripheries to Popular in Music, 1960 to the Present. Ashgate Publishing. ^ MacDonald, p. 296 ^ Billboard (25 June 1949). "Rhythm & Blues Records". Billboard. Vol. 61, no. 26. p. 30. ISSN 0006-2510. Savoy and Paul Williams Lead Again with ... The New Double Side Hit – Both Sides 'A' Sides ^ Hutchins, Chris. "Music Capitals of the World Archived 20 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine" Billboard 4 December 1965: 26 ^ "1977-12-24 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive \| Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020. ^ "Every Official Christmas Number 1 ever". Official Charts Company. 25 December 2020. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. ^ Nirvana – UK Singles Chart Archive Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine officialcharts.com. Retrieved 23 October 2013. ^ User needs to do an artist search for "Nirvana" Archived 24 May 2012 at archive.today irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 23 October 2013. ^ "The Straight Dope: In the record business, what do "b/w" and "c/w" mean?". 15 October 1999. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009. ^ Beaumont, Mark (19 July 2021). "It's time for a return of the good, old-fashioned B-side – and Sam Fender's leading the charge". NME. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ Petridis, Alexis (5 March 2020). "Oasis's greatest songs – ranked!". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ Evanson, Keith. "The Return Of The B-Side Single". Vinyl Me, Please. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023. Other sources MacDonald, Ian. Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties – ISBN 1-84413-828-3 "A History of the 45rpm record" Martland, Peter. EMI: The First 100 Years – ISBN 0-7134-6207-8 vteMusicHistory of music Prehistoric Ancient Dance Martial Religious Biblical Secular Art music Afghan classical music—Klasik Andalusi classical music Arabic music Azerbaijani Mugham Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat Chinese traditional music Indian classical music Byzantine music Indonesian art music—Gamelan Japanese court music—Gagaku Korean court music Lao classical music Mandé art music Ottoman music Persian classical music Philippine art songs—Kundiman Scottish Ceòl Mór Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka Thai classical music—Piphat Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc Western classical music Vernacularmusic Circus music Folk music Blues Country music Electronic music Hip hop music Jazz Pop music Progressive music Psychedelic music Soul music Musical instruments Arched Harp Angular harp History of the harpsichord History of lute-family instruments Nafir Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries 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views)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_A,_Side_B,_Side_X,_Side_Y_(theological_views)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:17929A-Lucia_di_Lammermoor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:17929B-Fantasia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compactcassette.jpg"},{"link_name":"cassette tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape"},{"link_name":"phonograph records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_record"},{"link_name":"cassettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_cassette"},{"link_name":"hit record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_record"},{"link_name":"digital formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio"},{"link_name":"downloads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_streaming"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see A-Sides (disambiguation) and B-Sides (disambiguation).For Filipino pop band, see Side A (group). For the Christian theological positions, see Side A, Side B, Side X, Side Y (theological views).Victor 17929-A and 17929-BA cassette tapeThe A-side and B-side are the two sides of phonograph records and cassettes, and the terms have often been printed on the labels of two-sided music recordings. The A-side usually features a recording that its artist, producer, or record company intends to be the initial focus of promotional efforts and radio airplay, with the aim of it becoming a hit record. The B-side (or \"flip-side\") is a secondary recording that typically receives less attention, although some B-sides have been as successful as, or more so than, their A-sides.Use of this language has largely declined in the 21st century as the music industry has transitioned away from analog recordings towards digital formats without physical sides, such as downloads and streaming. Nevertheless, some artists and labels continue to employ the terms A-side and B-side metaphorically to describe the type of content a particular release features, with B-side sometimes representing a \"bonus\" track or other material.[1]","title":"A-side and B-side"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Conventions shifted in the early 1960s, at which point record companies started assigning the song they wanted radio stations to play to side A, as 45 rpm single records (\"45s\") dominated most markets in terms of cash sales in comparison to albums, which did not fare as well financially. Throughout the decade the industry would slowly shift to an album-driven paradigm for releasing new music; it was not until 1968 that the total production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Savoy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Records"},{"link_name":"Paul Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Williams_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Records"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"We Can Work It Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Can_Work_It_Out"},{"link_name":"Day Tripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Tripper"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mull of Kintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre_(song)"},{"link_name":"Girls' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%27_School_(song)"},{"link_name":"UK Christmas No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_Christmas_number_ones"},{"link_name":"Queen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Rhapsody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody"},{"link_name":"These Are the Days of Our Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Are_the_Days_of_Our_Lives"},{"link_name":"Westlife's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlife"},{"link_name":"I Have a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream_(Westlife_song)"},{"link_name":"Seasons in the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasons_in_the_Sun_(Westlife_song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Official_Chart_2011-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"All Apologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Apologies"},{"link_name":"Rape Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_Me"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Irish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A \"double A-side\", \"AA-side\", or \"dual single\" is a single where both sides are designated the A-side, with no designated B-side; that is, both sides are prospective hit songs and neither side will be promoted over the other. In 1949, Savoy Records promoted a new single by one of its artists, Paul Williams' \"House Rocker\" and \"He Knows How to Hucklebuck\", as \"The New Double Side Hit – Both Sides \"A\" Sides\".[3] In 1965, Billboard reported that due to a disagreement between EMI and John Lennon about which side of the Beatles' \"We Can Work It Out\" and \"Day Tripper\" single should be considered the A-side and receive the plugging, \"EMI settled for a double-side promotion campaign—unique in Britain.\"[4]In the UK, before the advent of digital downloads, both A-sides were accredited with the same chart position, for the singles chart was compiled entirely from physical sales. In the UK, the biggest-selling non-charity single of all time was a double A-side, Wings' 1977 release \"Mull of Kintyre\"/\"Girls' School\", which sold over two million copies. It was also the UK Christmas No. 1 that year, one of only four occasions on which a double A-side has topped that chart, the others being Queen's 1991 re-release of \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" with \"These Are the Days of Our Lives\", Westlife's 1999 release \"I Have a Dream\"/\"Seasons in the Sun\", and the Beatles' \"Day Tripper\"/\"We Can Work It Out\" in 1965.[5][6] Nirvana released \"All Apologies\" and \"Rape Me\" as a double A-side in 1993, and both songs are accredited as a hit on both the UK Singles Chart,[7] and the Irish Singles Chart.[8]","title":"Double A-side"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black-and-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white"},{"link_name":"B&W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26W_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"\"b/w\" redirects here. For the shortened form of \"black and white\", see black-and-white. For other uses, see B&W.The term \"b/w\", an abbreviation of \"backed with\", is often used in listings to indicate the B-side of a record. The term \"c/w\", for \"coupled with\", is used similarly.[9]","title":"B/W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filler_(media)"},{"link_name":"Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smiths"},{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"expanded or \"deluxe\" editions of albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_edition"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"B-sides are often considered to be filler material: songs of lower quality. However, some pop artists such as the Smiths and Oasis have been particularly known for releasing strong material on B-sides.[10][11] B-sides have often been compiled on expanded or \"deluxe\" editions of albums or may be compiled into a \"B-side compilation album\" across multiple periods of an artist's career.[12]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"B-side compilations"}]	[{"image_text":"A cassette tape","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Compactcassette.jpg/220px-Compactcassette.jpg"}]	[{"title":"B movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie"}]	[{"reference":"Plasketes, George (28 January 2013). B-Sides, Undercurrents and Overtones: Peripheries to Popular in Music, 1960 to the Present. Ashgate Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Billboard (25 June 1949). \"Rhythm & Blues Records\". Billboard. Vol. 61, no. 26. p. 30. ISSN 0006-2510. Savoy and Paul Williams Lead Again with ... 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Archived from the original on 3 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/every-official-christmas-number-1-ever-__3618/","url_text":"\"Every Official Christmas Number 1 ever\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030036/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/every-official-christmas-number-1-ever-__3618/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Straight Dope: In the record business, what do \"b/w\" and \"c/w\" mean?\". 15 October 1999. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1352/in-the-record-business-what-do-b-w-and-c-w-mean","url_text":"\"The Straight Dope: In the record business, what do \"b/w\" and \"c/w\" mean?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004001903/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1352/in-the-record-business-what-do-b-w-and-c-w-mean","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beaumont, Mark (19 July 2021). \"It's time for a return of the good, old-fashioned B-side – and Sam Fender's leading the charge\". NME. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Beaumont_(journalist)","url_text":"Beaumont, Mark"},{"url":"https://www.nme.com/features/opinion/time-for-a-return-of-the-b-side-and-sam-fender-2996652","url_text":"\"It's time for a return of the good, old-fashioned B-side – and Sam Fender's leading the charge\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220309005906/https://www.nme.com/features/opinion/time-for-a-return-of-the-b-side-and-sam-fender-2996652","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Petridis, Alexis (5 March 2020). \"Oasis's greatest songs – ranked!\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Petridis","url_text":"Petridis, Alexis"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/mar/05/oasis-greatest-songs-ranked","url_text":"\"Oasis's greatest songs – ranked!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240517170322/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/mar/05/oasis-greatest-songs-ranked","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evanson, Keith. \"The Return Of The B-Side Single\". Vinyl Me, Please. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vinylmeplease.com/blogs/magazine/return-b-side-single","url_text":"\"The Return Of The B-Side Single\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230524191354/https://www.vinylmeplease.com/blogs/magazine/return-b-side-single","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22A-side+and+B-side%22","external_links_name":"\"A-side and B-side\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22A-side+and+B-side%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22A-side+and+B-side%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22A-side+and+B-side%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22A-side+and+B-side%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22A-side+and+B-side%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OykEAAAAMBAJ&dq=double+side+campaign+unique+britain+intitle%3Abillboard&pg=PA26","external_links_name":"Music Capitals of the World"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230320140044/https://books.google.com/books?id=OykEAAAAMBAJ&dq=double+side+campaign+unique+britain+intitle%3Abillboard&pg=PA26","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19771218/7501/","external_links_name":"\"1977-12-24 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive \| Official Charts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603234329/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19771218/7501/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/every-official-christmas-number-1-ever-__3618/","external_links_name":"\"Every Official Christmas Number 1 ever\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030036/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/every-official-christmas-number-1-ever-__3618/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/nirvana/","external_links_name":"Nirvana – UK Singles Chart Archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002162723/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/nirvana/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement","external_links_name":"User needs to do an artist search for \"Nirvana\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120524211911/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1352/in-the-record-business-what-do-b-w-and-c-w-mean","external_links_name":"\"The Straight Dope: In the record business, what do \"b/w\" and \"c/w\" mean?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004001903/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1352/in-the-record-business-what-do-b-w-and-c-w-mean","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/features/opinion/time-for-a-return-of-the-b-side-and-sam-fender-2996652","external_links_name":"\"It's time for a return of the good, old-fashioned B-side – and Sam Fender's leading the charge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220309005906/https://www.nme.com/features/opinion/time-for-a-return-of-the-b-side-and-sam-fender-2996652","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/mar/05/oasis-greatest-songs-ranked","external_links_name":"\"Oasis's greatest songs – ranked!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240517170322/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/mar/05/oasis-greatest-songs-ranked","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vinylmeplease.com/blogs/magazine/return-b-side-single","external_links_name":"\"The Return Of The B-Side Single\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230524191354/https://www.vinylmeplease.com/blogs/magazine/return-b-side-single","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maestro	Austin Maestro	["1 Background","2 Design and development","3 Novel features","4 Reception","5 Later developments","6 MG versions","6.1 MG Maestro 1600 (1983–1984)","6.2 MG Maestro 2.0 EFi (1984–1991)","6.3 MG Maestro Turbo (1989–1991)","7 Decline and \"rebirth\"","7.1 Chinese production","7.2 Sales","8 Models","8.1 Engines","9 Trim levels","10 In Popular Culture","11 References","12 Sources","13 External links"]	Car model Motor vehicle Austin Maestro1983 Austin MaestroOverviewManufacturerBritish Leyland (1982–1986)Rover Group (1986–1995)Also calledMG MaestroRover MaestroFAW-Etsong Lubao (hatchback)/ Lande (van)Production1982–1994 (Austin/Rover Maestro)1983–1991 (MG Maestro)1995–2001 (remaining CKD kits)2001–2007 (China)AssemblyOxford, EnglandVarna, BulgariaQingdao, China (Etsong) (1998–2003)Changchun, China (FAW) (2003–2005)Chengdu, China (Sichuan Auto Industry Group Company Ltd) (2006–2007)DesignerIan BeechDavid BacheBody and chassisClassSmall family car (C)Body style2-door van5-door hatchbackLayoutFF layoutRelatedAustin MontegoYema F99PowertrainEngine1.3 L A-series I41.6 L R-series I41.6 L S-series I42.0 L O-series I4 (MG Maestro)2.0 L Austin Rover MDi/Perkins Prima I4 dieselChina:1.3 L 8A-FE I41.5 L CQ4C15 I4Transmission4 or 5-speed manual, 3-speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,510 mm (98.8 in)Length4,050 mm (159.4 in)Width1,690 mm (66.5 in)Height1,430 mm (56.3 in)ChronologyPredecessor for Austin MaestroAustin MaxiAustin Allegro for MG MaestroMG 1300SuccessorRover 200 MkII The Austin Maestro is a five-door hatchback small family car (and two-door van derivative) that was produced from November 1982 to 1986 by British Leyland, and from 1986 until December 1994 by Rover Group, as a replacement for the Austin Maxi and Austin Allegro, with the van version replacing the corresponding van derivative of the Morris Ital. The car was produced at Morris' former Oxford plant, also known as Cowley, with 605,000 units sold. Today, the redeveloped factory builds the BMW Mini. An MG-branded performance version was sold as the MG Maestro from 1983 until 1991. Although later models were sometimes referred to as the Rover Maestro, the model never wore the Rover badge. The Austin Montego saloon was a variant of the Maestro. Background Austin Maestro rear (basic model with steel bumpers) British Leyland was created in 1975 when the bankrupt British Leyland Motor Corporation was nationalised. In 1977 the South African-born corporate troubleshooter, Michael Edwardes, was recruited as chairman to sort out the troubled firm. Part of Edwardes' plan was to introduce a completely new range of mass-market models to replace the current offerings, designed and built using state-of-the-art technology. The new range eventually decided upon consisted of a new vehicle for each of the small, lower-medium and upper-medium market segments. The first of these cars to be launched was the Austin Metro in 1980. Design and development The new cars for the lower and upper medium segments were to share a platform, with various trim and styling differences to distinguish the two different models. The two models would in effect replace four existing vehicles in the British Leyland range – the Maestro would simultaneously replace both the Austin Allegro and Maxi, whilst the Montego replaced the Austin Ambassador and Morris Ital, these latter two having been recent facelifts of the Princess and Morris Marina. Since all but the Allegro were made at the Cowley plant, this rationalization would give the cost benefits of production automation and flexibility. This common platform was given the project name LC10, using the Leyland Cars project sequence (LC8 became the Austin Mini Metro on its launch in 1980, LC9 became the Triumph Acclaim when it was launched in 1981). Preliminary design work for LC10 began in 1977, with production scheduled to begin around 1980 – which would have seen it go on sale around the same time as the Ford Escort MK3 and the original Vauxhall Astra. LC10 was styled by Ian Beech under the direction of BL designer David Bache. Two main body variations were provided: a five-door hatchback and a four-door notchback. It was a departure from previous front-wheel drive cars from the company in dispensing with the famous Issigonis transmission-in-sump powertrain that had been pioneered in the Mini. Coupled to the A- and R-series powerplants was an end-on transmission (as pioneered by Fiat with the Autobianchi Primula), bought from Volkswagen. The sophisticated Hydragas suspension system used on previous BL models was sacrificed on cost grounds, with a conventional MacPherson strut system at the front and a Volkswagen Golf-style torsion beam at the rear being used instead – but with long travel rising rate springs. While easier to build, this suspension did compromise load space. Prototypes were even tested with actual Golf suspension components. This may have led to the early cars being prone to front wheel bearing issues. The Maestro was larger and heavier than the first VW Golf. It was decided that the five-door hatchback version would be engineered first. It was given its own project designation, LM10, with this version to be launched as the Austin Maestro. The name "Maestro" had been a finalist when the Austin Metro was being named, with the third choice ("Match") never picked up. The booted notchback version was to follow and it was designated as LM11, although its development was to diverge from the original path, it was later launched as the Austin Montego on its launch in April 1984, following British Leyland's decision to discontinue the Morris marque. Production began in November 1982, and the car was officially launched on 1 March 1983. The wheelbase was 2,510 mm (8 ft 2.8 in), and the length was 4,050 mm (13 ft 3.4 in). Novel features The Maestro incorporated many novel and pioneering features for its class. It had a bonded laminated windscreen, homofocal headlamps, body-coloured plastic bumpers, an electronic engine management system, adjustable front seat belt upper anchorage positions, an asymmetrically split rear seat, and a 12,000-mile (19,300 km) service interval. The MG and Vanden Plas versions had solid-state instrumentation with digital speedometer and vacuum fluorescent analogue displays for tachometer, fuel and temperature gauges, trip computer and a voice synthesis warning and information system. The analogue instrument pod fitted to lower models was later used in the Range Rover from 1985 onwards. Reception Austin Maestros in storage beside the manufacturers' Oxford plant in 1985 The Maestro was launched in March 1983. In its summing up of the new car the Consumers' Association, in the June edition of its Which? journal, described it as roomy, comfortable, and nice to drive, and said "If you are considering buying one now, our advice, based on our first impressions, is to go ahead". In January 1984, after testing the car, they concluded: "In comparison with opposition of a similar price and body size, the Maestro has a clear advantage on room for passengers, with few cars equalling it for comfort either in the front or back". They also considered it to be a serious rival to the higher-segment Vauxhall Cavalier and Ford Sierra, apart from its smaller boot space. The original lineup consisted of the 1.3-litre base, L, and HLE models, the 1.6-litre L, HLS, and Vanden Plas, and the sporty MG Maestro. The HLE model had a somewhat downtuned engine and received Volkswagen's "monstrously long-geared" 3+E transmission to maximize fuel economy, at the cost of severe performance loss. To further improve the HLE's economy, it was fitted with an econometer and the same black rubber fins along the sides of the rear windshield as was the MG Maestro. The base model forwent the other versions' plastic bumpers, instead being fitted with black-painted steel units. The plastic bumpers were the first of their kind, being made from polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), allowing them to be painted and then oven cured at the same high temperature as the car's steel body. The 1.6 HLS and Vanden Plas received a 4+E gearbox (a five-speed with a particularly long top gear), while the MG's closer ratio five-speed box derived from that of the Golf GTi. A trip computer with a voice synthesizer was standard on the MG and Vanden Plas models, with the Vanden Plas also benefitting from bronze-tinted windows, power locks, and power windows for the front doors. Later developments The car was a reasonable success, but not as much as beleaguered BL had hoped. It was Britain's sixth best selling car in 1983 and 1984, with more than 80,000 sales in its second year. After the "boom" years of 1986 and 1987, Maestro sales went into decline. An early reputation for poor build quality and unreliability did not help. The biggest problems centred around the 1.6-litre R-series engine, which was a hurriedly modified BMC E-series engine from the Austin Maxi because the under-developed S-series unit was not yet ready for production. R-series units suffered from hot starting problems and premature crankshaft failure. This was particularly evident in the MG Maestro 1600, which was included in the original 1983 model range but discontinued the following year. The new S-series engine eventually appeared in July 1984, and was fitted to all existing 1.6-litre Maestros. The new S-series engine also came fitted with electronic ignition. At the same time, some minor equipment upgrades were made across the range. The 1.3-litre base model gained head restraints, a passenger door mirror and a radio. The 1.3-litre HLE, 1.6-litre automatic and 1.6 HLS all gained a radio-cassette player. In October 1984, there were more equipment upgrades made across the range. The 1.3 base models gained reclining front seats, door bins, locking fuel filler caps and clocks. The L models gained cloth door trim, upgraded upholstery, and remote-adjustable driver's side door mirrors; the 1.6 Ls gained five-speed gearboxes. The 1.3 HLEs gained five-speed "4+E" gearboxes with overdrive fifth gear ratios, side mouldings, tweed cloth upholstery and remotely adjustable passenger's side door mirrors. The HLS and 1.6 automatics gained tinted glass, central locking, electric front windows, velour upholstery and upgraded radio-cassette players. The MG Maestros gained electronic fuel-injected 115 bhp (86 kW) versions of the 2-litre O-series engine, uprated suspension and ventilated front disc brakes, colour-keyed exterior trim, tinted glass, central locking and leather-trimmed steering wheels. The new MG Maestro offered much better performance and refinement than its predecessor. Also in October 1984, the existing Maestro line-up was joined by the 1.3 HL and 1.6 HL. These models fitted between the L and HLE models. August 1985 saw the arrival of the 1.3 City and 1.3 City X. The 1.3 City was similar to the previous 1.3 base model. The 1.3 City X added full carpeting, cloth upholstery, head restraints, a rear parcel shelf, a radio and a manually operated choke. These models also did without the plastic bumpers, having more conventional steel bumpers with plastic end caps similar to the Maestro van. A later Vanden Plas interior The original dashboard was of a multi-piece construction, and gained a reputation for being flimsy and prone to squeaks and rattles, so in February 1986, this was replaced with the more conventional dashboard from the Montego and in the change the voice synthesis unit (prone to reliability issues) was dropped. At the same time more minor equipment upgrades were made across the range. The City X gained door bins and rear wash-wipe. The L and LE gained tweed trim. The HL and automatic gained velour trim and additional brightwork. The Vanden Plas gained leather trim and uprated electronic stereo system. BL was sold to British Aerospace in 1988, when the Austin badges were discontinued. The range was sustained by the noisy but economical direct injection naturally aspirated Perkins diesel unit launched the previous year. However, without a turbo this model was rather slow. The diesel had already been available in the Maestro van since 1986. The MG Maestro Turbo, fitted with a turbocharged version of the 2.0 fuel-injected engine from the MG Maestro EFi, was unveiled at the Motor Show in October 1988 and went on sale on 17 March 1989. It was one of the fastest production hatchbacks in the world with a top speed of 129 mph (208 km/h), making it faster than the Ford Escort XR3i and RS Turbo, as well as the Volkswagen Golf GTI. After the launch of the new Rover 200 in October 1989, the Maestro was repositioned as a budget entry level model, with only the base specification models remaining in production while the MG variants were discontinued in 1991. Production had peaked at more than 101,000 units in 1983, and as late as 1989 nearly 60,000 were made. Most sales were in the United Kingdom, where it peaked as the sixth best selling car with more than 80,000 sales in 1984, but by 1989 sales had halved and it was the 19th best seller. However, production figures fell to 38,762 for 1990, more than halving the following year to 18,450. 1991 was also the year that the MG-badged versions finished production, their place effectively being filled in the Rover range by faster versions of the 200-series hatchback. In 1992, the 81 bhp (60 kW) high revving Rover MDi / Perkins Prima turbo diesel unit from the Montego was launched, in the now reduced Maestro range (after the launch of the Rover 200/400), as a Clubman with steel bumpers or DLX with plastic bumpers. The turbo improved refinement, as well as performance, at no cost to fuel economy. It was very competitively priced, it was about the same price as the Rover Metro and Peugeot 205 non-turbo diesel superminis that were a size smaller. The only other engine option was the elderly 1.3-litre A series. In 1987, after an endurance test of 50,000 kilometers with an Austin Maestro 1.6 Mayfair, the Dutch car magazine Autovisie wrote that they 'can state without reservation that today's Austins have the same level of quality as other, more selling manufacturers. The Maestro appears to be a good alternative for someone who wants to distinguish himself from the average Escort/Golf/Kadett brigade.' In June 1987, the Automobile Association (AA) came to the following conclusion in the car magazine Your Car Magazine: 'The Maestro is a reliable vehicle which has improved over the years.' In 1993, What Car? buyers' guide section said: "Yes, its old, but nowadays it's also very cheap. Popularity of noisy but economical and surprisingly rapid turbodiesel is what keeps this roomy car going." Also in 1993, the Automobile Association road tested the turbo diesel. Their verdict: "You're hardly likely to buy a Maestro diesel to improve your street cred! For turning heads, the 218/418 diesel is a much better proposition. However, disinterested passengers love the back seat, while the driver can relish the model's marked reluctance to visit filling stations. Here's a hatchback for buyers who are really serious about the substance rather than the image – and with a price tag that's thousands of pounds lower than most of its rivals (shown in our comparison chart), you start saving even before your first forecourt stop. Unless you're averse to gearchanging, this unpretentious Maestro turbo-diesel, at its competitive price, can't seriously be faulted." In 1993, however, production fell to just over 7,000 units and in its final year, 1994, just over 4,000 were produced, the last one rolling off the production line in December. The chassis development for the Maestro and Montego's rear suspension was used as a basis for later Rover cars, and was well regarded. In 1994, the Maestro finished in 26th place in the JD Power Survey broadcast by Top Gear. This clearly left the model above more recently appeared competitors such as the Volkswagen Golf (52nd), Vauxhall Astra (59th) and the Ford Escort (61st). In September 1995 production was transferred to Varna, Bulgaria, in complete knock down (CKD) kit form. Around 2,000 vehicles were produced before the company (Rodacar AD) ceased production in April 1996 due to high import costs of the components and little demand for the cars. The majority of the Maestros produced were exported to other countries, including the UK. A small number of these were sold by Apple 2000 Ltd of Bury St Edmunds, and registered on an "N" prefix. 1999-registered Maestro, probably assembled by Parkway Services from a stored kit In 1997, Parkway Services of Ledbury, Herefordshire, purchased a batch of 621 Maestro cars and vans in CKD kit form. These had been stored at Cowley, Oxfordshire, since their production in mid-1996, when they became surplus to requirements. The company built up the cars and converted the majority of them to RHD form using up Rover's supply of parts. The National Database for Motoring Insurance has records of models registered between "R" and "51" number plates, meaning the overall period of Maestro availability, new in the United Kingdom, was from 1983 to 2001. In 1998 the Maestro was relaunched in the UK, by Wheeler International Ltd. Sold by Apple 2000 in Bury St Edmunds, Maestros were imported from Bulgaria and sold in the UK, France & Spain, these were the last factory examples available for sale. On 10 February 2001 in The Independent's Edition of Your Money, Apple 2000 and the Maestro were Featured on the front page. In the Motoring section James Ruppert reports "FANCY a brand new Maestro?" you can have one for just £4299 and all remaining cars are appropriately finished in black. The tooling was then sold to First Automobile Works (FAW) in China, where the Maestro was available to the Chinese motoring market in both hatchback and van models. A new addition to the range was the FAW Lubao CA6410 – a Maestro hatch with a Montego front end. A handful of Chinese-made parts were imported into Britain whilst these cars were in production, which itself ended in 2005. MG versions MG Maestro 1600 (1983–1984) Rushed into production against engineers' advice at the launch in March 1983, the original MG Maestro was under-developed. Its 1.6-litre R-series engine ran roughly, was difficult to start when warm, and its Weber twin carburettors could not always be properly tuned by dealership workshops, who were used to SU carburettors. The R-series model was replaced in July 1984 with the short-lived S-series model, which was built until October 1984 when the EFi was launched. Despite the reliability issues, more than 15,000 MG Maestro 1600s were built. MG Maestro 1600 MG Maestro 2.0 EFi (1984–1991) After a brief interval, the MG Maestro was relaunched in October 1984 with a fuel-injected 2.0-litre O-series engine that gave considerably better performance than its predecessor. Handling and performance were both improved and gave Austin Rover its first serious rival for the Golf GTI and Escort XR3i. It had a claimed output of 115 bhp (86 kW), a top speed of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a 0-60 mph time of 8.5 seconds. It was also mated with a Honda PG1 gearbox for improved gearchange, in preference to the Volkswagen box as supplied to the rest of the range. MG Maestro EFi MG Maestro EFi MG Maestro Turbo (1989–1991) With the Rover Group only a few months away, the limited edition (500 + 5 press cars) MG Maestro Turbo (displayed at Birmingham in October 1988 and launched in early 1989) was the final car from ARG. It made use of the 2.0's already impressive engine, but the combination of carburetor and turbocharger gave it a top speed of 128 mph (206 km/h) and a 0–60 mph time of 6.7 seconds. It was faster than the majority of its competitors, but the high performance, Tickford designed bodykit and alloys did little to disguise the fact that it was very much still a Maestro. Sales were slow, as it appeared six years after the Maestro's launch. Production of the MG Maestro finished in 1991, as Rover had launched GTi versions of the new 200 and 400 models, though the standard Maestro remained in production until 1994. MG Maestro Turbo MG Maestro Turbo Decline and "rebirth" Production of the Maestro, which was already suffering from a decline in sales, was pruned back by autumn 1989 on the launch of the second generation Rover 200, which was aimed at the higher end of the small family car market, with the Maestro being kept on sale as a cheaper alternative with more basic versions available. The arrival of the Rover 600 in 1993 saw the closure of the Maestro/Montego assembly line, but small-scale production in complete knock down (CKD) kit form continued until 1994, when BMW's takeover of Rover saw production cease almost immediately. In 1994, Rover established Rodacar, a joint venture with a Bulgarian company to produce Maestros at a new factory in Varna, using CKD kits sent from the UK. Production began in July 1995 and 2,200 cars were assembled before the factory closed in April 1996. The venture failed because of competition from other cars and the Bulgarian government's failure to honour agreements to reduce tariffs on imported parts and buy thousands of Maestros for government departments. Around 1,700 of the Rodacar-made Maestros were exported, including 550 to Uruguay, 400 to Argentina and 200 to North Macedonia. Two British dealers, Parkway Services in Ledbury and a company called Apple 2000 in Bury St Edmunds, acquired unsold Maestros from Bulgaria and sold them in the UK, converting most of them to right-hand drive. (Please see the 'Later Developments' above for more information.) Many interior parts from the Maestro/Montego series continued to be used in various Land Rover models well into the late 1990s, for instance the Maestro instrument pack and switchgear were fitted to the Range Rover Classic from the mid-1980s onward, as well as on the Series I Discovery from launch until the 1995 facelift. The Series I Discovery also used the tail lamp cluster from the Maestro van until 1998. Like most pre-1989 Austin Rover cars, 1.3-litre and 1.6-litre Maestros cannot run on unleaded petrol without the cylinder head being converted (remachining of the cylinder head), or the use of fuel additives. FBHVC (Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs) tested and approved lead replacement fuel additives, work out at only a couple of pence a litre. The 1994 cc O-series engine in the MG EFi, 2.0i and Turbo has sufficiently hard exhaust valves and seats. Muddying the water slightly, contemporary sales literature for the MG Turbo (and the owners' handbook) advised drivers to use only 4* leaded petrol. This was because unleaded petrol was only available with an octane rating of 95 RON. The turbo engine was tuned for the higher 97 RON octane rating of leaded petrol, which improves combustion and reduces the chances of 'pinking' and running lean on boost: both very harmful to turbo engines. Modern high-octane unleaded petrol is a perfectly suitable substitute, but it had yet to become available on forecourts when the cars were current. Chinese production FAW Jiefang CA6400UA FAW CA6440UA The Yema F12, the most recent development on the old Maestro underpinnings In 1997, three years after production of the Maestro ended in the UK, the Chinese tobacco company Etsong acquired the tooling and intellectual property rights to the car. In 2001, the company placed it back into production in two variants; the Etsong Lubao QE6400 Ruby and Etsong Lubao QE6440 Laird, built in a new, specially constructed factory in Qingdao, China. The QE6400 used the hatchback bodyshell of the Maestro, but the frontal styling of the Montego, while the QE6440 was a panel van variant. Both cars used Toyota engines and transmissions. In 2003, Etsong exited the car-making business and sold the Lubao factory to First Automobile Works, one of China's biggest car-makers. FAW continued to market the hatchback as the Jiefang CA6400UA and the van as the Jiefang CA6440UA. Production for the FAW based cars ended in 2006 then in 2008 the Maestro Van was relaunched as the Yema SQJ6450 by Sichuan Auto Industry Group Company Ltd, who had purchased the tooling from FAW. Yema Auto have since reskinned the car and is currently selling SUV-styled wagon versions as the Yema F99, F10, and most recently the F12 (2012). Sales The Maestro sold over 605,000 units, although it failed to match the success of the Ford Escort and Vauxhall Astra. A survey by Auto Express magazine, conducted in August 2006, revealed that the Maestro was Britain's ninth most scrapped car of the previous 30 years, with just 11,574 examples still in circulation and in working order in the United Kingdom. By 2009, that number declined to 777 units, and only 116 were still operating in 2023. Despite only going on sale in early March 1983, the Maestro was Britain's sixth best selling car in 1983 with more than 65,000 sales. Its first full year on sale, 1984, brought more than 83,000 sales – which would be the Maestro's best year for sales in any country. As had happened the previous year, it was Britain's sixth best selling car in 1984. However, it had fallen to 10th in 1985; although Austin Rover managed to keep up a strong presence in this sector due to the arrival of the similar sized Rover 200 saloon in June 1984. By 1988, it was merely the 14th best selling car in Britain, dipping further to 19th place in 1989, the year that the second generation Rover 200 was launched. The Maestro was now not only behind the all conquering Ford Escort and Vauxhall Astra (which first outsold it in 1985) in the sales charts, but also behind some foreign competitors including the Volkswagen Golf and Peugeot 309. Sales fell lower still afterwards, as the latest Rover 200 was firmly established as the Rover Group's best seller in this sector, and the Maestro remained on sale as a cheaper alternative until the last ones left the showrooms in the mid-1990s. Models A campervan conversion. This variant has flush front headlights. Many commercial (van) versions of the Maestro, which shared this campervan's basic bodyshell, had smaller, recessed headlights. Campervan conversion showing the rear lights as also used by the Land Rover Discovery Engines 1983–1993–1275 cc A-series I4, 68 hp (51 kW) at 5800 rpm and 75 lb·ft (102 Nm) at 3500 rpm 1983–1985–1275 cc A-series I4, 64 hp (48 kW) at 5500 rpm and 73 lb·ft (99 Nm) at 3500 rpm HLE 1983 – July 1984 – 1598 cc R-series I4, 81 hp (60 kW) at 5500 rpm and 91 lb⋅ft (123 N⋅m) at 3500 rpm 1983 – July 1984 – 1598 cc R-series I4, 103 hp (77 kW) at 6000 rpm and 100 lb⋅ft (136 N⋅m) at 4000 rpm MG 1984–1993–1598 cc S-series I4, 85 hp (63 kW) at 5600 rpm and 97 lb⋅ft (132 N⋅m) at 3500 rpm July 1984 – October 1984 – 1598 cc S-series I4, 103 hp (77 kW) at 6000 rpm MG 1984–1992–1994 cc O-series I4, 115 hp (86 kW) MG EFi and 2.0i 1988–1990–1994 cc O-series I4, 152 hp (113 kW) MG Turbo 1990–1992–1994 cc Austin/Rover MDi – Perkins Prima NA I4, 62 hp (46 kW) 1992–1995–1994 cc Austin/Rover MDi – Perkins Prima TD I4, 81 hp (60 kW) at 4500 rpm and 116 lb⋅ft (157 N⋅m) at 2500 rpm Some prototype versions have a 1.8-litre petrol or Volkswagen's 1.9 diesel engine; these were never used in production. Trim levels The Maestro was available in the following trim levels: Base (1983–1985) L (1983–1990) LE (1986–1988) HL (1984–1987) HLE (1983–1985) HLS (1983–1986) LX (1990–1993) City (1985–1988) City X (1985–1988) Special (1988–1990) Clubman (1990–1994) SL (1988–1990) Mayfair (1986–1988) Vanden Plas (1983–1988) In Popular Culture The Austin and MG Maestro were an early example of product placement on UK television and after the car was launched in March 1983, it featured prominently in several TV programmes, including BBCs Tomorrow's World which dedicated a part of a programme to explain how the car was developed and demonstrate the synthesized voice feature. Channel 4's soap opera, Brookside (1982–2003), wrote an entire storyline where the characters, Paul and Annabelle Collins, 'downsized' from their upmarket Rover SD1 for a more basic Austin Maestro. When they were seen looking at a brand new Maestro in a car showroom, prominent advertising surrounding the car declared it "The Magic Maestro!" in episodes aired in March 1983. The (then) state of the art voice command told them the car needed "more fuel". They settled on buying the gold coloured basic trim and not the "computerised version" in the end. Their Maestro had the registration SAB 453Y. It was first registered in March 1983 and written off in June 1994. Also in 1983, the BBC TV series, Juliet Bravo (1980–1985), the main character, Inspector Kate Longton (Anna Carteret), drove a gold Austin Maestro (registration SOJ 626Y) This was seen in every episode, as well as in the opening titles, from September 1983 - curiously, according to the National Motoring Database records, the Y-registered Austin Maestro Inspector Longton drove was first registered in February 1983 - one month before the car was officially launched. In 1985, the ITV soap opera Crossroads (1964–1988 series) launched new opening titles which followed a red MG Maestro (with the registration B54 YDE; its first official DVLA registration was June 1985 - these titles first aired in March) from the A38(M) in Birmingham to Crossroads Motel in the fictional village of "Kings Oak". These titles lasted until 1987. In the BBC TV drama serial, Howards' Way (1985-1990), the character, Tom Howard, drove an MG Maestro during the first series in 1985. Fittingly, his then wife, Jan Howard, drove an Austin Metro. References ^ Chinese Maestro: Lubao CA6410, 6 February 2012 ^ Yema's Maestro vans are on life support…, 29 June 2009 ^ "1983–1994 AUSTIN Maestro". Classic & Performance Car. Retrieved 20 June 2014. ^ Whisler 1999 ^ a b Renaux, Jean-Jacques (10 March 1983). "BL passe la 3ème vitesse" . Le Moniteur de l'Automobile (in French). 34 (764). Brussels, Belgium: Editions Auto-Magazine: 9. ^ Armstrong, Douglas (July 1979). "European Letter". SA Motor. 17 (7). Randburg, South Africa: SA Motor (Pty) Ltd: 12. ^ Cropley, Steve (April 1983). "Maestro: lily among the weeds". Design. pp. 60–62. Retrieved 22 March 2022. ^ "First Impressions: Austin Maestro". Which?: back page. June 1983. ^ "Austin Maestro". Which?: 44–46. January 1984. ^ Renaux, pp. 7–9 ^ a b c Renaux, p. 10 ^ "Austin MG Maestro Turbo". Retro Car Icons. ^ "Austin Maestro Clubman diesel" (PDF). The AA Car Report. The Automobile Association. December 1990. ^ a b "Austin Maestro Clubman Turbo-diesel Test Extra" (PDF). The AA Car Report. The Automobile Association. July 1993. ^ a b "Index of /maestro/". Maestro & Montego Owners' Club. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012. ^ Humble, Mike (22 March 2012). "Unsung heroes: MG Maestro 2.0 EFi". AROnline. Retrieved 28 October 2012. ^ "MG Maestro Turbo". The MG Owners' Club. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. ^ Adams, Keith. "Rodacar Maestro: Full of Eastern promise…". AROnline. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. ^ "Ledbury & Apple 2000 Maestros". Maestro & Montego Owners Club. 13 August 2005. Retrieved 28 October 2012. ^ ^ "Chinese Maestro : Lubao CA6410". AROnline. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012. ^ "'". AROnline. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2012. ^ "'". AROnline. Retrieved 28 October 2012. ^ Adams, Keith (2 October 2011). "Yema F12 takes Maestro platform further". News. AROnline. Retrieved 26 January 2013. ^ "1983–1994 AUSTIN Maestro". Classic & Performance Car. Retrieved 20 June 2014. Sources Whisler, Timothy (1999). The British Motor Industry, 1945–94: A Case Study in Industrial Decline. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829074-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Austin Maestro. Adams, Keith. "Maestro/Montego". AROnline. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. "Austin Maestro Clubman diesel" (PDF). The AA Car Report. The Automobile Association. December 1990. "Austin Maestro Clubman Turbo-diesel Test Extra" (PDF). The AA Car Report. The Automobile Association. July 1993. vteCars manufactured by BL Austin Rover, BL Land Rover, Rover Group, MG Rover, NAC MG, MG Motor, LDV, Austin-Vanden Plas and Rover-Vanden Plas from 1980 onwards Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Ownership BL plc / Rover Group British Aerospace BMW Phoenix Venture Holdings Nanjing Auto / SAIC Group name BL Cars Austin Rover Group / Land Rover Group Rover Group MG Rover Group NAC MG / MG Motor City car Mini Mini was acquired by BMW in 2000 Supermini Austin Metro Rover Metro Rover 100 CityRover MG 3 SW MG 3 Austin Allegro Austin Maestro / Rover 200 (SD3) Rover 200 (R8) Compact Triumph Acclaim Rover 400 (R8) Rover 200 (R3) Rover 25 / MG ZR MG 5/GT MG 5 MG 350/MG 360 MG 5/e5/EP Austin Maxi Austin Montego Rover 400 (HH-R) Rover 45 / MG ZS MG 6 (IP22) MG 6 (IP32) MG 550 Large family car Morris Ital Rover 600 Rover 75 / MG ZT MG 7 MG 7 Princess Austin Ambassador MG 750 Executive Rover SD1 Rover 800 (XX) Rover 800 (R17) Coupé Rover 200 Coupé Sports car Triumph TR7 MG RV8 MG F MG TF MG TF Triumph TR8 MG SV Subcompact crossover MG ZS Compact crossover MG GS MG HS/Pilot MG RX5 Hector MG One Off-road and SUV Land Rover SIII Land Rover 90/110 Land Rover Defender Land Rover was acquired by Ford in 2000, now owned by Tata Range Rover Land Rover Discovery Land Rover Freelander MG RX8 LDV D90/MG Gloster Pickup MG Extender/LDV T70/T70 Pro/T60 D90 LDV T60 Van LDV EV30 LDV Cub LDV G10/MG G10 LDV Maxus LDV V80/MG V80 Leyland Sherpa/Morris Sherpa Freight Rover Sherpa Freight Rover 200 Series Leyland-DAF 200 Series LDV Pilot Freight Rover 400 Series Leyland-DAF 400 Series LDV Convoy LDV V90 vteBritish Motor Holdings and British Leyland cars, 1966–1986 Austin Austin-Healey Daimler Jaguar Land Rover† Leyland Mini MG Morris Princess Riley Rover† Triumph† Vanden Plas Wolseley Austin A40 Farina A60 Cambridge A110 Westminster Gipsy Mini Mini Moke 1100 / 1300 1800 / 2200 (ADO17) Sprite 1800 / 2200 (ADO71) 3-Litre Maxi Allegro Ambassador Mini Metro Maestro Montego Tasman Kimberley Apache Austin-Healey 3000 Sprite Mk IV Daimler Majestic Major DR450 2.5 V8 & V8-250 Sovereign Double Six DS420 Jaguar 2.4, 3.4 & 3.8 Litre 240 & 340 S-Type 420 420G E-Type XJ6 XJ12 XJS Land Rover† Series II & III 90, 110 and 127 Range Rover Leyland Mini Moke Marina P76 MG Magnette Mark IV MGB MGC Midget 1100/1300 Metro Maestro Montego Mini 850 1000 1275GT Clubman Cooper Moke Morris Minor Morris Oxford Farina Mini 850 Mini Moke 1100 / 1300 1800 / 2200 (ADO17) 1800 / 2200 (ADO71) Marina Ital 1500 Nomad Princess 1700 / 1800 / 2000 / 2200 Riley Elf 4/72 Kestrel / 1300 Rover† 3.5 Litre / 3½ Litre (P5) 2000 / 2200 / 3500 (P6) 2000 / 2300 / 2400 / 3500 / V8-S / Vitesse (SD1) Quintet 213 & 216 Triumph† Herald Spitfire Vitesse GT6 Stag TR5 TR250 TR6 TR7 TR8 Toledo 1300 1500 2000 2.5 & 2500 Dolomite Acclaim Vanden Plas 4-Litre Princess Limousine Princess 4-litre "R" Princess 1100/1275/1300 1500/1.5/1.7 Wolseley 16/60 6/110 Hornet 1100 / 1300 18/85 / Six Saloon †Rover, Land Rover, and Triumph were not part of British Motor Holdings but became part of British Leyland in 1968. vteRover Group cars, 1986–2005 Land Rover Mini MG Rover MG Rover Group Land Rover Defender Range Rover Discovery Freelander Range Rover Sport MG Metro Maestro Montego RV8 MG F / MG TF MG ZR MG ZS MG ZT XPower SV Mini 850 1000 1275GT Clubman Cooper Moke Rover 200 400 600 800 Metro/100 25 45 75 CityRover Streetwise	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hatchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"small family car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_family_car"},{"link_name":"van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van"},{"link_name":"British Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland"},{"link_name":"Rover Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Group"},{"link_name":"Austin Maxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maxi"},{"link_name":"Austin Allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Allegro"},{"link_name":"Morris Ital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Ital"},{"link_name":"Morris'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Motors"},{"link_name":"Oxford plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowley,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Hatch"},{"link_name":"MG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_(car)"},{"link_name":"Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_(car)"},{"link_name":"Austin Montego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Montego"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Austin Maestro is a five-door hatchback small family car (and two-door van derivative) that was produced from November 1982 to 1986 by British Leyland, and from 1986 until December 1994 by Rover Group, as a replacement for the Austin Maxi and Austin Allegro, with the van version replacing the corresponding van derivative of the Morris Ital. The car was produced at Morris' former Oxford plant, also known as Cowley, with 605,000 units sold.[3] Today, the redeveloped factory builds the BMW Mini. An MG-branded performance version was sold as the MG Maestro from 1983 until 1991.Although later models were sometimes referred to as the Rover Maestro, the model never wore the Rover badge. The Austin Montego saloon was a variant of the Maestro.","title":"Austin Maestro"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1992_Austin_Maestro_2.0_turbo_diesel_Clubman_(Rover_Maestro)_6-9-2013_(9688759010).jpg"},{"link_name":"British Leyland Motor Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland_Motor_Corporation"},{"link_name":"nationalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalised"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Michael Edwardes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Edwardes"},{"link_name":"Austin Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Metro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Austin Maestro rear (basic model with steel bumpers)British Leyland was created in 1975 when the bankrupt British Leyland Motor Corporation was nationalised. In 1977 the South African-born corporate troubleshooter, Michael Edwardes, was recruited as chairman to sort out the troubled firm. Part of Edwardes' plan was to introduce a completely new range of mass-market models to replace the current offerings, designed and built using state-of-the-art technology. The new range eventually decided upon consisted of a new vehicle for each of the small, lower-medium and upper-medium market segments. The first of these cars to be launched was the Austin Metro in 1980.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin Allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Allegro"},{"link_name":"Maxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maxi"},{"link_name":"Austin Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Morris Ital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Ital"},{"link_name":"Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_(car)"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"Austin Mini Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Mini_Metro"},{"link_name":"Triumph Acclaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Acclaim"},{"link_name":"Ford Escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra"},{"link_name":"David Bache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bache"},{"link_name":"hatchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"notchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notchback"},{"link_name":"Issigonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Issigonis"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"A-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-series_engine"},{"link_name":"R-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_R-series_engine"},{"link_name":"Fiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat"},{"link_name":"Autobianchi Primula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"Hydragas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydragas"},{"link_name":"MacPherson strut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacPherson_strut"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf"},{"link_name":"torsion beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_beam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RenP9-5"},{"link_name":"Austin Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Metro"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euroltr-6"},{"link_name":"booted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Austin Montego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Montego"}],"text":"The new cars for the lower and upper medium segments were to share a platform, with various trim and styling differences to distinguish the two different models. The two models would in effect replace four existing vehicles in the British Leyland range – the Maestro would simultaneously replace both the Austin Allegro and Maxi, whilst the Montego replaced the Austin Ambassador and Morris Ital, these latter two having been recent facelifts of the Princess and Morris Marina. Since all but the Allegro were made at the Cowley plant, this rationalization would give the cost benefits of production automation and flexibility. This common platform was given the project name LC10, using the Leyland Cars project sequence (LC8 became the Austin Mini Metro on its launch in 1980, LC9 became the Triumph Acclaim when it was launched in 1981). Preliminary design work for LC10 began in 1977, with production scheduled to begin around 1980 – which would have seen it go on sale around the same time as the Ford Escort MK3 and the original Vauxhall Astra.LC10 was styled by Ian Beech under the direction of BL designer David Bache. Two main body variations were provided: a five-door hatchback and a four-door notchback. It was a departure from previous front-wheel drive cars from the company in dispensing with the famous Issigonis transmission-in-sump powertrain that had been pioneered in the Mini. Coupled to the A- and R-series powerplants was an end-on transmission (as pioneered by Fiat with the Autobianchi Primula), bought from Volkswagen. The sophisticated Hydragas suspension system used on previous BL models was sacrificed on cost grounds, with a conventional MacPherson strut system at the front and a Volkswagen Golf-style torsion beam at the rear being used instead – but with long travel rising rate springs.[5] While easier to build, this suspension did compromise load space. Prototypes were even tested with actual Golf suspension components. This may have led to the early cars being prone to front wheel bearing issues. The Maestro was larger and heavier than the first VW Golf.It was decided that the five-door hatchback version would be engineered first. It was given its own project designation, LM10, with this version to be launched as the Austin Maestro. The name \"Maestro\" had been a finalist when the Austin Metro was being named, with the third choice (\"Match\") never picked up.[6] The booted notchback version was to follow and it was designated as LM11, although its development was to diverge from the original path, it was later launched as the Austin Montego on its launch in April 1984, following British Leyland's decision to discontinue the Morris marque.Production began in November 1982, and the car was officially launched on 1 March 1983. The wheelbase was 2,510 mm (8 ft 2.8 in), and the length was 4,050 mm (13 ft 3.4 in).","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laminated windscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windscreen"},{"link_name":"headlamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlamps"},{"link_name":"plastic bumpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"electronic engine management system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_management_system"},{"link_name":"Vanden Plas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanden_Plas"},{"link_name":"vacuum fluorescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display"},{"link_name":"trip computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_computer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-design198304_maestro-7"},{"link_name":"Range Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_Classic"}],"text":"The Maestro incorporated many novel and pioneering features for its class. It had a bonded laminated windscreen, homofocal headlamps, body-coloured plastic bumpers, an electronic engine management system, adjustable front seat belt upper anchorage positions, an asymmetrically split rear seat, and a 12,000-mile (19,300 km) service interval. The MG and Vanden Plas versions had solid-state instrumentation with digital speedometer and vacuum fluorescent analogue displays for tachometer, fuel and temperature gauges, trip computer and a voice synthesis warning and information system.[7] The analogue instrument pod fitted to lower models was later used in the Range Rover from 1985 onwards.","title":"Novel features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_Maestro_Inventory_1985.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oxford plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Consumers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Which%3F"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall Cavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Ford Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Sierra"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RenPP-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RenP10-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RenP9-5"},{"link_name":"polybutylene terephthalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RenP10-11"},{"link_name":"trip computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_computer"},{"link_name":"voice synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RenP10-11"}],"text":"Austin Maestros in storage beside the manufacturers' Oxford plant in 1985The Maestro was launched in March 1983. In its summing up of the new car the Consumers' Association, in the June edition of its Which? journal,[8] described it as roomy, comfortable, and nice to drive, and said \"If you are considering buying one now, our advice, based on our first impressions, is to go ahead\". In January 1984, after testing the car, they concluded: \"In comparison with opposition of a similar price and body size, the Maestro has a clear advantage on room for passengers, with few cars equalling it for comfort either in the front or back\". They also considered it to be a serious rival to the higher-segment Vauxhall Cavalier and Ford Sierra, apart from its smaller boot space.[9]The original lineup consisted of the 1.3-litre base, L, and HLE models, the 1.6-litre L, HLS, and Vanden Plas, and the sporty MG Maestro.[10] The HLE model had a somewhat downtuned engine and received Volkswagen's \"monstrously long-geared\" 3+E transmission to maximize fuel economy, at the cost of severe performance loss. To further improve the HLE's economy, it was fitted with an econometer and the same black rubber fins along the sides of the rear windshield as was the MG Maestro.[11] The base model forwent the other versions' plastic bumpers, instead being fitted with black-painted steel units.[5] The plastic bumpers were the first of their kind, being made from polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), allowing them to be painted and then oven cured at the same high temperature as the car's steel body.[11] The 1.6 HLS and Vanden Plas received a 4+E gearbox (a five-speed with a particularly long top gear), while the MG's closer ratio five-speed box derived from that of the Golf GTi. A trip computer with a voice synthesizer was standard on the MG and Vanden Plas models, with the Vanden Plas also benefitting from bronze-tinted windows, power locks, and power windows for the front doors.[11]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BMC E-series engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_E-series_engine"},{"link_name":"Austin Maxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maxi"},{"link_name":"S-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_S-series_engine"},{"link_name":"overdrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdrive_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"MG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Cars"},{"link_name":"O-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_O-series_engine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maestro_vp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Montego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Montego"},{"link_name":"British Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkins_Engines"},{"link_name":"diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"Ford Escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rover 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_200"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AATurboDiesel-14"},{"link_name":"Rover Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Metro"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_205"},{"link_name":"superminis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermini"},{"link_name":"1.3-litre A series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-Series_engine#1275_Plus"},{"link_name":"What Car?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Car%3F"},{"link_name":"the Automobile Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Automobile_Association"},{"link_name":"218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_200"},{"link_name":"418","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_400"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AATurboDiesel-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maestro1-15"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"complete knock down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_knock_down"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_Maestro_Oxford_FrontQuarter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ledbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledbury"},{"link_name":"Cowley, Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowley,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"}],"text":"The car was a reasonable success, but not as much as beleaguered BL had hoped. It was Britain's sixth best selling car in 1983 and 1984, with more than 80,000 sales in its second year. After the \"boom\" years of 1986 and 1987, Maestro sales went into decline. An early reputation for poor build quality and unreliability did not help.[citation needed] The biggest problems centred around the 1.6-litre R-series engine, which was a hurriedly modified BMC E-series engine from the Austin Maxi because the under-developed S-series unit was not yet ready for production. R-series units suffered from hot starting problems and premature crankshaft failure. This was particularly evident in the MG Maestro 1600, which was included in the original 1983 model range but discontinued the following year.The new S-series engine eventually appeared in July 1984, and was fitted to all existing 1.6-litre Maestros. The new S-series engine also came fitted with electronic ignition. At the same time, some minor equipment upgrades were made across the range. The 1.3-litre base model gained head restraints, a passenger door mirror and a radio. The 1.3-litre HLE, 1.6-litre automatic and 1.6 HLS all gained a radio-cassette player.In October 1984, there were more equipment upgrades made across the range. The 1.3 base models gained reclining front seats, door bins, locking fuel filler caps and clocks. The L models gained cloth door trim, upgraded upholstery, and remote-adjustable driver's side door mirrors; the 1.6 Ls gained five-speed gearboxes. The 1.3 HLEs gained five-speed \"4+E\" gearboxes with overdrive fifth gear ratios, side mouldings, tweed cloth upholstery and remotely adjustable passenger's side door mirrors. The HLS and 1.6 automatics gained tinted glass, central locking, electric front windows, velour upholstery and upgraded radio-cassette players. The MG Maestros gained electronic fuel-injected 115 bhp (86 kW) versions of the 2-litre O-series engine, uprated suspension and ventilated front disc brakes, colour-keyed exterior trim, tinted glass, central locking and leather-trimmed steering wheels. The new MG Maestro offered much better performance and refinement than its predecessor.Also in October 1984, the existing Maestro line-up was joined by the 1.3 HL and 1.6 HL. These models fitted between the L and HLE models.August 1985 saw the arrival of the 1.3 City and 1.3 City X. The 1.3 City was similar to the previous 1.3 base model. The 1.3 City X added full carpeting, cloth upholstery, head restraints, a rear parcel shelf, a radio and a manually operated choke. These models also did without the plastic bumpers, having more conventional steel bumpers with plastic end caps similar to the Maestro van.A later Vanden Plas interiorThe original dashboard was of a multi-piece construction, and gained a reputation for being flimsy and prone to squeaks and rattles, so in February 1986, this was replaced with the more conventional dashboard from the Montego and in the change the voice synthesis unit (prone to reliability issues) was dropped. At the same time more minor equipment upgrades were made across the range. The City X gained door bins and rear wash-wipe. The L and LE gained tweed trim. The HL and automatic gained velour trim and additional brightwork. The Vanden Plas gained leather trim and uprated electronic stereo system.BL was sold to British Aerospace in 1988, when the Austin badges were discontinued. The range was sustained by the noisy but economical direct injection naturally aspirated Perkins diesel unit launched the previous year. However, without a turbo this model was rather slow. The diesel had already been available in the Maestro van since 1986.The MG Maestro Turbo, fitted with a turbocharged version of the 2.0 fuel-injected engine from the MG Maestro EFi, was unveiled at the Motor Show in October 1988 and went on sale on 17 March 1989. It was one of the fastest production hatchbacks in the world with a top speed of 129 mph (208 km/h), making it faster than the Ford Escort XR3i and RS Turbo, as well as the Volkswagen Golf GTI.[12]After the launch of the new Rover 200 in October 1989, the Maestro was repositioned as a budget entry level model, with only the base specification models remaining in production while the MG variants were discontinued in 1991. Production had peaked at more than 101,000 units in 1983, and as late as 1989 nearly 60,000 were made. Most sales were in the United Kingdom, where it peaked as the sixth best selling car with more than 80,000 sales in 1984, but by 1989 sales had halved and it was the 19th best seller.However, production figures fell to 38,762 for 1990, more than halving the following year to 18,450. 1991 was also the year that the MG-badged versions finished production, their place effectively being filled in the Rover range by faster versions of the 200-series hatchback.In 1992, the 81 bhp (60 kW) high revving Rover MDi / Perkins Prima turbo diesel unit from the Montego was launched, in the now reduced Maestro range (after the launch of the Rover 200/400), as a Clubman with steel bumpers or DLX with plastic bumpers. The turbo improved refinement, as well as performance, at no cost to fuel economy.[13][14] It was very competitively priced, it was about the same price as the Rover Metro and Peugeot 205 non-turbo diesel superminis that were a size smaller. The only other engine option was the elderly 1.3-litre A series.In 1987, after an endurance test of 50,000 kilometers with an Austin Maestro 1.6 Mayfair, the Dutch car magazine Autovisie wrote that they 'can state without reservation that today's Austins have the same level of quality as other, more selling manufacturers. The Maestro appears to be a good alternative for someone who wants to distinguish himself from the average Escort/Golf/Kadett brigade.'In June 1987, the Automobile Association (AA) came to the following conclusion in the car magazine Your Car Magazine: 'The Maestro is a reliable vehicle which has improved over the years.'In 1993, What Car? buyers' guide section said: \"Yes, its old, but nowadays it's also very cheap. Popularity of noisy but economical and surprisingly rapid turbodiesel is what keeps this roomy car going.\"Also in 1993, the Automobile Association road tested the turbo diesel. Their verdict: \"You're hardly likely to buy a Maestro diesel to improve your street cred! For turning heads, the 218/418 diesel is a much better proposition. However, disinterested passengers love the back seat, while the driver can relish the model's marked reluctance to visit filling stations. Here's a hatchback for buyers who are really serious about the substance rather than the image – and with a price tag that's thousands of pounds lower than most of its rivals (shown in our comparison chart), you start saving even before your first forecourt stop. Unless you're averse to gearchanging, this unpretentious Maestro turbo-diesel, at its competitive price, can't seriously be faulted.\"[14]In 1993, however, production fell to just over 7,000 units and in its final year, 1994, just over 4,000 were produced, the last one rolling off the production line in December.[15] The chassis development for the Maestro and Montego's rear suspension was used as a basis for later Rover cars, and was well regarded.In 1994, the Maestro finished in 26th place in the JD Power Survey broadcast by Top Gear. This clearly left the model above more recently appeared competitors such as the Volkswagen Golf (52nd), Vauxhall Astra (59th) and the Ford Escort (61st).In September 1995 production was transferred to Varna, Bulgaria, in complete knock down (CKD) kit form. Around 2,000 vehicles were produced before the company (Rodacar AD) ceased production in April 1996 due to high import costs of the components and little demand for the cars. The majority of the Maestros produced were exported to other countries, including the UK. A small number of these were sold by Apple 2000 Ltd of Bury St Edmunds, and registered on an \"N\" prefix.1999-registered Maestro, probably assembled by Parkway Services from a stored kitIn 1997, Parkway Services of Ledbury, Herefordshire, purchased a batch of 621 Maestro cars and vans in CKD kit form. These had been stored at Cowley, Oxfordshire, since their production in mid-1996, when they became surplus to requirements. The company built up the cars and converted the majority of them to RHD form using up Rover's supply of parts. The National Database for Motoring Insurance has records of models registered between \"R\" and \"51\" number plates, meaning the overall period of Maestro availability, new in the United Kingdom, was from 1983 to 2001.In 1998 the Maestro was relaunched in the UK, by Wheeler International Ltd. Sold by Apple 2000 in Bury St Edmunds, Maestros were imported from Bulgaria and sold in the UK, France & Spain, these were the last factory examples available for sale. On 10 February 2001 in The Independent's Edition of Your Money, Apple 2000 and the Maestro were Featured on the front page. In the Motoring section James Ruppert reports \"FANCY a brand new Maestro?\" you can have one for just £4299 and all remaining cars are appropriately finished in black.The tooling was then sold to First Automobile Works (FAW) in China, where the Maestro was available to the Chinese motoring market in both hatchback and van models. A new addition to the range was the FAW Lubao CA6410 – a Maestro hatch with a Montego front end. A handful of Chinese-made parts were imported into Britain whilst these cars were in production, which itself ended in 2005.","title":"Later developments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"MG versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_carburetor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MH12-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1983_MG_Maestro_1600.jpg"}],"sub_title":"MG Maestro 1600 (1983–1984)","text":"Rushed into production against engineers' advice at the launch in March 1983, the original MG Maestro was under-developed. Its 1.6-litre R-series engine ran roughly, was difficult to start when warm, and its Weber twin carburettors could not always be properly tuned by dealership workshops, who were used to SU carburettors. The R-series model was replaced in July 1984 with the short-lived S-series model, which was built until October 1984 when the EFi was launched. Despite the reliability issues, more than 15,000 MG Maestro 1600s were built.[16]MG Maestro 1600","title":"MG versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golf GTI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf"},{"link_name":"Escort XR3i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MG_Maestro_1986.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MG_Maestro_1986_-_rear.jpg"}],"sub_title":"MG Maestro 2.0 EFi (1984–1991)","text":"After a brief interval, the MG Maestro was relaunched in October 1984 with a fuel-injected 2.0-litre O-series engine that gave considerably better performance than its predecessor. Handling and performance were both improved and gave Austin Rover its first serious rival for the Golf GTI and Escort XR3i. It had a claimed output of 115 bhp (86 kW), a top speed of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a 0-60 mph time of 8.5 seconds. It was also mated with a Honda PG1 gearbox for improved gearchange, in preference to the Volkswagen box as supplied to the rest of the range.MG Maestro EFi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMG Maestro EFi","title":"MG versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_200_/_25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1990_MG_Maestro_Turbo_2.0_Front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1990_MG_Maestro_Turbo_2.0_Rear.jpg"}],"sub_title":"MG Maestro Turbo (1989–1991)","text":"With the Rover Group only a few months away, the limited edition (500 + 5 press cars) MG Maestro Turbo (displayed at Birmingham in October 1988 and launched in early 1989) was the final car from ARG. It made use of the 2.0's already impressive engine, but the combination of carburetor and turbocharger gave it a top speed of 128 mph (206 km/h) and a 0–60 mph time of 6.7 seconds.[17] It was faster than the majority of its competitors, but the high performance, Tickford designed bodykit and alloys did little to disguise the fact that it was very much still a Maestro. Sales were slow, as it appeared six years after the Maestro's launch.Production of the MG Maestro finished in 1991, as Rover had launched GTi versions of the new 200 and 400 models, though the standard Maestro remained in production until 1994.MG Maestro Turbo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMG Maestro Turbo","title":"MG versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rover 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_600"},{"link_name":"complete knock down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_knock_down"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Group"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"tariffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maestro1-15"},{"link_name":"Ledbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledbury"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"right-hand drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-hand_drive"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Later Developments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Later_developments"},{"link_name":"Land Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover"},{"link_name":"Range Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover"},{"link_name":"Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Discovery"},{"link_name":"cylinder head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_head"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Production of the Maestro, which was already suffering from a decline in sales, was pruned back by autumn 1989 on the launch of the second generation Rover 200, which was aimed at the higher end of the small family car market, with the Maestro being kept on sale as a cheaper alternative with more basic versions available.The arrival of the Rover 600 in 1993 saw the closure of the Maestro/Montego assembly line, but small-scale production in complete knock down (CKD) kit form continued until 1994, when BMW's takeover of Rover saw production cease almost immediately.In 1994, Rover established Rodacar, a joint venture with a Bulgarian company to produce Maestros at a new factory in Varna, using CKD kits sent from the UK. Production began in July 1995 and 2,200 cars were assembled before the factory closed in April 1996. The venture failed because of competition from other cars and the Bulgarian government's failure to honour agreements to reduce tariffs on imported parts and buy thousands of Maestros for government departments.[18] Around 1,700 of the Rodacar-made Maestros were exported, including 550 to Uruguay, 400 to Argentina and 200 to North Macedonia.[15]Two British dealers, Parkway Services in Ledbury and a company called Apple 2000 in Bury St Edmunds, acquired unsold Maestros from Bulgaria and sold them in the UK, converting most of them to right-hand drive.[19] (Please see the 'Later Developments' above for more information.)Many interior parts from the Maestro/Montego series continued to be used in various Land Rover models well into the late 1990s, for instance the Maestro instrument pack and switchgear were fitted to the Range Rover Classic from the mid-1980s onward, as well as on the Series I Discovery from launch until the 1995 facelift. The Series I Discovery also used the tail lamp cluster from the Maestro van until 1998.Like most pre-1989 Austin Rover cars, 1.3-litre and 1.6-litre Maestros cannot run on unleaded petrol without the cylinder head being converted (remachining of the cylinder head), or the use of fuel additives. FBHVC (Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs) tested and approved lead replacement fuel additives, work out at only a couple of pence a litre.[20] The 1994 cc O-series engine in the MG EFi, 2.0i and Turbo has sufficiently hard exhaust valves and seats.Muddying the water slightly, contemporary sales literature for the MG Turbo (and the owners' handbook) advised drivers to use only 4* leaded petrol. This was because unleaded petrol was only available with an octane rating of 95 RON. The turbo engine was tuned for the higher 97 RON octane rating of leaded petrol, which improves combustion and reduces the chances of 'pinking' and running lean on boost: both very harmful to turbo engines. Modern high-octane unleaded petrol is a perfectly suitable substitute, but it had yet to become available on forecourts when the cars were current.","title":"Decline and \"rebirth\""},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAW_Jiefang_CA6400UA,_front_three_quarter.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAW_Jiefang_CA6400UA_rear_three_quarter.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAW_CA6440UA_(facelift)_front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facelift_CA6440UA_rear.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yema_F12_01_China_2014-04-16.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yema_F12_02_China_2014-04-16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yema_Auto"},{"link_name":"Etsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etsong_Vehicle_Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"First Automobile Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW_Group"},{"link_name":"Jiefang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW_Jiefang"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Auto Industry Group Company Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yema_Auto"},{"link_name":"Yema Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yema_Auto"},{"link_name":"Yema F99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yema_F99"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARka-24"}],"sub_title":"Chinese production","text":"FAW Jiefang CA6400UAFAW CA6440UAThe Yema F12, the most recent development on the old Maestro underpinningsIn 1997, three years after production of the Maestro ended in the UK, the Chinese tobacco company Etsong acquired the tooling and intellectual property rights to the car. In 2001, the company placed it back into production in two variants; the Etsong Lubao QE6400 Ruby and Etsong Lubao QE6440 Laird, built in a new, specially constructed factory in Qingdao, China. The QE6400 used the hatchback bodyshell of the Maestro, but the frontal styling of the Montego, while the QE6440 was a panel van variant. Both cars used Toyota engines and transmissions.[21]In 2003, Etsong exited the car-making business and sold the Lubao factory to First Automobile Works, one of China's biggest car-makers. FAW continued to market the hatchback as the Jiefang CA6400UA and the van as the Jiefang CA6440UA.[22][23] Production for the FAW based cars ended in 2006 then in 2008 the Maestro Van was relaunched as the Yema SQJ6450 by Sichuan Auto Industry Group Company Ltd, who had purchased the tooling from FAW. Yema Auto have since reskinned the car and is currently selling SUV-styled wagon versions as the Yema F99, F10, and most recently the F12 (2012).[24]","title":"Decline and \"rebirth\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ford Escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra"},{"link_name":"Auto Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Express"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.howmanyleft.co.uk/family/austin_maestro"},{"link_name":"Rover 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_200"},{"link_name":"Ford Escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_309"},{"link_name":"Rover Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Group"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"The Maestro sold over 605,000 units,[25] although it failed to match the success of the Ford Escort and Vauxhall Astra. A survey by Auto Express magazine, conducted in August 2006, revealed that the Maestro was Britain's ninth most scrapped car of the previous 30 years, with just 11,574 examples still in circulation and in working order in the United Kingdom. By 2009, that number declined to 777 units, and only 116 were still operating in 2023.[1]Despite only going on sale in early March 1983, the Maestro was Britain's sixth best selling car in 1983 with more than 65,000 sales. Its first full year on sale, 1984, brought more than 83,000 sales – which would be the Maestro's best year for sales in any country. As had happened the previous year, it was Britain's sixth best selling car in 1984. However, it had fallen to 10th in 1985; although Austin Rover managed to keep up a strong presence in this sector due to the arrival of the similar sized Rover 200 saloon in June 1984. By 1988, it was merely the 14th best selling car in Britain, dipping further to 19th place in 1989, the year that the second generation Rover 200 was launched. The Maestro was now not only behind the all conquering Ford Escort and Vauxhall Astra (which first outsold it in 1985) in the sales charts, but also behind some foreign competitors including the Volkswagen Golf and Peugeot 309. Sales fell lower still afterwards, as the latest Rover 200 was firmly established as the Rover Group's best seller in this sector, and the Maestro remained on sale as a cheaper alternative until the last ones left the showrooms in the mid-1990s.","title":"Decline and \"rebirth\""},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_Maestro_campervan_-_front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_Maestro_campervan_-_rear.jpg"}],"text":"A campervan conversion. This variant has flush front headlights. Many commercial (van) versions of the Maestro, which shared this campervan's basic bodyshell, had smaller, recessed headlights.Campervan conversion showing the rear lights as also used by the Land Rover Discovery","title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-series_engine#1275_Plus"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"A-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-series_engine#1275_Plus"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"R-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_R-series_engine"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"R-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_R-series_engine"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"S-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_S-series_engine"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"S-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_S-series_engine"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"O-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_O-series_engine"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"O-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_O-series_engine"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"}],"sub_title":"Engines","text":"1983–1993–1275 cc A-series I4, 68 hp (51 kW) at 5800 rpm and 75 lb·ft (102 Nm) at 3500 rpm\n1983–1985–1275 cc A-series I4, 64 hp (48 kW) at 5500 rpm and 73 lb·ft (99 Nm) at 3500 rpm HLE\n1983 – July 1984 – 1598 cc R-series I4, 81 hp (60 kW) at 5500 rpm and 91 lb⋅ft (123 N⋅m) at 3500 rpm\n1983 – July 1984 – 1598 cc R-series I4, 103 hp (77 kW) at 6000 rpm and 100 lb⋅ft (136 N⋅m) at 4000 rpm MG\n1984–1993–1598 cc S-series I4, 85 hp (63 kW) at 5600 rpm and 97 lb⋅ft (132 N⋅m) at 3500 rpm\nJuly 1984 – October 1984 – 1598 cc S-series I4, 103 hp (77 kW) at 6000 rpm MG\n1984–1992–1994 cc O-series I4, 115 hp (86 kW) MG EFi and 2.0i\n1988–1990–1994 cc O-series I4, 152 hp (113 kW) MG Turbo\n1990–1992–1994 cc Austin/Rover MDi – Perkins Prima NA I4, 62 hp (46 kW)\n1992–1995–1994 cc Austin/Rover MDi – Perkins Prima TD I4, 81 hp (60 kW) at 4500 rpm and 116 lb⋅ft (157 N⋅m) at 2500 rpmSome prototype versions have a 1.8-litre petrol or Volkswagen's 1.9 diesel engine; these were never used in production.","title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Maestro was available in the following trim levels:Base (1983–1985)\nL (1983–1990)\nLE (1986–1988)\nHL (1984–1987)\nHLE (1983–1985)\nHLS (1983–1986)\nLX (1990–1993)\nCity (1985–1988)\nCity X (1985–1988)\nSpecial (1988–1990)\nClubman (1990–1994)\nSL (1988–1990)\nMayfair (1986–1988)\nVanden Plas (1983–1988)","title":"Trim levels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"product placement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_placement"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_World"},{"link_name":"Brookside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookside_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rover SD1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_SD1"},{"link_name":"BBC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_TV"},{"link_name":"Juliet Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Anna Carteret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Carteret"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Howards' Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howards%27_Way"},{"link_name":"Austin Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Metro"}],"text":"The Austin and MG Maestro were an early example of product placement on UK television and after the car was launched in March 1983, it featured prominently in several TV programmes, including BBCs Tomorrow's World which dedicated a part of a programme to explain how the car was developed and demonstrate the synthesized voice feature. Channel 4's soap opera, Brookside (1982–2003), wrote an entire storyline where the characters, Paul and Annabelle Collins, 'downsized' from their upmarket Rover SD1 for a more basic Austin Maestro. When they were seen looking at a brand new Maestro in a car showroom, prominent advertising surrounding the car declared it \"The Magic Maestro!\" in episodes aired in March 1983. The (then) state of the art voice command told them the car needed \"more fuel\". They settled on buying the gold coloured basic trim and not the \"computerised version\" in the end. Their Maestro had the registration SAB 453Y. It was first registered in March 1983 and written off in June 1994.Also in 1983, the BBC TV series, Juliet Bravo (1980–1985), the main character, Inspector Kate Longton (Anna Carteret), drove a gold Austin Maestro (registration SOJ 626Y) This was seen in every episode, as well as in the opening titles, from September 1983 - curiously, according to the National Motoring Database records, the Y-registered Austin Maestro Inspector Longton drove was first registered in February 1983 - one month before the car was officially launched.In 1985, the ITV soap opera Crossroads (1964–1988 series) launched new opening titles which followed a red MG Maestro (with the registration B54 YDE; its first official DVLA registration was June 1985 - these titles first aired in March) from the A38(M) in Birmingham to Crossroads Motel in the fictional village of \"Kings Oak\". These titles lasted until 1987.In the BBC TV drama serial, Howards' Way (1985-1990), the character, Tom Howard, drove an MG Maestro during the first series in 1985. Fittingly, his then wife, Jan Howard, drove an Austin Metro.","title":"In Popular Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-829074-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829074-8"}],"text":"Whisler, Timothy (1999). The British Motor Industry, 1945–94: A Case Study in Industrial Decline. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829074-8.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Austin Maestro rear (basic model with steel bumpers)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1992_Austin_Maestro_2.0_turbo_diesel_Clubman_%28Rover_Maestro%29_6-9-2013_%289688759010%29.jpg/220px-1992_Austin_Maestro_2.0_turbo_diesel_Clubman_%28Rover_Maestro%29_6-9-2013_%289688759010%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Austin Maestros in storage beside the manufacturers' Oxford plant in 1985","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Austin_Maestro_Inventory_1985.jpg/220px-Austin_Maestro_Inventory_1985.jpg"},{"image_text":"A later Vanden Plas interior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Maestro_vp.jpg/220px-Maestro_vp.jpg"},{"image_text":"1999-registered Maestro, probably assembled by Parkway Services from a stored kit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Austin_Maestro_Oxford_FrontQuarter.jpg/220px-Austin_Maestro_Oxford_FrontQuarter.jpg"},{"image_text":"A campervan conversion. This variant has flush front headlights. Many commercial (van) versions of the Maestro, which shared this campervan's basic bodyshell, had smaller, recessed headlights.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Austin_Maestro_campervan_-_front.jpg/220px-Austin_Maestro_campervan_-_front.jpg"},{"image_text":"Campervan conversion showing the rear lights as also used by the Land Rover Discovery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Austin_Maestro_campervan_-_rear.jpg/220px-Austin_Maestro_campervan_-_rear.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Chinese Maestro: Lubao CA6410, 6 February 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/austin/maestro/lubao-ca6410/","url_text":"Chinese Maestro: Lubao CA6410"}]},{"reference":"Yema's Maestro vans are on life support…, 29 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/news/china-watch/alive-and-not-so-well/","url_text":"Yema's Maestro vans are on life support…"}]},{"reference":"\"1983–1994 AUSTIN Maestro\". Classic & Performance Car. Retrieved 20 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/austin/maestro/3922/1983-1994-austin-maestro","url_text":"\"1983–1994 AUSTIN Maestro\""}]},{"reference":"Renaux, Jean-Jacques (10 March 1983). \"BL passe la 3ème vitesse\" [BL puts it into third]. Le Moniteur de l'Automobile (in French). 34 (764). Brussels, Belgium: Editions Auto-Magazine: 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Douglas (July 1979). \"European Letter\". SA Motor. 17 (7). Randburg, South Africa: SA Motor (Pty) Ltd: 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cropley, Steve (April 1983). \"Maestro: lily among the weeds\". Design. pp. 60–62. Retrieved 22 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_design_1983-04_412/page/n61/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Maestro: lily among the weeds\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Impressions: Austin Maestro\". Which?: back page. June 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Which%3F","url_text":"Which?"}]},{"reference":"\"Austin Maestro\". Which?: 44–46. January 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Which%3F","url_text":"Which?"}]},{"reference":"\"Austin MG Maestro Turbo\". Retro Car Icons.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.retrocaricons.com/article/Austin_MG_Maestro_Turbo_101","url_text":"\"Austin MG Maestro Turbo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman diesel\" (PDF). The AA Car Report. The Automobile Association. December 1990.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaa.com/staticdocs/pdf/carreports/AA_REPORTS/ROVER_MAESTRO_2.0_CLUBMAN_D_%28DIESEL%29_R9068A.PDF","url_text":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman diesel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Automobile_Association","url_text":"The Automobile Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman Turbo-diesel Test Extra\" (PDF). The AA Car Report. The Automobile Association. July 1993.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaa.com/staticdocs/pdf/carreports/AA_REPORTS/ROVER_MAESTRO_CLUBMAN_TURBO-DIESEL_R9334A.PDF","url_text":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman Turbo-diesel Test Extra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Index of /maestro/\". Maestro & Montego Owners' Club. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120206185005/http://www.maestro.org.uk/maestro/","url_text":"\"Index of /maestro/\""},{"url":"http://www.maestro.org.uk/maestro","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Humble, Mike (22 March 2012). \"Unsung heroes: MG Maestro 2.0 EFi\". AROnline. Retrieved 28 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2012/03/22/unsung-heroes-mg-maestro-2-0-efi/","url_text":"\"Unsung heroes: MG Maestro 2.0 EFi\""}]},{"reference":"\"MG Maestro Turbo\". The MG Owners' Club. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120829132523/http://www.mgownersclub.co.uk/mg-maestro-turbo.html","url_text":"\"MG Maestro Turbo\""},{"url":"http://www.mgownersclub.co.uk/mg-maestro-turbo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Keith. \"Rodacar Maestro: Full of Eastern promise…\". AROnline. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211205003535/https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/austin/maestro/ledbury/","url_text":"\"Rodacar Maestro: Full of Eastern promise…\""},{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/austin/maestro/ledbury/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ledbury & Apple 2000 Maestros\". Maestro & Montego Owners Club. 13 August 2005. Retrieved 28 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maestro.org.uk/forums/showthread.php?p=41386#post41386","url_text":"\"Ledbury & Apple 2000 Maestros\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Maestro : Lubao CA6410\". AROnline. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/cars/austin/maestromontego/lubao-ca6410/","url_text":"\"Chinese Maestro : Lubao CA6410\""}]},{"reference":"\"'\". AROnline. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130419140534/http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?fawlubaof.htm","url_text":"\"'\""},{"url":"http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?fawlubaof.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'\". AROnline. Retrieved 28 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?jiefangf.htm","url_text":"\"'\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Keith (2 October 2011). \"Yema F12 takes Maestro platform further\". News. AROnline. Retrieved 26 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/news/china-watch/news-yema-f99-takes-maestro-platform-further/","url_text":"\"Yema F12 takes Maestro platform further\""}]},{"reference":"\"1983–1994 AUSTIN Maestro\". Classic & Performance Car. Retrieved 20 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/austin/maestro/3922/1983-1994-austin-maestro","url_text":"\"1983–1994 AUSTIN Maestro\""}]},{"reference":"Whisler, Timothy (1999). The British Motor Industry, 1945–94: A Case Study in Industrial Decline. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829074-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829074-8","url_text":"0-19-829074-8"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Keith. \"Maestro/Montego\". AROnline. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140125084815/http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/cars/austin/maestromontego/","url_text":"\"Maestro/Montego\""},{"url":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/cars/austin/maestromontego/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman diesel\" (PDF). The AA Car Report. The Automobile Association. December 1990.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaa.com/staticdocs/pdf/carreports/AA_REPORTS/ROVER_MAESTRO_2.0_CLUBMAN_D_%28DIESEL%29_R9068A.PDF","url_text":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman diesel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Automobile_Association","url_text":"The Automobile Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman Turbo-diesel Test Extra\" (PDF). The AA Car Report. The Automobile Association. July 1993.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaa.com/staticdocs/pdf/carreports/AA_REPORTS/ROVER_MAESTRO_CLUBMAN_TURBO-DIESEL_R9334A.PDF","url_text":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman Turbo-diesel Test Extra\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.howmanyleft.co.uk/family/austin_maestro","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/austin/maestro/lubao-ca6410/","external_links_name":"Chinese Maestro: Lubao CA6410"},{"Link":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/news/china-watch/alive-and-not-so-well/","external_links_name":"Yema's Maestro vans are on life support…"},{"Link":"http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/austin/maestro/3922/1983-1994-austin-maestro","external_links_name":"\"1983–1994 AUSTIN Maestro\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sim_design_1983-04_412/page/n61/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Maestro: lily among the weeds\""},{"Link":"http://www.retrocaricons.com/article/Austin_MG_Maestro_Turbo_101","external_links_name":"\"Austin MG Maestro Turbo\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaa.com/staticdocs/pdf/carreports/AA_REPORTS/ROVER_MAESTRO_2.0_CLUBMAN_D_%28DIESEL%29_R9068A.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman diesel\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaa.com/staticdocs/pdf/carreports/AA_REPORTS/ROVER_MAESTRO_CLUBMAN_TURBO-DIESEL_R9334A.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman Turbo-diesel Test Extra\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120206185005/http://www.maestro.org.uk/maestro/","external_links_name":"\"Index of /maestro/\""},{"Link":"http://www.maestro.org.uk/maestro","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2012/03/22/unsung-heroes-mg-maestro-2-0-efi/","external_links_name":"\"Unsung heroes: MG Maestro 2.0 EFi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120829132523/http://www.mgownersclub.co.uk/mg-maestro-turbo.html","external_links_name":"\"MG Maestro Turbo\""},{"Link":"http://www.mgownersclub.co.uk/mg-maestro-turbo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211205003535/https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/austin/maestro/ledbury/","external_links_name":"\"Rodacar Maestro: Full of Eastern promise…\""},{"Link":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/austin/maestro/ledbury/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.maestro.org.uk/forums/showthread.php?p=41386#post41386","external_links_name":"\"Ledbury & Apple 2000 Maestros\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://fbhvc.co.uk/fuel-information/","external_links_name":"dead link"},{"Link":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/cars/austin/maestromontego/lubao-ca6410/","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Maestro : Lubao CA6410\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130419140534/http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?fawlubaof.htm","external_links_name":"\"'\""},{"Link":"http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?fawlubaof.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?jiefangf.htm","external_links_name":"\"'\""},{"Link":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/news/china-watch/news-yema-f99-takes-maestro-platform-further/","external_links_name":"\"Yema F12 takes Maestro platform further\""},{"Link":"http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/austin/maestro/3922/1983-1994-austin-maestro","external_links_name":"\"1983–1994 AUSTIN Maestro\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140125084815/http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/cars/austin/maestromontego/","external_links_name":"\"Maestro/Montego\""},{"Link":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/cars/austin/maestromontego/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theaa.com/staticdocs/pdf/carreports/AA_REPORTS/ROVER_MAESTRO_2.0_CLUBMAN_D_%28DIESEL%29_R9068A.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman diesel\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaa.com/staticdocs/pdf/carreports/AA_REPORTS/ROVER_MAESTRO_CLUBMAN_TURBO-DIESEL_R9334A.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Austin Maestro Clubman Turbo-diesel Test Extra\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Martens	Rudy Martens	["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"]	Belgian organizational theorist Rudy Martens (born ca. 1958) is a Belgian organizational theorist, Professor of Strategic Management and Dean of the Faculty of Applied Economics at the University of Antwerp and at Antwerp Management School, particularly known for his process approach of strategic management. Biography Martens received his Licentiate degree (MA) in Applied Economics and Marketing in 1980 from the University of Antwerp, he was Research Associate at in 1987 and received his PhD back at the University of Antwerp under supervision of André Van Cauwenbergh and Karel Cool. After his graduation Martens was appointed Professor of Strategic Management at the University of Antwerp in 1993, and Professor at the Antwerp Management School since 2000. At the University of Antwerp he was vice-dean of the Faculty of Applied Economics from 2006 to 2011, and dean since 2011. Publications Martens authored and co-authored numerous publications in his field of expertise. Books, a selection: 1994. Strategy as a situational puzzle: the fit of components. Ilse Bogaert, Rudy Martens, and Andre Van Cauwenbergh. 1994. Asset stocks, strategic groups and rivalry. Karel Cool, Ingemar Dierickx, and Rudy Martens. 1998. Concurrentiestrategie en marktdynamiek : op weg naar concurrentievoordeel in industriële markten. With Paul Matthyssens, Rudy Martens, and Koen Vandenbempt. Deventer : Kluwer BedrijfsInformatie Articles, a selection: Van Cauwenbergh, André, et al. "On the role and function of formal analysis in strategic investment decision processes: results from an empirical study in Belgium." Management Accounting Research 7.2 (1996): 169–184. Jorissen, A., Laveren, E., Martens, R., & Reheul, A. M. (2005). Real Versus Sample‐Based Differences in Comparative Family Business Research. Family Business Review, 18(3), 229–246. De Wever, Sigrid, Rudy Martens, and Koen Vandenbempt. "The impact of trust on strategic resource acquisition through interorganizational networks: Towards a conceptual model." Human Relations 58.12 (2005): 1523–1543. References ^ Tijdschrift voor economie en management. Vol. 41 (1996). p. 275 ^ Martens, Rudy (69) at anet.be. External links Rudy Martens at the University of Antwerp Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organizational theorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_theorist"},{"link_name":"University of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Management School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Management_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Rudy Martens (born ca. 1958) is a Belgian organizational theorist, Professor of Strategic Management and Dean of the Faculty of Applied Economics at the University of Antwerp and at Antwerp Management School, particularly known for his process approach of strategic management.[1]","title":"Rudy Martens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"University of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Management School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Management_School"}],"text":"Martens received his Licentiate degree (MA) in Applied Economics and Marketing in 1980 from the University of Antwerp, he was Research Associate at [INSEAD] in 1987 and received his PhD back at the University of Antwerp under supervision of André Van Cauwenbergh and Karel Cool.After his graduation Martens was appointed Professor of Strategic Management at the University of Antwerp in 1993, and Professor at the Antwerp Management School since 2000. At the University of Antwerp he was vice-dean of the Faculty of Applied Economics from 2006 to 2011, and dean since 2011.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ingemar Dierickx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingemar_Dierickx"},{"link_name":"Paul Matthyssens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Matthyssens"},{"link_name":"Koen Vandenbempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koen_Vandenbempt"},{"link_name":"The impact of trust on strategic resource acquisition through interorganizational networks: Towards a conceptual model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ejournal.narotama.ac.id/files/the%20impact%20of%20trust%20on%20strategic%20resource%20acquisition,%20by%20wever%20et%20al,%202005.pdf"}],"text":"Martens authored and co-authored numerous publications in his field of expertise.[2] Books, a selection:1994. Strategy as a situational puzzle: the fit of components. Ilse Bogaert, Rudy Martens, and Andre Van Cauwenbergh.\n1994. Asset stocks, strategic groups and rivalry. Karel Cool, Ingemar Dierickx, and Rudy Martens.\n1998. Concurrentiestrategie en marktdynamiek : op weg naar concurrentievoordeel in industriële markten. With Paul Matthyssens, Rudy Martens, and Koen Vandenbempt. Deventer : Kluwer BedrijfsInformatieArticles, a selection:Van Cauwenbergh, André, et al. \"On the role and function of formal analysis in strategic investment decision processes: results from an empirical study in Belgium.\" Management Accounting Research 7.2 (1996): 169–184.\nJorissen, A., Laveren, E., Martens, R., & Reheul, A. M. (2005). Real Versus Sample‐Based Differences in Comparative Family Business Research. Family Business Review, 18(3), 229–246.\nDe Wever, Sigrid, Rudy Martens, and Koen Vandenbempt. \"The impact of trust on strategic resource acquisition through interorganizational networks: Towards a conceptual model.\" Human Relations 58.12 (2005): 1523–1543.","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://ejournal.narotama.ac.id/files/the%20impact%20of%20trust%20on%20strategic%20resource%20acquisition,%20by%20wever%20et%20al,%202005.pdf","external_links_name":"The impact of trust on strategic resource acquisition through interorganizational networks: Towards a conceptual model"},{"Link":"https://anet.be/desktop/irua","external_links_name":"Martens, Rudy (69)"},{"Link":"http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=rudy.martens","external_links_name":"Rudy Martens"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000037426292","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11839520","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd79rtr9jcjVgV7DGj4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007426367105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14249696","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2008013439","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p169199908","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/16597902X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dayak	Great Dayak	["1 Person of interests","2 References"]	1946–1950 Dutch client state then autonomous region of Indonesia Great DayakGrote DajakDayak BesarState-level autonomous region of Indonesia1946–1950(Self-governing entity until 27 December 1949) FlagGreat Dayak in the United States of IndonesiaHistory • Established 7 December 1946• Disestablished 18 April 1950 Preceded by Succeeded by Dutch East Indies Central Kalimantan Great Dayak (Indonesian: Dayak Besar, old spelling Dajak Besar ; Dutch: Grote Dajak) was a component entity of the United States of Indonesia in Dayak regions on the island of Borneo. It was established on 7 December 1946 with a temporary capital at Bandjermasin (Banjarmasin). Great Dayak was dissolved on 18 April 1950 and became part of Kalimantan Province which was formed on 14 August 1950 with its capital also at Banjarmasin. Following the division of Kalimantan Province, the former territory of Great Dayak was assigned first to South Kalimantan in 1956 and then Central Kalimantan in 1957 where it remains today. Person of interests Helmuth Kunum References Bastiaans, W.Ch.J. (1950). Personalia van Staatkundige Eenheden (Regering en Volksvertegenwoordiging) in Indonesie. Djakarta: Kementerian Penerangan. "Federal Indonesia, 1949–1950". Digital Atlas of Indonesian History. Robert Cribb. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2012. (in Indonesian) Abdul Haris Nasution, Sekitar perang kemerdekaan Indonesia: Periode Renville (Volume 7 dari Sekitar perang kemerdekaan Indonesia), DISJARAH-AD, dan Penerbit Angkasa, 1991. vteThe United States of IndonesiaStates Republic of Indonesia East Indonesia East Java East Sumatra Madura Pasundan South Sumatra Autonomous entities Bandjar Bangka Billiton Central Java East Borneo Great Dayak (Dajak Besar) Riouw (Riau) Southeast Borneo Federation West Borneo Other entities Kotawaringin Padang and its vicinities Sabang Federal district Jakarta Governance and Administration Senate People's Representative Council Constitution Federal Consultative Assembly Cabinet List of heads of state of the United States of Indonesia Flags of the United States of Indonesia This Indonesia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"United States of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Bandjermasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandjermasin"},{"link_name":"Kalimantan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalimantan_Province&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Central Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Kalimantan"}],"text":"Great Dayak (Indonesian: Dayak Besar, old spelling Dajak Besar ; Dutch: Grote Dajak) was a component entity of the United States of Indonesia in Dayak regions on the island of Borneo. It was established on 7 December 1946 with a temporary capital at Bandjermasin (Banjarmasin). Great Dayak was dissolved on 18 April 1950 and became part of Kalimantan Province which was formed on 14 August 1950 with its capital also at Banjarmasin. Following the division of Kalimantan Province, the former territory of Great Dayak was assigned first to South Kalimantan in 1956 and then Central Kalimantan in 1957 where it remains today.","title":"Great Dayak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helmuth Kunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Kunum&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Helmuth Kunum","title":"Person of interests"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bastiaans, W.Ch.J. (1950). Personalia van Staatkundige Eenheden (Regering en Volksvertegenwoordiging) in Indonesie. Djakarta: Kementerian Penerangan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Federal Indonesia, 1949–1950\". Digital Atlas of Indonesian History. Robert Cribb. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170214003935/http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/federal.html?zoomview=1","url_text":"\"Federal Indonesia, 1949–1950\""},{"url":"http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/federal.html?zoomview=1","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170214003935/http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/federal.html?zoomview=1","external_links_name":"\"Federal Indonesia, 1949–1950\""},{"Link":"http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/federal.html?zoomview=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Dayak&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada_(band)	Dada (band)	["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 EPs","2.3 Live albums","2.4 Singles","3 References","4 External links"]	American rock band For the British band, see Vinegar Joe (band). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dada" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) DadaDada in Indianapolis in 2013Background informationOriginLos Angeles, California, United StatesGenresAlternative rockYears active1992–1999, 2003–presentLabelsI.R.S. Records, MCA Records, Geffen RecordsMembersMichael GurleyJoie CalioPhil LeavittWebsitedadaforever.com Dada (stylized dada) is a three piece rock band from California (United States). The band is made up of Michael Gurley (guitar/co-lead vocals), Joie Calio (bass/co-lead vocals) and Phil Leavitt (drums). The band's songs feature both Michael and Joie sharing the vocals on each song. The group write highly melodic, harmony laden tunes, and their constant touring with two and a half to three hour performances has won them a wide fanbase. History 1992 saw the release of their debut album Puzzle. First single "Dizz Knee Land" quickly became a staple of radio across the U.S. and reached as far as Australia, where the song and album went on high rotation on national radio station Triple J. "Dizz Knee Land" reached number 2 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, number 5 on the Billboard Modern Rock chart and number 27 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart; Puzzle went on to sell more than half a million copies and earned an RIAA Gold Record award. dada toured for the album with bands such as Crowded House and Izzy Stradlin & the Ju Ju Hounds, as well as Sting. They released the follow-up in 1994, American Highway Flower. Though the first single from that album "All I Am" spent eight weeks in the modern rock charts their record label at the time (I.R.S. Records) began to collapse. By the release of their third album El Subliminoso in 1996, I.R.S. Records had all but folded. In 1997 the band signed to MCA Records and, in 1998, released their fourth full-length studio album simply titled dada. Their bad luck with record companies continued as the parent company of MCA was sold. They continued touring throughout the U.S. In 1999 the band decided to have a break and played their supposedly final show in Norfolk, Virginia in front of 14,000 fans. During their break Joie Calio worked as an A&R scout for MCA Records and wrote a book. Soon afterwards he released his debut solo album The Complications of Glitter. Michael Gurley and Phil Leavitt formed the band Butterfly Jones and they released the album Napalm Springs. Phil Leavitt also had a short stint with the Blue Man Group during this time. 2003 saw the return of dada. They began playing live shows again and recorded one of them in Santa Ana, California. They released the show on CD, titled Dada Live: Official Bootleg (Vol. 1). They spent seven weeks touring the CD across the US. In 2004, dada released their fifth album How To Be Found. Technically, How To Be Found was not a "new" album, but merely a compilation album that gathered all the leftover songs from the highly productive sessions that produced their 1998 self-titled album dada. They once again toured extensively across the US. Dada spent much of 2005 working on their next studio album, playing just three gigs during November. They played selected dates mainly on the East Coast of America during February–April 2006. During much of the band's tenure, Michael Gurley has struggled with carpal tunnel syndrome. In order to continue playing, Gurley was forced to make some changes - these included using light gauge strings and tuning the instrument down a half step, as well as icing his wrists frequently to help with the pain. In November 2006, the band released an EP titled A Friend Of Pat Robertson. They commenced 2007 with shows at the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles followed by shows in Milwaukee, Chicago and Minneapolis in April. In June 2008, Joie Calio released a second solo record under the moniker X Levitation Cult which was titled Happiness in Hell. In 2010 Calio released a third solo record (using his name this time) titled Black Art of Blue. On May 3, 2010, Joie Calio posted on his Facebook profile that "Dada is actually recording a new record - really! It's sounding good too. We've decided to stay focused on the writing/recording of this new record for now and hold off on any big tour plans". The band began a club tour later in the year. For unknown reasons, work came to a standstill on the new dada album in 2010 and to date, none of the recordings from those sessions have been released. In 2011, using studio time originally booked for dada, Joie Calio and Phil Leavitt recorded a new album together under the name 7Horse. The debut 7Horse album, titled Let The 7Horse Run, was independently released late in 2011, and a tour of the U.S. followed early in 2012. In 2013 Martin Scorsese featured the 7Horse song "Meth Lab Zoso Sticker" in his movie The Wolf of Wall Street. It was also used in multiple trailers for the film and is on the movie soundtrack. In 2014 7Horse released its second record Songs For a Voodoo Wedding. That year they toured opening for Kenny Wayne Shepherd and later Whiskey Meyers. in 2016 7Horse released its third record Living In a Bitch of a World. They subsequently toured that year headlining in the U.S. Late in 2012, dada announced an extensive "20th Anniversary Tour" of the U.S. that began in January 2013. It was also announced that 7Horse would be the opener for all shows. In February 2017, dada embarked on its 25th Anniversary Tour of the U.S. In 2017, dada released a single on limited edition vinyl consisting of two new songs titled "The Bluebird" and "Take Me To The Song". Since 2017, dada has been on hiatus. Michael Gurley released an album "Ultrasound" in 2020. Calio & Leavitt continue with their band 7Horse. On December 8, 2023 on the (official Facebook group page) "Dada Forever" the "Return to dizz knee land" tour was announced playing venues in U.S. cities. Starting on February 24, 2024 in San Juan Capistrano, California and ending in Denver, Colorado in August. Discography Studio albums Year Title Chart positions US 1992 Puzzle 111 1994 American Highway Flower 178 1996 El Subliminoso - 1998 Dada - 2004 How to Be Found - EPs A Friend of Pat Robertson (self-released, 2006) Live albums Live: Official Bootleg (Vol.1) (Coach House Records, 2003) Singles Year Title Chart positions Album US USRock USAlt UK 1992 "Dizz Knee Land" 102 27 5 - Puzzle 1993 "Dog" - - - 71 "Dim" - - 24 92 "Here Today, Gone Tomorrow" - - - - "Dorina" - - - - "My Baby Fell for Ol' St. Nick" - - - - non-album single 1994 "All I Am" - - 27 - American Highway Flower "Feet to the Sun" - - - - "Feel Me Don't You" - - - - 1995 "I'm Feeling Nothing" - - - - The Brady Bunch Movie 1996 "I Get High" - - - - El Subliminoso "Bob the Drummer" - - - - 1998 "California Gold" - - - - Dada "Information Undertow" - - - - "Goodbye" - - - - 2017 "The Bluebird" - - - - non-album single "Take Me to the Song" - - - - References ^ a b "A CLASSIC CASE : '60s Rock May Not Be Very '90s, but Dada Continues to Be a Delight in Diversity". Los Angeles Times. January 12, 1995. Retrieved November 25, 2022. ^ "Alternative Songs: Top Alternative Songs Chart". Billboard.com. Retrieved August 5, 2018. ^ Dada (June 5, 1999), Dada Live at Harborfest on 1999-06-05, retrieved November 25, 2022 ^ "Dada \| Supreme Entertainment Artists". Retrieved November 25, 2022. ^ a b c "Dada Still Going Strong 20 Years After 'Dizz Knee Land'". WEHOville. January 25, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2022. ^ "Aanmelden". Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2012. ^ 7Horsemusic.com Archived 2012-08-21 at the Wayback Machine ^ "* dada 20th anniversary tour: dada, 7Horse, Jerad Finck, Elyse Therose. 02/25/2013". June 1, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2022. ^ Chandler, Elise Hartzell (August 16, 2018). "Artist Spotlight/Interview - Dada & 7Horse". Alt Revue. Retrieved November 25, 2022. ^ "Dada: US". Billboard. Retrieved April 22, 2021. ^ "Dada: US Bubbling". Billboard. Retrieved April 6, 2021. ^ "Dada: US Rock". Billboard. Retrieved April 6, 2021. ^ "Dada: US Alternative". Billboard. Retrieved April 6, 2021. ^ "Dada: UK". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 6, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dada (band). Dada page on Myspace DADA OFFICIAL SITE - http://dadaforever.com/ Interview with dada vteDada Michael Gurley Joie Calio Phil Leavitt Studio albums Puzzle (1992) American Highway Flower (1994) El Subliminoso (1996) dada (1998) How to Be Found (2004) Singles "Dizz Knee Land" Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vinegar Joe (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar_Joe_(band)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Michael Gurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gurley"},{"link_name":"Phil Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"For the British band, see Vinegar Joe (band).Dada (stylized dada) is a three piece rock band from California (United States). The band is made up of Michael Gurley (guitar/co-lead vocals), Joie Calio (bass/co-lead vocals) and Phil Leavitt (drums).[1]The band's songs feature both Michael and Joie sharing the vocals on each song. The group write highly melodic, harmony laden tunes, and their constant touring with two and a half to three hour performances has won them a wide fanbase.","title":"Dada (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_(Dada_album)"},{"link_name":"Dizz Knee Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizz_Knee_Land"},{"link_name":"Triple J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"},{"link_name":"Billboard Modern Rock chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Modern_Rock_chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Crowded House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowded_House"},{"link_name":"Izzy Stradlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzy_Stradlin"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"American Highway Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Highway_Flower_(Dada_album)"},{"link_name":"I.R.S. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.R.S._Records"},{"link_name":"El Subliminoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Subliminoso_(Dada_album)"},{"link_name":"MCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada_(Dada_album)"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Blue Man Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Man_Group"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California"},{"link_name":"How To Be Found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_To_Be_Found_(Dada_album)"},{"link_name":"carpal tunnel syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Whisky a Go Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky_a_Go_Go"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7Horsemusic.com-7"},{"link_name":"7Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7horse"},{"link_name":"The Wolf of Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"1992 saw the release of their debut album Puzzle. First single \"Dizz Knee Land\" quickly became a staple of radio across the U.S. and reached as far as Australia, where the song and album went on high rotation on national radio station Triple J. \"Dizz Knee Land\" reached number 2 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, number 5 on the Billboard Modern Rock chart and number 27 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart;[2] Puzzle went on to sell more than half a million copies and earned an RIAA Gold Record award. dada toured for the album with bands such as Crowded House and Izzy Stradlin & the Ju Ju Hounds, as well as Sting.They released the follow-up in 1994, American Highway Flower. Though the first single from that album \"All I Am\" spent eight weeks in the modern rock charts their record label at the time (I.R.S. Records) began to collapse. By the release of their third album El Subliminoso in 1996, I.R.S. Records had all but folded. In 1997 the band signed to MCA Records and, in 1998, released their fourth full-length studio album simply titled dada. Their bad luck with record companies continued as the parent company of MCA was sold. They continued touring throughout the U.S. In 1999 the band decided to have a break and played their supposedly final show in Norfolk, Virginia in front of 14,000 fans.[3][4]During their break Joie Calio worked as an A&R scout for MCA Records and wrote a book. Soon afterwards he released his debut solo album The Complications of Glitter. Michael Gurley and Phil Leavitt formed the band Butterfly Jones and they released the album Napalm Springs. Phil Leavitt also had a short stint with the Blue Man Group during this time.2003 saw the return of dada. They began playing live shows again and recorded one of them in Santa Ana, California. They released the show on CD, titled Dada Live: Official Bootleg (Vol. 1). They spent seven weeks touring the CD across the US. In 2004, dada released their fifth album How To Be Found. Technically, How To Be Found was not a \"new\" album, but merely a compilation album that gathered all the leftover songs from the highly productive sessions that produced their 1998 self-titled album dada. They once again toured extensively across the US. Dada spent much of 2005 working on their next studio album, playing just three gigs during November. They played selected dates mainly on the East Coast of America during February–April 2006.During much of the band's tenure, Michael Gurley has struggled with carpal tunnel syndrome. In order to continue playing, Gurley was forced to make some changes - these included using light gauge strings and tuning the instrument down a half step, as well as icing his wrists frequently to help with the pain.[1][5]In November 2006, the band released an EP titled A Friend Of Pat Robertson. They commenced 2007 with shows at the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles followed by shows in Milwaukee, Chicago and Minneapolis in April.In June 2008, Joie Calio released a second solo record under the moniker X Levitation Cult which was titled Happiness in Hell. In 2010 Calio released a third solo record (using his name this time) titled Black Art of Blue.On May 3, 2010, Joie Calio posted on his Facebook profile that \"Dada is actually recording a new record - really! It's sounding good too. We've decided to stay focused on the writing/recording of this new record for now and hold off on any big tour plans\".[6] The band began a club tour later in the year. For unknown reasons, work came to a standstill on the new dada album in 2010 and to date, none of the recordings from those sessions have been released.In 2011, using studio time originally booked for dada,[7] Joie Calio and Phil Leavitt recorded a new album together under the name 7Horse. The debut 7Horse album, titled Let The 7Horse Run, was independently released late in 2011, and a tour of the U.S. followed early in 2012. In 2013 Martin Scorsese featured the 7Horse song \"Meth Lab Zoso Sticker\" in his movie The Wolf of Wall Street. It was also used in multiple trailers for the film and is on the movie soundtrack. In 2014 7Horse released its second record Songs For a Voodoo Wedding. That year they toured opening for Kenny Wayne Shepherd and later Whiskey Meyers. in 2016 7Horse released its third record Living In a Bitch of a World. They subsequently toured that year headlining in the U.S.Late in 2012, dada announced an extensive \"20th Anniversary Tour\" of the U.S. that began in January 2013.[5] It was also announced that 7Horse would be the opener for all shows.[8]In February 2017, dada embarked on its 25th Anniversary Tour of the U.S.[9]In 2017, dada released a single on limited edition vinyl consisting of two new songs titled \"The Bluebird\" and \"Take Me To The Song\".Since 2017, dada has been on hiatus. Michael Gurley released an album \"Ultrasound\" in 2020. Calio & Leavitt continue with their band 7Horse.On December 8, 2023 on the (official Facebook group page) \"Dada Forever\" the \"Return to dizz knee land\" tour was announced playing venues in U.S. cities. Starting on February 24, 2024 in San Juan Capistrano, California and ending in Denver, Colorado in August.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"A Friend of Pat Robertson (self-released, 2006)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","text":"Live: Official Bootleg (Vol.1) (Coach House Records, 2003)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"A CLASSIC CASE : '60s Rock May Not Be Very '90s, but Dada Continues to Be a Delight in Diversity\". Los Angeles Times. January 12, 1995. Retrieved November 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-01-12-ol-19004-story.html","url_text":"\"A CLASSIC CASE : '60s Rock May Not Be Very '90s, but Dada Continues to Be a Delight in Diversity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alternative Songs: Top Alternative Songs Chart\". Billboard.com. Retrieved August 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/1992-11-21/alternative-songs","url_text":"\"Alternative Songs: Top Alternative Songs Chart\""}]},{"reference":"Dada (June 5, 1999), Dada Live at Harborfest on 1999-06-05, retrieved November 25, 2022","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/dada1999-06-05","url_text":"Dada Live at Harborfest on 1999-06-05"}]},{"reference":"\"Dada \| Supreme Entertainment Artists\". Retrieved November 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://supremeentertainment.net/artist/dada/","url_text":"\"Dada \| Supreme Entertainment Artists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dada Still Going Strong 20 Years After 'Dizz Knee Land'\". WEHOville. January 25, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wehoville.com/2013/01/25/dada-still-going-strong-20-years-after-dizz-knee-land/","url_text":"\"Dada Still Going Strong 20 Years After 'Dizz Knee Land'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aanmelden\". Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/joie.calio?ref=ts","url_text":"\"Aanmelden\""}]},{"reference":"\"* dada 20th anniversary tour: dada, 7Horse, Jerad Finck, Elyse Therose. 02/25/2013\". June 1, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://takecoverandshoot.com/2014/06/01/dada-20th-anniversary-tour-dada-7horse-jared-fink-elyse-therose-interview-w-michael-gurley-02252013/","url_text":"\"* dada 20th anniversary tour: dada, 7Horse, Jerad Finck, Elyse Therose. 02/25/2013\""}]},{"reference":"Chandler, Elise Hartzell (August 16, 2018). \"Artist Spotlight/Interview - Dada & 7Horse\". Alt Revue. Retrieved November 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altrevue.com/post/2018/08/16/artist-spotlightinterview-dada-7horse","url_text":"\"Artist Spotlight/Interview - Dada & 7Horse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dada: US\". Billboard. Retrieved April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/dada/chart-history","url_text":"\"Dada: US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Dada: US Bubbling\". Billboard. Retrieved April 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/dada/chart-history/hbu/","url_text":"\"Dada: US Bubbling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Dada: US Rock\". Billboard. Retrieved April 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/dada/chart-history/rtt/","url_text":"\"Dada: US Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Dada: US Alternative\". Billboard. Retrieved April 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/dada/chart-history/mrt/","url_text":"\"Dada: US Alternative\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Dada: UK\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/27643/dada/","url_text":"\"Dada: UK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dada%22+band","external_links_name":"\"Dada\" band"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dada%22+band+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dada%22+band&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dada%22+band+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dada%22+band","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dada%22+band&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://dadaforever.com/","external_links_name":"dadaforever.com"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-01-12-ol-19004-story.html","external_links_name":"\"A CLASSIC CASE : '60s Rock May Not Be Very '90s, but Dada Continues to Be a Delight in Diversity\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/1992-11-21/alternative-songs","external_links_name":"\"Alternative Songs: Top Alternative Songs Chart\""},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/dada1999-06-05","external_links_name":"Dada Live at Harborfest on 1999-06-05"},{"Link":"https://supremeentertainment.net/artist/dada/","external_links_name":"\"Dada \| Supreme Entertainment Artists\""},{"Link":"https://wehoville.com/2013/01/25/dada-still-going-strong-20-years-after-dizz-knee-land/","external_links_name":"\"Dada Still Going Strong 20 Years After 'Dizz Knee Land'\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/joie.calio?ref=ts","external_links_name":"\"Aanmelden\""},{"Link":"http://7horsemusic.com/about/","external_links_name":"7Horsemusic.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120821234928/http://7horsemusic.com/about/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://takecoverandshoot.com/2014/06/01/dada-20th-anniversary-tour-dada-7horse-jared-fink-elyse-therose-interview-w-michael-gurley-02252013/","external_links_name":"\"* dada 20th anniversary tour: dada, 7Horse, Jerad Finck, Elyse Therose. 02/25/2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.altrevue.com/post/2018/08/16/artist-spotlightinterview-dada-7horse","external_links_name":"\"Artist Spotlight/Interview - Dada & 7Horse\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/dada/chart-history","external_links_name":"\"Dada: US\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/dada/chart-history/hbu/","external_links_name":"\"Dada: US Bubbling\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/dada/chart-history/rtt/","external_links_name":"\"Dada: US Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/dada/chart-history/mrt/","external_links_name":"\"Dada: US Alternative\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/27643/dada/","external_links_name":"\"Dada: UK\""},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/dadatheband","external_links_name":"Dada page on Myspace"},{"Link":"http://dadaforever.com/","external_links_name":"http://dadaforever.com/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110107090650/http://guitarinternational.com/wpmu/2011/01/03/a-converstaion-with-dadas-mike-gurley-phil-leavitt-and-joie-calio/","external_links_name":"Interview with dada"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000113128829","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139978074","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146194859","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0c90c74b-a53b-4740-a508-c0669b2cb74d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaminew_Tsige	Asaminew Tsige	["1 See also","2 References"]	Ethiopian general (1958/1959 – 2019) This is an Ethiopian name. The last name is a patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Asaminew. Asaminew Tsigeአሳምነው ጽጌChief of the Amhara Region securityIn office2018–2019 Personal detailsBorn1958/1959Bugna, Wollo Province, Ethiopian EmpireDied24 June 2019Cause of deathGunshot wounds to the headPolitical partyAmhara Democratic PartyOther politicalaffiliationsGinbot 7Military serviceAllegiance EthiopiaBranch/service Ethiopian Ground ForcesBattles/warsEritrean–Ethiopian War Brigadier General Asaminew Tsige (Amharic: አሳምነው ጽጌ; 1958/1959 – 24 June 2019) was an Ethiopian general who served as chief of the Amhara Region security forces during part of 2019. He had previously been serving a life sentence in relation to an alleged coup attempt staged by Ginbot 7. During his imprisonment, he was allegedly tortured and lost sight in one eye. He was released in 2018 and restored to his prior rank and pension. Asaminew was part of the Amhara ethnic group, which is Ethiopia's second largest ethnic group. He had been known for his hard line ethnic nationalism and was particularly popular among a segment of the Amhara youth. After his release from prison and appointment to a government post, he advocated for more autonomy for Amhara and went as far as calling members of his ethnic group to arm themselves and join local militias. Though the International Crisis Group said that his activities helped the rise of the National Movement of Amhara (NaMA), which emerged as a challenger to the Amhara Democratic Party (ADP). NaMA was established before the coming of Gen. Asaminew to the government power. Asaminew was accused of being behind an alleged attempted coup in the Amhara Region in 2019. The President of Amhara region Ambachew Mekonnen was killed during the alleged attempt. In a related event, the Chief of Staff of the Ethiopian National Defense Force, Gen. Se'are Mekonnen, and his aide, Maj. Gen. Gizae Aberra, were assassinated by a bodyguard, the office of Ethiopian Prime Minister Dr. Abiy Ahmed said. Se'are and Ambachew were close allies of the prime minister. Following the alleged attempted coup, he was on the run, with his whereabouts unknown, until he was shot dead by police on 24 June, after 36 hours at large, Ethiopian state television announced. See also Assassination of Girma Yeshitila References ^ Shay, Caitlin (20 January 2010). "Ethiopian Court Sentences 33 Opposition Members to Life Sentences and Five Leaders to Death". Human Rights Brief. American University, Washington College of Law. Retrieved 23 June 2019. ^ "Ethiopia: Army and Intelligence Chiefs Replaced". Tesfa News. 8 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2019. ^ a b "Ethiopia 'coup ringleader killed'". 25 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019. ^ Solomon, Salem (25 June 2019). "Analysts Unsure Why General Killed Amhara Region President". Voice of America. Retrieved 2 July 2019. ^ AFP (30 June 2019). "Ethiopia on edge in ethnic heartland of 'coup leader'". The Chronicle. Retrieved 2 July 2019. ^ "Ethiopia's Amhara state chief killed amid regional coup attempt". Al Jazeera News. Al Jazeera Media Network. 23 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "Ethiopia Amhara 'coup ringleader on the run'". BBC News Online. BBC Online. BBC. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "Alleged Ethiopian coup mastermind shot dead after 36-hour manhunt". i24 News. Retrieved 24 June 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethiopian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"Amhara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"Ginbot 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginbot_7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Amhara ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Movement of Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Movement_of_Amhara"},{"link_name":"Amhara Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"attempted coup in the Amhara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amhara_Region_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"Ambachew Mekonnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambachew_Mekonnen"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian National Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Se'are Mekonnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%27are_Mekonnen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"This is an Ethiopian name. The last name is a patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Asaminew.Brigadier General Asaminew Tsige (Amharic: አሳምነው ጽጌ; 1958/1959 – 24 June 2019) was an Ethiopian general who served as chief of the Amhara Region security forces during part of 2019. He had previously been serving a life sentence in relation to an alleged coup attempt staged by Ginbot 7. During his imprisonment, he was allegedly tortured and lost sight in one eye.[1] He was released in 2018 and restored to his prior rank and pension.[2]Asaminew was part of the Amhara ethnic group, which is Ethiopia's second largest ethnic group. He had been known for his hard line ethnic nationalism and was particularly popular among a segment of the Amhara youth.[3] After his release from prison and appointment to a government post, he advocated for more autonomy for Amhara and went as far as calling members of his ethnic group to arm themselves and join local militias.[4] Though the International Crisis Group said that his activities helped the rise of the National Movement of Amhara (NaMA), which emerged as a challenger to the Amhara Democratic Party (ADP). NaMA was established before the coming of Gen. Asaminew to the government power.[5]Asaminew was accused of being behind an alleged attempted coup in the Amhara Region in 2019. The President of Amhara region Ambachew Mekonnen was killed during the alleged attempt. In a related event, the Chief of Staff of the Ethiopian National Defense Force, Gen. Se'are Mekonnen, and his aide, Maj. Gen. Gizae Aberra, were assassinated by a bodyguard, the office of Ethiopian Prime Minister Dr. Abiy Ahmed said.[6] Se'are and Ambachew were close allies of the prime minister.[3] Following the alleged attempted coup, he was on the run, with his whereabouts unknown,[7] until he was shot dead by police on 24 June, after 36 hours at large, Ethiopian state television announced.[8]","title":"Asaminew Tsige"}]	[]	[{"title":"Assassination of Girma Yeshitila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Girma_Yeshitila"}]	[{"reference":"Shay, Caitlin (20 January 2010). \"Ethiopian Court Sentences 33 Opposition Members to Life Sentences and Five Leaders to Death\". Human Rights Brief. American University, Washington College of Law. Retrieved 23 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://hrbrief.org/2010/01/ethiopian-court-sentences-33-opposition-members-to-life-sentences-and-five-leaders-to-death-2/","url_text":"\"Ethiopian Court Sentences 33 Opposition Members to Life Sentences and Five Leaders to Death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Brief","url_text":"Human Rights Brief"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University,_Washington_College_of_Law","url_text":"American University, Washington College of Law"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethiopia: Army and Intelligence Chiefs Replaced\". Tesfa News. 8 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tesfanews.net/ethiopia-army-intelligence-chiefs-replaced/","url_text":"\"Ethiopia: Army and Intelligence Chiefs Replaced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethiopia 'coup ringleader killed'\". 25 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48743081","url_text":"\"Ethiopia 'coup ringleader killed'\""}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Salem (25 June 2019). \"Analysts Unsure Why General Killed Amhara Region President\". Voice of America. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/africa/analysts-unsure-why-general-killed-amhara-region-president","url_text":"\"Analysts Unsure Why General Killed Amhara Region President\""}]},{"reference":"AFP (30 June 2019). \"Ethiopia on edge in ethnic heartland of 'coup leader'\". The Chronicle. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronicle.co.zw/ethiopia-on-edge-in-ethnic-heartland-of-coup-leader/","url_text":"\"Ethiopia on edge in ethnic heartland of 'coup leader'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethiopia's Amhara state chief killed amid regional coup attempt\". Al Jazeera News. Al Jazeera Media Network. 23 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/ethiopia-army-chief-staff-shot-regional-coup-attempt-190623051059851.html","url_text":"\"Ethiopia's Amhara state chief killed amid regional coup attempt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network","url_text":"Al Jazeera Media Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethiopia Amhara 'coup ringleader on the run'\". BBC News Online. BBC Online. BBC. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-48743081","url_text":"\"Ethiopia Amhara 'coup ringleader on the run'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Alleged Ethiopian coup mastermind shot dead after 36-hour manhunt\". i24 News. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/africa/1561381510-ethiopian-coup-mastermind-shot-dead-after-36-hour-manhunt","url_text":"\"Alleged Ethiopian coup mastermind shot dead after 36-hour manhunt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I24_News","url_text":"i24 News"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://hrbrief.org/2010/01/ethiopian-court-sentences-33-opposition-members-to-life-sentences-and-five-leaders-to-death-2/","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopian Court Sentences 33 Opposition Members to Life Sentences and Five Leaders to Death\""},{"Link":"https://www.tesfanews.net/ethiopia-army-intelligence-chiefs-replaced/","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopia: Army and Intelligence Chiefs Replaced\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48743081","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopia 'coup ringleader killed'\""},{"Link":"https://www.voanews.com/africa/analysts-unsure-why-general-killed-amhara-region-president","external_links_name":"\"Analysts Unsure Why General Killed Amhara Region President\""},{"Link":"https://www.chronicle.co.zw/ethiopia-on-edge-in-ethnic-heartland-of-coup-leader/","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopia on edge in ethnic heartland of 'coup leader'\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/ethiopia-army-chief-staff-shot-regional-coup-attempt-190623051059851.html","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopia's Amhara state chief killed amid regional coup attempt\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-48743081","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopia Amhara 'coup ringleader on the run'\""},{"Link":"https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/africa/1561381510-ethiopian-coup-mastermind-shot-dead-after-36-hour-manhunt","external_links_name":"\"Alleged Ethiopian coup mastermind shot dead after 36-hour manhunt\""}]

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