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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Dmitrievich_Ado	Igor Dmitrievich Ado	["1 References","2 External links"]	Russian mathematician This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Igor Dmitrievich Ado (Russian: Игорь Дмитриевич Адо, scientific transliteration Igor' Dmitrievič Ado; January 17, 1910 in Kazan – June 30, 1983) was a Soviet mathematician. He was born into the family of a state employee and he lived in Kazan till the end of his life. After leaving school he entered the faculty of mathematics and physics at Kazan State University, named after V. I. Lenin, from which he graduated in 1931. He was admitted to the PhD study at the Chair of Mathematics (since 1934 – Chair of Algebra) under the supervision of Nikolai Chebotaryov. Igor Ado finished his PhD study by preparing a scientific qualifying work for the degree of a Candidate (PhD) of physical and mathematical sciences. The University board awarded him for this work the degree of Doctor nauk (doctor of sciences) of physic-mathematical sciences. This is an analogue to the European Habilitation and is very unusual to receive for a PhD work. Igor Ado solved in his thesis a current problem of modern abstract algebra connected to representation theory of Lie algebras and Lie groups. More precisely, he obtained the result which is now known as Ado's Theorem: every finite-dimensional Lie algebra over a field of characteristic zero has a faithful finite-dimensional linear representation. After the defense of his doctoral thesis Igor Ado started to work at Kazan State University. From 1936 till 1942 he held the position of professor at the Chair of Algebra. In 1942 Igor Ado moved to the Kazan State Chemical Technological Institute named after S.M. Kirov, now called Kazan National Research Technological University where he held the Chair of High Mathematics until his death. He held the position of professor from 1942 to 1958 and from 1970 to 1983. During the period from 1958 to 1970 he was the head of the chair. Igor Ado has 12 publications. He did research in group theory and representation theory. His most famous publication is the paper The representation of Lie algebras by matrices. Ado's Theorem has attracted the attention of many famous mathematicians who tried to improve its proof. Kenkichi Iwasawa proved the theorem over a field of prime characteristic. For this reason Ado's Theorem is also called Ado-Iwasawa Theorem. Many generalizations and refinements of Ado's Theorem have been considered. References ^ Burde, Dietrich; Gubarev, Vsevolod (22 August 2019). "IN MEMORY OF IGOR DMITRIEVICH ADO". arXiv:1908.08361 . ^ ""Памяти Игоря Дмитриевича Адо", Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Mat., 1984, no. 8, 87–88". www.mathnet.ru. ^ "I. D. Ado, "The representation of Lie algebras by matrices", Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 2:6(22) (1947), 159–173". www.mathnet.ru. External links Словари и энциклопедии на Академике: Igor Dmitrijewitsch Ado (Russian) Information of the Kazan State University on Igor Dmitrjevich Ado (Russian) Authority control databases: Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Kazan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_State_University"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Chebotaryov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Chebotaryov"},{"link_name":"Doctor nauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_nauk"},{"link_name":"Habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"abstract algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra"},{"link_name":"Lie groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"Ado's Theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado%27s_Theorem"},{"link_name":"Kazan National Research Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_National_Research_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kenkichi Iwasawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenkichi_Iwasawa"}],"text":"Igor Dmitrievich Ado (Russian: Игорь Дмитриевич Адо, scientific transliteration Igor' Dmitrievič Ado; January 17, 1910 in Kazan – June 30, 1983) was a Soviet mathematician. He was born into the family of a state employee and he lived in Kazan till the end of his life. After leaving school he entered the faculty of mathematics and physics at Kazan State University, named after V. I. Lenin, from which he graduated in 1931. He was admitted to the PhD study at the Chair of Mathematics (since 1934 – Chair of Algebra) under the supervision of Nikolai Chebotaryov. Igor Ado finished his PhD study by preparing a scientific qualifying work for the degree of a Candidate (PhD) of physical and mathematical sciences. The University board awarded him for this work the degree of Doctor nauk (doctor of sciences) of physic-mathematical sciences. This is an analogue to the European Habilitation and is very unusual to receive for a PhD work.Igor Ado solved in his thesis a current problem of modern abstract algebra connected to representation theory of Lie algebras and Lie groups. More precisely, he obtained the result which is now known as Ado's Theorem: every finite-dimensional Lie algebra over a field of characteristic zero has a faithful finite-dimensional linear representation.After the defense of his doctoral thesis Igor Ado started to work at Kazan State University. From 1936 till 1942 he held the position of professor at the Chair of Algebra. In 1942 Igor Ado moved to the Kazan State Chemical Technological Institute named after S.M. Kirov, now called Kazan National Research Technological University where he held the Chair of High Mathematics until his death. He held the position of professor from 1942 to 1958 and from 1970 to 1983. During the period from 1958 to 1970 he was the head of the chair.Igor Ado has 12 publications.[1][2] He did research in group theory and representation theory. His most famous publication is the paper The representation of Lie algebras by matrices.[3] Ado's Theorem has attracted the attention of many famous mathematicians who tried to improve its proof. Kenkichi Iwasawa proved the theorem over a field of prime characteristic. For this reason Ado's Theorem is also called Ado-Iwasawa Theorem. Many generalizations and refinements of Ado's Theorem have been considered.","title":"Igor Dmitrievich Ado"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Burde, Dietrich; Gubarev, Vsevolod (22 August 2019). \"IN MEMORY OF IGOR DMITRIEVICH ADO\". arXiv:1908.08361 [math.HO].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.08361","url_text":"1908.08361"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.HO","url_text":"math.HO"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Памяти Игоря Дмитриевича Адо\", Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Mat., 1984, no. 8, 87–88\". www.mathnet.ru.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=ivm&paperid=8696&option_lang=eng","url_text":"\"\"Памяти Игоря Дмитриевича Адо\", Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Mat., 1984, no. 8, 87–88\""}]},{"reference":"\"I. D. Ado, \"The representation of Lie algebras by matrices\", Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 2:6(22) (1947), 159–173\". www.mathnet.ru.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=rm&paperid=6996&option_lang=eng","url_text":"\"I. D. Ado, \"The representation of Lie algebras by matrices\", Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 2:6(22) (1947), 159–173\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.08361","external_links_name":"1908.08361"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.HO","external_links_name":"math.HO"},{"Link":"https://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=ivm&paperid=8696&option_lang=eng","external_links_name":"\"\"Памяти Игоря Дмитриевича Адо\", Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Mat., 1984, no. 8, 87–88\""},{"Link":"https://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=rm&paperid=6996&option_lang=eng","external_links_name":"\"I. D. Ado, \"The representation of Lie algebras by matrices\", Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 2:6(22) (1947), 159–173\""},{"Link":"http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_biography/1094/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE","external_links_name":"Словари и энциклопедии на Академике: Igor Dmitrijewitsch Ado"},{"Link":"http://www.kazanhighschools.ru/index.php?newsid=17","external_links_name":"Information of the Kazan State University on Igor Dmitrjevich Ado"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/401079","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=75425","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ado.i-d","external_links_name":"zbMATH"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_A._Phelps	Amos A. Phelps	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	American minister and abolitionist Amos A. (Augustus) Phelps (1805–1847) was an American minister and abolitionist. Early life He was born in Farmington, Connecticut. His mother was Clarissa Bodwell Phelps Tryon and his father was Amos Phelps of Avon, Connecticut. Career Phelps graduated from Yale College in 1826 and Yale Divinity School in 1830. After serving as a pastor in Congregational churches in Hopkinton and Boston, Massachusetts, he became an agent of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1834. From 1837 to 1839, he served as the General Agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. In 1839, he left the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society and became one of the founding members of the Massachusetts Abolition Society, formed by abolitionists who disagreed with William Lloyd Garrison's progressive, and sometimes radical, politics. In 1840, he also joined forces with a group that formed the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. He died on July 27, 1847. Personal life He married Charlotte Brown Phelps, and they had a son Edward. Charlotte died in 1838. He then married Caroline Little in 1839 and they had a daughter, Lucy in 1841. Caroline died some time between 1841 and 1844. Phelps then married Caroline's sister, Lucy Little in 1844. Phelps and Lucy had two daughters together. References ^ Maverick Congregational Church (1894). Condensed history and manual of Maverick Congregational church, East Boston, Mass., from its organization, May 31st, 1836 to June 30th, 1894. Maverick Congregational Church. Retrieved 14 June 2015. ^ Phelps, Edward A. (Unpublished manuscript) (1900). Rev. Amos A. Phelps: life and extracts from diary. ^ Massachusetts Abolition Society (1839). Formation of the Massachusetts Abolition Society. Retrieved 12 June 2015. ^ Patriot, Quincy (May 10, 1839). "Resignation of Amos Phelps, criticism of Garrison". Liberator. Retrieved 12 June 2015. ^ Maverick Congregational Church (1894). Condensed history and manual of Maverick Congregational church, East Boston, Mass., from its organization, May 31st, 1836 to June 30th, 1894. Maverick Congregational Church. Retrieved 14 June 2015. External links Media related to Amos Augustus Phelps at Wikimedia Commons Amos A. Phelps Correspondence (1821–1847) of Boston Public Library on Internet Archive Phelps, Oliver Seymour (1899). The Phelps Family of America ... Pittsfield, MA: Eagle Publishing Company. p. 452. Phelps, Oliver Seymour (1899). The Phelps family of America and their English ancestors: with copies of wills, deeds, letters, and other interesting papers, coats of arms and valuable records. Eagle publishing co. p. 351. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Belgium United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"Amos A. (Augustus) Phelps (1805–1847) was an American minister and abolitionist.","title":"Amos A. Phelps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farmington, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Connecticut"}],"text":"He was born in Farmington, Connecticut. His mother was Clarissa Bodwell Phelps Tryon and his father was Amos Phelps of Avon, Connecticut.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hopkinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkinton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"American Anti-Slavery Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Abolition Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Abolition_Society"},{"link_name":"William Lloyd Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_Foreign_Anti-Slavery_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Phelps graduated from Yale College in 1826 and Yale Divinity School in 1830.[1] After serving as a pastor in Congregational churches in Hopkinton and Boston, Massachusetts, he became an agent of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1834. From 1837 to 1839, he served as the General Agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.[2]In 1839, he left the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society and became one of the founding members of the Massachusetts Abolition Society, formed by abolitionists who disagreed with William Lloyd Garrison's progressive, and sometimes radical, politics.[3][4] In 1840, he also joined forces with a group that formed the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. \nHe died on July 27, 1847.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He married Charlotte Brown Phelps, and they had a son Edward. Charlotte died in 1838. He then married Caroline Little in 1839 and they had a daughter, Lucy in 1841. Caroline died some time between 1841 and 1844. Phelps then married Caroline's sister, Lucy Little in 1844. Phelps and Lucy had two daughters together.","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Maverick Congregational Church (1894). 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Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/formationofmassa00mass","url_text":"Formation of the Massachusetts Abolition Society"}]},{"reference":"Patriot, Quincy (May 10, 1839). \"Resignation of Amos Phelps, criticism of Garrison\". Liberator. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/resignation-of-amos-phelps-criticism-of-garrison/","url_text":"\"Resignation of Amos Phelps, criticism of Garrison\""}]},{"reference":"Maverick Congregational Church (1894). Condensed history and manual of Maverick Congregational church, East Boston, Mass., from its organization, May 31st, 1836 to June 30th, 1894. Maverick Congregational Church. Retrieved 14 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.ah4mam;view=1up;seq=9","url_text":"Condensed history and manual of Maverick Congregational church, East Boston, Mass., from its organization, May 31st, 1836 to June 30th, 1894"}]},{"reference":"Phelps, Oliver Seymour (1899). The Phelps Family of America ... Pittsfield, MA: Eagle Publishing Company. p. 452.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Phelps, Oliver Seymour (1899). The Phelps family of America and their English ancestors: with copies of wills, deeds, letters, and other interesting papers, coats of arms and valuable records. Eagle publishing co. p. 351.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3eJLAQAAIAAJ&q=clarissa+tryon+amos+phelps&pg=PA351","url_text":"The Phelps family of America and their English ancestors: with copies of wills, deeds, letters, and other interesting papers, coats of arms and valuable records"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.ah4mam;view=1up;seq=9","external_links_name":"Condensed history and manual of Maverick Congregational church, East Boston, Mass., from its organization, May 31st, 1836 to June 30th, 1894"},{"Link":"https://bpl.bibliocommons.com/item/show/4701536075_rev_amos_a_phelps_-_life_and_extracts_from_diary#bib_info","external_links_name":"Rev. 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Phelps Correspondence (1821–1847) of Boston Public Library on Internet Archive"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3eJLAQAAIAAJ&q=clarissa+tryon+amos+phelps&pg=PA351","external_links_name":"The Phelps family of America and their English ancestors: with copies of wills, deeds, letters, and other interesting papers, coats of arms and valuable records"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/221014/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000025559549","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/67923654","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfWYX7QCDbVvr33gfRYfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14035697","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85323014","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin	Collectivity of Saint Martin	["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Pre-colonial","2.2 Arrival of Europeans","2.3 18th–19th centuries","2.4 20th–21st centuries","3 Geography","3.1 Hurricane Irma","4 Politics and government","5 Demographics","5.1 Structure of the population","5.2 Education","5.3 Religion","6 Economy","7 Newspapers","8 Transport","9 Sport","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]	Coordinates: 18°4′31″N 63°3′36″W / 18.07528°N 63.06000°W / 18.07528; -63.06000French overseas collectivity, part of the island of Saint Martin in the Lesser Antilles "Saint Martin (France)" redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Martin § France. Overseas collectivity of France and outermost region of the European UnionSaint MartinSaint-Martin (French)Overseas collectivity of France and outermost region of the European UnionCollectivity of Saint MartinCollectivité de Saint-Martin FlagCoat of armsAnthem: La Marseillaise("The Marseillaise")Territorial song: "O Sweet Saint Martin's Land"Location of Saint Martin in the Leeward IslandsSaint Martin is located on the northern half ofthe island of Saint Martin.Sovereign state FrancePartition of island23 March 1648Separated from Guadeloupe15 July 2007Capitaland largest cityMarigotOfficial languagesFrenchDemonym(s)Saint-MartinoisGovernmentDevolved parliamentary dependency• President of France Emmanuel Macron• Prefect Serge Gouteyron• President of the Territorial Council Louis Mussington LegislatureTerritorial CouncilFrench Parliament• Senate1 senator (of 377)• National Assembly1 seat shared with Saint Barthélemy (of 577)Area• Total53.2 km2 (20.5 sq mi)• Water (%)negligiblePopulation• Jan. 2021 census31,477• Density592/km2 (1,533.3/sq mi)GDP (nominal)2014 estimate• TotalUS$771.9 million (€581.8 million)• Per capitaUS$21,987 (€16,572)CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)unofficially: United States dollar (US$) (USD)Time zoneUTC-4:00 (AST)Driving siderightCalling code+590ISO 3166 codeMFFR-MFInternet TLD.mf.fr.gp The Collectivity of Saint Martin (French: Collectivité de Saint-Martin), commonly known as simply Saint Martin (Saint-Martin, French pronunciation: ), is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies in the Caribbean, on the northern half of the island of Saint Martin, as well as some smaller adjacent islands. Saint Martin is separated from the island of Anguilla by the Anguilla Channel. Its capital is Marigot. With a population of 31,477 as of January 2021 on an area of 53.2 square kilometres (20.5 sq mi), it encompasses the northern 60% of the divided island of Saint Martin, and some neighbouring islets, the largest of which is Île Tintamarre. The southern 40% of the island of Saint Martin constitutes Sint Maarten, which has been a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 2010 following the dissolution of Netherlands Antilles. This marks the only place in the world where France borders the Netherlands. Before 2007, the French part of Saint Martin was a commune belonging to the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe. Despite seceding from Guadeloupe in 2007 and gaining more autonomy as an overseas collectivity of France, Saint Martin has remained an outermost region of the European Union and is part of the eurozone. For statistical purposes, it is still included in the NUTS 2 (FRY1) and NUTS 3 (FRY10) of Guadeloupe by Eurostat. Etymology Due to confusion on early maps, the island accidentally got the name intended for Nevis by Christopher Columbus in honour of St Martin of Tours because he first sighted it on the saint's feast day on 11 November 1493. History Main articles: History of Saint Martin and French West Indies Pre-colonial Saint Martin was inhabited by Amerindian peoples for many centuries, with archaeological evidence pointing to a human presence on the island as early as 2000 BC. These people most likely migrated from South America. The earliest known people were the Arawak who settled there between 800 and 300 BC. Circa 1300-1400 AD, they began to be displaced by hostile groups of Kalinago people. Arrival of Europeans The 1633 Spanish capture of Saint Martin, as painted by Juan de la Corte It is commonly believed that Christopher Columbus named the island in honor of Saint Martin of Tours when he encountered it on his second voyage of discovery. However, he actually applied the name to the island now called Nevis when he anchored offshore on 11 November 1493, the feast day of Saint Martin. The confusion of numerous poorly charted small islands in the Leeward Islands meant that this name was accidentally transferred to the island now known as Saint-Martin/Sint Maarten. Nominally a Spanish territory, the island became the focus of the competing interest of the European powers, notably France and the United Provinces. Meanwhile, the Amerindian population began to decline precipitously, dying from diseases brought by the Europeans. In 1631, the Dutch built Fort Amsterdam on Saint Martin and the Dutch West India Company began mining salt there. Tensions between the Netherlands and Spain were already high due to the ongoing Eighty Years' War, and in 1633 the Spanish captured St Martin and drove off the Dutch colonists. The Dutch, under Peter Stuyvesant, attempted to regain control in 1644 but were unsuccessful. However, in 1648 the Eighty Years' War ended and the island lost its strategic and economic value to Spain. The Spanish abandoned it and the Dutch returned. The French also began settling, and rather than fight for control of the entire island the two powers agreed to divide it in two with the Treaty of Concordia. The first governor of French Saint Martin was Robert de Longvilliers. Various adjustments to the precise alignment of the border occurred, with the boundary settling at its current position by 1817. 18th–19th centuries To work the new cotton, tobacco and sugar plantations the French and Dutch began importing large numbers of African slaves, who soon came to outnumber the Europeans. The French eventually abolished slavery in 1848, followed by the Dutch in 1863 (though after 1848, slavery had scarcely been enforceable as slaves could simply move from the Dutch to the French side of the island). Meanwhile, in 1763, Saint Martin was merged into France's Guadeloupe colony. 20th–21st centuries By the first decades of the 20th century Saint Martin's economy was in a poor state, prompting many to emigrate. Things improved during the Second World War as the Americans built an airstrip on the Dutch side of the island. In 1946 Saint Martin (along with Saint Barthélemy) was formally subsumed as an arrondissement into the Guadeloupe département. Tourism started expanding from the 1960s–70s onward, eventually becoming the dominant sector of Saint Martin's economy. Hurricane Luis hit the island in 1995, causing immense destruction and resulting in 12 deaths. In 2007 Saint Martin was detached from Guadeloupe and became a territorial collectivity with its own Prefect and Territorial Council. In 2017, Saint Martin was again devastated by a hurricane, Irma, causing widespread destruction across the entire island. Geography Topographic map of the island of Saint Martin The Collectivity of Saint Martin occupies the northern half of the island of Saint Martin in the Leeward Islands; the southern half forms the Dutch territory of Sint Maarten. To the north across the Anguilla Channel lies the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla, to the south-east of the island lies the French island of Saint Barthélemy and further south are the Dutch islands of Saba and Saint Eustatius. Saint Martin's land area is 53.2 km2 (20.5 sq mi) The terrain is generally hilly, with the highest peak being Pic Paradis at 424 m (1,391 ft), which is also the highest peak on the island as a whole. The Terres Basses region lying west of the capital Marigot, which contains the French half of the Simpson Bay Lagoon, is flatter. There are a few small lakes on Saint Martin, such as Chevrise Pond, Great Pond and Red Pond. The land is part of the Leeward Islands xeric scrub ecoregion. Numerous small islands lie off the coast, including Rock of the Cove Marcel, Creole Rock, Little Key, Pinel Island, Green Cay Grand Islet (within the Simpson Bay Lagoon) and the largest Tintamarre Island. Hurricane Irma Hurricane Irma hit Saint Martin on 6 September 2017; 95% of the structures on the French side were damaged or destroyed. Looting or "pillaging" was a problem initially; France subsequently sent 240 gendarmes to help control the situation. On 11 September President Emmanuel Macron visited St Martin to view the damage and to assure residents of support for relief efforts. At that time, only tourists and visitors from France (mainlanders) had been evacuated from St. Martin, leading to complaints by black and mixed-race residents that whites were being given priority. Macron pledged 50 million euros of aid for the French islands and said the rebuilding will be done quickly but very well. By March 2018 much of the territory's infrastructure was back up and running. Politics and government Main article: Politics of the Collectivity of Saint Martin View of the capital Marigot from Fort St. Louis Saint Martin was for many years a French commune, forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas région and département of France. In 2003 the population of the French part of the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France. On 9 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both the French part of Saint Martin and (separately) the neighbouring Saint Barthélemy. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, once the local assemblies were elected, with the second round of the vote ultimately occurring on 15 July 2007. Saint Martin remains part of the European Union. The new governance structure befitting an overseas collectivity took effect on 15 July 2007 with the first session of the Territorial Council (French: Conseil territorial). This is a unicameral body of 23 members, with elections held every five years. The first President of the Territorial Council was Louis-Constant Fleming, however on 25 July 2008 Fleming resigned after being sanctioned by the Conseil d'État for one year over problems with his 2007 election campaign. On 7 August, Frantz Gumbs was elected as President of the Territorial Council. However, his election was declared invalid on 10 April 2009 and Daniel Gibbs appointed as Acting President of the Territorial Council on 14 April 2009. Gumbs was re-elected on 5 May 2009. The Chief of State is the President of France (currently Emmanuel Macron), who is represented locally by a Prefect appointed on the advice of the Minister of the Interior (France). The current Prefect is Sylvie Feucher. Saint Martin elects one member to the French Senate, and one to the French National Assembly (note that the latter post is shared with Saint Barthélemy). Before 2007, Saint Martin was coded as GP (Guadeloupe) in ISO 3166-1. In October 2007, it received the ISO 3166-1 code MF (alpha-2 code), MAF (alpha-3 code), and 663 (numeric code). There currently exists a movement in Saint Martin aiming for the unification of island of Saint Martin, which has its own flag. Demographics Saint Martin had a population of 31,477 according to the January 2021 census, which means a population density of 592 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,530/sq mi). At the 2017 French census the population was 35,334 (up from only 8,072 inhabitants at the 1982 census). The population decrease between 2017 and 2021 is largely due to the impact of Hurricane Irma which hit the island in early September 2017 and destroyed most of its infrastructure. Most residents live on the coastal region in the towns of Marigot (the capital), Grand-Case and Quartier-d'Orleans. Most residents are of black or mixed Creole ancestry, with smaller numbers of Europeans and Indians. French is the official language of the territory. Other languages spoken include English, Dutch, Papiamento and Spanish. The Saint Martin dialect of Virgin Islands Creole (based on English) is spoken in informal situations on both the French and Dutch sides of the island. The sizable Haitian community (7,000 in 2000) also uses Haitian Creole. The main religions are Roman Catholicism, Jehovah's Witnesses, various Protestant denominations, Hinduism and Islam. Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a. 1885 3,400— 1954 3,366−0.01%1961 4,502+4.08%1967 5,061+1.96%1974 6,191+2.92%1982 8,072+3.65%1990 28,518+17.05%1999 29,078+0.22% 2007 35,925+2.74% 2012 35,742−0.10% 2017 35,334−0.23% 2021 31,477−2.85%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Official figures from French censuses. Census date for censuses after 1999 is 1 January. Structure of the population Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Provisional): Age Group Male Female Total % Total 14 191 16 095 30 286 100 0–4 993 979 1 972 6.51 5–9 1 062 1 075 2 137 7.06 10–14 1 154 1 132 2 286 7.55 15–19 1 152 1 120 2 272 7.50 20–24 876 882 1 758 5.80 25–29 722 857 1 579 5.21 30–34 761 957 1 718 5.67 35–39 766 1 002 1 768 5.84 40–44 785 990 1 775 5.86 45–49 907 1 106 2 013 6.65 50–54 1 006 1 180 2 186 7.22 55–59 1 046 1 159 2 205 7.28 60–64 891 982 1 873 6.18 65–69 732 823 1 555 5.13 70–74 539 641 1 180 3.90 75–79 358 460 818 2.70 80–84 237 351 588 1.94 85–89 133 223 356 1.18 90–94 53 119 172 0.57 95–99 16 44 60 0.20 100+ 2 13 15 0.05 Age group Male Female Total Percent 0–14 3 209 3 186 6 395 21.12 15–64 8 912 10 235 19 147 63.22 65+ 2 070 2 674 4 744 15.66 Education The collectivity has the following public preschool, primary, and elementary schools: Preschools: Jean Anselme, Jérôme Beaupère, Elaine Clarke, Evelina Halley, Ghyslaine Rogers, Trott Simeone Primary schools: Omer Arrondell, Émile Choisy, Nina Duverly, Elie Gibs, Aline Hanson, Émile Larmonnie, Marie-Amélie Ledee, Clair Saint-Maximin, Hervé Williams École élémentaire M-Antoinette Richard There are three junior high schools (collège) and one senior high school: Junior highs: #1 Mont Des Accords, #2 Soualiga, #3 Quartier d'Orleans Lycée Professionnel des Îles Nord (senior high/sixth-form) Cité Scolaire Robert Weinum is a joint public junior-senior high school in Saint Martin Religion The majority of the inhabitants of the island of St. Martin profess Christianity, and in the French part the Catholic Church is the faith of the majority. There are also other Christian groups and religions represented on the island. Mary Star of the Sea, a Catholic church in Grand-Case The French territory of St. Martin is part of the Diocese of Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre (in Latin, Dioecesis Imae Telluris and in French, Diocèse de Basse-Terre et Pointe-à-Pitre), attached to the organization of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese includes the territories of Guadeloupe, St. Barthélemy and St. Martin. This diocese is part of the ecclesiastical province of Fort-de-France, in the ecclesiastical region of the Antilles, and has as neighbors to the northwest, the diocese of Saint John-Basseterre and to the southeast, the Diocese of Roseau. About sixty priests are active in the diocese and serve several churches, among them the Church of Saint Martin de Tours (Saint-Martin-de-Tours) in Marigot, the Church of Mary Star of the Sea (Église de Marie Etoile de la Mer) in Grand Case and the Church of Saint Martin in Quartier d'Orléans (Église de Saint-Martin). The episcopal see is located in Basse-Terre, city of Guadeloupe, with the cathedral of Our Lady of Guadeloupe as the main or mother church, (cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Guadeloupe). Economy Main article: Economy of Saint Martin Marigot in 2017 after Hurricane Irma, which severely impacted the tourism-dependent economy As a part of France, the official currency of Saint Martin is the euro, though the US dollar is also widely accepted. Tourism is the main economic activity – with over one million visitors annually some 85% of the population is employed in this sector. The other major sector is the financial services industry. Though limited, agriculture and fishing are also practiced, though these sectors are very small and most food is imported. INSEE estimated that the nominal GDP of Saint Martin amounted to 581.8 million euros in 2014 (US$771.9 million at 2014 exchanges rates; US$660.3 million at Feb. 2022 exchange rates). In that same year the nominal GDP per capita of Saint Martin was 16,572 euros (US$21,987 at 2014 exchanges rates; US$18,806 at Feb. 2022 exchange rates), which was only half the GDP per capita of metropolitan France in 2014, and 79% of Guadeloupe's GDP per capita. In comparison, the nominal GDP per capita on the Dutch side of the island, Sint Maarten, was US$33,536 in 2014. Newspapers The following newspapers are published in Saint Martin: Le Pelican Faxinfo SXMInfo.fr Soualiga Post St. Martin's Week St. Martin News Network (also covers Sint Maarten) Transport Passengers disembarking at Grand Case-Espérance Airport Saint Martin has one airport, Grand Case-Espérance Airport, which provides flights to Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Barthélemy. For international tourists, Saint Martin relies on Princess Juliana International Airport on the Dutch side of the island. Sport See also: Football in Saint Martin Saint Martin has a national football team, and competes in CONCACAF competitions. See also Culture of Saint Martin Economy of Saint Martin History of Saint Martin List of divided islands References ^ "Serge Gouteyron, nouveau préfet de Saint-Martin et de Saint-Barthélémy]". Outremers 360 (in French). 25 December 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2022. ^ "Louis Mussington becomes the 6th president of French Saint Martin on Sunday". SMX Island Time. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022. ^ a b c "Mise à jour du plan de prévention des risques naturels de la collectivité territoriale de Saint-Martin" (PDF). Preferecture of Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin (in French). Government of France. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ a b c "Décret n° 2023-1256 du 26 décembre 2023 authentifiant les chiffres des populations de métropole, des départements d'outre-mer de la Guadeloupe, de la Guyane, de la Martinique et de La Réunion, et des collectivités de Saint-Barthélemy, de Saint-Martin, et de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Government of France. Retrieved 27 December 2023. ^ a b c d "Estimation of per capita GDP in Saint-Martin" (PDF). CEROM. INSEE. May 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "CIA World Factbook – Saint Martin". Retrieved 24 July 2019. ^ a b c d "Encyclopedia Britannica – Saint Martin". Retrieved 24 July 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "History of Saint Martin". Retrieved 24 July 2019. ^ Hubbard, Vincent K. (2002). A History of St Kitts. MacMillan Caribbean. p. 13. ISBN 0333747607. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974). The European Discovery of America, The Southern Voyages. Oxford University Press. pp. 108-109. ^ Caribbean: The Lesser Antilles Karl Luntta ^ Henocq, Christophe (15 March 2010), "Concordia Treaty, 23rd March 1648", Heritage, 6: 13, retrieved 17 September 2018 ^ a b Dutch officials: Irma damaged or destroyed 70 percent of St. Maarten homes, leaving island vulnerable to Jose's approach. The Washington Post 9 September 2017. Accessed 9 September 2017 ^ Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869. ^ Hurricane Irma destroys '95%' of French part of St. Martin—official, Agence France-Presse 7 September 2017. Accessed 9 September 2017 ^ Whelan, Robbie; Pop, Valentina (9 September 2017). "Looting Reported on Caribbean Island Struck by Hurricane Irma". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ "Irma shatters Caribbean, drives toward Florida with Hurricane Jose in wake – the Globe and Mail". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017. ^ "International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World -- People, Places, Crisis, Conflict, Culture, Change, Analysis and Trends". ABC News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ Hilary Clarke; Samantha Beech (11 September 2017). "European leaders step up Irma relief effort in Caribbean". CNN. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ "In Irma's aftermath, Black residents of St. Martin complain France is evacuating white tourists first – The Star". Toronto Star. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ Staff and agencies (12 September 2017). "Emmanuel Macron pledges €50m to help Irma-ravaged Caribbean territories". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ "Updated: Mapping what's open and closed in the Caribbean: Travel Weekly". travelweekly.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ "French Caribbean voters reject change". Caribbean Net News. 9 December 2003. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2007. However voters on the two tiny French dependencies of Saint-Barthelemy and Saint-Martin, which have been administratively attached to Guadeloupe, approved the referendum and are set to acquire the new status of "overseas collectivity". ^ "Saint-Barth To Become An Overseas Collectivity" (PDF). St. Barth Weekly. 9 February 2007. p. 2. Retrieved 9 February 2007. ^ NewMedia. "Les élections du futur conseil territorial font débat – Politique – Ixprim News – NewMedia – Newmedia". newmedia-fr.info. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009. ^ See J. P. Thiellay, Droit des outre-mers, Paris:Dalloz, 2007. ^ "Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 355". Official Journal of the European Union. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016. ^ "Louis-Constant Fleming démissionné par le conseil d'Etat" (in French). fxgpariscaraibe. 28 July 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2008. ^ "Frantz Gumbs elected new president of Collectivité". The Daily Herald. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2008. Frantz Gumbs, formerly president of Union Pour le Progrès (UPP) party, swept into power as new president of the Collectivité at an extraordinary meeting of the Territorial Council on Thursday after winning the 23-councillor vote with a clear majority over Marthe Ogoundélé-Tessi. ^ "The Daily Herald – New Domain Redirect". thedailyherald.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. ^ "May 2009". rulers.org. ^ Government of the French Republic (18 June 2018). "Décret du 18 juin 2018 portant nomination de la préfète déléguée auprès du représentant de l'Etat dans les collectivités de Saint-Barthélemy et de Saint-Martin – Mme DANIELO-FEUCHER (Sylvie)". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 24 April 2020. ^ ISO 3166-1 Newsletter. Assignment of code elements for Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin and update of France and other French Territories ^ Badejo, Fabian Adekunle (25 December 2004). "The reunification of St. Martin: A pipe dream or an inevitable choice?". House of Nehesi Publishers. ^ "12th anniversary of St. Martin's "Unity Flag" observed Saturday on Conscious Lyrics; students raise money for unity bumper stickers". House of Nehesi Publishers. 29 August 2002. ^ "Populations légales 2017 des départements et collectivités d'outre-mer". INSEE (in French). Government of France. Retrieved 29 January 2021. ^ Holm (1989) Pidgins and Creoles, vol. 2 ^ Klomp, Ank. "Saint Martin: Communal Identities on a Divided Caribbean Island." In: Niedermüller, Peter and Bjarne Stoklund (editors). Journal of European Ethnology Volume 30:2, 2000: Borders and Borderlands: An Anthropological Perspective. Museum Tusculanum Press, 2000. ISBN 8772896779, 9788772896779. Start: p. 73. CITED: p. 80. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "LISTE DES ÉCOLES PUBLIQUES ET PRIVÉES SOUS CONTRAT." Académie de la Guadeloupe . Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ "Établissements du 2nd degré PUBLIC 2017-2018 Archived 7 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine." Académie de la Guadeloupe . Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ a b c "Basse-Terre". Église catholique en France (in French). Retrieved 10 August 2022. ^ "Église de Saint Martin de Tours". GCatholic. Retrieved 10 August 2022. ^ "Église de Marie Étoile de la Mer". GCatholic. Retrieved 10 August 2022. ^ "Église de Saint-Martin". GCatholic. Retrieved 10 August 2022. ^ "Diocèse de Guadeloupe" (in French). Retrieved 10 August 2022. ^ "Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020". INSEE. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ Total 2014 GDP of Sint Maarten ("GDP 2018 – Press Release" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Sint Maarten. Retrieved 21 February 2022.) divided by the number of inhabitants in 2014 ("Population Estimates and Vital Statistics 2021" (PDF). Retrieved 21 February 2022.), then converted from Netherlands Antillean gulden to US dollars at the 1.79 official peg. ^ "Qui sommes nous?". lepelican-journal.com. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "Contact". Faxinfo. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "Contacter la rédaction de SXMINFO". Saint Martin Island \| sxminfo.fr (in French). 2 June 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "Mentions Légales". SoualigaPost.com (in French). Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "Politique Editoriale retenue". Le St Martin's Week (in French). Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "St. Martin News Network – Contact Us". smn-news.com. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "St. Martin Tourist Office – Coming to SXM by air or sea". St. Martin Tourist Office. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. ^ "StBarthCommuter.com – L'Espérance Airport, Grand Case (SFG)". Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2019. ^ "Saint Martin down Bonaire to clinch first-place, promotion". Concacaf. 22 November 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024. External links Saint Martin (France) at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity Official website of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (in French) Official website of the Tourist Office of Saint Martin Wikimedia Atlas of Saint Martin (France) Collectivity of Saint Martin travel guide from Wikivoyage Saint Martin. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. vteCountries and dependencies of North AmericaSovereign statesEntire Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States In part Colombia San Andrés and Providencia France Guadeloupe Martinique Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Venezuela Nueva Esparta Federal Dependencies DependenciesDenmark Greenland France Clipperton Island St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Netherlands Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands United States Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands North America portal vte Dependencies of European Union statesDenmark Faroe Islands Greenland France Clipperton Island French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Île Amsterdam Crozet Islands Îles Éparses Kerguelen Islands Île Saint-Paul New Caledonia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Curaçao Sint Maarten vteOverseas FranceInhabited territoriesOverseas regions1 French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte2 Réunion Overseas collectivities French Polynesia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Sui generis collectivity New Caledonia Uninhabited territoriesNorth Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island Overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) Adélie Land Crozet Islands French domains of Saint Helena French domains of the Holy Land Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India3 Europa Island3 Glorioso Islands2, 3 Banc du Geyser Juan de Nova Island3 Tromelin Island4 1 Also known as overseas departments 2 Claimed by the Comoros 3 Claimed by Madagascar 4 Claimed by Mauritius vteOutlying territories of European countriesTerritories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information).Denmark Greenland Faroe Islands France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Île Amsterdam Île Saint-Paul Kerguelen Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Svalbard Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Chafarinas Islands Peñón de Alhucemas Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands vte Elections and referendums in Saint MartinTerritorial Council elections 2007 2012 2017 2022 Referendums 2003 See also: Elections and referendums in France Authority control databases International FAST VIAF 2 WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area People UK Parliament 18°4′31″N 63°3′36″W / 18.07528°N 63.06000°W / 18.07528; -63.06000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Martin § France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_(disambiguation)#France"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[sɛ̃ maʁtɛ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"overseas collectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_collectivity"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"island of Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"Anguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla"},{"link_name":"Anguilla Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla_Channel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-7"},{"link_name":"Marigot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigot,_Saint_Martin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-land_area-3"},{"link_name":"divided island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_island"},{"link_name":"islets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islet"},{"link_name":"Île Tintamarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Tintamarre"},{"link_name":"Sint Maarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten"},{"link_name":"constituent country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles"},{"link_name":"borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Netherlands_border"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"French overseas department and region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"outermost region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"eurozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone"},{"link_name":"NUTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics"},{"link_name":"Eurostat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat"}],"text":"French overseas collectivity, part of the island of Saint Martin in the Lesser Antilles\"Saint Martin (France)\" redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Martin § France.Overseas collectivity of France and outermost region of the European UnionThe Collectivity of Saint Martin (French: Collectivité de Saint-Martin), commonly known as simply Saint Martin (Saint-Martin, French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ maʁtɛ̃]), is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies in the Caribbean, on the northern half of the island of Saint Martin, as well as some smaller adjacent islands.[6] Saint Martin is separated from the island of Anguilla by the Anguilla Channel.[7] Its capital is Marigot.[6]With a population of 31,477 as of January 2021[4] on an area of 53.2 square kilometres (20.5 sq mi),[3] it encompasses the northern 60% of the divided island of Saint Martin, and some neighbouring islets, the largest of which is Île Tintamarre. The southern 40% of the island of Saint Martin constitutes Sint Maarten, which has been a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands[6] since 2010 following the dissolution of Netherlands Antilles. This marks the only place in the world where France borders the Netherlands.Before 2007, the French part of Saint Martin was a commune belonging to the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe. Despite seceding from Guadeloupe in 2007 and gaining more autonomy as an overseas collectivity of France, Saint Martin has remained an outermost region of the European Union and is part of the eurozone. For statistical purposes, it is still included in the NUTS 2 (FRY1) and NUTS 3 (FRY10) of Guadeloupe by Eurostat.","title":"Collectivity of Saint Martin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis"},{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"St Martin of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin_of_Tours"}],"text":"Due to confusion on early maps, the island accidentally got the name intended for Nevis by Christopher Columbus in honour of St Martin of Tours because he first sighted it on the saint's feast day on 11 November 1493.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amerindian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"Arawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"Kalinago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinago"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"}],"sub_title":"Pre-colonial","text":"Saint Martin was inhabited by Amerindian peoples for many centuries, with archaeological evidence pointing to a human presence on the island as early as 2000 BC.[8] These people most likely migrated from South America.[8] The earliest known people were the Arawak who settled there between 800 and 300 BC.[8] Circa 1300-1400 AD, they began to be displaced by hostile groups of Kalinago people.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expulsi%C3%B3nDeLosHolandesesDeLaIslaDeSanMart%C3%ADn16330701-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis"},{"link_name":"Leeward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"United Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Fort Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam_(Sint_Maarten)"},{"link_name":"Dutch West India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"Eighty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"captured St Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Martin_(1633)"},{"link_name":"Peter Stuyvesant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant"},{"link_name":"regain control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Martin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Concordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Concordia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Robert de Longvilliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Longvilliers"}],"sub_title":"Arrival of Europeans","text":"The 1633 Spanish capture of Saint Martin, as painted by Juan de la CorteIt is commonly believed that Christopher Columbus named the island in honor of Saint Martin of Tours when he encountered it on his second voyage of discovery. However, he actually applied the name to the island now called Nevis when he anchored offshore on 11 November 1493, the feast day of Saint Martin. The confusion of numerous poorly charted small islands in the Leeward Islands meant that this name was accidentally transferred to the island now known as Saint-Martin/Sint Maarten.[9][10]Nominally a Spanish territory, the island became the focus of the competing interest of the European powers, notably France and the United Provinces. Meanwhile, the Amerindian population began to decline precipitously, dying from diseases brought by the Europeans.In 1631, the Dutch built Fort Amsterdam on Saint Martin and the Dutch West India Company began mining salt there. Tensions between the Netherlands and Spain were already high due to the ongoing Eighty Years' War, and in 1633 the Spanish captured St Martin and drove off the Dutch colonists. The Dutch, under Peter Stuyvesant, attempted to regain control in 1644 but were unsuccessful.[11] However, in 1648 the Eighty Years' War ended and the island lost its strategic and economic value to Spain. The Spanish abandoned it and the Dutch returned.[8] The French also began settling, and rather than fight for control of the entire island the two powers agreed to divide it in two with the Treaty of Concordia.[12] The first governor of French Saint Martin was Robert de Longvilliers. Various adjustments to the precise alignment of the border occurred, with the boundary settling at its current position by 1817.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"}],"sub_title":"18th–19th centuries","text":"To work the new cotton, tobacco and sugar plantations the French and Dutch began importing large numbers of African slaves, who soon came to outnumber the Europeans.[8] The French eventually abolished slavery in 1848, followed by the Dutch in 1863 (though after 1848, slavery had scarcely been enforceable as slaves could simply move from the Dutch to the French side of the island).[8] Meanwhile, in 1763, Saint Martin was merged into France's Guadeloupe colony.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Luis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Luis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"Irma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-13"}],"sub_title":"20th–21st centuries","text":"By the first decades of the 20th century Saint Martin's economy was in a poor state, prompting many to emigrate.[8] Things improved during the Second World War as the Americans built an airstrip on the Dutch side of the island.[8]In 1946 Saint Martin (along with Saint Barthélemy) was formally subsumed as an arrondissement into the Guadeloupe département.[8] Tourism started expanding from the 1960s–70s onward, eventually becoming the dominant sector of Saint Martin's economy.[8]Hurricane Luis hit the island in 1995, causing immense destruction and resulting in 12 deaths.[8]In 2007 Saint Martin was detached from Guadeloupe and became a territorial collectivity with its own Prefect and Territorial Council.[6]In 2017, Saint Martin was again devastated by a hurricane, Irma, causing widespread destruction across the entire island.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Martin_Island_topographic_map-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)"},{"link_name":"Leeward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sint Maarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten"},{"link_name":"Anguilla Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla_Channel"},{"link_name":"Anguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy"},{"link_name":"Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_(island)"},{"link_name":"Saint Eustatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Eustatius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-land_area-3"},{"link_name":"Pic Paradis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_Paradis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"Simpson Bay Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson_Bay_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-14"},{"link_name":"Creole Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_Rock"},{"link_name":"Tintamarre Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintamarre_Island"}],"text":"Topographic map of the island of Saint MartinThe Collectivity of Saint Martin occupies the northern half of the island of Saint Martin in the Leeward Islands; the southern half forms the Dutch territory of Sint Maarten. To the north across the Anguilla Channel lies the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla, to the south-east of the island lies the French island of Saint Barthélemy and further south are the Dutch islands of Saba and Saint Eustatius.Saint Martin's land area is 53.2 km2 (20.5 sq mi)[3] The terrain is generally hilly, with the highest peak being Pic Paradis at 424 m (1,391 ft), which is also the highest peak on the island as a whole.[6] The Terres Basses region lying west of the capital Marigot, which contains the French half of the Simpson Bay Lagoon, is flatter. There are a few small lakes on Saint Martin, such as Chevrise Pond, Great Pond and Red Pond. The land is part of the Leeward Islands xeric scrub ecoregion.[14]Numerous small islands lie off the coast, including Rock of the Cove Marcel, Creole Rock, Little Key, Pinel Island, Green Cay Grand Islet (within the Simpson Bay Lagoon) and the largest Tintamarre Island.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Irma","text":"Hurricane Irma hit Saint Martin on 6 September 2017; 95% of the structures on the French side were damaged or destroyed.[13][15] Looting or \"pillaging\" was a problem initially; France subsequently sent 240 gendarmes to help control the situation.[16][17][18]On 11 September President Emmanuel Macron visited St Martin to view the damage and to assure residents of support for relief efforts.[19] At that time, only tourists and visitors from France (mainlanders) had been evacuated from St. Martin, leading to complaints by black and mixed-race residents that whites were being given priority.[20] Macron pledged 50 million euros of aid for the French islands and said the rebuilding will be done quickly but very well.[21] By March 2018 much of the territory's infrastructure was back up and running.[22]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Martin_Fort_Louis_View_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Louis_(Saint_Martin)"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_France"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"overseas région and département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_d%27outre-mer"},{"link_name":"voted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Guadeloupean_autonomy_referendum"},{"link_name":"secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession"},{"link_name":"overseas collectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivit%C3%A9_d%27outre-mer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"French Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"Louis-Constant Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Constant_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Conseil d'État","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Frantz Gumbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Gumbs"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Daniel Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"President of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-7"},{"link_name":"Sylvie Feucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvie_Feucher"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"French Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Senate"},{"link_name":"French National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"note that the latter post is shared with Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_and_Saint-Martin%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"the unification of island of Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"View of the capital Marigot from Fort St. LouisSaint Martin was for many years a French commune, forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas région and département of France. In 2003 the population of the French part of the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France.[6][23] On 9 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both the French part of Saint Martin and (separately) the neighbouring Saint Barthélemy.[24] The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, once the local assemblies were elected,[25] with the second round of the vote ultimately occurring on 15 July 2007.[26] Saint Martin remains part of the European Union.[27]The new governance structure befitting an overseas collectivity took effect on 15 July 2007 with the first session of the Territorial Council (French: Conseil territorial). This is a unicameral body of 23 members, with elections held every five years.[7][6] The first President of the Territorial Council was Louis-Constant Fleming, however on 25 July 2008 Fleming resigned after being sanctioned by the Conseil d'État for one year over problems with his 2007 election campaign.[28] On 7 August, Frantz Gumbs was elected as President of the Territorial Council.[29] However, his election was declared invalid on 10 April 2009 and Daniel Gibbs appointed as Acting President of the Territorial Council on 14 April 2009.[30] Gumbs was re-elected on 5 May 2009.[31]The Chief of State is the President of France (currently Emmanuel Macron), who is represented locally by a Prefect appointed on the advice of the Minister of the Interior (France).[6][7] The current Prefect is Sylvie Feucher.[32] Saint Martin elects one member to the French Senate, and one to the French National Assembly (note that the latter post is shared with Saint Barthélemy).[6]Before 2007, Saint Martin was coded as GP (Guadeloupe) in ISO 3166-1. In October 2007, it received the ISO 3166-1 code MF (alpha-2 code), MAF (alpha-3 code), and 663 (numeric code).[33]There currently exists a movement in Saint Martin aiming for the unification of island of Saint Martin,[34] which has its own flag.[35]","title":"Politics and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-4"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Irma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma"},{"link_name":"Marigot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigot,_Saint_Martin"},{"link_name":"Grand-Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Case"},{"link_name":"Quartier-d'Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartier-d%27Orleans"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Papiamento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands_Creole"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Haitian Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klompp80-38"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Jehovah's Witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"}],"text":"Saint Martin had a population of 31,477 according to the January 2021 census,[4] which means a population density of 592 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,530/sq mi). At the 2017 French census the population was 35,334[36] (up from only 8,072 inhabitants at the 1982 census). The population decrease between 2017 and 2021 is largely due to the impact of Hurricane Irma which hit the island in early September 2017 and destroyed most of its infrastructure.Most residents live on the coastal region in the towns of Marigot (the capital), Grand-Case and Quartier-d'Orleans.[6] Most residents are of black or mixed Creole ancestry, with smaller numbers of Europeans and Indians.[6]French is the official language of the territory.[6] Other languages spoken include English, Dutch, Papiamento and Spanish. The Saint Martin dialect of Virgin Islands Creole (based on English) is spoken in informal situations on both the French and Dutch sides of the island.[37] The sizable Haitian community (7,000 in 2000) also uses Haitian Creole.[38]The main religions are Roman Catholicism, Jehovah's Witnesses, various Protestant denominations, Hinduism and Islam.[6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Structure of the population","text":"Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Provisional): [39]\n\n\n\nAge Group\n\nMale\n\nFemale\n\nTotal\n\n%\n\n\nTotal\n\n14 191\n\n16 095\n\n30 286\n\n100\n\n\n0–4\n\n993\n\n979\n\n1 972\n\n6.51\n\n\n5–9\n\n1 062\n\n1 075\n\n2 137\n\n7.06\n\n\n10–14\n\n1 154\n\n1 132\n\n2 286\n\n7.55\n\n\n15–19\n\n1 152\n\n1 120\n\n2 272\n\n7.50\n\n\n20–24\n\n876\n\n882\n\n1 758\n\n5.80\n\n\n25–29\n\n722\n\n857\n\n1 579\n\n5.21\n\n\n30–34\n\n761\n\n957\n\n1 718\n\n5.67\n\n\n35–39\n\n766\n\n1 002\n\n1 768\n\n5.84\n\n\n40–44\n\n785\n\n990\n\n1 775\n\n5.86\n\n\n45–49\n\n907\n\n1 106\n\n2 013\n\n6.65\n\n\n50–54\n\n1 006\n\n1 180\n\n2 186\n\n7.22\n\n\n55–59\n\n1 046\n\n1 159\n\n2 205\n\n7.28\n\n\n60–64\n\n891\n\n982\n\n1 873\n\n6.18\n\n\n65–69\n\n732\n\n823\n\n1 555\n\n5.13\n\n\n70–74\n\n539\n\n641\n\n1 180\n\n3.90\n\n\n75–79\n\n358\n\n460\n\n818\n\n2.70\n\n\n80–84\n\n237\n\n351\n\n588\n\n1.94\n\n\n85–89\n\n133\n\n223\n\n356\n\n1.18\n\n\n90–94\n\n53\n\n119\n\n172\n\n0.57\n\n\n95–99\n\n16\n\n44\n\n60\n\n0.20\n\n\n100+\n\n2\n\n13\n\n15\n\n0.05\n\n\nAge group\n\nMale\n\nFemale\n\nTotal\n\nPercent\n\n\n0–14\n\n3 209\n\n3 186\n\n6 395\n\n21.12\n\n\n15–64\n\n8 912\n\n10 235\n\n19 147\n\n63.22\n\n\n65+\n\n2 070\n\n2 674\n\n4 744\n\n15.66","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSlist-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secschoollist-41"},{"link_name":"Lycée Professionnel des Îles Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Professionnel_des_%C3%8Eles_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cité Scolaire Robert Weinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cit%C3%A9_Scolaire_Robert_Weinum&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"The collectivity has the following public preschool, primary, and elementary schools:[40]Preschools: Jean Anselme, Jérôme Beaupère, Elaine Clarke, Evelina Halley, Ghyslaine Rogers, Trott Simeone\nPrimary schools: Omer Arrondell, Émile Choisy, Nina Duverly, Elie Gibs, Aline Hanson, Émile Larmonnie, Marie-Amélie Ledee, Clair Saint-Maximin, Hervé Williams\nÉcole élémentaire M-Antoinette RichardThere are three junior high schools (collège) and one senior high school:[41]Junior highs: #1 Mont Des Accords, #2 Soualiga, #3 Quartier d'Orleans\nLycée Professionnel des Îles Nord (senior high/sixth-form)\nCité Scolaire Robert Weinum is a joint public junior-senior high school in Saint Martin","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-42"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-42"},{"link_name":"quantify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Case-Catholic_Church-St-Martin-France.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand-Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Case"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Basse-Terre"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"St. Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy"},{"link_name":"Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Roseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Roseau"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Basse-Terre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basse-Terre"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"cathedral of Our Lady of Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basse-Terre_Cathedral"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"The majority of the inhabitants of the island of St. Martin profess Christianity,[42] and in the French part the Catholic Church is the faith of the majority.[42] There are also other Christian groups and religions represented on the island.[quantify]Mary Star of the Sea, a Catholic church in Grand-CaseThe French territory of St. Martin is part of the Diocese of Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre (in Latin, Dioecesis Imae Telluris and in French, Diocèse de Basse-Terre et Pointe-à-Pitre), attached to the organization of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese includes the territories of Guadeloupe, St. Barthélemy and St. Martin. This diocese is part of the ecclesiastical province of Fort-de-France, in the ecclesiastical region of the Antilles, and has as neighbors to the northwest, the diocese of Saint John-Basseterre and to the southeast, the Diocese of Roseau.About sixty priests are active in the diocese[42] and serve several churches, among them the Church of Saint Martin de Tours (Saint-Martin-de-Tours)[43] in Marigot, the Church of Mary Star of the Sea (Église de Marie Etoile de la Mer)[44] in Grand Case and the Church of Saint Martin in Quartier d'Orléans (Église de Saint-Martin).[45]The episcopal see is located in Basse-Terre, city of Guadeloupe,[46] with the cathedral of Our Lady of Guadeloupe as the main or mother church, (cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Guadeloupe).","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marigot,_le_07.09.17_-_Cr%C3%A9dit_Photo_UIISC1.jpg"},{"link_name":"euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"US dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"INSEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSEE"},{"link_name":"nominal GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-5"},{"link_name":"nominal GDP per capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-5"},{"link_name":"metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Marigot in 2017 after Hurricane Irma, which severely impacted the tourism-dependent economyAs a part of France, the official currency of Saint Martin is the euro,[6] though the US dollar is also widely accepted. Tourism is the main economic activity – with over one million visitors annually some 85% of the population is employed in this sector.[6] The other major sector is the financial services industry.[6] Though limited, agriculture and fishing are also practiced, though these sectors are very small and most food is imported.[6]INSEE estimated that the nominal GDP of Saint Martin amounted to 581.8 million euros in 2014 (US$771.9 million at 2014 exchanges rates; US$660.3 million at Feb. 2022 exchange rates).[5] In that same year the nominal GDP per capita of Saint Martin was 16,572 euros (US$21,987 at 2014 exchanges rates; US$18,806 at Feb. 2022 exchange rates),[5] which was only half the GDP per capita of metropolitan France in 2014, and 79% of Guadeloupe's GDP per capita.[47] In comparison, the nominal GDP per capita on the Dutch side of the island, Sint Maarten, was US$33,536 in 2014.[48]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Pelican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Pelican_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Faxinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faxinfo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"SXMInfo.fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SXMInfo.fr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Soualiga Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soualiga_Post&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Martin%27s_Week&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"St. Martin News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Martin_News_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sint Maarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"The following newspapers are published in Saint Martin:Le Pelican[49]\nFaxinfo[50]\nSXMInfo.fr[51]\nSoualiga Post[52]\nSt. Martin's Week[53]\nSt. Martin News Network (also covers Sint Maarten)[54]","title":"Newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Cara%C3%AFbes_ATR_72-500_(F-OIJK)_at_L%27Esp%C3%A9rance_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Case-Espérance Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Case-Esp%C3%A9rance_Airport"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St-Martin.org-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StBarthCommuter.com-56"},{"link_name":"Princess Juliana International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Juliana_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-7"}],"text":"Passengers disembarking at Grand Case-Espérance AirportSaint Martin has one airport, Grand Case-Espérance Airport, which provides flights to Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Barthélemy.[55][56] For international tourists, Saint Martin relies on Princess Juliana International Airport on the Dutch side of the island.[7]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football in Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Saint_Martin"},{"link_name":"national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concacaf_2023-57"}],"text":"See also: Football in Saint MartinSaint Martin has a national football team, and competes in CONCACAF competitions.[57]","title":"Sport"}]	[{"image_text":"The 1633 Spanish capture of Saint Martin, as painted by Juan de la Corte","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Expulsi%C3%B3nDeLosHolandesesDeLaIslaDeSanMart%C3%ADn16330701-2.jpg/220px-Expulsi%C3%B3nDeLosHolandesesDeLaIslaDeSanMart%C3%ADn16330701-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Topographic map of the island of Saint Martin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Saint-Martin_Island_topographic_map-en.svg/220px-Saint-Martin_Island_topographic_map-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"View of the capital Marigot from Fort St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Saint_Martin_Fort_Louis_View_2010.jpg/220px-Saint_Martin_Fort_Louis_View_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mary Star of the Sea, a Catholic church in Grand-Case","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grand_Case-Catholic_Church-St-Martin-France.jpg/220px-Grand_Case-Catholic_Church-St-Martin-France.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marigot in 2017 after Hurricane Irma, which severely impacted the tourism-dependent economy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Marigot%2C_le_07.09.17_-_Cr%C3%A9dit_Photo_UIISC1.jpg/220px-Marigot%2C_le_07.09.17_-_Cr%C3%A9dit_Photo_UIISC1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Passengers disembarking at Grand Case-Espérance Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Air_Cara%C3%AFbes_ATR_72-500_%28F-OIJK%29_at_L%27Esp%C3%A9rance_Airport.jpg/220px-Air_Cara%C3%AFbes_ATR_72-500_%28F-OIJK%29_at_L%27Esp%C3%A9rance_Airport.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Culture of Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Martin"},{"title":"Economy of Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Martin"},{"title":"History of Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Martin"},{"title":"List of divided islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_divided_islands"}]	[{"reference":"\"Serge Gouteyron, nouveau préfet de Saint-Martin et de Saint-Barthélémy]\". Outremers 360 (in French). 25 December 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outremers360.com/bassin-atlantique-appli/serge-gouteyron-nouveau-prefet-de-saint-martin-et-de-saint-barthelemy","url_text":"\"Serge Gouteyron, nouveau préfet de Saint-Martin et de Saint-Barthélémy]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louis Mussington becomes the 6th president of French Saint Martin on Sunday\". SMX Island Time. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sxmislandtime.com/louis-mussington-becomes-the-6th-president-of-french-saint-martin-on-sunday/","url_text":"\"Louis Mussington becomes the 6th president of French Saint Martin on Sunday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mise à jour du plan de prévention des risques naturels de la collectivité territoriale de Saint-Martin\" (PDF). Preferecture of Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin (in French). Government of France. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410221129/https://www.saint-barth-saint-martin.gouv.fr/content/download/6669/37749/file/3_Note%20M%c3%a9thodologique.pdf","url_text":"\"Mise à jour du plan de prévention des risques naturels de la collectivité territoriale de Saint-Martin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_France","url_text":"Government of France"},{"url":"http://www.saint-barth-saint-martin.gouv.fr/content/download/6669/37749/file/3_Note%20M%C3%A9thodologique.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Décret n° 2023-1256 du 26 décembre 2023 authentifiant les chiffres des populations de métropole, des départements d'outre-mer de la Guadeloupe, de la Guyane, de la Martinique et de La Réunion, et des collectivités de Saint-Barthélemy, de Saint-Martin, et de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon\". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Government of France. Retrieved 27 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000048668930","url_text":"\"Décret n° 2023-1256 du 26 décembre 2023 authentifiant les chiffres des populations de métropole, des départements d'outre-mer de la Guadeloupe, de la Guyane, de la Martinique et de La Réunion, et des collectivités de Saint-Barthélemy, de Saint-Martin, et de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_France","url_text":"Government of France"}]},{"reference":"\"Estimation of per capita GDP in Saint-Martin\" (PDF). CEROM. INSEE. May 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cerom-outremer.fr/IMG/pdf/saint-martin_gdp_in_2014_cerom_may2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Estimation of per capita GDP in Saint-Martin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSEE","url_text":"INSEE"}]},{"reference":"\"CIA World Factbook – Saint Martin\". Retrieved 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-martin/","url_text":"\"CIA World Factbook – Saint Martin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Encyclopedia Britannica – Saint Martin\". Retrieved 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Martin-overseas-collectivity-France","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia Britannica – Saint Martin\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Saint Martin\". Retrieved 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stmartinisland.org/destination-st-martin/st-martin-history.html","url_text":"\"History of Saint Martin\""}]},{"reference":"Hubbard, Vincent K. (2002). A History of St Kitts. MacMillan Caribbean. p. 13. ISBN 0333747607.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc","url_text":"A History of St Kitts"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc/page/13","url_text":"13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333747607","url_text":"0333747607"}]},{"reference":"Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974). The European Discovery of America, The Southern Voyages. Oxford University Press. pp. 108-109.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00mori_2","url_text":"The European Discovery of America, The Southern Voyages"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00mori_2/page/108","url_text":"108"}]},{"reference":"Henocq, Christophe (15 March 2010), \"Concordia Treaty, 23rd March 1648\", Heritage, 6: 13, retrieved 17 September 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/xtofsxm/docs/heritage_6/15","url_text":"\"Concordia Treaty, 23rd March 1648\""}]},{"reference":"Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). \"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm\". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287","url_text":"\"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014","url_text":"10.1093/biosci/bix014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568","url_text":"0006-3568"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287","url_text":"5451287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869","url_text":"28608869"}]},{"reference":"Whelan, Robbie; Pop, Valentina (9 September 2017). \"Looting Reported on Caribbean Island Struck by Hurricane Irma\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/looting-reported-on-caribbean-island-struck-by-hurricane-irma-1504991915","url_text":"\"Looting Reported on Caribbean Island Struck by Hurricane Irma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irma shatters Caribbean, drives toward Florida with Hurricane Jose in wake – the Globe and Mail\". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908113845/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/irma-ravages-caribbean-drives-toward-florida-with-second-hurricane-in-its-wake/article36208299/","url_text":"\"Irma shatters Caribbean, drives toward Florida with Hurricane Jose in wake – the Globe and Mail\""},{"url":"https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/irma-ravages-caribbean-drives-toward-florida-with-second-hurricane-in-its-wake/article36208299/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World -- People, Places, Crisis, Conflict, Culture, Change, Analysis and Trends\". ABC News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170913055232/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/latest-irma-weakens-category-storm-49698086","url_text":"\"International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World -- People, Places, Crisis, Conflict, Culture, Change, Analysis and Trends\""},{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/latest-irma-weakens-category-storm-49698086","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hilary Clarke; Samantha Beech (11 September 2017). \"European leaders step up Irma relief effort in Caribbean\". CNN. Retrieved 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/11/europe/irma-caribbean/","url_text":"\"European leaders step up Irma relief effort in Caribbean\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Irma's aftermath, Black residents of St. Martin complain France is evacuating white tourists first – The Star\". Toronto Star. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/09/11/in-irmas-aftermath-black-residents-of-st-martin-complain-france-is-evacuating-white-tourists-first.html","url_text":"\"In Irma's aftermath, Black residents of St. Martin complain France is evacuating white tourists first – The Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"Staff and agencies (12 September 2017). \"Emmanuel Macron pledges €50m to help Irma-ravaged Caribbean territories\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/12/emmanuel-macron-pledges-50m-to-help-irma-ravaged-caribbean-territories","url_text":"\"Emmanuel Macron pledges €50m to help Irma-ravaged Caribbean territories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Updated: Mapping what's open and closed in the Caribbean: Travel Weekly\". travelweekly.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180429015912/http://www.travelweekly.com/Caribbean-Travel/Caribbean-islands-affected-by-hurricanes-mapped","url_text":"\"Updated: Mapping what's open and closed in the Caribbean: Travel Weekly\""},{"url":"http://www.travelweekly.com/Caribbean-Travel/Caribbean-islands-affected-by-hurricanes-mapped","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"French Caribbean voters reject change\". Caribbean Net News. 9 December 2003. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2007. However voters on the two tiny French dependencies of Saint-Barthelemy and Saint-Martin, which have been administratively attached to Guadeloupe, approved the referendum and are set to acquire the new status of \"overseas collectivity\".","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318194043/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2003/12/09/voters.htm","url_text":"\"French Caribbean voters reject change\""},{"url":"http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2003/12/09/voters.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saint-Barth To Become An Overseas Collectivity\" (PDF). St. Barth Weekly. 9 February 2007. p. 2. Retrieved 9 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.st-barths.com/jsb/pdf_files/weekly107.pdf","url_text":"\"Saint-Barth To Become An Overseas Collectivity\""}]},{"reference":"NewMedia. \"Les élections du futur conseil territorial font débat – Politique – Ixprim News – NewMedia – Newmedia\". newmedia-fr.info. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091218193937/http://www.newmedia-fr.info/ixm_ixpnews.php?file=article&story_id=21579","url_text":"\"Les élections du futur conseil territorial font débat – Politique – Ixprim News – NewMedia – Newmedia\""},{"url":"http://www.newmedia-fr.info/ixm_ixpnews.php?file=article&story_id=21579","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 355\". Official Journal of the European Union. 7 June 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Nissen	Kris Nissen	["1 Single seater and sports car racing","2 Touring car racing","3 Racing record","3.1 Complete International Formula 3000 results","3.2 Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results","3.3 Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft/Masters results","3.4 Complete British Touring Car Championship results","3.5 Complete Super Tourenwagen Cup results","4 References","5 External links"]	Danish racing driver (born 1960) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kris Nissen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kris Nissen in 2007. Nils-Kristian "Kris" Nissen (born 20 July 1960 in Arnum) is a retired Danish auto racing driver. For several years he was Volkswagen's motorsport director. Since the summer of 2013 he has had a career change and is currently owner and temporary manager of a Danish campingsite called Enderupskov in Southern Jutland. Single seater and sports car racing Nissen started racing in karting, and was twice Danish Champion in 1976 and 1977. He was Danish Formula Ford 2000 Champion in 1982 and German Formula Three Champion in 1986. in 1987 and 1988 he drove in Japan with a Porsche 962 in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship. During his time there he was involved in an accident at Fuji in 1988 in which he suffered serious burns to his body and face. He was removed from the wrecked car by fellow driver Paolo Barilla and he spent two weeks in a coma. Touring car racing Nissen driving the Schübel Engineering Alfa Romeo 155 V6 Ti at Donington Park during the 1994 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft season. Between 1989 and 1992 he drove in the DTM for various teams in a works supported BMW M3. In 1991 he won the 24 Hours of Nürburgring with the Schnitzer Motorsport BMW. In 1992 he won the Nordic Touring Car Cup and for the second half of the year he replaced the injured Alain Menu in the British Touring Car Championship for BMW. He finished as runner-up in the 1993 ADAC GT Cup, followed by a return to the DTM in 1994 in a privateer Alfa Romeo. In this year he won his only DTM race. He continued to race in Germany, when he competed in the German STW Super Touring Cup with a Ford Mondeo in 1995, and Audi A4 in 1996, 1997 and 1999. He spent a brief time in the 1999 inaugural Danish Touring Car Championship in a Volkswagen Beetle. In 2000 he returned once more to the resurrected DTM, with the Abt Sportsline-run Audi TT. For his final two years in racing he competed in the V8Star Series in 2001 and 2002. Racing record Complete International Formula 3000 results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Pos. Pts 1987 Genoa Racing March 87B Cosworth SIL VAL SPA PAU DON PER BRH BIR IMO BUG JARDNQ NC 0 Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps Pos. ClassPos. 1987 Porsche Kremer Racing Volker Weidler Kunimitsu Takahashi Porsche 962C C1 6 DNF DNF 1988 Leyton House Kremer Racing Harald Grohs George Fouché Porsche 962C C1 371 8th 8th Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft/Masters results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pos. Pts 1986 Scuderia Kassel Mercedes 190E 2.3-16 ZOL HOC NÜR AVU MFA9 WUN NÜR ZOL NÜR 31st 10 1989 BMW M Team Zakspeed BMW M3 Evo ZOL1 ZOL2 HOC1 HOC2 NÜR1 NÜR2 MFA1 MFA2 AVU1 AVU2 NÜR1 NÜR2 NOR120 NOR2DNS HOC117 HOC2Ret DIE113 DIE212 NÜR112 NÜR2Ret HOC115 HOC2Ret 29th 26 1990 BMW M Team Linder BMW M3 Sport Evo ZOL111 ZOL211 HOC114 HOC210 NÜR19 NÜR210 AVU122 AVU2Ret MFA122 MFA213 WUN19 WUN219 NÜR111 NÜR29 NOR119 NOR216 DIE1 DIE2 NÜR1 NÜR2 HOC1 HOC2 23rd 8 1991 M Team Team Schnitzer BMW M3 Sport Evo ZOL13 ZOL2Ret HOC128 HOC213 NÜR18 NÜR24 AVU132 AVU210 WUN119 WUN2Ret NOR12 NOR2DNS DIE110 DIE213 NÜR113 NÜR2Ret ALE18 ALE210 HOC1DNS HOC2DNS BRN115 BRN28 DON19 DON25 12th 46 1992 Unitron Racing BMW M3 Sport Evolution ZOL114 ZOL26 NÜR113 NÜR217 WUN19 WUN27 AVU113 AVU2Ret HOC114 HOC210 NÜR1Ret NÜR2DNS NOR112 NOR213 BRN19 BRN211 DIE1 DIE2 ALE17 ALE213 NÜR1 NÜR2 HOC110 HOC27 17th 24 1994 Schübel Engineering Alfa Romeo 155 V6 Ti ZOL17 ZOL2Ret HOC19 HOC26 NÜR15 NÜR24 MUG1Ret MUG23 NÜR15 NÜR23 NOR16 NOR21 DON15 DON2Ret DIE111 DIE27 NÜR110 NÜR27 AVU111 AVU29 ALE13 ALE2DSQ HOC111 HOC2Ret 7th 99 2000 Abt Sportsline Abt Audi TT-R HOC116 HOC2Ret OSC116 OSC213† NOR1Ret NOR214 SAC111 SAC215 NÜR1Ret NÜR2Ret LAU1C LAU2C OSC111 OSC2Ret NÜR116 NÜR215 HOC114 HOC2Ret 20th 0 2001 Abt Sportsline Abt Audi TT-R HOCQR HOCCR NÜRQR NÜRCR OSCQR OSCCR SACQR19 SACCRRet NORQR NORCR LAUQR LAUCR NÜRQR NÜRCR A1RQR A1RCR ZANQR ZANCR HOCQR HOCCR 25th 0 † — Retired, but was classified as he completed 90% of the winner's race distance. Complete British Touring Car Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 DC Pts 1992 M Team Mobil BMW 318is SIL1 THR1 OUL1 SNE1 BRH1 DON1 DON2 SIL1 KNO1 KNO2 PEM14 BRH17 BRH27 DON1Ret SIL17 11th 18 Complete Super Tourenwagen Cup results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Pos. Pts 1995 Ford Mondeo Team Wolf Ford Mondeo ZOL1Ret ZOL2DNS SPA1 SPA2 ÖST1 ÖST2 HOC1 HOC2 NÜR1 NÜR2 24th 63 Ford Mondeo Team Schübel SAL116 SAL216 AVU117 AVU212 NÜR112 NÜR28 1996 Abt Sportsline Audi A4 Quattro ZOL16 ZOL23 ASS18 ASS28 HOC17 HOC2Ret SAC123 SAC2DNS WUN110 WUN2Ret ZWE111 ZWE25 SAL114 SAL212 AVU1Ret AVU217 NÜR17 NÜR2Ret 13th 214 1997 Abt Sportsline Audi A4 Quattro HOC15 HOC26 ZOL116 ZOL26 NÜR114 NÜR213 SAC18 SAC219 NOR116 NOR24 WUN124 WUN214 ZWE114 ZWE214 SAL115 SAL210 REG111 REG28 NÜR126 NÜR216 9th 273 1999 Abt Sportsline Audi A4 Quattro SAC12 SAC22 ZWE15 ZWE22 OSC17 OSC26 NOR15 NOR24 MIS1Ret MIS28 NÜR1Ret NÜR25 SAL1Ret SAL23 OSC17 OSC2Ret HOC11 HOC23 NÜR18 NÜR212 5th 445 References ^ "Kris Nissen, Denmark". racingsportscars.com. Retrieved January 28, 2017. ^ "Lewis Hamilton's FIA row branded 'ridiculous' by crash survivor". Express. 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-20. External links BTCC Pages Profile. Kris Nissen career summary at DriverDB.com Sporting positions Preceded byVolker Weidler German Formula Three champion 1986 Succeeded byBernd Schneider vteGerman Formula Three championsThree-time Komossa Two-time Deutsch Jelinski Schäfer One-time Albers van Dam Deutz Dillmann Elkmann Eriksson Fontana Heidfeld Kaneishi Kirchhöfer Kolmsee Konrad Korten Kreuzer Kristensen Lamy Lang Leinders Maring Mohr Müller Nielsen Nissen Oliveira Paffett Pantano Pommer Scharmann Schneider Schumacher Sommer Stanaway Thiim Trulli Tung Vanthoor Verstappen Vervisch Weidler Wendlinger Winkelhock vteWinners of the Nürburgring 24 HoursFive-time Timo Bernhard Pedro Lamy Marcel Tiemann Four-time Marc Duez Romain Dumas Marc Lieb Fritz Müller Peter Zakowski Three-time Herbert Hechler Klaus Ludwig Hans-Joachim Stuck Markus Winkelhock Two-time Uwe Alzen Michael Bartels Nicky Catsburg Axel Felder Dieter Gartmann Christopher Haase Altfrid Heger Frank Katthöfer Lucas Luhr Christopher Mies Jörg Müller Klaus Niedzwiedz Gerold Pankl Roberto Ravaglia Johannes Scheid Sabine Schmitz Bernd Schneider Frank Stippler Hans-Jürgen Tiemann Kelvin van der Linde Dries Vanthoor Frédéric Vervisch Winfried Vogt Joachim Winkelhock One-time Bamber Basseng Bleekemolen Bovensiepen Bröhling Burgstaller Cairoli Cecotto Christensen Christodoulou Danner De Azevedo De Phillippi Dören Döring Edwards Eng Engel Estre Farfus Faubel Fernández Laser Frijns Geschwendtner Giroix Hahne Hammelmann Hohenzollern Holup Huisman Joisten Kaffer Kelleners Konrad Kummle Lauda Lechner Lietz Makowiecki Mamerow Martin Mauer Mayländer Menzel Metzger D. Müller N. Müller Nissen Oberndorfer Oestreich Pilet Pirro Pittard Priaulx Quirin Rast Rensing Reuter Rockenfeller Rosterg Said Sandström Scheider Schickentanz Schmickler M. Schneider Selzer Sims Soper Tandy Thiim L. Vanthoor Walterscheid-Müller Widmann Wirdheim Wlazik Wolf Yelloly	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kris_Nissen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnum"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"auto racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"}],"text":"Kris Nissen in 2007.Nils-Kristian \"Kris\" Nissen (born 20 July 1960 in Arnum) is a retired Danish auto racing driver.[1] For several years he was Volkswagen's motorsport director. 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He was removed from the wrecked car by fellow driver Paolo Barilla and he spent two weeks in a coma.[2]","title":"Single seater and sports car racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kris_Nissen_-_Schubel_Engineering_-_Alfa_Romeo_155_V6_TI_94_(32869939948).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo 155 V6 Ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_155"},{"link_name":"Donington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donington_Park"},{"link_name":"1994 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Meisterschaft"},{"link_name":"DTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Meisterschaft"},{"link_name":"BMW M3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_M3"},{"link_name":"24 Hours of Nürburgring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_N%C3%BCrburgring"},{"link_name":"Schnitzer Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnitzer_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Alain Menu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Menu"},{"link_name":"British Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"German STW Super Touring Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Tourenwagen_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ford Mondeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Mondeo"},{"link_name":"Audi A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A4"},{"link_name":"Danish Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle"},{"link_name":"DTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Masters"},{"link_name":"Abt Sportsline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abt_Sportsline"},{"link_name":"Audi TT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_TT"},{"link_name":"V8Star Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8Star_Series"}],"text":"Nissen driving the Schübel Engineering Alfa Romeo 155 V6 Ti at Donington Park during the 1994 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft season.Between 1989 and 1992 he drove in the DTM for various teams in a works supported BMW M3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Boer	Ten Boer	["1 History","2 Former population centres","3 Notable people from Ten Boer","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°16′37″N 6°41′40″E / 53.27696°N 6.69432°E / 53.27696; 6.69432Place in Groningen, NetherlandsTen BoerVillage, former municipalityChurch in Thesinge FlagCoat of armsLocation in GroningenTen BoerLocation in the province of Groningen in the NetherlandsShow map of Groningen (province)Ten BoerTen Boer (Netherlands)Show map of NetherlandsCoordinates: 53°16′37″N 6°41′40″E / 53.27696°N 6.69432°E / 53.27696; 6.69432CountryNetherlandsProvinceGroningenMunicipalityGroningenMerged2019Area • Total9.06 km2 (3.50 sq mi)Elevation1 m (3 ft)Population (2021) • Total4,645 • Density510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postcode9791Area code050 Ten Boer (Dutch pronunciation: ⓘ) is a village and a former municipality in the northeastern Netherlands, in the province of Groningen. The municipality had a population of data missing in 2021; the village of Ten Boer has approximately 4,600 inhabitants. In 2019, it was merged into municipality of Groningen. History The village was first mentioned in 1301 as "conventum de Bure", and means "near the house". Ten Boer is a terp (artificial living hill) village on a grid structure. In 1301, a Benedictine monastery for nuns was established in Ten Boer. In 1485, it was incorporated into the monastery of Thesinge. Around 1425, the Damsterdiep , a canal from Groningen to Delfzijl, was dug and the village received its current shape. The Dutch Reformed church is the former monastery church, and dates from the 13th century. The church was modified in 1565. The tower was demolished around 1800, and in 1810, a ridge turret was placed on the roof instead. Ten Boer was home to 279 people in 1840. The former town hall is an L-shaped building with tower from 1911. It was influenced by Berlage and Jugendstil. Ten Boer was an independent municipality until 2019 when it was merged into Groningen. Former population centres Garmerwolde, Lellens, Sint Annen, Ten Boer, Ten Post, Thesinge, Winneweer, Wittewierum and Woltersum. Notable people from Ten Boer Dirk van der Borg (born 1955), mayor of Graafstroom and Molenwaard Paul Drewes (born 1982), Olympic rower Hendrik Nienhuis (1790-1862), jurist and parliament member Remco van der Schaaf (born 1979), football player Gallery Dutch topographic map of the municipality of Ten Boer, June 2015 Drawing bridge near the Wolddijk-Stadsweg Former town hall Poorhouse References ^ a b c "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 4 entries ^ "Postcodetool for 9791CT". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 4 February 2014. ^ a b c "Ten Boer". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 April 2022. ^ "Ten Boer - (geografische naam)". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 April 2022. ^ a b c d Ronald Stenvert & Redmer Alma (1998). "Ten Boer" (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9258 3. Retrieved 7 April 2022. ^ "Klooster". Stichting Pelgrimeren in Groningen (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 April 2022. External links Media related to Ten Boer at Wikimedia Commons Places adjacent to Ten Boer Loppersum Bedum Ten Boer Groningen Slochteren vtePopulated places in the municipality of GroningenTowns Groningen Haren Hoogkerk Villages Dorkwerd Engelbert Garmerwolde Glimmen Leegkerk Lellens Meerstad Middelbert Noorddijk Noorderhoogebrug Noordlaren Onnen Paterswolde (partially) Sint-Annen Ten Boer Ten Post Thesinge Winneweer Wittewierum Woltersum Hamlets Essen Ruischerbrug List of cities, towns and villages in Groningen Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[tɛmˈbuːr]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Nl-Ten_Boer.oga/Nl-Ten_Boer.oga.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nl-Ten_Boer.oga"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(province)"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaats-3"}],"text":"Place in Groningen, NetherlandsTen Boer (Dutch pronunciation: [tɛmˈbuːr] ⓘ) is a village and a former municipality in the northeastern Netherlands, in the province of Groningen. The municipality had a population of data missing in 2021; the village of Ten Boer has approximately 4,600 inhabitants. In 2019, it was merged into municipality of Groningen.[3]","title":"Ten Boer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"terp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-5"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Thesinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesinge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Damsterdiep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damsterdiep&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsterdiep_(kanaal)"},{"link_name":"Delfzijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfzijl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-5"},{"link_name":"ridge turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_turret"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaats-3"},{"link_name":"Berlage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Petrus_Berlage"},{"link_name":"Jugendstil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugendstil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaats-3"}],"text":"The village was first mentioned in 1301 as \"conventum de Bure\", and means \"near the house\".[4] Ten Boer is a terp (artificial living hill) village on a grid structure.[5] In 1301, a Benedictine monastery for nuns was established in Ten Boer. In 1485, it was incorporated into the monastery of Thesinge.[6] Around 1425, the Damsterdiep [nl], a canal from Groningen to Delfzijl, was dug and the village received its current shape.[5]The Dutch Reformed church is the former monastery church, and dates from the 13th century. The church was modified in 1565. The tower was demolished around 1800, and in 1810, a ridge turret was placed on the roof instead.[5]Ten Boer was home to 279 people in 1840.[3] The former town hall is an L-shaped building with tower from 1911. It was influenced by Berlage and Jugendstil.[5] Ten Boer was an independent municipality until 2019 when it was merged into Groningen.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garmerwolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmerwolde"},{"link_name":"Lellens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lellens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sint Annen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sint_Annen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ten Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Post"},{"link_name":"Thesinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesinge"},{"link_name":"Winneweer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winneweer"},{"link_name":"Wittewierum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wittewierum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Woltersum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woltersum&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Garmerwolde, Lellens, Sint Annen, Ten Boer, Ten Post, Thesinge, Winneweer, Wittewierum and Woltersum.","title":"Former population centres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dirk van der Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_van_der_Borg"},{"link_name":"Paul Drewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Drewes"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Nienhuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Nienhuis"},{"link_name":"Remco van der Schaaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remco_van_der_Schaaf"}],"text":"Dirk van der Borg (born 1955), mayor of Graafstroom and Molenwaard\nPaul Drewes (born 1982), Olympic rower\nHendrik Nienhuis (1790-1862), jurist and parliament member\nRemco van der Schaaf (born 1979), football player","title":"Notable people from Ten Boer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gem-TenBoer-OpenTopo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ten_Boer,_ophaalbrug_bij_de_Wolddijk-Stadsweg_IMG_9043_2019-04-07_11.54.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ten_Boer_-_oude_gemeentehuis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lellens_-_armenhuis.jpg"}],"text":"Dutch topographic map of the municipality of Ten Boer, June 2015\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDrawing bridge near the Wolddijk-Stadsweg\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer town hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPoorhouse","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 4 entries","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2021/48/kwb-2021.xls","url_text":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcodetool for 9791CT\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 4 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","url_text":"\"Postcodetool for 9791CT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ten Boer\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.plaatsengids.nl/ten-boer","url_text":"\"Ten Boer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ten Boer - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/tenboer","url_text":"\"Ten Boer - (geografische naam)\""}]},{"reference":"Ronald Stenvert & Redmer Alma (1998). \"Ten Boer\" (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9258 3. Retrieved 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/sten009monu04_01/sten009monu04_01_0116.php","url_text":"\"Ten Boer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90_400_9258_3","url_text":"90 400 9258 3"}]},{"reference":"\"Klooster\". Stichting Pelgrimeren in Groningen (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://spig.nl/kloosters/","url_text":"\"Klooster\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ten_Boer&params=53.27696_N_6.69432_E_region:NL_type:city(4645)","external_links_name":"53°16′37″N 6°41′40″E / 53.27696°N 6.69432°E / 53.27696; 6.69432"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ten_Boer&params=53.27696_N_6.69432_E_region:NL_type:city(4645)","external_links_name":"53°16′37″N 6°41′40″E / 53.27696°N 6.69432°E / 53.27696; 6.69432"},{"Link":"https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2021/48/kwb-2021.xls","external_links_name":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","external_links_name":"\"Postcodetool for 9791CT\""},{"Link":"https://www.plaatsengids.nl/ten-boer","external_links_name":"\"Ten Boer\""},{"Link":"https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/tenboer","external_links_name":"\"Ten Boer - (geografische naam)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/sten009monu04_01/sten009monu04_01_0116.php","external_links_name":"\"Ten Boer\""},{"Link":"https://spig.nl/kloosters/","external_links_name":"\"Klooster\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/234269473","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8rYDCVv3fWBBwv6xCcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4284241-4","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhupalam	Bhupalam	["1 Structure and Lakshana","2 Popular compositions","3 Film Songs","3.1 Language:Tamil","4 Related rāgams","4.1 Graha bhedham","4.2 Scale similarities","5 Notes","6 References"]	A Janya raga of Carnatic music Carnatic musicTanjavur-style tambura Concepts Śruti Svara Rāga Tāḷa Mēḷakarta Asaṃpūrṇa Mēḷakarta Compositions Gītaṃ Svarajati Varṇaṃ Kr̥ti Kīrtana Rāgaṃ Tānaṃ Pallavi Tillana Instruments Melody Sarasvati Vīṇā Veṇu Nādasvaraṃ Goṭṭuvādyaṃ (Citra Vīṇā) Violin Percussion Mr̥daṅgaṃ Ghaṭaṃ Morsing Kanjira Thavil Drone Tambura Shruti box Composers Glossaryvte BhupalamArohanamS R₁ G₂ P D₁ ṠAvarohanamṠ D₁ P G₂ R₁ S Bhupalam (pronounced bhūpalam) is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a pentatonic scale (audava rāgam or owdava rāgam). It is a janya rāgam (derived scale), as it does not have all the seven swaras (musical notes). It is also written as Bhoopalam. It is considered an auspicious scale and a morning rāgam. In Tamil music, this scale is called Puranirmai pann and some thevarams are set to this scale. This rāgam is played in the night. It is also used for chanting slokas, folks songs, Kathakali music and other rituals. The equivalent scale in Hindustani music is Bhupal Todi. Structure and Lakshana Bhupalam scale with shadjam at C Bhupalam is a symmetric rāgam that does not contain madhyamam or nishādham. It is a symmetric pentatonic scale (audava-audava ragam in Carnatic music classification – audava meaning 'of 5'). Its ascending and descending scale (ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure) is as follows: ārohaṇa : S R₁ G₂ P D₁ Ṡ avarohaṇa : Ṡ D₁ P G₂ R₁ S The notes used in this scale are shadjam, shuddha rishabham, sadharna gandharam, panchamam and shuddha dhaivatham, as per Carnatic music notation and terms for the swaras. Bhupalam is considered a janya rāgam of Shubhapantuvarali, the 45th Melakarta rāgam, though it can be derived from 5 other melakarta rāgams by dropping both the madhyamam and nishādham. Popular compositions Bhupalam rāgam lends itself for good elaboration and has a few compositions in both classical music and film music. Here are some popular songs composed in Bhupalam. Sadhu vibhatam (varnam) and other kritis, Nijadasanam prati and Samajendra composed by Swati Tirunal Annai Janaki by Arunachala Kavi Sadachaleshwaram by Muthuswami Dikshitar Film Songs Language:Tamil Song Movie Composer Singer Nee Palli Ezhundhaal Raja Mukthi C. R. Subburaman M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar Panniner Mozhiyaal Thiruvarutchelvar K. V. Mahadevan T. M. Soundararajan,Master Maharajan Sugamana Sindhanaiyil Taxi Driver M. S. Viswanathan S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki Kozhi Koovum Vanna Vanna Pookkal Ilaiyaraaja Degam Pon Degam Anbulla Malare S. Janaki Bhoomiye Enga Puthu Paatu Mano, S. Janaki Vidinthatha Pozhuthu Pillai Paasam Ilaiyaraaja Senthazham Poovil Mullum Malarum K.J. Yesudas Kathiravanai Paarthu Pookkal Vidum Thudhu T. Rajendar Ponmaanai Mythili Ennai Kaathali S. P. Balasubrahmanyam Boobalam Arangerum Agni Theertham Shankar–Ganesh K.J. Yesudas Paarthu Sirikithu Bommai Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi Vani Jairam Vaigai Neerada Chinnanchiru Kiliye G. K. Venkatesh Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki Kaalai Veyil Nerathile Then Chittugal Vijay Ramani P. Jayachandran Kadhal Kavithai Paada Ganam Courtar Avargale Devendran S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K.S. Chitra Paadum Paravaigal Sangeetham Shenbagathottam Sirpy S. Janaki Related rāgams This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam. Graha bhedham Bhupalam's notes when shifted using Graha bhedham, yields two pentatonic rāgams, Gambhiranata and Hamsanadam. Graha bhedham is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. We get Hamsanadam by shifting the Shadjam to Shuddha Rishabham. For more details and illustrations of this concept refer Graha bhedham on Gambhiranata. Scale similarities Revagupti rāgam differs from Bhupalam only by the gāndhāram. It uses antara gāndhāram instead of sadharana gāndhāram and its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R1 G3 P D1 S : S D1 P G3 R1 S Bhauli rāgam uses an additional nishadam in descending scale, in comparison to Revagupti above. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R1 G3 P D1 S : S N3 D1 P G3 R1 S Karnataka Shuddha Saveri rāgam uses shuddha madhyamam in place of sadharana gandharam of Bhupalam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R1 M1 P D1 S : S D1 P M1 R1 S Notes ^ Alternate notations:Hindustani: S Ṟ G̱ P Ḏ ṠWestern: C D♭ E♭ G A♭ C ^ Alternate notations:Hindustani: Ṡ Ḏ P G̱ Ṟ SWestern: C A♭ G E♭ D♭ C References India portalMusic portal ^ a b c d e f Ragas in Carnatic music by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications ^ a b c d Raganidhi by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras vteMelakarta RagasShuddhaMadhyamaRagasIndu chakra 1. Kanakangi 2. Ratnangi 3. Ganamurti 4. Vanaspati 5. Manavati 6. Tanarupi Netra chakra 7. Senavati 8. Hanumatodi 9. Dhenuka 10. Natakapriya 11. Kokilapriya 12. Rupavati Agni chakra 13. Gayakapriya 14. Vakulabharanam 15. Mayamalavagowla 16. Chakravakam 17. Suryakantam 18. Hatakambari Veda chakra 19. Jhankaradhvani 20. Natabhairavi 21. Keeravani 22. Kharaharapriya 23. Gourimanohari 24. Varunapriya Bana chakra 25. Mararanjani 26. Charukesi 27. Sarasangi 28. Harikambhoji 29. Sankarabharanam 30. Naganandini Ritu chakra 31. Yagapriya 32. Ragavardhini 33. Gangeyabhushani 34. Vagadheeswari 35. Shulini 36. Chalanata PratiMadhyamaRagasRishi chakra 37. Salagam 38. Jalarnavam 39. Jhalavarali 40. Navaneetam 41. Pavani 42. Raghupriya Vasu chakra 43. Gavambhodi 44. Bhavapriya 45. Shubhapantuvarali 46. Shadvidamargini 47. Suvarnangi 48. Divyamani Brahma chakra 49. Dhavalambari 50. Namanarayani 51. Kamavardani 52. Ramapriya 53. Gamanashrama 54. Vishwambari Disi chakra 55. Shamalangi 56. Shanmukhapriya 57. Simhendramadhyamam 58. Hemavati 59. Dharmavati 60. Neetimati Rudra chakra 61. Kantamani 62. Rishabhapriya 63. Latangi 64. Vachaspati 65. Mechakalyani 66. Chitrambari Aditya chakra 67. Sucharitra 68. Jyoti swarupini 69. Dhatuvardani 70. Nasikabhushani 71. Kosalam 72. Rasikapriya Carnatic music Swaras Ragas Asampurna Melakarta Ragas Janya ragas List of Janya ragas vteJanya ragasA-B Abheri Abhogi Ahiri Amritavarshini Amritha Kalyani Anandabhairavi Andolika Arabhi Asaveri Atana Bageshri Bahudari Bhairavi Bhimsen Bhupalam Bilahari Bowli D-J Darbar Darbari Kanada Devagandhari Dhanyasi Gambhiranata Garudadhvani Gaula Hamsadhvani Hamsanadam Hamsanandi Hindolam Jana Ranjani Jaunpuri K-L Kalavati Kalyanavasantam Kambhoji Kāpi Karnataka Shuddha Saveri Kathanakuthuhalam Kedaragaula Kedaram Khamas Lalitha Lavangi M Mahati Madhuvanti Madhyamavati Malahari Malayamarutam Mohanakalyani Mohanam Mukhari N-R Nada Kalyani Nagasvaravali Nata Nattakurinji Navarasa kannada Niroshta Pharaju Poornachandrika Punnagavarali Ranjani Reethigowla Revagupti Revati S Sahana Salaga Bhairavi Saramati Saveri Shivaranjani Sri Tyagaraja Shree ragam Shree ranjani Shuddha Saveri Sindhu Bhairavi Sunadavinodini Surutti T-V Thyagaraja Mangalam Tilang Udayaravichandrika (Shuddha Dhanyasi) Valaji Varali Vasantha Yadukulakamboji Yamunakalyani Carnatic music Swaras Melakarta ragas Asampurna Melakarta ragas List of Janya ragas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rāgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81ga"},{"link_name":"Carnatic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"janya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janya"},{"link_name":"swaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ragas-1"},{"link_name":"Tamil music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_music"},{"link_name":"thevarams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thevaram"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ragas-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ragas-1"},{"link_name":"slokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aloka"},{"link_name":"Kathakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ragas-1"},{"link_name":"Hindustani music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_music"},{"link_name":"Bhupal Todi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhupal_Todi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raganidhi-2"}],"text":"Bhupalam (pronounced bhūpalam) is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a pentatonic scale (audava rāgam or owdava rāgam). It is a janya rāgam (derived scale), as it does not have all the seven swaras (musical notes). It is also written as Bhoopalam.It is considered an auspicious scale and a morning rāgam.[1] In Tamil music, this scale is called Puranirmai pann and some thevarams are set to this scale.[1] This rāgam is played in the night.[1] It is also used for chanting slokas, folks songs, Kathakali music and other rituals.[1] The equivalent scale in Hindustani music is Bhupal Todi.[2]","title":"Bhupalam"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhupalam_scale.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ragas-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raganidhi-2"},{"link_name":"ārohaṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arohana"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"avarohaṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarohana"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Carnatic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swara#Svaras_in_Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"Shubhapantuvarali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubhapantuvarali"},{"link_name":"Melakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melakarta"}],"text":"Bhupalam scale with shadjam at CBhupalam is a symmetric rāgam that does not contain madhyamam or nishādham. It is a symmetric pentatonic scale (audava-audava ragam[1][2] in Carnatic music classification – audava meaning 'of 5'). Its ascending and descending scale (ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure) is as follows:ārohaṇa : S R₁ G₂ P D₁ Ṡ[a]\navarohaṇa : Ṡ D₁ P G₂ R₁ S[b]The notes used in this scale are shadjam, shuddha rishabham, sadharna gandharam, panchamam and shuddha dhaivatham, as per Carnatic music notation and terms for the swaras. Bhupalam is considered a janya rāgam of Shubhapantuvarali, the 45th Melakarta rāgam, though it can be derived from 5 other melakarta rāgams by dropping both the madhyamam and nishādham.","title":"Structure and Lakshana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"varnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnam"},{"link_name":"kritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriti_(music)"},{"link_name":"Swati Tirunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swati_Tirunal"},{"link_name":"Arunachala Kavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachala_Kavi"},{"link_name":"Muthuswami Dikshitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthuswami_Dikshitar"}],"text":"Bhupalam rāgam lends itself for good elaboration and has a few compositions in both classical music and film music. Here are some popular songs composed in Bhupalam.Sadhu vibhatam (varnam) and other kritis, Nijadasanam prati and Samajendra composed by Swati Tirunal\nAnnai Janaki by Arunachala Kavi\nSadachaleshwaram by Muthuswami Dikshitar","title":"Popular compositions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Film Songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Language:Tamil","title":"Film Songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.","title":"Related rāgams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graha bhedham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graha_bhedam"},{"link_name":"Gambhiranata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambhiranata"},{"link_name":"Hamsanadam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsanadam"},{"link_name":"Graha bhedham on Gambhiranata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graha_bhedam#Gambhiranata"}],"sub_title":"Graha bhedham","text":"Bhupalam's notes when shifted using Graha bhedham, yields two pentatonic rāgams, Gambhiranata and Hamsanadam. Graha bhedham is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. We get Hamsanadam by shifting the Shadjam to Shuddha Rishabham. For more details and illustrations of this concept refer Graha bhedham on Gambhiranata.","title":"Related rāgams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revagupti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revagupti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ragas-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raganidhi-2"},{"link_name":"Bhauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhauli"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raganidhi-2"},{"link_name":"Karnataka Shuddha Saveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Shuddha_Saveri"}],"sub_title":"Scale similarities","text":"Revagupti rāgam differs from Bhupalam only by the gāndhāram. It uses antara gāndhāram instead of sadharana gāndhāram and its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R1 G3 P D1 S : S D1 P G3 R1 S[1][2]\nBhauli rāgam uses an additional nishadam in descending scale, in comparison to Revagupti above. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R1 G3 P D1 S : S N3 D1 P G3 R1 S[2]\nKarnataka Shuddha Saveri rāgam uses shuddha madhyamam in place of sadharana gandharam of Bhupalam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R1 M1 P D1 S : S D1 P M1 R1 S","title":"Related rāgams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Alternate notations:Hindustani: S Ṟ G̱ P Ḏ ṠWestern: C D♭ E♭ G A♭ C\n\n^ Alternate notations:Hindustani: Ṡ Ḏ P G̱ Ṟ SWestern: C A♭ G E♭ D♭ C","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Bhupalam scale with shadjam at C","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bhupalam_scale.svg/300px-Bhupalam_scale.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Holmes	Robert Holmes (Royal Navy officer)	["1 The Interregnum","1.1 Military beginnings","1.2 Start of the naval career","2 Restoration Officer","2.1 The first African expedition","2.2 The second African expedition","2.3 The Second Dutch War","2.4 The Third Dutch War","3 Life in \"retirement\"","4 Family","5 Genealogy","6 References","7 External links"]	British Royal Navy Admiral (1622–1692) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) AdmiralSir Robert HolmesSir Frescheville Holles (on left) and Sir Robert Holmes (on right), painted by Peter LelyGovernor of the Isle of WightIn office1668–1692MonarchsCharles IIJames II & VIIWilliam III & II and Mary IIPreceded byThe Lord ColepeperSucceeded byHon. Thomas TollemacheVice-Admiral of HampshireIn office1669–1692Preceded byThe Lord ColepeperSucceeded byMarquess of WinchesterMember of Parliament for YarmouthIn office1689–1690Serving with Hon. Fitton GerardMonarchCharles IIPreceded byThomas WyndhamWilliam HewerSucceeded bySir John TrevorCharles Duncombe Personal detailsBorn1622 (1622)Died18 November 1692(1692-11-18) (aged 69–70)NationalityBritishChildrenMary HolmesParentHenry HolmesRelativesSir John Holmes (brother)Henry Holmes (nephew)Thomas Holmes (grandson)Henry Holmes (grandson)Charles Holmes (grandson)Military careerAllegiance EnglandService/branch English Army Royal NavyYears of service1643–1687RankCaptain (Army)Admiral (Navy)Commands heldRoyal CharlesHMS ReserveHMS Revenge Sir Robert Holmes (c. 1622 – 18 November 1692) was an English Admiral of the Restoration Navy. He participated in the second and third Anglo-Dutch Wars, both of which he is, by some, credited with having started. He was made Governor of the Isle of Wight, where he is buried in Yarmouth Parish Church. Holmes is chiefly remembered for his exploits on the cruise to Guinea (1664) for the Royal African Company, and for the so-called Holmes's Bonfire of 1666. He is regarded as an archetypal figure both of the quarrelsome restoration officer and of the coming into being of the British professional naval officer. The Interregnum Military beginnings Born in or about 1622 the son of Henry Holmes, Esq. of Mallow, County Cork, Ireland, nothing is known of Holmes' early life, although his flawless command of written language and his elegant handwriting suggest a good education. He is in all probability the grandchild of the Robert Holmes named provost of Mallow in 1612. He first appears in 1643 on the Cavalier side of the Civil War, in Prince Maurice's regiment of horse as a cornet in the troop of Captain Richard Atkyns. From this time stems a lifelong friendship with Maurice's brother, Prince Rupert, whom he accompanied onto the battlefields of the continent once the Royalists had been defeated. Start of the naval career When in 1648 a part of the fleet went over to the exiled king, Holmes (now an army captain), following Maurice and Rupert, came into his first contact with the navy. He participated in the epic cruise of the Royalist fleet of 1649 – 1652 to Kinsale, the Mediterranean, West Africa (where, between the Gambia and Cape Verde, he was arrested by the inhabitants), and the West Indies. The drain of manpower, through storm, action, and mutiny, was so large that at the end of the cruise, Holmes had advanced to commanding the four prizes the force brought back to France. With Rupert returning to the exiled court, it fell to Holmes to see the fleet paid off. Subsequently, Cromwell's intelligence service reports Holmes having obtained a privateer commission from the King of Spain (Thurloe State Papers VII, p. 248, 18 July 1658. N.S.), although the total absence of other evidence makes his actually setting out as a privateer improbable. He may, like other Royalist, and notably Irish, officers, have taken up service with the Imperial army. His epitaph in Yarmouth gives France, Flanders and Germany as scenes of military exploits. Immediately before the Restoration, Holmes acted as a courier between Charles II and Edward Montagu, by whose commission he obtained his first command in the navy, the Medway guardship Bramble. Restoration Officer Upon Charles II's return to England, Holmes was rewarded for his services with the captaincy of Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight together with a new commission (for another guardship), this time from the Duke of York himself, who had assumed the position of Lord High Admiral. But more was in store for him. The first African expedition The reports Rupert had brought back from the Gambia of a "Mountain of Gold" just waiting there to be carried off to England, prompted the Royal African Company, whose director was the Duke of York (and whose paperwork was carried out by William Coventry) to launch an expedition to the Guinea Coast, then mostly in Dutch hands. Holmes, acquainted with this coast, was the man for this venture, and was appointed captain of the flagship, Henrietta and a squadron of four other of the King's ships: Sophia, Amity, Griffin, and Kinsale. His orders (drafted by Coventry) were to assist the company's factors in every way conceivable and to construct a fort. Privately, he was instructed to gather intelligence as to the expected "Mountain of Gold". The results of the expedition were ambiguous. Touching at Gorée, Holmes bluntly informed the Dutch governor that the King of England claimed the exclusive right of trade and navigation between Cape Verde and the Cape of Good Hope (which the King and Sir George Downing disavowed after protests from the States General and retaliatory action against English shipping). In addition to reconnoitring the coast and the mouth of the Gambia, Holmes constructed a fort there (on Dog Island in the mouth of the river, renamed Charles Island). Up-river, on St. Andreas Island near Jillifri, he then captured a fort which was nominally the Duke of Courland's, but obviously in Dutch hands, and renamed the spit of land James Island. Although the mission did not pay for the company, Holmes seems to have made a profit from it, since subsequently Samuel Pepys, of all people, complained about Holmes's magnificent lifestyle (Diary, 22 December 1661), and wondered whether the large ape Holmes had brought back might be the offspring of a man and a she-baboon and susceptible to instruction (Diary, 24 August 1661). The expedition was the turning point in Holmes's career. He had shown himself equal to dealing with Africans, company factors, the Dutch and his own men and officers alike, recommending himself as a prudent leader. He consequently was appointed captain of the flagship, Royal Charles, which he lost quickly after having failed to force the Swedish ambassador to salute the flag. But this was only a temporary setback, and he swiftly was granted £800 from the Crown and the command of the newly launched Reserve. The appointment of an inept master led to a quarrel with Pepys, which subsided after a while, but the antagonism between the administrator and the aggressive fighter was never resolved. Aboard Reserve, Holmes tested a pair of pendulum watches conceived by Christiaan Huygens. The second African expedition The objectives of the famous 1664 Guinea expedition are unclear. Although Holmes was charged with exceeding his orders by capturing Dutch forts and ships there, Coventry talks of a "game" that was to be started there, which can only mean an Anglo-Dutch war (Bath MSS. CII, ff. 3-13). Holmes's orders, again drafted by Coventry and signed by James, were to 'promote the Interests of the Royall Company' in HMS Jersey and to 'kill, take, sink or destroy such as shall oppose you' (Bath MSS. XCV, ff.3-5) - especially the Goulden Lyon of Flushing, a Dutch West India Company ship that had given the English a lot of trouble. The reason for the charges against Holmes was that his success exceeded even the most unreasonable expectations, and that he was, diplomatically, a convenient scapegoat (a fact of which he seems to have been aware). In sight of the Dutch base at Gorée he took the West Indiaman Brill on 27 December 1663. Stirring up the Portuguese, Africans, and even such Dutch merchants as had a grudge against the WIC, he sank 2 ships and captured 2 others under the guns of Gorée (22 January 1664), and the next day took possession of the fort itself. On 28 March, in a tactically cunning action, he took Goulden Lyon meanwhile named Walcheren (taken into the Royal Navy as a fourth-rate). On 10 April, he captured Anta Castle on the Gold Coast and several other small strongholds and ships. But the greatest coup was the capture of the principal Dutch base in West Africa, Cape Coast Castle near El Mina, on 1 May. Contrary to the popular picture, Holmes had no hand in the capture of New Amsterdam. In August, Michiel de Ruyter had clandestinely been sent to undo what Holmes had achieved. De Ruyter recaptured everything Holmes had conquered, except for Cape Coast Castle, which meant that after 1664, the English were on that coast to stay. His return to England was desultory, as he tried to make out the repercussions his actions had evoked in London. Since he commanded navy ships, everything he had taken was not automatically the company's property, but would have to be cleared by Admiralty Courts to be prizes of Holmes and his men. Since Holmes's booty in merchandise was far behind the company's (unreasonable) expectations, he was twice committed to the Tower (9 January and 14 February 1665), where he was interrogated by secretaries of state Henry Bennet and William Morrice. This situation was resolved by the Dutch declaration of 22 February that they would retaliate against British shipping, a direct consequence of the goings-on in Africa, that the British conveniently interpreted as a declaration of war. The Second Dutch War Barely a month after his release and full pardon, Holmes assumed command of HMS Revenge, a third-rate of 58 guns, the senior captain of Rupert's white (van) squadron. When at the battle of Lowestoft (3 June 1665) the rear-admiral of the white, Robert Sansum, was killed, Holmes claimed his post (which Rupert endorsed), but James gave the flag to his own flag captain, Harman. Holmes lost his temper and resigned his commission. Even worse, Holmes's rival Sir Jeremiah Smith was promoted to flag rank. But reconciliation was, again, not far away. On 27 March 1666, the powerful new third-rate Defiance (64) was launched in the presence of Charles II, James and Rupert, Holmes having been appointed captain and being knighted on the occasion. Part of the red squadron, Holmes was finally given acting flag-rank when the fleet was divided to shadow the Dutch and simultaneously intercept the French (which put him, satisfyingly, one step above Harman, rear-admiral of the white - a slighting of the principle of seniority which would have been unthinkable at the end of the century). During the murderous Four Days Battle, Holmes was reported to have "done wonders" (CSP Dom., 7 June 1666), and was confirmed as rear-admiral of the red, his ship having received such a battering that he transferred his flag to the partially burnt and dismasted Henry (72), Harman's ship, who had been wounded. But again, his rivals Sir Jeremiah Smith (made admiral of the blue) and Sir Edward Spragge (vice-admiral of the blue) were promoted above him. These professional rivalries were a hallmark of the restoration navy, and Holmes used the conduct of the St James' Day Fight, to start a bitter quarrel with Sir Jeremiah Smith, whose rear squadron had been routed by Cornelis Tromp. The recriminations between the officers and their respective factions played a role in the subsequent Parliamentary investigation over embezzlement in the naval administration and the conduct of the war. Holmes's Bonfire On 9 August 1666, Holmes achieved his best-known feat, characteristically (and, to Pepys and Coventry, exasperatingly) using his own judgement in interpreting his orders. Holmes was to land five hundred men on the island of Vlieland and four hundred on Terschelling and loot and destroy as much as possible. Instead of this, Holmes executed a fireship attack on the mass of merchantmen lying in Vlie Road, destroying some 150 ships, and sacked the Mennonite town of West-Terschelling. This, Holmes's Bonfire, was the heaviest blow the English ever dealt Dutch merchant shipping, severely endangering the Netherlands' war effort, at the cost of no more than twelve English casualties. Holmes now was in high favour. Early in 1667 he was appointed to command a squadron based in Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight, a lucrative appointment that even enabled him to fit one of the squadron's prizes as a privateer. In April 1667, he was commissioned a captain in the 2nd Regiment of Foot Guards, which he resigned before 1670. As early as December 1666, Pepys had commented on Holmes's stubborn opposition to the laying-up of the fleet in expectation of peace. Holmes was alive to the danger of a Dutch assault - which duly came on 10 June 1667, when Michiel de Ruyter during the Raid on the Medway entered the Medway, burned a large part of the fleet in ordinary (i.e. laid up) at Chatham and hijacked Royal Charles. After that year's campaign had ended, Parliament's interest in naval administration intensified, much to Pepys's and Coventry's distress. Rupert and Albemarle, like most naval officers, especially of the Cavalier and gentleman sort, had long been unhappy with the off-hand treatment they received from the administrators. These, in turn, found the officers arrogant and unruly. Now the commanders-in-chief and their clients, Sir Frescheville Holles, Holmes and others, might strike back, especially after the Medway disaster. In addition, Holmes, in the winter of 1666/1667, had revived the quarrel with Sir Jeremiah Smith (possibly even fighting a duel with him), which only ended when the latter took Sir William Penn's place on the Navy Board (which again Holmes had hoped would be his) in December 1668. After peace was concluded, Holmes intensified his hold in the Isle of Wight by buying the governorship from Lord Colepeper. This put him in responsibility of the defences there (Sandown, Carisbrooke and Yarmouth Castles), but also gave him access to the very lucrative vice-admiralty of the Isle of Wight, Newport and Hampshire, with two-thirds of the value of all prizes taken there due to him. In addition, in October 1669, he was elected Member of Parliament for Winchester, generally supporting the Crown in Parliament. The Third Dutch War Holmes's attack on the Smyrna Fleet, 12 March 1672 Among the preparations for provoking the Dutch into yet another war, was the appointment of Holmes as senior officer in Portsmouth, commanding a powerful squadron and the flagship St Michael, a first-rate of 90 guns. Holmes immediately pressed for the capture of a large number of Dutch ships, using English harbours under foreign colours; but the government procrastinated until the opportunity was gone. On 23 March 1672, he finally got permission to attack the homeward-bound Dutch Smyrna convoy. For two days, the English squadron fought a veritable battle with the armed merchantmen and their escorts, suffering damage out of proportion to their gains, half a dozen prizes only one of which seems to have been one of the rich Smyrna ships. Accidentally, Sir Edward Spragge's squadron, returning from the Mediterranean, had passed the scene immediately before the engagement. For unknown reasons, Spragge did not join the attack nor was invited by Holmes to do so, which gave rise to new mutual suspicions. A few days after the fight war was declared and flags handed out. Holmes did not receive one, which may have had to do with the limited number of posts available due to the white squadron this time consisting of the French fleet. Accordingly, Holmes fought in the ensuing Battle of Solebay as a mere captain in the Duke of York's squadron. The battle, the fiercest in De Ruyter's memory, claimed the lives of Holmes's friends Holles and Sandwich, and forced the Lord High Admiral to transfer his flag twice, from Prince to Holmes's St Michael and from that to London. With Sandwich dead, a new flag officer had to be appointed, but Holmes's legitimate claims were again disregarded - for the last time. After the end of the 1672 campaign, Holmes did not get another command, notwithstanding the constant intercession on his behalf of the new commander-in-chief, his stout friend Prince Rupert. Obviously, the King himself had no desire to re-employ him. Holmes's naval career had very abruptly ended. Life in "retirement" Holmes's house (now The George Hotel) in YarmouthAlthough he would not let him serve in his fleet any longer, the King continued to lavish gifts upon Holmes, rents in Co. Southampton, the Isle of Wight and Wales and forfeited lands in counties Galway and Mayo. He possessed houses in London, Englefield Green near Windsor, Bath, and of course an establishment worthy of a governor in Yarmouth. Most of his time in "retirement", Holmes spent in rebuilding the Isle of Wight's castles and managing parliamentary elections to ensure the return of government candidates. He himself did not run for the Exclusion Bill Parliaments of 1679–1681, and in 1682 he incurred the severest displeasure of Charles II for presenting an address from the Duke of Monmouth. A court martial was prepared together with a warrant to transfer the governorship to the Duke of Grafton, but Holmes either managed to avert prosecution or acquitted himself, for he remained governor until his death. A stout supporter of his lifelong employers, the royal brothers, it is unclear why Holmes should have associated with Monmouth; at the centre of the question may lie the shady Irish financier Lemuel Kingdon, who sat for Newtown and Yarmouth together with Holmes's brother, John. Statue of Holmes in Yarmouth Parish Church On 21 August 1687, secretary of state Sunderland signed a commission that put Holmes in command of a squadron to suppress the buccaneers of the West Indies, but it is doubtful whether he ever actually took command. Since the wound received during the clash with the Smyrna Convoy, his health was steadily deteriorating, and an expedition that sailed in September 1687 was commanded by Sir John Narborough in his stead. Holmes was now busy preparing the defence against Dutch invasion. On 4 November 1688, five sailors of the invasion fleet landed on the Isle of Wight to buy provisions, being welcomed by the population. While the English fleet lay becalmed off Beachy Head and William III landed his forces at Torbay, Holmes wrestled with his mutinous militia. While James had fled his capital on 11 December (an action Parliament took as his relinquishing the throne) and one day later, the commander-in-chief, Sir George Legge, Lord Dartmouth brought the fleet over to William, it was not before 17 December that Holmes surrendered. He continued as governor of the Isle of Wight, although he was occasionally suspected of Jacobite conspiracy. But such reservations as he had against the overthrow of James II stemmed from the loyalty of a military professional, and after his vote in parliament against the accession of William and Mary was defeated, he served them with the same determination as he had the Stuart kings. Although his health was now rapidly giving out and he had to spend more and more time of the year in Bath, the threat of French invasions in 1690 and 1692 made him hurry back to his post as swiftly as ever. Family Holmes died on 18 November 1692, leaving one illegitimate daughter and heiress, Mary Holmes (born 1678). Her mother is believed to have been Grace Hooke, a niece of the famous scientist Robert Hooke. As had been her father's wish, Mary married Henry Holmes, the son of his elder brother Colonel Thomas Holmes of Kilmallock, Co. Limerick. Her son Thomas, in turn, would eventually achieve the peerage for the family as Lord Holmes of Kilmallock in 1760. Holmes's younger brother, Sir John Holmes, was a naval captain of repute and competence, having for years served together with his eminent brother, and commanded the Channel Fleet (1677–1679). Genealogy Henry Holmes of Mallow, Cork, Ireland Colonel Thomas Holmes of Kilmallock, Limerick, Ireland Henry Holmes (c. 1660–1738) m. Mary Holmes (daughter of Admiral Sir Robert Holmes) Thomas Holmes, 1st Baron Holmes (1699–1764) Lieutenant General Henry Holmes (1703–62) Rear Admiral Charles Holmes (1711–1761) Elizabeth Holmes m. Thomas Troughear Leonard (Troughear) Holmes, 1st Baron Holmes (c. 1732–1804) m. Elizabeth Tyrrell (d. 1810) The Hon. Elizabeth Holmes m. Edward Rushout Descendants Admiral Sir Robert Holmes (c. 1622–1692), English Admiral Mary Holmes (wife of Henry Holmes) Lucretia Holmes m. William Sewell Lucretia Sewell m. Edward Hingston of Devon William Hingston (d. 2 Nov 1854 Buffalo, New York) m. Jane Carroll Samuel Hingston m. Anna Anderson Anna Eliza Hingston m. William Roggen Lansing of Rochester, New York, son of William van Kleeck Lansing of Albany, ancestor of the Lansing family of Rochester. Descendants, to include members of the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty and the Lord of the Manor of Didderston. Admiral Sir John Holmes (1640?–1683), English Admiral leader References ^ C. H. Wilson, ‘Who captured New Amsterdam?’, The English Historical Review, 72 (1957), 469–474. ^ The Dutch Raid on the Medway, Samuel Pepys, 1667. ^ Mackinnon, Daniel (1833). Origin and Services of the Coldstream Guards. Vol. II. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 460–461. ^ Reported as dead by October 4 in a contemporary source – Newdigate family collection of newsletters L.c.2111: Newsletter received by Richard Newdigate, Arbury, 1692 October 4 (held in Folger Shakespeare Library) ^ "The Tragedy of Robert Hooke's Brother". ^ “Public Member Trees,” database, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 7 July 2022), “McCarthy-Leader Family” family tree, profile for Sir Robert Holmes Governor of the Isle of Wight (1622–1692). ^ "About". 28 February 2012. Richard Ollard: Man of War. Sir Robert Holmes and the Restoration Navy. London 1969 J.D. Davies: Gentlemen and Tarpaulins. The Officers and Men of the Restoration Navy. OUP 1991 External links A timetable of Holmes's life Parliament of England Preceded byThomas WyndhamWilliam Hewer Member of Parliament for Yarmouth 1689–1690 With: Hon. Fitton Gerard Succeeded bySir John TrevorCharles Duncombe Honorary titles Preceded byThe Lord Colepeper Governor of the Isle of Wight 1668–1692 Succeeded byHon. Thomas Tollemache Vice-Admiral of Hampshire 1669–1692 Succeeded byMarquess of Winchester Portals: England Biography Politics Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"Governor of the Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth,_Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Royal African Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company"},{"link_name":"Holmes's Bonfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes%27s_Bonfire"},{"link_name":"naval officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_officer"}],"text":"Sir Robert Holmes (c. 1622 – 18 November 1692) was an English Admiral of the Restoration Navy. He participated in the second and third Anglo-Dutch Wars, both of which he is, by some, credited with having started. He was made Governor of the Isle of Wight, where he is buried in Yarmouth Parish Church.Holmes is chiefly remembered for his exploits on the cruise to Guinea (1664) for the Royal African Company, and for the so-called Holmes's Bonfire of 1666. He is regarded as an archetypal figure both of the quarrelsome restoration officer and of the coming into being of the British professional naval officer.","title":"Robert Holmes (Royal Navy officer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The Interregnum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esq.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esq."},{"link_name":"Mallow, County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallow,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(civil)"},{"link_name":"Cavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Prince Maurice's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Maurice_von_Simmern"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"cornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet_(military_rank)"},{"link_name":"troop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Richard Atkyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Atkyns"},{"link_name":"Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine"}],"sub_title":"Military beginnings","text":"Born in or about 1622 the son of Henry Holmes, Esq. of Mallow, County Cork, Ireland, nothing is known of Holmes' early life, although his flawless command of written language and his elegant handwriting suggest a good education. He is in all probability the grandchild of the Robert Holmes named provost of Mallow in 1612.He first appears in 1643 on the Cavalier side of the Civil War, in Prince Maurice's regiment of horse as a cornet in the troop of Captain Richard Atkyns. From this time stems a lifelong friendship with Maurice's brother, Prince Rupert, whom he accompanied onto the battlefields of the continent once the Royalists had been defeated.","title":"The Interregnum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinsale"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Cromwell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"privateer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer"},{"link_name":"commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"epitaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Sandwich"},{"link_name":"Medway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medway"}],"sub_title":"Start of the naval career","text":"When in 1648 a part of the fleet went over to the exiled king, Holmes (now an army captain), following Maurice and Rupert, came into his first contact with the navy. He participated in the epic cruise of the Royalist fleet of 1649 – 1652 to Kinsale, the Mediterranean, West Africa (where, between the Gambia and Cape Verde, he was arrested by the inhabitants), and the West Indies. The drain of manpower, through storm, action, and mutiny, was so large that at the end of the cruise, Holmes had advanced to commanding the four prizes the force brought back to France. With Rupert returning to the exiled court, it fell to Holmes to see the fleet paid off.Subsequently, Cromwell's intelligence service reports Holmes having obtained a privateer commission from the King of Spain (Thurloe State Papers VII, p. 248, 18 July 1658. N.S.), although the total absence of other evidence makes his actually setting out as a privateer improbable. He may, like other Royalist, and notably Irish, officers, have taken up service with the Imperial army. His epitaph in Yarmouth gives France, Flanders and Germany as scenes of military exploits. Immediately before the Restoration, Holmes acted as a courier between Charles II and Edward Montagu, by whose commission he obtained his first command in the navy, the Medway guardship Bramble.","title":"The Interregnum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandown_Castle,_Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"Lord High Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"}],"text":"Upon Charles II's return to England, Holmes was rewarded for his services with the captaincy of Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight together with a new commission (for another guardship), this time from the Duke of York himself, who had assumed the position of Lord High Admiral. But more was in store for him.","title":"Restoration Officer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coventry"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Gorée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"Sir George Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Downing,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"States General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates-General_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dog Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Island,_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Jillifri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jillifri"},{"link_name":"the Duke of Courland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Kettler"},{"link_name":"James Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Island_(The_Gambia)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pepys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys"},{"link_name":"ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Royal Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Charles"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute"},{"link_name":"flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag"},{"link_name":"the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Reserve_(1650)"},{"link_name":"pendulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum"},{"link_name":"watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch"},{"link_name":"Christiaan Huygens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens"}],"sub_title":"The first African expedition","text":"The reports Rupert had brought back from the Gambia of a \"Mountain of Gold\" just waiting there to be carried off to England, prompted the Royal African Company, whose director was the Duke of York (and whose paperwork was carried out by William Coventry) to launch an expedition to the Guinea Coast, then mostly in Dutch hands. Holmes, acquainted with this coast, was the man for this venture, and was appointed captain of the flagship, Henrietta and a squadron of four other of the King's ships: Sophia, Amity, Griffin, and Kinsale. His orders (drafted by Coventry) were to assist the company's factors in every way conceivable and to construct a fort. Privately, he was instructed to gather intelligence as to the expected \"Mountain of Gold\".The results of the expedition were ambiguous. Touching at Gorée, Holmes bluntly informed the Dutch governor that the King of England claimed the exclusive right of trade and navigation between Cape Verde and the Cape of Good Hope (which the King and Sir George Downing disavowed after protests from the States General and retaliatory action against English shipping). In addition to reconnoitring the coast and the mouth of the Gambia, Holmes constructed a fort there (on Dog Island in the mouth of the river, renamed Charles Island). Up-river, on St. Andreas Island near Jillifri, he then captured a fort which was nominally the Duke of Courland's, but obviously in Dutch hands, and renamed the spit of land James Island. Although the mission did not pay for the company, Holmes seems to have made a profit from it, since subsequently Samuel Pepys, of all people, complained about Holmes's magnificent lifestyle (Diary, 22 December 1661), and wondered whether the large ape Holmes had brought back might be the offspring of a man and a she-baboon and susceptible to instruction (Diary, 24 August 1661).The expedition was the turning point in Holmes's career. He had shown himself equal to dealing with Africans, company factors, the Dutch and his own men and officers alike, recommending himself as a prudent leader. He consequently was appointed captain of the flagship, Royal Charles, which he lost quickly after having failed to force the Swedish ambassador to salute the flag. But this was only a temporary setback, and he swiftly was granted £800 from the Crown and the command of the newly launched Reserve. The appointment of an inept master led to a quarrel with Pepys, which subsided after a while, but the antagonism between the administrator and the aggressive fighter was never resolved. Aboard Reserve, Holmes tested a pair of pendulum watches conceived by Christiaan Huygens.","title":"Restoration Officer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing,_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch West India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company"},{"link_name":"West Indiaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indiaman"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"fourth-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-rate"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"Cape Coast Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle"},{"link_name":"El Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mina"},{"link_name":"New Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Michiel de Ruyter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiel_de_Ruyter"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_Court"},{"link_name":"Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"secretaries of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_state"},{"link_name":"Henry Bennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bennet,_1st_Earl_of_Arlington"},{"link_name":"William Morrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morice_(Secretary_of_State)"},{"link_name":"declaration of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war"}],"sub_title":"The second African expedition","text":"The objectives of the famous 1664 Guinea expedition are unclear. Although Holmes was charged with exceeding his orders by capturing Dutch forts and ships there, Coventry talks of a \"game\" that was to be started there, which can only mean an Anglo-Dutch war (Bath MSS. CII, ff. 3-13). Holmes's orders, again drafted by Coventry and signed by James, were to 'promote the Interests of the Royall Company' in HMS Jersey and to 'kill, take, sink or destroy such as shall oppose you' (Bath MSS. XCV, ff.3-5) - especially the Goulden Lyon of Flushing, a Dutch West India Company ship that had given the English a lot of trouble.The reason for the charges against Holmes was that his success exceeded even the most unreasonable expectations, and that he was, diplomatically, a convenient scapegoat (a fact of which he seems to have been aware). In sight of the Dutch base at Gorée he took the West Indiaman Brill on 27 December 1663. Stirring up the Portuguese, Africans, and even such Dutch merchants as had a grudge against the WIC, he sank 2 ships and captured 2 others under the guns of Gorée (22 January 1664), and the next day took possession of the fort itself. On 28 March, in a tactically cunning action, he took Goulden Lyon meanwhile named Walcheren (taken into the Royal Navy as a fourth-rate).On 10 April, he captured Anta Castle on the Gold Coast and several other small strongholds and ships. But the greatest coup was the capture of the principal Dutch base in West Africa, Cape Coast Castle near El Mina, on 1 May. Contrary to the popular picture, Holmes had no hand in the capture of New Amsterdam.[1]In August, Michiel de Ruyter had clandestinely been sent to undo what Holmes had achieved. De Ruyter recaptured everything Holmes had conquered, except for Cape Coast Castle, which meant that after 1664, the English were on that coast to stay.His return to England was desultory, as he tried to make out the repercussions his actions had evoked in London. Since he commanded navy ships, everything he had taken was not automatically the company's property, but would have to be cleared by Admiralty Courts to be prizes of Holmes and his men. Since Holmes's booty in merchandise was far behind the company's (unreasonable) expectations, he was twice committed to the Tower (9 January and 14 February 1665), where he was interrogated by secretaries of state Henry Bennet and William Morrice. This situation was resolved by the Dutch declaration of 22 February that they would retaliate against British shipping, a direct consequence of the goings-on in Africa, that the British conveniently interpreted as a declaration of war.","title":"Restoration Officer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Revenge_(1654)"},{"link_name":"third-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-rate"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Lowestoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft"},{"link_name":"rear-admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-admiral"},{"link_name":"Robert Sansum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sansum"},{"link_name":"flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag"},{"link_name":"flag captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_captain"},{"link_name":"Sir Jeremiah Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Smith_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"seniority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniority"},{"link_name":"Four Days Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Days_Battle"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Spragge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Spragge"},{"link_name":"vice-admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-admiral"},{"link_name":"St James' Day Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27s_Day_Battle"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Tromp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Tromp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holmesbonfire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holmes's Bonfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes%27s_Bonfire"},{"link_name":"Vlieland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlieland"},{"link_name":"Terschelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terschelling"},{"link_name":"fireship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireship"},{"link_name":"Vlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlie"},{"link_name":"Mennonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite"},{"link_name":"West-Terschelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Terschelling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pepys-2"},{"link_name":"Holmes's Bonfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes%27s_Bonfire"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"2nd Regiment of Foot Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstream_Guards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Raid on the Medway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_the_Medway"},{"link_name":"Medway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medway"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Cavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"gentleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman"},{"link_name":"Sir Frescheville Holles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frescheville_Holles"},{"link_name":"Sir William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Penn"},{"link_name":"Navy Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Board"},{"link_name":"Lord Colepeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Colepeper,_2nd_Baron_Colepeper"},{"link_name":"Sandown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandown_Castle,_Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Carisbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisbrooke_Castle"},{"link_name":"Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth_Castle"},{"link_name":"vice-admiralty of the Isle of Wight, Newport and Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Admiral_of_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"The Second Dutch War","text":"Barely a month after his release and full pardon, Holmes assumed command of HMS Revenge, a third-rate of 58 guns, the senior captain of Rupert's white (van) squadron. When at the battle of Lowestoft (3 June 1665) the rear-admiral of the white, Robert Sansum, was killed, Holmes claimed his post (which Rupert endorsed), but James gave the flag to his own flag captain, Harman. Holmes lost his temper and resigned his commission. Even worse, Holmes's rival Sir Jeremiah Smith was promoted to flag rank. But reconciliation was, again, not far away.On 27 March 1666, the powerful new third-rate Defiance (64) was launched in the presence of Charles II, James and Rupert, Holmes having been appointed captain and being knighted on the occasion. Part of the red squadron, Holmes was finally given acting flag-rank when the fleet was divided to shadow the Dutch and simultaneously intercept the French (which put him, satisfyingly, one step above Harman, rear-admiral of the white - a slighting of the principle of seniority which would have been unthinkable at the end of the century).During the murderous Four Days Battle, Holmes was reported to have \"done wonders\" (CSP Dom., 7 June 1666), and was confirmed as rear-admiral of the red, his ship having received such a battering that he transferred his flag to the partially burnt and dismasted Henry (72), Harman's ship, who had been wounded. But again, his rivals Sir Jeremiah Smith (made admiral of the blue) and Sir Edward Spragge (vice-admiral of the blue) were promoted above him. These professional rivalries were a hallmark of the restoration navy, and Holmes used the conduct of the St James' Day Fight, to start a bitter quarrel with Sir Jeremiah Smith, whose rear squadron had been routed by Cornelis Tromp. The recriminations between the officers and their respective factions played a role in the subsequent Parliamentary investigation over embezzlement in the naval administration and the conduct of the war.Holmes's BonfireOn 9 August 1666, Holmes achieved his best-known feat, characteristically (and, to Pepys and Coventry, exasperatingly) using his own judgement in interpreting his orders. Holmes was to land five hundred men on the island of Vlieland and four hundred on Terschelling and loot and destroy as much as possible. Instead of this, Holmes executed a fireship attack on the mass of merchantmen lying in Vlie Road, destroying some 150 ships, and sacked the Mennonite town of West-Terschelling.[2]This, Holmes's Bonfire, was the heaviest blow the English ever dealt Dutch merchant shipping, severely endangering the Netherlands' war effort, at the cost of no more than twelve English casualties. Holmes now was in high favour. Early in 1667 he was appointed to command a squadron based in Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight, a lucrative appointment that even enabled him to fit one of the squadron's prizes as a privateer. In April 1667, he was commissioned a captain in the 2nd Regiment of Foot Guards, which he resigned before 1670.[3]As early as December 1666, Pepys had commented on Holmes's stubborn opposition to the laying-up of the fleet in expectation of peace. Holmes was alive to the danger of a Dutch assault - which duly came on 10 June 1667, when Michiel de Ruyter during the Raid on the Medway entered the Medway, burned a large part of the fleet in ordinary (i.e. laid up) at Chatham and hijacked Royal Charles.After that year's campaign had ended, Parliament's interest in naval administration intensified, much to Pepys's and Coventry's distress. Rupert and Albemarle, like most naval officers, especially of the Cavalier and gentleman sort, had long been unhappy with the off-hand treatment they received from the administrators. These, in turn, found the officers arrogant and unruly. Now the commanders-in-chief and their clients, Sir Frescheville Holles, Holmes and others, might strike back, especially after the Medway disaster.In addition, Holmes, in the winter of 1666/1667, had revived the quarrel with Sir Jeremiah Smith (possibly even fighting a duel with him), which only ended when the latter took Sir William Penn's place on the Navy Board (which again Holmes had hoped would be his) in December 1668.After peace was concluded, Holmes intensified his hold in the Isle of Wight by buying the governorship from Lord Colepeper. This put him in responsibility of the defences there (Sandown, Carisbrooke and Yarmouth Castles), but also gave him access to the very lucrative vice-admiralty of the Isle of Wight, Newport and Hampshire, with two-thirds of the value of all prizes taken there due to him.In addition, in October 1669, he was elected Member of Parliament for Winchester, generally supporting the Crown in Parliament.","title":"Restoration Officer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holme%27s_attack_on_the_Smyrna_Fleet,_12_March_1672_RMG_PW5525.jpg"},{"link_name":"Smyrna Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"first-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-rate"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Battle of Solebay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Solebay"},{"link_name":"Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Sandwich"},{"link_name":"Lord High Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"}],"sub_title":"The Third Dutch War","text":"Holmes's attack on the Smyrna Fleet, 12 March 1672Among the preparations for provoking the Dutch into yet another war, was the appointment of Holmes as senior officer in Portsmouth, commanding a powerful squadron and the flagship St Michael, a first-rate of 90 guns. Holmes immediately pressed for the capture of a large number of Dutch ships, using English harbours under foreign colours; but the government procrastinated until the opportunity was gone.On 23 March 1672, he finally got permission to attack the homeward-bound Dutch Smyrna convoy. For two days, the English squadron fought a veritable battle with the armed merchantmen and their escorts, suffering damage out of proportion to their gains, half a dozen prizes only one of which seems to have been one of the rich Smyrna ships. Accidentally, Sir Edward Spragge's squadron, returning from the Mediterranean, had passed the scene immediately before the engagement. For unknown reasons, Spragge did not join the attack nor was invited by Holmes to do so, which gave rise to new mutual suspicions. A few days after the fight war was declared and flags handed out. Holmes did not receive one, which may have had to do with the limited number of posts available due to the white squadron this time consisting of the French fleet. Accordingly, Holmes fought in the ensuing Battle of Solebay as a mere captain in the Duke of York's squadron. The battle, the fiercest in De Ruyter's memory, claimed the lives of Holmes's friends Holles and Sandwich, and forced the Lord High Admiral to transfer his flag twice, from Prince to Holmes's St Michael and from that to London. With Sandwich dead, a new flag officer had to be appointed, but Holmes's legitimate claims were again disregarded - for the last time.After the end of the 1672 campaign, Holmes did not get another command, notwithstanding the constant intercession on his behalf of the new commander-in-chief, his stout friend Prince Rupert. Obviously, the King himself had no desire to re-employ him. Holmes's naval career had very abruptly ended.","title":"Restoration Officer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holmhouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"rents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renting"},{"link_name":"Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Englefield Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englefield_Green"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Exclusion Bill Parliaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusion_Bill_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Duke of Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"court martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_martial"},{"link_name":"warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_(law)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Grafton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Grafton"},{"link_name":"Lemuel Kingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemuel_Kingdon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth_(Isle_of_Wight)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holmesstatue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth,_Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"secretary of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_state"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_of_Sunderland"},{"link_name":"buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccaneer"},{"link_name":"Sir John Narborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Narborough"},{"link_name":"Beachy Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachy_Head"},{"link_name":"William III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Torbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbay"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne"},{"link_name":"Sir George Legge, Lord Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Legge,_1st_Baron_Dartmouth"},{"link_name":"Jacobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"}],"text":"Holmes's house (now The George Hotel) in YarmouthAlthough he would not let him serve in his fleet any longer, the King continued to lavish gifts upon Holmes, rents in Co. Southampton, the Isle of Wight and Wales and forfeited lands in counties Galway and Mayo. He possessed houses in London, Englefield Green near Windsor, Bath, and of course an establishment worthy of a governor in Yarmouth. Most of his time in \"retirement\", Holmes spent in rebuilding the Isle of Wight's castles and managing parliamentary elections to ensure the return of government candidates. He himself did not run for the Exclusion Bill Parliaments of 1679–1681, and in 1682 he incurred the severest displeasure of Charles II for presenting an address from the Duke of Monmouth. A court martial was prepared together with a warrant to transfer the governorship to the Duke of Grafton, but Holmes either managed to avert prosecution or acquitted himself, for he remained governor until his death.A stout supporter of his lifelong employers, the royal brothers, it is unclear why Holmes should have associated with Monmouth; at the centre of the question may lie the shady Irish financier Lemuel Kingdon, who sat for Newtown and Yarmouth together with Holmes's brother, John.Statue of Holmes in Yarmouth Parish ChurchOn 21 August 1687, secretary of state Sunderland signed a commission that put Holmes in command of a squadron to suppress the buccaneers of the West Indies, but it is doubtful whether he ever actually took command. Since the wound received during the clash with the Smyrna Convoy, his health was steadily deteriorating, and an expedition that sailed in September 1687 was commanded by Sir John Narborough in his stead. Holmes was now busy preparing the defence against Dutch invasion. On 4 November 1688, five sailors of the invasion fleet landed on the Isle of Wight to buy provisions, being welcomed by the population.While the English fleet lay becalmed off Beachy Head and William III landed his forces at Torbay, Holmes wrestled with his mutinous militia. While James had fled his capital on 11 December (an action Parliament took as his relinquishing the throne) and one day later, the commander-in-chief, Sir George Legge, Lord Dartmouth brought the fleet over to William, it was not before 17 December that Holmes surrendered.He continued as governor of the Isle of Wight, although he was occasionally suspected of Jacobite conspiracy. But such reservations as he had against the overthrow of James II stemmed from the loyalty of a military professional, and after his vote in parliament against the accession of William and Mary was defeated, he served them with the same determination as he had the Stuart kings. Although his health was now rapidly giving out and he had to spend more and more time of the year in Bath, the threat of French invasions in 1690 and 1692 made him hurry back to his post as swiftly as ever.","title":"Life in \"retirement\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robert Hooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke"},{"link_name":"Henry Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holmes_(d._1738)"},{"link_name":"Kilmallock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmallock"},{"link_name":"Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holmes,_1st_Baron_Holmes"},{"link_name":"peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"Lord Holmes of Kilmallock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Sir John Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holmes_(1640-1683)"},{"link_name":"Channel Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Fleet"}],"text":"Holmes died on 18 November 1692,[4] leaving one illegitimate daughter and heiress, Mary Holmes (born 1678). Her mother is believed to have been Grace Hooke,[5] a niece of the famous scientist Robert Hooke.As had been her father's wish, Mary married Henry Holmes, the son of his elder brother Colonel Thomas Holmes of Kilmallock, Co. Limerick. Her son Thomas, in turn, would eventually achieve the peerage for the family as Lord Holmes of Kilmallock in 1760. Holmes's younger brother, Sir John Holmes, was a naval captain of repute and competence, having for years served together with his eminent brother, and commanded the Channel Fleet (1677–1679).","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Kilmallock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmallock"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Henry Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holmes_(Yarmouth_MP,_died_1738)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Holmes, 1st Baron Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holmes,_1st_Baron_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General Henry Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holmes_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral Charles Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Holmes_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holmes_(Yarmouth_MP,_died_1738)"},{"link_name":"MacCarthy Reagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacCarthy_Reagh"},{"link_name":"Didderston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didderston"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Admiral Sir John Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holmes_(Royal_Navy_officer)"}],"text":"Henry Holmes of Mallow, Cork, Ireland\nColonel Thomas Holmes of Kilmallock, Limerick, Ireland\nHenry Holmes (c. 1660–1738) m. Mary Holmes (daughter of Admiral Sir Robert Holmes)\n Thomas Holmes, 1st Baron Holmes (1699–1764)\nLieutenant General Henry Holmes (1703–62)\nRear Admiral Charles Holmes (1711–1761)\nElizabeth Holmes m. Thomas Troughear\nLeonard (Troughear) Holmes, 1st Baron Holmes (c. 1732–1804) m. Elizabeth Tyrrell (d. 1810)\nThe Hon. Elizabeth Holmes m. Edward Rushout\nDescendants\nAdmiral Sir Robert Holmes (c. 1622–1692), English Admiral\nMary Holmes (wife of Henry Holmes)\nLucretia Holmes m. William Sewell\nLucretia Sewell m. Edward Hingston of Devon\nWilliam Hingston (d. 2 Nov 1854 Buffalo, New York) m. Jane Carroll\nSamuel Hingston m. Anna Anderson\nAnna Eliza Hingston m. William Roggen Lansing of Rochester, New York, son of William van Kleeck Lansing of Albany, ancestor of the Lansing family of Rochester.\nDescendants, to include members of the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty and the Lord of the Manor of Didderston.[6][7]\nAdmiral Sir John Holmes (1640?–1683), English Admiral leader","title":"Genealogy"}]	[{"image_text":"Holmes's Bonfire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Holmesbonfire.jpg/220px-Holmesbonfire.jpg"},{"image_text":"Holmes's attack on the Smyrna Fleet, 12 March 1672","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Holme%27s_attack_on_the_Smyrna_Fleet%2C_12_March_1672_RMG_PW5525.jpg/201px-Holme%27s_attack_on_the_Smyrna_Fleet%2C_12_March_1672_RMG_PW5525.jpg"},{"image_text":"Holmes's house (now The George Hotel) in Yarmouth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Holmhouse.jpg/220px-Holmhouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Holmes in Yarmouth Parish Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Holmesstatue.jpg/220px-Holmesstatue.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mackinnon, Daniel (1833). Origin and Services of the Coldstream Guards. Vol. II. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 460–461.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mackinnon","url_text":"Mackinnon, Daniel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3WJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA460","url_text":"Origin and Services of the Coldstream Guards"}]},{"reference":"\"The Tragedy of Robert Hooke's Brother\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwhistory.org.uk/RM/hooke/sggg.htm","url_text":"\"The Tragedy of Robert Hooke's Brother\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". 28 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://mccarthyep.wordpress.com/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3WJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA460","external_links_name":"Origin and Services of the Coldstream Guards"},{"Link":"https://www.iwhistory.org.uk/RM/hooke/sggg.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Tragedy of Robert Hooke's Brother\""},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.ancestry.com"},{"Link":"https://mccarthyep.wordpress.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://www.iwhistory.org.uk/RM/hooke/rob.htm","external_links_name":"A timetable of Holmes's life"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/321339/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000042863526","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/14341027","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvXfmmfVJqTDm83Dq7j4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93006346","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070559937","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6043bf9","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Review_of_Higher_Education	Bradley Review of Higher Education	["1 The Discussion Paper and Consultation","2 The Final Report","3 The Demand Driven System","4 References"]	The Bradley Review of Higher Education was an independent review of Australian higher education initiated by the Australian Government in March 2008. The Bradley Review was to consider and report on the future direction of the higher education sector, its fitness for purpose in meeting the needs of the Australian community and economy, and seek recommendations for reform and continuing improvement. The Review was conducted by an independent expert panel and was led by Emeritus Professor Denise Bradley AC, reporting to Minister for Education, Employment, Workplace Relations and Social Inclusion, the Hon Julia Gillard in December 2008. The Discussion Paper and Consultation A discussion paper, "Review of Australian Higher Education," was released in June 2008. The discussion paper set out the context of the higher education sector in a "modern Australia" including its role and functions, as well as the strategic context and key challenges and issues. These key challenges and issues were set out as following: Meeting labour market and industry needs Opportunities to participate in higher education The student experience of higher education Connecting with other education and training sectors Higher education's role in the national innovation system Australia's higher education sector in the international arena Higher education's contribution to Australia's economic, social and cultural capital Resourcing the system Governance and regulation The paper included 35 consultation questions that stakeholders were invited to respond to. 450 formal submissions were received from universities, academics, peak bodies, students, unions, advocacy groups and other stakeholders. The Final Report The final report, "Transforming Australia's Higher Education System", was released on 17 December 2008. The report found that higher education was crucial to Australia's future prosperity and that current rates of attainment were not sufficient to meet expected demand in the future. The report's key recommendations were that Australia set a target that 40 per cent of 25- to 34-year-old Australians have a university degree by 2020, and that the system of Commonwealth support for undergraduate domestic students be uncapped and follow the student, i.e. become "demand driven". This attracted a significant amount of media attention.Such a system allows institutions flexibility to decide the courses they will offer and the number of students they will admit. This, combined with an entitlement for all qualified students, is the most responsive and appropriate policy option in circumstances where we must raise participation urgently and do so from among groups which have traditionally failed to participate. - Transforming Australia's Higher Education Sector, p.xivOther key recommendations were: additional higher targets for participation in higher education amongst students from low socio-economic backgrounds a massive upgrade of university and TAFE infrastructure establishing the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) to enhance quality and support accreditation increase student income support for students from low socio-economic backgrounds to better enable these students to access higher education additional support to regional tertiary education provision developing better pathways between the higher education and vocational education and training sectors In the 2009 Budget, the Australian Government announced funds to support higher education and research over four years in a response to the Bradley Review, Transforming Australia's Higher Education System. The purpose of the funds allocation was to "support high quality teaching and learning, improve access and outcomes for students from low socio-economic backgrounds, build new links between universities and disadvantaged schools, reward institutions for meeting agreed quality and equity outcomes, improve resourcing for research and invest in world class tertiary education infrastructure". The Demand Driven System Following the Bradley Review, the Gillard Government implemented the demand driven system where Commonwealth Supported Places for domestic students to study undergraduate degrees at Australian universities were uncapped. This means every domestic bachelor student that a university enrolled would trigger Commonwealth funding for that student place. Universities could now choose to enrol as many students as they wanted (and could attract) and continue receiving funding for each place, while prior to this they only received funding for places up to a cap. The demand driven system saw a rapid expansion in bachelor places being provided after its phase in between 2010 and 2012, before it was ended in 2018 by the Turnbull Government. A Productivity Commission report in 2019 found it had a "mixed report card"; while it did allow a significant expansion in higher education provision especially for students from low socio-economic backgrounds, there was little improvement for regional or remote and Indigenous young people, and the additional students the system admitted dropped out at higher rates (21% of additional students had dropped out by age 23 compared to 12% of other students). The higher attrition rate was ascribed to poorer academic preparation and inadequate support for these additional students once they had commenced study. References ^ "Review of Australian Higher Education: final report \| VOCEDplus, the international tertiary education and research database". www.voced.edu.au. Retrieved 2023-03-28. ^ a b "08 222 Review AusHEd Internals 100pp FINAL WEB". Archived from the original on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2014-02-05. ^ "Transforming Australia's Higher Education System". Archived from the original on 2014-02-08. Retrieved 2014-02-05. ^ Vin Massaro "Unpicking the Bradley Report", The Australian, 17 February 2009, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/opinion/unpicking-the-bradley-report/story-e6frgcko-1111118880366 ^ "Review of Australian Higher Education". Archived from the original on 2014-02-06. Retrieved 2014-02-05. ^ McMillen, Caroline. "A Vice-Chancellor's defence of the uncapped university system". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-03-28. ^ Yezdani, Omer. "Capping university places will mean a less skilled and diverse workforce". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-03-28. ^ Productivity Commission (2019-06-17). "The Demand Driven University System: A mixed report card - Commission Research Paper". www.pc.gov.au. Retrieved 2023-03-28.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bradley Review of Higher Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"A discussion paper, \"Review of Australian Higher Education,\" was released in June 2008.[2] The discussion paper set out the context of the higher education sector in a \"modern Australia\" including its role and functions, as well as the strategic context and key challenges and issues.These key challenges and issues were set out as following:Meeting labour market and industry needs\nOpportunities to participate in higher education\nThe student experience of higher education\nConnecting with other education and training sectors\nHigher education's role in the national innovation system\nAustralia's higher education sector in the international arena\nHigher education's contribution to Australia's economic, social and cultural capital\nResourcing the system\nGovernance and regulationThe paper included 35 consultation questions that stakeholders were invited to respond to. 450 formal submissions were received from universities, academics, peak bodies, students, unions, advocacy groups and other stakeholders.[2]","title":"The Discussion Paper and Consultation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"TAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAFE"},{"link_name":"Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_Education_Quality_and_Standards_Agency"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The final report, \"Transforming Australia's Higher Education System\", was released on 17 December 2008.[3] The report found that higher education was crucial to Australia's future prosperity and that current rates of attainment were not sufficient to meet expected demand in the future. The report's key recommendations were that Australia set a target that 40 per cent of 25- to 34-year-old Australians have a university degree by 2020, and that the system of Commonwealth support for undergraduate domestic students be uncapped and follow the student, i.e. become \"demand driven\". This attracted a significant amount of media attention.[4]Such a system allows institutions flexibility to decide the courses they will offer and the number of students they will admit. This, combined with an entitlement for all qualified students, is the most responsive and appropriate policy option in circumstances where we must raise participation urgently and do so from among groups which have traditionally failed to participate.\n- Transforming Australia's Higher Education Sector, p.xivOther key recommendations were:additional higher targets for participation in higher education amongst students from low socio-economic backgrounds\na massive upgrade of university and TAFE infrastructure\nestablishing the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) to enhance quality and support accreditation\nincrease student income support for students from low socio-economic backgrounds to better enable these students to access higher education\nadditional support to regional tertiary education provision\ndeveloping better pathways between the higher education and vocational education and training sectorsIn the 2009 Budget, the Australian Government announced funds to support higher education and research over four years in a response to the Bradley Review, Transforming Australia's Higher Education System. The purpose of the funds allocation was to \"support high quality teaching and learning, improve access and outcomes for students from low socio-economic backgrounds, build new links between universities and disadvantaged schools, reward institutions for meeting agreed quality and equity outcomes, improve resourcing for research and invest in world class tertiary education infrastructure\".[5]","title":"The Final Report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commonwealth Supported Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_supported_places"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Turnbull Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnbull_government"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Productivity Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_Commission"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Following the Bradley Review, the Gillard Government implemented the demand driven system where Commonwealth Supported Places for domestic students to study undergraduate degrees at Australian universities were uncapped. This means every domestic bachelor student that a university enrolled would trigger Commonwealth funding for that student place. Universities could now choose to enrol as many students as they wanted (and could attract) and continue receiving funding for each place, while prior to this they only received funding for places up to a cap.[6] The demand driven system saw a rapid expansion in bachelor places being provided after its phase in between 2010 and 2012, before it was ended in 2018 by the Turnbull Government.[7]A Productivity Commission report in 2019 found it had a \"mixed report card\"; while it did allow a significant expansion in higher education provision especially for students from low socio-economic backgrounds, there was little improvement for regional or remote and Indigenous young people, and the additional students the system admitted dropped out at higher rates (21% of additional students had dropped out by age 23 compared to 12% of other students). The higher attrition rate was ascribed to poorer academic preparation and inadequate support for these additional students once they had commenced study.[8]","title":"The Demand Driven System"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Review of Australian Higher Education: final report [Bradley review] \| VOCEDplus, the international tertiary education and research database\". www.voced.edu.au. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv:32134","url_text":"\"Review of Australian Higher Education: final report [Bradley review] \| VOCEDplus, the international tertiary education and research database\""}]},{"reference":"\"08 222 Review AusHEd Internals 100pp FINAL WEB\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2014-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140213202421/http://www.innovation.gov.au/HigherEducation/Pages/Library%20Card/Review/PDF/08_222_Review_AusHEd_Internals_100pp_FINAL_WEB.aspx","url_text":"\"08 222 Review AusHEd Internals 100pp FINAL WEB\""},{"url":"http://www.innovation.gov.au/HigherEducation/Pages/Library%20Card/Review/PDF/08_222_Review_AusHEd_Internals_100pp_FINAL_WEB.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Transforming Australia's Higher Education System\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-08. Retrieved 2014-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140208214132/http://www.innovation.gov.au/HigherEducation/ResourcesAndPublications/TransformingAustraliasHigherEducationSystem/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Transforming Australia's Higher Education System\""},{"url":"http://www.innovation.gov.au/highereducation/ResourcesAndPublications/TransformingAustraliasHigherEducationSystem/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Australian Higher Education\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-06. Retrieved 2014-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140206171827/http://www.innovation.gov.au/highereducation/ResourcesAndPublications/ReviewOfAustralianHigherEducation/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Review of Australian Higher Education\""},{"url":"http://www.innovation.gov.au/highereducation/ResourcesAndPublications/ReviewOfAustralianHigherEducation/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McMillen, Caroline. \"A Vice-Chancellor's defence of the uncapped university system\". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/a-vice-chancellors-defence-of-the-uncapped-university-system-18639","url_text":"\"A Vice-Chancellor's defence of the uncapped university system\""}]},{"reference":"Yezdani, Omer. \"Capping university places will mean a less skilled and diverse workforce\". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/capping-university-places-will-mean-a-less-skilled-and-diverse-workforce-95525","url_text":"\"Capping university places will mean a less skilled and diverse workforce\""}]},{"reference":"Productivity Commission (2019-06-17). \"The Demand Driven University System: A mixed report card - Commission Research Paper\". www.pc.gov.au. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/university-report-card","url_text":"\"The Demand Driven University System: A mixed report card - Commission Research Paper\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv:32134","external_links_name":"\"Review of Australian Higher Education: final report [Bradley review] \| VOCEDplus, the international tertiary education and research database\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140213202421/http://www.innovation.gov.au/HigherEducation/Pages/Library%20Card/Review/PDF/08_222_Review_AusHEd_Internals_100pp_FINAL_WEB.aspx","external_links_name":"\"08 222 Review AusHEd Internals 100pp FINAL WEB\""},{"Link":"http://www.innovation.gov.au/HigherEducation/Pages/Library%20Card/Review/PDF/08_222_Review_AusHEd_Internals_100pp_FINAL_WEB.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140208214132/http://www.innovation.gov.au/HigherEducation/ResourcesAndPublications/TransformingAustraliasHigherEducationSystem/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Transforming Australia's Higher Education System\""},{"Link":"http://www.innovation.gov.au/highereducation/ResourcesAndPublications/TransformingAustraliasHigherEducationSystem/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/opinion/unpicking-the-bradley-report/story-e6frgcko-1111118880366","external_links_name":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/opinion/unpicking-the-bradley-report/story-e6frgcko-1111118880366"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140206171827/http://www.innovation.gov.au/highereducation/ResourcesAndPublications/ReviewOfAustralianHigherEducation/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Review of Australian Higher Education\""},{"Link":"http://www.innovation.gov.au/highereducation/ResourcesAndPublications/ReviewOfAustralianHigherEducation/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/a-vice-chancellors-defence-of-the-uncapped-university-system-18639","external_links_name":"\"A Vice-Chancellor's defence of the uncapped university system\""},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/capping-university-places-will-mean-a-less-skilled-and-diverse-workforce-95525","external_links_name":"\"Capping university places will mean a less skilled and diverse workforce\""},{"Link":"https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/university-report-card","external_links_name":"\"The Demand Driven University System: A mixed report card - Commission Research Paper\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_68_of_the_Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong	Hong Kong Basic Law	["1 History","2 Basic principles","3 Autonomy under Chinese sovereignty","3.1 Central government agencies in Hong Kong","3.2 Effect of national laws","3.3 National security law","4 Fundamental rights and duties","4.1 Civil rights","4.2 Political rights","5 Political structure","6 External affairs","7 Interpretation","7.1 Legal principles","7.2 Disputes from interpretation","8 Amendment","8.1 Annexes I and II","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Organic law of the Hong Kong SAR Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of ChinaThe cover of the Basic Law, published by the Constitutional and Mainland Affairs BureauOverviewJurisdictionHong KongSubordinate toConstitution of the People's Republic of ChinaCreated4 April 1990Date effective1 July 1997Author(s)Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting CommitteeSignatoriesYang Shangkun, President of the People's Republic of China Hong Kong Basic LawChinese香港基本法TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXiānggǎng JīběnfǎYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationHēung góng gēi bún faatJyutpingHoeng1 gong2 gei1 bun2 faat3Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of ChinaTraditional Chinese中華人民共和國香港特別行政區基本法Simplified Chinese中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōnghúa Rénmín Gònghéguó Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū JīběnfǎYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationJūng wàh yàhn màhn guhn gwòh gwok Hēung góng dahk biht hàhng jing kēui gēi bún faatJyutpingZung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3 Hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1 gei1 bun2 faat3 Politics and government of Hong Kong Laws Basic Law Drafting Committee Consultative Committee Article 23 (national security laws) 2020 law 2024 law Article 45 Article 46 Article 69 One country, two systems Sino–British Joint Declaration Criminal law Capital punishment in Hong Kong Criminal procedure Jury system Law enforcement in Hong Kong Human rights LGBT rights in Hong Kong Internet censorship in Hong Kong Executive Chief Executive: John Lee Office of the Chief Executive Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR Principal officials Chief Secretary: Eric Chan Financial Secretary: Paul Chan Secretary for Justice: Paul Lam Executive Council Convenor: Regina Ip Government Secretariat and Government agencies Civil Service Bureau Joint Secretariat for the Advisory Bodies on Civil Service and Judicial Salaries and Conditions of Service Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau Registration and Electoral Office Offices in the Mainland and Taiwan Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau Leisure and Cultural Services Department Tourism Commission Education Bureau University Grants Committee Secretariat Working Family and Student Financial Assistance Agency Environment and Ecology Bureau Environmental Protection Department Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Food and Environmental Hygiene Department Hong Kong Observatory Government Laboratory Health Bureau Department of Health Home and Youth Affairs Bureau Home Affairs Department Information Services Department Labour and Welfare Bureau Social Welfare Department Security Bureau Hong Kong Police Force Hong Kong Fire Services Department Hong Kong Correctional Services Customs and Excise Department Immigration Department Government Flying Service Civil Aid Service Auxiliary Medical Service Transport and Logistics Bureau Transport Department Civil Aviation Department Highways Department Marine Department Housing Bureau Housing Department Commerce and Economic Development Bureau Intellectual Property Department Invest Hong Kong Office of the Communications Authority Post Office Trade and Industry Department Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices (Overseas) Radio Television Hong Kong Development Bureau Architectural Services Department Buildings Department Civil Engineering and Development Department 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Comprising nine chapters, 160 articles and three annexes, the Basic Law was composed to implement Annex I of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration.: 91 The Basic Law was enacted under the Constitution of China when it was adopted by the National People's Congress on 4 April 1990 and came into effect on 1 July 1997 after the handover of Hong Kong. It replaced Hong Kong's colonial constitution of the Letters Patent and the Royal Instructions. Drafted on the basis of the Joint Declaration, the Basic Law lays out the basic policies of China on Hong Kong, including the "one country, two systems" principle, such that the socialist governance and economic system then practised in mainland China would not be extended to Hong Kong. Instead, Hong Kong would continue its capitalist system and way of life until 2047. The Basic Law also sets out the sources of law, the relationship between Hong Kong and the Central Government (State Council), the fundamental rights and duties of Hong Kong residents and the branches of local government. History Shortly after the Sino–British Joint Declaration was signed, the National People's Congress set up the Basic Law Drafting Committee (BLDC) in 1985, setting the basis of the transfer of sovereignty in Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China.: 444 The committee was responsible for writing the draft Basic Law. In June 1985, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) approved the membership of the BLDC, which consisted of 36 members from China and 23 members from Hong Kong,: 444 chaired by Chinese diplomat Ji Pengfei. Twelve of the 23 members from Hong Kong were connected to the city's business and industrial sectors.: 11 : 444 A Basic Law Consultative Committee (BLCC) consisting of Hong Kong community leaders was also established in 1985 to collect views in Hong Kong on the draft law. Similar to the BLDC, the BLCC was also dominated by business and professional elites.: 174 The first draft was published in April 1988 followed by a five-month public consultation. The second draft was published in February 1989, and the subsequent consultation period ended in October 1989. The Basic Law was promulgated on 4 April 1990 by the National People's Congress, together with the designs for the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem of the HKSAR. On 4 June 1989, the BLDC's only two members representing the nascent pro-democracy camp, Martin Lee and Szeto Wah, declared that they would suspend their participation after the military crackdown of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.: 23 In September 1989, Lee announced that he would return to the BLDC after being urged to do so by many in Hong Kong.: 23 However, in October, Beijing expelled Lee and Szeto from the BLDC as "subversives".: 15 Lee and Szeto had voiced support for student activists in Beijing and had led the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, an organisation instrumental in assisting political dissidents leave China after the military crackdown on 4 June.: 131–132 Basic principles The basic principles of Hong Kong's governance under Chinese sovereignty mirror those in the Sino-British Joint Declaration, and most of them are set out in the first chapter of the Basic Law. The NPCSC has identified Articles 1 and 12 as the fundamental provisions of the Basic Law. Article 1 declares Hong Kong as a part of the People's Republic of China, but it maintains legal and political systems distinct from those in mainland China until 2047. Hong Kong has a high degree of autonomy and maintains its own executive, legislative and judicial branches. Judicial power includes the power of final adjudication, which replaces the colonial judicial recourse of appealing to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom with appeals to the Court of Final Appeal. The Hong Kong national security law incorporated into Annex III of the Basic Law overrides incompatible local ordinances and allows mainland Chinese courts to preside over cases that involve certain national security crimes. Article 5 requires that the socialist system and policies to not be practised in Hong Kong and the capitalist system and way of life before the handover remain for 50 years after the handover, or 2047. The common law, rules of equity, ordinances, subsidiary legislation and customary law that govern certain land rights in the New Territories that were in force before the handover are maintained, except for any that contravene the Basic Law and subject to any amendment by the legislature. Article 12 declares that Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of autonomy and comes directly under the Central People's Government. Private ownership of property is also a right protected in Hong Kong. Although the Basic Law was drafted to give effect to "One Country, Two Systems", on 10 June 2014, Beijing released a policy report asserting its authority over Hong Kong that started a conflict between "one country" and "two systems" by stating that the interests of China ("one country") should prevail over Hong Kong's constitutional autonomy ("two systems"). This ignited criticism from many people in Hong Kong, who said that the Communist leadership was undermining the Basic Law Article 8, in that it was reneging on its pledges to abide by the policy that allows for a democratic, autonomous Hong Kong under Beijing's rule. Autonomy under Chinese sovereignty The Basic Law guarantees Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy under Chinese rule, with the exception of foreign affairs and defence which remains the purview of the Central People's Government. Central government agencies in Hong Kong Four agencies of the central government operate in Hong Kong. The Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established under Article 13 of the Basic Law and began operating after the handover. The Liaison Office of the Central People's Government replaced in 2000 the Hong Kong branch of Xinhua News Agency, which served as the de facto diplomatic mission of China to Hong Kong since 1947. The Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army began operating after the handover. The Office for Safeguarding National Security was established in June 2020 under the Hong Kong National Security Law. Article 22 states that "no department of the Central People's Government and no province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government may interfere in the affairs which the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region administers on its own in accordance with this Law". In April 2020, the provision sparked a debate after the Liaison Office and the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office criticised pro-democratic legislators for delaying the election of the chairperson of the Legislative Council House Committee. Pro-democratic legislators said the offices violated Article 22 by commenting on the election of a chairperson in the local legislature. In response, the Liaison Office said both itself and the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office are not subject to Article 22 because they were authorised by central authorities to specialize in handling Hong Kong affairs and not what are commonly meant by "departments under the Central People’s Government". On the website of the State Council of China, a.k.a. the Central People's Government, the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office (国务院港澳事务办公室) and Xinhua News Agency (新华通讯社), whose Hong Kong branch was predecessor to the Liaison Office, are listed among institutions separate from the constituent departments of the State Council (国务院组成部门). Zhang Xiaoming has also said the Office of the National Security Commissioner is not subject to the restrictions in Article 22. Effect of national laws Except the Basic Law and the Constitution,: 124 national laws are not enforced in Hong Kong unless they are listed in Annex III and applied by local promulgation or legislation. When national laws are enacted locally by the Legislative Council, the local version adapts to the context of Hong Kong for the national law to have full effect.: para. 18.2 The NPCSC has the power to amend legislation included in Annex III after consulting its Basic Law committee and the Hong Kong government. Laws in Annex III must be those related to foreign affairs, national defence or matters not within Hong Kong's autonomy. As of June 2020, Annex III includes laws on the designation of capital, national flag and anthem, territorial claims, nationality, diplomatic privileges and immunity, garrisoning of the People's Liberation Army and crimes involving national security. In May 2020, the National People's Congress announced that the NPCSC would enact a national security law tailored for Hong Kong in response to the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. The law was added to Annex III and promulgated without being passed in the Legislative Council. National laws can be applied if they only affect an area in Hong Kong. In 2018, the Hong Kong West Kowloon station of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link was completed to include a section where mainland Chinese officials are allowed to exercise Chinese laws, an arrangement that intended to reduce the time needed for immigration. The effectiveness of Chinese law inside Hong Kong territory was challenged in the same year in the Court of First Instance. The court ruled that the Basic Law is a flexible constitution and as such can be interpreted for the needs of economic integration; the arrangement of having mainland Chinese laws in Hong Kong for the purposes of customs, immigration and quarantine does not contravene the "one country, two systems" principle.: para. 18.3 National security law Article 23 requires Hong Kong to enact local national security laws that prohibit treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the central government, theft of state secrets and foreign organisations from conducting political activities in Hong Kong. In 2003, the Hong Kong government tabled the National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003, which triggered widespread protest. The proposed legislation gave more power to the police, such as not requiring a search warrant to search the home of a suspected terrorist. After the demonstrations and the withdrawal by the Liberal Party of their support for the bill, the government shelved the bill indefinitely. Fundamental rights and duties The rights of Hong Kong residents are guaranteed by chapter 3 of the Basic Law. Article 39 also applies provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and international labour conventions that was in force in Hong Kong before the handover. While the most parts of the ICCPR is ratified as the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance in largely identical language,: 527 no equivalent legislation was made to implement the ICESCR. Civil rights Hong Kong residents are equal before the law. Hong Kong residents have, among other things, freedom of speech, freedom of the press and of publication; freedom of association, freedom of assembly, freedom of procession, of demonstration, of communication, of movement, of conscience, of religious belief, and of marriage; and the right and freedom to form and join trade unions, and to strike. The freedom of the person of Hong Kong residents shall be inviolable. No Hong Kong resident can be arbitrarily or unlawfully arrested, detained or imprisoned. Arbitrary or unlawful search of the body of any resident, deprivation or restriction of the freedom of the person are also prohibited. Torture of any resident and arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of the life of any resident shall be prohibited. In late 2015, five staff members of a bookshop selling books and magazines banned in mainland China disappeared (see Causeway Bay Books disappearances). At least two of them disappeared while in mainland China, one while in Thailand. One member was last seen in Hong Kong, eventually reappearing in Shenzhen, across the Chinese border, without the necessary travel documents. While reaction to the October disappearances was muted, as unexplained disappearances and lengthy extrajudicial detentions are known to occur in mainland China, the unprecedented disappearance of a person from Hong Kong, and the bizarre events surrounding it, shocked the city and crystallised international concern over the possible abduction of Hong Kong citizens by Chinese public security bureau officials and their likely rendition, in violation of several articles of the Basic Law and the one country, two systems principle. The widespread suspicion that they were under detention in mainland China was later confirmed with apparently scripted video "confessions" and assurances by the men that they were remaining in China of their own accord. In June 2016, one of the five, Lam Wing-kee, revealed in a dramatic press conference that he and the others had been held without due process and that Lee Po had indeed been illegally abducted from Hong Kong, all by a shadowy 'Central Investigation Team' ("中央專案組" or "中央調查組"). Article 95 provides for mutual judicial assistance between Hong Kong and the PRC; however, serious stumbling blocks, such as capital punishment stand in the way of a formal understanding of extradition. Additionally, HKSAR authorities have ruled that Articles 6 and 7 of the PRC Criminal Code does not give Hong Kong sole jurisdiction in criminal matters, particularly when a crime is committed across provincial or SAR borders. The current status quo is that Hong Kong will ask for the return of Hong Kong residents who have committed crimes in Hong Kong and are arrested in the mainland. A mainlander who commits a crime in Hong Kong and flees back to the mainland, however, will be tried in the mainland. In cases of concurrent jurisdiction, the Central Government has demanded that the trial be held in the mainland. Prominent authorities, such as Albert Chen, a professor, and Gladys Li, chairman of justice of the Hong Kong section of the International Commission of Jurists, feel that this situation has serious ramifications for judicial independence in Hong Kong. Political rights Permanent residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region have the right to vote and stand for election in accordance with the Basic Law. Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as applied to Hong Kong when the Basic Law came into effect were allowed to remain in force. Article 45 stipulates that the Chief Executive shall be selected by election or through local consultations and be appointed by the Central People's Government, with the ultimate aim of selection by universal suffrage upon nomination by a representative committee under democratic procedures.": 190 However, Hong Kong has yet to implement universal suffrage for the elections, because the Basic Law states that the electoral method are subject to the "actual situation" of Hong Kong and "the principle of gradual and orderly progress". Whether the 2007 Chief Executive election and the 2008 Legislative Council elections could be performed by universal suffrage was determined on 26 April 2004, when the NPCSC ruled out the possibility as it deemed Hong Kong not mature enough for such elections. In 2014, the 31 August Decision by the NPCSC stated that starting from 2017, the selection of the Chief Executive may be implemented by universal suffrage upon nomination of candidates by a broadly representative committee and subject to appointment by the Central People's Government. It went on to state that such a person must love the country and love Hong Kong and that safeguards for this purpose should be provided for by the specific method of universal suffrage, without specifying what the safeguards were to be. The reform proposal encompassing this and other changes was rejected by the Legislative Council on June 18, 2015, after an ill-timed walk-out by many pro-establishment legislators. Political structure The courts of Hong Kong are given the power to review acts of the executive or legislature and declare them invalid if they are inconsistent with the Basic Law. The Chief Executive of Hong Kong can be selected by election or through consultations held locally and be appointed by the Central People's Government. The term of the Chief Executive after their predecessor resigns was a question that emerged after Tung Chee-hwa resigned on 10 March 2005. The legal community and the pro-democracy camp said the term of the new Chief Executive should be five years, according to Article 46. However, the Hong Kong government, some Beijing figures and the pro-Beijing camp said that it should be the remaining term of the original Chief Executive, by a technicality in the Chinese version of the Basic Law, introducing the remaining term concept. The Hong Kong government sought an interpretation from the NPCSC on 6 April 2005. The NPCSC ruled on 27 April 2005 that the Annex I of the Basic Law requires that if any Chief Executive should resign on or before 2007, the new Chief Executive should serve out the remainder of his predecessor's term. Hong Kong residents who favour autonomy view the "interpretation" from the Standing Committee as an intrusion into the Hong Kong legal system by the central government in violation of the spirit of the One Country, Two Systems policy, compromising the rule of law. The Basic Law also guarantees the welfare and benefits of civil servants. According to the Article 100 of the Basic Law, the civil servants may remain in employment with pay, allowances, benefits and conditions of service no less favourable than before the handover. Article 107 stated the SAR Government should follow the principle of keeping the expenditure within the limits of revenues in drawing up its budget. Whether pay-cuts for civil servants and having a deficit budget are allowed under the Basic Law had been raised. During the economic downturn after 1997, there was a growing fiscal deficit (and, in 2007/08 a record surplus). The government imposed a pay-cut on the Civil Service during the economic downturn, and then sharply increased salaries during the recovery. External affairs The Basic Law provides the Hong Kong government limited power to engage in international affairs. Under the name "Hong Kong, China", the Hong Kong government can enter into bilateral agreements with non-Chinese regions and international organisations related to certain fields, including commerce, trade, communications, culture, tourism and sports. As members of a Chinese delegation, government representatives can also engage in diplomatic negotiations and participate in international organisations and conferences that directly affect Hong Kong. Interpretation The Basic Law can be interpreted by Hong Kong courts in the course of adjudication and by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). As of 7 November 2016, the NPCSC has interpreted the Basic Law on five occasions: Interpretation regarding Articles 22(4) and 24(2)(3) of the Basic Law, adopted on 26 June 1999 with relations to the right of abode; Interpretation regarding Annex I(7) and Annex II(III) to the Basic Law, adopted on April 6, 2004, over the procedure of amending the electoral methods of the Chief Executive and Legislative Council; Interpretation regarding the Second Paragraph in Article 53, adopted on April 27, 2005, regarding the term of office of a new Chief Executive succeeding a resigned predecessor; Interpretation regarding the First Paragraph of Article 13 and Article 19 of the Basic Law, adopted on August 26, 2011, before the Court of Final Appeal hands down its judgment on Democratic Republic of Congo v FG Hemisphere Associates LLC ; and Interpretation of Article 104 of the Basic Law, adopted on 7 November 2016), regarding the requirements of lawful oaths and affirmations surrounding the oath-taking controversy over newly elected LegCo members. Of the five interpretations to date, only one interpretation was sought by the Court of Final Appeal (CFA). The interpretation was requested in the 2011 case of Democratic Republic of Congo v FG Hemisphere Associates LLC and it concerned the jurisdiction of Hong Kong courts over acts of state, among other matters. The Government of Hong Kong sought two NPCSC interpretations on Basic Law provisions regarding the right of abode and the term of office of a new Chief Executive after his predecessor has resigned before the end of his term, in 1999 and 2005 respectively. The NPCSC had also interpreted the Basic Law twice on its own initiative, without being requested by any branch of government in Hong Kong. The first of the two occurred in 2004, and concerned the amendment of the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council election methods for 2007 and 2008 respectively. The second was issued in November 2016 on the substantive requirements of lawful oaths and affirmations as stipulated in Article 104 of the Basic Law. As interpretations by the NPCSC are not retroactive, an interpretation on the Basic Law does not affect cases that have already been adjudicated. Legal principles The basic principles for interpreting the Basic Law are described in Article 158 and case law. According to Article 158(1), the NPCSC has the power of final interpretation. This is consistent with the NPCSC's general power to interpret Chinese national laws as provided by Article 67(4) of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.: 222 As a national law, the Basic Law was drafted in Chinese, and its Chinese version takes precedence over the official English version when discrepancies arise.: 408 Before interpreting the Basic Law, the NPCSC must consult its subcommittee, the Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Hong Kong courts may also interpret the Basic Law when adjudicating cases, when the provisions addressed are within Hong Kong's autonomy. Hong Kong courts can also interpret provisions on matters the Central People's Government is responsible for or those related to the relationship between the Central government and Hong Kong, provided that the case is being heard by the CFA, that the interpretation will affect the judgments of the case, and that the CFA has sought a binding NPCSC interpretation on the matter. To decide whether an NPCSC interpretation should be sought, the CFA applies a two-stage approach based on Article 158(3) formulated in Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration. The first stage concerns the "classification condition", which is satisfied if the provision to be interpreted concerns either affairs within the responsibility of the Central People's Government or the relationship between the Central Authorities and Hong Kong.: 32–33 Provisions satisfying the classification condition are "excluded provisions", suggesting that they cannot be interpreted by the CFA. When the court needs to refer to an excluded provision to construe a non-excluded provision, the CFA is not required to request an NPCSC interpretation on the excluded provision. Instead, the CFA applies the "predominant test", in which the court asks which provision is predominantly the one needed to be interpreted in the present adjudication.: 33 The second test concerns whether the "necessity condition" is satisfied. The condition is satisfied when the court needs the excluded provision to be interpreted and that the interpretation will affect the judgment on the case.: 30–31 Hong Kong courts use the purposive approach to interpret the Basic Law. Since Hong Kong's legal system is separate from that of mainland China, its courts are bound to adopt the common law approach to interpretation.: 222 The courts construe the Basic Law's language to consider the provisions' context and purpose by finding its legislative intent;: 223–224 the legislator's intent alone is not considered the legislative intent.: 223 Ambiguities are resolved by accounting for the principles and purposes stated in the Chinese Constitution and other materials.: 28 Yet, the courts treat the Basic Law as a "living instrument" that adapts to changing needs and circumstances.: 28 : 125 While Hong Kong courts account for the historical context of the Basic Law, they also consider "new social, political and historical realities".: 563 Disputes from interpretation The interpretation of the Basic Law by the Hong Kong courts and the NPCSC is politically contentious. Albert Chen has described NPCSC interpretations as the "major cause of constitutional controversies" since the handover.: 632 The constitutional powers of the Hong Kong judiciary was first contested in HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwan, which was decided by the Court of Appeal 28 days after the handover. The applicants argued the Provisional Legislative Council established unilaterally before the handover was unlawful, and the laws it enacted were void. The court dismissed this argument. Among other reasons, the court held that as a local court it had no power to review an act of a sovereign authority.: 633 The court reasoned that since Article 19 of the Basic Law did not expand its judicial powers and it had no power to review the validity of a sovereign act under colonial rule, it did not hold such power after the handover.: 633 While Justice Gerald Nazareth agreed with the majority decision, he questioned whether the constitutional order of China and that of the United Kingdom were analogous. He also noted the Chinese constitution was not reviewed in detail during the trial.: 352–353 Johannes Chan commented that the lack of judicial review power to review acts of Parliament reflected parliamentary supremacy, a doctrine borne out of unwritten constitutional systems.: 376 Since China has a written constitution and the Basic Law describes the relationship between Hong Kong and the central government unlike the colonial Letters Patent and the Royal Instructions, Chan questioned whether parliamentary supremacy fully applies in Hong Kong after 1997.: 377 In the Ng Ka Ling case, the CFA tried to assert it has powers to review acts of the National People's Congress (NPC) or the NPCSC to determine whether they are consistent with the Basic Law.: 635 The Hong Kong government later sought an interpretation of Articles 22 and 24 from the NPCSC to avoid a potential influx of over a million mainland Chinese migrants (according to government estimates) into Hong Kong. This has triggered a debate on judicial independence in Hong Kong. Amendment Article 159 sets out the amendment process, and gives the National People's Congress the sole power to amend it. Amendments can be proposed by either the NPCSC, the State Council, or Hong Kong. For Hong Kong to propose amendments, the amendments first need the support of two-thirds of the Hong Kong Legislative Council, two-thirds of the deputies representing Hong Kong in the National People's Congress, and the approval of Hong Kong's Chief Executive. All proposals needs to be reviewed by the Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and no amendments can "contravene the established basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong". It might be argued that interpretations of the Basic Law by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress are effectively “amendments” to the Basic Law. The Hong Kong Court has nonetheless found NPCSC interpretations to have "supplementary” legislative effects in a manner consistent with Chinese jurisprudence. Similarly, the NPCSC's interpretive power could be used to modify a nearly unrestricted range of local laws without recourse by either the HKSAR courts or Government. Annexes I and II According to Annexes I and II of the Basic Law adopted in April 1990, amendments could be made to the methods for selecting the Chief Executive and forming the Legislative Council for the terms subsequent to the year 2007 with the endorsement of a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Legislative Council and the consent of the Chief Executive. Amendments should then be reported to the NPCSC for approval or for the record. In the NPCSC interpretation to the Basic Law adopted on April 6, 2004, the NPCSC stipulated the “five steps” of initiating political reform under Annexes I and II of the Basic Law: the Chief Executive submit a report on whether there is a need to amend the methods for selecting the CE for forming LegCo the Chairman of NPCSC; the NPCSC make a decision approving or vetoing amendments to electoral methods of the CE or LegCo; the HKSAR Government submit a motion concerning amendments of Annexes I and II to LegCo; LegCo approve of the motion concerning amendments with a two-thirds majority of all the members, and the CE give formal assent; and the NPCSC approve and file for record amendments to Annexes I and II. Under the NPCSC's 2021 amendment of Annexes I and II, the NPCSC now exercises the power to amend Annexes I and II of the Basic Law. The “five steps” of initiating political reform by the HKSAR were no longer in force. 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The New York Times. 5 January 2016. ^ a b Ilaria Maria Sala (7 January 2016). "Hong Kong bookshops pull politically sensitive titles after publishers vanish". The Guardian. ^ "Unanswered questions about the missing booksellers". EJ Insight. 5 January 2016. ^ All in it together: The bookseller’s ordeal in China could happen to any of us, HKFP, 20 June 2016 ^ Article 26, Basic Law. ^ Article 21, Hong Kong Bill of Rights. ^ "Full Text of the Constitution and the Basic Law - chapter (4)". The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2021. Article 45. The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be selected by election or through consultations held locally and be appointed by the Central People's Government. The method for selecting the Chief Executive shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress. The ultimate aim is the selection of the Chief Executive by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representative nominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures. The specific method for selecting the Chief Executive is prescribed in Annex I: Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. ^ Chen, Albert H.Y. (2016). "The Law and Politics of the Struggle for Universal Suffrage in Hong Kong, 2013–15". Asian Journal of Law and Society. 3 (1): 189–207. doi:10.1017/als.2015.21. ^ Articles 45(2) and 68(2), Basic Law. ^ Leung, Ambrose (27 April 2004). "HK lacks maturity for direct elections, state officials rule". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ a b "Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Issues Relating to the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region by Universal Suffrage and on the Method for Forming the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in the Year 2016 (Adopted at the Tenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress on 31 August 2014)" (PDF). The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2021. ^ 政改否決：建制派拉隊離場東網3分鐘實錄 . On.cc 東網. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2021. 其後，林突然站起，呼籲建制派議員walk out(離開議事廳)，期望透過點算法定人數，爭取時間，讓劉皇發能及時趕回投票。民建聯即響應拉大隊離場，新民黨及大部分工聯會議員見狀亦跟隨離開，惟同屬工聯會的陳婉嫻(嫻姐)，以及自由黨議員卻仍然坐於座位上，未有跟隊。 ^ Basic Law, Article 151. ^ Basic Law, Articles 150 and 152. ^ a b c d e Chen, Albert H. Y. (2006). "Constitutional Adjudication in Post-1997 Hong Kong". Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal. 15 (3): 627–682. ^ Ramsden, Michael; Hargreaves, Stuart (2019). Hong Kong Basic Law Handbook (2nd ed.). Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell/Thomson Reuter. ^ a b c Basic Law, Article 158(3). ^ a b c d Director of Immigration v Chong Fung Yuen (2001) 4 HKCFAR 211. ^ Chan, Johannes (2007). "Basic Law and Constitutional Review: The First Decade" (PDF). Hong Kong Law Journal. 37 (2): 407–447. ^ Basic Law, Article 158(4). ^ a b c d e Ng Ka Ling & Others v Director of Immigration (1999) 2 HKCFAR 4. ^ W v Registrar of Marriages 3 HKLRD 90 (CFA). ^ Leung Sze Ho Albert v Bar Council of Hong Kong Bar Association 5 HKLRD 542 (CA). ^ a b HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwan, David & Others HKLRD 761 (CA). ^ a b Chan, Johannes (1997). "The Jurisdiction and Legality of the Provisional Legislative Council". Hong Kong Law Journal. 27 (3): 374–387. ^ "Chapter VIII Interpretation and Amendment of the Basic Law". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ Ramsden & Hargreaves 2019. ^ "Interpretation by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Regarding Annex I (7) and Annex II (III) to the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". Hong Kong e-Legislation. Retrieved 3 February 2022. 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Law	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"organic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_law"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Annex I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration#Annex_I:_Chinese_basic_policies_for_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Sino-British Joint Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lo2020-3"},{"link_name":"Constitution of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"handover of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Letters Patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Letters_Patent"},{"link_name":"Royal Instructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Royal_Instructions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"one country, two systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"capitalist system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_system"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Central Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"}],"text":"The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is a national law of China that serves as the organic law for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR).[1][2] Comprising nine chapters, 160 articles and three annexes, the Basic Law was composed to implement Annex I of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration.[3]: 91The Basic Law was enacted under the Constitution of China when it was adopted by the National People's Congress on 4 April 1990 and came into effect on 1 July 1997 after the handover of Hong Kong. It replaced Hong Kong's colonial constitution of the Letters Patent and the Royal Instructions.[4]Drafted on the basis of the Joint Declaration, the Basic Law lays out the basic policies of China on Hong Kong, including the \"one country, two systems\" principle, such that the socialist governance and economic system then practised in mainland China would not be extended to Hong Kong. Instead, Hong Kong would continue its capitalist system and way of life until 2047.[5] The Basic Law also sets out the sources of law, the relationship between Hong Kong and the Central Government (State Council), the fundamental rights and duties of Hong Kong residents and the branches of local government.","title":"Hong Kong Basic Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sino–British Joint Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93British_Joint_Declaration"},{"link_name":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"Basic Law Drafting Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Drafting_Committee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheng1989-6"},{"link_name":"Standing Committee of the National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheng1989-6"},{"link_name":"Ji Pengfei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Pengfei"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lo1992-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheng1989-6"},{"link_name":"Basic Law Consultative Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Consultative_Committee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chu2000-8"},{"link_name":"Regional Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Flag_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"Regional Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Emblem_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"pro-democracy camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Martin Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lee"},{"link_name":"Szeto Wah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeto_Wah"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square protests of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lo1992-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lo1992-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lo1992-7"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_in_China"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang1992-9"}],"text":"Shortly after the Sino–British Joint Declaration was signed, the National People's Congress set up the Basic Law Drafting Committee (BLDC) in 1985, setting the basis of the transfer of sovereignty in Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China.[6]: 444 The committee was responsible for writing the draft Basic Law. In June 1985, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) approved the membership of the BLDC, which consisted of 36 members from China and 23 members from Hong Kong,[6]: 444 chaired by Chinese diplomat Ji Pengfei. Twelve of the 23 members from Hong Kong were connected to the city's business and industrial sectors.[7]: 11 [6]: 444A Basic Law Consultative Committee (BLCC) consisting of Hong Kong community leaders was also established in 1985 to collect views in Hong Kong on the draft law. Similar to the BLDC, the BLCC was also dominated by business and professional elites.[8]: 174The first draft was published in April 1988 followed by a five-month public consultation. The second draft was published in February 1989, and the subsequent consultation period ended in October 1989. The Basic Law was promulgated on 4 April 1990 by the National People's Congress, together with the designs for the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem of the HKSAR.On 4 June 1989, the BLDC's only two members representing the nascent pro-democracy camp, Martin Lee and Szeto Wah, declared that they would suspend their participation after the military crackdown of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[7]: 23 In September 1989, Lee announced that he would return to the BLDC after being urged to do so by many in Hong Kong.[7]: 23 However, in October, Beijing expelled Lee and Szeto from the BLDC as \"subversives\".[7]: 15 Lee and Szeto had voiced support for student activists in Beijing and had led the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, an organisation instrumental in assisting political dissidents leave China after the military crackdown on 4 June.[9]: 131–132","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chap1-12"},{"link_name":"Judicial Committee of the Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"Court of Final Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong national security law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chap1-12"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(law)"},{"link_name":"subsidiary legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary_legislation_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"customary law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law"},{"link_name":"New Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Territories"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chap1-12"},{"link_name":"property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chap1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Full_text-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The basic principles of Hong Kong's governance under Chinese sovereignty mirror those in the Sino-British Joint Declaration, and most of them are set out in the first chapter of the Basic Law. The NPCSC has identified Articles 1 and 12 as the fundamental provisions of the Basic Law.[10]Article 1 declares Hong Kong as a part of the People's Republic of China, but it maintains legal and political systems distinct from those in mainland China until 2047.[11] Hong Kong has a high degree of autonomy and maintains its own executive, legislative and judicial branches.[12] Judicial power includes the power of final adjudication, which replaces the colonial judicial recourse of appealing to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom with appeals to the Court of Final Appeal. The Hong Kong national security law incorporated into Annex III of the Basic Law overrides incompatible local ordinances and allows mainland Chinese courts to preside over cases that involve certain national security crimes.Article 5 requires that the socialist system and policies to not be practised in Hong Kong and the capitalist system and way of life before the handover remain for 50 years after the handover, or 2047.[12] The common law, rules of equity, ordinances, subsidiary legislation and customary law that govern certain land rights in the New Territories that were in force before the handover are maintained, except for any that contravene the Basic Law and subject to any amendment by the legislature.[12]Article 12 declares that Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of autonomy and comes directly under the Central People's Government.Private ownership of property is also a right protected in Hong Kong.[12]Although the Basic Law was drafted to give effect to \"One Country, Two Systems\", on 10 June 2014, Beijing released a policy report asserting its authority over Hong Kong that started a conflict between \"one country\" and \"two systems\" by stating that the interests of China (\"one country\") should prevail over Hong Kong's constitutional autonomy (\"two systems\").[13] This ignited criticism from many people in Hong Kong, who said that the Communist leadership was undermining the Basic Law Article 8, in that it was reneging on its pledges to abide by the policy that allows for a democratic, autonomous Hong Kong under Beijing's rule.[14]","title":"Basic principles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Basic Law guarantees Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy under Chinese rule, with the exception of foreign affairs and defence which remains the purview of the Central People's Government.[15]","title":"Autonomy under Chinese sovereignty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"central government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Commissioner_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Liaison Office of the Central People's Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office"},{"link_name":"Xinhua News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Office for Safeguarding National Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKgov_BasicLawCh2-16"},{"link_name":"Liaison Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macao_Affairs_Office"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOCPG_20200417-19"},{"link_name":"Xinhua News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"constituent departments of the State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRC_StateCouncil-20"},{"link_name":"Zhang Xiaoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Xiaoming"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Central government agencies in Hong Kong","text":"Four agencies of the central government operate in Hong Kong. The Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established under Article 13 of the Basic Law and began operating after the handover. The Liaison Office of the Central People's Government replaced in 2000 the Hong Kong branch of Xinhua News Agency, which served as the de facto diplomatic mission of China to Hong Kong since 1947. The Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army began operating after the handover. The Office for Safeguarding National Security was established in June 2020 under the Hong Kong National Security Law.Article 22 states that \"no department of the Central People's Government and no province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government may interfere in the affairs which the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region administers on its own in accordance with this Law\".[16]In April 2020, the provision sparked a debate after the Liaison Office and the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office criticised pro-democratic legislators for delaying the election of the chairperson of the Legislative Council House Committee.[17] Pro-democratic legislators said the offices violated Article 22 by commenting on the election of a chairperson in the local legislature. In response, the Liaison Office said both itself and the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office are not subject to Article 22 because they were authorised by central authorities to specialize in handling Hong Kong affairs and not what are commonly meant by \"departments under the Central People’s Government\".[18][19] On the website of the State Council of China, a.k.a. the Central People's Government, the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office (国务院港澳事务办公室) and Xinhua News Agency (新华通讯社), whose Hong Kong branch was predecessor to the Liaison Office, are listed among institutions separate from the constituent departments of the State Council (国务院组成部门).[20]Zhang Xiaoming has also said the Office of the National Security Commissioner is not subject to the restrictions in Article 22.[21]","title":"Autonomy under Chinese sovereignty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"promulgation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promulgation"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLHandbook-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"2019–20 Hong Kong protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong West Kowloon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_West_Kowloon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLHandbook-23"}],"sub_title":"Effect of national laws","text":"Except the Basic Law and the Constitution,[22]: 124 national laws are not enforced in Hong Kong unless they are listed in Annex III and applied by local promulgation or legislation. When national laws are enacted locally by the Legislative Council, the local version adapts to the context of Hong Kong for the national law to have full effect.[23]: para. 18.2 The NPCSC has the power to amend legislation included in Annex III after consulting its Basic Law committee and the Hong Kong government. Laws in Annex III must be those related to foreign affairs, national defence or matters not within Hong Kong's autonomy.[24]As of June 2020, Annex III includes laws on the designation of capital, national flag and anthem, territorial claims, nationality, diplomatic privileges and immunity, garrisoning of the People's Liberation Army and crimes involving national security. In May 2020, the National People's Congress announced that the NPCSC would enact a national security law tailored for Hong Kong in response to the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. The law was added to Annex III and promulgated without being passed in the Legislative Council.[25]National laws can be applied if they only affect an area in Hong Kong. In 2018, the Hong Kong West Kowloon station of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link was completed to include a section where mainland Chinese officials are allowed to exercise Chinese laws, an arrangement that intended to reduce the time needed for immigration.[26] The effectiveness of Chinese law inside Hong Kong territory was challenged in the same year in the Court of First Instance.[27] The court ruled that the Basic Law is a flexible constitution and as such can be interpreted for the needs of economic integration; the arrangement of having mainland Chinese laws in Hong Kong for the purposes of customs, immigration and quarantine does not contravene the \"one country, two systems\" principle.[23]: para. 18.3","title":"Autonomy under Chinese sovereignty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Article 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_(Legislative_Provisions)_Bill_2003"},{"link_name":"widespread protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_July_1_marches"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)"}],"sub_title":"National security law","text":"Article 23 requires Hong Kong to enact local national security laws that prohibit treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the central government, theft of state secrets and foreign organisations from conducting political activities in Hong Kong. In 2003, the Hong Kong government tabled the National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003, which triggered widespread protest. The proposed legislation gave more power to the police, such as not requiring a search warrant to search the home of a suspected terrorist. After the demonstrations and the withdrawal by the Liberal Party of their support for the bill, the government shelved the bill indefinitely.","title":"Autonomy under Chinese sovereignty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights"},{"link_name":"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chap3-28"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Bill_of_Rights_Ordinance"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panditaratne2015-29"}],"text":"The rights of Hong Kong residents are guaranteed by chapter 3 of the Basic Law. Article 39 also applies provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and international labour conventions that was in force in Hong Kong before the handover.[28] While the most parts of the ICCPR is ratified as the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance in largely identical language,[29]: 527 no equivalent legislation was made to implement the ICESCR.","title":"Fundamental rights and duties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freedom of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech"},{"link_name":"freedom of the press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"freedom of association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_association"},{"link_name":"freedom of assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly"},{"link_name":"strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chap3-28"},{"link_name":"detained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_(Imprisonment)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chap3-28"},{"link_name":"Causeway Bay Books disappearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Bay_Books_disappearances"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"extrajudicial detentions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_detention"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bigstory1-30"},{"link_name":"Chinese public security bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_public_security_bureau"},{"link_name":"rendition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition"},{"link_name":"one country, two systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20160105nytimes-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20160107guardianpull-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20160105ejinsightunanswered-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20160107guardianpull-32"},{"link_name":"Lam Wing-kee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Wing-kee"},{"link_name":"due process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"extradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"Albert Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Chen_Hung-yee"},{"link_name":"Gladys Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Li"},{"link_name":"International Commission of Jurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists"},{"link_name":"judicial independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_independence"}],"sub_title":"Civil rights","text":"Hong Kong residents are equal before the law. Hong Kong residents have, among other things, freedom of speech, freedom of the press and of publication; freedom of association, freedom of assembly, freedom of procession, of demonstration, of communication, of movement, of conscience, of religious belief, and of marriage; and the right and freedom to form and join trade unions, and to strike.[28] The freedom of the person of Hong Kong residents shall be inviolable. No Hong Kong resident can be arbitrarily or unlawfully arrested, detained or imprisoned. Arbitrary or unlawful search of the body of any resident, deprivation or restriction of the freedom of the person are also prohibited. Torture of any resident and arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of the life of any resident shall be prohibited.[28]In late 2015, five staff members of a bookshop selling books and magazines banned in mainland China disappeared (see Causeway Bay Books disappearances). At least two of them disappeared while in mainland China, one while in Thailand. One member was last seen in Hong Kong, eventually reappearing in Shenzhen, across the Chinese border, without the necessary travel documents. While reaction to the October disappearances was muted, as unexplained disappearances and lengthy extrajudicial detentions are known to occur in mainland China,[30] the unprecedented disappearance of a person from Hong Kong, and the bizarre events surrounding it, shocked the city and crystallised international concern over the possible abduction of Hong Kong citizens by Chinese public security bureau officials and their likely rendition, in violation of several articles of the Basic Law and the one country, two systems principle.[31][32][33] The widespread suspicion that they were under detention in mainland China was later confirmed with apparently scripted video \"confessions\" and assurances by the men that they were remaining in China of their own accord.[32] In June 2016, one of the five, Lam Wing-kee, revealed in a dramatic press conference that he and the others had been held without due process and that Lee Po had indeed been illegally abducted from Hong Kong, all by a shadowy 'Central Investigation Team' (\"中央專案組\" or \"中央調查組\").[34]Article 95 provides for mutual judicial assistance between Hong Kong and the PRC; however, serious stumbling blocks, such as capital punishment stand in the way of a formal understanding of extradition. Additionally, HKSAR authorities have ruled that Articles 6 and 7 of the PRC Criminal Code does not give Hong Kong sole jurisdiction in criminal matters, particularly when a crime is committed across provincial or SAR borders. The current status quo is that Hong Kong will ask for the return of Hong Kong residents who have committed crimes in Hong Kong and are arrested in the mainland. A mainlander who commits a crime in Hong Kong and flees back to the mainland, however, will be tried in the mainland. In cases of concurrent jurisdiction, the Central Government has demanded that the trial be held in the mainland. Prominent authorities, such as Albert Chen, a professor, and Gladys Li, chairman of justice of the Hong Kong section of the International Commission of Jurists, feel that this situation has serious ramifications for judicial independence in Hong Kong.","title":"Fundamental rights and duties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Article 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_45"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GovHKCh4-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"31 August Decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NPCSC_Decision_on_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GovHK2014NPCSC-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GovHK2014NPCSC-41"},{"link_name":"reform proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OrientalOnCC20150618-42"}],"sub_title":"Political rights","text":"Permanent residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region have the right to vote and stand for election in accordance with the Basic Law.[35] Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as applied to Hong Kong when the Basic Law came into effect were allowed to remain in force.[36]Article 45 stipulates that the Chief Executive shall be selected by election or through local consultations and be appointed by the Central People's Government, with the ultimate aim of selection by universal suffrage upon nomination by a representative committee under democratic procedures.\"[37][38]: 190 However, Hong Kong has yet to implement universal suffrage for the elections, because the Basic Law states that the electoral method are subject to the \"actual situation\" of Hong Kong and \"the principle of gradual and orderly progress\".[39]Whether the 2007 Chief Executive election and the 2008 Legislative Council elections could be performed by universal suffrage was determined on 26 April 2004, when the NPCSC ruled out the possibility as it deemed Hong Kong not mature enough for such elections.[40]In 2014, the 31 August Decision by the NPCSC stated that starting from 2017, the selection of the Chief Executive may be implemented by universal suffrage upon nomination of candidates by a broadly representative committee and subject to appointment by the Central People's Government.[41] It went on to state that such a person must love the country and love Hong Kong and that safeguards for this purpose should be provided for by the specific method of universal suffrage, without specifying what the safeguards were to be.[41] The reform proposal encompassing this and other changes was rejected by the Legislative Council on June 18, 2015, after an ill-timed walk-out by many pro-establishment legislators.[42]","title":"Fundamental rights and duties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Tung Chee-hwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa"},{"link_name":"Article 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_46"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The courts of Hong Kong are given the power to review acts of the executive or legislature and declare them invalid if they are inconsistent with the Basic Law.The Chief Executive of Hong Kong can be selected by election or through consultations held locally and be appointed by the Central People's Government.The term of the Chief Executive after their predecessor resigns was a question that emerged after Tung Chee-hwa resigned on 10 March 2005. The legal community and the pro-democracy camp said the term of the new Chief Executive should be five years, according to Article 46. However, the Hong Kong government, some Beijing figures[who?] and the pro-Beijing camp said that it should be the remaining term of the original Chief Executive, by a technicality in the Chinese version of the Basic Law, introducing the remaining term concept. The Hong Kong government sought an interpretation from the NPCSC on 6 April 2005. The NPCSC ruled on 27 April 2005 that the Annex I of the Basic Law requires that if any Chief Executive should resign on or before 2007, the new Chief Executive should serve out the remainder of his predecessor's term. Hong Kong residents[who?] who favour autonomy view the \"interpretation\" from the Standing Committee as an intrusion into the Hong Kong legal system by the central government in violation of the spirit of the One Country, Two Systems policy, compromising the rule of law.[citation needed]The Basic Law also guarantees the welfare and benefits of civil servants. According to the Article 100 of the Basic Law, the civil servants may remain in employment with pay, allowances, benefits and conditions of service no less favourable than before the handover. Article 107 stated the SAR Government should follow the principle of keeping the expenditure within the limits of revenues in drawing up its budget. Whether pay-cuts for civil servants and having a deficit budget are allowed under the Basic Law had been raised. During the economic downturn after 1997, there was a growing fiscal deficit (and, in 2007/08 a record surplus). The government imposed a pay-cut on the Civil Service during the economic downturn, and then sharply increased salaries during the recovery.","title":"Political structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"The Basic Law provides the Hong Kong government limited power to engage in international affairs. Under the name \"Hong Kong, China\", the Hong Kong government can enter into bilateral agreements with non-Chinese regions and international organisations related to certain fields, including commerce, trade, communications, culture, tourism and sports.[43] As members of a Chinese delegation, government representatives can also engage in diplomatic negotiations and participate in international organisations and conferences that directly affect Hong Kong.[44]","title":"External affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Standing Committee of the National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen2006-45"},{"link_name":"right of abode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"electoral methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"term of office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_46"},{"link_name":"Chief Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Court of Final Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"oath-taking controversy over newly elected LegCo members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_oath-taking_controversy"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Court of Final Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Government of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"right of abode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Chief Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL158(3)-47"}],"text":"The Basic Law can be interpreted by Hong Kong courts in the course of adjudication and by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[45] As of 7 November 2016, the NPCSC has interpreted the Basic Law on five occasions:Interpretation regarding Articles 22(4) and 24(2)(3) of the Basic Law, adopted on 26 June 1999 with relations to the right of abode;\nInterpretation regarding Annex I(7) and Annex II(III) to the Basic Law, adopted on April 6, 2004, over the procedure of amending the electoral methods of the Chief Executive and Legislative Council;\nInterpretation regarding the Second Paragraph in Article 53, adopted on April 27, 2005, regarding the term of office of a new Chief Executive succeeding a resigned predecessor;\nInterpretation regarding the First Paragraph of Article 13 and Article 19 of the Basic Law, adopted on August 26, 2011, before the Court of Final Appeal hands down its judgment on Democratic Republic of Congo v FG Hemisphere Associates LLC ; and\nInterpretation of Article 104 of the Basic Law, adopted on 7 November 2016), regarding the requirements of lawful oaths and affirmations surrounding the oath-taking controversy over newly elected LegCo members.[46]Of the five interpretations to date, only one interpretation was sought by the Court of Final Appeal (CFA). The interpretation was requested in the 2011 case of Democratic Republic of Congo v FG Hemisphere Associates LLC and it concerned the jurisdiction of Hong Kong courts over acts of state, among other matters. The Government of Hong Kong sought two NPCSC interpretations on Basic Law provisions regarding the right of abode and the term of office of a new Chief Executive after his predecessor has resigned before the end of his term, in 1999 and 2005 respectively. The NPCSC had also interpreted the Basic Law twice on its own initiative, without being requested by any branch of government in Hong Kong. The first of the two occurred in 2004, and concerned the amendment of the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council election methods for 2007 and 2008 respectively. The second was issued in November 2016 on the substantive requirements of lawful oaths and affirmations as stipulated in Article 104 of the Basic Law.\nAs interpretations by the NPCSC are not retroactive,[47] an interpretation on the Basic Law does not affect cases that have already been adjudicated.","title":"Interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChongFungYuen-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chan2007-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL158(3)-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL158(3)-47"},{"link_name":"Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng_Ka_Ling_v_Director_of_Immigration"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NgKaLing-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NgKaLing-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NgKaLing-51"},{"link_name":"purposive approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purposive_approach"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChongFungYuen-48"},{"link_name":"construe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_interpretation"},{"link_name":"legislative intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_intent"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChongFungYuen-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChongFungYuen-48"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NgKaLing-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NgKaLing-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Legal principles","text":"The basic principles for interpreting the Basic Law are described in Article 158 and case law. According to Article 158(1), the NPCSC has the power of final interpretation. This is consistent with the NPCSC's general power to interpret Chinese national laws as provided by Article 67(4) of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.[48]: 222 As a national law, the Basic Law was drafted in Chinese, and its Chinese version takes precedence over the official English version when discrepancies arise.[49]: 408 Before interpreting the Basic Law, the NPCSC must consult its subcommittee, the Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[50]Hong Kong courts may also interpret the Basic Law when adjudicating cases, when the provisions addressed are within Hong Kong's autonomy.[47] Hong Kong courts can also interpret provisions on matters the Central People's Government is responsible for or those related to the relationship between the Central government and Hong Kong, provided that the case is being heard by the CFA, that the interpretation will affect the judgments of the case, and that the CFA has sought a binding NPCSC interpretation on the matter.[47]To decide whether an NPCSC interpretation should be sought, the CFA applies a two-stage approach based on Article 158(3) formulated in Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration. The first stage concerns the \"classification condition\", which is satisfied if the provision to be interpreted concerns either affairs within the responsibility of the Central People's Government or the relationship between the Central Authorities and Hong Kong.[51]: 32–33 Provisions satisfying the classification condition are \"excluded provisions\", suggesting that they cannot be interpreted by the CFA. When the court needs to refer to an excluded provision to construe a non-excluded provision, the CFA is not required to request an NPCSC interpretation on the excluded provision. Instead, the CFA applies the \"predominant test\", in which the court asks which provision is predominantly the one needed to be interpreted in the present adjudication.[51]: 33 The second test concerns whether the \"necessity condition\" is satisfied. The condition is satisfied when the court needs the excluded provision to be interpreted and that the interpretation will affect the judgment on the case.[51]: 30–31Hong Kong courts use the purposive approach to interpret the Basic Law. Since Hong Kong's legal system is separate from that of mainland China, its courts are bound to adopt the common law approach to interpretation.[48]: 222 The courts construe the Basic Law's language to consider the provisions' context and purpose by finding its legislative intent;[48]: 223–224 the legislator's intent alone is not considered the legislative intent.[48]: 223 Ambiguities are resolved by accounting for the principles and purposes stated in the Chinese Constitution and other materials.[51]: 28 Yet, the courts treat the Basic Law as a \"living instrument\" that adapts to changing needs and circumstances.[51]: 28 [52]: 125 While Hong Kong courts account for the historical context of the Basic Law, they also consider \"new social, political and historical realities\".[53]: 563","title":"Interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Chen"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen2006-45"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaWaiKwan-54"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Provisional Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen2006-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen2006-45"},{"link_name":"Gerald Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Nazareth"},{"link_name":"Chinese constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaWaiKwan-54"},{"link_name":"Johannes Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Chan"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Parliament"},{"link_name":"parliamentary supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_supremacy"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chan1997-55"},{"link_name":"Letters Patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Letters_Patent_1917"},{"link_name":"Royal Instructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Royal_Instructions_1917"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chan1997-55"},{"link_name":"Ng Ka Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng_Ka_Ling_v_Director_of_Immigration"},{"link_name":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen2006-45"},{"link_name":"judicial independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_independence"}],"sub_title":"Disputes from interpretation","text":"The interpretation of the Basic Law by the Hong Kong courts and the NPCSC is politically contentious. Albert Chen has described NPCSC interpretations as the \"major cause of constitutional controversies\" since the handover.[45]: 632The constitutional powers of the Hong Kong judiciary was first contested in HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwan,[54] which was decided by the Court of Appeal 28 days after the handover. The applicants argued the Provisional Legislative Council established unilaterally before the handover was unlawful, and the laws it enacted were void. The court dismissed this argument. Among other reasons, the court held that as a local court it had no power to review an act of a sovereign authority.[45]: 633 The court reasoned that since Article 19 of the Basic Law did not expand its judicial powers and it had no power to review the validity of a sovereign act under colonial rule, it did not hold such power after the handover.[45]: 633 While Justice Gerald Nazareth agreed with the majority decision, he questioned whether the constitutional order of China and that of the United Kingdom were analogous. He also noted the Chinese constitution was not reviewed in detail during the trial.[54]: 352–353 Johannes Chan commented that the lack of judicial review power to review acts of Parliament reflected parliamentary supremacy, a doctrine borne out of unwritten constitutional systems.[55]: 376 Since China has a written constitution and the Basic Law describes the relationship between Hong Kong and the central government unlike the colonial Letters Patent and the Royal Instructions, Chan questioned whether parliamentary supremacy fully applies in Hong Kong after 1997.[55]: 377In the Ng Ka Ling case, the CFA tried to assert it has powers to review acts of the National People's Congress (NPC) or the NPCSC to determine whether they are consistent with the Basic Law.[45]: 635The Hong Kong government later sought an interpretation of Articles 22 and 24 from the NPCSC to avoid a potential influx of over a million mainland Chinese migrants (according to government estimates) into Hong Kong. This has triggered a debate on judicial independence in Hong Kong.","title":"Interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"Chief Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Standing Committee of the National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsdenHargreaves2019-57"}],"text":"Article 159 sets out the amendment process, and gives the National People's Congress the sole power to amend it. Amendments can be proposed by either the NPCSC, the State Council, or Hong Kong. For Hong Kong to propose amendments, the amendments first need the support of two-thirds of the Hong Kong Legislative Council, two-thirds of the deputies representing Hong Kong in the National People's Congress, and the approval of Hong Kong's Chief Executive. All proposals needs to be reviewed by the Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and no amendments can \"contravene the established basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong\".[56]It might be argued that interpretations of the Basic Law by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress are effectively “amendments” to the Basic Law. The Hong Kong Court has nonetheless found NPCSC interpretations to have \"supplementary” legislative effects in a manner consistent with Chinese jurisprudence. Similarly, the NPCSC's interpretive power could be used to modify a nearly unrestricted range of local laws without recourse by either the HKSAR courts or Government.[57]","title":"Amendment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Chief Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"NPCSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%E2%80%99s_Congress"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"NPCSC's 2021 amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform"}],"sub_title":"Annexes I and II","text":"According to Annexes I and II of the Basic Law adopted in April 1990, amendments could be made to the methods for selecting the Chief Executive and forming the Legislative Council for the terms subsequent to the year 2007 with the endorsement of a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Legislative Council and the consent of the Chief Executive. Amendments should then be reported to the NPCSC for approval or for the record.In the NPCSC interpretation to the Basic Law adopted on April 6, 2004, the NPCSC stipulated the “five steps” of initiating political reform under Annexes I and II of the Basic Law:[58]the Chief Executive submit a report on whether there is a need to amend the methods for selecting the CE for forming LegCo the Chairman of NPCSC;\nthe NPCSC make a decision approving or vetoing amendments to electoral methods of the CE or LegCo;\nthe HKSAR Government submit a motion concerning amendments of Annexes I and II to LegCo;\nLegCo approve of the motion concerning amendments with a two-thirds majority of all the members, and the CE give formal assent; and\nthe NPCSC approve and file for record amendments to Annexes I and II.Under the NPCSC's 2021 amendment of Annexes I and II, the NPCSC now exercises the power to amend Annexes I and II of the Basic Law. The “five steps” of initiating political reform by the HKSAR were no longer in force.","title":"Amendment"}]	[]	[{"title":"Macau Basic Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Basic_Law"},{"title":"Judicial review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review"},{"title":"Hong Kong Royal Instructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Royal_Instructions"},{"title":"Hong Kong Letters Patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Letters_Patent"},{"title":"Hong Kong Basic Law Article 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_69"}]	[{"reference":"Lim, C.L.; Chan, Johannes (2015). \"Autonomy and Central-Local Relations\". In Chan, Johannes; Lim, C.L. (eds.). Law of the Hong Kong Constitution (2nd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell. p. 55. ISBN 978-9-626-61673-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Chan","url_text":"Chan, Johannes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_%26_Maxwell","url_text":"Sweet & Maxwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-626-61673-4","url_text":"978-9-626-61673-4"}]},{"reference":"Lo, Stefan H. C.; Cheng, Kevin Kwok-yin; Chui, Wing Hong (2020). \"Sources of Law\". The Hong Kong Legal System (2nd ed.). Hong Kong: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–136. doi:10.1017/9781108634687. ISBN 9781108721820.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o2_CDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Hong Kong Legal System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108634687","url_text":"10.1017/9781108634687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108721820","url_text":"9781108721820"}]},{"reference":"Chan, Johannes (2015). \"From Colony to Special Administrative Region\". In Chan, Johannes; Lim, C.L. (eds.). Law of the Hong Kong Constitution (2nd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell. p. 9. 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S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2621722","url_text":"10.2307/2621722"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2621722","url_text":"2621722"}]},{"reference":"Lo, Shiu Hing (June 1992). \"The Politics of Cooptation in Hong Kong: A Study of the Basic Law Drafting Process\". Asian Journal of Public Administration. 14 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1080/02598272.1992.10800260.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02598272.1992.10800260","url_text":"10.1080/02598272.1992.10800260"}]},{"reference":"Chu, Yik-yi (2000). \"The failure of the united front policy: The involvement of business in the drafting of Hong Kong's Basic Law, 1985–1990\". Asian Perspective. 24 (2): 173–198. ISSN 0258-9184. JSTOR 42704264.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9184","url_text":"0258-9184"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42704264","url_text":"42704264"}]},{"reference":"Chang, Parris H. (January 1992). \"China's Relations with Hong Kong and Taiwan\". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 519: 127–139. doi:10.1177/0002716292519001010. JSTOR 1046758. S2CID 145325099.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716292519001010","url_text":"10.1177/0002716292519001010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1046758","url_text":"1046758"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145325099","url_text":"145325099"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter I: General Principles\". Basic Law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: 11–14. July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html","url_text":"\"Chapter I: General Principles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Text: The Practice of the \"One Country, Two Systems\" Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region\". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140618174143/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-06/10/c_133396891.htm","url_text":"\"Full Text: The Practice of the \"One Country, Two Systems\" Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region\""},{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-06/10/c_133396891.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wong, Alan (11 June 2014). \"Beijing's 'White Paper' Sets Off a Firestorm in Hong Kong\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/beijings-white-paper-sets-off-a-firestorm-in-hong-kong/","url_text":"\"Beijing's 'White Paper' Sets Off a Firestorm in Hong Kong\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140618000943/http://mobile.nytimes.com/blogs/sinosphere/2014/06/11/beijings-white-paper-sets-off-a-firestorm-in-hong-kong/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter II Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region\". Full Text of the Constitution and the Basic Law.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/text/en/basiclawtext/chapter_2.html","url_text":"\"Chapter II Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region\""}]},{"reference":"Ho, Kelly (14 April 2020). \"Hong Kong democrats reject Beijing's warning over legislative stalling tactics as 'interference'\". Hong Kong Free Press. 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Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1521237-20200417.htm","url_text":"\"Liaison Office 'not subject to Article 22'\""}]},{"reference":"\"香港中联办发言人：所谓\"中央干预香港内部事务\"是对基本法的故意曲解\" [Liaison Office spokesperson: So-called \"central government interfering Hong Kong's internal affairs\" is an intentional misinterpretation of the Basic Law]. 中央人民政府驻香港特别行政区联络办公室 [Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]. 17 April 2020. 国务院港澳办和香港中联办是中央授权专责处理香港事务的机构，不是基本法第二十二条所指的一般意义上的“中央人民政府所属各部门” [Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office and the Liaisonn Office are organs authorized by the central government to specialize in handling Hong Kong affairs, not what are commonly meant by \"departments belonging to the Central People's Government\" referred to by Article 22 of the Basic Law]","urls":[{"url":"http://www.locpg.gov.cn/jsdt/2020-04/17/c_1210563621.htm","url_text":"\"香港中联办发言人：所谓\"中央干预香港内部事务\"是对基本法的故意曲解\""}]},{"reference":"\"国务院组织机构\" [Organization of the State Council]. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府门户网站 [Web Portal of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China]. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/zuzhi.htm","url_text":"\"国务院组织机构\""}]},{"reference":"Ng, Teddy; Ng, Joyce; Mai, Jun; Cheung, Tony (1 July 2020). \"National security law upholds 'one country, two systems' in Hong Kong: Beijing\". South China Morning Post. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 1 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3091307/national-security-law-will-plug-hong-kong-loopholes","url_text":"\"National security law upholds 'one country, two systems' in Hong Kong: Beijing\""}]},{"reference":"Zhu, Jie; Zhang, Xiaoshan (2019). \"On Shaping and Consolidating the Basic Law Identification\". Critique of Hong Kong Nativism: From a Legal Perspective. Singapore: Springer. pp. 113–127. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3344-6_8. ISBN 978-981-13-3344-6. S2CID 159132732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-3344-6_8","url_text":"10.1007/978-981-13-3344-6_8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-3344-6","url_text":"978-981-13-3344-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159132732","url_text":"159132732"}]},{"reference":"Ramsden, Michael; Hargreaves, Stuart (2018). Bokhary, Kemal (ed.). Hong Kong Basic Law Handbook (2nd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Bokhary","url_text":"Bokhary, Kemal"}]},{"reference":"Cheung, Gary (21 May 2020). \"Beijing loses patience and pushes ahead with Hong Kong national security law\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3085412/two-sessions-2020-how-far-will-beijing-go-push-article-23","url_text":"\"Beijing loses patience and pushes ahead with Hong Kong national security law\""}]},{"reference":"Pomfret, James (4 September 2018). \"Unscheduled departure: China's legal reach extends to Hong Kong rail station\". Reuters. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-china-rail/unscheduled-departure-chinas-legal-reach-extends-to-hong-kong-rail-station-idUSKCN1LK0J4","url_text":"\"Unscheduled departure: China's legal reach extends to Hong Kong rail station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter III: Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Residents\". Basic Law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: 23–29. July 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080928131256/http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_3.html","url_text":"\"Chapter III: Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Residents\""},{"url":"http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Panditaratne, Dinusha (2015). \"Basic Law, Hong Kong Bill of Rights and the ICCPR\". In Chan, Johannes; Lim, C.L. (eds.). Law of the Hong Kong Constitution (2nd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell. pp. 521–564. ISBN 978-9-626-61673-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-626-61673-4","url_text":"978-9-626-61673-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Hong Kong unsettled by case of 5 missing booksellers\". The Big Story. Associated Press. 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. 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The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/07/hong-kong-bookshops-pull-politically-sensitive-titles-after-publishers-vanish","url_text":"\"Hong Kong bookshops pull politically sensitive titles after publishers vanish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unanswered questions about the missing booksellers\". EJ Insight. 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ejinsight.com/20160105-unanswered-questions-about-the-missing-booksellers/","url_text":"\"Unanswered questions about the missing booksellers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Text of the Constitution and the Basic Law - chapter (4)\". The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2021. Article 45. The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be selected by election or through consultations held locally and be appointed by the Central People's Government. The method for selecting the Chief Executive shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress. The ultimate aim is the selection of the Chief Executive by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representative nominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures. The specific method for selecting the Chief Executive is prescribed in Annex I: Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_4.html","url_text":"\"Full Text of the Constitution and the Basic Law - chapter (4)\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, Albert H.Y. (2016). \"The Law and Politics of the Struggle for Universal Suffrage in Hong Kong, 2013–15\". Asian Journal of Law and Society. 3 (1): 189–207. doi:10.1017/als.2015.21.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fals.2015.21","url_text":"\"The Law and Politics of the Struggle for Universal Suffrage in Hong Kong, 2013–15\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fals.2015.21","url_text":"10.1017/als.2015.21"}]},{"reference":"Leung, Ambrose (27 April 2004). \"HK lacks maturity for direct elections, state officials rule\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 15 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/article/453666/hk-lacks-maturity-direct-elections-state-officials-rule","url_text":"\"HK lacks maturity for direct elections, state officials rule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Issues Relating to the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region by Universal Suffrage and on the Method for Forming the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in the Year 2016 (Adopted at the Tenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress on 31 August 2014)\" (PDF). The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/images/basiclawtext_doc25.pdf","url_text":"\"Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Issues Relating to the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region by Universal Suffrage and on the Method for Forming the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in the Year 2016 (Adopted at the Tenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress on 31 August 2014)\""}]},{"reference":"政改否決：建制派拉隊離場東網3分鐘實錄 [Electoral Reform Rejected: Pro-establishment camp walk-out 3-minute live recording by On.cc]. On.cc 東網. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2021. 其後，林突然站起，呼籲建制派議員walk out(離開議事廳)，期望透過點算法定人數，爭取時間，讓劉皇發能及時趕回投票。民建聯即響應拉大隊離場，新民黨及大部分工聯會議員見狀亦跟隨離開，惟同屬工聯會的陳婉嫻(嫻姐)，以及自由黨議員卻仍然坐於座位上，未有跟隊。 [Afterwards, Lam suddenly stood up and called for pro-establishment legislators to walk out, hoping to gain some time from a quorum roll call and that Lau Wong-fat could return in time to cast his vote. The DAB followed and departed in large numbers, along with the New People's Party and most of the HKFTU legislators; only Chan Yuen-han of HKFTU and legislators of the Liberal Party remained.]","urls":[{"url":"https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20150618/bkn-20150618173327843-0618_00822_001.html","url_text":"政改否決：建制派拉隊離場東網3分鐘實錄"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Albert H. Y. (2006). \"Constitutional Adjudication in Post-1997 Hong Kong\". Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal. 15 (3): 627–682.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ramsden, Michael; Hargreaves, Stuart (2019). Hong Kong Basic Law Handbook (2nd ed.). Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell/Thomson Reuter.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chan, Johannes (2007). \"Basic Law and Constitutional Review: The First Decade\" (PDF). Hong Kong Law Journal. 37 (2): 407–447.","urls":[{"url":"https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/87975/3/content.pdf","url_text":"\"Basic Law and Constitutional Review: The First Decade\""}]},{"reference":"Chan, Johannes (1997). \"The Jurisdiction and Legality of the Provisional Legislative Council\". Hong Kong Law Journal. 27 (3): 374–387.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Chapter VIII Interpretation and Amendment of the Basic Law\". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Omanis	Afro-Omanis	["1 Heritage","1.1 Notable People","2 See also","3 References"]	Omani people of African Zanj heritage Ethnic group Afro-OmanisRegions with significant populationsDhofar, Sur, MuscatLanguagesArabicReligionIslamRelated ethnic groupsOmanis, Afro-Saudis, Al-Akhdam, Afro-Palestinians, Afro-Jordanians, Afro-Iraqis, Afro-Syrians Afro-Omanis are Omani people of African Zanj heritage. Most live in the coastal cities of Oman, with many speaking Arabic and adhering to Islam. Their origins date back to the time of the Arab slave trade and era Slavery in Oman, and when Zanzibar was a part of the Omani Empire. Heritage Some Afro-Omanis are still able to maintain rituals related to healing that are of Zanj origin. The languages used in these rituals are Swahili and Arabic. Notable People Ali Al-Habsi, footballer Tippu Tip, slave trader See also Slavery in Oman References ^ "Age of Revolution: Omani Empire". Historyworldsome.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2021-07-31. ^ "Zanzibar \| Geography, History, & Map". Encyclopedia Britannica. ^ "The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean World". Exhibitions.nypl.org. Retrieved 2021-07-31. vteAfrican diasporaGeographyAmericas/Latin AmericaCaribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Cayman Islands Cuba Arará Cape Verdean Ganga-Longoba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic Cocolo Samaná Americans Grenada Haiti Marabou Marron Jamaica Coromantee Igbos Jamaican Maroons Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Black Caribs Garifuna Trinidad and Tobago Dougla people Merikins Turks and Caicos Islands CentralAmerica Belize Garifuna Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Miskito people Miskito Sambu Nicaragua Panama Cimarrón NorthAmerica Canada African Americans Black Mennonites Indigenous Black Canadians New Brunswick Nova Scotia Ontario African immigrants Mexico Mascogos United States African Americans Affrilachians African-American Jews Alabama Creoles Black Mennonites Black Southerners Black Hispanic Black Indians/Freedmen Cherokee freedmen Chickasaw freedmen Choctaw freedmen Creek freedmen Seminole freedmen Creoles of color Gullah Brass Ankles Chestnut Ridge people Dominickers Fulani Garifuna Igbos Louisiana Redbones Lumbee Melungeons Somali Bantus Yoruba African immigrants SouthAmerica Argentina Bolivia Brazil Kalungas Macombo Quilombola Chile Colombia Raizal Ecuador French Guiana Aluku Ndyuka Saramaka Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Kwinti Matawai Ndyuka Paramaccan Saramaka Uruguay Venezuela Europe(Blacks) Abkhazia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Paris Germany Greece Blacks Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Cambridge Liverpool London Scotland Wales Middle East Iran Iraq Israel Ethiopian Israelis Sudanese refugees Jordan Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey Africans United Arab Emirates Yemen Asia andOceania Australia China Guangzhou Hong Kong Afro-Asians in South Asia India and Pakistan Siddi in Karnataka Indonesia Black Dutchmen Mardijker Japan Malaysia New Zealand Sri Lanka Kaffirs Atlantic Saint Helena SecondaryAfro-AmericandiasporaAfrica Ghana African Americans Tabom Liberia Americo-Liberians Nigeria Afro-Brazilians Saro Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Creole Europe France African Americans Haitians United Kingdom African Americans Afro-Caribbean people British Jamaicans Asia andOceania Israel African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem Japan Relatedtopics Genetic history African diaspora religions Atlantic slave trade Coromantee Igbo Kongo Tikar Yoruba Black Power Civil rights movement Creole peoples Maroons Pan-Africanism Slavery Reparations Black Lives Matter Afrophobia Category Commons Portals: Oman Africa	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omanis"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"Zanj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanj"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Arab slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"Slavery in Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"Omani Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica1-2"}],"text":"Ethnic groupAfro-Omanis are Omani people of African Zanj heritage. Most live in the coastal cities of Oman, with many speaking Arabic and adhering to Islam. Their origins date back to the time of the Arab slave trade and era Slavery in Oman, and when Zanzibar was a part of the Omani Empire.[1][2]","title":"Afro-Omanis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Some Afro-Omanis are still able to maintain rituals related to healing that are of Zanj origin. The languages used in these rituals are Swahili and Arabic.[3]","title":"Heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ali Al-Habsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Al-Habsi"},{"link_name":"Tippu Tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippu_Tip"}],"sub_title":"Notable People","text":"Ali Al-Habsi, footballer\nTippu Tip, slave trader","title":"Heritage"}]	[]	[{"title":"Slavery in Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman"}]	[{"reference":"\"Age of Revolution: Omani Empire\". Historyworldsome.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2021-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://historyworldsome.blogspot.com/2013/11/omani-empire.html","url_text":"\"Age of Revolution: Omani Empire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zanzibar \| Geography, History, & Map\". Encyclopedia Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Zanzibar-island-Tanzania","url_text":"\"Zanzibar \| Geography, History, & Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean World\". Exhibitions.nypl.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreieckhorn	Dreieckhorn	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 46°28′40.8″N 8°1′11.9″E / 46.478000°N 8.019972°E / 46.478000; 8.019972Mountain in Switzerland DreieckhornDreieckhorn (left) and Aletschhorn (right), from the Aletsch GlacierHighest pointElevation3,811 m (12,503 ft)Prominence192 m (630 ft)Parent peakAletschhornCoordinates46°28′40.8″N 8°1′11.9″E / 46.478000°N 8.019972°E / 46.478000; 8.019972GeographyDreieckhornLocation in Switzerland LocationValais, SwitzerlandParent rangeBernese Alps The Dreieckhorn is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Konkordiaplatz in the canton of Valais. References ^ Retrieved from the Swisstopo topographic maps. The key col is the Aletschjoch (3,619 m). External links Dreieckhorn on Hikr This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak located in Valais is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Bernese Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernese_Alps"},{"link_name":"Konkordiaplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordiaplatz"},{"link_name":"Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais"}],"text":"Mountain in SwitzerlandThe Dreieckhorn is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Konkordiaplatz in the canton of Valais.","title":"Dreieckhorn"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dreieckhorn&params=46_28_40.8_N_8_1_11.9_E_type:mountain_region:CH_scale:100000","external_links_name":"46°28′40.8″N 8°1′11.9″E / 46.478000°N 8.019972°E / 46.478000; 8.019972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dreieckhorn&params=46_28_40.8_N_8_1_11.9_E_type:mountain_region:CH_scale:100000","external_links_name":"46°28′40.8″N 8°1′11.9″E / 46.478000°N 8.019972°E / 46.478000; 8.019972"},{"Link":"http://www.hikr.org/dir/Dreieckhorn_1436/","external_links_name":"Dreieckhorn on Hikr"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dreieckhorn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Jacob	Prince Jacob	["1 References","2 External links"]	Indian actor and singer (born 1960) Prince JacobFernandes at Dis Ani Rat titar in Mapusa, 2023BornMiguel Jacob Carmo Luis Fernandes (1960-07-16) 16 July 1960 (age 63)Margão, Goa, Portuguese India, Portuguese Empire (now in India)NationalityIndianOccupationsActorsingercomedianplaywrightdirectorproducerradio jockeyYears active1973–presentSpouseCynthia FernandesChildren33rd President of Tiatr Academy of GoaIn office30 July 2012 – 30 September 2015Preceded byPrasad Lolayekar (Interim)Succeeded byComedian Agostinho Miguel Jacob Carmo Luis Fernandes (born 16 July 1960), known professionally as Prince Jacob, is an Indian actor, singer, comedian, playwright, director, producer, and radio personality known for his work in Marathi, Konkani films, and tiatr productions. He is a former president of Tiatr Academy of Goa. References ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180102012828/http://www.tiatracademygoa.com/President%20of%20Tiatr%20Academy%20of%20Goa2.html ^ Venkateswaran, Smitha (14 April 2007). "Konkan goes Tiatrical". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 26 February 2024. ^ "'Prince Jacob' the King of Comedy \| iGoa". Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012. External links Prince Jacob at IMDb Authority control databases VIAF WorldCat This article about an Indian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_personality"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_cinema"},{"link_name":"Konkani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_cinema"},{"link_name":"tiatr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiatr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tiatr Academy of Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiatr_Academy_of_Goa"}],"text":"Miguel Jacob Carmo Luis Fernandes (born 16 July 1960), known professionally as Prince Jacob, is an Indian actor, singer, comedian, playwright, director, producer, and radio personality known for his work in Marathi, Konkani films, and tiatr productions.[2][3] He is a former president of Tiatr Academy of Goa.","title":"Prince Jacob"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Venkateswaran, Smitha (14 April 2007). \"Konkan goes Tiatrical\". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/konkan-goes-tiatrical/articleshow/1907414.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Konkan goes Tiatrical\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389","url_text":"0013-0389"}]},{"reference":"\"'Prince Jacob' the King of Comedy \| iGoa\". Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110818093518/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/prince-jacob-king-comedy","url_text":"\"'Prince Jacob' the King of Comedy \| iGoa\""},{"url":"http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/prince-jacob-king-comedy","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180102012828/http://www.tiatracademygoa.com/President%20of%20Tiatr%20Academy%20of%20Goa2.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180102012828/http://www.tiatracademygoa.com/President%20of%20Tiatr%20Academy%20of%20Goa2.html"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/konkan-goes-tiatrical/articleshow/1907414.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"Konkan goes Tiatrical\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389","external_links_name":"0013-0389"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110818093518/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/prince-jacob-king-comedy","external_links_name":"\"'Prince Jacob' the King of Comedy \| iGoa\""},{"Link":"http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/prince-jacob-king-comedy","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5268403/","external_links_name":"Prince Jacob"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/106445949","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrKRMp8CQjH7BkyCj63Qq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Jacob&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_front	Battle of Guadalajara	["1 Background","2 Italian offensive","2.1 March 8","2.2 March 9","2.3 March 10","2.4 March 11","3 Republican counterattacks","3.1 March 12","3.2 March 13","3.3 March 14–17","3.4 March 18","3.5 March 19–23","4 Aftermath","4.1 Analysis","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°38′00″N 3°10′00″W / 40.6333°N 3.1667°W / 40.6333; -3.16671937 battle of the Spanish Civil War Battle of GuadalajaraPart of the Spanish Civil WarNationalist forces at GuadalajaraDateMarch 8–23, 1937LocationGuadalajara, Guadalajara, SpainResult Republican victoryBelligerents Republican Spain International Brigades Nationalist Spain Italian Volunteer CorpsCommanders and leaders Vicente Rojo Lluch José Miaja Enrique Jurado Barrio Enrique Líster Nino Nanetti Cipriano Mera Mario Roatta Annibale Bergonzoli Edmondo Rossi Guido Coppi Luigi Nuvoloni José Moscardó ItuarteStrength 20,00045 artillery pieces60 armoured vehicles70 aircraft 35,000 15,000270 artillery pieces140 armoured vehicles62 aircraftCasualties and losses Republicans:2,000 dead4,000 wounded258 capturedTotal:6,258 Italians:3,000 dead4,000 wounded800 missing800 capturedNationalists:4,000 dead4,000 wounded800 captured Materiel lost: 65 artillery pieces 500 machine guns 13 mortars 67 trucks 10 tanks captured Plenty ammunition Total:17,400 vteSpanish Civil War Background List of battles July 1936 uprising Melilla Seville 1st Barcelona Cuartel de la Montaña Gijón Oviedo Cuartel de Loyola 1936 German intervention Guadarrama Andalusia Alcázar Extremadura Convoy de la Victoria Almendralejo Sigüenza 1st Mérida Badajoz Majorca Sierra Guadalupe Córdoba Gipuzkoa Irún Monte Pelado Talavera Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza Guinea Cerro Muriano Cape Spartel Seseña Madrid Ciudad Universitaria 1st Corunna Road Villarreal Ursula Aceituna Lopera 2nd Corunna Road 1937 3rd Corunna Road Málaga Jarama Cape Machichaco Guadalajara Pozoblanco War in the North Cantabrian Sea Biscay Durango Guernica Bilbao Santander Asturias El Mazuco Jaén 2nd Barcelona Deutschland Almería Segovia Huesca Albarracín Brunete Zaragoza 1st Belchite Cape Cherchell Sabiñánigo 1st Lérida Teruel 1938 Valladolid Alfambra Cape Palos Aragon 2nd Belchite 3rd Barcelona Caspe 2nd Lérida 1st Gandesa Segre Levante Balaguer Los Blázquez Alicante Granollers Bielsa 2nd Mérida Ebro 2nd Gandesa Cantabria Cabra Sant Vicenç de Calders 1939 Catalonia Valsequillo Xàtiva La Garriga Minorca Cartagena Final offensive The Battle of Guadalajara (March 8–23, 1937) saw the victory of the Spanish Republican Army (Ejército Popular Republicano, or EPR) and of the International Brigades over the Italian and Nationalist forces attempting to encircle Madrid during the Spanish Civil War. The Nationalist forces involved in the Battle of Guadalajara were primarily the Italian Corps of Volunteer Troops (Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV). The battle opened with an Italian offensive on 8 March. This offensive was halted by 11 March. Between 12 March and 14 March, renewed Italian attacks were supported by Spanish Nationalist units. These were halted too. On 15 March, a Republican counter-offensive was prepared. The Republicans successfully launched their counter-offensive from 18 March to 23 March. Background See also: Order of Battle: Battle of Guadalajara After the collapse of the third offensive on Madrid, Spanish Nationalist General Francisco Franco decided to continue with a fourth offensive aimed at closing the pincer around the capital. The Nationalist forces, after a defeat at the Battle of Jarama, were exhausted and could not create the necessary momentum to carry the operation through. However, the Italians were optimistic after the capture of Málaga, and it was thought that the Italian forces could score an easy victory owing to the heavy losses sustained by the People's Republican Army at Jarama. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini endorsed the operation and committed Italian units to it. The Italian commander, General Mario Roatta, planned to surround the defences of Madrid from the north-east. After joining the Spanish Nationalist corps "Madrid" on the Jarama River, they would begin the assault on Madrid. The Italian forces would execute the main attack. The Spanish division "Soria" was present to secure the operation, but played no part in the first five days of fighting. The main attack began in the 25 km-wide pass at Guadalajara-Alcalá de Henares. This region was well suited for an advance, as there were five roads of high quality running through it. Three other roads in the area led to Guadalajara, allowing for the possibility of capturing this town as well. The Nationalist forces had 35,000 soldiers, 222 artillery pieces, 108 L3/33 tankettes and L3/35 tankettes, 32 armoured cars, 3,685 motor vehicles, and 60 Fiat CR.32 fighter planes. The Italian tankettes and armoured cars were organized as the "Tank and Armoured Cars Group" (Agrupación de carros de asalto y autos blindados). The Italian aircraft were organized into the "Legionary Air Force" (Aviazione Legionaria). The Republican presence in the Guadalajara region consisted only of the 12th Division of the People's Republican Army under Colonel Lacalle. He had under his command 10,000 soldiers with 5,900 rifles, 85 machine guns, and 15 artillery pieces. One company of T-26 light tanks were also sent to the area. No defensive works had been constructed in the Guadalajara region, because it was regarded as a peaceful part of the front. The People's Republican Army staff was sure that the next Fascist offensive would come from the south. Italian offensive March 8 After 30 minutes' artillery fire and air raids on the Republican positions, the Italians began advancing towards the 50th Republican brigade. Led by tankettes, they broke through the Republican line. Their assault then slowed, mainly because fog and sleet had reduced visibility down to 100 metres (110 yards) in places. The Italians captured 10 to 12 km of terrain, including the towns of Mirabueno, Alaminos and Castejon. Falling back, the Republican commander requested infantry reinforcements and the company of tanks. March 9 Italian tankettes advancing with a flame thrower tank in the lead at Guadalajara. The Nationalists continued their assault on Republican positions. The main attack was carried out with tanks but again bogged down from poor performance and low visibility. The Republican 50th Brigade escaped without a fight. At about noon, the Italian advance was suddenly turned back by battalions of the XI International Brigade (battalions involved were initially the Edgar André Battalion, Thälmann Battalion and Commune de Paris Battalion – with soldiers mainly from Germany, France, and the Balkan countries). The Italians on the Nationalist side had taken another 15 to 18 km and the towns of Almadrones, Cogollor, and Masegoso. In the evening, the first formations of Italian troops reached the suburb of Brihuega, where they halted to await a wider breach in the Republican lines. This break in momentum, though incompatible with the blitzkrieg tactics they were nominally following, was under the circumstances necessary to allow the soldiers to rest. The Republican forces on this day consisted of the XI International Brigade, two artillery batteries and two companies of infantry from the 49th Brigade, 12th Division. They had 1,850 soldiers with 1,600 rifles, 34 machine guns, 6 artillery pieces, and 5 tanks. By the end of the day, reinforcements started to arrive as Colonel Enrique Jurado Barrio was ordered to form IV Corps with Líster's 11th Division in the center at the Madrid–Zaragoza road at Torija, the 12th Division on the left flank, and the 14th Division on the right. Vicente Rojo ordered the 2nd Assault Guard Division into action. March 10 The Republican forces received new reinforcements: Italians and Poles from the XII International Brigade (two battalions; Jarosław Dabrowski Battalion and Giuseppe Garibaldi Battalion), three artillery batteries, and an understrength battalion of tanks. The Republican forces now had 4,350 soldiers, 8 mortars, 16 artillery pieces, and 26 light tanks. In the morning, Italian forces on the Nationalist side launched heavy artillery and air bombardments and without success began the assault on the XI International Brigade. At that point they had committed 26,000 soldiers, 900 machine guns, 130 light tanks, and a large number of artillery pieces. The Nationalists captured the towns Miralrio and Brihuega. The latter town fell almost without opposition. Nationalist attacks on XI and XII International Brigades continued in the afternoon, still without success. At Torija, the Nationalists faced the Italian Garibaldi Battalion. Italians in the Garibaldi Battalion encouraged the Fascist soldiers to join the Republicans. The attacks halted toward evening, and the Italian Nationalists built defensive positions. At the end of the day, Lacalle resigned his command, officially for health reasons, but probably because of his resentment at being passed over by Jurado. Command of 12th Division went to the Italian communist Nino Nanetti. March 11 The Italians began a successful advance on the positions of XI and XII International Brigades, who retreated down the main road. The Italian vanguard stopped 3 km before the town of Torija. The Spanish Nationalist division "Soria" captured the towns of Hita and Torre del Burgo. Republican counterattacks March 12 The Republican forces under Líster's command redeployed in the morning and launched a counterattack at noon. Close to one-hundred "Chato" and "Rata" fighter planes and two squadrons of Katiuska bombers of the Spanish Republican Air Force had been made available at the Albacete airfield. While the aircraft of the Italian Legionary Air Force were grounded on water-logged airports, the Republicans did not have this problem since the Albacete airfield had a concrete strip. After an air bombardment of the Italian positions, the Republican infantry supported by T-26 and BT-5 light tanks attacked the Italian lines. Several Italian tankettes were lost when General Roatta attempted to change the position of his motorized units in the muddy terrain; many got stuck and were easy target for strafing fighters. The advance reached Trijueque. An Italian counterattack did not regain lost terrain. March 13 The Republican counterattack on Trijueque and Casa del Cabo, Palacio de Ibarra was launched with some success. The plan under Vicente Rojo was to concentrate 11th Division under Líster and all armoured units on the Zaragoza road, while 14th Division under Mera crossed the Tajuña River to attack Brihuega. The Italians were warned that this might happen, but ignored advice from the Spanish chief of operations, Colonel Barroso. March 14–17 On March 14, most Republican infantry formations rested while their air forces executed successful attacks. The International Brigade captured the Palacio de Ibarra. In the subsequent days the Republicans redeployed and concentrated their forces. The Republican forces now consisted of some 20,000 soldiers, 17 mortars, 28 artillery pieces, 60 light tanks and 70 planes. The Italian and Spanish Nationalist forces consisted of some 45,000 soldiers, 70 mortars, 200 artillery pieces, 80 light tanks (L3 tankettes), and 50 planes. Destruction in aftermath of the battle March 18 At dawn, Vicente Rojo gave the orders and Mera led the 14th Division across the pontoon bridge over the Tajuña River. They had cover from heavy sleet, but the weather also delayed the assault. After midday, the weather had improved enough to allow the Republican air force to operate. At around 13:30, Jurado gave the order to attack. Líster was slowed by the Italian Littorio Division, largely considered to be the best of the Italian units. The 14th Division managed to surround Brihuega, and the Italians retreated in panic. The remaining Italian soldiers were cleared out by the Assault Guards and XI International Brigade. An Italian counterattack on Republican positions failed and was repulsed by the Assault Guard Division, arguably the best of the Spanish Republican units. The attack by the Assault Guard Division was spearheaded by the 1st Assault Brigade to devastating effect, inflicting heavy losses on the Italians. The Littorio Division saved the Italians from a complete disaster when they conducted a well-organized retreat. March 19–23 The Republican forces recaptured the cities of Gajanejos and Villaviciosa de Tajuña. Their counter-offensive was ultimately halted on the Valdearenas–Ledanca–Hontanares line, because Franco had sent reserve formations to settle the line of defence between Ledanca and Hontanares. Aftermath Nationalist forces at Guadalajara. The Battle of Guadalajara was an important strategic victory of the Republican Army and did much to lift morale. Herbert Matthews claimed in The New York Times that Guadalajara was "to Fascism what the defeat at Bailén had been to Napoleon." The British press heaped scorn on this "new Caporetto"—alluding to a great Italian defeat in the First World War—while former British prime minister David Lloyd George wrote mockingly of the "Italian skedaddle," infuriating Mussolini. The Italian CTV lost some 3,000 men (Spanish Nationalist losses were marginal) and a considerable number of light tanks. In addition, the Republican army captured sizeable quantities of badly-needed materiel, including 65 artillery pieces, 500 machine guns, 67 trucks and vehicles, 13 mortars, 10 tanks, and plenty of ammunition. Strategically, the Republican victory prevented the encirclement of Madrid, ending Franco's hopes of crushing the Republic with a decisive strike at its capital. Franco decided to adopt a new strategy of chipping away at the Republican territories, starting in the north. Above all, Guadalajara was a setback to Italian morale and a loss of prestige for Italy's fascist regime, whose Duce had orchestrated the deployment of the Italian army in the hopes of stunning the world with a show of Italy's "iron military strength." In response, Franco (who feared CTV strategic independence, especially after the Italian victory at Malaga) announced his intention to dismantle the Italian field army in Spain, seeking to disperse it among Spanish Nationalist units. This threat was not ultimately carried out and Guadalajara in a sense guaranteed and continued Italian aid as Mussolini sought final victory to efface his humiliation at Guadalajara. Franco, who was uncomfortable with the prospect of the CTV successfully crushing the Republic forces by itself (he believed this would give the impression that the fall of Madrid was wholly creditable to a foreign army) brimmed with Schadenfreude over his allies' humiliation. Officers in General Moscardó's HQ raised a toast to "Spanish heroism, of whatever colour"—probably the only time Nationalist forces toasted a Republican triumph of arms. Franco's soldiers began singing popular Italian tunes with lyrical changes mocking the defeated CTV. The following chorus, originating with Moscardó's Navarrese, humorously takes the Italians to task for their earlier complaints about the lack of motorized transport in Nationalist ranks: Guadalajara no es Abisinia, Los españoles, aunque rojos, son valientes, Menos camiones y más cojones Guadalajara is not Abyssinia, Spaniards, even the red ones, are brave, fewer trucks and more balls The CTV may have lost the battle because Franco did not start a side offensive, from Jarama toward Alcalà de Henares, as agreed on March 1 with General Roatta. After seeing that the Nationalists were not attacking, the Republicans were able to redeploy the troops facing Jarama to meet the Italian offensive. Later, when faced by General Roatta, Franco tried to excuse himself saying that his Generals ignored his orders to advance. It is possible he used the Italian troops as cannon fodder to gain time to regroup his troops, exhausted after Jarama. This is explained by the Franco's fear towards the Italians and their attitude to win the war "alone", forcing the Caudillo's war leadership. This also explains the ungrateful songs against the Italians which despite all were decisively contributing with personnel and equipment to the nationalist cause. Analysis British historian Paul Preston identified factors contributing to the Italian debacle: The tenacity of Republican resistance. Deceived by the easy triumph of their mechanized columns over underarmed and panic-stricken Republican militias at Málaga, the Italians underestimated the quality and organization of Republican forces defending Madrid Inadequate preparation of the Italians—many wearing colonial uniforms—to conditions of heavy snow and sleet Lack of paved runways for Italian aviation, which left CTV craft sunken in muddy airfields and prey to Republican aviation Overall inaction of Nationalist forces on the Jarama front (a delayed, modest attack was launched on March 9), allowing the Republicans to concentrate additional forces along the Guadalajara The superiority of Russian T-26 tanks, equipped with rotating gun turrets, over Italian tankettes Roatta's failure—which Preston describes as grossly negligent—to entrench the Italian corps along its new positions in anticipation of a Republican counterattack The minimal success of the Italian offensive demonstrated the vulnerability of massed armored advances in unfavorable terrain and against a coherent infantry defense. The French General Staff, in harmony with existing beliefs in the French Army, concluded that mechanized troops were not decisive in modern warfare and continued to shape military doctrine accordingly. An exception was Charles de Gaulle. The Germans incorrectly ascribed the Guadalajara failure to leadership and planning. The German attaché to the CTV praised the combat attitude of the Italian troops. In truth, both views have merit: armoured forces were largely ineffective against deep prepared defenses; in adverse weather, and without enough air support, the result was disaster (Italian strategists failed to consider these variables). But the German assessment noted the deficiencies in Italian weaponry, planning, and organization that contributed to the defeat at Guadalajara. In particular, vehicles and tanks lacked the technical quality, and leaders the determination, to effect the violent breakthroughs characteristic of later German blitzkrieg tactics. See also List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War List of weapons of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War References ^ a b c d Thomas, Hugh.The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. 2001. p.579 ^ a b c COVERDALE, J. F. (1975). Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War. Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x112j ^ a b Knighton, Andrew (2016-01-24). "An Italian Civil War in Spain: Guadalajara, 1937 \| War History Online". warhistoryonline. Retrieved 2023-11-12. ^ a b c Thomas, Hugh.The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. 2001. p.585 ^ a b c d Coverdale, J. F. (1974). The Battle of Guadalajara, 8–22 March 1937. Journal of Contemporary History, 9(1), 53–75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/260268 ^ Coverdale, John F. (1974). "The Battle of Guadalajara, 8-22 March 1937". Journal of Contemporary History. 9 (1): 54. doi:10.1177/002200947400900104. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260268. S2CID 159990889. ^ a b Beevor, Battle, p. 246 ^ Knox (1986), p. 6 ^ a b Preston (1986), p. 83 ^ Thomas, p. 501 ^ a b Payne (1987), p. 131 ^ Preston, Paul. Franco. Fontana, 1993, p. 233. ^ Colodny (2009), p. 141 ^ Preston, Paul (2014). A concise history of the Spanish Civil War (Revised and updated version ed.). London: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-00-756041-7. OCLC 891816463. ^ Preston, Paul. Franco. Fontana, 1993, pp. 229-31. ^ Rovighi, Alberto; Stefani, Filippo (1939-09-01). "La Guerra Civile In Spagna: I. La Disintegrazione Dello Stato". International Affairs. Stato maggiore dell'Esercito, Ufficio storico. doi:10.1093/ia.18.5.703a. ISSN 1468-2346. ^ Thomas, p. 501. Thomas notes that "the Italians had not maintained fighting contact with their enemies and had not taken the weather into account at all. Hugh Thomas (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75515-2. Antony Beevor (2006) . The Battle for Spain. Orion. ISBN 978-0-7538-2165-7. External links Site about the Guadalajara Offensive (Spanish) BRIHUEGA 1937: la Batalla de Guadalajara (Spanish) La Batalla de Guadalajara (Spanish) 40°38′00″N 3°10′00″W / 40.6333°N 3.1667°W / 40.6333; -3.1667 Authority control databases: National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"List of battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"July 1936 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WarvteSpanish Civil War\nBackground\nList of battles\nJuly 1936 uprising\nMelilla\nSeville\n1st Barcelona\nCuartel de la Montaña\nGijón\nOviedo\nCuartel de Loyola\n1936\nGerman intervention\nGuadarrama\nAndalusia\nAlcázar\nExtremadura\nConvoy de la Victoria\nAlmendralejo\nSigüenza\n1st Mérida\nBadajoz\nMajorca\nSierra Guadalupe\nCórdoba\nGipuzkoa\nIrún\nMonte Pelado\nTalavera\nSantuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza\nGuinea\nCerro Muriano\nCape Spartel\nSeseña\nMadrid\nCiudad Universitaria\n1st Corunna Road\nVillarreal\nUrsula\nAceituna\nLopera\n2nd Corunna Road\n1937\n3rd Corunna Road\nMálaga\nJarama\nCape Machichaco\nGuadalajara\nPozoblanco\nWar in the North\nCantabrian Sea\nBiscay\nDurango\nGuernica\nBilbao\nSantander\nAsturias\nEl Mazuco\nJaén\n2nd Barcelona\nDeutschland\nAlmería\nSegovia\nHuesca\nAlbarracín\nBrunete\nZaragoza\n1st Belchite\nCape Cherchell\nSabiñánigo\n1st Lérida\nTeruel\n1938\nValladolid\nAlfambra\nCape Palos\nAragon\n2nd Belchite\n3rd Barcelona\nCaspe\n2nd Lérida\n1st Gandesa\nSegre\nLevante\nBalaguer\nLos Blázquez\nAlicante\nGranollers\nBielsa\n2nd Mérida\nEbro\n2nd Gandesa\nCantabria\nCabra\nSant Vicenç de Calders\n1939\nCatalonia\nValsequillo\nXàtiva\nLa Garriga\nMinorca\nCartagena\nFinal offensiveThe Battle of Guadalajara (March 8–23, 1937) saw the victory of the Spanish Republican Army (Ejército Popular Republicano, or EPR) and of the International Brigades over the Italian and Nationalist forces attempting to encircle Madrid during the Spanish Civil War. The Nationalist forces involved in the Battle of Guadalajara were primarily the Italian Corps of Volunteer Troops (Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV).The battle opened with an Italian offensive on 8 March. This offensive was halted by 11 March. Between 12 March and 14 March, renewed Italian attacks were supported by Spanish Nationalist units. These were halted too. On 15 March, a Republican counter-offensive was prepared. The Republicans successfully launched their counter-offensive from 18 March to 23 March.","title":"Battle of Guadalajara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Battle: Battle of Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Battle:_Battle_of_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jarama"},{"link_name":"capture of Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Jarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarama"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mario Roatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Roatta"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Alcalá de Henares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares"},{"link_name":"L3/33 tankettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3/33"},{"link_name":"L3/35 tankettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3/35"},{"link_name":"armoured cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)"},{"link_name":"Fiat CR.32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_CR.32"},{"link_name":"Tank and Armoured Cars Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_and_Armoured_Cars_Group"},{"link_name":"Legionary Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviazione_Legionaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas,_Hugh_2001._p.579-1"},{"link_name":"T-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26:_combat_history"}],"text":"See also: Order of Battle: Battle of GuadalajaraAfter the collapse of the third offensive on Madrid, Spanish Nationalist General Francisco Franco decided to continue with a fourth offensive aimed at closing the pincer around the capital. The Nationalist forces, after a defeat at the Battle of Jarama, were exhausted and could not create the necessary momentum to carry the operation through. However, the Italians were optimistic after the capture of Málaga, and it was thought that the Italian forces could score an easy victory owing to the heavy losses sustained by the People's Republican Army at Jarama. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini endorsed the operation and committed Italian units to it.[6]The Italian commander, General Mario Roatta, planned to surround the defences of Madrid from the north-east. After joining the Spanish Nationalist corps \"Madrid\" on the Jarama River, they would begin the assault on Madrid. The Italian forces would execute the main attack. The Spanish division \"Soria\" was present to secure the operation, but played no part in the first five days of fighting. The main attack began in the 25 km-wide pass at Guadalajara-Alcalá de Henares. This region was well suited for an advance, as there were five roads of high quality running through it. Three other roads in the area led to Guadalajara, allowing for the possibility of capturing this town as well. The Nationalist forces had 35,000 soldiers, 222 artillery pieces, 108 L3/33 tankettes and L3/35 tankettes, 32 armoured cars, 3,685 motor vehicles, and 60 Fiat CR.32 fighter planes. The Italian tankettes and armoured cars were organized as the \"Tank and Armoured Cars Group\" (Agrupación de carros de asalto y autos blindados). The Italian aircraft were organized into the \"Legionary Air Force\" (Aviazione Legionaria).[1]The Republican presence in the Guadalajara region consisted only of the 12th Division of the People's Republican Army under Colonel Lacalle. He had under his command 10,000 soldiers with 5,900 rifles, 85 machine guns, and 15 artillery pieces. One company of T-26 light tanks were also sent to the area. No defensive works had been constructed in the Guadalajara region, because it was regarded as a peaceful part of the front. The People's Republican Army staff was sure that the next Fascist offensive would come from the south.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Italian offensive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirabueno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabueno"},{"link_name":"Alaminos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaminos,_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Castejon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n_de_Henares"}],"sub_title":"March 8","text":"After 30 minutes' artillery fire and air raids on the Republican positions, the Italians began advancing towards the 50th Republican brigade. Led by tankettes, they broke through the Republican line. Their assault then slowed, mainly because fog and sleet had reduced visibility down to 100 metres (110 yards) in places. The Italians captured 10 to 12 km of terrain, including the towns of Mirabueno, Alaminos and Castejon. Falling back, the Republican commander requested infantry reinforcements and the company of tanks.","title":"Italian offensive"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0214-516,_Spanien,_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg"},{"link_name":"XI International Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_International_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Edgar André Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Andr%C3%A9_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thälmann Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A4lmann_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Commune de Paris Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commune_de_Paris_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Almadrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almadrones"},{"link_name":"Cogollor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogollor"},{"link_name":"Masegoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masegoso_de_Taju%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Brihuega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihuega"},{"link_name":"blitzkrieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg"},{"link_name":"Enrique Jurado Barrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Jurado_Barrio"},{"link_name":"Líster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_L%C3%ADster"},{"link_name":"11th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Division_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Torija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torija"},{"link_name":"12th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th_Division_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"14th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Division_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"2nd Assault Guard Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerpo_de_Seguridad_y_Asalto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_F._Coverdale,_The_Battle_of_Guadalajara,_8%E2%80%9322_March_1937-5"}],"sub_title":"March 9","text":"Italian tankettes advancing with a flame thrower tank in the lead at Guadalajara.The Nationalists continued their assault on Republican positions. The main attack was carried out with tanks but again bogged down from poor performance and low visibility. The Republican 50th Brigade escaped without a fight. At about noon, the Italian advance was suddenly turned back by battalions of the XI International Brigade (battalions involved were initially the Edgar André Battalion, Thälmann Battalion and Commune de Paris Battalion – with soldiers mainly from Germany, France, and the Balkan countries). The Italians on the Nationalist side had taken another 15 to 18 km and the towns of Almadrones, Cogollor, and Masegoso. In the evening, the first formations of Italian troops reached the suburb of Brihuega, where they halted to await a wider breach in the Republican lines. This break in momentum, though incompatible with the blitzkrieg tactics they were nominally following, was under the circumstances necessary to allow the soldiers to rest.The Republican forces on this day consisted of the XI International Brigade, two artillery batteries and two companies of infantry from the 49th Brigade, 12th Division. They had 1,850 soldiers with 1,600 rifles, 34 machine guns, 6 artillery pieces, and 5 tanks. By the end of the day, reinforcements started to arrive as Colonel Enrique Jurado Barrio was ordered to form IV Corps with Líster's 11th Division in the center at the Madrid–Zaragoza road at Torija, the 12th Division on the left flank, and the 14th Division on the right. Vicente Rojo ordered the 2nd Assault Guard Division into action.[5]","title":"Italian offensive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XII International Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_International_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Jarosław Dabrowski Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabrowski_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Miralrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miralr%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Torija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torija"},{"link_name":"Nino Nanetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nino_Nanetti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"March 10","text":"The Republican forces received new reinforcements: Italians and Poles from the XII International Brigade (two battalions; Jarosław Dabrowski Battalion and Giuseppe Garibaldi Battalion), three artillery batteries, and an understrength battalion of tanks. The Republican forces now had 4,350 soldiers, 8 mortars, 16 artillery pieces, and 26 light tanks.In the morning, Italian forces on the Nationalist side launched heavy artillery and air bombardments and without success began the assault on the XI International Brigade. At that point they had committed 26,000 soldiers, 900 machine guns, 130 light tanks, and a large number of artillery pieces. The Nationalists captured the towns Miralrio and Brihuega. The latter town fell almost without opposition.Nationalist attacks on XI and XII International Brigades continued in the afternoon, still without success. At Torija, the Nationalists faced the Italian Garibaldi Battalion. Italians in the Garibaldi Battalion encouraged the Fascist soldiers to join the Republicans. The attacks halted toward evening, and the Italian Nationalists built defensive positions.At the end of the day, Lacalle resigned his command, officially for health reasons, but probably because of his resentment at being passed over by Jurado. Command of 12th Division went to the Italian communist Nino Nanetti.","title":"Italian offensive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torija"},{"link_name":"Hita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hita,_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Torre del Burgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_del_Burgo"}],"sub_title":"March 11","text":"The Italians began a successful advance on the positions of XI and XII International Brigades, who retreated down the main road. The Italian vanguard stopped 3 km before the town of Torija. The Spanish Nationalist division \"Soria\" captured the towns of Hita and Torre del Burgo.","title":"Italian offensive"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Republican counterattacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Chato\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarpov_I-15"},{"link_name":"\"Rata\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarpov_I-16"},{"link_name":"Katiuska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_SB"},{"link_name":"Spanish Republican Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Albacete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albacete"},{"link_name":"Italian Legionary Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviazione_Legionaria"},{"link_name":"T-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26"},{"link_name":"BT-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT-5"},{"link_name":"Trijueque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijueque"}],"sub_title":"March 12","text":"The Republican forces under Líster's command redeployed in the morning and launched a counterattack at noon. Close to one-hundred \"Chato\" and \"Rata\" fighter planes and two squadrons of Katiuska bombers of the Spanish Republican Air Force had been made available at the Albacete airfield. While the aircraft of the Italian Legionary Air Force were grounded on water-logged airports, the Republicans did not have this problem since the Albacete airfield had a concrete strip.After an air bombardment of the Italian positions, the Republican infantry supported by T-26 and BT-5 light tanks attacked the Italian lines. Several Italian tankettes were lost when General Roatta attempted to change the position of his motorized units in the muddy terrain; many got stuck and were easy target for strafing fighters. The advance reached Trijueque. An Italian counterattack did not regain lost terrain.","title":"Republican counterattacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"11th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Division_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"14th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Division_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Tajuña River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taju%C3%B1a_River"}],"sub_title":"March 13","text":"The Republican counterattack on Trijueque and Casa del Cabo, Palacio de Ibarra was launched with some success. The plan under Vicente Rojo was to concentrate 11th Division under Líster and all armoured units on the Zaragoza road, while 14th Division under Mera crossed the Tajuña River to attack Brihuega. The Italians were warned that this might happen, but ignored advice from the Spanish chief of operations, Colonel Barroso.","title":"Republican counterattacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L3 tankettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankettes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-513,_Spanien,_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg"}],"sub_title":"March 14–17","text":"On March 14, most Republican infantry formations rested while their air forces executed successful attacks. The International Brigade captured the Palacio de Ibarra. In the subsequent days the Republicans redeployed and concentrated their forces.The Republican forces now consisted of some 20,000 soldiers, 17 mortars, 28 artillery pieces, 60 light tanks and 70 planes.The Italian and Spanish Nationalist forces consisted of some 45,000 soldiers, 70 mortars, 200 artillery pieces, 80 light tanks (L3 tankettes), and 50 planes.Destruction in aftermath of the battle","title":"Republican counterattacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tajuña River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taju%C3%B1a_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_F._Coverdale,_The_Battle_of_Guadalajara,_8%E2%80%9322_March_1937-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_F._Coverdale,_The_Battle_of_Guadalajara,_8%E2%80%9322_March_1937-5"}],"sub_title":"March 18","text":"At dawn, Vicente Rojo gave the orders and Mera led the 14th Division across the pontoon bridge over the Tajuña River. They had cover from heavy sleet, but the weather also delayed the assault. After midday, the weather had improved enough to allow the Republican air force to operate. At around 13:30, Jurado gave the order to attack. Líster was slowed by the Italian Littorio Division, largely considered to be the best of the Italian units. The 14th Division managed to surround Brihuega, and the Italians retreated in panic. The remaining Italian soldiers were cleared out by the Assault Guards and XI International Brigade.[5]An Italian counterattack on Republican positions failed and was repulsed by the Assault Guard Division, arguably the best of the Spanish Republican units. The attack by the Assault Guard Division was spearheaded by the 1st Assault Brigade to devastating effect, inflicting heavy losses on the Italians.[5] The Littorio Division saved the Italians from a complete disaster when they conducted a well-organized retreat.","title":"Republican counterattacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gajanejos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajanejos"},{"link_name":"Valdearenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdearenas"},{"link_name":"Ledanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledanca"},{"link_name":"Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"}],"sub_title":"March 19–23","text":"The Republican forces recaptured the cities of Gajanejos and Villaviciosa de Tajuña. Their counter-offensive was ultimately halted on the Valdearenas–Ledanca–Hontanares line, because Franco had sent reserve formations to settle the line of defence between Ledanca and Hontanares.","title":"Republican counterattacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-514,_Spanien,_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herbert Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Matthews"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Bailén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beevor,_Battle,_p._246-7"},{"link_name":"British press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Caporetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"skedaddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rout"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knox6-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston83-9"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_F._Coverdale,_1975-2"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Italy's fascist regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston83-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beevor,_Battle,_p._246-7"},{"link_name":"Schadenfreude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Payne131-11"},{"link_name":"General Moscardó's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Moscard%C3%B3_Ituarte"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Navarrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Payne131-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colodny141-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Nationalist forces at Guadalajara.The Battle of Guadalajara was an important strategic victory of the Republican Army and did much to lift morale. Herbert Matthews claimed in The New York Times that Guadalajara was \"to Fascism what the defeat at Bailén had been to Napoleon.\"[7] The British press heaped scorn on this \"new Caporetto\"—alluding to a great Italian defeat in the First World War—while former British prime minister David Lloyd George wrote mockingly of the \"Italian skedaddle,\" infuriating Mussolini.[8][9]The Italian CTV lost some 3,000 men (Spanish Nationalist losses were marginal) and a considerable number of light tanks. In addition, the Republican army captured sizeable quantities of badly-needed materiel, including 65 artillery pieces, 500 machine guns, 67 trucks and vehicles, 13 mortars, 10 tanks, and plenty of ammunition.[2] Strategically, the Republican victory prevented the encirclement of Madrid, ending Franco's hopes of crushing the Republic with a decisive strike at its capital. Franco decided to adopt a new strategy of chipping away at the Republican territories, starting in the north.Above all, Guadalajara was a setback to Italian morale and a loss of prestige for Italy's fascist regime, whose Duce had orchestrated the deployment of the Italian army in the hopes of stunning the world with a show of Italy's \"iron military strength.\"[9][10] In response, Franco (who feared CTV strategic independence, especially after the Italian victory at Malaga) announced his intention to dismantle the Italian field army in Spain, seeking to disperse it among Spanish Nationalist units. This threat was not ultimately carried out and Guadalajara in a sense guaranteed and continued Italian aid as Mussolini sought final victory to efface his humiliation at Guadalajara.[7]Franco, who was uncomfortable with the prospect of the CTV successfully crushing the Republic forces by itself (he believed this would give the impression that the fall of Madrid was wholly creditable to a foreign army) brimmed with Schadenfreude over his allies' humiliation.[11] Officers in General Moscardó's HQ raised a toast to \"Spanish heroism, of whatever colour\"—probably the only time Nationalist forces toasted a Republican triumph of arms.[12] Franco's soldiers began singing popular Italian tunes with lyrical changes mocking the defeated CTV. The following chorus, originating with Moscardó's Navarrese, humorously takes the Italians to task for their earlier complaints about the lack of motorized transport in Nationalist ranks:[11][13]The CTV may have lost the battle because Franco did not start a side offensive, from Jarama toward Alcalà de Henares, as agreed on March 1 with General Roatta. After seeing that the Nationalists were not attacking, the Republicans were able to redeploy the troops facing Jarama to meet the Italian offensive. Later, when faced by General Roatta, Franco tried to excuse himself saying that his Generals ignored his orders to advance. It is possible he used the Italian troops as cannon fodder to gain time to regroup his troops, exhausted after Jarama. This is explained by the Franco's fear towards the Italians and their attitude to win the war \"alone\", forcing the Caudillo's war leadership. This also explains the ungrateful songs against the Italians which despite all were decisively contributing with personnel and equipment to the nationalist cause.[14]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Preston"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)"},{"link_name":"T-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26"},{"link_name":"grossly negligent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_incompetence"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff"},{"link_name":"French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"modern warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_warfare"},{"link_name":"military doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"blitzkrieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"British historian Paul Preston identified factors contributing to the Italian debacle:[15]The tenacity of Republican resistance. Deceived by the easy triumph of their mechanized columns over underarmed and panic-stricken Republican militias at Málaga, the Italians underestimated the quality and organization of Republican forces defending Madrid\nInadequate preparation of the Italians—many wearing colonial uniforms—to conditions of heavy snow and sleet\nLack of paved runways for Italian aviation, which left CTV craft sunken in muddy airfields and prey to Republican aviation\nOverall inaction of Nationalist forces on the Jarama front (a delayed, modest attack was launched on March 9), allowing the Republicans to concentrate additional forces along the Guadalajara\nThe superiority of Russian T-26 tanks, equipped with rotating gun turrets, over Italian tankettes\nRoatta's failure—which Preston describes as grossly negligent—to entrench the Italian corps along its new positions in anticipation of a Republican counterattackThe minimal success of the Italian offensive demonstrated the vulnerability of massed armored advances in unfavorable terrain and against a coherent infantry defense. The French General Staff, in harmony with existing beliefs in the French Army, concluded that mechanized troops were not decisive in modern warfare and continued to shape military doctrine accordingly. An exception was Charles de Gaulle. The Germans incorrectly ascribed the Guadalajara failure to leadership and planning. The German attaché to the CTV praised the combat attitude of the Italian troops.[16]In truth, both views have merit: armoured forces were largely ineffective against deep prepared defenses; in adverse weather, and without enough air support, the result was disaster (Italian strategists failed to consider these variables).[17] But the German assessment noted the deficiencies in Italian weaponry, planning, and organization that contributed to the defeat at Guadalajara. In particular, vehicles and tanks lacked the technical quality, and leaders the determination, to effect the violent breakthroughs characteristic of later German blitzkrieg tactics.[citation needed]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[{"image_text":"Italian tankettes advancing with a flame thrower tank in the lead at Guadalajara.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0214-516%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0214-516%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg"},{"image_text":"Destruction in aftermath of the battle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-513%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-513%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nationalist forces at Guadalajara.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-514%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-514%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Republican_military_equipment_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of weapons of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie"},{"title":"List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nationalist_military_equipment_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War"}]	[{"reference":"Knighton, Andrew (2016-01-24). \"An Italian Civil War in Spain: Guadalajara, 1937 \| War History Online\". warhistoryonline. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.warhistoryonline.com/history/italian-civil-war-spain-guadalajara-1937.html","url_text":"\"An Italian Civil War in Spain: Guadalajara, 1937 \| War History Online\""}]},{"reference":"Coverdale, John F. (1974). \"The Battle of Guadalajara, 8-22 March 1937\". Journal of Contemporary History. 9 (1): 54. doi:10.1177/002200947400900104. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260268. S2CID 159990889.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947400900104","url_text":"10.1177/002200947400900104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094","url_text":"0022-0094"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/260268","url_text":"260268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159990889","url_text":"159990889"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Paul (2014). A concise history of the Spanish Civil War (Revised and updated version ed.). London: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-00-756041-7. OCLC 891816463.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-756041-7","url_text":"978-0-00-756041-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/891816463","url_text":"891816463"}]},{"reference":"Rovighi, Alberto; Stefani, Filippo (1939-09-01). \"La Guerra Civile In Spagna: I. La Disintegrazione Dello Stato\". International Affairs. Stato maggiore dell'Esercito, Ufficio storico. doi:10.1093/ia.18.5.703a. ISSN 1468-2346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia.18.5.703a","url_text":"10.1093/ia.18.5.703a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2346","url_text":"1468-2346"}]},{"reference":"Hugh Thomas (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75515-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(historian)","url_text":"Hugh Thomas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar00thom_0","url_text":"The Spanish Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75515-2","url_text":"0-375-75515-2"}]},{"reference":"Antony Beevor (2006) [1982]. The Battle for Spain. Orion. ISBN 978-0-7538-2165-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor","url_text":"Antony Beevor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2165-7","url_text":"978-0-7538-2165-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Guadalajara&params=40.6333_N_3.1667_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"40°38′00″N 3°10′00″W / 40.6333°N 3.1667°W / 40.6333; -3.1667"},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x112j","external_links_name":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x112j"},{"Link":"https://www.warhistoryonline.com/history/italian-civil-war-spain-guadalajara-1937.html","external_links_name":"\"An Italian Civil War in Spain: Guadalajara, 1937 \| War History Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/260268","external_links_name":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/260268"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947400900104","external_links_name":"10.1177/002200947400900104"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094","external_links_name":"0022-0094"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/260268","external_links_name":"260268"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159990889","external_links_name":"159990889"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/891816463","external_links_name":"891816463"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia.18.5.703a","external_links_name":"10.1093/ia.18.5.703a"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2346","external_links_name":"1468-2346"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar00thom_0","external_links_name":"The Spanish Civil War"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311111459/http://usuarios.lycos.es/brihuega1937/","external_links_name":"Site about the Guadalajara Offensive (Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611063637/http://personales.ya.com/brihuega/1937/","external_links_name":"BRIHUEGA 1937: la Batalla de Guadalajara (Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080109160248/http://guadalajara1937.awardspace.com/","external_links_name":"La Batalla de Guadalajara (Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Guadalajara&params=40.6333_N_3.1667_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"40°38′00″N 3°10′00″W / 40.6333°N 3.1667°W / 40.6333; -3.1667"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX542252","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050304p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050304p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4637907-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543310105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85057564","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarqeq	Tarqeq	["1 Notes","2 References"]	Moon of Saturn TarqeqTarqeq imaged by the Cassini spacecraft in June 2016DiscoveryDiscovered byScott S. SheppardDavid C. JewittJan KleynaBrian G. MarsdenDiscovery date13 April 2007DesignationsDesignationSaturn LIIPronunciation/ˈtɑːrkɛk/Named afterTarqiup InuaAlternative namesS/2007 S 1AdjectivesTarqiupian, TarqeqianOrbital characteristicsEpoch 2007 Apr. 10.0Semi-major axis17.9106 GmEccentricity0.1081Orbital period (sidereal)894.86 dInclination49.90°Satellite ofSaturnGroupInuit group (Siarnaq)Physical characteristicsMean diameter6+50%−30% kmSynodic rotation period76.13±0.01 hAlbedo0.06 (assumed)Apparent magnitude23.9Absolute magnitude (H)14.8 Tarqeq, also known as Saturn LII (provisional designation S/2007 S 1) is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on 13 April 2007 from observations taken between 5 January 2006 and 22 March 2007. It is named after Tarqeq, the Inuit moon god, and is a member of the Inuit group of irregular satellites. It is about six kilometres in diameter. The Cassini spacecraft observed Tarqeq over 1.5 days on 15–16 January 2014. The Tarqiupian (Tarqeqian) orbit lies at an inclination of 49.90° (to the ecliptic; 49.77° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1081 and a semi-major axis of 17.9106 Gm. Tarqeq orbits in a prograde direction with a period of 894.86 days. Tarqeq is the slowest-rotating irregular moon measured by Cassini–Huygens, with a period of about 76.13±0.01 h and a roughly ellipsoidal shape. This is very close to a 1:5 resonance with Titan's orbital period, suggesting that gravitational interactions possibly lock Tarqeq in a mean-motion resonance. It has very similar inclination and semi-major axis as Siarnaq, suggesting that it is a fragment of the latter. Notes ^ a b The genitive form of Tarqeq is Tarqiup (as in Tarqiup Inua 'Master of the Moon'). Thus the adjectival form could be absolutive Tarqeqian or genitive Tarqiupian, parallel to nominative Venusian and genitive Venerian for Venus. See Inuktitut morphology References ^ a b c d MPEC 2007-G38: S/2007 S 1 13 April 2007 (discovery, prediscovery and ephemeris) ^ a b IAUC 8836: S/2007 S 1, S/2007 S 2, and S/2007 S 3 11 May 2007 (discovery) ^ a b Denk, T.; Mottola, S. (2019). Cassini Observations of Saturn's Irregular Moons (PDF). 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Lunar and Planetary Institute. ^ a b c Denk, Tilmann; Mottola, Stefano; Tosi, Frederico; Bottke, William F.; Hamilton, Douglas P. (2018). "The Irregular Satellites of Saturn" (PDF). In Schenk, P.M.; Clark, R.N.; Howett, C.J.A.; Verbiscer, A.J.; Waite, J.H. (eds.). Enceladus and the Icy Moons of Saturn. Space Science Series. Vol. 322. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. pp. 409–434. Bibcode:2018eims.book..409D. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816537075-ch020. ISBN 9780816537075. ^ IAUC 8873: Satellites of Saturn 20 September 2007 (naming) Listen to this article (1 minute) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 6 February 2010 (2010-02-06), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) vteMoons of SaturnListed in approximately increasing distance from SaturnRing moonlets S/2009 S 1 Aegaeon Ring shepherds Pan Daphnis Prometheus Epimetheus Janus Other inner moons Atlas Pandora Alkyonides Methone Anthe Pallene Large moons (with trojans) Mimas Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Inuit group (12)Kiviuq subgroup S/2019 S 1 Kiviuq S/2005 S 4 S/2020 S 1 Ijiraq Paaliaq subgroup Paaliaq Siarnaq subgroup S/2004 S 31 Tarqeq Siarnaq S/2019 S 14 S/2020 S 3 S/2020 S 5 Gallic group (7) Albiorix Bebhionn S/2007 S 8 Saturn LX Erriapus Tarvos S/2020 S 4 Norse group (100)Phoebe subgroup Phoebe S/2006 S 20 S/2006 S 9 Skathi S/2007 S 5 S/2007 S 7 S/2007 S 2 S/2004 S 37 S/2004 S 47 S/2004 S 40 S/2019 S 2 S/2019 S 3 S/2020 S 7 Skoll S/2020 S 2 S/2019 S 4 S/2004 S 41 S/2004 S 42 Hyrrokkin Greip S/2004 S 13 S/2007 S 6 Mundilfari S/2006 S 1 S/2004 S 43 S/2006 S 10 S/2019 S 5 Gridr Bergelmir Jarnsaxa Narvi Suttungr S/2007 S 3 S/2004 S 44 S/2004 S 45 Hati S/2004 S 17 S/2006 S 11 S/2004 S 12 Eggther S/2006 S 13 S/2007 S 9 S/2019 S 7 S/2019 S 8 Farbauti Thrymr Bestla S/2019 S 9 S/2004 S 46 Angrboda S/2019 S 11 Aegir Beli S/2019 S 10 S/2019 S 12 Gerd S/2019 S 13 S/2006 S 14 Gunnlod S/2019 S 15 S/2020 S 6 S/2004 S 7 S/2006 S 3 S/2005 S 5 Skrymir S/2006 S 16 S/2006 S 15 S/2004 S 28 S/2020 S 8 Alvaldi Kari S/2004 S 48 Geirrod Fenrir S/2004 S 50 S/2006 S 17 S/2004 S 49 S/2019 S 17 Surtur S/2006 S 18 Loge Ymir S/2019 S 19 S/2004 S 21 S/2019 S 18 S/2004 S 39 S/2019 S 16 S/2004 S 53 S/2004 S 36 Thiazzi S/2019 S 20 S/2006 S 19 Saturn LXIV Fornjot S/2004 S 51 S/2020 S 10 S/2020 S 9 Saturn LVIII S/2019 S 21 S/2004 S 52Outlier progradeirregular moons S/2006 S 12 S/2019 S 6 S/2004 S 24 Rings of Saturn Cassini–Huygens Chiron Chrysalis Themis S/2004 S 3 S/2004 S 4 S/2004 S 6 In fiction vteSaturn Outline Geography Dragon Storm Great White Spot Hexagon Magnetosphere Rings Moons S/2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus Pandora Epimetheus Janus Aegaeon Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Inuit group Kiviuq Paaliaq Siarnaq Gallic group Albiorix Norse group Phoebe Astronomy Delta Octantis Saturn-crossing minor planets Exploration Cassini–Huygens (Huygens) timeline retirement Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Related Fiction The Day the Earth Smiled In Saturn's Rings (2018 documentary) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_satellite"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"Scott S. 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Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_G._Marsden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPEC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAUC8836-2"},{"link_name":"Tarqeq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarqiup_Inua"},{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit"},{"link_name":"moon god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_god"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAUC8873-6"},{"link_name":"Inuit group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_group"},{"link_name":"Cassini spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adj-3"},{"link_name":"inclination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclination"},{"link_name":"ecliptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic"},{"link_name":"eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPEC-1"},{"link_name":"semi-major axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_axis"},{"link_name":"prograde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion"},{"link_name":"Cassini–Huygens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LPSC2654-4"},{"link_name":"Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon)"},{"link_name":"mean-motion resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean-motion_resonance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denk2018-5"},{"link_name":"Siarnaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarnaq"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denk2018-5"}],"text":"Moon of SaturnTarqeq, also known as Saturn LII (provisional designation S/2007 S 1) is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on 13 April 2007 from observations taken between 5 January 2006 and 22 March 2007.[1][2] It is named after Tarqeq, the Inuit moon god,[5] and is a member of the Inuit group of irregular satellites. It is about six kilometres in diameter. The Cassini spacecraft observed Tarqeq over 1.5 days on 15–16 January 2014.The Tarqiupian (Tarqeqian)[a] orbit lies at an inclination of 49.90° (to the ecliptic; 49.77° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1081[1] and a semi-major axis of 17.9106 Gm. Tarqeq orbits in a prograde direction with a period of 894.86 days.Tarqeq is the slowest-rotating irregular moon measured by Cassini–Huygens, with a period of about 76.13±0.01 h and a roughly ellipsoidal shape.[3] This is very close to a 1:5 resonance with Titan's orbital period, suggesting that gravitational interactions possibly lock Tarqeq in a mean-motion resonance.[4]It has very similar inclination and semi-major axis as Siarnaq, suggesting that it is a fragment of the latter.[4]","title":"Tarqeq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-adj_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-adj_3-1"},{"link_name":"genitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case"},{"link_name":"absolutive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutive_case"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus"},{"link_name":"Inuktitut morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.inuktitutcomputing.ca/Technocrats/ILFT.php#morphology"}],"text":"^ a b The genitive form of Tarqeq is Tarqiup (as in Tarqiup Inua 'Master of the Moon'). Thus the adjectival form could be absolutive Tarqeqian or genitive Tarqiupian, parallel to nominative Venusian and genitive Venerian for Venus. See Inuktitut morphology","title":"Notes"}]	[{}]	null	[{"reference":"Denk, T.; Mottola, S. (2019). Cassini Observations of Saturn's Irregular Moons (PDF). 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Lunar and Planetary Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/2654.pdf","url_text":"Cassini Observations of Saturn's Irregular Moons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute","url_text":"Lunar and Planetary Institute"}]},{"reference":"Denk, Tilmann; Mottola, Stefano; Tosi, Frederico; Bottke, William F.; Hamilton, Douglas P. (2018). \"The Irregular Satellites of Saturn\" (PDF). In Schenk, P.M.; Clark, R.N.; Howett, C.J.A.; Verbiscer, A.J.; Waite, J.H. (eds.). Enceladus and the Icy Moons of Saturn. Space Science Series. Vol. 322. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. pp. 409–434. 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ISBN 9780816537075.","urls":[{"url":"https://tilmanndenk.de/wp-content/uploads/DenkEtAl2018_IrregularMoons.pdf","url_text":"\"The Irregular Satellites of Saturn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Arizona_Press","url_text":"The University of Arizona Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018eims.book..409D","url_text":"2018eims.book..409D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_uapress_9780816537075-ch020","url_text":"10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816537075-ch020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816537075","url_text":"9780816537075"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.inuktitutcomputing.ca/Technocrats/ILFT.php#morphology","external_links_name":"Inuktitut morphology"},{"Link":"http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/mpec/K07/K07G38.html","external_links_name":"MPEC 2007-G38: S/2007 S 1"},{"Link":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08836.html","external_links_name":"IAUC 8836: S/2007 S 1, S/2007 S 2, and S/2007 S 3"},{"Link":"https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/2654.pdf","external_links_name":"Cassini Observations of Saturn's Irregular Moons"},{"Link":"https://tilmanndenk.de/wp-content/uploads/DenkEtAl2018_IrregularMoons.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Irregular Satellites of Saturn\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018eims.book..409D","external_links_name":"2018eims.book..409D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_uapress_9780816537075-ch020","external_links_name":"10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816537075-ch020"},{"Link":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08873.html","external_links_name":"IAUC 8873: Satellites of Saturn"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_van_Dijk	Louis van Dijk	["1 References","2 External links"]	Dutch musician (1941–2020) Louis van Dijk (2008) Louis van Dijk, also spelled Louis van Dyke (27 November 1941 – 12 April 2020), was a beloved Dutch pianist. Born as Arnold Ludwig van Dijk in Amsterdam, he studied solo piano at the Amsterdam Conservatorium. Louis van Dijk became well-known for his improvisational talent in the classical genre. He played with Pim Jacobs and Pieter van Vollenhoven under the name Gevleugelde Vrienden ("Winged Friends"). In September 2005, he played at a charity concert at the Concertgebouw to raise funds for New Orleans after the city was hit by Hurricane Katrina. For his accomplishments as a musician, he was awarded the honorary title of Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion. He died in Laren, aged 78. References ^ "Benefietconcert voor jazzmuzikanten New Orleans" (in Dutch). NU.nl. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2010. ^ "Pianist Louis van Dijk (78) overleden" (in Dutch). 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020. External links http://www.louisvandijk.nl Louis van Dijk discography at Discogs Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz This article about a Dutch musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LouisVanDijk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Pim Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pim_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Pieter van Vollenhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_van_Vollenhoven"},{"link_name":"Concertgebouw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Order of the Netherlands Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion"},{"link_name":"Laren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laren,_North_Holland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Louis van Dijk (2008)Louis van Dijk, also spelled Louis van Dyke (27 November 1941 – 12 April 2020), was a beloved Dutch pianist.Born as Arnold Ludwig van Dijk in Amsterdam, he studied solo piano at the Amsterdam Conservatorium. Louis van Dijk became well-known for his improvisational talent in the classical genre. He played with Pim Jacobs and Pieter van Vollenhoven under the name Gevleugelde Vrienden (\"Winged Friends\"). In September 2005, he played at a charity concert at the Concertgebouw to raise funds for New Orleans after the city was hit by Hurricane Katrina.[1] For his accomplishments as a musician, he was awarded the honorary title of Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion. He died in Laren, aged 78.[2]","title":"Louis van Dijk"}]	[{"image_text":"Louis van Dijk (2008)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LouisVanDijk.jpg/220px-LouisVanDijk.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Benefietconcert voor jazzmuzikanten New Orleans\" (in Dutch). NU.nl. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nu.nl/achterklap/591022/benefietconcert-voor-jazzmuzikanten-new-orleans.html","url_text":"\"Benefietconcert voor jazzmuzikanten New Orleans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NU.nl","url_text":"NU.nl"}]},{"reference":"\"Pianist Louis van Dijk (78) overleden\" (in Dutch). 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nu.nl/muziek/6044385/pianist-louis-van-dijk-78-overleden.html","url_text":"\"Pianist Louis van Dijk (78) overleden\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nu.nl/achterklap/591022/benefietconcert-voor-jazzmuzikanten-new-orleans.html","external_links_name":"\"Benefietconcert voor jazzmuzikanten New Orleans\""},{"Link":"https://www.nu.nl/muziek/6044385/pianist-louis-van-dijk-78-overleden.html","external_links_name":"\"Pianist Louis van Dijk (78) overleden\""},{"Link":"http://www.louisvandijk.nl/","external_links_name":"http://www.louisvandijk.nl"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Louis+van+Dijk","external_links_name":"Louis van Dijk"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000003332204","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37107444","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJhBgJp4WpFpR6gF69Xd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139487929","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139487929","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13435933X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007446304705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/20913769","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83073221","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2009544726&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07075909X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660068905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d9127852-3c72-432d-9757-c1428ffb36be","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_van_Dijk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_submarine_Galatea	Italian submarine Galatea	["1 Design and description","2 Construction and career","3 Notes","4 References"]	Italian submarine History Kingdom of Italy NameGalatea NamesakeGalatea BuilderCantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico, Monfalcone Laid down1931 Launched5 October 1933 Stricken1 February 1948 General characteristics Class and typeSirena-class submarine Displacement 691 t (680 long tons) (surfaced) 850 t (837 long tons) (submerged) Length60.18 m (197 ft 5 in) Beam6.45 m (21 ft 2 in) Draft4.7 m (15 ft 5 in) Installed power 1,350 bhp (1,010 kW) (diesels) 800 hp (600 kW) (electric motors) Propulsion 2 shafts; diesel-electric 2 × diesel engines 2 × electric motors Speed 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) (surfaced) 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h; 8.6 mph) (submerged) Range 5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) (surfaced) 72 nmi (133 km; 83 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) (submerged) Armament 1 × single 100 mm (3.9 in) deck gun 2–4 × single 13.2 mm (0.52 in) machine guns 6 × 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes (4 bow, 2 stern) Galatea was one of a dozen Sirena-class submarines, the second sub-class of the 600 Series of coastal submarines built for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) during the early 1930s. She played a minor role in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 supporting the Spanish Nationalists. Design and description The Sirena class was an improved and enlarged version of the preceding Argonauta-class submarines. They displaced 691 metric tons (680 long tons) surfaced and 850 metric tons (837 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 61.5 meters (201 ft 9 in) long, had a beam of 5.7 meters (18 ft 8 in) and a draft of 4.7 meters (15 ft 5 in). Their crew numbered 45 officers and enlisted men. For surface running, the boats were powered by two 675-brake-horsepower (503 kW) diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 400-horsepower (298 kW) electric motor. They could reach 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) on the surface and 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h; 8.6 mph) underwater. On the surface, the Sirena class had a range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph); submerged, they had a range of 72 nmi (133 km; 83 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph). The boats were armed with six 53.3-centimeter (21 in) torpedo tubes, four in the bow and two in the stern for which they carried a total of 12 torpedoes. They were also armed with a single 100 mm (3.9 in) deck gun forward of the conning tower for combat on the surface. The anti-aircraft armament consisted of two or four 13.2-millimeter (0.52 in) machine guns. Construction and career Galatea was laid down by Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico at their Monfalcone shipyard in 1931, launched on 5 October 1933 and completed the following year. During the Spanish Civil War, she unsuccessfully attacked three ships during a patrol off Tarragona 22 August–5 September 1937. Notes ^ a b c d Chesneau, p. 309 ^ a b Bagnasco, p. 148 ^ Frank, p. 96 References Bagnasco, Erminio (1977). Submarines of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-962-6. Brescia, Maurizio (2012). Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regina Marina 1930–45. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-544-8. Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7. Frank, Willard C. Jr. (1989). "Question 12/88". Warship International. XXVI (1): 95–97. ISSN 0043-0374. Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2. vteSirena-class submarines Ametista Anfitrite Diamante Galatea Naiade Nereide Ondina Rubino Sirena Smeraldo Topazio Zaffiro List of submarines of Italy Italian 600 Series submarines Argonauta class Sirena class Perla class Adua class Acciaio class	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sirena-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"sub-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_class"},{"link_name":"600 Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_600_Series_submarines"},{"link_name":"coastal submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_submarine"},{"link_name":"Regia Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish Nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Spain"}],"text":"Galatea was one of a dozen Sirena-class submarines, the second sub-class of the 600 Series of coastal submarines built for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) during the early 1930s. She played a minor role in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 supporting the Spanish Nationalists.","title":"Italian submarine Galatea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argonauta-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauta-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"displaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"metric tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c5-1"},{"link_name":"brake-horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Brake_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"propeller shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_shaft"},{"link_name":"electric motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b4-2"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c5-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b4-2"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"100 mm (3.9 in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_10_cm_K10#OTO_100.2F47_History"},{"link_name":"deck gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_gun"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft armament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"13.2-millimeter (0.52 in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda_Model_1931_Machine_Gun"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c5-1"}],"text":"The Sirena class was an improved and enlarged version of the preceding Argonauta-class submarines. They displaced 691 metric tons (680 long tons) surfaced and 850 metric tons (837 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 61.5 meters (201 ft 9 in) long, had a beam of 5.7 meters (18 ft 8 in) and a draft of 4.7 meters (15 ft 5 in). Their crew numbered 45 officers and enlisted men.[1]For surface running, the boats were powered by two 675-brake-horsepower (503 kW) diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 400-horsepower (298 kW) electric motor. They could reach 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) on the surface and 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h; 8.6 mph) underwater.[2] On the surface, the Sirena class had a range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph);[1] submerged, they had a range of 72 nmi (133 km; 83 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph).[2]The boats were armed with six 53.3-centimeter (21 in) torpedo tubes, four in the bow and two in the stern for which they carried a total of 12 torpedoes. They were also armed with a single 100 mm (3.9 in) deck gun forward of the conning tower for combat on the surface. The anti-aircraft armament consisted of two or four 13.2-millimeter (0.52 in) machine guns.[1]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laid_down"},{"link_name":"Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantieri_Riuniti_dell%27Adriatico"},{"link_name":"Monfalcone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monfalcone"},{"link_name":"shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c5-1"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragona"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Galatea was laid down by Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico at their Monfalcone shipyard in 1931, launched on 5 October 1933 and completed the following year.[1] During the Spanish Civil War, she unsuccessfully attacked three ships during a patrol off Tarragona 22 August–5 September 1937.[3]","title":"Construction and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c5_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c5_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c5_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c5_1-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b4_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b4_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ a b c d Chesneau, p. 309\n\n^ a b Bagnasco, p. 148\n\n^ Frank, p. 96","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bagnasco, Erminio (1977). Submarines of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-962-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-962-6","url_text":"0-87021-962-6"}]},{"reference":"Brescia, Maurizio (2012). Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regina Marina 1930–45. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-544-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-544-8","url_text":"978-1-59114-544-8"}]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7","url_text":"0-85177-146-7"}]},{"reference":"Frank, Willard C. Jr. (1989). \"Question 12/88\". Warship International. XXVI (1): 95–97. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]},{"reference":"Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer","url_text":"Rohwer, Jürgen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2","url_text":"1-59114-119-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Brooks	Sammy Brooks	["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	American actor (1891–1951) For other uses, see Sammy Brooks (disambiguation). Sammy BrooksBrooks (far left) in Ask Father, 1919Born(1891-07-10)July 10, 1891New York City, U.S.DiedMay 16, 1951(1951-05-16) (aged 59)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1916–1938 Sammy Brooks (July 10, 1891 – May 16, 1951) was an American film actor. He appeared in 218 films between 1916 and 1938. He was born in New York City and died in Los Angeles, California. Selected filmography Luke, the Candy Cut-Up (1916) Luke Pipes the Pippins (1916) Luke's Double (1916) Luke's Late Lunchers (1916) Luke Laughs Last (1916) Luke's Society Mixup (1916) Luke Rides Roughshod (1916) Luke, Crystal Gazer (1916) Luke's Lost Lamb (1916) Luke Does the Midway (1916) Luke Joins the Navy (1916) Luke and the Mermaids (1916) Luke's Speedy Club Life (1916) Luke and the Bang-Tails (1916) Luke, the Chauffeur (1916) Luke's Preparedness Preparations (1916) Luke, the Gladiator (1916) Luke, Patient Provider (1916) Luke's Newsie Knockout (1916) Luke's Movie Muddle (1916) Luke, Rank Impersonator (1916) Luke's Fireworks Fizzle (1916) Luke Locates the Loot (1916) Luke's Shattered Sleep (1916) Luke's Lost Liberty (1917) Luke's Trolley Troubles (1917) Lonesome Luke, Lawyer (1917) Lonesome Luke's Lively Life (1917) Lonesome Luke on Tin Can Alley (1917) Lonesome Luke's Honeymoon (1917) Lonesome Luke, Plumber (1917) Stop! Luke! Listen! (1917) Lonesome Luke, Messenger (1917) Lonesome Luke, Mechanic (1917) Lonesome Luke's Wild Women (1917) Over the Fence (1917) Lonesome Luke Loses Patients (1917) Pinched (1917) By the Sad Sea Waves (1917) Birds of a Feather (1917) Bliss (1917) Rainbow Island (1917) Love, Laughs and Lather (1917) The Flirt (1917) Clubs Are Trump (1917) All Aboard (1917) We Never Sleep (1917) Move On (1917) Bashful (1917) Step Lively (1917) The Big Idea (1917) The Tip (1918) The Lamb (1918) Hit Him Again (1918) Beat It (1918) A Gasoline Wedding (1918) Look Pleasant, Please (1918) Here Come the Girls (1918) Let's Go (1918) On the Jump (1918) Pipe the Whiskers (1918) It's a Wild Life (1918) Hey There! (1918) Kicked Out (1918) The Non-Stop Kid (1918) Two-Gun Gussie (1918) Fireman Save My Child (1918) The City Slicker (1918) Sic 'Em, Towser (1918) Somewhere in Turkey (1918) Are Crooks Dishonest? (1918) An Ozark Romance (1918) Bees in His Bonnet (1918) Swing Your Partners (1918) Why Pick on Me? (1918) Take a Chance (1918) She Loves Me Not (1918) Wanted - $5,000 (1919) Going! Going! Gone! (1919) Ask Father (1919) On the Fire (1919) I'm on My Way (1919) Look Out Below (1919) The Dutiful Dub (1919) Next Aisle Over (1919) A Sammy In Siberia (1919) Just Dropped In (1919) Young Mr. Jazz (1919) Crack Your Heels (1919) Ring Up the Curtain (1919) Si, Senor (1919) Before Breakfast (1919) The Marathon (1919) Pistols for Breakfast (1919) Swat the Crook (1919) Off the Trolley (1919) Spring Fever (1919) Billy Blazes, Esq. (1919) Just Neighbors (1919) At the Old Stage Door (1919) Never Touched Me (1919) A Jazzed Honeymoon (1919) Count Your Change (1919) Chop Suey & Co. (1919) Heap Big Chief (1919) Don't Shove (1919) Be My Wife (1919) The Rajah (1919) He Leads, Others Follow (1919) Soft Money (1919) Count the Votes (1919) Pay Your Dues (1919) His Only Father (1919) Bumping Into Broadway (1919) Captain Kidd's Kids (1919) From Hand to Mouth (1919) All Lit Up (1920) His Royal Slyness (1920) Haunted Spooks (1920) An Eastern Westerner (1920) Number, Please? (1920) Now or Never (1921) Among Those Present (1921) The Noon Whistle (1923) Under Two Jags (1923) Pick and Shovel (1923) Collars and Cuffs (1923) Kill or Cure (1923) Oranges and Lemons (1923) A Man About Town (1923) Frozen Hearts (1923) The Soilers (1923) Scorching Sands (1923) Smithy (1924) Postage Due (1924) Zeb vs. Paprika (1924) Brothers Under the Chin (1924) Near Dublin (1924) Rupert of Hee Haw (1924) Wide Open Spaces (1924) Short Kilts (1924) Wild Papa (1925) Isn't Life Terrible? (1925) Should Sailors Marry? (1925) Wandering Papas (1926) Madame Mystery (1926) Say It with Babies (1926) Long Fliv the King (1926) Raggedy Rose (1926) Bromo and Juliet (1926) Berth Marks (1929) References ^ "Blind Actors". NFB.org. Retrieved May 1, 2020. External links Sammy Brooks at IMDb Sammy Brooks at AllMovie Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Italy United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sammy Brooks (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Brooks_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"For other uses, see Sammy Brooks (disambiguation).Sammy Brooks (July 10, 1891 – May 16, 1951) was an American film actor.[1] He appeared in 218 films between 1916 and 1938. He was born in New York City and died in Los Angeles, California.","title":"Sammy Brooks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luke, the Candy Cut-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke,_the_Candy_Cut-Up"},{"link_name":"Luke Pipes the Pippins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Pipes_the_Pippins"},{"link_name":"Luke's Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Double"},{"link_name":"Luke's Late Lunchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Late_Lunchers"},{"link_name":"Luke Laughs Last","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Laughs_Last"},{"link_name":"Luke's Society Mixup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Society_Mixup"},{"link_name":"Luke Rides Roughshod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Rides_Roughshod"},{"link_name":"Luke, Crystal Gazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke,_Crystal_Gazer"},{"link_name":"Luke's Lost Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Lost_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Luke Does the Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Does_the_Midway"},{"link_name":"Luke Joins the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Joins_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Luke and the Mermaids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_and_the_Mermaids"},{"link_name":"Luke's Speedy Club Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Speedy_Club_Life"},{"link_name":"Luke and the Bang-Tails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_and_the_Bang-Tails"},{"link_name":"Luke, the Chauffeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke,_the_Chauffeur"},{"link_name":"Luke's Preparedness Preparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Preparedness_Preparations"},{"link_name":"Luke, the Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke,_the_Gladiator"},{"link_name":"Luke, Patient Provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke,_Patient_Provider"},{"link_name":"Luke's Newsie Knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Newsie_Knockout"},{"link_name":"Luke's Movie Muddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Movie_Muddle"},{"link_name":"Luke, Rank Impersonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke,_Rank_Impersonator"},{"link_name":"Luke's Fireworks Fizzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Fireworks_Fizzle"},{"link_name":"Luke Locates the Loot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Locates_the_Loot"},{"link_name":"Luke's Shattered Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Shattered_Sleep"},{"link_name":"Luke's Lost Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Lost_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Luke's Trolley Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%27s_Trolley_Troubles"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Luke, Lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Luke,_Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Luke's Lively Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Luke%27s_Lively_Life"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Luke on Tin Can Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Luke_on_Tin_Can_Alley"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Luke's Honeymoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Luke%27s_Honeymoon"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Luke, Plumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Luke,_Plumber"},{"link_name":"Stop! Luke! Listen!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop!_Luke!_Listen!"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Luke, Messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Luke,_Messenger"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Luke, Mechanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Luke,_Mechanic"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Luke's Wild Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Luke%27s_Wild_Women"},{"link_name":"Over the Fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Fence_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Luke Loses Patients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Luke_Loses_Patients"},{"link_name":"Pinched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinched"},{"link_name":"By the Sad Sea Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Sad_Sea_Waves"},{"link_name":"Birds of a Feather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_a_Feather_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliss_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Island_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"Love, Laughs and Lather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Laughs_and_Lather"},{"link_name":"The Flirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flirt_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"Clubs Are Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubs_Are_Trump"},{"link_name":"All Aboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Aboard_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"We Never Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Never_Sleep_(film)"},{"link_name":"Move On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_On_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"Bashful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashful_(film)"},{"link_name":"Step Lively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Lively_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"The Big Idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Idea_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"The Tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tip"},{"link_name":"The Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lamb_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"Hit Him Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Him_Again"},{"link_name":"Beat It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_It_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Gasoline Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gasoline_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Look Pleasant, Please","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Pleasant,_Please"},{"link_name":"Here Come the Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Come_the_Girls_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"Let's Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"On the Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Jump"},{"link_name":"Pipe the Whiskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_the_Whiskers"},{"link_name":"It's a Wild Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Wild_Life"},{"link_name":"Hey There!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_There!"},{"link_name":"Kicked Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicked_Out_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Non-Stop Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Non-Stop_Kid"},{"link_name":"Two-Gun Gussie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Gun_Gussie"},{"link_name":"Fireman Save My Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireman_Save_My_Child_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"The City Slicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_Slicker"},{"link_name":"Sic 'Em, Towser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic_%27Em,_Towser"},{"link_name":"Somewhere in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Are Crooks Dishonest?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_Crooks_Dishonest%3F"},{"link_name":"An Ozark Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ozark_Romance"},{"link_name":"Bees in His Bonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bees_in_His_Bonnet"},{"link_name":"Swing Your Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Your_Partners"},{"link_name":"Why Pick on Me?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Pick_on_Me%3F_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"Take a Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_a_Chance_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"She Loves Me Not","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Loves_Me_Not_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"Wanted - $5,000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanted_-_$5,000"},{"link_name":"Going! Going! Gone!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going!_Going!_Gone!"},{"link_name":"Ask Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask_Father"},{"link_name":"On the Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Fire"},{"link_name":"I'm on My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_on_My_Way_(film)"},{"link_name":"Look Out Below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Out_Below"},{"link_name":"The Dutiful Dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dutiful_Dub"},{"link_name":"Next Aisle Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Aisle_Over"},{"link_name":"A Sammy In Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sammy_In_Siberia"},{"link_name":"Just Dropped In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Dropped_In_(film)"},{"link_name":"Young Mr. Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Mr._Jazz"},{"link_name":"Crack Your Heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_Your_Heels"},{"link_name":"Ring Up the Curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Up_the_Curtain"},{"link_name":"Si, Senor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si,_Senor"},{"link_name":"Before Breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Breakfast"},{"link_name":"The Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marathon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pistols for Breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistols_for_Breakfast"},{"link_name":"Swat the Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_the_Crook"},{"link_name":"Off the Trolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_the_Trolley"},{"link_name":"Spring Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Fever_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"Billy Blazes, Esq.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Blazes,_Esq."},{"link_name":"Just Neighbors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Neighbors"},{"link_name":"At the Old Stage Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Old_Stage_Door"},{"link_name":"Never Touched Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Touched_Me"},{"link_name":"A Jazzed Honeymoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Jazzed_Honeymoon"},{"link_name":"Count Your Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Your_Change"},{"link_name":"Chop Suey & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chop_Suey_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Heap Big Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_Big_Chief"},{"link_name":"Don't Shove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shove"},{"link_name":"Be My Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_My_Wife_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"The Rajah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rajah_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"He Leads, Others Follow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Leads,_Others_Follow"},{"link_name":"Soft Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_Money_(film)"},{"link_name":"Count the Votes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_the_Votes"},{"link_name":"Pay Your Dues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_Your_Dues"},{"link_name":"His Only Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Only_Father"},{"link_name":"Bumping Into Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumping_Into_Broadway"},{"link_name":"Captain Kidd's Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Kidd%27s_Kids"},{"link_name":"From Hand to Mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Hand_to_Mouth"},{"link_name":"All Lit Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Lit_Up"},{"link_name":"His Royal Slyness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Royal_Slyness"},{"link_name":"Haunted Spooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_Spooks"},{"link_name":"An Eastern Westerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eastern_Westerner"},{"link_name":"Number, Please?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number,_Please%3F_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"Now or Never","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_or_Never_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"Among Those Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Among_Those_Present"},{"link_name":"The Noon Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Noon_Whistle"},{"link_name":"Under Two Jags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Two_Jags"},{"link_name":"Pick and Shovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_and_Shovel"},{"link_name":"Collars and Cuffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collars_and_Cuffs"},{"link_name":"Kill or Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_or_Cure_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Oranges and Lemons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranges_and_Lemons_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Man About Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_About_Town"},{"link_name":"Frozen Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Hearts"},{"link_name":"The Soilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soilers"},{"link_name":"Scorching Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorching_Sands"},{"link_name":"Smithy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithy_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"Postage Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_Due"},{"link_name":"Zeb vs. Paprika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeb_vs._Paprika"},{"link_name":"Brothers Under the Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Under_the_Chin"},{"link_name":"Near Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Rupert of Hee Haw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_of_Hee_Haw"},{"link_name":"Wide Open Spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Open_Spaces_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"Short Kilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Kilts"},{"link_name":"Wild Papa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Papa"},{"link_name":"Isn't Life Terrible?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isn%27t_Life_Terrible%3F"},{"link_name":"Should Sailors Marry?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Should_Sailors_Marry%3F"},{"link_name":"Wandering Papas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_Papas"},{"link_name":"Madame Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Mystery"},{"link_name":"Say It with Babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_It_with_Babies"},{"link_name":"Long Fliv the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Fliv_the_King"},{"link_name":"Raggedy Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggedy_Rose"},{"link_name":"Bromo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Berth Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berth_Marks"}],"text":"Luke, the Candy Cut-Up (1916)\nLuke Pipes the Pippins (1916)\nLuke's Double (1916)\nLuke's Late Lunchers (1916)\nLuke Laughs Last (1916)\nLuke's Society Mixup (1916)\nLuke Rides Roughshod (1916)\nLuke, Crystal Gazer (1916)\nLuke's Lost Lamb (1916)\nLuke Does the Midway (1916)\nLuke Joins the Navy (1916)\nLuke and the Mermaids (1916)\nLuke's Speedy Club Life (1916)\nLuke and the Bang-Tails (1916)\nLuke, the Chauffeur (1916)\nLuke's Preparedness Preparations (1916)\nLuke, the Gladiator (1916)\nLuke, Patient Provider (1916)\nLuke's Newsie Knockout (1916)\nLuke's Movie Muddle (1916)\nLuke, Rank Impersonator (1916)\nLuke's Fireworks Fizzle (1916)\nLuke Locates the Loot (1916)\nLuke's Shattered Sleep (1916)\nLuke's Lost Liberty (1917)\nLuke's Trolley Troubles (1917)\nLonesome Luke, Lawyer (1917)\nLonesome Luke's Lively Life (1917)\nLonesome Luke on Tin Can Alley (1917)\nLonesome Luke's Honeymoon (1917)\nLonesome Luke, Plumber (1917)\nStop! Luke! Listen! (1917)\nLonesome Luke, Messenger (1917)\nLonesome Luke, Mechanic (1917)\nLonesome Luke's Wild Women (1917)\nOver the Fence (1917)\nLonesome Luke Loses Patients (1917)\nPinched (1917)\nBy the Sad Sea Waves (1917)\nBirds of a Feather (1917)\nBliss (1917)\nRainbow Island (1917)\nLove, Laughs and Lather (1917)\nThe Flirt (1917)\nClubs Are Trump (1917)\nAll Aboard (1917)\nWe Never Sleep (1917)\nMove On (1917)\nBashful (1917)\nStep Lively (1917)\nThe Big Idea (1917)\nThe Tip (1918)\nThe Lamb (1918)\nHit Him Again (1918)\nBeat It (1918)\nA Gasoline Wedding (1918)\nLook Pleasant, Please (1918)\nHere Come the Girls (1918)\nLet's Go (1918)\nOn the Jump (1918)\nPipe the Whiskers (1918)\nIt's a Wild Life (1918)\nHey There! (1918)\nKicked Out (1918)\nThe Non-Stop Kid (1918)\nTwo-Gun Gussie (1918)\nFireman Save My Child (1918)\nThe City Slicker (1918)\nSic 'Em, Towser (1918)\nSomewhere in Turkey (1918)\nAre Crooks Dishonest? (1918)\nAn Ozark Romance (1918)\nBees in His Bonnet (1918)\nSwing Your Partners (1918)\nWhy Pick on Me? (1918)\nTake a Chance (1918)\nShe Loves Me Not (1918)\nWanted - $5,000 (1919)\nGoing! Going! Gone! (1919)\nAsk Father (1919)\nOn the Fire (1919)\nI'm on My Way (1919)\nLook Out Below (1919)\nThe Dutiful Dub (1919)\nNext Aisle Over (1919)\nA Sammy In Siberia (1919)\nJust Dropped In (1919)\nYoung Mr. Jazz (1919)\nCrack Your Heels (1919)\nRing Up the Curtain (1919)\nSi, Senor (1919)\nBefore Breakfast (1919)\nThe Marathon (1919)\nPistols for Breakfast (1919)\nSwat the Crook (1919)\nOff the Trolley (1919)\nSpring Fever (1919)\nBilly Blazes, Esq. (1919)\nJust Neighbors (1919)\nAt the Old Stage Door (1919)\nNever Touched Me (1919)\nA Jazzed Honeymoon (1919)\nCount Your Change (1919)\nChop Suey & Co. (1919)\nHeap Big Chief (1919)\nDon't Shove (1919)\nBe My Wife (1919)\nThe Rajah (1919)\nHe Leads, Others Follow (1919)\nSoft Money (1919)\nCount the Votes (1919)\nPay Your Dues (1919)\nHis Only Father (1919)\nBumping Into Broadway (1919)\nCaptain Kidd's Kids (1919)\nFrom Hand to Mouth (1919)\nAll Lit Up (1920)\nHis Royal Slyness (1920)\nHaunted Spooks (1920)\nAn Eastern Westerner (1920)\nNumber, Please? (1920)\nNow or Never (1921)\nAmong Those Present (1921)\nThe Noon Whistle (1923)\nUnder Two Jags (1923)\nPick and Shovel (1923)\nCollars and Cuffs (1923)\nKill or Cure (1923)\nOranges and Lemons (1923)\nA Man About Town (1923)\nFrozen Hearts (1923)\nThe Soilers (1923)\nScorching Sands (1923)\nSmithy (1924)\nPostage Due (1924)\nZeb vs. Paprika (1924)\nBrothers Under the Chin (1924)\nNear Dublin (1924)\nRupert of Hee Haw (1924)\nWide Open Spaces (1924)\nShort Kilts (1924)\nWild Papa (1925)\nIsn't Life Terrible? (1925)\nShould Sailors Marry? (1925)\nWandering Papas (1926)\nMadame Mystery (1926)\nSay It with Babies (1926)\nLong Fliv the King (1926)\nRaggedy Rose (1926)\nBromo and Juliet (1926)\nBerth Marks (1929)","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Blind Actors\". NFB.org. Retrieved May 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfb.org/sites/www.nfb.org/files/images/nfb/publications/bm/bm17/bm1706/bm170608.htm","url_text":"\"Blind Actors\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nfb.org/sites/www.nfb.org/files/images/nfb/publications/bm/bm17/bm1706/bm170608.htm","external_links_name":"\"Blind Actors\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0112239/","external_links_name":"Sammy Brooks"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p8816","external_links_name":"Sammy Brooks"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/292946083","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCCjPtB4pmtDBMXMWFKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV269297","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012154373","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_(novel)	Typhoon (novella)	["1 Plot summary","2 Analysis","3 Real life connections","4 Characters","5 References","6 External links"]	1902 novel by Joseph Conrad Typhoon First book edition (US)AuthorJoseph ConradLanguageEnglishGenreAdventure storyPublisherPall Mall MagazinePublication date1902Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)OCLC2312277 Typhoon is a short novel by Joseph Conrad, begun in 1899 and serialized in Pall Mall Magazine in January–March 1902. Its first book publication was in New York by Putnam in 1902; it was also published in Britain in Typhoon and Other Stories by Heinemann in 1903. Plot summary Captain MacWhirr sails the Nan-Shan, a British-built steamer running under the Siamese flag, into a typhoon—a mature tropical cyclone of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Other characters include the young Jukes—most probably an alter ego of Conrad from the time he had sailed under captain John McWhir—and Solomon Rout, the chief engineer. While MacWhirr, who, according to Conrad, "never walked on this Earth"—is emotionally estranged from his family and crew, and though he refuses to consider an alternative course to skirt the typhoon, his indomitable will in the face of a superior natural force elicits grudging admiration. Analysis Conrad "broke new ground" by showing the ways a steam ship differs from a sailing vessel, an historic shift occurring at the time. For example how the crew were broken into "sailors and firemen" ; the unromantic labors of Hackett and Beal; the captain as a mirror of his ship, isolated from nature and lacking the power of imagination. Stylistically, Conrad made "perhaps the most celebrated ellipsis in modern short fiction". At the end of chapter V the story reaches a climactic point, the ship barely makes it into the eye of the typhoon and faces a final challenge to exit the storm through the eye wall. The hurricane, with its power to madden the seas, to sink ships, to uproot trees, to overturn strong walls and dash the very birds of the air to the ground, had found this taciturn man in its path, and, doing its utmost, had managed to wring out a few words. Before the renewed wrath of winds swooped on his ship, Captain MacWhirr was moved to declare, in a tone of vexation, as it were: “I wouldn't like to lose her.” This is followed by a single sentence: He was spared that annoyance. The story then leaps forward in time with the ship back in port, the events of what happened unstated. This was an innovative technique with hints of post-modernism. He challenges the reader to fill in the events of the story themselves. The break in the chronology is particularly effective, and jarring, as the preceding passages had been so detailed that the time it took to read the novel and the real time of the story were not so far apart. Real life connections In 1887, Conrad worked as chief mate on the Highland Forest under Captain John McWhir, whom he portrays in the novel as "McWhirr". He drew upon this six months voyage for the novel. Conrad once dictated to biographer and friend Richard Curle a list of ships he served on, and the stories they were connected to—the connections might have been minor (a single character or incident) or major (a complete voyage), Conrad did not indicate. For Typhoon he said it "suggested" the steamer John P. Best which he served on. Joseph Conrad dedicated the book to Cunninghame Graham, a fellow writer and Scots radical who was an enthusiastic supporter of Conrad since his earliest publications. Characters Captain Tom MacWhirr, an empirical man without imagination. Jukes, the first mate. Typhoon alternates between his third-person limited point of view, the third-person limited point of view of MacWhirr, and the third-person omniscient point of view of the narrator. Jukes' absent friend, the second mate from a trans-Atlantic liner. The omniscient narrator quotes from Jukes's letters to him, and the friend comments to his shipmates about a letter from Jukes. Solomon Rout, the chief engineer, an experienced seaman. The garrulous, choleric second engineer Harry and the silent third engineer Beale. The boatswain, "an ill-favoured, undersized, gruff sailor of fifty, coarsely hairy, short-legged, long-armed, resembing an elderly ape." The second mate: "He was one of those men who...are competent enough, appear hopelessly hard up, show no evidence of any kind of vice, and carry about with them all the signs of manifest failure." The other sailors, steward and cook of the Nan-Shan. The reader only learns the name of the helmsman, Hackett. The coolies, hired workers being sent home to China by the Bun Hin Company. The clerk for the Bun Hin Company, who interprets between the workers and the ship's officers. Mrs. Lucy MacWhirr, Lydia, and Tom, the Captain's wife, daughter and son, who all comment upon him in one way or another from their home in London. Mrs. Rout, the chief engineer's wife and the elder Mrs. Rout, the chief engineer's mother, also living in London, who comment upon the engineer. The two owners of the shipbuilding firm in Dumbarton, Scotland, that constructed the Nan-Shan. They discuss MacWhirr after hiring and briefing him. References ^ a b c d Gail Fraser (2004) . "The Short Fiction". In J. H. Stape (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38-39. ISBN 0521484847. ^ Jerry Allen (1965). Sea Years of Joseph Conrad. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday. p. 177. ^ Jerry Allen (1965). Sea Years of Joseph Conrad. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday. p. 322. ^ Richard Curle (1914). Joseph Conrad: A Study. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday. pp. 17-18. ^ Jerry Allen (1965). Sea Years of Joseph Conrad. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday. p. 179. ^ Jerry Allen (1965). Sea Years of Joseph Conrad. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday. pp. 30, 302. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Typhoon Typhoon and Other Stories, available at Internet Archive (1921 edition) Typhoon at Project Gutenberg Typhoon public domain audiobook at LibriVox vteJoseph Conrad (works)Novels andnovellas Almayer's Folly An Outcast of the Islands The Nigger of the "Narcissus" Heart of Darkness The End of the Tether Lord Jim The Inheritors Typhoon Falk Romance Nostromo The Secret Agent Under Western Eyes Freya of the Seven Isles Chance Victory The Shadow Line The Arrow of Gold The Rescue The Nature of a Crime The Rover Suspense Short stories "The Idiots" "An Outpost of Progress" "The Lagoon" "Karain: a Memory" "Youth" "Amy Foster" "The Secret Sharer" "Because of the Dollars" "The Tale" Other works The Inheritors (1901) Romance (1903) A Personal Record Last Essays Adaptations Victory (1919) Lord Jim (1925) The Silver Treasure (1926) Dangerous Paradise (1930) Sabotage (1936) Victory (1940) Outcast of the Islands (1951) Lord Jim (1965) The Rover (1967) The Duellists (1977) Apocalypse Now (1979) The Secret Agent (1992) Heart of Darkness (1993) Victory (1996) The Secret Agent (1996) Nostromo (1997 TV) Gabrielle (2005) Almayer's Folly (2011) Spec Ops: The Line (2012 video game) Hanyut (2014) Secret Sharer (2014) The Secret Agent (2016) The Young One (2016) Related Apollo Korzeniowski (father) Joseph Conrad's career at sea Joseph Conrad (ship) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Pall Mall Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall_Mall_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons"},{"link_name":"Heinemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinemann_(book_publisher)"}],"text":"Typhoon is a short novel by Joseph Conrad, begun in 1899 and serialized in Pall Mall Magazine in January–March 1902. Its first book publication was in New York by Putnam in 1902; it was also published in Britain in Typhoon and Other Stories by Heinemann in 1903.","title":"Typhoon (novella)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"alter ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"}],"text":"Captain MacWhirr sails the Nan-Shan, a British-built steamer running under the Siamese flag, into a typhoon—a mature tropical cyclone of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Other characters include the young Jukes—most probably an alter ego of Conrad from the time he had sailed under captain John McWhir—and Solomon Rout, the chief engineer. While MacWhirr, who, according to Conrad, \"never walked on this Earth\"—is emotionally estranged from his family and crew, and though he refuses to consider an alternative course to skirt the typhoon, his indomitable will in the face of a superior natural force elicits grudging admiration.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser-1"},{"link_name":"ellipsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser-1"},{"link_name":"post-modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-modernism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser-1"}],"text":"Conrad \"broke new ground\" by showing the ways a steam ship differs from a sailing vessel, an historic shift occurring at the time. For example how the crew were broken into \"sailors and firemen\" [engineers]; the unromantic labors of Hackett and Beal; the captain as a mirror of his ship, isolated from nature and lacking the power of imagination.[1]Stylistically, Conrad made \"perhaps the most celebrated ellipsis in modern short fiction\".[1] At the end of chapter V the story reaches a climactic point, the ship barely makes it into the eye of the typhoon and faces a final challenge to exit the storm through the eye wall.The hurricane, with its power to madden the seas, to sink ships, to uproot trees, to overturn strong walls and dash the very birds of the air to the ground, had found this taciturn man in its path, and, doing its utmost, had managed to wring out a few words. Before the renewed wrath of winds swooped on his ship, Captain MacWhirr was moved to declare, in a tone of vexation, as it were: “I wouldn't like to lose her.”This is followed by a single sentence:He was spared that annoyance.The story then leaps forward in time with the ship back in port, the events of what happened unstated. This was an innovative technique with hints of post-modernism.[1] He challenges the reader to fill in the events of the story themselves. The break in the chronology is particularly effective, and jarring, as the preceding passages had been so detailed that the time it took to read the novel and the real time of the story were not so far apart.[1]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen177-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen322-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Curle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen179-5"},{"link_name":"Cunninghame Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunninghame_Graham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen30-6"}],"text":"In 1887, Conrad worked as chief mate on the Highland Forest under Captain John McWhir, whom he portrays in the novel as \"McWhirr\".[2] He drew upon this six months voyage for the novel.[3]Conrad once dictated to biographer and friend Richard Curle a list of ships he served on, and the stories they were connected to—the connections might have been minor (a single character or incident) or major (a complete voyage), Conrad did not indicate. For Typhoon he said it \"suggested\" the steamer John P. Best which he served on.[4][5]Joseph Conrad dedicated the book to Cunninghame Graham, a fellow writer and Scots radical who was an enthusiastic supporter of Conrad since his earliest publications.[6]","title":"Real life connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_mate"},{"link_name":"chief engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_engineer"},{"link_name":"boatswain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boatswain"},{"link_name":"second mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_mate"},{"link_name":"coolies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolies"}],"text":"Captain Tom MacWhirr, an empirical man without imagination.\nJukes, the first mate. Typhoon alternates between his third-person limited point of view, the third-person limited point of view of MacWhirr, and the third-person omniscient point of view of the narrator.\nJukes' absent friend, the second mate from a trans-Atlantic liner. The omniscient narrator quotes from Jukes's letters to him, and the friend comments to his shipmates about a letter from Jukes.\nSolomon Rout, the chief engineer, an experienced seaman.\nThe garrulous, choleric second engineer Harry and the silent third engineer Beale.\nThe boatswain, \"an ill-favoured, undersized, gruff sailor of fifty, coarsely hairy, short-legged, long-armed, resembing an elderly ape.\"\nThe second mate: \"He was one of those men who...are competent enough, appear hopelessly hard up, show no evidence of any kind of vice, and carry about with them all the signs of manifest failure.\"\nThe other sailors, steward and cook of the Nan-Shan. The reader only learns the name of the helmsman, Hackett.\nThe coolies, hired workers being sent home to China by the Bun Hin Company.\nThe clerk for the Bun Hin Company, who interprets between the workers and the ship's officers.\nMrs. Lucy MacWhirr, Lydia, and Tom, the Captain's wife, daughter and son, who all comment upon him in one way or another from their home in London.\nMrs. Rout, the chief engineer's wife and the elder Mrs. Rout, the chief engineer's mother, also living in London, who comment upon the engineer.\nThe two owners of the shipbuilding firm in Dumbarton, Scotland, that constructed the Nan-Shan. They discuss MacWhirr after hiring and briefing him.","title":"Characters"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gail Fraser (2004) [1996]. \"The Short Fiction\". In J. H. Stape (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38-39. ISBN 0521484847.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00stap/page/38/mode/2up","url_text":"38-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521484847","url_text":"0521484847"}]},{"reference":"Jerry Allen (1965). Sea Years of Joseph Conrad. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday. p. 177.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seayearsofjoseph00alle","url_text":"Sea Years of Joseph Conrad"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seayearsofjoseph00alle/page/176/mode/2up?q=typhoon","url_text":"177"}]},{"reference":"Jerry Allen (1965). Sea Years of Joseph Conrad. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday. p. 322.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seayearsofjoseph00alle","url_text":"Sea Years of Joseph Conrad"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seayearsofjoseph00alle/page/322/mode/2up?q=typhoon","url_text":"322"}]},{"reference":"Richard Curle (1914). Joseph Conrad: A Study. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stephen_Hart	James Hart (vocalist)	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Eighteen Visions","2.2 Burn Halo","3 Personal life","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]	American singer (born 1979) James HartBackground informationBorn (1979-08-26) August 26, 1979 (age 44)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.GenresMetalcore, alternative rockOccupation(s)SingerYears active1995–presentMember ofEighteen VisionsFormerly ofBurn HaloMusical artist James Hart (born August 26, 1979) is an American vocalist, best known as the frontman and founding member of the metalcore band Eighteen Visions. He was also the founding member and lead vocalist of the band Burn Halo, from its inception in 2007 until leaving in 2016. Early life Hart was born on August 26, 1979, in Chicago, Illinois. His family moved to California when he was 6. Growing up, he played baseball and football a lot. He considers himself a lifelong Chicago Cubs and Chicago Bears fan. His parents separated and divorced when he was 11, with his father moving away back to Chicago. In 2017, Hart said that both of his parents had been struggling with alcohol at that time, which, in his opinion, ruined their marriage and chance for a happy family life. He also cited that as a major driving force behind his abstinence from alcohol and drugs from a very young age. He graduated from Huntington Beach High School where he was on his school's baseball and football teams. He used to work at Banana Republic retail store after finishing high school. Career Eighteen Visions Eighteen Visions originally formed in 1995 by Hart, Dave Peters, Billy Sisler, and Kenneth Floyd. Their first show was at the "Koo's Cafe" in early 1996. Many lineup changes and breakup rumors occurred before the release of their debut album Yesterday Is Time Killed, before eventually finding a stable lineup in 1999. Hart performing in 2004 The band went on to release four more studio albums before breaking up in 2007. Hart had this to say concerning the matter: "After several years of touring and quite a few album releases we have decided that it is time to go our separate ways. We have been a band for a very long time and feel good about everything we were able to accomplish. At this point in our lives and our careers we feel its time to move on to something fresh and new. Whether it be music, touring or just being at home to live and enjoy life. We would like to thank all of our fans, friends and families for all of the great support over the years. We would also like to thank all of the bands we have shared the stage with and everyone who has ever worked with the band, opened a door or reached out a hand. We will be playing our final two shows in April. One in San Diego and one in Orange County. Come rock with us one more time." The band announced its reunion in February 2017, featuring 3 of the 5 members of their 2007's lineup, including Hart. The comeback album "XVIII" was released on June 2, 2017, followed by a live show held in Orange County area on the same day. Burn Halo After the breakup of Eighteen Visions, James Hart worked with former Nixons frontman, Zac Maloy, on a new mainstream rock band called Burn Halo. Originally, Hart conceptualized it to be a solo project; however, during the development of the music and recording, the direction of Hart's idea changed, and Burn Halo was formed. Three albums thus far have been recorded, with Burn Halo's self-titled debut being released March 31, 2009. The singles from that album were "Dirty Little Girl" and "Save Me". Burn Halo's sophomore release, entitled Up from the Ashes was released June 28, 2011, with the song "Tear It Down" as the lead single. The third album Wolves Of War saw the light of day in 2015. On June 7, 2016, it was announced that James was no longer the vocalist for the band. Personal life In 1999, Hart attended beauty school along with a former Eighteen Visions bass player Javier Van Huss. Apart from his music career, he is a certified hair stylist working with men and women. According to his Twitter account, he has been straight edge since 1993. He married his long-term girlfriend Britni in 2015. He's also a fan of Chelsea FC. Discography Main albums: with Eighteen Visions 1997: Lifeless 1998: Yesterday Is Time Killed 1999: No Time for Love 2000: Until The Ink Runs Out 2001: The Best Of Eighteen Visions 2002: Vanity 2004: Obsession 2006: Eighteen Visions 2017: XVIII 2021: 1996 with Burn Halo 2009: Burn Halo 2011: Up from the Ashes 2015: Wolves of War References ^ Downey, Ryan J. "Biography: Eighteen Visions". AllMusic. Retrieved May 16, 2010. ^ Lead Singer Syndrome, episode 93 ^ "Eighteen Visions breaks up". Lambgoat. April 9, 2007. Retrieved April 3, 2012. ^ "Blabbermouth.Net – Eighteen Visions Calls It Quits". Roadrunnerrecords.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2012. ^ "James Hart (Ex-Eighteen Visions) Exits Burn Halo, Replacement Announced". Theprp.com. June 7, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ Staff, OC Weekly- (July 16, 2013). "How Eighteen Visions Became The OC Metal Band Known For Inventing "Fashioncore"". OC Weekly. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ Prestige Living (December 4, 2015). "34: James Hart – Hairstylist and Rock God". Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2019 – via YouTube. ^ "James Hart's Twitter". October 17, 2016. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ "James Hart on Instagram: "•PRIDE OF LONDON• We had an amazing time once we got back to London from Madrid. Had some epic food and saw some great shows. Les Mis was unreal!!! Our tour guides @jack_wayne and Merlin took us to Bushy Park and for a little cruise down the Thames. Topped off with a Chelsea win over Crystal Palace in the FA CUP semifinal. Palace fans, much respect you were wild! Hope to be back soon!"". External links Media related to James Hart (singer) at Wikimedia Commons vteBurn Halo James Hart Aaron Boehler Joey Roxx Brandon Lynn Dillon Ray Ryan Folden Allen Wheeler Timmy Russell Studio albums Burn Halo Up from the Ashes vteEighteen Visions James Hart Ken Floyd Keith Barney Mick Morris Trevor Friedrich Jason Shrout Brandan Schieppati Javier Van Huss Steve Dave Peters Jeff Boullt Richie Taylor Billy Sisler Studio albums Yesterday Is Time Killed Until the Ink Runs Out The Best of Eighteen Visions Vanity Obsession Eighteen Visions XVIII 1996 EPs No Time for Love Singles "Tonightless" "Victim" "Broken Hearted" Related articles Discography Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"Eighteen Visions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteen_Visions"},{"link_name":"Burn Halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_Halo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"American singer (born 1979)Musical artistJames Hart (born August 26, 1979) is an American vocalist, best known as the frontman and founding member of the metalcore band Eighteen Visions. He was also the founding member and lead vocalist of the band Burn Halo, from its inception in 2007 until leaving in 2016.[1]","title":"James Hart (vocalist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Huntington Beach High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Beach_High_School"},{"link_name":"Banana Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Republic"}],"text":"Hart was born on August 26, 1979, in Chicago, Illinois. His family moved to California when he was 6. Growing up, he played baseball and football a lot. He considers himself a lifelong Chicago Cubs and Chicago Bears fan. His parents separated and divorced when he was 11, with his father moving away back to Chicago. In 2017, Hart said that both of his parents had been struggling with alcohol at that time, which, in his opinion, ruined their marriage and chance for a happy family life. He also cited that as a major driving force behind his abstinence from alcohol and drugs from a very young age.[2]He graduated from Huntington Beach High School where he was on his school's baseball and football teams. He used to work at Banana Republic retail store after finishing high school.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eighteen Visions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteen_Visions"},{"link_name":"Dave Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Peters"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Yesterday Is Time Killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_Is_Time_Killed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hart_of_Eighteen_Visions.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Eighteen Visions","text":"Eighteen Visions originally formed in 1995 by Hart, Dave Peters, Billy Sisler, and Kenneth Floyd. Their first show was at the \"Koo's Cafe\" in early 1996. Many lineup changes and breakup rumors occurred before the release of their debut album Yesterday Is Time Killed, before eventually finding a stable lineup in 1999.Hart performing in 2004The band went on to release four more studio albums before breaking up in 2007. Hart had this to say concerning the matter:\"After several years of touring and quite a few album releases we have decided that it is time to go our separate ways. We have been a band for a very long time and feel good about everything we were able to accomplish. At this point in our lives and our careers we feel its time to move on to something fresh and new. Whether it be music, touring or just being at home to live and enjoy life. We would like to thank all of our fans, friends and families for all of the great support over the years. We would also like to thank all of the bands we have shared the stage with and everyone who has ever worked with the band, opened a door or reached out a hand. We will be playing our final two shows in April. One in San Diego and one in Orange County. Come rock with us one more time.\"[3][4]The band announced its reunion in February 2017, featuring 3 of the 5 members of their 2007's lineup, including Hart. The comeback album \"XVIII\" was released on June 2, 2017, followed by a live show held in Orange County area on the same day.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nixons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nixons"},{"link_name":"Zac Maloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Maloy"},{"link_name":"Burn Halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_Halo"},{"link_name":"debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_Halo_(album)"},{"link_name":"Up from the Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_from_the_Ashes_(Burn_Halo_album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Burn Halo","text":"After the breakup of Eighteen Visions, James Hart worked with former Nixons frontman, Zac Maloy, on a new mainstream rock band called Burn Halo. Originally, Hart conceptualized it to be a solo project; however, during the development of the music and recording, the direction of Hart's idea changed, and Burn Halo was formed.Three albums thus far have been recorded, with Burn Halo's self-titled debut being released March 31, 2009. The singles from that album were \"Dirty Little Girl\" and \"Save Me\". Burn Halo's sophomore release, entitled Up from the Ashes was released June 28, 2011, with the song \"Tear It Down\" as the lead single. The third album Wolves Of War saw the light of day in 2015. On June 7, 2016, it was announced that James was no longer the vocalist for the band.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"straight edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_edge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1999, Hart attended beauty school along with a former Eighteen Visions bass player Javier Van Huss. Apart from his music career, he is a certified hair stylist working with men and women.[6][7] According to his Twitter account, he has been straight edge since 1993.[8][non-primary source needed] He married his long-term girlfriend Britni in 2015. He's also a fan of Chelsea FC.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eighteen Visions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteen_Visions"},{"link_name":"Lifeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeless_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Yesterday Is Time Killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_Is_Time_Killed"},{"link_name":"No Time for Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Time_for_Love_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Until The Ink Runs Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Until_The_Ink_Runs_Out"},{"link_name":"The Best Of Eighteen Visions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Of_Eighteen_Visions"},{"link_name":"Vanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_(album)"},{"link_name":"Obsession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsession_(Eighteen_Visions_album)"},{"link_name":"Eighteen Visions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteen_Visions_(album)"},{"link_name":"XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_(album)"},{"link_name":"Burn Halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_Halo"},{"link_name":"Burn Halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_Halo_(album)"},{"link_name":"Up from the Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_from_the_Ashes_(Burn_Halo_album)"}],"text":"Main albums:with Eighteen Visions1997: Lifeless\n1998: Yesterday Is Time Killed\n1999: No Time for Love\n2000: Until The Ink Runs Out\n2001: The Best Of Eighteen Visions\n2002: Vanity\n2004: Obsession\n2006: Eighteen Visions\n2017: XVIII \n2021: 1996with Burn Halo2009: Burn Halo\n2011: Up from the Ashes\n2015: Wolves of War","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Hart performing in 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/James_Hart_of_Eighteen_Visions.jpg/180px-James_Hart_of_Eighteen_Visions.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Downey, Ryan J. \"Biography: Eighteen Visions\". AllMusic. Retrieved May 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p440670/biography","url_text":"\"Biography: Eighteen Visions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Eighteen Visions breaks up\". Lambgoat. April 9, 2007. Retrieved April 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lambgoat.com/news/view.aspx?id=8681","url_text":"\"Eighteen Visions breaks up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blabbermouth.Net – Eighteen Visions Calls It Quits\". Roadrunnerrecords.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606191207/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=70204","url_text":"\"Blabbermouth.Net – Eighteen Visions Calls It Quits\""},{"url":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=70204","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James Hart (Ex-Eighteen Visions) Exits Burn Halo, Replacement Announced\". Theprp.com. June 7, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theprp.com/2016/06/07/news/james-hart-ex-eighteen-visions-exits-burn-halo-replacement-announced/","url_text":"\"James Hart (Ex-Eighteen Visions) Exits Burn Halo, Replacement Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, OC Weekly- (July 16, 2013). \"How Eighteen Visions Became The OC Metal Band Known For Inventing \"Fashioncore\"\". OC Weekly. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ocweekly.com/how-eighteen-visions-became-the-oc-metal-band-known-for-inventing-fashioncore-6569812/","url_text":"\"How Eighteen Visions Became The OC Metal Band Known For Inventing \"Fashioncore\"\""}]},{"reference":"Prestige Living (December 4, 2015). \"34: James Hart – Hairstylist and Rock God\". Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2019 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6_fCND8Dw8","url_text":"\"34: James Hart – Hairstylist and Rock God\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/r6_fCND8Dw8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"James Hart's Twitter\". October 17, 2016. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/JamesHartagram/status/788207543604486145","url_text":"\"James Hart's Twitter\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033346/https://twitter.com/JamesHartagram/status/788207543604486145","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"James Hart on Instagram: \"•PRIDE OF LONDON• We had an amazing time once we got back to London from Madrid. Had some epic food and saw some great shows. Les Mis was unreal!!! Our tour guides @jack_wayne and Merlin took us to Bushy Park and for a little cruise down the Thames. Topped off with a Chelsea win over Crystal Palace in the FA CUP semifinal. Palace fans, much respect you were wild! Hope to be back soon!\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CcfsM6XrCvp/","url_text":"\"James Hart on Instagram: \"•PRIDE OF LONDON• We had an amazing time once we got back to London from Madrid. Had some epic food and saw some great shows. Les Mis was unreal!!! Our tour guides @jack_wayne and Merlin took us to Bushy Park and for a little cruise down the Thames. Topped off with a Chelsea win over Crystal Palace in the FA CUP semifinal. Palace fans, much respect you were wild! Hope to be back soon!\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p440670/biography","external_links_name":"\"Biography: Eighteen Visions\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambgoat.com/news/view.aspx?id=8681","external_links_name":"\"Eighteen Visions breaks up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606191207/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=70204","external_links_name":"\"Blabbermouth.Net – Eighteen Visions Calls It Quits\""},{"Link":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=70204","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theprp.com/2016/06/07/news/james-hart-ex-eighteen-visions-exits-burn-halo-replacement-announced/","external_links_name":"\"James Hart (Ex-Eighteen Visions) Exits Burn Halo, Replacement Announced\""},{"Link":"https://ocweekly.com/how-eighteen-visions-became-the-oc-metal-band-known-for-inventing-fashioncore-6569812/","external_links_name":"\"How Eighteen Visions Became The OC Metal Band Known For Inventing \"Fashioncore\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6_fCND8Dw8","external_links_name":"\"34: James Hart – Hairstylist and Rock God\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/r6_fCND8Dw8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/JamesHartagram/status/788207543604486145","external_links_name":"\"James Hart's Twitter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033346/https://twitter.com/JamesHartagram/status/788207543604486145","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CcfsM6XrCvp/","external_links_name":"\"James Hart on Instagram: \"•PRIDE OF LONDON• We had an amazing time once we got back to London from Madrid. Had some epic food and saw some great shows. Les Mis was unreal!!! Our tour guides @jack_wayne and Merlin took us to Bushy Park and for a little cruise down the Thames. Topped off with a Chelsea win over Crystal Palace in the FA CUP semifinal. Palace fans, much respect you were wild! Hope to be back soon!\"\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0447f649-c56e-47c7-9ea2-a3874578840f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Yens	Karl Yens	["1 List of paintings","2 References"]	American painter Karl Yens (January 11, 1868 – 1945), also Karl Jens was a German-American who was noted for both plein-air paintings of the California impressionist movement as well as Modernism. Yens was born Karl Julius Heinrich Jens was born in Altona, Hamburg, Germany and trained in art with Max Koch in Berlin and Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant and Jean-Paul Laurens in Paris. He emigrated to the U.S. and settled in Laguna Beach, California in 1910. He was a founding member of the California Water Color Society and a member of the Modern Art Society. List of paintings America The Beautiful (1918) Arch Beach Tavern Dawn, Laguna Beach (1931) First Art Gallery, Laguna (1920) Fun With Breakers In The Garden In Yosemite (1919) Diogenes, A.K.A. Mr. Mann - The Useful Citizen (1920) Nature's Charm Study in White (1924) Weaver's Camp, Yosemite (1919) Woman on Horseback in Yosemite (1919) Yosemite Scene (1919) Their Castle (1921) References ^ Genocchio, Benjamin (August 29, 2008). "Impressions of California, Wild and Beautiful". New York Times. p. WE10. Retrieved 18 November 2012. ^ Landauer, Susan; Gerdts, William H.; Trenton, Patricia (November 10, 2003). The Not-So-Still Life: A Century of California Painting and Sculpture. University of California Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0520239388. ^ Merrill, Peter C. (1997). German Immigrant Artists in America: A Biographical Dictionary. Scarecrow Press. p. 301. ISBN 0-8108-3266-6. ^ Robinson, W. W. (August 26, 1923). "Laguna--Habitat of World-Famed Artists". Los Angeles Times. p. X14. Retrieved 18 November 2012. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists Musée d'Orsay RKD Artists ULAN Other SNAC This article about a painter from the United States born in the 1860s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plein-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plein-air"},{"link_name":"paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_(art)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Altona, Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Max Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Friedrich_Koch"},{"link_name":"Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Benjamin-Constant"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Laurens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Laurens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"emigrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"California Water Color Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Water_Color_Society"},{"link_name":"Modern Art Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_Art_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Karl Yens (January 11, 1868 – 1945), also Karl Jens was a German-American who was noted for both plein-air paintings of the California impressionist[1] movement as well as Modernism.[2]Yens was born Karl Julius Heinrich Jens was born in Altona, Hamburg, Germany and trained in art with Max Koch in Berlin and Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant and Jean-Paul Laurens in Paris.[3] He emigrated to the U.S. and settled in Laguna Beach, California in 1910.[4] He was a founding member of the California Water Color Society and a member of the Modern Art Society.","title":"Karl Yens"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"America The Beautiful (1918)\nArch Beach Tavern\nDawn, Laguna Beach (1931)\nFirst Art Gallery, Laguna (1920)\nFun With Breakers\nIn The Garden\nIn Yosemite (1919)\nDiogenes, A.K.A. Mr. Mann - The Useful Citizen (1920)\nNature's Charm\nStudy in White (1924)\nWeaver's Camp, Yosemite (1919)\nWoman on Horseback in Yosemite (1919)\nYosemite Scene (1919)\nTheir Castle (1921)","title":"List of paintings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Genocchio, Benjamin (August 29, 2008). \"Impressions of California, Wild and Beautiful\". New York Times. p. WE10. Retrieved 18 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/31artswe.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Impressions of California, Wild and Beautiful\""}]},{"reference":"Landauer, Susan; Gerdts, William H.; Trenton, Patricia (November 10, 2003). The Not-So-Still Life: A Century of California Painting and Sculpture. University of California Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0520239388.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520239388","url_text":"978-0520239388"}]},{"reference":"Merrill, Peter C. (1997). German Immigrant Artists in America: A Biographical Dictionary. Scarecrow Press. p. 301. ISBN 0-8108-3266-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3266-6","url_text":"0-8108-3266-6"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, W. W. (August 26, 1923). \"Laguna--Habitat of World-Famed Artists\". Los Angeles Times. p. X14. Retrieved 18 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/342326522.html?FMT=AI&FMTS=::ABS:AI:CITE:PAGE&type=historic&date=Aug+26%2C+1923&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Laguna--Habitat+of+World-Famed+Artists","url_text":"\"Laguna--Habitat of World-Famed Artists\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/31artswe.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Impressions of California, Wild and Beautiful\""},{"Link":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/342326522.html?FMT=AI&FMTS=::ABS:AI:CITE:PAGE&type=historic&date=Aug+26%2C+1923&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Laguna--Habitat+of+World-Famed+Artists","external_links_name":"\"Laguna--Habitat of World-Famed Artists\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131255212","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/115758","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/103189","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500182797","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60s14fm","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Yens&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/576th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)	271st Infantry Division	["1 History","1.1 First planned deployment, 1940","1.2 Second deployment, 1943 – 1944","1.3 271st Volksgrenadier Division, 1944 – 1945","2 Superior formations","3 Noteworthy individuals","4 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "271st Infantry Division" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) German infantry division during World War II The 271st Infantry Division (German: 271. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II. In total, three infantry formations used the ordinal number 271 within the Wehrmacht. The first 271st Infantry Division's deployment was aborted in May 1940, whereas the second iteration of the division saw its deployment completed in November 1943 and was destroyed in August 1944. Subsequently, a division designated 271st Volksgrenadier Division (German: 271. Volks-Grenadier-Division) was deployed in August 1944 and remained in combat until 1945. History First planned deployment, 1940 Initially, a division named 271st Infantry Division was assembled starting on 1 July 1940, following a directive of 22 May. After the German-French armistice, the assembly of the division was interrupted on 22 July. The division was planned to consist of the Infantry Regiments 562, 563, and 564, as well as the Artillery Detachment 271 and the Division Units 271. Second deployment, 1943 – 1944 Another formation named 271st Infantry Division was assembled as part of the twenty-second Aufstellungswelle on 17 November 1943 in the occupied Netherlands under the supervision of Oberbefehlshaber West. It consisted of the Grenadier Regiments 977, 978, and 979, as well as the Division Fusilier Battalion 271, and the Artillery Regiment 271. The personnel divisional staff and the 979th Regiment were provided by the 137th Infantry Division, whereas the 113th Infantry Division provided the men of the 977th Regiment, 271st Artillery Regiment and the 271st Division Fusilier Battalion, and the 102nd Infantry Division provided the personnel of the 978th Regiment. The division was destroyed in August 1944 in the Falaise Pocket in Normandy, while under the supervision of the 5th Panzer Army. The 271st Infantry Division was commanded by Paul Danhauser between 10 December 1943 and its destruction in the Falaise Pocket. 271st Volksgrenadier Division, 1944 – 1945 On 25 August 1944, the 576th Volksgrenadier Division was deployed in Slovakia. This formation was redesignated 271st Volksgrenadier Division on 17 September 1944. It consisted of the reassembled Grenadier Regiments 977, 978, and 979 (previously Grenadier Regiments 1186, 1187, and 1188), as well as the Artillery Regiment 271, formerly Artillery Regiment 1576. Unlike the 271st Infantry Division, the 271st Volksgrenadier Division was sent to the Eastern Front and was deployed to the defense against the Soviet-Romanian Budapest Offensive. After Grenadier Regiment 978 saw combat in the Budapest area, the division was refreshed at Nitra in February 1945. The 271st Volksgrenadier Division was subsequently captured by Red Army forces in Moravia in May 1945. Throughout its service, the 271st Volksgrenadier Division was commanded by Martin Bieber, who was appointed on 3 September 1944. Bieber was taken prisoner by the Red Army along his division in May 1945 and remained in Soviet captivity until 1955. Superior formations Organizational chart of the 271st Infantry Division and the 271st Volksgrenadier Division Year Month Army Corps Army Army Group Area 271st Infantry Division, November 1943 – August 1944 1943 December LXXXVIII Army Corps WBF Niederlande Army Group D Netherlands 1944 January February LXII Reserve Corps None. Besançon March – April IV Luftwaffe Field Corps 19th Army Montpellier May – June Army Group G July II SS Panzer Corps Panzer Group West Army Group B Normandy August LXXIV Army Corps 5th Panzer Army Falaise Pocket September Unable to fight, remnants sent to the Replacement Army. 271st Volksgrenadier Division, September 1944 – May 1945 1944 October – November Deployment. Trnava, Slovakia December LXXII Army Corps Hungarian 3rd Army Army Group South Stuhlweißenburg 1945 January III Army Corps 6th Army Budapest February – March Panzer Corps Feldherrnhalle 8th Army Esztergom April LXXII Army Corps Moravia May XXXXIX Mountain Corps 1st Panzer Army Army Group Center Noteworthy individuals Paul Danhauser, divisional commander of the 271st Infantry Division. Martin Bieber, divisional commander of the 271st Volksgrenadier Division. References ^ a b c d e f g Tessin, Georg (1973). "271". Die Landstreitkräfte 201–280. Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939-1945 (in German). Vol. 8. Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag. pp. 302–306. ISBN 3764808721. ^ a b c Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). "271st Infantry (later Volksgrenadier) Division". German Order of Battle. Volume One. 1st-290th Infantry Divisions in World War II. Stackpole Books. pp. 321–323. ISBN 9780811734165. vteNumbered infantry divisions of the German Army (1935–1945)1st – 99th1st – 9th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10th – 19th 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20th – 29th 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30th – 39th 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40th – 49th 41 44 45 46 47 48 49 50th – 59th 50 52 56 57 58 59 60th – 69th 60 61 62 63 64 65 68 69 70th – 79th 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80th – 89th 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90th – 99th 91 92 93 94 95 96 98 100th – 199th100th – 119th 102 106 110 111 112 113 121st – 129th 121 122 123 125 126 129 130th – 149th 131 132 134 137 148 150th – 159th 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160th – 169th 160 161 162 162nd (Turk.) 163 164 166 167 168 169 170th – 189th 170 174 176 180 181 182 183 189 190th – 199th 190 196 197 198 199 200th – 299th200th – 209th 201 203 205 206 207 208 209 210th – 219th 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220th – 229th 221 223 225 226 227 228 230th – 239th 230 231 232 237 239 240th – 249th 240 242 243 244 245 246 249 250th – 259th 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 260th – 269th 260 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270th – 279th 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280th – 289th 280 281 282 286 290th – 299th 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300th – 399th300th – 309th 301 302 303 304 305 306 309 310th – 329th 311 319 320 321 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330th – 339th 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340th – 349th 340 342 343 344 346 347 348 349 350th – 359th 351 352 353 355 356 357 358 359 360th – 369th 361 362 363 364 365 367 369 370th – 379th 370 371 372 373 376 377 379 380th – 389th 383 384 385 387 389 390th – 399th 392 393 395 399 400th – 719th400th – 499th 416 430 462 500th – 599th 521 526 554 555 556 557 600th – 699th 600 606 650 700th – 709th 702 703 704 707 708 709 710th – 719th 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 See also: List of German divisions in World War II, AufstellungswellevteVolksgrenadier divisions of the German Army, 1944–451st– 199th 6 9 12 16 18 19 22 26 31 36 45 46 47 61 62 78 79 98 167 183 200th – 299th 211 212 246 256 257 271 272 276 277 278 300th – 540th 320 326 334 337 340 347 349 352 361 363 462 541st – 549th 541 542 544 545 547 548 549 551st – 559th 551 553 558 559 560th – 569th 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570th – 579th 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580th – 589th 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 590th – 709th 708 See also: List of German divisions in World War II	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"infantry division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Heer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"ordinal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number"}],"text":"German infantry division during World War IIThe 271st Infantry Division (German: 271. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II.In total, three infantry formations used the ordinal number 271 within the Wehrmacht. The first 271st Infantry Division's deployment was aborted in May 1940, whereas the second iteration of the division saw its deployment completed in November 1943 and was destroyed in August 1944. Subsequently, a division designated 271st Volksgrenadier Division (German: 271. Volks-Grenadier-Division) was deployed in August 1944 and remained in combat until 1945.","title":"271st Infantry Division"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German-French armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"sub_title":"First planned deployment, 1940","text":"Initially, a division named 271st Infantry Division was assembled starting on 1 July 1940, following a directive of 22 May. After the German-French armistice, the assembly of the division was interrupted on 22 July. The division was planned to consist of the Infantry Regiments 562, 563, and 564, as well as the Artillery Detachment 271 and the Division Units 271.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"occupied Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Oberbefehlshaber West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberbefehlshaber_West"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"137th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/137th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"113th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/113th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"102nd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Falaise Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"5th Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Paul Danhauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Danhauser"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Second deployment, 1943 – 1944","text":"Another formation named 271st Infantry Division was assembled as part of the twenty-second Aufstellungswelle on 17 November 1943 in the occupied Netherlands under the supervision of Oberbefehlshaber West. It consisted of the Grenadier Regiments 977, 978, and 979, as well as the Division Fusilier Battalion 271, and the Artillery Regiment 271.[1] The personnel divisional staff and the 979th Regiment were provided by the 137th Infantry Division, whereas the 113th Infantry Division provided the men of the 977th Regiment, 271st Artillery Regiment and the 271st Division Fusilier Battalion, and the 102nd Infantry Division provided the personnel of the 978th Regiment.[2]The division was destroyed in August 1944 in the Falaise Pocket in Normandy, while under the supervision of the 5th Panzer Army.[1]The 271st Infantry Division was commanded by Paul Danhauser between 10 December 1943 and its destruction in the Falaise Pocket.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"576th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/576th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Budapest Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Offensive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Nitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitra"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Martin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"271st Volksgrenadier Division, 1944 – 1945","text":"On 25 August 1944, the 576th Volksgrenadier Division was deployed in Slovakia. This formation was redesignated 271st Volksgrenadier Division on 17 September 1944. It consisted of the reassembled Grenadier Regiments 977, 978, and 979 (previously Grenadier Regiments 1186, 1187, and 1188), as well as the Artillery Regiment 271, formerly Artillery Regiment 1576.[1]Unlike the 271st Infantry Division, the 271st Volksgrenadier Division was sent to the Eastern Front and was deployed to the defense against the Soviet-Romanian Budapest Offensive.[1]After Grenadier Regiment 978 saw combat in the Budapest area, the division was refreshed at Nitra in February 1945. The 271st Volksgrenadier Division was subsequently captured by Red Army forces in Moravia in May 1945.[1]Throughout its service, the 271st Volksgrenadier Division was commanded by Martin Bieber, who was appointed on 3 September 1944. Bieber was taken prisoner by the Red Army along his division in May 1945 and remained in Soviet captivity until 1955.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Superior formations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Danhauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Danhauser"},{"link_name":"Martin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bieber"}],"text":"Paul Danhauser, divisional commander of the 271st Infantry Division.\nMartin Bieber, divisional commander of the 271st Volksgrenadier Division.","title":"Noteworthy individuals"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tessin, Georg (1973). \"271\". Die Landstreitkräfte 201–280. Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939-1945 (in German). Vol. 8. Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag. pp. 302–306. ISBN 3764808721.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3764808721","url_text":"3764808721"}]},{"reference":"Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). \"271st Infantry (later Volksgrenadier) Division\". German Order of Battle. Volume One. 1st-290th Infantry Divisions in World War II. Stackpole Books. pp. 321–323. ISBN 9780811734165.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_W._Mitcham","url_text":"Mitcham, Samuel W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811734165","url_text":"9780811734165"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22271st+Infantry+Division%22","external_links_name":"\"271st Infantry Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22271st+Infantry+Division%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22271st+Infantry+Division%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22271st+Infantry+Division%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22271st+Infantry+Division%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22271st+Infantry+Division%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_institutions	Research institute	["1 Famous research institutes","2 Research institutes in Europe","3 Scientific research in 20th century USA","3.1 1900–1939","3.2 1940 onward","4 Notable research centres","5 See also","6 Footnotes"]	Establishment endowed for doing research Researcher working in a laboratory. A research institute, research centre, research center or research organization is an establishment founded for doing research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research. Although the term often implies natural science research, there are also many research institutes in the social science as well, especially for sociological and historical research purposes. Famous research institutes In the early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century Baghdad observatory built during the time of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, though the most famous were the 13th-century Maragheh observatory, and the 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory. The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, India. The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts. The earliest research institute in Europe was Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg complex on the island of Hven, a 16th-century astronomical laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of the stars. In the United States there are numerous notable research institutes including Bell Labs, Xerox Parc, The Scripps Research Institute, Beckman Institute, RTI International, and SRI International. Hughes Aircraft used a research institute structure for its organizational model. Thomas Edison, dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Research institutes in Europe From the throes of the Scientific Revolution came the 17th century scientific academy. In London, the Royal Society was founded in 1660, and in France Louis XIV founded the Académie royale des sciences in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in the seventeenth century to foster research. In the early 18th century, Peter the Great established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, St Petersburg. His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within the structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724. At the European level, there are now several government-funded institutions such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the nuclear research centre CERN, the European Southern Observatory ESO (Grenoble), the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (Grenoble), the EUMETSAT facility, the Italian -European Sistema Trieste with, among others, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the research complex Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the biology project EMBL, and the fusion projects ITER and Wendelstein 7-X, which in addition to technical developments have a strong research focus. Scientific research in 20th century USA See also: Research I university Research institutes came to emerge at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include the theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a leadership in expertise. Outside scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which was necessarily "scientific" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to "science". The growth of scientific study stimulated a desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract "pure" science from such broad categorisation. 1900–1939 This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included the Rockefeller Institute, Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Institute for Advanced Study. Research was advanced in both theory and application. This was aided by substantial private donation. 1940 onward As of 2006, there were over 14,000 research centres in the United States. The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass scientific communities. A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to the fore in driving specific research developments. After the Second World War and the atom bomb specific research threads were followed: environmental pollution and national defence. Notable research centres Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Ames Research Center Bell Labs Bose Institute Biological Research Centre Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica Fraunhofer Society Helmholtz Association Institute for Advanced Study Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science is Asia's oldest research institute. Indian Council of Medical Research Marine Sciences Research Center Max Planck Society Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research Palo Alto Research Center Pennington Biomedical Research Center Rockefeller Institute RTI International SRI International, or SRI. Also known as Stanford Research Institute prior to 1977. Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Thomas J. Watson Research Center See also Think tank European Survey Research Association London Research Institute Research funding Contract research organization Research Organization Registry Footnotes ^ E. S. Kennedy (1962), Reviewed Work: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili", Isis 53 (2): 237–239.doi:10.1086/349558 ^ The Scripps Research Institute Archived 2002-09-14 at the Library of Congress Web Archives ^ Hughes After Howard, Kenneth Richardson, 2011, pg88, ISBN 978-0-9708050-8-9 ^ "The Wizard of Menlo Park". The Franklin Institute. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013. ^ Walsh, Bryan (15 July 2009). "The Electrifying Edison". Time.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2013. ^ History of Universities: 1994, Volume 13, Peter Denley, Oxford University Press.1995, p142 ISBN 978-0-19-820531-9 ^ a b c Reingold, Ida H. (1981). Science in America, a documentary history, 1900–1939. The Chicago History of Science and Medicine. University of Chicago Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-226-70946-8. ^ Evaluating Research Centers and Institutes for Success: A Manual and Guide with Case Studies William R. Tash WT & Associates, 2006. 229 pages Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Researcher_at_work_in_her_laboratory.jpg"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"},{"link_name":"basic research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research"},{"link_name":"applied research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_research"},{"link_name":"natural science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"sociological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"}],"text":"Researcher working in a laboratory.A research institute, research centre, research center or research organization is an establishment founded for doing research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research. Although the term often implies natural science research, there are also many research institutes in the social science as well, especially for sociological and historical research purposes.","title":"Research institute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid"},{"link_name":"al-Ma'mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun"},{"link_name":"Maragheh observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh_observatory"},{"link_name":"Ulugh Beg Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_School_of_Astronomy_and_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Madhava of Sangamagrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Narayana Bhattathiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Bhattathiri"},{"link_name":"Tycho Brahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe"},{"link_name":"Uraniborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniborg"},{"link_name":"Hven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hven"},{"link_name":"astronomical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bell Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"Xerox Parc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Parc"},{"link_name":"The Scripps Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scripps_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Beckman Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckman_Institute_for_Advanced_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"RTI International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI_International"},{"link_name":"SRI International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_International"},{"link_name":"Hughes Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wizard-4"},{"link_name":"inventors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventors"},{"link_name":"mass production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walsh-5"}],"text":"In the early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century Baghdad observatory built during the time of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, though the most famous were the 13th-century Maragheh observatory, and the 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory.[1]The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, India. The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts.The earliest research institute in Europe was Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg complex on the island of Hven, a 16th-century astronomical laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of the stars. In the United States there are numerous notable research institutes including Bell Labs, Xerox Parc, The Scripps Research Institute,[2] Beckman Institute, RTI International, and SRI International. Hughes Aircraft used a research institute structure for its organizational model.[3]Thomas Edison, dubbed \"The Wizard of Menlo Park\",[4] was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.[5]","title":"Famous research institutes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scientific Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Académie royale des sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"St Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"From the throes of the Scientific Revolution came the 17th century scientific academy. In London, the Royal Society was founded in 1660, and in France Louis XIV founded the Académie royale des sciences in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in the seventeenth century to foster research.In the early 18th century, Peter the Great established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, St Petersburg. His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within the structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724.[6]At the European level, there are now several government-funded institutions such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the nuclear research centre CERN, the European Southern Observatory ESO (Grenoble), the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (Grenoble), the EUMETSAT facility, the Italian -European Sistema Trieste with, among others, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the research complex Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the biology project EMBL, and the fusion projects ITER and Wendelstein 7-X, which in addition to technical developments have a strong research focus.","title":"Research institutes in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Research I university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_I_university"},{"link_name":"\"pure\" science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ida-7"}],"text":"See also: Research I universityResearch institutes came to emerge at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include the theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a leadership in expertise. Outside scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which was necessarily \"scientific\" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to \"science\". The growth of scientific study stimulated a desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract \"pure\" science from such broad categorisation.[7]","title":"Scientific research in 20th century USA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockefeller Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_University"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Institution of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ida-7"}],"sub_title":"1900–1939","text":"This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included the Rockefeller Institute, Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Institute for Advanced Study. Research was advanced in both theory and application. This was aided by substantial private donation.[7]","title":"Scientific research in 20th century USA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"scientific communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_communities"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"atom bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_bomb"},{"link_name":"environmental pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_pollution"},{"link_name":"national defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ida-7"}],"sub_title":"1940 onward","text":"As of 2006, there were over 14,000 research centres in the United States.[8]The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass scientific communities. A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to the fore in driving specific research developments. After the Second World War and the atom bomb specific research threads were followed: environmental pollution and national defence.[7]","title":"Scientific research in 20th century USA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdus Salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam"},{"link_name":"International Centre for Theoretical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Theoretical_Physics"},{"link_name":"Ames Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Bell Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"Bose Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Institute"},{"link_name":"Biological Research Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Research_Centre"},{"link_name":"Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Life_Cycle_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica"},{"link_name":"Fraunhofer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society"},{"link_name":"Helmholtz Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_Association"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"Marine Sciences Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Sciences_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Society"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Organisation_for_Applied_Scientific_Research"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennington_Biomedical_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_University"},{"link_name":"RTI International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI_International"},{"link_name":"SRI International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_International"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Institute_of_Nanotechnology"},{"link_name":"Tata Institute of Fundamental Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Watson Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center"}],"text":"Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics\nAmes Research Center\nBell Labs\nBose Institute\nBiological Research Centre\nCenter for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering\nCentrum Wiskunde & Informatica\nFraunhofer Society\nHelmholtz Association\nInstitute for Advanced Study\nIndian Association for the Cultivation of Science is Asia's oldest research institute.\nIndian Council of Medical Research\nMarine Sciences Research Center\nMax Planck Society\nNetherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research\nPalo Alto Research Center\nPennington Biomedical Research Center\nRockefeller Institute\nRTI International\nSRI International, or SRI. Also known as Stanford Research Institute prior to 1977.\nSri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology\nTata Institute of Fundamental Research\nThomas J. Watson Research Center","title":"Notable research centres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Reviewed Work: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/228039"},{"link_name":"Aydin Sayili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aydin_Sayili"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/349558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F349558"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Scripps Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scripps.edu/e_index.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914202346/http://www.scripps.edu/e_index.html"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9708050-8-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9708050-8-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wizard_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Wizard of Menlo Park\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130305131049/http://fi.edu/franklin/inventor/edison.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fi.edu/franklin/inventor/edison.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walsh_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Electrifying Edison\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090718030306/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1910417_1910419_1910460,00.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1910417_1910419_1910460,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-820531-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820531-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ida_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ida_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ida_7-2"},{"link_name":"Science in America, a documentary history, 1900–1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/scienceinamerica00rein"},{"link_name":"221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/scienceinamerica00rein/page/221"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-70946-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70946-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31855#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119791284"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119791284"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4017909-6"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533925605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85113043"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127482&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127379&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10644817"}],"text":"^ E. S. Kennedy (1962), Reviewed Work: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili\", Isis 53 (2): 237–239.doi:10.1086/349558\n\n^ The Scripps Research Institute Archived 2002-09-14 at the Library of Congress Web Archives\n\n^ Hughes After Howard, Kenneth Richardson, 2011, pg88, ISBN 978-0-9708050-8-9\n\n^ \"The Wizard of Menlo Park\". The Franklin Institute. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.\n\n^ Walsh, Bryan (15 July 2009). \"The Electrifying Edison\". Time.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2013.\n\n^ History of Universities: 1994, Volume 13, Peter Denley, Oxford University Press.1995, p142 ISBN 978-0-19-820531-9\n\n^ a b c Reingold, Ida H. (1981). Science in America, a documentary history, 1900–1939. The Chicago History of Science and Medicine. University of Chicago Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-226-70946-8.\n\n^ Evaluating Research Centers and Institutes for Success: A Manual and Guide with Case Studies William R. Tash WT & Associates, 2006. 229 pagesAuthority control databases National\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\n2\nOther\nNARA","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Researcher working in a laboratory.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Researcher_at_work_in_her_laboratory.jpg/220px-Researcher_at_work_in_her_laboratory.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"title":"European Survey Research Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Survey_Research_Association"},{"title":"London Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Research_Institute"},{"title":"Research funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_funding"},{"title":"Contract research organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_research_organization"},{"title":"Research Organization Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Organization_Registry"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Wizard of Menlo Park\". The Franklin Institute. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130305131049/http://fi.edu/franklin/inventor/edison.html","url_text":"\"The Wizard of Menlo Park\""},{"url":"http://fi.edu/franklin/inventor/edison.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Bryan (15 July 2009). \"The Electrifying Edison\". Time.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090718030306/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1910417_1910419_1910460,00.html","url_text":"\"The Electrifying Edison\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1910417_1910419_1910460,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reingold, Ida H. (1981). Science in America, a documentary history, 1900–1939. The Chicago History of Science and Medicine. University of Chicago Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-226-70946-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scienceinamerica00rein","url_text":"Science in America, a documentary history, 1900–1939"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scienceinamerica00rein/page/221","url_text":"221"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70946-8","url_text":"978-0-226-70946-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/228039","external_links_name":"Reviewed Work: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349558","external_links_name":"10.1086/349558"},{"Link":"http://www.scripps.edu/e_index.html","external_links_name":"The Scripps Research Institute"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914202346/http://www.scripps.edu/e_index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130305131049/http://fi.edu/franklin/inventor/edison.html","external_links_name":"\"The Wizard of Menlo Park\""},{"Link":"http://fi.edu/franklin/inventor/edison.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090718030306/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1910417_1910419_1910460,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The Electrifying Edison\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1910417_1910419_1910460,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/scienceinamerica00rein","external_links_name":"Science in America, a documentary history, 1900–1939"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/scienceinamerica00rein/page/221","external_links_name":"221"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119791284","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119791284","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017909-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533925605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85113043","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127482&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127379&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644817","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Ottorino_Barassi	Coppa Ottorino Barassi	["1 List of champions","2 Matche details","2.1 Key","2.2 Match details","3 References"]	Football tournamentOttorino Barassi Cup (Coppa Ottorino Barassi)Founded1968Abolished1976; 48 years ago (1976)RegionEnglandItalyNumber of teams2Related competitionsFA Amateur CupCoppa Italia DilettantiLast champions Soresinese (1976) The Coppa Ottorino Barassi (also called "Italian-English Amateur League Cup") is a defunct amateur association football competition named after Ottorino Barassi that was contested from 1968 until 1976. The competition was contested by the English FA Amateur Cup winners and the Italian Coppa Italia Dilettanti winners and was played over two-legs, one at each participating club's stadium. Leytonstone F.C. were the first champions of the competition in 1968, winning on the away goals rule following a 1–1 draw in the first leg at home, and a 2–2 in the return away fixture. The following year the cup was shared after both legs finished 2–0 to the home team. The 1974 tournament was not played, and following the abolition of the FA Amateur Cup that year the English representative became the champions of the Second Division of the Isthmian League. The last instalment of the competition was in 1976, when Unione Sportiva Soresinese won following a penalty shootout. This was the only time an Italian team won the competition. List of champions Ed. Year Champion Runner-up Aggr. 1 1968 Leytonstone Stefer Roma 3–3 2 1969 North Shields Roma – 2–2 3 1970 Enfield Ponte San Pietro 4–2 4 1971 Skelmersdale United Montebelluna 2–1 5 1972 Hendon Unione Valdinievole 3–1 6 1973 Walton & Hersham Jesolo 6–0 – 1974 (not held) 7 1975 Staines Town Banco di Roma 3–0 8 1976 Soresinese Unione Tilbury 2–2 Notes ^ Leytonstone won on away goal rule. ^ a b Title shared after both clubs won one match each, also tied on goal difference. ^ Qualified teams: Bishop's Stortford and Miranese. ^ Soresineses won 5–3 on penalties. Matche details Key † Won on the away goals rule * Winner after a penalty shootout Bold Indicates the winner in two-legged finals Match details Year Country Home team Score Away team Country Notes 1968 ENG Leytonstone 1–1 Stefer Roma ITA ITA Stefer Roma 2–2 † Leytonstone ENG Aggregate 3–3, Leytonstone win on away goals 1969 ENG North Shields 2–0 Almas Roma A.S. Roma ITA ITA Almas Roma A.S. Roma 2–0 North Shields ENG Aggregate 2–2, North Shields and Almas shared the cup 1970 ENG Enfield 3–0 Ponte San Pietro ITA ITA Ponte San Pietro 2–1 Enfield ENG Enfield won 4–2 on aggregate 1971 ENG Skelmersdale United 2–0 Montebelluna ITA ITA Montebelluna 1–0 Skelmersdale United ENG Skelmersdale United won 2–1 on aggregate 1972 ENG Hendon 2–0 Unione Valdinievole ITA ITA Unione Valdinievole 1–1 Hendon ENG Hendon won 3–1 on aggregate 1973 ENG Walton & Hersham 4–0 Jesolo ITA ITA Jesolo 0–2 Walton & Hersham ENG Walton & Hersham won 6–0 on aggregate 1974 Not playedQualifying teams: Bishop's Stortford, Miranese. 1975 ITA Banco di Roma 0–1 Staines Town ENG ENG Staines Town 2–0 Banco di Roma ITA Staines Town won 3–0 on aggregate 1976 ENG Tilbury 1–1 Soresinese ITA ITA Soresinese 1–1 * Tilbury ENG Aggregate 2–2, Soresinese won 5–3 in a penalty shootout References ^ a b c d e f g h i "Anglo-Italian League Cup". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 31 August 2009. vteInternational friendly association football tournaments in EnglandClubs Anglo-Italian Cup Anglo-Italian League Cup Anglo-Scottish Cup Birmingham Trophy Coppa Ottorino Barassi Emirates Cup Fiorucci Trophy Markus Liebherr Memorial Cup Middlesbrough Trophy Portsmouth Centenary Tournament Super Match Umbro Tournament War Cup Wembley Tournament Wembley Cup World Championship National teams England Challenge Cup FA Summer Tournament Rous Cup Umbro Cup Unity Cup vteInternational friendly association football tournaments in ItalyClubs Anglo-Italian Cup Anglo-Italian League Cup Coppa del Mediterraneo Coppa dell'Amicizia Coppa delle Alpi Coppa Ottorino Barassi Lipton Challenge Cup Memorial Armando Picchi Memorial Artemio Franchi Mitropa Cup Mundialito de Clubs Parmalat Cup Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy Torneo Interfederale Coppa Torino Torneo Internazionale Stampa Sportiva Trofeo Birra Moretti Trofeo Cappelli e Ferrania Trofeo Luigi Berlusconi Trofeo Pirelli Trofeo San Nicola Trofeo TIM National teams Central European International Cup	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Ottorino Barassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottorino_Barassi"},{"link_name":"FA Amateur Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Amateur_Cup"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Dilettanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Dilettanti"},{"link_name":"two-legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"away goals rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSSSF-1"},{"link_name":"FA Amateur Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Amateur_Cup"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"Unione Sportiva Soresinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Sportiva_Soresinese"},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(association_football)"}],"text":"The Coppa Ottorino Barassi (also called \"Italian-English Amateur League Cup\") is a defunct amateur association football competition named after Ottorino Barassi that was contested from 1968 until 1976. The competition was contested by the English FA Amateur Cup winners and the Italian Coppa Italia Dilettanti winners and was played over two-legs, one at each participating club's stadium.Leytonstone F.C. were the first champions of the competition in 1968, winning on the away goals rule following a 1–1 draw in the first leg at home, and a 2–2 in the return away fixture. The following year the cup was shared after both legs finished 2–0 to the home team.[1] The 1974 tournament was not played, and following the abolition of the FA Amateur Cup that year the English representative became the champions of the Second Division of the Isthmian League. The last instalment of the competition was in 1976, when Unione Sportiva Soresinese won following a penalty shootout. This was the only time an Italian team won the competition.","title":"Coppa Ottorino Barassi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-leigh_2-0"},{"link_name":"away goal rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goal_rule"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shar_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shar_3-1"},{"link_name":"goal difference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_difference"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notheld2_4-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Stortford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sores_5-0"},{"link_name":"penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"}],"text":"Notes^ Leytonstone won on away goal rule.\n\n^ a b Title shared after both clubs won one match each, also tied on goal difference.\n\n^ Qualified teams: Bishop's Stortford and Miranese.\n\n^ Soresineses won 5–3 on penalties.","title":"List of champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Matche details"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Key","title":"Matche details"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Match details","title":"Matche details"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Anglo-Italian League Cup\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 31 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/angloitalian.html","url_text":"\"Anglo-Italian League Cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.Sport.Soccer_Statistics_Foundation","url_text":"Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/angloitalian.html","external_links_name":"\"Anglo-Italian League Cup\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Bowerman	Melissa Bowerman	["1 Education and career","2 Key publications","3 References","4 External links"]	Dutch linguist Melissa BowermanBorn(1942-04-03)April 3, 1942DiedOctober 31, 2011(2011-10-31) (aged 69)EducationHarvard University (PhD)OccupationsLinguistresearcher Melissa Bowerman (April 3, 1942 – October 31, 2011) was a leading researcher in the area of language acquisition. From 1982 to 2007, she was a senior research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. Education and career In 1971, Bowerman earned her PhD in social psychology from Harvard University, where she studied under Roger Brown. She held positions at the University of Kansas from 1970 until 1982, when she joined the Max Planck Institute. Within the field of language acquisition, she specialized in the relationships between language and cognition, language and spatial representation, and language and event representation. Recurrent themes in her work included the relationship between conceptual development and language development, the use of cross-linguistic comparisons to disentangle what is universal and possibly innate from what is learned, the nature of children's early linguistic rules, and the potential of information about language acquisition to help decide among alternative theoretical approaches to language structure. Bowerman was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on 1 October 2011. A volume of papers in her honor, Routes to Language, was published by Psychology Press in 2015. Key publications Bowerman, Melissa. 1973. Early syntactic development: a cross-linguistic study with special reference to Finnish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Choi, S., Bowerman, M., Learning to express motion events in English and Korean: The influence of language-specific lexicalization patterns, (1991) Cognition, 41 (1-3), pp. 83–121. Majid, A., Bowerman, M., Kita, S., Haun, D.B.M., Levinson, S.C., Can language restructure cognition? The case for space, (2004) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8 (3), pp. 108–114. Choi, S., McDonough, L., Bowerman, M., Mandler, J.M., Early Sensitivity to Language-Specific Spatial Categories in English and Korean, (1999) Cognitive Development, 14 (2), pp. 241–268. Bowerman, Melissa, and Stephen C. Levinson, eds. 2001. Language Acquisition and Conceptual Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Majid, A., Bowerman, M., Van Staden, M., Boster, J.S., The semantic categories of cutting and breaking events: A crosslinguistic perspective, (2007) Cognitive Linguistics, 18 (2), pp. 133–152. Bowerman, Melissa, and Penelope Brown, eds. 2008. Crosslinguistic Perspectives on Argument Structure. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. References ^ "Melissa Bowerman - Google Scholar citations". scholar.google.se. Retrieved 2019-03-01. ^ Slobin, Dan I. (2012-01-06). "Leader in child language and cognitive linguistics: Melissa Foster Bowerman (1942-2011)". Linguistic Typology. 16 (2). doi:10.1515/lity-2012-0012. ISSN 1613-415X. S2CID 121745078. ^ "Melissa Foster Bowerman". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-08-16. ^ Routes to language : studies in honor of Melissa Bowerman. Bowerman, Melissa,, Mueller-Gathercole, Virginia C. New York. 2015-06-23. ISBN 9781138876804. OCLC 917136760.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) External links Curriculum Vitae at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics LINGUIST list obituary Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Psycholinguistics"}],"text":"Melissa Bowerman (April 3, 1942 – October 31, 2011) was a leading researcher in the area of language acquisition. From 1982 to 2007, she was a senior research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.","title":"Melissa Bowerman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Roger Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"University of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"language acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition"},{"link_name":"language and cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_and_thought"},{"link_name":"conceptual development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_development"},{"link_name":"language development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_development"},{"link_name":"innate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate"},{"link_name":"learned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned"},{"link_name":"linguistic rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1971, Bowerman earned her PhD in social psychology from Harvard University, where she studied under Roger Brown. She held positions at the University of Kansas from 1970 until 1982, when she joined the Max Planck Institute.Within the field of language acquisition, she specialized in the relationships between language and cognition, language and spatial representation, and language and event representation. Recurrent themes in her work included the relationship between conceptual development and language development, the use of cross-linguistic comparisons to disentangle what is universal and possibly innate from what is learned, the nature of children's early linguistic rules, and the potential of information about language acquisition to help decide among alternative theoretical approaches to language structure.[1][2]Bowerman was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on 1 October 2011.[3] A volume of papers in her honor, Routes to Language, was published by Psychology Press in 2015.[4]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Choi, S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soonja_Choi"}],"text":"Bowerman, Melissa. 1973. Early syntactic development: a cross-linguistic study with special reference to Finnish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nChoi, S., Bowerman, M., Learning to express motion events in English and Korean: The influence of language-specific lexicalization patterns, (1991) Cognition, 41 (1-3), pp. 83–121.\nMajid, A., Bowerman, M., Kita, S., Haun, D.B.M., Levinson, S.C., Can language restructure cognition? The case for space, (2004) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8 (3), pp. 108–114.\nChoi, S., McDonough, L., Bowerman, M., Mandler, J.M., Early Sensitivity to Language-Specific Spatial Categories in English and Korean, (1999) Cognitive Development, 14 (2), pp. 241–268.\nBowerman, Melissa, and Stephen C. Levinson, eds. 2001. Language Acquisition and Conceptual Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nMajid, A., Bowerman, M., Van Staden, M., Boster, J.S., The semantic categories of cutting and breaking events: A crosslinguistic perspective, (2007) Cognitive Linguistics, 18 (2), pp. 133–152.\nBowerman, Melissa, and Penelope Brown, eds. 2008. Crosslinguistic Perspectives on Argument Structure. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.","title":"Key publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Melissa Bowerman - Google Scholar citations\". scholar.google.se. Retrieved 2019-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.se/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=melissa+bowerman&oq=Melissa+Bower","url_text":"\"Melissa Bowerman - Google Scholar citations\""}]},{"reference":"Slobin, Dan I. (2012-01-06). \"Leader in child language and cognitive linguistics: Melissa Foster Bowerman (1942-2011)\". Linguistic Typology. 16 (2). doi:10.1515/lity-2012-0012. ISSN 1613-415X. S2CID 121745078.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Flity-2012-0012","url_text":"10.1515/lity-2012-0012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1613-415X","url_text":"1613-415X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121745078","url_text":"121745078"}]},{"reference":"\"Melissa Foster Bowerman\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/melissa-foster-bowerman","url_text":"\"Melissa Foster Bowerman\""}]},{"reference":"Routes to language : studies in honor of Melissa Bowerman. Bowerman, Melissa,, Mueller-Gathercole, Virginia C. New York. 2015-06-23. ISBN 9781138876804. OCLC 917136760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138876804","url_text":"9781138876804"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/917136760","url_text":"917136760"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://scholar.google.se/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=melissa+bowerman&oq=Melissa+Bower","external_links_name":"\"Melissa Bowerman - Google Scholar citations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Flity-2012-0012","external_links_name":"10.1515/lity-2012-0012"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1613-415X","external_links_name":"1613-415X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121745078","external_links_name":"121745078"},{"Link":"https://www.amacad.org/person/melissa-foster-bowerman","external_links_name":"\"Melissa Foster Bowerman\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/917136760","external_links_name":"917136760"},{"Link":"https://www.mpi.nl/sites/default/files/2019-05/Bowerman_CV.pdf","external_links_name":"Curriculum Vitae"},{"Link":"https://linguistlist.org/issues/22/22-4399/","external_links_name":"LINGUIST list obituary"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109296897","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/102390109","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdMgHQ9J6MfjXKRQr3bBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12862461v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12862461v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/139274170","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007459840705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99057384","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20211117161&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074023772","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810684579405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/055053505","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Railroad	Huntington Railroad	["1 History","2 Huntington Traction Company","3 References","4 External links"]	Huntington RailroadOverviewLocaleWestern Suffolk County, New YorkFarmingdale in Nassau County, New YorkTerminiHalesite (now Huntington Bay)AmityvilleServiceTypeHorsecar (1890-1897),then Streetcar (1897-1927)Operator(s)Long Island Rail Road (1898-1927)HistoryOpened18901920 (as Huntington Traction Company)Closed19191927TechnicalLine length18.50 milesTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Minimum radius(?)ElectrificationOverhead wires The Huntington Railroad was established on July 19, 1890 (although some sources claim it was in May, 1890) with a trolley line between Huntington Village and Halesite (now partially in the Village of Huntington Bay) on Long Island, New York. It was eventually extended to Huntington Railroad Station, then along what is today mostly NY 110 through Melville, Farmingdale, and as far south as the docks of Amityville. Huntington Railroad had only one line throughout its history, although the length varied through the years. Transit service is currently provided along the corridor by the S1 bus, operated by Suffolk County Transit. History The Huntington Railroad Company was chartered in May, 1890, and began operating on July 19, 1890 as a three-mile horsecar line between Halesite, New York through Downtown Huntington to Huntington Railroad Station. The Long Island Rail Road acquired control of this company on March 5, 1898, and transformed it into an electric trolley on June 17, 1898. Control was transferred to an LIRR subsidiary called the Long Island Consolidated Electric Companies. The extension of the Huntington Railroad by the LICEC from Huntington to Amityville, was completed and put in operation on August 6, 1909. This line was 18.50 miles in length and reached from the harbor at Huntington to Great South Bay at Amityville, thus transformed Huntington Railroad into the only cross-island trolley on Long Island. Attempts to create other cross-island trolleys by the South Shore Traction Company and Suffolk Traction Company failed. Nassau County had trolleys that spanned the county, but they were never run by a single company. From north to south the streets that the railroad ran along included Wincoma Drive, East Shore Drive, New York Avenue, Walt Whitman Road, Amityville Road, Broad Hollow Road, Conklin Street, Main Street (Farmingdale), Broadway, Sterling Place, Greene Street, Bennett Place, Richmond Avenue. Part of the right-of-way in Melville between Duryea Road and north of Old Country Road is today a realigned segment of NY 110. The former section is now known simply as Walt Whitman Road. Farmingdale Station still has the supports for Huntington Railroad's overhead wires. As a cross-island line, the Huntington Railroad served all three Long Island Rail Road stations in its vicinity: Huntington Station, Farmingdale Station and Amityville Station. A tower at Farmingdale Station was the sub-station for powering trolleys. Between Sterling Place and Greene Street in Amityville, another separate ROW leading to a bridge for trolleys over the Montauk Branch existed just along the west side of Amityville Station. In addition, Amityville Station also provided a connection to the Amityville Line of the Babylon Railroad, which was established in 1910, and lasted two years after the original line of the Babylon Railroad ceased to operate. Trolley service began to decline at the end of World War I, due to the cost of the war and the rise in the use of automobiles. Therefore, the LIRR prepared to remove involvement with trolleys. Huntington Railroad service ended on September 23, 1919, however, that was not the end of trolleys in western Suffolk County. Huntington Traction Company The Huntington Traction Company was the successor to the Huntington Railroad Company, inheriting the original line between Huntington Railroad Station and Halesite. The company ran the line only as far south as Jericho Turnpike in South Huntington, and used the same wires from the Huntington Railroad. Huntington Traction Company only used Wincoma Drive, East Shore Drive, New York Avenue, and Walt Whitman Road along its route. With the increasing use of buses, Huntington Traction couldn't compete either. The line was finally abandoned in 1927. References ^ Hagstrom Map of Pinelawn and Melville, New York (Map). Hagstrom Map. 1941. Retrieved April 1, 2010. ^ "Early 20th Century Postcard of Amityville Station (Amityville Historical Society and Lauder Museum)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-12-09. ^ The 100th Anniversary of the Amityville-Babylon Trolley Line (Amityville Historical Society and Lauder Museum) Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine External links Railways portal Huntington Traction Company; 1920-1927 (Arrt's Arrchives) Huntington Railroad (Unofficial LIRR History Website) vteNew York metropolitan area streetcar transitFormer streetcaroperatorsNew York BRT/BQT LICEC LIRR IRT Second Avenue Railroad Third Avenue Railway Sixth Avenue Railroad Broadway and Seventh Avenue Railway Eighth and Ninth Avenues Railway 14th Street Central Crosstown (17th & 18th Street Lines) 23rd Street 34th Street Crosstown 42nd Street & Grand Street Ferry 86th Street Babylon Railroad Bleecker Street & Fulton Ferry Bridge Operating Company BHRR NYR Brooklyn & North River Brooklyn, Queens County & Suburban Danbury & Harlem Fort George & Eleventh Avenue Grand Street and Newtown Greenpoint and Williamsburgh Hudson Avenue Houston, West Street & Pavonia Ferry Huntington Railroad/Traction Company Jamaica Central Railways Lenox Avenue Long Island Electric Railway Long Island Traction Company Manhattan Bridge 3¢ Manhattan & Queens Traction Nassau Railroad Nassau Electric Railroad New York Railways Company New York & Harlem Railroad New York & Long Island Traction New York & North Shore Traction New York and Queens County Railway New York and Queens Transit Corporation New York Interborough (IRT) Northport Traction Company Ocean Electric Railway Oscar City Railway Ossining Electric Railway Peekskill Lighting and Railroad Pelham Park and City Island Railway Putnam & Westchester Queensboro Bridge Richmond Light & Railroad Staten Island Electric Railroad Staten Island Horse Railroad Staten Island Midland Railway/Railroad Staten Island Traction Company Steinway Railway Suffolk Traction Union Railway (Bronx) Union Railroad (Brooklyn) West Farms & Westchester Westchester Electric Westchester Street Yonkers Railroad New Jersey North Hudson County Railway Public Service Coordinated Transport/Transport of New Jersey Connecticut Connecticut Company Consolidated Railway Bridgeport Traction Connecticut Railway & Lighting Danbury and Bethel Street Railway Greenwich Tramway Company New York and Stamford Railway Current operationsNew Jersey Hudson–Bergen Light Rail Newark Light Rail River Line Proposed operationsNew York Red Hook Staten Island 42nd Street Brooklyn–Queens Waterfront Lower Montauk New Jersey HBLR Northern Branch Connecticut New Haven Streetcar listsNew York Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Long Island Westchester Nearby states New Jersey (PSR lines) Connecticut OtherCarhouses New York City Bus garages MTA Bus garages Long Island Bus garages Other Other New York City transit	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntington Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Halesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halesite,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Village of Huntington Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Bay,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Huntington Railroad Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"NY 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY_110"},{"link_name":"Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Farmingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmingdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Amityville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amityville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County_Transit"}],"text":"The Huntington Railroad was established on July 19, 1890 (although some sources claim it was in May, 1890) with a trolley line between Huntington Village and Halesite (now partially in the Village of Huntington Bay) on Long Island, New York. It was eventually extended to Huntington Railroad Station, then along what is today mostly NY 110 through Melville, Farmingdale, and as far south as the docks of Amityville. Huntington Railroad had only one line throughout its history, although the length varied through the years.Transit service is currently provided along the corridor by the S1 bus, operated by Suffolk County Transit.","title":"Huntington Railroad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horsecar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsecar"},{"link_name":"Halesite, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halesite,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Downtown Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_(CDP),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Huntington Railroad Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"South Shore Traction Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_Traction_Company"},{"link_name":"Suffolk Traction Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_Traction_Company"},{"link_name":"Conklin Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"Old Country Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Country_Road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farmingdale_LIRR_Station_Tower.JPG"},{"link_name":"Farmingdale Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmingdale_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Amityville Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amityville_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Montauk Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Branch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Babylon Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"The Huntington Railroad Company was chartered in May, 1890, and began operating on July 19, 1890 as a three-mile horsecar line between Halesite, New York through Downtown Huntington to Huntington Railroad Station. The Long Island Rail Road acquired control of this company on March 5, 1898, and transformed it into an electric trolley on June 17, 1898.Control was transferred to an LIRR subsidiary called the Long Island Consolidated Electric Companies. The extension of the Huntington Railroad by the LICEC from Huntington to Amityville, was completed and put in operation on August 6, 1909. This line was 18.50 miles in length and reached from the harbor at Huntington to Great South Bay at Amityville, thus transformed Huntington Railroad into the only cross-island trolley on Long Island. Attempts to create other cross-island trolleys by the South Shore Traction Company and Suffolk Traction Company failed. Nassau County had trolleys that spanned the county, but they were never run by a single company.From north to south the streets that the railroad ran along included Wincoma Drive, East Shore Drive, New York Avenue, Walt Whitman Road, Amityville Road, Broad Hollow Road, Conklin Street, Main Street (Farmingdale), Broadway, Sterling Place, Greene Street, Bennett Place, Richmond Avenue. Part of the right-of-way in Melville between Duryea Road and north of Old Country Road is today a realigned segment of NY 110. The former section is now known simply as Walt Whitman Road.[1]Farmingdale Station still has the supports for Huntington Railroad's overhead wires.As a cross-island line, the Huntington Railroad served all three Long Island Rail Road stations in its vicinity: Huntington Station, Farmingdale Station and Amityville Station. A tower at Farmingdale Station was the sub-station for powering trolleys. Between Sterling Place and Greene Street in Amityville, another separate ROW leading to a bridge for trolleys over the Montauk Branch existed just along the west side of Amityville Station.[2] In addition, Amityville Station also provided a connection to the Amityville Line of the Babylon Railroad, which was established in 1910,[3] and lasted two years after the original line of the Babylon Railroad ceased to operate.Trolley service began to decline at the end of World War I, due to the cost of the war and the rise in the use of automobiles. Therefore, the LIRR prepared to remove involvement with trolleys. Huntington Railroad service ended on September 23, 1919, however, that was not the end of trolleys in western Suffolk County.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halesite,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jericho Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25"},{"link_name":"South Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Huntington,_NY"}],"text":"The Huntington Traction Company was the successor to the Huntington Railroad Company, inheriting the original line between Huntington Railroad Station and Halesite. The company ran the line only as far south as Jericho Turnpike in South Huntington, and used the same wires from the Huntington Railroad. Huntington Traction Company only used Wincoma Drive, East Shore Drive, New York Avenue, and Walt Whitman Road along its route. With the increasing use of buses, Huntington Traction couldn't compete either. The line was finally abandoned in 1927.","title":"Huntington Traction Company"}]	[{"image_text":"Farmingdale Station still has the supports for Huntington Railroad's overhead wires.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Farmingdale_LIRR_Station_Tower.JPG/250px-Farmingdale_LIRR_Station_Tower.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hagstrom Map of Pinelawn and Melville, New York (Map). Hagstrom Map. 1941. Retrieved April 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://arrts-arrchives.com/qqlimp41e.jpg","url_text":"Hagstrom Map of Pinelawn and Melville, New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagstrom_Map","url_text":"Hagstrom Map"}]},{"reference":"\"Early 20th Century Postcard of Amityville Station (Amityville Historical Society and Lauder Museum)\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134107/http://amityvillehistoricalsociety.com/images/history/Amityville_History_08.jpg","url_text":"\"Early 20th Century Postcard of Amityville Station (Amityville Historical Society and Lauder Museum)\""},{"url":"http://amityvillehistoricalsociety.com/images/history/Amityville_History_08.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://arrts-arrchives.com/qqlimp41e.jpg","external_links_name":"Hagstrom Map of Pinelawn and Melville, New York"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134107/http://amityvillehistoricalsociety.com/images/history/Amityville_History_08.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Early 20th Century Postcard of Amityville Station (Amityville Historical Society and Lauder Museum)\""},{"Link":"http://amityvillehistoricalsociety.com/images/history/Amityville_History_08.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://amityvillehistoricalsociety.com/trolley.html","external_links_name":"The 100th Anniversary of the Amityville-Babylon Trolley Line (Amityville Historical Society and Lauder Museum)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315214600/http://amityvillehistoricalsociety.com/trolley.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://arrts-arrchives.com/hunttrct.html","external_links_name":"Huntington Traction Company; 1920-1927 (Arrt's Arrchives)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010418024447/http://www.lirrhistory.com/huntrr.html","external_links_name":"Huntington Railroad (Unofficial LIRR History Website)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motohiro_Hata	Motohiro Hata	["1 Early life and career","2 Influences","3 Discography","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]	Japanese singer-songwriter (born 1980) Motohiro HataBackground informationBirth nameMotohiro Hata (秦基博)Born (1980-10-11) 11 October 1980 (age 43)Nichinan Miyazaki, JapanOriginYokohama, JapanGenresJ-Poppop rock (early)Occupation(s)Singer-songwriterInstrument(s)Acoustic guitarYears active2004–presentLabelsAdd Nine Records (2004)Augusta Records (2006–present)BMG Japan (2006–2009)Ariola Japan (2009–2016) Universal Music Japan (2017–present)WebsiteMotohiro Hata Official Web SiteMusical artist Motohiro Hata (秦基博, Hata Motohiro, born 11 October 1980) is a Japanese singer-songwriter. He debuted under the major label BMG Japan in 2006 with the single "Synchro" (シンクロ, Shinkuro). Early life and career Hata is the youngest of three brothers. He moved to Yokohama when he was 2. He began playing the guitar at age 3, after his eldest brother received a cheap guitar from a friend. In junior high school, he began writing songs, and after entering high school started working fully as a musician. In 1999, he performed at his first big concert at the F.A.D Yokohama live house, after a referral by one of his friends. In 2004, he released an independent EP, "Orange no Haikei no Akai Seibutsu" (オレンジの背景の赤い静物, Red Object with an Orange Background). In 2006 he was signed to Augusta Records after catching the attention of one of the staff members. He was the opening act of Augusta Camp 2006 in July. He debuted with the single "Synchro" (シンクロ, Shinkuro). His 2008 single "Kimi, Meguru, Boku" (キミ、メグル、ボク, You, Turn, Me), was his first top 20 hit, reaching No. 15 on Oricon charts. "Kimi, Meguru, Boku" was used as the opening theme for the anime series Itazura na Kiss. Since then, he has had six top 20 singles and two top 10 albums. In 2010, his song "Tōmei Datta Sekai" premiered as the opening for the seventh season of Naruto: Shippuden. In 2012 he sang the song "Altair" under the name "Motohiro Hata meets Sakamichi no Apollon" for the ending of the anime Kids on the Slope, which premiered on 12 April 2012. The song "Goodbye Isaac" was the fourth ending track to the anime Space Brothers. In 2013, his cover of "Rain" by Senri Oe was featured as the ED for The Garden of Words by Makoto Shinkai. In 2014, "Himawari no Yakusoku" (ひまわりの約束 Promise of Sunflower) was used as the theme song for the 3D-animated movie Stand by Me Doraemon (STAND BY ME ドラえもん). Influences Hata cited Western artists such as Dua Lipa, Sam Smith, and Taylor Swift among his musical influences. Discography Main article: Motohiro Hata discography Contrast (2007) Alright (2008) Documentary (2010) Signed Pop (2013) Ao no Kokei (2015) Copernicus (2019) Paint Like a Child (2023) Awards and nominations Billboard Japan Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2014 Motohiro Hata Artist of the Year Nominated CD Shop Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2011 Documentary Sub Grand Prix Won Japan Record Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2014 Evergreen Planning Award Won MTV Video Music Awards Japan Year Nominee / work Award Result 2008 Motohiro Hata Best New Artist Won 2009 "Forever Song" Best Male Video Nominated 2016 "Sumire" Best Male Video Nominated Space Shower Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2018 Best Male Artist Nominated References ^ Greenberg, Adam. "Hata Motohiro – Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ "Profile". Motohiro Hata Official Site (in Japanese). Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ "Motohiro Hata : Biography". Barks. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ "【インタビュー】秦基博、NHK朝ドラ『おちょやん』主題歌に込めた人生観". Barks (in Japanese). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021. 秦：刺激を受けた……えーと、そうですね。最近の人というわけではないんですけど、この前シーアを聴いて「やっぱりカッコいいな、この人」と思いました。歌声の強さとか、さすがだなと。テイラー・スウィフトもサム・スミスもそうですけど、向こうのヒットチャートをにぎわしている人の音楽のクオリティの高さはすごいなと思います。最近の洋楽のいわゆるポップスという世界はやっぱりカッコいいんですよね。テイラー・スウィフトもボン・イヴェールをフィーチャリングしたりしていて、それもすごくいいなと思いましたし……デュア・リパもそうですけど、やっぱり音楽がしっかりしているというか。 ^ Okada, Mariko (16 January 2015). "Billboard Japan Music Awards: See Winners of the Combined Twitter & Karaoke Votes". Billboard. Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ "「第56回日本レコード大賞」、大賞＆最優秀新人賞が明らかに". Rockin'On Japan. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2017. External links Hata Official Site Sony Music Label Site Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMG Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMG_Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistMotohiro Hata (秦基博, Hata Motohiro, born 11 October 1980) is a Japanese singer-songwriter. He debuted under the major label BMG Japan in 2006 with the single \"Synchro\" (シンクロ, Shinkuro).[2]","title":"Motohiro Hata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Augusta Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"Itazura na Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itazura_na_Kiss"},{"link_name":"seventh season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Naruto:_Shippuden_episodes_(season_8)"},{"link_name":"Naruto: Shippuden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto:_Shippuden"},{"link_name":"Kids on the Slope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids_on_the_Slope"},{"link_name":"Space Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Brothers_(manga)"},{"link_name":"The Garden of Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_of_Words"},{"link_name":"Makoto Shinkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Shinkai"},{"link_name":"\"Himawari no Yakusoku\" (ひまわりの約束 Promise of Sunflower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himawari_no_Yakusoku"},{"link_name":"Stand by Me Doraemon (STAND BY ME ドラえもん)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_by_Me_Doraemon"}],"text":"Hata is the youngest of three brothers. He moved to Yokohama when he was 2. He began playing the guitar at age 3, after his eldest brother received a cheap guitar from a friend. In junior high school, he began writing songs, and after entering high school started working fully as a musician.[3]In 1999, he performed at his first big concert at the F.A.D Yokohama live house, after a referral by one of his friends.In 2004, he released an independent EP, \"Orange no Haikei no Akai Seibutsu\" (オレンジの背景の赤い静物, Red Object with an Orange Background). In 2006 he was signed to Augusta Records after catching the attention of one of the staff members. He was the opening act of Augusta Camp 2006 in July. He debuted with the single \"Synchro\" (シンクロ, Shinkuro).His 2008 single \"Kimi, Meguru, Boku\" (キミ、メグル、ボク, You, Turn, Me), was his first top 20 hit, reaching No. 15 on Oricon charts. \"Kimi, Meguru, Boku\" was used as the opening theme for the anime series Itazura na Kiss. Since then, he has had six top 20 singles and two top 10 albums.In 2010, his song \"Tōmei Datta Sekai\" premiered as the opening for the seventh season of Naruto: Shippuden.In 2012 he sang the song \"Altair\" under the name \"Motohiro Hata meets Sakamichi no Apollon\" for the ending of the anime Kids on the Slope, which premiered on 12 April 2012.The song \"Goodbye Isaac\" was the fourth ending track to the anime Space Brothers.In 2013, his cover of \"Rain\" by Senri Oe was featured as the ED for The Garden of Words by Makoto Shinkai.In 2014, \"Himawari no Yakusoku\" (ひまわりの約束 Promise of Sunflower) was used as the theme song for the 3D-animated movie Stand by Me Doraemon (STAND BY ME ドラえもん).","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"Sam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Smith"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hata cited Western artists such as Dua Lipa, Sam Smith, and Taylor Swift among his musical influences.[4]","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Contrast (2007)\nAlright (2008)\nDocumentary (2010)\nSigned Pop (2013)\nAo no Kokei (2015)\nCopernicus (2019)\nPaint Like a Child (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Greenberg, Adam. \"Hata Motohiro – Biography & History\". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/hata-motohiro-mn0001966228","url_text":"\"Hata Motohiro – Biography & History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile\". Motohiro Hata Official Site (in Japanese). Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.office-augusta.com/hata/profile_hata.html","url_text":"\"Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Motohiro Hata : Biography\". Barks. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205511/http://www.en.barks.jp/artist/?id=2000157493&m=bio","url_text":"\"Motohiro Hata : Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.en.barks.jp/artist/?id=2000157493&m=bio","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"【インタビュー】秦基博、NHK朝ドラ『おちょやん』主題歌に込めた人生観\". Barks (in Japanese). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021. 秦：刺激を受けた……えーと、そうですね。最近の人というわけではないんですけど、この前シーアを聴いて「やっぱりカッコいいな、この人」と思いました。歌声の強さとか、さすがだなと。テイラー・スウィフトもサム・スミスもそうですけど、向こうのヒットチャートをにぎわしている人の音楽のクオリティの高さはすごいなと思います。最近の洋楽のいわゆるポップスという世界はやっぱりカッコいいんですよね。テイラー・スウィフトもボン・イヴェールをフィーチャリングしたりしていて、それもすごくいいなと思いましたし……デュア・リパもそうですけど、やっぱり音楽がしっかりしているというか。","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000194785&page=2","url_text":"\"【インタビュー】秦基博、NHK朝ドラ『おちょやん』主題歌に込めた人生観\""}]},{"reference":"Okada, Mariko (16 January 2015). \"Billboard Japan Music Awards: See Winners of the Combined Twitter & Karaoke Votes\". Billboard. Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6443587/billboard-japan-music-awards","url_text":"\"Billboard Japan Music Awards: See Winners of the Combined Twitter & Karaoke Votes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"「第56回日本レコード大賞」、大賞＆最優秀新人賞が明らかに\". Rockin'On Japan. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://rockinon.com/news/detail/116358","url_text":"\"「第56回日本レコード大賞」、大賞＆最優秀新人賞が明らかに\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockin%27On_Japan","url_text":"Rockin'On Japan"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.office-augusta.com/hata/","external_links_name":"Motohiro Hata Official Web Site"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/hata-motohiro-mn0001966228","external_links_name":"\"Hata Motohiro – Biography & History\""},{"Link":"http://www.office-augusta.com/hata/profile_hata.html","external_links_name":"\"Profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205511/http://www.en.barks.jp/artist/?id=2000157493&m=bio","external_links_name":"\"Motohiro Hata : Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.en.barks.jp/artist/?id=2000157493&m=bio","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000194785&page=2","external_links_name":"\"【インタビュー】秦基博、NHK朝ドラ『おちょやん』主題歌に込めた人生観\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6443587/billboard-japan-music-awards","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Japan Music Awards: See Winners of the Combined Twitter & Karaoke Votes\""},{"Link":"https://rockinon.com/news/detail/116358","external_links_name":"\"「第56回日本レコード大賞」、大賞＆最優秀新人賞が明らかに\""},{"Link":"http://www.office-augusta.com/hata/","external_links_name":"Hata Official Site"},{"Link":"http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Arch/ARI/hatamotohiro/","external_links_name":"Sony Music Label Site"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/251607444","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01172949","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/959d75a2-44ed-4d14-9220-09f136b398ff","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_test_(oil_and_gas)	Well test (oil and gas)	["1 Scope and definitions","2 Exploration phase","3 Field development phase","4 Field production phase","4.1 Flow test","5 References"]	This article is about the oil well test. For the performance testing of water wells, see water well test. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Well test" oil and gas – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In the petroleum industry, a well test is the execution of a set of planned data acquisition activities. The acquired data is analyzed to broaden the knowledge and increase the understanding of the hydrocarbon properties therein and characteristics of the underground reservoir where the hydrocarbons are trapped. The test will also provide information about the state of the particular well used to collect data. The overall objective is identifying the reservoir's capacity to produce hydrocarbons, such as oil, natural gas and condensate. Data gathered during the test period includes volumetric flow rate and pressure observed in the selected well. Outcomes of a well test, for instance flow rate data and gas oil ratio data, may support the well allocation process for an ongoing production phase, while other data about the reservoir capabilities will support reservoir management. Example Well Testing Package. Shown: Choke Manifold, Well Testing Separator, flare stack, surge tank and Wellhead. Scope and definitions There are many flavours of well tests and various ways to categorize test types by its objectives, however two main categories only by objectives, these are productivity tests and descriptive tests. According to The Lease Pumper's Handbook of Oklahoma Commission on Marginally Producing Oil and Gas Wells, there are four basic well test types: potential tests, daily tests, productivity tests, and gas oil ratio tests, the latter three in the broader productivity test category. Test objectives will change throughout the different phases of a reservoir or oil field, from the exploration phase of wildcat and appraisal wells, through the field development phase and finally through the production phase, which may also have variations from the initial period of production to improved recovery by the end of the field lifecycle time. Exploration phase Professionals working with reservoir modelling may get information about the rock permeability from core samples. Other sources of information to the model are well log data and seismic data, but such data are complementary only, and for example, seismic data is insufficient to interpret whether a structural trap has been sealed. Information from well tests will supplement the amount of information with flow rate data, pressure data, and other, which is needed to build a rich reservoir model. The main objective in the exploration phase is to assess the size of a reservoir and state with a given certainty whether it has the properties for commercial exploitation and shall contribute to accounting for available reserves. Well testing taking place before permanent well completion is referred to as drill stem testing or formation testing - depending on the technology used. Field development phase The reservoir model is further developed to support the field development planning and to advise for the optimal location for extra production wells to be drilled. Descriptive well tests are designed and performed in the new wells. Field production phase Simplified process flow diagram. A plant is receiving a multi phased flow of oil and gas from many wells via a manifold. Flow from one well only may be taken to the test separator (shaded). The test separator has the feature to separate gas and water from the oil, and to have each component measured, under different conditions. Flow test This test has also been called daily test and may have various other namings. Often, and especially at offshore fields, a number of wells produce to a common separator, and flows from several separators or facilities may be headed into a commingled flow in pipeline that transports oil or gas for sale (export). The total flow rate of all wells in total are measured, but the contributions of the individual wells are unknown. It is important to know the individual contributions to account hydrocarbon material balance and for well monitoring and reservoir management. To obtain individual well flow rates, it is common to use a smaller test separator. This is an isolated and down-scaled processing system in parallel with the normal flows. Regularly, for example once a month per well, the flow from one and only one selected well is led into the test separator for determining well flow rate for the selected well. The separator divides the flow from the well into the streams of individual products which typically are oil, gas and water, but may include natural-gas condensate. Contamination may also be removed and fluid samples collected. This helps to allocate individual flow rate contributions, but the method has uncertainties. Flow rate, water cut, GOR and other parameters for the test system can deviate from production separators. This is generally taken into account by the allocation of products back to individual wells based on the field total, and by using data from the individual well tests. Another method to obtain individual well flow rates takes the state observer approach, where the states to be estimated as the unknown flow rates from individual wells. This approach allows the incorporation of other modes of measurements such as spin-cuts (manual water cut readings) and dynamometer card based inferred rates. The reconciliation of these measurements with the flow tests, along with a systematic mechanism to account for measurement noise, leads to improved per well rate estimation accuracy. Multiphase flow meters have to some degree reduced the need for flow tests and test separators. Multiphase flow meters are not suitable for all applications where clean-ups are required post workover. In the absence of accurate, robust and low-cost multi-phase flow meters, large oil fields with thousands of wells continue to rely on well tests as the primary source of information for production surveillance. The most common types of well tests include: – Drill stem tests (DSTs): DSTs are conducted on exploration wells to assess the potential of a reservoir to produce oil or gas. DSTs involve lowering a series of tools into the well to temporarily isolate the reservoir and collect samples of the fluids. – Production tests: Production tests are conducted on producing wells to monitor reservoir performance and identify any potential problems. Production tests involve flowing the well at different rates and measuring the flow rates and pressures. –Buildup tests: Buildup tests are conducted on producing wells to measure reservoir pressure and permeability. Builtup tests involve shutting in the well after a production test and measuring the pressure as it builds back up. References Aghar, Hani; M. Caire; H. Elshahawi; J. R. Gomez; J. Saeedi; C. Young; B. Pinguet; K. Swainson; E. Takla; B. Theuveny (Spring 2007). "The Expanding Scope of Well Testing". Oilfield Review (A Schlumberger Magazine). 19 (1): 44–59. Retrieved 2013-05-23. ^ a b c Aghar, H et al (2007) ^ a b Langston, Leslie Vernon (2003). The lease pumper's handbook (PDF). Norman, Okla.: Oklahoma Commission on Marginally Producing Oil and Gas Wells. ^ I. Atkinson; B. Theuveny; et al. (Spring 2005). "A New Horizon in Multiphase Flow Measurement" (PDF). Oilfield Review (A Schlumberger Magazine). 16 (4): 52–63. Retrieved 2013-05-23. ^ Ron Cramer; Dave Schotanus; Kolin Ibrahim; Nick Colbeck (21 Dec 2009). "Continuous well-flow estimates improve production allocation". Retrieved 2013-05-23. ^ Ashutosh Tewari; Stijn De Waele; Niranjan Subrahmanya (May 2018). "Enhanced production surveillance using probabilistic dynamic models". International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management. 9 (1): 1–12. ^ Thorn, R.; G. A. Johansen; B. T. Hjertaker (2013-01-01). "Three-phase flow measurement in the petroleum industry". Measurement Science and Technology. 24 (1): 012003. Bibcode:2013MeScT..24a2003T. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/24/1/012003. ISSN 0957-0233. S2CID 120658473. ^ Renker, Ben (2023). Well Testing: Essential Tool for Reservoir Management. Houston, Texas.: National Oilfield Tool.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"water well test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well_test"},{"link_name":"petroleum industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry"},{"link_name":"data acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_acquisition"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"condensate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_condensate"},{"link_name":"volumetric flow rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"gas oil ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_oil_ratio"},{"link_name":"well allocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_well_allocation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Well_Testing_Equipment.jpg"}],"text":"This article is about the oil well test. For the performance testing of water wells, see water well test.In the petroleum industry, a well test is the execution of a set of planned data acquisition activities. The acquired data is analyzed to broaden the knowledge and increase the understanding of the hydrocarbon properties therein and characteristics of the underground reservoir where the hydrocarbons are trapped.The test will also provide information about the state of the particular well used to collect data. The overall objective is identifying the reservoir's capacity to produce hydrocarbons, such as oil, natural gas and condensate.Data gathered during the test period includes volumetric flow rate and pressure observed in the selected well. Outcomes of a well test, for instance flow rate data and gas oil ratio data, may support the well allocation process for an ongoing production phase, while other data about the reservoir capabilities will support reservoir management.Example Well Testing Package. Shown: Choke Manifold, Well Testing Separator, flare stack, surge tank and Wellhead.","title":"Well test (oil and gas)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofreview-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vernon-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofreview-1"}],"text":"There are many flavours of well tests and various ways to categorize test types by its objectives, however two main categories only by objectives, these are productivity tests and descriptive tests.[1] \nAccording to The Lease Pumper's Handbook of Oklahoma Commission on Marginally Producing Oil and Gas Wells, there are four basic well test types: potential tests, daily tests, productivity tests, and gas oil ratio tests,[2] the latter three in the broader productivity test category.Test objectives will change throughout the different phases of a reservoir or oil field, from the exploration phase of wildcat and appraisal wells, through the field development phase and finally through the production phase, which may also have variations from the initial period of production to improved recovery by the end of the field lifecycle time.[1]","title":"Scope and definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reservoir modelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_modelling"},{"link_name":"rock permeability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)"},{"link_name":"core samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_sample"},{"link_name":"seismic data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_seismology#Hydrocarbon_exploration"},{"link_name":"structural trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_trap"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofreview-1"},{"link_name":"well completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)"},{"link_name":"drill stem testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_stem_test"}],"text":"Professionals working with reservoir modelling may get information about the rock permeability from core samples. Other sources of information to the model are well log data and seismic data, but such data are complementary only, and for example, seismic data is insufficient to interpret whether a structural trap has been sealed. Information from well tests will supplement the amount of information with flow rate data, pressure data, and other, which is needed to build a rich reservoir model. The main objective in the exploration phase is to assess the size of a reservoir and state with a given certainty whether it has the properties for commercial exploitation and shall contribute to accounting for available reserves.[1]Well testing taking place before permanent well completion is referred to as drill stem testing or formation testing - depending on the technology used.","title":"Exploration phase"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The reservoir model is further developed to support the field development planning and to advise for the optimal location for extra production wells to be drilled. Descriptive well tests are designed and performed in the new wells.","title":"Field development phase"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Well_test_separator.svg"}],"text":"Simplified process flow diagram. A plant is receiving a multi phased flow of oil and gas from many wells via a manifold. Flow from one well only may be taken to the test separator (shaded). The test separator has the feature to separate gas and water from the oil, and to have each component measured, under different conditions.","title":"Field production phase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vernon-2"},{"link_name":"separator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separator_(oil_production)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofreviewW2004-3"},{"link_name":"natural-gas condensate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-gas_condensate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cramer2009-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tewari2018-5"},{"link_name":"state observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_observer"},{"link_name":"dynamometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamometer"},{"link_name":"Multiphase flow meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiphase_flow_meter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thorn-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ben-7"}],"sub_title":"Flow test","text":"This test has also been called daily test[2] and may have various other namings. Often, and especially at offshore fields, a number of wells produce to a common separator, and flows from several separators or facilities may be headed into a commingled flow in pipeline that transports oil or gas for sale (export).The total flow rate of all wells in total are measured, but the contributions of the individual wells are unknown. It is important to know the individual contributions to account hydrocarbon material balance and for well monitoring and reservoir management.To obtain individual well flow rates, it is common to use a smaller test separator. This is an isolated and down-scaled processing system in parallel with the normal flows. Regularly, for example once a month per well, the flow from one and only one selected well is led into the test separator for determining well flow rate for the selected well.[3] The separator divides the flow from the well into the streams of individual products which typically are oil, gas and water, but may include natural-gas condensate. Contamination may also be removed and fluid samples collected. This helps to allocate individual flow rate contributions, but the method has uncertainties. Flow rate, water cut, GOR and other parameters for the test system can deviate from production separators.[4] This is generally taken into account by the allocation of products back to individual wells based on the field total, and by using data from the individual well tests.Another method[5] to obtain individual well flow rates takes the state observer approach, where the states to be estimated as the unknown flow rates from individual wells. This approach allows the incorporation of other modes of measurements such as spin-cuts (manual water cut readings) and dynamometer card based inferred rates. The reconciliation of these measurements with the flow tests, along with a systematic mechanism to account for measurement noise, leads to improved per well rate estimation accuracy.Multiphase flow meters have to some degree reduced the need for flow tests and test separators.[6] Multiphase flow meters are not suitable for all applications where clean-ups are required post workover. In the absence of accurate, robust and low-cost multi-phase flow meters, large oil fields with thousands of wells continue to rely on well tests as the primary source of information for production surveillance.The most common types of well tests include:– Drill stem tests (DSTs): DSTs are conducted on exploration wells to assess the potential of a reservoir to produce oil or gas. DSTs involve lowering a series of tools into the well to temporarily isolate the reservoir and collect samples of the fluids.– Production tests: Production tests are conducted on producing wells to monitor reservoir performance and identify any potential problems. Production tests involve flowing the well at different rates and measuring the flow rates and pressures.–Buildup tests: Buildup tests are conducted on producing wells to measure reservoir pressure and permeability. Builtup tests involve shutting in the well after a production test and measuring the pressure as it builds back up.[7]","title":"Field production phase"}]	[{"image_text":"Example Well Testing Package. Shown: Choke Manifold, Well Testing Separator, flare stack, surge tank and Wellhead.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Well_Testing_Equipment.jpg/400px-Well_Testing_Equipment.jpg"},{"image_text":"Simplified process flow diagram. A plant is receiving a multi phased flow of oil and gas from many wells via a manifold. Flow from one well only may be taken to the test separator (shaded). The test separator has the feature to separate gas and water from the oil, and to have each component measured, under different conditions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Well_test_separator.svg/400px-Well_test_separator.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Aghar, Hani; M. Caire; H. Elshahawi; J. R. Gomez; J. Saeedi; C. Young; B. Pinguet; K. Swainson; E. Takla; B. Theuveny (Spring 2007). \"The Expanding Scope of Well Testing\". Oilfield Review (A Schlumberger Magazine). 19 (1): 44–59. Retrieved 2013-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slb.com/resources/publications/oilfield_review/en/2007/or2007_spr.aspx","url_text":"\"The Expanding Scope of Well Testing\""}]},{"reference":"Langston, Leslie Vernon (2003). The lease pumper's handbook (PDF). Norman, Okla.: Oklahoma Commission on Marginally Producing Oil and Gas Wells.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ok.gov/marginalwells/documents/C-14.B-Standard%20Tests.pdf","url_text":"The lease pumper's handbook"}]},{"reference":"I. Atkinson; B. Theuveny; et al. (Spring 2005). \"A New Horizon in Multiphase Flow Measurement\" (PDF). Oilfield Review (A Schlumberger Magazine). 16 (4): 52–63. Retrieved 2013-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors04/win04/composite.pdf","url_text":"\"A New Horizon in Multiphase Flow Measurement\""}]},{"reference":"Ron Cramer; Dave Schotanus; Kolin Ibrahim; Nick Colbeck (21 Dec 2009). \"Continuous well-flow estimates improve production allocation\". Retrieved 2013-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-47/drilling-__production/continuous-well-flow.html","url_text":"\"Continuous well-flow estimates improve production allocation\""}]},{"reference":"Ashutosh Tewari; Stijn De Waele; Niranjan Subrahmanya (May 2018). \"Enhanced production surveillance using probabilistic dynamic models\". International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management. 9 (1): 1–12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phmsociety.org/node/2470","url_text":"\"Enhanced production surveillance using probabilistic dynamic models\""}]},{"reference":"Thorn, R.; G. A. Johansen; B. T. Hjertaker (2013-01-01). \"Three-phase flow measurement in the petroleum industry\". Measurement Science and Technology. 24 (1): 012003. Bibcode:2013MeScT..24a2003T. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/24/1/012003. ISSN 0957-0233. S2CID 120658473.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MeScT..24a2003T","url_text":"2013MeScT..24a2003T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0957-0233%2F24%2F1%2F012003","url_text":"10.1088/0957-0233/24/1/012003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0957-0233","url_text":"0957-0233"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120658473","url_text":"120658473"}]},{"reference":"Renker, Ben (2023). Well Testing: Essential Tool for Reservoir Management. Houston, Texas.: National Oilfield Tool.","urls":[{"url":"https://oilfieldteam.com/en/a/learning/well-testing","url_text":"Well Testing: Essential Tool for Reservoir Management"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Well+test%22+oil+and+gas","external_links_name":"\"Well test\" oil and gas"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Well+test%22+oil+and+gas+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Well+test%22+oil+and+gas&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Well+test%22+oil+and+gas+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Well+test%22+oil+and+gas","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Well+test%22+oil+and+gas&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.slb.com/resources/publications/oilfield_review/en/2007/or2007_spr.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Expanding Scope of Well Testing\""},{"Link":"http://www.ok.gov/marginalwells/documents/C-14.B-Standard%20Tests.pdf","external_links_name":"The lease pumper's handbook"},{"Link":"http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors04/win04/composite.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A New Horizon in Multiphase Flow Measurement\""},{"Link":"http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-47/drilling-__production/continuous-well-flow.html","external_links_name":"\"Continuous well-flow estimates improve production allocation\""},{"Link":"https://www.phmsociety.org/node/2470","external_links_name":"\"Enhanced production surveillance using probabilistic dynamic models\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MeScT..24a2003T","external_links_name":"2013MeScT..24a2003T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0957-0233%2F24%2F1%2F012003","external_links_name":"10.1088/0957-0233/24/1/012003"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0957-0233","external_links_name":"0957-0233"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120658473","external_links_name":"120658473"},{"Link":"https://oilfieldteam.com/en/a/learning/well-testing","external_links_name":"Well Testing: Essential Tool for Reservoir Management"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Aygo_X	Toyota Aygo X	["1 Overview","1.1 Aygo X Air Edition","2 Concept","3 Specifications","4 Technical specifications","5 Safety","5.1 Euro NCAP","6 Sales","7 References","8 External links"]	Crossover city car For the previous model, see Toyota Aygo. Motor vehicle Toyota Aygo X (AB70)2022 Toyota Aygo X Edge (KGB70, UK)OverviewManufacturerToyotaProductionMarch 2022 – presentAssemblyCzech Republic: Kolín (TMMCZ)DesignerNoriyuki NakamuraBody and chassisClassCrossover city car (A)Body style5-door hatchbackLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drivePlatformTNGA: GA-BRelatedToyota Yaris (XP210)PowertrainEnginePetrol:998 cc 1KR-B52 I3 (KGB70)Power output54 kW (72 hp; 73 PS)Transmission5-speed C554 manual773K CVTDimensionsWheelbase2,430 mm (95.7 in)Length3,700 mm (145.7 in)Width1,740 mm (68.5 in)Height1,525 mm (60.0 in)Kerb weight940–1,015 kg (2,072–2,238 lb)ChronologyPredecessorToyota Aygo The Toyota Aygo X is a hatchback produced by Toyota since March 2022, as a 5-door crossover city car in the A-segment. Using the Aygo nameplate, it is primarily marketed for the European market. It is built at the Toyota Motor Manufacturing Czech Republic (TMMCZ, formerly known as TPCA) plant in Kolín, Czech Republic, and replaces the previous Aygo hatchback produced in two generations from 2005 to 2022. Overview The vehicle was previewed by the "Aygo X prologue" concept car, which was presented on 17 March 2021. The concept car was designed by Toyota Motor Europe ED² design center in Sophia-Antipolis, France, while the production version was designed by Toyota Motor Europe design center of Zaventem, Belgium. The latter was presented on 5 November. The "X" is pronounced "Cross" to define the vehicle as a crossover, similar to the Yaris Cross and the Corolla Cross. The Aygo X is marketed as a higher-end vehicle in the A-segment class. Aygo X Air Edition The Toyota Aygo X Air Edition is a special edition available in the UK, offering more options along with a canvas roof. It will be available exclusively online via the Toyota UK website. Concept The Toyota Aygo X was prefigured by the Aygo X Prologue concept car presented on March 17, 2021. Specifications The Aygo X is built on the shortened version of the GA-B platform. The platform therefore differs from the first two generations of the Aygo, which were produced at the TMMCZ plant in Kolín, Czech Republic, where the Aygo X is also produced. The 1.0-litre 1KR-B52 engine is retained from the previous Aygo models. 2022 Aygo X (KGB70, Germany) 2022 Aygo X Play (KGB70, Germany) 2022 Aygo X Limited Edition (KGB70, Germany) Interior Technical specifications Petrol engines Chassis code Model Engine Transmission Power Torque 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time Top speed CO2 emission KGB70 1.0 998 cc 1KR-B52 DOHC 12-valve direct/multi-point injected straight-three with VVT-i 5-speed manualCVT 54 kW (72 hp; 73 PS) at 6,000 rpm 93 N⋅m (69 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm 14.9 seconds 158 km/h (98 mph) 109 g/km (6.2 oz/mi) Safety Euro NCAP The Aygo X in its standard European market configuration received 4 stars from Euro NCAP in 2022. Euro NCAP test results Aygo X (2022) Test Points % Overall: Adult occupant: 29.9 78% Child occupant: 38.5 78% Pedestrian: 40.3 74% Safety assist: 13.0 81% Sales Year Europe 2022 74,427 ^ Toyota Motor Europe: Europe including Russia and Turkey + Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Israel References ^ "New Aygo X handed to first customer at Toyota in Czech". Toyota Europe Newsroom. Retrieved 23 April 2022. ^ "JP, 1694622, S". Japan Platform for Patent Information. Retrieved 20 March 2022. ^ Jervis, Tom. "Toyota Aygo X hatchback review". Carbuyer. ^ "New Toyota Aygo X – New Generation of Accessible Style and Fun" (Press release). Belgium: Toyota. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ Doche, Audric (10 March 2021). "Toyota X Prologue, le concept de la future Aygo" (in French). Caradisiac. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ "Toyota dévoile l'Aygo X, son premier crossover urbain" (PDF). media.toyota.fr (in French). 5 November 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2022. ^ Pagès, Olivier (5 November 2021). "Présentation vidéo - Toyota Aygo X : SUV de poche" (in French). Caradisiac. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ Laurent Sanson (5 October 2021). "Toyota Aygo X 2022 - Lancement confirmé pour la nouvelle Aygo X". Auto-mag (in French). ^ Lemkes, Jan (5 November 2021). "Toyota Aygo X: nieuwe Aygo zoekt het hogerop - AutoWeek". AutoWeek (in Dutch). The Netherlands. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ a b "Toyota Aygo X Air Edition Adds More Style And A Standard Canvas Roof". Carscoops. 4 November 2022. ^ Audric Doche (10 March 2021). "Toyota X Prologue, le concept de la future Aygo". ^ Janssens, Klaas (5 October 2021). "Toyota Aygo X : que savons-nous déjà ?" (in French). Belgium: Le Moniteur automobile. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ Max.K (5 October 2021). "La future Toyota Aygo X sera un crossover" (in French). France: L'Automobile Magazine. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ Racer Gentleman (5 November 2021). "Toyota Aygo X : pas vraiment au rabais" (in French). La Revue Automobile. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ "Toyota Aygo X \| Features and Specifications \| Toyota UK". Toyota GB. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ a b "Official Toyota Aygo X 2022 safety rating". Euro NCAP. ^ "Toyota Motor Europe's market share increases to a record 7.3% in 2022, +0.9% points year-on-year". Toyota Europe Newsroom. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Aygo X. 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N180 Hilux Surf/4Runner N210 4Runner N280 Land Cruiser Light J70 Land Cruiser Prado J70 Land Cruiser Prado J90 Land Cruiser Prado J120 Land Cruiser Prado J150 Full-size SUV Land Cruiser J70 Land Cruiser J60 Land Cruiser J80 Land Cruiser J100 Land Cruiser J200 Land Cruiser J300 Sequoia XK30–40 Sequoia XK60 Sequoia XK80 Mega Cruiser BXD20 Kei pickup truck Pixis Truck S500–510 Pickup truck LiteAce/TownAce truck M20 LiteAce/TownAce truck M30–40 LiteAce/TownAce truck S400 Stout RK110 Kijang F20 Kijang pickup F40 Kijang pickup F60 Hilux/Pickup N50–70 Hilux/Pickup N80–110 Hilux N140–170 Hilux AN10–30 Hilux AN120–130 Tacoma N140–190 Tacoma N220–270 Tacoma N300 Land Cruiser pickup J79 T100 XK10/XK20 Tundra XK30/XK40 Tundra XK50 Tundra XK70 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Legend/Notes Non-Toyota platform	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyota Aygo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Aygo"},{"link_name":"hatchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"crossover city car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_city_car"},{"link_name":"A-segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-segment"},{"link_name":"Aygo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Aygo"},{"link_name":"Toyota Motor Manufacturing Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kolín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"}],"text":"For the previous model, see Toyota Aygo.Motor vehicleThe Toyota Aygo X is a hatchback produced by Toyota since March 2022, as a 5-door crossover city car in the A-segment. Using the Aygo nameplate, it is primarily marketed for the European market. It is built at the Toyota Motor Manufacturing Czech Republic (TMMCZ, formerly known as TPCA) plant in Kolín, Czech Republic, and replaces the previous Aygo hatchback produced in two generations from 2005 to 2022.","title":"Toyota Aygo X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Toyota Motor Europe ED²","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Europe"},{"link_name":"Sophia-Antipolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Antipolis"},{"link_name":"Toyota Motor Europe design center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Europe"},{"link_name":"Zaventem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaventem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pr%C3%A9sentation-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Yaris Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Cross"},{"link_name":"Corolla Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_Cross"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"The vehicle was previewed by the \"Aygo X prologue\" concept car, which was presented on 17 March 2021.[5] The concept car was designed by Toyota Motor Europe ED² design center in Sophia-Antipolis, France, while the production version was designed by Toyota Motor Europe design center of Zaventem, Belgium.[6] The latter was presented on 5 November.[7] The \"X\" is pronounced \"Cross\" to define the vehicle as a crossover,[8] similar to the Yaris Cross and the Corolla Cross. The Aygo X is marketed as a higher-end vehicle in the A-segment class.[9]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"}],"sub_title":"Aygo X Air Edition","text":"The Toyota Aygo X Air Edition is a special edition available in the UK, offering more options along with a canvas roof.[10] It will be available exclusively online via the Toyota UK website.[10]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Toyota Aygo X was prefigured by the Aygo X Prologue concept car presented on March 17, 2021.[11]","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GA-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_TNGA-B_platform"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1KR-B52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_KR_engine#1KR-B52"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Aygo_X_1X7A0300.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Aygo_X_1X7A5861.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022_Toyota_Aygo_X.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Aygo_X_Leonberg_2022_1X7A0548.jpg"}],"text":"The Aygo X is built on the shortened version of the GA-B platform.[12] The platform therefore differs from the first two generations of the Aygo, which were produced at the TMMCZ plant in Kolín, Czech Republic, where the Aygo X is also produced.[13] The 1.0-litre 1KR-B52 engine is retained from the previous Aygo models.[14]2022 Aygo X (KGB70, Germany)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2022 Aygo X Play (KGB70, Germany)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2022 Aygo X Limited Edition (KGB70, Germany)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical specifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euro NCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_NCAP"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroNCAP2022-16"},{"link_name":"Euro NCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_NCAP"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroNCAP2022-16"}],"sub_title":"Euro NCAP","text":"The Aygo X in its standard European market configuration received 4 stars from Euro NCAP in 2022.[16]Euro NCAP test results\nAygo X (2022)[16] \n\n\nTest\n\nPoints\n\n%\n\n\nOverall:\n\n\n\n\nAdult occupant:\n\n29.9\n\n78%\n\n\nChild occupant:\n\n38.5\n\n78%\n\n\nPedestrian:\n\n40.3\n\n74%\n\n\nSafety assist:\n\n13.0\n\n81%","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"text":"^ Toyota Motor Europe: Europe including Russia and Turkey + Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Israel","title":"Sales"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"New Aygo X handed to first customer at Toyota in Czech\". Toyota Europe Newsroom. Retrieved 23 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.toyota.eu/new-aygo-x-handed-over-to-its-first-customer-at-toyota-plant-in-czech-republic/","url_text":"\"New Aygo X handed to first customer at Toyota in Czech\""}]},{"reference":"\"JP, 1694622, S\". Japan Platform for Patent Information. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/?uri=/c1800/DE/JP-2021-004284/483E2337E31E471C3952E423D3BB6785E33F359DD2616020944850A75286821D/30/en","url_text":"\"JP, 1694622, S\""}]},{"reference":"Jervis, Tom. \"Toyota Aygo X hatchback review\". Carbuyer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carbuyer.co.uk/toyota/aygo-x","url_text":"\"Toyota Aygo X hatchback review\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Toyota Aygo X – New Generation of Accessible Style and Fun\" (Press release). Belgium: Toyota. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.toyota.eu/new-toyota-aygo-x--new-generation-of-accessible-style-and-fun/","url_text":"\"New Toyota Aygo X – New Generation of Accessible Style and Fun\""}]},{"reference":"Doche, Audric (10 March 2021). \"Toyota X Prologue, le concept de la future Aygo\" (in French). Caradisiac. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caradisiac.com/toyota-x-prologue-le-concept-de-la-future-aygo-188690.htm","url_text":"\"Toyota X Prologue, le concept de la future Aygo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toyota dévoile l'Aygo X, son premier crossover urbain\" (PDF). media.toyota.fr (in French). 5 November 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.toyota.fr/download/1098622/rp2021-147toyotadeacutevoilelrsquoaygoxsonpremiercrossoverurbain.pdf","url_text":"\"Toyota dévoile l'Aygo X, son premier crossover urbain\""}]},{"reference":"Pagès, Olivier (5 November 2021). \"Présentation vidéo - Toyota Aygo X : SUV de poche\" (in French). Caradisiac. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caradisiac.com/presentation-video-toyota-aygo-x-suv-de-poche-192772.htm","url_text":"\"Présentation vidéo - Toyota Aygo X : SUV de poche\""}]},{"reference":"Laurent Sanson (5 October 2021). \"Toyota Aygo X 2022 - Lancement confirmé pour la nouvelle Aygo X\". Auto-mag (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auto-mag.fr/actualites/toyota-aygo-x-2022-lancement-confirme-pour-la-nouvelle-aygo-x/","url_text":"\"Toyota Aygo X 2022 - Lancement confirmé pour la nouvelle Aygo X\""}]},{"reference":"Lemkes, Jan (5 November 2021). \"Toyota Aygo X: nieuwe Aygo zoekt het hogerop - AutoWeek\". AutoWeek (in Dutch). The Netherlands. Retrieved 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autoweek.nl/autonieuws/artikel/toyota-aygo-x-nieuwe-aygo-zoekt-het-hogerop/","url_text":"\"Toyota Aygo X: nieuwe Aygo zoekt het hogerop - AutoWeek\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toyota Aygo X Air Edition Adds More Style And A Standard Canvas Roof\". Carscoops. 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carscoops.com/2022/11/toyota-aygo-x-air-edition-adds-more-style-and-a-standard-canvas-roof/","url_text":"\"Toyota Aygo X Air Edition Adds More Style And A Standard Canvas Roof\""}]},{"reference":"Audric Doche (10 March 2021). \"Toyota X Prologue, le concept de la future Aygo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caradisiac.com/toyota-x-prologue-le-concept-de-la-future-aygo-188690.htm","url_text":"\"Toyota X Prologue, le concept de la future Aygo\""}]},{"reference":"Janssens, Klaas (5 October 2021). \"Toyota Aygo X : que savons-nous déjà ?\" (in French). Belgium: Le Moniteur automobile. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moniteurautomobile.be/actu-auto/scoops/toyota-aygo-x.html","url_text":"\"Toyota Aygo X : que savons-nous déjà ?\""}]},{"reference":"Max.K (5 October 2021). \"La future Toyota Aygo X sera un crossover\" (in French). France: L'Automobile Magazine. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.automobile-magazine.fr/scoops/article/31040-la-future-toyota-aygo-x-sera-un-crossover","url_text":"\"La future Toyota Aygo X sera un crossover\""}]},{"reference":"Racer Gentleman (5 November 2021). \"Toyota Aygo X : pas vraiment au rabais\" (in French). La Revue Automobile. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.larevueautomobile.com/Actu/toyota-aygo-x-pas-vraiment-au-rabais.html","url_text":"\"Toyota Aygo X : pas vraiment au rabais\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toyota Aygo X \| Features and Specifications \| Toyota UK\". Toyota GB. Retrieved 10 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toyota.co.uk/new-cars/aygo-x/features-and-specs","url_text":"\"Toyota Aygo X \| Features and Specifications \| Toyota UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Toyota Aygo X 2022 safety rating\". Euro NCAP.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.euroncap.com/en/results/toyota/aygo+x/46259","url_text":"\"Official Toyota Aygo X 2022 safety rating\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toyota Motor Europe's market share increases to a record 7.3% in 2022, +0.9% points year-on-year\". Toyota Europe Newsroom. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.toyota.eu/toyota-motor-europes-market-share-increases-to-a-record-73-in-2022-09-points-year-on-year/","url_text":"\"Toyota Motor Europe's market share increases to a record 7.3% in 2022, +0.9% points year-on-year\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://newsroom.toyota.eu/new-aygo-x-handed-over-to-its-first-customer-at-toyota-plant-in-czech-republic/","external_links_name":"\"New Aygo X handed to first customer at Toyota in Czech\""},{"Link":"https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/?uri=/c1800/DE/JP-2021-004284/483E2337E31E471C3952E423D3BB6785E33F359DD2616020944850A75286821D/30/en","external_links_name":"\"JP, 1694622, S\""},{"Link":"https://www.carbuyer.co.uk/toyota/aygo-x","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Aygo X hatchback review\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.toyota.eu/new-toyota-aygo-x--new-generation-of-accessible-style-and-fun/","external_links_name":"\"New Toyota Aygo X – New Generation of Accessible Style and Fun\""},{"Link":"https://www.caradisiac.com/toyota-x-prologue-le-concept-de-la-future-aygo-188690.htm","external_links_name":"\"Toyota X Prologue, le concept de la future Aygo\""},{"Link":"https://media.toyota.fr/download/1098622/rp2021-147toyotadeacutevoilelrsquoaygoxsonpremiercrossoverurbain.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Toyota dévoile l'Aygo X, son premier crossover urbain\""},{"Link":"https://www.caradisiac.com/presentation-video-toyota-aygo-x-suv-de-poche-192772.htm","external_links_name":"\"Présentation vidéo - Toyota Aygo X : SUV de poche\""},{"Link":"https://www.auto-mag.fr/actualites/toyota-aygo-x-2022-lancement-confirme-pour-la-nouvelle-aygo-x/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Aygo X 2022 - Lancement confirmé pour la nouvelle Aygo X\""},{"Link":"https://www.autoweek.nl/autonieuws/artikel/toyota-aygo-x-nieuwe-aygo-zoekt-het-hogerop/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Aygo X: nieuwe Aygo zoekt het hogerop - AutoWeek\""},{"Link":"https://www.carscoops.com/2022/11/toyota-aygo-x-air-edition-adds-more-style-and-a-standard-canvas-roof/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Aygo X Air Edition Adds More Style And A Standard Canvas Roof\""},{"Link":"https://www.caradisiac.com/toyota-x-prologue-le-concept-de-la-future-aygo-188690.htm","external_links_name":"\"Toyota X Prologue, le concept de la future Aygo\""},{"Link":"https://www.moniteurautomobile.be/actu-auto/scoops/toyota-aygo-x.html","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Aygo X : que savons-nous déjà ?\""},{"Link":"https://www.automobile-magazine.fr/scoops/article/31040-la-future-toyota-aygo-x-sera-un-crossover","external_links_name":"\"La future Toyota Aygo X sera un crossover\""},{"Link":"https://www.larevueautomobile.com/Actu/toyota-aygo-x-pas-vraiment-au-rabais.html","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Aygo X : pas vraiment au rabais\""},{"Link":"https://www.toyota.co.uk/new-cars/aygo-x/features-and-specs","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Aygo X \| Features and Specifications \| Toyota UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.euroncap.com/en/results/toyota/aygo+x/46259","external_links_name":"\"Official Toyota Aygo X 2022 safety rating\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.toyota.eu/toyota-motor-europes-market-share-increases-to-a-record-73-in-2022-09-points-year-on-year/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Motor Europe's market share increases to a record 7.3% in 2022, +0.9% points year-on-year\""},{"Link":"https://www.toyota.co.uk/new-cars/aygo-x/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciucea	Ciucea	["1 Demographics","2 Picture gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 Notes"]	Coordinates: 46°57′13″N 22°48′27″E / 46.95361°N 22.80750°E / 46.95361; 22.80750Commune in Cluj, RomaniaCiuceaCommuneCiucea castleLocation in Cluj CountyCiuceaLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°57′13″N 22°48′27″E / 46.95361°N 22.80750°E / 46.95361; 22.80750CountryRomaniaCountyClujEstablished1384SubdivisionsCiucea, VânătoriGovernment • Mayor (2020–2024) Radu-Florin Abrudan (PNL)Area46.56 km2 (17.98 sq mi)Population (2021-12-01)1,293 • Density28/km2 (72/sq mi)Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Area code+40 x64Vehicle reg.CJWebsiteprimariaciucea.ro Ciucea (Romanian: ; Hungarian: Csucsa ; German: Tschetsch) is a commune of Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania, situated 20 km northwest of Huedin on the right bank of the Crișul Repede River. It is composed of two villages, Ciucea and Vânători (Börvény). It also included three other villages from 1968 to 2002, when these were split off to form Negreni Commune. Endre Ady lived in the Castle during World War I, when it was owned by the family of his wife Berta Boncza. The Octavian Goga Memorial House is located in Ciucea. Demographics According to the census from 2002 there was a total population of 4,426 people living in this town. Of this population, 99.23% are ethnic Romanians, 0.61% are ethnic Hungarians and 0.09% ethnic Roma. Picture gallery The Ady Endre House The Reformed church See also Battle of Ciucea References Atlasul localităților județului Cluj (Cluj County Localities Atlas), Suncart Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca, ISBN 973-86430-0-7 Notes ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 11 June 2021. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". vteCluj County, RomaniaCities Cluj-Napoca (county seat) Câmpia Turzii Dej Gherla Turda TownsHuedinCommunes Aghireșu Aiton Aluniș Apahida Așchileu Baciu Băișoara Beliș Bobâlna Bonțida Borșa Buza Căianu Călărași Călățele Cămărașu Căpușu Mare Cășeiu Câțcău Cătina Ceanu Mare Chinteni Chiuiești Ciucea Ciurila Cojocna Cornești Cuzdrioara Dăbâca Feleacu Fizeșu Gherlii Florești Frata Gârbău Geaca Gilău Iara Iclod Izvoru Crișului Jichișu de Jos Jucu Luna Măguri-Răcătău Mănăstireni Mărgău Mărișel Mica Mihai Viteazu Mintiu Gherlii Mociu Moldovenești Negreni Pălatca Panticeu Petreștii de Jos Ploscoș Poieni Râșca Recea-Cristur Săcuieu Sâncraiu Săndulești Sânmartin Sânpaul Săvădisla Sic Suatu Țaga Tritenii de Jos Tureni Unguraș Vad Valea Ierii Viișoara Vultureni Authority control databases: National Czech Republic This Cluj County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈtʃjutʃe̯a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈt͡ʃut͡ʃɒ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Cluj County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj_County"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Huedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huedin"},{"link_name":"Crișul Repede River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri%C8%99ul_Repede_River"},{"link_name":"Negreni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negreni,_Cluj"},{"link_name":"Endre Ady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endre_Ady"},{"link_name":"Octavian Goga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavian_Goga"}],"text":"Commune in Cluj, RomaniaCiucea (Romanian: [ˈtʃjutʃe̯a]; Hungarian: Csucsa [ˈt͡ʃut͡ʃɒ]; German: Tschetsch) is a commune of Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania, situated 20 km northwest of Huedin on the right bank of the Crișul Repede River. It is composed of two villages, Ciucea and Vânători (Börvény). It also included three other villages from 1968 to 2002, when these were split off to form Negreni Commune.Endre Ady lived in the Castle during World War I, when it was owned by the family of his wife Berta Boncza.The Octavian Goga Memorial House is located in Ciucea.","title":"Ciucea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census from 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_people"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"According to the census from 2002 there was a total population of 4,426 people living in this town. Of this population, 99.23% are ethnic Romanians, 0.61% are ethnic Hungarians and 0.09% ethnic Roma.[3]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ciucea_castle_-_Ady_Endre_house_3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Csucsa_church1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Romania"}],"text":"The Ady Endre House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Reformed church","title":"Picture gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Structura Etno-demografică a României\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=2140&judet_id=2295&localitate_id=2325"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cluj_County"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cluj_County"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cluj_County"},{"link_name":"Cluj County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipiu"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Câmpia 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County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj_County"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciucea&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cluj-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cluj-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cluj-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ \"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 11 June 2021.\n\n^ \"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.\n\n^ \"Structura Etno-demografică a României\".vteCluj County, RomaniaCities\nCluj-Napoca (county seat)\nCâmpia Turzii\nDej\nGherla\nTurda\nTownsHuedinCommunes\nAghireșu\nAiton\nAluniș\nApahida\nAșchileu\nBaciu\nBăișoara\nBeliș\nBobâlna\nBonțida\nBorșa\nBuza\nCăianu\nCălărași\nCălățele\nCămărașu\nCăpușu Mare\nCășeiu\nCâțcău\nCătina\nCeanu Mare\nChinteni\nChiuiești\nCiucea\nCiurila\nCojocna\nCornești\nCuzdrioara\nDăbâca\nFeleacu\nFizeșu Gherlii\nFlorești\nFrata\nGârbău\nGeaca\nGilău\nIara\nIclod\nIzvoru Crișului\nJichișu de Jos\nJucu\nLuna\nMăguri-Răcătău\nMănăstireni\nMărgău\nMărișel\nMica\nMihai Viteazu\nMintiu Gherlii\nMociu\nMoldovenești\nNegreni\nPălatca\nPanticeu\nPetreștii de Jos\nPloscoș\nPoieni\nRâșca\nRecea-Cristur\nSăcuieu\nSâncraiu\nSăndulești\nSânmartin\nSânpaul\nSăvădisla\nSic\nSuatu\nȚaga\nTritenii de Jos\nTureni\nUnguraș\nVad\nValea Ierii\nViișoara\nVultureniAuthority control databases: National \nCzech RepublicThis Cluj County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Battle of Ciucea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ciucea"}]	[{"reference":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","url_text":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections	List of map projections	["1 Table of projections","2 Key","2.1 Type of projection surface","2.2 Properties","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Further reading"]	This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. This is a summary of map projections that have articles of their own on Wikipedia or that are otherwise notable. Because there is no limit to the number of possible map projections, there can be no comprehensive list. Table of projections Year Projection Image Type Properties Creator Notes 0120 c. 120 Equirectangular= equidistant cylindrical = rectangular = la carte parallélogrammatique Cylindrical Equidistant Marinus of Tyre Simplest geometry; distances along meridians are conserved. Plate carrée: special case having the equator as the standard parallel. 1745 Cassini = Cassini–Soldner Cylindrical Equidistant César-François Cassini de Thury Transverse of equirectangular projection; distances along central meridian are conserved.Distances perpendicular to central meridian are preserved. 1569 Mercator= Wright Cylindrical Conformal Gerardus Mercator Lines of constant bearing (rhumb lines) are straight, aiding navigation. Areas inflate with latitude, becoming so extreme that the map cannot show the poles. 2005 Web Mercator Cylindrical Compromise Google Variant of Mercator that ignores Earth's ellipticity for fast calculation, and clips latitudes to ~85.05° for square presentation. De facto standard for Web mapping applications. 1822 Gauss–Krüger= Gauss conformal= (ellipsoidal) transverse Mercator Cylindrical Conformal Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger This transverse, ellipsoidal form of the Mercator is finite, unlike the equatorial Mercator. Forms the basis of the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system. 1922 Roussilhe oblique stereographic Henri Roussilhe 1903 Hotine oblique Mercator Cylindrical Conformal M. Rosenmund, J. Laborde, Martin Hotine 1855 Gall stereographic Cylindrical Compromise James Gall Intended to resemble the Mercator while also displaying the poles. Standard parallels at 45°N/S. 1942 Miller= Miller cylindrical Cylindrical Compromise Osborn Maitland Miller Intended to resemble the Mercator while also displaying the poles. 1772 Lambert cylindrical equal-area Cylindrical Equal-area Johann Heinrich Lambert Cylindrical equal-area projection with standard parallel at the equator and an aspect ratio of π (3.14). 1910 Behrmann Cylindrical Equal-area Walter Behrmann Cylindrical equal-area projection with standard parallels at 30°N/S and an aspect ratio of (3/4)π ≈ 2.356. 2002 Hobo–Dyer Cylindrical Equal-area Mick Dyer Cylindrical equal-area projection with standard parallels at 37.5°N/S and an aspect ratio of 1.977. Similar are Trystan Edwards with standard parallels at 37.4° and Smyth equal surface (=Craster rectangular) with standard parallels around 37.07°. 1855 Gall–Peters= Gall orthographic= Peters Cylindrical Equal-area James Gall (Arno Peters) Cylindrical equal-area projection with standard parallels at 45°N/S and an aspect ratio of π/2 ≈ 1.571. Similar is Balthasart with standard parallels at 50°N/S and Tobler’s world in a square with standard parallels around 55.66°N/S. 1850 c. 1850 Central cylindrical Cylindrical Perspective (unknown) Practically unused in cartography because of severe polar distortion, but popular in panoramic photography, especially for architectural scenes. 1600 c. 1600 Sinusoidal= Sanson–Flamsteed= Mercator equal-area Pseudocylindrical Equal-area, equidistant (Several; first is unknown) Meridians are sinusoids; parallels are equally spaced. Aspect ratio of 2:1. Distances along parallels are conserved. 1805 Mollweide= elliptical= Babinet= homolographic Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Karl Brandan Mollweide Meridians are ellipses. 1953 Sinu-Mollweide Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Allen K. Philbrick An oblique combination of the sinusoidal and Mollweide projections. 1906 Eckert II Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Max Eckert-Greifendorff 1906 Eckert IV Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Max Eckert-Greifendorff Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; outer meridians are semicircles; other meridians are semiellipses. 1906 Eckert VI Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Max Eckert-Greifendorff Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; meridians are half-period sinusoids. 1540 Ortelius oval Pseudocylindrical Compromise Battista Agnese Meridians are circular. 1923 Goode homolosine Pseudocylindrical Equal-area John Paul Goode Hybrid of Sinusoidal and Mollweide projections.Usually used in interrupted form. 1939 Kavrayskiy VII Pseudocylindrical Compromise Vladimir V. Kavrayskiy Evenly spaced parallels. Equivalent to Wagner VI horizontally compressed by a factor of 3 / 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}/{2}} . 1963 Robinson Pseudocylindrical Compromise Arthur H. Robinson Computed by interpolation of tabulated values. Used by Rand McNally since inception and used by NGS in 1988–1998. 2018 Equal Earth Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Bojan Šavrič, Tom Patterson, Bernhard Jenny Inspired by the Robinson projection, but retains the relative size of areas. 2011 Natural Earth Pseudocylindrical Compromise Tom Patterson Originally by interpolation of tabulated values. Now has a polynomial. 1973 Tobler hyperelliptical Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Waldo R. Tobler A family of map projections that includes as special cases Mollweide projection, Collignon projection, and the various cylindrical equal-area projections. 1932 Wagner VI Pseudocylindrical Compromise K. H. Wagner Equivalent to Kavrayskiy VII vertically compressed by a factor of 3 / 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}/{2}} . 1865 c. 1865 Collignon Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Édouard Collignon Depending on configuration, the projection also may map the sphere to a single diamond or a pair of squares. 1997 HEALPix Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Krzysztof M. Górski Hybrid of Collignon + Lambert cylindrical equal-area. 1929 Boggs eumorphic Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Samuel Whittemore Boggs The equal-area projection that results from average of sinusoidal and Mollweide y-coordinates and thereby constraining the x coordinate. 1929 Craster parabolic =Putniņš P4 Pseudocylindrical Equal-area John Craster Meridians are parabolas. Standard parallels at 36°46′N/S; parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; 2:1 aspect. 1949 McBryde–Thomas flat-pole quartic= McBryde–Thomas #4 Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Felix W. McBryde, Paul Thomas Standard parallels at 33°45′N/S; parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; meridians are fourth-order curves. Distortion-free only where the standard parallels intersect the central meridian. 1937 1944 Quartic authalic Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Karl Siemon Oscar Adams Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale. No distortion along the equator. Meridians are fourth-order curves. 1965 The Times Pseudocylindrical Compromise John Muir Standard parallels 45°N/S. Parallels based on Gall stereographic, but with curved meridians. Developed for Bartholomew Ltd., The Times Atlas. 1935 1966 Loximuthal Pseudocylindrical Compromise Karl Siemon Waldo R. Tobler From the designated centre, lines of constant bearing (rhumb lines/loxodromes) are straight and have the correct length. Generally asymmetric about the equator. 1889 Aitoff Pseudoazimuthal Compromise David A. Aitoff Stretching of modified equatorial azimuthal equidistant map. Boundary is 2:1 ellipse. Largely superseded by Hammer. 1892 Hammer= Hammer–Aitoffvariations: Briesemeister; Nordic Pseudoazimuthal Equal-area Ernst Hammer Modified from azimuthal equal-area equatorial map. Boundary is 2:1 ellipse. Variants are oblique versions, centred on 45°N. 1994 Strebe 1995 Pseudoazimuthal Equal-area Daniel "daan" Strebe Formulated by using other equal-area map projections as transformations. 1921 Winkel tripel Pseudoazimuthal Compromise Oswald Winkel Arithmetic mean of the equirectangular projection and the Aitoff projection. Standard world projection for the NGS since 1998. 1904 Van der Grinten Other Compromise Alphons J. van der Grinten Boundary is a circle. All parallels and meridians are circular arcs. Usually clipped near 80°N/S. Standard world projection of the NGS in 1922–1988. 0150 c. 150 Equidistant conic= simple conic Conic Equidistant Based on Ptolemy's 1st Projection Distances along meridians are conserved, as is distance along one or two standard parallels. 1772 Lambert conformal conic Conic Conformal Johann Heinrich Lambert Used in aviation charts. 1805 Albers conic Conic Equal-area Heinrich C. Albers Two standard parallels with low distortion between them. 1500 c. 1500 Werner Pseudoconical Equal-area, equidistant Johannes Stabius Parallels are equally spaced concentric circular arcs. Distances from the North Pole are correct as are the curved distances along parallels and distances along central meridian. 1511 Bonne Pseudoconical, cordiform Equal-area, equidistant Bernardus Sylvanus Parallels are equally spaced concentric circular arcs and standard lines. Appearance depends on reference parallel. General case of both Werner and sinusoidal. 2003 Bottomley Pseudoconical Equal-area Henry Bottomley Alternative to the Bonne projection with simpler overall shape Parallels are elliptical arcsAppearance depends on reference parallel. 1820 c. 1820 American polyconic Pseudoconical Compromise Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler Distances along the parallels are preserved as are distances along the central meridian. 1853 c. 1853 Rectangular polyconic Pseudoconical Compromise United States Coast Survey Latitude along which scale is correct can be chosen. Parallels meet meridians at right angles. 1963 Latitudinally equal-differential polyconic Pseudoconical Compromise China State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Polyconic: parallels are non-concentric arcs of circles. 1000 c. 1000 Nicolosi globular Pseudoconical Compromise Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī; reinvented by Giovanni Battista Nicolosi, 1660.: 14 1000 c. 1000 Azimuthal equidistant=Postel=zenithal equidistant Azimuthal Equidistant Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī Distances from center are conserved. Used as the emblem of the United Nations, extending to 60° S. c. 580 BC Gnomonic Azimuthal Gnomonic Thales (possibly) All great circles map to straight lines. Extreme distortion far from the center. Shows less than one hemisphere. 1772 Lambert azimuthal equal-area Azimuthal Equal-area Johann Heinrich Lambert The straight-line distance between the central point on the map to any other point is the same as the straight-line 3D distance through the globe between the two points. c. 200 BC Stereographic Azimuthal Conformal Hipparchos* Map is infinite in extent with outer hemisphere inflating severely, so it is often used as two hemispheres. Maps all small circles to circles, which is useful for planetary mapping to preserve the shapes of craters. c. 200 BC Orthographic Azimuthal Perspective Hipparchos* View from an infinite distance. 1740 Vertical perspective Azimuthal Perspective Matthias Seutter* View from a finite distance. Can only display less than a hemisphere. 1919 Two-point equidistant Azimuthal Equidistant Hans Maurer Two "control points" can be almost arbitrarily chosen. The two straight-line distances from any point on the map to the two control points are correct. 2021 Gott, Goldberg and Vanderbei’s Azimuthal Equidistant J. Richard Gott, Goldberg and Robert J. Vanderbei Gott, Goldberg and Vanderbei’s double-sided disk map was designed to minimize all six types of map distortions. Not properly "a" map projection because it is on two surfaces instead of one, it consists of two hemispheric equidistant azimuthal projections back-to-back. 1879 Peirce quincuncial Other Conformal Charles Sanders Peirce Tessellates. Can be tiled continuously on a plane, with edge-crossings matching except for four singular points per tile. 1887 Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square projection Other Conformal Émile Guyou Tessellates. 1925 Adams hemisphere-in-a-square projection Other Conformal Oscar Sherman Adams 1965 Lee conformal world on a tetrahedron Polyhedral Conformal L. P. Lee Projects the globe onto a regular tetrahedron. Tessellates. 1514 Octant projection Polyhedral Compromise Leonardo da Vinci Projects the globe onto eight octants (Reuleaux triangles) with no meridians and no parallels. 1909 Cahill's butterfly map Polyhedral Compromise Bernard Joseph Stanislaus Cahill Projects the globe onto an octahedron with symmetrical components and contiguous landmasses that may be displayed in various arrangements. 1975 Cahill–Keyes projection Polyhedral Compromise Gene Keyes Projects the globe onto a truncated octahedron with symmetrical components and contiguous land masses that may be displayed in various arrangements. 1996 Waterman butterfly projection Polyhedral Compromise Steve Waterman Projects the globe onto a truncated octahedron with symmetrical components and contiguous land masses that may be displayed in various arrangements. 1973 Quadrilateralized spherical cube Polyhedral Equal-area F. Kenneth Chan, E. M. O'Neill 1943 Dymaxion map Polyhedral Compromise Buckminster Fuller Also known as a Fuller Projection. 1999 AuthaGraph projection Polyhedral Compromise Hajime Narukawa Approximately equal-area. Tessellates. 2008 Myriahedral projections Polyhedral Equal-area Jarke J. van Wijk Projects the globe onto a myriahedron: a polyhedron with a very large number of faces. 1909 Craig retroazimuthal= Mecca Retroazimuthal Compromise James Ireland Craig 1910 Hammer retroazimuthal, front hemisphere Retroazimuthal Ernst Hammer 1910 Hammer retroazimuthal, back hemisphere Retroazimuthal Ernst Hammer 1833 Littrow Retroazimuthal Conformal Joseph Johann Littrow on equatorial aspect it shows a hemisphere except for poles. 1943 Armadillo Other Compromise Erwin Raisz 1982 GS50 Other Conformal John P. Snyder Designed specifically to minimize distortion when used to display all 50 U.S. states. 1941 Wagner VII= Hammer-Wagner Pseudoazimuthal Equal-area K. H. Wagner 1947? Chamberlin trimetric projection Other Compromise Wellman Chamberlin Many National Geographic Society maps of single continents use this projection. 1948 Atlantis= Transverse Mollweide Pseudocylindrical Equal-area John Bartholomew Oblique version of Mollweide 1953 Bertin= Bertin-Rivière = Bertin 1953 Other Compromise Jacques Bertin Projection in which the compromise is no longer homogeneous but instead is modified for a larger deformation of the oceans, to achieve lesser deformation of the continents. Commonly used for French geopolitical maps. 2002 Hao projection Pseudoconical Compromise Hao Xiaoguang Known as "plane terrestrial globe", it was adopted by the People's Liberation Army for the official military maps and China’s State Oceanic Administration for polar expeditions. *The first known popularizer/user and not necessarily the creator. Key Main article: Map projection Type of projection surface Cylindrical In normal aspect, these map regularly-spaced meridians to equally spaced vertical lines, and parallels to horizontal lines. Pseudocylindrical In normal aspect, these map the central meridian and parallels as straight lines. Other meridians are curves (or possibly straight from pole to equator), regularly spaced along parallels. Conic In normal aspect, conic (or conical) projections map meridians as straight lines, and parallels as arcs of circles. Pseudoconical In normal aspect, pseudoconical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line, other meridians as complex curves, and parallels as circular arcs. Azimuthal In standard presentation, azimuthal projections map meridians as straight lines and parallels as complete, concentric circles. They are radially symmetrical. In any presentation (or aspect), they preserve directions from the center point. This means great circles through the central point are represented by straight lines on the map. Pseudoazimuthal In normal aspect, pseudoazimuthal projections map the equator and central meridian to perpendicular, intersecting straight lines. They map parallels to complex curves bowing away from the equator, and meridians to complex curves bowing in toward the central meridian. Listed here after pseudocylindrical as generally similar to them in shape and purpose. Other Typically calculated from formula, and not based on a particular projection Polyhedral maps Polyhedral maps can be folded up into a polyhedral approximation to the sphere, using particular projection to map each face with low distortion. Properties Conformal Preserves angles locally, implying that local shapes are not distorted and that local scale is constant in all directions from any chosen point. Equal-area Area measure is conserved everywhere. Compromise Neither conformal nor equal-area, but a balance intended to reduce overall distortion. Equidistant All distances from one (or two) points are correct. Other equidistant properties are mentioned in the notes. Gnomonic All great circles are straight lines. Retroazimuthal Direction to a fixed location B (by the shortest route) corresponds to the direction on the map from A to B. Perspective Can be constructed by light shining through a globe onto a developable surface. See also 360 video projection List of national coordinate reference systems Snake Projection Notes ^ a b Snyder, John P. (1993). Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections. University of Chicago Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-226-76746-9. ^ Donald Fenna (2006). Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with Derivations. CRC Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8493-8169-0. ^ Furuti, Carlos A. "Conic Projections: Equidistant Conic Projections". Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ ""Nicolosi Globular projection"" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2016-09-18. ^ "New Earth Map Projection". vanderbei.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-27. ^ Fuller-Wright, Liz. "Princeton astrophysicists re-imagine world map, designing a less distorted, 'radically different' way to see the world". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 2022-07-13. Retrieved 2022-07-13. ^ Gott III, J. Richard; Goldberg, David M.; Vanderbei, Robert J. (2021-02-15). "Flat Maps that improve on the Winkel Tripel". arXiv:2102.08176 . ^ Jarke J. van Wijk. "Unfolding the Earth: Myriahedral Projections". Archived from the original on 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2011-03-08. ^ Carlos A. Furuti. "Interrupted Maps: Myriahedral Maps". Archived from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2011-11-03. ^ Rivière, Philippe (October 1, 2017). "Bertin Projection (1953)". visionscarto. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020. ^ Hao, Xiaoguang; Xue, Huaiping. "Generalized Equip-Difference Parallel Polyconical Projection Method for the Global Map" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023. ^ Alexeeva, Olga; Lasserre, Frédéric (October 20, 2022). "Le concept de troisième pôle: cartes et représentations polaires de la Chine". Géoconfluences (in French). Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023. ^ Vriesema, Jochem (April 7, 2021). "Arctic geopolitics: China's remapping of the world". Clingendael Spectator. The Hague: Clingendael. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023. Further reading Snyder, John P. (1987). Map projections – A working manual (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Vol. 1395. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/pp1395. Retrieved 2019-02-18. Snyder, John P.; Voxland, Philip M. (1989). An Album of Map Projections (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Vol. 1453. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/pp1453. Retrieved 2019-02-18. vteMap projection History List Portal By surfaceCylindricalMercator-conformal Gauss–Krüger Transverse Mercator Oblique Mercator Equal-area Balthasart Behrmann Gall–Peters Hobo–Dyer Lambert Smyth equal-surface Trystan Edwards Cassini Central Equirectangular Gall stereographic Gall isographic Miller Space-oblique Mercator Web Mercator PseudocylindricalEqual-area Collignon Eckert II Eckert IV Eckert VI Equal Earth Goode homolosine Mollweide Sinusoidal Tobler hyperelliptical Kavrayskiy VII Wagner VI Winkel I and II Conical Albers Equidistant Lambert conformal Pseudoconical Bonne Bottomley Polyconic American Chinese Werner Azimuthal(planar)General perspective Gnomonic Orthographic Stereographic Equidistant Lambert equal-area Pseudoazimuthal Aitoff Hammer Wiechel Winkel tripel By metricConformal Adams hemisphere-in-a-square Gauss–Krüger Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square Lambert conformal conic Mercator Peirce quincuncial Stereographic Transverse Mercator Equal-areaBonne Sinusoidal Werner Bottomley Sinusoidal Werner Cylindrical Balthasart Behrmann Gall–Peters Hobo–Dyer Lambert cylindrical equal-area Smyth equal-surface Trystan Edwards Tobler hyperelliptical Collignon Mollweide Albers Briesemeister Eckert II Eckert IV Eckert VI Equal Earth Goode homolosine Hammer Lambert azimuthal equal-area Quadrilateralized spherical cube Strebe 1995 Equidistant insome aspect Conic Equirectangular Sinusoidal Two-point Werner Gnomonic Gnomonic Loxodromic Loximuthal Mercator Retroazimuthal(Mecca or Qibla) Craig Hammer Littrow By constructionCompromise Chamberlin trimetric Kavrayskiy VII Miller cylindrical Natural Earth Robinson Van der Grinten Wagner VI Winkel tripel Hybrid Goode homolosine HEALPix PerspectivePlanar Gnomonic Orthographic Stereographic Central cylindrical Polyhedral AuthaGraph Cahill Butterfly Cahill–Keyes M-shape Dymaxion ISEA Quadrilateralized spherical cube Waterman butterfly See also Interruption (map projection) Latitude Longitude Tissot's indicatrix Map projection of the tri-axial ellipsoid	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_map_projections"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"map projections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection"},{"link_name":"notable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTABLE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SnyderFlattening-1"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.This is a summary of map projections that have articles of their own on Wikipedia or that are otherwise notable. Because there is no limit to the number of possible map projections,[1] there can be no comprehensive list.","title":"List of map projections"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"*The first known popularizer/user and not necessarily the creator.","title":"Table of projections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Type of projection surface","text":"Cylindrical\nIn normal aspect, these map regularly-spaced meridians to equally spaced vertical lines, and parallels to horizontal lines.\nPseudocylindrical\nIn normal aspect, these map the central meridian and parallels as straight lines. Other meridians are curves (or possibly straight from pole to equator), regularly spaced along parallels.\nConic\nIn normal aspect, conic (or conical) projections map meridians as straight lines, and parallels as arcs of circles.\nPseudoconical\nIn normal aspect, pseudoconical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line, other meridians as complex curves, and parallels as circular arcs.\nAzimuthal\nIn standard presentation, azimuthal projections map meridians as straight lines and parallels as complete, concentric circles. They are radially symmetrical. In any presentation (or aspect), they preserve directions from the center point. This means great circles through the central point are represented by straight lines on the map.\nPseudoazimuthal\nIn normal aspect, pseudoazimuthal projections map the equator and central meridian to perpendicular, intersecting straight lines. They map parallels to complex curves bowing away from the equator, and meridians to complex curves bowing in toward the central meridian. Listed here after pseudocylindrical as generally similar to them in shape and purpose.\nOther\nTypically calculated from formula, and not based on a particular projection\nPolyhedral maps\nPolyhedral maps can be folded up into a polyhedral approximation to the sphere, using particular projection to map each face with low distortion.","title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Properties","text":"Conformal\nPreserves angles locally, implying that local shapes are not distorted and that local scale is constant in all directions from any chosen point.\nEqual-area\nArea measure is conserved everywhere.\nCompromise\nNeither conformal nor equal-area, but a balance intended to reduce overall distortion.\nEquidistant\nAll distances from one (or two) points are correct. Other equidistant properties are mentioned in the notes.\nGnomonic\nAll great circles are straight lines.\nRetroazimuthal\nDirection to a fixed location B (by the shortest route) corresponds to the direction on the map from A to B.\nPerspective\nCan be constructed by light shining through a globe onto a developable surface.","title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SnyderFlattening_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SnyderFlattening_1-1"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-76746-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-76746-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with 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(1953)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//visionscarto.net/bertin-projection-1953"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200127183756/https://visionscarto.net/bertin-projection-1953"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Generalized Equip-Difference Parallel Polyconical Projection Method for the Global Map\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2001/icc2001/file/f08034.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230209115710/https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2001/icc2001/file/f08034.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Le concept de troisième pôle: cartes et représentations polaires de la Chine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/la-chine/articles-scientifiques/troisieme-pole"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230214191615/https://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/la-chine/articles-scientifiques/troisieme-pole"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Arctic geopolitics: China's remapping of the world\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//spectator.clingendael.org/en/publication/arctic-geopolitics-chinas-remapping-world"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230214191626/https://spectator.clingendael.org/en/publication/arctic-geopolitics-chinas-remapping-world"}],"text":"^ a b \nSnyder, John P. (1993). Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections. University of Chicago Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-226-76746-9.\n\n^ Donald Fenna (2006). Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with Derivations. CRC Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8493-8169-0.\n\n^ Furuti, Carlos A. \"Conic Projections: Equidistant Conic Projections\". Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)\n\n^ \"\"Nicolosi Globular projection\"\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2016-09-18.\n\n^ \"New Earth Map Projection\". vanderbei.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-27.\n\n^ Fuller-Wright, Liz. \"Princeton astrophysicists re-imagine world map, designing a less distorted, 'radically different' way to see the world\". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 2022-07-13. Retrieved 2022-07-13.\n\n^ Gott III, J. Richard; Goldberg, David M.; Vanderbei, Robert J. (2021-02-15). \"Flat Maps that improve on the Winkel Tripel\". arXiv:2102.08176 [astro-ph.IM].\n\n^ Jarke J. van Wijk. \"Unfolding the Earth: Myriahedral Projections\". Archived from the original on 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2011-03-08.\n\n^ Carlos A. Furuti. \"Interrupted Maps: Myriahedral Maps\". Archived from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2011-11-03.\n\n^ Rivière, Philippe (October 1, 2017). \"Bertin Projection (1953)\". visionscarto. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.\n\n^ Hao, Xiaoguang; Xue, Huaiping. \"Generalized Equip-Difference Parallel Polyconical Projection Method for the Global Map\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.\n\n^ Alexeeva, Olga; Lasserre, Frédéric (October 20, 2022). \"Le concept de troisième pôle: cartes et représentations polaires de la Chine\". Géoconfluences (in French). Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.\n\n^ Vriesema, Jochem (April 7, 2021). \"Arctic geopolitics: China's remapping of the world\". Clingendael Spectator. The Hague: Clingendael. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snyder, John P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Snyder"},{"link_name":"Map projections – A working manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1395/report.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3133/pp1395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp1395"},{"link_name":"Snyder, John P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Snyder"},{"link_name":"An Album of Map Projections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1453/report.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3133/pp1453","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp1453"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Map_projections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Map_projections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Map_projections"},{"link_name":"Map projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Maps"},{"link_name":"By surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Projections_by_surface"},{"link_name":"Cylindrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Cylindrical"},{"link_name":"Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection"},{"link_name":"Gauss–Krüger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Kr%C3%BCger_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"Transverse Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_Mercator_projection"},{"link_name":"Oblique Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_Mercator_projection"},{"link_name":"Equal-area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection"},{"link_name":"Balthasart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection#Discussion"},{"link_name":"Behrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behrmann_projection"},{"link_name":"Gall–Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection"},{"link_name":"Hobo–Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection"},{"link_name":"Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_cylindrical_equal-area_projection"},{"link_name":"Smyth equal-surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection#Discussion"},{"link_name":"Trystan Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection#Discussion"},{"link_name":"Cassini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini_projection"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_cylindrical_projection"},{"link_name":"Equirectangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equirectangular_projection"},{"link_name":"Gall stereographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_stereographic_projection"},{"link_name":"Gall isographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_isographic_projection"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_cylindrical_projection"},{"link_name":"Space-oblique Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-oblique_Mercator_projection"},{"link_name":"Web Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Mercator_projection"},{"link_name":"Pseudocylindrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Pseudocylindrical"},{"link_name":"Collignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collignon_projection"},{"link_name":"Eckert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_II_projection"},{"link_name":"Eckert IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_IV_projection"},{"link_name":"Eckert VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_VI_projection"},{"link_name":"Equal Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Earth_projection"},{"link_name":"Goode homolosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goode_homolosine_projection"},{"link_name":"Mollweide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollweide_projection"},{"link_name":"Sinusoidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal_projection"},{"link_name":"Tobler hyperelliptical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection"},{"link_name":"Kavrayskiy VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavrayskiy_VII_projection"},{"link_name":"Wagner VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_VI_projection"},{"link_name":"Winkel I and II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkel_projection"},{"link_name":"Conical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Conical"},{"link_name":"Albers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albers_projection"},{"link_name":"Equidistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidistant_conic_projection"},{"link_name":"Lambert conformal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection"},{"link_name":"Pseudoconical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Pseudoconical"},{"link_name":"Bonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_projection"},{"link_name":"Bottomley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottomley_projection"},{"link_name":"Polyconic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyconic_projection_class"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_polyconic_projection"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudinally_equal-differential_polyconic_projection"},{"link_name":"Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_projection"},{"link_name":"Azimuthal(planar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Azimuthal"},{"link_name":"General perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Perspective_projection"},{"link_name":"Gnomonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomonic_projection"},{"link_name":"Orthographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_map_projection"},{"link_name":"Stereographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereographic_map_projection"},{"link_name":"Equidistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuthal_equidistant_projection"},{"link_name":"Lambert equal-area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_azimuthal_equal-area_projection"},{"link_name":"Pseudoazimuthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Pseudoazimuthal"},{"link_name":"Aitoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitoff_projection"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_projection"},{"link_name":"Wiechel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiechel_projection"},{"link_name":"Winkel tripel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkel_tripel_projection"},{"link_name":"By metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Projections_by_preservation_of_a_metric_property"},{"link_name":"Conformal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_map_projection"},{"link_name":"Adams hemisphere-in-a-square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_hemisphere-in-a-square_projection"},{"link_name":"Gauss–Krüger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Kr%C3%BCger_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyou_hemisphere-in-a-square_projection"},{"link_name":"Lambert conformal conic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection"},{"link_name":"Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection"},{"link_name":"Peirce quincuncial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirce_quincuncial_projection"},{"link_name":"Stereographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereographic_projection"},{"link_name":"Transverse Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_Mercator_projection"},{"link_name":"Equal-area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-area_projection"},{"link_name":"Bonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_projection"},{"link_name":"Sinusoidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal_projection"},{"link_name":"Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_projection"},{"link_name":"Bottomley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottomley_projection"},{"link_name":"Sinusoidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal_projection"},{"link_name":"Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_projection"},{"link_name":"Cylindrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection"},{"link_name":"Balthasart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection#Discussion"},{"link_name":"Behrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behrmann_projection"},{"link_name":"Gall–Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection"},{"link_name":"Hobo–Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection"},{"link_name":"Lambert cylindrical equal-area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_cylindrical_equal-area_projection"},{"link_name":"Smyth equal-surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection#Discussion"},{"link_name":"Trystan Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection#Discussion"},{"link_name":"Tobler hyperelliptical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection"},{"link_name":"Collignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collignon_projection"},{"link_name":"Mollweide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollweide_projection"},{"link_name":"Albers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albers_projection"},{"link_name":"Briesemeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_projection#Briesemeister"},{"link_name":"Eckert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_II_projection"},{"link_name":"Eckert IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_IV_projection"},{"link_name":"Eckert VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_VI_projection"},{"link_name":"Equal Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Earth_projection"},{"link_name":"Goode homolosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goode_homolosine_projection"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_projection"},{"link_name":"Lambert azimuthal equal-area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_azimuthal_equal-area_projection"},{"link_name":"Quadrilateralized spherical cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateralized_spherical_cube"},{"link_name":"Strebe 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebe_1995_projection"},{"link_name":"Equidistant insome aspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Equidistant"},{"link_name":"Conic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidistant_conic_projection"},{"link_name":"Equirectangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equirectangular_projection"},{"link_name":"Sinusoidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal_projection"},{"link_name":"Two-point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-point_equidistant_projection"},{"link_name":"Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_projection"},{"link_name":"Gnomonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Gnomonic"},{"link_name":"Gnomonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomonic_projection"},{"link_name":"Loxodromic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Rhumb_line"},{"link_name":"Loximuthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loximuthal_projection"},{"link_name":"Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection"},{"link_name":"Retroazimuthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Retroazimuthal"},{"link_name":"Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_retroazimuthal_projection"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_retroazimuthal_projection"},{"link_name":"Littrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littrow_projection"},{"link_name":"By construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Classification"},{"link_name":"Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Compromise_projections"},{"link_name":"Chamberlin trimetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlin_trimetric_projection"},{"link_name":"Kavrayskiy VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavrayskiy_VII_projection"},{"link_name":"Miller cylindrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_cylindrical_projection"},{"link_name":"Natural Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Earth_projection"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_projection"},{"link_name":"Van der Grinten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Grinten_projection"},{"link_name":"Wagner VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_VI_projection"},{"link_name":"Winkel tripel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkel_tripel_projection"},{"link_name":"Hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Hybrid"},{"link_name":"Goode homolosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goode_homolosine_projection"},{"link_name":"HEALPix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEALPix"},{"link_name":"Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Perspective_projections"},{"link_name":"Planar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Perspective_projection"},{"link_name":"Gnomonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomonic_projection"},{"link_name":"Orthographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_map_projection"},{"link_name":"Stereographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereographic_projection"},{"link_name":"Central cylindrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_cylindrical_projection"},{"link_name":"Polyhedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection#Polyhedral"},{"link_name":"AuthaGraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthaGraph_projection"},{"link_name":"Cahill Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_J._S._Cahill"},{"link_name":"Cahill–Keyes M-shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahill%E2%80%93Keyes_projection"},{"link_name":"Dymaxion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymaxion_map"},{"link_name":"ISEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyder_equal-area_projection"},{"link_name":"Quadrilateralized spherical cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateralized_spherical_cube"},{"link_name":"Waterman butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterman_butterfly_projection"},{"link_name":"Interruption (map projection)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interruption_(map_projection)"},{"link_name":"Latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"Longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"Tissot's indicatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissot%27s_indicatrix"},{"link_name":"Map projection of the tri-axial ellipsoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection_of_the_tri-axial_ellipsoid"}],"text":"Snyder, John P. (1987). Map projections – A working manual (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Vol. 1395. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/pp1395. Retrieved 2019-02-18.\nSnyder, John P.; Voxland, Philip M. (1989). An Album of Map Projections (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Vol. 1453. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/pp1453. Retrieved 2019-02-18.vteMap projection\nHistory\nList\nPortal\nBy surfaceCylindricalMercator-conformal\nGauss–Krüger\nTransverse Mercator\nOblique Mercator\nEqual-area\nBalthasart\nBehrmann\nGall–Peters\nHobo–Dyer\nLambert\nSmyth equal-surface\nTrystan Edwards\n\nCassini\nCentral\nEquirectangular\nGall stereographic\nGall isographic\nMiller\nSpace-oblique Mercator\nWeb Mercator\nPseudocylindricalEqual-area\nCollignon\nEckert II\nEckert IV\nEckert VI\nEqual Earth\nGoode homolosine\nMollweide\nSinusoidal\nTobler hyperelliptical\n\nKavrayskiy VII\nWagner VI\nWinkel I and II\nConical\nAlbers\nEquidistant\nLambert conformal\nPseudoconical\nBonne\nBottomley\nPolyconic\nAmerican\nChinese\nWerner\nAzimuthal(planar)General perspective\nGnomonic\nOrthographic\nStereographic\n\nEquidistant\nLambert equal-area\nPseudoazimuthal\nAitoff\nHammer\nWiechel\nWinkel tripel\nBy metricConformal\nAdams hemisphere-in-a-square\nGauss–Krüger\nGuyou hemisphere-in-a-square\nLambert conformal conic\nMercator\nPeirce quincuncial\nStereographic\nTransverse Mercator\nEqual-areaBonne\nSinusoidal\nWerner\nBottomley\nSinusoidal\nWerner\nCylindrical\nBalthasart\nBehrmann\nGall–Peters\nHobo–Dyer\nLambert cylindrical equal-area\nSmyth equal-surface\nTrystan Edwards\nTobler hyperelliptical\nCollignon\nMollweide\n\nAlbers\nBriesemeister\nEckert II\nEckert IV\nEckert VI\nEqual Earth\nGoode homolosine\nHammer\nLambert azimuthal equal-area\nQuadrilateralized spherical cube\nStrebe 1995\nEquidistant insome aspect\nConic\nEquirectangular\nSinusoidal\nTwo-point\nWerner\nGnomonic\nGnomonic\nLoxodromic\nLoximuthal\nMercator\nRetroazimuthal(Mecca or Qibla)\nCraig\nHammer\nLittrow\nBy constructionCompromise\nChamberlin trimetric\nKavrayskiy VII\nMiller cylindrical\nNatural Earth\nRobinson\nVan der Grinten\nWagner VI\nWinkel tripel\nHybrid\nGoode homolosine\nHEALPix\nPerspectivePlanar\nGnomonic\nOrthographic\nStereographic\n\nCentral cylindrical\nPolyhedral\nAuthaGraph\nCahill Butterfly\nCahill–Keyes M-shape\nDymaxion\nISEA\nQuadrilateralized spherical cube\nWaterman butterfly\nSee also\nInterruption (map projection)\nLatitude\nLongitude\nTissot's indicatrix\nMap projection of the tri-axial ellipsoid","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gott-Goldberg-Vanderbei_Projection.png/149px-Gott-Goldberg-Vanderbei_Projection.png"}]	[{"title":"360 video projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/360_video_projection"},{"title":"List of national coordinate reference systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_coordinate_reference_systems"},{"title":"Snake Projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Projection"}]	[{"reference":"Snyder, John P. (1993). Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections. University of Chicago Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-226-76746-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-76746-9","url_text":"0-226-76746-9"}]},{"reference":"Donald Fenna (2006). Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with Derivations. CRC Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8493-8169-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8LZeu8RxOIsC","url_text":"Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with Derivations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8169-0","url_text":"978-0-8493-8169-0"}]},{"reference":"Furuti, Carlos A. \"Conic Projections: Equidistant Conic Projections\". Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121130154139/http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjCon/projCon.html#EqdCon","url_text":"\"Conic Projections: Equidistant Conic Projections\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Nicolosi Globular projection\"\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2016-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csiss.org/map-projections/Polyconic/Nicolosi_Globular.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Nicolosi Globular projection\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429155348/http://www.csiss.org/map-projections/Polyconic/Nicolosi_Globular.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Earth Map Projection\". vanderbei.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://vanderbei.princeton.edu/planets_webgl/GottEarth.html","url_text":"\"New Earth Map Projection\""}]},{"reference":"Fuller-Wright, Liz. \"Princeton astrophysicists re-imagine world map, designing a less distorted, 'radically different' way to see the world\". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 2022-07-13. Retrieved 2022-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.princeton.edu/news/2021/02/15/princeton-astrophysicists-re-imagine-world-map-designing-less-distorted-radically","url_text":"\"Princeton astrophysicists re-imagine world map, designing a less distorted, 'radically different' way to see the world\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220713135458/https://www.princeton.edu/news/2021/02/15/princeton-astrophysicists-re-imagine-world-map-designing-less-distorted-radically","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gott III, J. Richard; Goldberg, David M.; Vanderbei, Robert J. (2021-02-15). \"Flat Maps that improve on the Winkel Tripel\". arXiv:2102.08176 [astro-ph.IM].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.08176","url_text":"2102.08176"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.IM","url_text":"astro-ph.IM"}]},{"reference":"Jarke J. van Wijk. \"Unfolding the Earth: Myriahedral Projections\". Archived from the original on 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2011-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.win.tue.nl/~vanwijk/myriahedral/","url_text":"\"Unfolding the Earth: Myriahedral Projections\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200620071126/https://www.win.tue.nl/~vanwijk/myriahedral/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carlos A. Furuti. \"Interrupted Maps: Myriahedral Maps\". Archived from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2011-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200117164955/http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjInt/projInt.html#MyriahedralMaps","url_text":"\"Interrupted Maps: Myriahedral Maps\""},{"url":"http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjInt/projInt.html#MyriahedralMaps","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rivière, Philippe (October 1, 2017). \"Bertin Projection (1953)\". visionscarto. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionscarto.net/bertin-projection-1953","url_text":"\"Bertin Projection (1953)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200127183756/https://visionscarto.net/bertin-projection-1953","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hao, Xiaoguang; Xue, Huaiping. \"Generalized Equip-Difference Parallel Polyconical Projection Method for the Global Map\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2001/icc2001/file/f08034.pdf","url_text":"\"Generalized Equip-Difference Parallel Polyconical Projection Method for the Global Map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230209115710/https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2001/icc2001/file/f08034.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alexeeva, Olga; Lasserre, Frédéric (October 20, 2022). \"Le concept de troisième pôle: cartes et représentations polaires de la Chine\". Géoconfluences (in French). Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/la-chine/articles-scientifiques/troisieme-pole","url_text":"\"Le concept de troisième pôle: cartes et représentations polaires de la Chine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230214191615/https://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/la-chine/articles-scientifiques/troisieme-pole","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vriesema, Jochem (April 7, 2021). \"Arctic geopolitics: China's remapping of the world\". Clingendael Spectator. The Hague: Clingendael. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectator.clingendael.org/en/publication/arctic-geopolitics-chinas-remapping-world","url_text":"\"Arctic geopolitics: China's remapping of the world\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230214191626/https://spectator.clingendael.org/en/publication/arctic-geopolitics-chinas-remapping-world","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, John P. (1987). Map projections – A working manual (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Vol. 1395. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/pp1395. Retrieved 2019-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Snyder","url_text":"Snyder, John P."},{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1395/report.pdf","url_text":"Map projections – A working manual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp1395","url_text":"10.3133/pp1395"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, John P.; Voxland, Philip M. (1989). An Album of Map Projections (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Vol. 1453. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/pp1453. Retrieved 2019-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Snyder","url_text":"Snyder, John P."},{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1453/report.pdf","url_text":"An Album of Map Projections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp1453","url_text":"10.3133/pp1453"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8LZeu8RxOIsC","external_links_name":"Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with Derivations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121130154139/http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjCon/projCon.html#EqdCon","external_links_name":"\"Conic Projections: Equidistant Conic Projections\""},{"Link":"http://www.csiss.org/map-projections/Polyconic/Nicolosi_Globular.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"Nicolosi Globular projection\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429155348/http://www.csiss.org/map-projections/Polyconic/Nicolosi_Globular.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://vanderbei.princeton.edu/planets_webgl/GottEarth.html","external_links_name":"\"New Earth Map Projection\""},{"Link":"https://www.princeton.edu/news/2021/02/15/princeton-astrophysicists-re-imagine-world-map-designing-less-distorted-radically","external_links_name":"\"Princeton astrophysicists re-imagine world map, designing a less distorted, 'radically different' way to see the world\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220713135458/https://www.princeton.edu/news/2021/02/15/princeton-astrophysicists-re-imagine-world-map-designing-less-distorted-radically","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.08176","external_links_name":"2102.08176"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.IM","external_links_name":"astro-ph.IM"},{"Link":"http://www.win.tue.nl/~vanwijk/myriahedral/","external_links_name":"\"Unfolding the Earth: Myriahedral Projections\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200620071126/https://www.win.tue.nl/~vanwijk/myriahedral/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200117164955/http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjInt/projInt.html#MyriahedralMaps","external_links_name":"\"Interrupted Maps: Myriahedral Maps\""},{"Link":"http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjInt/projInt.html#MyriahedralMaps","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://visionscarto.net/bertin-projection-1953","external_links_name":"\"Bertin Projection (1953)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200127183756/https://visionscarto.net/bertin-projection-1953","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2001/icc2001/file/f08034.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Generalized Equip-Difference Parallel Polyconical Projection Method for the Global Map\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230209115710/https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2001/icc2001/file/f08034.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/la-chine/articles-scientifiques/troisieme-pole","external_links_name":"\"Le concept de troisième pôle: cartes et représentations polaires de la Chine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230214191615/https://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/la-chine/articles-scientifiques/troisieme-pole","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://spectator.clingendael.org/en/publication/arctic-geopolitics-chinas-remapping-world","external_links_name":"\"Arctic geopolitics: China's remapping of the world\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230214191626/https://spectator.clingendael.org/en/publication/arctic-geopolitics-chinas-remapping-world","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1395/report.pdf","external_links_name":"Map projections – A working manual"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp1395","external_links_name":"10.3133/pp1395"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1453/report.pdf","external_links_name":"An Album of Map Projections"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp1453","external_links_name":"10.3133/pp1453"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlin_(Hasidic_Dynasty)	Karlin-Stolin (Hasidic dynasty)	["1 History","2 Lineage of the Karliner Dynasty","3 References","4 External links"]	Belarusian Hasidic dynasty Karlin-Stolin synagogue, Tiberias Karlin-Stolin is a Hasidic dynasty, originating with Rebbe Aaron ben Jacob of Karlin in present-day Belarus. One of the first centres of Hasidim to be set up in Lithuania, many Lithuanian Hasidic groups are its offshoots. After the murder of many of its followers by Nazi Germany in the Holocaust, the dynasty continued to exist with followers in Israel, the United States, Russia, England, Mexico, and Ukraine. History In the mid-19th century, members of the Karlin-Stolin dynasty immigrated to Eretz Yisrael (the land of Israel), settling in Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed. In 1869 they took over the site of a former synagogue in Tiberias built in 1786 by Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk which had been destroyed in the Galilee earthquake of 1837. Reconstruction commenced in 1870. Around this time, Karlin-Stolin Hasidim began to settle in Jerusalem. By 1874, they had established the Beis Aharon Synagogue of Karlin-Stolin in the old city. Today, most of the Karlin-Stolin Hasidim reside in or around Jerusalem. There are also synagogues in Beitar Illit, Bnei Brak, Kiryat Sefer, Brachfeld, Safed, and Tiberias, as well as in the United States, in Borough Park, Brooklyn, Monsey, New York, Los Angeles, California, Lakewood, New Jersey, London, and in Ukraine and Belarus. The Karlin-Stoliner rebbe (also referred to as the "Stoliner Rebbe"), Boruch Meir Yaakov Shochet, resides in Givat Ze'ev. In Jerusalem some of the Karliner Hasidim wear the traditional garb of Jerusalem Haredim on Shabbat, the golden caftan. The version of the prayer book used by Karliner Hasidim is called Beis Aharon V'Yisrael. It is the second published prayer book produced by Karliner Hasidim; the first was published in New York City by the then-rebbe, Yochanan Perlow of Karlin-Stolin. The institutional center of the dynasty in Jerusalem is located in a historic building which was formerly the home of James Finn, the 19th century British consul. Funding for the purchase of the building was provided by the Ministry of Education and local authorities. Renovations were supervised by the architect David Kroyanker. During the construction work, an ancient columbarium was discovered on the site. Lineage of the Karliner Dynasty R' Aaron ben Jacob of Karlin (1736–1772), founder of the dynasty R' Shlomo HaLevi of Karlin (1738–1792), disciple of the above. R' Asher Perlow (the first) of Stolin (1760–1826), son of the founder. R' Aaron ben Asher of Karlin (the second) Perlow of Karlin (1802–1872), son of the above. R' Asher (the second) Perlow of Stolin (d. 1873) - son of the above. R' Yisrael Perlow of Stolin, "The Frankfurter" (because he is buried in Frankfurt) a.k.a. the "Yenuka of Stolin" (1868–1921), son of the above. R' Asher Perlow of Stolin - son of Yisrael Perlow of Stolin. R' Aaron Perlow of Warsaw - son of Yisrael Perlow of Stolin. R' Yaakov Chaim Perlow of Stolin ("The Detroiter") (d. 1946), son of Yisrael Perlow of Stolin. R' Moshe Perlow of Stolin (d. 1942) - son of The Frankfurter. R' Avrohom Elimelech Perlow of Karlin (was rebbe in Israel, and went back to Europe) (killed 1942) - son of The Frankfurter. R' Yochanan Perlow (1900–1956) of Stolin Loitzk - later the Grand Rebbe of Karlin-Stolin in America, youngest son of Yisrael Perlow of Stolin; his daughter, Feiga, and her husband Ezra Shochet were the parents of Baruch Meir Yaakov Shochet. R' Baruch Meir Yaakov Shochet (born 1955), grandson of Yochanan Perlow. References ^ "Karliners, Not Hardliners". Haaretz. Retrieved 2024-01-09. ^ "Karliners, Not Hardliners". Haaretz. Retrieved 2024-01-09. External links Official website of Yeshiva Karlin Stolin Hasidim in Pinsk and Karlin - Karlin Hasidism Ancient Melodies of the Karlin-Stolin Chassidim Website of Kahal Chasidim Shearis Yaakov vteHasidic dynastiesPoland Alexander Amshinov Apt Ashlag Biala Chentshin Ger Grodzhisk Izhbitza Kotzk Kozhnitz Kuzmir Lelov Lublin Modzitz Novominsk Ozharov Porisov Peshischa Radomsk Radoshitz Radzin Radzymin Shedlitz Shenitza Shidlovtza Sochatchov Strikov Tshenstkhov Vurka Zychlin Eastern Galicia Alesk Belz Boyan Burshtin Chortkov Drubitsh Husiatyn Kaminka Komarno Kopyczynitz Kosov Kozlov Makova Monastritshe Nadvorna Premishlan Radomishel Sadigura Sambur Sassov Skolye Skula Stanislov Stretin Strozhnitz Yeruslav Zidichov Zinkov Zlotchiv Zutchke Western Galicia Bluzhev Bobov Dinov Dombrov Dzikov Glogov Gorlitz Grybov Linsk Istrik–Litovisk Kshanov Kolbashov Lizhensk Melitz Narol Pilzno Pshevorsk Rimanov Ropshitz Sanz Shendishov Shinova Stitshin Strizov Tshokava Zhmigrod Ukraine Avritch Berdychiv Breslov Chernobyl Hannopil Hornosteipel Kaminka–Miropol Korets Loitsk Makarov Olik Shepetivka Machnovka Mezhbizh Monistritch Rachmastrivka Ruzhin Savran Shpikov Slavuta Skver Sudylkiv Tolne Trisk Zvhil Lithuania and Belarus Amdur Chabad-Lubavitch Kopust Karlin-Stolin Kobrin Koidanov Lechovitch Niezhin Pinsk-Karlin Slonim Strashelye Romania Bohush Chernovitz Deyzh Faltichan Klausenburg Kretshnif Krula Nassod Ribnitz Seret Seret-Vizhnitz Shotz Shtefanesht Skulen Spinka Sulitz Temishvar Ujhel-Siget Vasloi Vizhnitz Hungary Beregsaz Chust Dorog Kaliv Kashou Kerestir Koson Liska Mattersdorf Munkatch Muzhay Nitra Pupa Rachev Ratzfert Sasregen Satmar Stropkov Tosh Czech Republic Nikolsburg Prague United States Baltimore Bobov-45 Boston Cleveland Milwaukee Mosholu Pittsburgh Israel Dushinsky Erlau Mishkenos HoRoim Shomer Emunim Toldos Aharon Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok Other Veretzky (Rabbinical dynasty) Vien (Hasidic community) Vien (Rabbinical dynasty) vte History of Jews and Judaism in Belarus GroupsOrthodox Misnagdim Musar Movement Hasidim Chabad-Lubavitch Karlin Lechovitch Koidanov Slonim Amdur Secular Haskalah Bundism General Jewish Labour Bund Zionist Poale Zion Komverband Jewish Communist Party Hashomer Hatzair Tarbut SynagoguesCurrent Great Synagogue (Grodno) Former Choral Synagogue (Brest) Choral synagogue (Vitebsk) Cold Synagogue, Minsk Cold Synagogue, Mogilev Slonim Synagogue Wołpa Synagogue Zaniomanskaja Synagogue Yeshivas Baranovich Yeshiva Grodno Yeshiva Kaminetz Yeshiva Mir Yeshiva Novardok Yeshiva Radin Yeshiva Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva Volozhin Yeshiva Tomchei Tmimim − Lubavitch The HolocaustGhettos Brest Grodno Dzyatlava Kobryn Lakhva Minsk Rakaŭ Pinsk Slonim Concentration camps Davidovka concentration camp Koldichevo Extermination sites and massacres Bronna Góra Dzyatlava massacre Maly Trostenets Slutsk affair Resistance Bielski partisans Łachwa Ghetto uprising Słonim Ghetto Jewish revolt Minsk Ghetto resistance organization Zhetler Battalion Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus List of Belarusian Jews Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hasidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties_and_groups"},{"link_name":"Rebbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe"},{"link_name":"Aaron ben Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharon_of_Karlin_(I)"},{"link_name":"Karlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlin_(Pinsk)"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Hasidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Hasidism"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"}],"text":"Karlin-Stolin synagogue, TiberiasKarlin-Stolin is a Hasidic dynasty, originating with Rebbe Aaron ben Jacob of Karlin in present-day Belarus. One of the first centres of Hasidim to be set up in Lithuania, many Lithuanian Hasidic groups are its offshoots. After the murder of many of its followers by Nazi Germany in the Holocaust, the dynasty continued to exist with followers in Israel, the United States, Russia, England, Mexico, and Ukraine.","title":"Karlin-Stolin (Hasidic dynasty)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eretz Yisrael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretz_Yisrael"},{"link_name":"Tiberias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"Safed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"Galilee earthquake of 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_1837"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Beis Aharon Synagogue of Karlin-Stolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beis_Aharon_Synagogue_of_Karlin-Stolin"},{"link_name":"Beitar Illit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitar_Illit"},{"link_name":"Bnei Brak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnei_Brak"},{"link_name":"Kiryat Sefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit"},{"link_name":"Brachfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit"},{"link_name":"Safed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed"},{"link_name":"Borough Park, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Monsey, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsey,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Givat Ze'ev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givat_Ze%27ev"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Shabbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat"},{"link_name":"caftan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekishe"},{"link_name":"James Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Finn"},{"link_name":"David Kroyanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kroyanker"},{"link_name":"columbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbarium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In the mid-19th century, members of the Karlin-Stolin dynasty immigrated to Eretz Yisrael (the land of Israel), settling in Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed. In 1869 they took over the site of a former synagogue in Tiberias built in 1786 by Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk which had been destroyed in the Galilee earthquake of 1837. Reconstruction commenced in 1870. Around this time, Karlin-Stolin Hasidim began to settle in Jerusalem. By 1874, they had established the Beis Aharon Synagogue of Karlin-Stolin in the old city.Today, most of the Karlin-Stolin Hasidim reside in or around Jerusalem. There are also synagogues in Beitar Illit, Bnei Brak, Kiryat Sefer, Brachfeld, Safed, and Tiberias, as well as in the United States, in Borough Park, Brooklyn, Monsey, New York, Los Angeles, California, Lakewood, New Jersey, London, and in Ukraine and Belarus.The Karlin-Stoliner rebbe (also referred to as the \"Stoliner Rebbe\"), Boruch Meir Yaakov Shochet, resides in Givat Ze'ev.[1]In Jerusalem some of the Karliner Hasidim wear the traditional garb of Jerusalem Haredim on Shabbat, the golden caftan. The version of the prayer book used by Karliner Hasidim is called Beis Aharon V'Yisrael. It is the second published prayer book produced by Karliner Hasidim; the first was published in New York City by the then-rebbe, Yochanan Perlow of Karlin-Stolin.The institutional center of the dynasty in Jerusalem is located in a historic building which was formerly the home of James Finn, the 19th century British consul. Funding for the purchase of the building was provided by the Ministry of Education and local authorities. Renovations were supervised by the architect David Kroyanker. During the construction work, an ancient columbarium was discovered on the site.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shlomo HaLevi of Karlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_of_Karlin"},{"link_name":"Stolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolin"},{"link_name":"Aaron ben Asher of Karlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_ben_Asher_of_Karlin"},{"link_name":"Karlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlin_(Pinsk)"},{"link_name":"Stolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolin"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"}],"text":"R' Aaron ben Jacob of Karlin (1736–1772), founder of the dynasty\nR' Shlomo HaLevi of Karlin (1738–1792), disciple of the above.\nR' Asher Perlow (the first) of Stolin (1760–1826), son of the founder.\nR' Aaron ben Asher of Karlin (the second) Perlow of Karlin (1802–1872), son of the above.\nR' Asher (the second) Perlow of Stolin (d. 1873) - son of the above.\nR' Yisrael Perlow of Stolin, \"The Frankfurter\" (because he is buried in Frankfurt) a.k.a. the \"Yenuka of Stolin\" (1868–1921), son of the above.\nR' Asher Perlow of Stolin - son of Yisrael Perlow of Stolin.\nR' Aaron Perlow of Warsaw - son of Yisrael Perlow of Stolin.\nR' Yaakov Chaim Perlow of Stolin (\"The Detroiter\") (d. 1946), son of Yisrael Perlow of Stolin.\nR' Moshe Perlow of Stolin (d. 1942) - son of The Frankfurter.\nR' Avrohom Elimelech Perlow of Karlin (was rebbe in Israel, and went back to Europe) (killed 1942) - son of The Frankfurter.\nR' Yochanan Perlow (1900–1956) of Stolin Loitzk - later the Grand Rebbe of Karlin-Stolin in America, youngest son of Yisrael Perlow of Stolin; his daughter, Feiga, and her husband Ezra Shochet were the parents of Baruch Meir Yaakov Shochet.\nR' Baruch Meir Yaakov Shochet (born 1955), grandson of Yochanan Perlow.","title":"Lineage of the Karliner Dynasty"}]	[{"image_text":"Karlin-Stolin synagogue, Tiberias","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA.jpg/220px-%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Karliners, Not Hardliners\". Haaretz. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/2004-11-19/ty-article/karliners-not-hardliners/0000017f-e9ab-df2c-a1ff-fffb97760000","url_text":"\"Karliners, Not Hardliners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karliners, Not Hardliners\". Haaretz. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/2004-11-19/ty-article/karliners-not-hardliners/0000017f-e9ab-df2c-a1ff-fffb97760000","url_text":"\"Karliners, Not Hardliners\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.haaretz.com/2004-11-19/ty-article/karliners-not-hardliners/0000017f-e9ab-df2c-a1ff-fffb97760000","external_links_name":"\"Karliners, Not Hardliners\""},{"Link":"https://www.haaretz.com/2004-11-19/ty-article/karliners-not-hardliners/0000017f-e9ab-df2c-a1ff-fffb97760000","external_links_name":"\"Karliners, Not Hardliners\""},{"Link":"http://www.yeshivakarlinstolin.org/","external_links_name":"Official website of Yeshiva Karlin Stolin"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Pinsk1/Pine12_005.html#Page9","external_links_name":"Hasidim in Pinsk and Karlin - Karlin Hasidism"},{"Link":"http://mostlymusic.com/products/ancient-melodies-of-cd","external_links_name":"Ancient Melodies of the Karlin-Stolin Chassidim"},{"Link":"https://www.kahalchasidim.com/","external_links_name":"Website of Kahal Chasidim Shearis Yaakov"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007530424905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002001657","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg_Line	Fort Magruder	["1 Peninsula Campaign, General Magruder","2 Building the Williamsburg Line","3 Standoff at the Warwick Line","4 Battle of Williamsburg","5 Preservation","6 External links","7 References"]	Fort MagruderFort Magruder Monument37°15′50.29″N 76°39′58.68″W / 37.2639694°N 76.6663000°W / 37.2639694; -76.6663000LocationWilliamsburg, Virginia Fort Magruder was a 30-foot (9.1 m) high earthen fortification straddling the road between Yorktown and Williamsburg, Virginia, just outside the latter city (and former Virginia state capital) during the American Civil War. At the center of the Williamsburg Line, it was also referred to as Redoubt Number 6. Fort Magruder was strategic in defending Williamsburg during the Peninsula Campaign in 1862 due to its location near the junction of the two roads that led to Williamsburg from Yorktown and Lee's Mill to the east. It became a key point during the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862. Peninsula Campaign, General Magruder In the American Civil War, the Peninsula Campaign was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. The operation, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, was an amphibious turning movement intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond by moving up (west) the Virginia Peninsula from Fort Monroe at the eastern tip near the entrance to Hampton Roads to Richmond, about 75 miles (121 km) away. The Confederate Army of the Peninsula was the primary defensive force, and was commanded by Brig. Gen. John B. "Prince John" Magruder, a popular leader who had held back Union forces in the area beginning in 1861. At the time the Army of the Potomac arrived at Fort Monroe in early 1862, only Magruder's 13,000 men faced them on the Peninsula. The Confederate strategy of the early portion of the Peninsula Campaign became one of delays, providing vital time for defenses to be built outside Richmond. General Magruder had been an amateur actor, and was successful in the early stages of the Peninsula Campaign partially by using elaborate ruse tactics to appear to have a much larger force than he actually had. Stephen Sears, the author of the To The Gates of Richmond, described the demonstrations of his limited troops, which included marching back and forth behind the lines with great fanfare to appear to be a larger force, as "performances of the Prince John Players." Magruder's efforts appeared to have the desired effect, as the ever-cautious McClellan moved very slowly with his forces, which were actually substantially larger than those of the defenders. Meanwhile, a long defensive line was being built outside Richmond. Fort Magruder, actually an elaborate but earthen fortification, was named for General Magruder. It was the keystone of the Williamsburg Line, a third cross peninsula set of works located west of the Warwick Line, the second, which was anchored by Mulberry Island, the Warwick River, and Yorktown. Building the Williamsburg Line Fort Magruder and other Confederate works near Williamsburg The Williamsburg Line was a line of defensive fortifications across the Virginia Peninsula east of Williamsburg anchored by College Creek, a tributary of the James River, on the south and Queen's Creek, a tributary of the York River on the north. A series of 14 redoubts were built along the line, with Fort Magruder (Redoubt Number 6) at the center at a key location. The concept was surely not a new one. To defend against attacks of the Native Americans, in 1632, the people of the Virginia Colony had constructed a line of palisades across the six miles (9.7 km) of land between the same two creeks, although it was slightly to the west, and also long gone by 1862. The earlier palisade had been anchored by a small fortified settlement which was named Middle Plantation. In 1699, it had been renamed Williamsburg. Colonel Benjamin S. Ewell, leader of the 32nd Virginia Infantry had been trained as a civil engineer at the United States Military Academy at West Point and most recently serving as the President of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg. He had moved to the area in 1848, and lived nearby at a farm in James City County a few miles west of the old colonial capital city. In 1861, Colonel Ewell had formed the 32nd Virginia from several local militia units from Elizabeth City County, Warwick County, York County, and James City County. In May 1861, he was charged by General Robert E. Lee, who was the commander of Virginia's military forces at the time, with the development and construction of the Williamsburg Line. Ewell had made little progress on the Williamsburg defenses by late June 1861, and General Magruder replaced him with then-Lt. Col. Lafayette McLaws. Soldiers and impressed slaves constructed the line to the east of Williamsburg as recommended by Captain Alfred L. Rives, an 1848 civil engineering graduate of Virginia Military Institute (VMI) who was acting chief of the Engineer Bureau at Confederate headquarters in Richmond. The series of 14 redoubts stretched across a distance of about 4 miles (6.4 km), and were located 600 to 800 yards (730 m) apart. Redoubt # 1 was located behind Quarterpath Road (which led from Williamsburg to the James River). Redoubts 11 and 14 helped form the York River (northern) end of the line. (The site of Redoubt 12 is currently located in New Quarter Park). Redoubt # 6, near the center of the Williamsburg Line, became known as Fort Magruder. It was shaped as an elongated pentagon, with walls 15 feet (4.6 m) high and nine feet thick. The earthworks were protected by a dry moat nine feet deep. It mounted eight guns. The Williamsburg Line was unfinished when the Federals began marching up the Peninsula from Fort Monroe on April 4, 1862. Standoff at the Warwick Line As the Peninsula Campaign developed, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston moved his army east to reinforce Magruder and meet the challenge presented by McClellan's forces. The resulting Battle of Yorktown was to last from April 5 until May 4, 1862. During this time, the Union forces were held at the Warwick Line across the peninsula from the James River to the York River. Further information: Battle of Yorktown (1862) In the early morning hours of May 4, the Confederates quietly withdrew from the Warwick Line, and, electing not to defend the Williamsburg Line, withdrew beyond it toward Richmond. The Williamsburg Line would be critical, albeit for a short time, in delaying a pursuit by the Union Army, giving the Confederates time to move west on the poor roads of the sandy Tidewater terrain. About 24 hours later, McClellan discovered the move, and troops were soon moving toward Williamsburg on the only two main roads west, the Lee's Mill and Yorktown-Williamsburg Roads, which converged about 600 feet (180 m) south-east of Fort Magruder. Battle of Williamsburg On May 5, 1862, Fort Magruder was a major point of the first heavy conflict of the Peninsula Campaign. Nearly 32,000 Confederates and 41,000 Union fought during the Battle of Williamsburg, which is considered by military historians to have been inconclusive. The point at which the fort was built had the strategic topographical advantage of being a very narrow piece of land, bounded on the west by Tutters Neck Pond and on the east by Cubb's creek, restricting access to the town of Williamsburg beyond. There were 3,800 Union and Confederate casualties. Further information: Battle of Williamsburg Preservation Fort Magruder in January 2011. The former site of Fort Magruder is located about 1-mile (1.6 km) east of the restored area of Colonial Williamsburg off Penniman Road, which is the James City County-York County boundary line in the immediate vicinity. A monument, erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, surrounded by a small grassy area, is located on the southeast side of Penniman Road near the intersection of Queen's Creek Road. Approximately one-third of the original earthworks remain. The fenced-in site is not currently open to the public. In early 2006, Riverside Health System donated 22 acres (89,000 m2) of the 350 acres (1.4 km2) of land that it had bought from Colonial Williamsburg along the colonial-era Quarterpath Road in 2004, to create a public park. The land, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of Fort Magruder (towards the James River), includes two redoubts that were part of the Williamsburg Line of defensive works, and has been named Redoubt Park. At the former site of Redoubt 9, located in the median of Interstate 64 between exits 238 and 242 in York County, William and Mary archaeologists in 2016 unearthed a jade blue bottle less than six inches long filled with nails, next to what archaeologists believed to be the remains of a hearth or fire pit. William and Mary researchers have advanced the theory that the object may be a witch bottle, an English-origin object thought by users to lure witches or evil spirits and then trap them. Only a few such objects have been found in the United States, and this particular bottle, bearing the name of a manufacturer in eastern Pennsylvania, probably came with Union troops occupying the redoubt after the Battle of Williamsburg. External links Armament, Plan & Cross Section, December 24, 1864 Jeremy Francis Gilmer Papers No 276, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. References ^ Williamsburg, Virginia, Parks and Recreation Department Archived December 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Confederate Military History, volume 3, Battle of Big Bethel; History of 32nd Virginia website Archived 2007-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b "Redoubt 1 Historical Marker". ^ "BialeSzalenstwo – Portal o zdrowiu". 2 November 2022. ^ "Virginia Forts: Page 7". ^ Jamison, Peter (24 January 2020). "A Civil War-era 'witch bottle' may have been found on a Virginia highway, archaeologists say". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 January 2020.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Peninsula Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Lee's Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_at_Lee%27s_Mills"},{"link_name":"Battle of Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg"}],"text":"Fort Magruder was a 30-foot (9.1 m) high earthen fortification straddling the road between Yorktown and Williamsburg, Virginia, just outside the latter city (and former Virginia state capital) during the American Civil War. At the center of the Williamsburg Line, it was also referred to as Redoubt Number 6.Fort Magruder was strategic in defending Williamsburg during the Peninsula Campaign in 1862 due to its location near the junction of the two roads that led to Williamsburg from Yorktown and Lee's Mill to the east. It became a key point during the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862.","title":"Fort Magruder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Peninsula Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Eastern Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Maj. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General#United_States"},{"link_name":"George B. McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"turning movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_movement"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Fort Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Brig. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General#United_States"},{"link_name":"John B. \"Prince John\" Magruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Magruder"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"Fort Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Warwick Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Line"},{"link_name":"Mulberry Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_Island"},{"link_name":"Warwick River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"}],"text":"In the American Civil War, the Peninsula Campaign was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. The operation, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, was an amphibious turning movement intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond by moving up (west) the Virginia Peninsula from Fort Monroe at the eastern tip near the entrance to Hampton Roads to Richmond, about 75 miles (121 km) away.The Confederate Army of the Peninsula was the primary defensive force, and was commanded by Brig. Gen. John B. \"Prince John\" Magruder, a popular leader who had held back Union forces in the area beginning in 1861. At the time the Army of the Potomac arrived at Fort Monroe in early 1862, only Magruder's 13,000 men faced them on the Peninsula. The Confederate strategy of the early portion of the Peninsula Campaign became one of delays, providing vital time for defenses to be built outside Richmond. General Magruder had been an amateur actor, and was successful in the early stages of the Peninsula Campaign partially by using elaborate ruse tactics to appear to have a much larger force than he actually had. Stephen Sears, the author of the To The Gates of Richmond, described the demonstrations of his limited troops, which included marching back and forth behind the lines with great fanfare to appear to be a larger force, as \"performances of the Prince John Players.\" Magruder's efforts appeared to have the desired effect, as the ever-cautious McClellan moved very slowly with his forces, which were actually substantially larger than those of the defenders. Meanwhile, a long defensive line was being built outside Richmond.Fort Magruder, actually an elaborate but earthen fortification, was named for General Magruder. It was the keystone of the Williamsburg Line, a third cross peninsula set of works located west of the Warwick Line, the second, which was anchored by Mulberry Island, the Warwick River, and Yorktown.","title":"Peninsula Campaign, General Magruder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Magruder_1862.jpg"},{"link_name":"Virginia Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"College Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Creek"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Queen's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"York River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Virginia Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Colony"},{"link_name":"Middle Plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Plantation_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin S. Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_S._Ewell"},{"link_name":"32nd Virginia Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Virginia_Infantry"},{"link_name":"civil engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"College of William and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"James City County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_City_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth City County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_City_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Warwick County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"York County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Lafayette McLaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws"},{"link_name":"Alfred L. Rives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_L._Rives"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer"},{"link_name":"Virginia Military Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmdb.org-3"},{"link_name":"Quarterpath Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterpath_Road"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"York River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"New Quarter Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Quarter_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fort Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmdb.org-3"}],"text":"Fort Magruder and other Confederate works near WilliamsburgThe Williamsburg Line was a line of defensive fortifications across the Virginia Peninsula east of Williamsburg anchored by College Creek, a tributary of the James River, on the south and Queen's Creek, a tributary of the York River on the north. A series of 14 redoubts were built along the line, with Fort Magruder (Redoubt Number 6) at the center at a key location.[1] The concept was surely not a new one. To defend against attacks of the Native Americans, in 1632, the people of the Virginia Colony had constructed a line of palisades across the six miles (9.7 km) of land between the same two creeks, although it was slightly to the west, and also long gone by 1862. The earlier palisade had been anchored by a small fortified settlement which was named Middle Plantation. In 1699, it had been renamed Williamsburg.Colonel Benjamin S. Ewell, leader of the 32nd Virginia Infantry had been trained as a civil engineer at the United States Military Academy at West Point and most recently serving as the President of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg. He had moved to the area in 1848, and lived nearby at a farm in James City County a few miles west of the old colonial capital city.In 1861, Colonel Ewell had formed the 32nd Virginia from several local militia units from Elizabeth City County, Warwick County, York County, and James City County.[2] In May 1861, he was charged by General Robert E. Lee, who was the commander of Virginia's military forces at the time, with the development and construction of the Williamsburg Line.Ewell had made little progress on the Williamsburg defenses by late June 1861, and General Magruder replaced him with then-Lt. Col. Lafayette McLaws. Soldiers and impressed slaves constructed the line to the east of Williamsburg as recommended by Captain Alfred L. Rives, an 1848 civil engineering graduate of Virginia Military Institute (VMI) who was acting chief of the Engineer Bureau at Confederate headquarters in Richmond.[3] The series of 14 redoubts stretched across a distance of about 4 miles (6.4 km), and were located 600 to 800 yards (730 m) apart. Redoubt # 1 was located behind Quarterpath Road (which led from Williamsburg to the James River). Redoubts 11 and 14 helped form the York River (northern) end of the line.\n(The site of Redoubt 12 is currently located in New Quarter Park).[4]Redoubt # 6, near the center of the Williamsburg Line, became known as Fort Magruder. It was shaped as an elongated pentagon, with walls 15 feet (4.6 m) high and nine feet thick. The earthworks were protected by a dry moat nine feet deep. It mounted eight guns.[5]The Williamsburg Line was unfinished when the Federals began marching up the Peninsula from Fort Monroe on April 4, 1862.[3]","title":"Building the Williamsburg Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph E. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yorktown_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yorktown (1862)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yorktown_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Tidewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_region_of_Virginia"}],"text":"As the Peninsula Campaign developed, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston moved his army east to reinforce Magruder and meet the challenge presented by McClellan's forces. The resulting Battle of Yorktown was to last from April 5 until May 4, 1862. During this time, the Union forces were held at the Warwick Line across the peninsula from the James River to the York River.Further information: Battle of Yorktown (1862)In the early morning hours of May 4, the Confederates quietly withdrew from the Warwick Line, and, electing not to defend the Williamsburg Line, withdrew beyond it toward Richmond. The Williamsburg Line would be critical, albeit for a short time, in delaying a pursuit by the Union Army, giving the Confederates time to move west on the poor roads of the sandy Tidewater terrain. About 24 hours later, McClellan discovered the move, and troops were soon moving toward Williamsburg on the only two main roads west, the Lee's Mill and Yorktown-Williamsburg Roads, which converged about 600 feet (180 m) south-east of Fort Magruder.","title":"Standoff at the Warwick Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peninsula Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Confederates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg"}],"text":"On May 5, 1862, Fort Magruder was a major point of the first heavy conflict of the Peninsula Campaign. Nearly 32,000 Confederates and 41,000 Union fought during the Battle of Williamsburg, which is considered by military historians to have been inconclusive. The point at which the fort was built had the strategic topographical advantage of being a very narrow piece of land, bounded on the west by Tutters Neck Pond and on the east by Cubb's creek, restricting access to the town of Williamsburg beyond.There were 3,800 Union and Confederate casualties.Further information: Battle of Williamsburg","title":"Battle of Williamsburg"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortMagruderJanuary2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Colonial Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"James City County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_City_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"York County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"United Daughters of the Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Quarterpath Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterpath_Road"},{"link_name":"Redoubt Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110212082932/http://williamsburgva.gov/Index.aspx?page=478"},{"link_name":"Interstate 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_64_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"witch bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_bottle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Fort Magruder in January 2011.The former site of Fort Magruder is located about 1-mile (1.6 km) east of the restored area of Colonial Williamsburg off Penniman Road, which is the James City County-York County boundary line in the immediate vicinity. A monument, erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, surrounded by a small grassy area, is located on the southeast side of Penniman Road near the intersection of Queen's Creek Road. Approximately one-third of the original earthworks remain. The fenced-in site is not currently open to the public.In early 2006, Riverside Health System donated 22 acres (89,000 m2) of the 350 acres (1.4 km2) of land that it had bought from Colonial Williamsburg along the colonial-era Quarterpath Road in 2004, to create a public park. The land, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of Fort Magruder (towards the James River), includes two redoubts that were part of the Williamsburg Line of defensive works, and has been named Redoubt Park.At the former site of Redoubt 9, located in the median of Interstate 64 between exits 238 and 242 in York County, William and Mary archaeologists in 2016 unearthed a jade blue bottle less than six inches long filled with nails, next to what archaeologists believed to be the remains of a hearth or fire pit. William and Mary researchers have advanced the theory that the object may be a witch bottle, an English-origin object thought by users to lure witches or evil spirits and then trap them. Only a few such objects have been found in the United States, and this particular bottle, bearing the name of a manufacturer in eastern Pennsylvania, probably came with Union troops occupying the redoubt after the Battle of Williamsburg.[6]","title":"Preservation"}]	[{"image_text":"Fort Magruder and other Confederate works near Williamsburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fort_Magruder_1862.jpg/220px-Fort_Magruder_1862.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fort Magruder in January 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/FortMagruderJanuary2011.jpg/220px-FortMagruderJanuary2011.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Redoubt 1 Historical Marker\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=10534","url_text":"\"Redoubt 1 Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"\"BialeSzalenstwo – Portal o zdrowiu\". 2 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwartraveler.com/EAST/VA/va-tidewater/peninsula.html","url_text":"\"BialeSzalenstwo – Portal o zdrowiu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Forts: Page 7\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/vajames.html#mag","url_text":"\"Virginia Forts: Page 7\""}]},{"reference":"Jamison, Peter (24 January 2020). \"A Civil War-era 'witch bottle' may have been found on a Virginia highway, archaeologists say\". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/01/24/witch-bottle-discovered-virginia/","url_text":"\"A Civil War-era 'witch bottle' may have been found on a Virginia highway, archaeologists say\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Magruder&params=37_15_50.29_N_76_39_58.68_W_type:landmark_region:US-VA","external_links_name":"37°15′50.29″N 76°39′58.68″W / 37.2639694°N 76.6663000°W / 37.2639694; -76.6663000"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110212082932/http://williamsburgva.gov/Index.aspx?page=478","external_links_name":"Redoubt Park"},{"Link":"http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/gilmer/id/182","external_links_name":"Armament, Plan & Cross Section, December 24, 1864"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.williamsburg.va.us/dept/rec/parks.htm","external_links_name":"Williamsburg, Virginia, Parks and Recreation Department"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071221014203/http://www.ci.williamsburg.va.us/dept/rec/parks.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.civilwarhome.com/CMHbigbethel.htm","external_links_name":"Confederate Military History, volume 3, Battle of Big Bethel"},{"Link":"http://aotw.org/officers.php?unit_id=647","external_links_name":"History of 32nd Virginia website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071027091550/http://aotw.org/officers.php?unit_id=647","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=10534","external_links_name":"\"Redoubt 1 Historical Marker\""},{"Link":"http://www.civilwartraveler.com/EAST/VA/va-tidewater/peninsula.html","external_links_name":"\"BialeSzalenstwo – Portal o zdrowiu\""},{"Link":"http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/vajames.html#mag","external_links_name":"\"Virginia Forts: Page 7\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/01/24/witch-bottle-discovered-virginia/","external_links_name":"\"A Civil War-era 'witch bottle' may have been found on a Virginia highway, archaeologists say\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_de_Lesquen	Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol and Saint-Malo	["1 History","2 Bishops and Archbishops of Rennes","2.1 To 1000","2.2 From 1000 to 1500","2.3 From 1500 to 1800","2.4 Since 1800","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","5.1 Reference works","5.2 Studies","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°07′N 1°41′W / 48.11°N 1.68°W / 48.11; -1.68Diocese in western France Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-MaloArchidioecesis Rhedonensis, Dolensis et Sancti MacloviiArchidiocèse de Rennes, Dol et Saint-Malo Arc'heskopti Roazhon, Dol ha Sant-MaloùRennes CathedralLocationCountryFranceEcclesiastical provinceRennesStatisticsArea6,775 km2 (2,616 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2022)1,078,000 (est.) 873,000 (est.) Parishes74 'new parishes'InformationDenominationRoman CatholicSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablishedUnited: 13 February 1880CathedralCathedral of St. Peter in RennesPatron saintSaint PeterSecular priests227 (diocesan)36 (Religious Orders)52 Permanent DeaconsCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisMetropolitan ArchbishopPierre d'OrnellasAuxiliary BishopsJean BonduMapArchdiocese of RennesWebsiteWebsite of the Archdiocese The Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo (Latin: Archidioecesis Rhedonensis, Dolensis et Sancti Maclovii; French: Archidiocèse de Rennes, Dol et Saint-Malo; Breton: Arc'heskopti Roazhon, Dol ha Sant-Maloù) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese is coextensive with the department of Ille et Vilaine. The Archdiocese has 8 suffragans: the Diocese of Angers, the Diocese of Laval, the Diocese of Le Mans, the Diocese of Luçon, the Diocese of Nantes, the Diocese of Quimper and Léon, the Diocese of Saint-Brieuc and Tréguier, and the Diocese of Vannes. In the Middle Ages the Bishop of Rennes had the privilege of crowning the dukes of Brittany in his cathedral. On the occasion of his first entry into Rennes it was customary for him to be borne on the shoulders of four Breton barons. The Concordat of 1802 re-established the Diocese of Rennes which since then has included: the ancient Diocese of Rennes with the exception of three parishes given to the Diocese of Nantes; the greater part of the ancient Diocese of Dol; the greater part of the ancient Diocese of St. Malo; ten parishes that had formed part of the ancient Diocese of Vannes and Nantes. On 3 January 1859, the See of Rennes, which the French Revolution had desired to make a metropolitan, became an archiepiscopal see, with the Diocese of Quimper and Léon, Diocese of Vannes, and Diocese of St. Brieuc as suffragans. Cardinal Charles-Philippe Place obtained from Pope Leo XIII permission for the Archbishop of Rennes to add the titles of Dol and St. Malo to that of Rennes. In 2014, in the Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo there was one priest for every 2,537 Catholics. History Tradition names as first apostles of the future Diocese of Rennes, but of an uncertain date: Saint Maximinus, who was reported to have been a disciple and friend of Saint Paul (died AD 65), Saint Clarus, and Saint Justus. On the other hand, when in the fifth and sixth centuries bands of Christian Britons emigrated from Great Britain to Armorica and formed on its northern coast the small Kingdom of Domnonée, the Gospel was preached for the first time in the future Diocese of Dol and Diocese of Aleth. Among these missionaries were St. Armel, who, according to the legend, founded in the sixth century the town of Ploermel in the Diocese of Vannes and then retired into the forests of Chateaugiron and Janzé and attacked Druidism on the very site of the Dolmen of the Fairy Rocks (La Roche aux Fées); St. Méen (Mevennus) who retired to the solitudes around Pontrecoët and founded the monastery of Gael (550), known afterwards as St. Méen's; and St. Samson and St. Malo. The earliest historical reference to the See of Rennes dates from 453. An assembly of eight bishops of Provincia Lugdunensis Tertia took place at Angers on 4 October 453 to consecrate a new bishop for Angers. Four of the bishops can be associated with particular Sees. The other four are assigned by scholars to the other dioceses in the ecclesiastical province, one of which was Rennes. One of the four prelates, Sarmatio, Chariato, Rumoridus, and Viventius, was Bishop of Rennes. This bishop's successor, likely his immediate successor, Athenius, took part in the Council of Tours in 461. Louis Duchesne is of opinion that the St. Amandus reckoned by some scholars among the bishops of Rennes at the end of the fifth century is the same as St. Amand of Rodez. He therefore excludes him from his list of authentic bishops. In 1180 Bishop Philippe, acting in accordance with a dream (it is said), began the replacement of the old cathedral with a new edifice; the eastern part of the building was erected, but various delays hampered the completion of the whole structure. The ceremony of consecration did not take place until 3 November 1359, though the edifice was still uncompleted. A new cathedral which had been built and dedicated to Saint Peter in 1541 was demolished in 1755 and replaced by the current edifice. The Chapter of the Cathedral of Saint-Pierre was composed of five dignities and sixteen Canons, and sixteen prebends. The dignities were: the Archdeacon of Rennes, the Archdeacon of Le Désert (de Deserto), the Cantor, the Succentor, and the Treasurer. The royal pouillé of 1648 names six dignities, omitting the Succentor and adding the Theologian and Penitentiary. The Treasurer was presented by the Pope. The Chapter, and all the cathedral chapters in France, were suppressed by the Constituent Assembly in 1790. The diocese also contained three Collegiate Churches which had Canons: La Guerche (founded 1206), Vitré (also founded in 1206), and Champeau (mid-15th cent.). Notre-Dame de Guerche had twelve Canons and prebends, S. Marie Madeleine at Vitry had twenty-two Canons, headed by their Treasurer. Notre-Dame de Champeau had six Canons and prebends, and were headed by a Dean. In accordance with the terms of the Concordat of Bologna of 1516, between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X all bishops in France (which at the time did not include "the Three Bishoprics", Metz, Toul and Verdun) were to be nominated by the King and approved (preconized) by the Pope. This was continued under Napoleon by the terms of the Concordat of 1801 and by the Bourbon monarchs and their successors to 1905 by the Concordat of 1817. The practice did not apply during the French Revolution, when the Civil Constitution of the Clergy mandated the election of bishops by qualified electors in each of the new départements of the republic. These 'Constitutional Bishops' were in schism with the Papacy. Therefore, nearly all Archbishops of Rennes from 1516 to 1905 were nominees of the French government. In addition to the nomination of the Bishop of Rennes, the king also held the nomination of the Abbey of Saint-Mélaine (O.S.B.), the Abbey of Saint-Pierre de Rillé (O.S.A.), the Abbey of Saint-Georges-de-Rennes aux Nonnains (O.S.B.), and the Abbey of Saint-Sulpice aux Nonnains (O.S.B.). Noteworthy bishops of the diocese of Rennes are: Marbodus, the hymnographer (1035–1123); the Dominican Yves Mayeuc (1507–41); Arnaud d'Ossat (1596–1600), cardinal in 1599, and prominent in the conversion of Henry IV of France; Godefroy Brossais Saint Marc (1848–78), cardinal in 1875; Charles Place (1878–93), cardinal in 1886; and Guillaume Labouré (1893–1906), cardinal in 1897. During the Revolution Claude Le Coz (1760–1815), Principal of the Collège de Quimper, was elected Constitutional Bishop of Ille-et-Vilaine. Under the Concordat he became Archbishop of Besançon. Bishops and Archbishops of Rennes To 1000 ... Athenius (attested 461) Melaine (attested 511) Fybediolus (attested 549) Victurius (attested 567) Haimoaldus (attested 614, 616) Rioterus (attested 650) Moderamnus ca. 715–720 Wernarius (attested 843, 859) Electramnus (attested 866, 871) Nordoardus (attested 950) Tetbaldus (ca. 990–1020) From 1000 to 1500 Gualterius Guarinus Triscanus Mainus (attested 1027). Sylvester de la Guerche (1070 – 1090). Marbodius (ca. 1096 – 11 September 1123). Roaldus ( ? – 21 November 1126). Hamelinus (15 May 1127 – 2 February 1141). Alanus (1141 – 1 May 1156) Stephanus de la Rochefoucald (1156 – 4 September 1166) Robert (1166 – 9 December 1167). Stephen de Fougères (1168–1178). Philippe (1179 – 1181) Jacques (1183 ?) Herbert: (by 1184 – 3 December 1198) Peter de Dinan (elected before August 1199 – 24 January 1210) Pierre de Fougères (1210 – 10 July 1222) Josselinus de Montauban (1222/1223 – 31 October 1235) Alain (ca. 1237 – before May 1239) Jean Gicquel: (1239 – 15 January 1258) Aegidius: (October 1258 – 26 September 1259) Maurice de Trelidi (Tresguidi): (by 1260 – 18 September 1282) Guillaume de la Roche-Tanguy : (1282 – September 1297) Jean de Samesio (28 March 1298 – 3 February 1299) Aegidius Camelini: (11 February 1299 – ? ) Ivo : (by 1304 – ca. 1307) Alain de Chateaugiron: (1311 – 13 April 1327) Guillaume Ouvroing: (18 May 1328 – 1345) Artaud, O.S.B. : (24 October 1347 – 1353?) Pierre de Valle: (15 April 1353 – 11 January 1357) Guillaume Poulart (or Gibon) : (Jun 1357 Appointed – Feb 1359 Appointed, Bishop of Saint-Malo) Pierre de Guémené: (14 January 1359 – 1362) Radulfus de Tréal: (16 January 1363 – 13 February 1383) Guillaume de Briz: (27 April 1384 – 27 August 1386) (Avignon Obedience) Antoine de Lovier: (27 August 1386 – 15 October 1389) (Avignon Obedience) Anselme de Chantemerle: (8 November 1389 – 1 September 1427) (Avignon Obedience) Guillaume Brillet: (26 September 1427 – 26 May 1447) Robert de la Riviere (26 May 1447 – 18 March 1450) Jacques d'Espinay-Durestal: (25 April 1450 – Oct 1481 Resigned) Michel Guibé: (1482 – 1502) From 1500 to 1800 Robert Guibé: (1502 – 1507) Yvo de Mayeuc, O.P. (1507 – 1539) Claude de Dodieu (23 July 1539 – 4 April 1558) Bernardin Bochetel (Bouchelet) : (1558 – 1566) Bertrand de Marillac : (1565 – 29 May 1573) Aymar Hennequin: (3 July 1573 – 13 January 1596) Arnaud d'Ossat: (9 Sep 1596 Appointed – 26 Jun 1600 Appointed, Bishop of Bayeux) François l'Archiver: (17 June 1602 – 1619) Pierre Cornulier: (29 July 1619 – 1640) Henri de la Motte-Houdancourt (1640–1660) Charles François de Vieuville (1660–1676) François de Bouthilier-Chavigny: (1676–1679) Jean-Baptiste de Beaumanoir de Lavardin: (8 November 1677 – 23 May 1711) Christophe-Louis Turpin de Crissé de Sanzay: (15 Aug 1711 Appointed – 27 Sep 1724 Appointed, Bishop of Nantes) Charles-Louis-Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil: (17 Oct 1723 Appointed – 24 Apr 1732 Died) Louis-Guy de Guérapin de Vauréal: ( 1732 Appointed – 1758 Resigned) Jean-Antoine de Toucheboeuf de Beaumont des Junies: ( 1758 Appointed – 1761 Resigned) Henri-Louis-René Des Nos: (16 Aug 1761 Ordained Bishop – 25 Dec 1769 Appointed, Bishop of Verdun) François Bareau de Girac: ( 1769 Appointed – 1801 Resigned) Since 1800 Jean-Baptiste-Marie de Maillé de la Tour-Landry: (9 Apr 1802 – 25 Nov 1804) Etienne-Célestin Enoch: (30 Jan 1805 Appointed – 12 Nov 1819 Retired) Charles Mannay: (27 Nov 1819 Appointed – 5 Dec 1824 Died) Archbishop Pierre d'Ornellas Claude-Louis de Lesquen: (12 Jan 1825 Appointed – 21 Jan 1841 Resigned) Geoffroy Brossais Saint-Marc: (25 Feb 1841 Appointed – 26 Feb 1878 Died) Charles-Philippe Place: (13 Jun 1878 Appointed – 5 Mar 1893 Died) Jean-Natalis-François Gonindard: (5 Mar 1893 Succeeded – 17 May 1893 Died) Guillaume-Marie-Joseph Labouré: (13 Jun 1893 Appointed – 21 Apr 1906 Died) Auguste-René-Marie Dubourg: (7 Aug 1906 Appointed – 22 Sep 1921) Alexis-Armand Charost † (22 Sep 1921 Succeeded – 7 Nov 1930 Died) René-Pierre Mignen † (21 Jul 1931 Appointed – 1 Nov 1939 Died) Clément-Emile Roques † (11 May 1940 Appointed – 4 Sep 1964 Died) Paul Joseph Marie Gouyon † (4 Sep 1964 Succeeded – 15 Oct 1985 Retired) Jacques André Marie Jullien † (15 Oct 1985 Succeeded – 1 Sep 1998 Resigned) François Saint-Macary † (1 Sep 1998 Succeeded – 26 Mar 2007 Died) Pierre d'Ornellas (26 Mar 2007 Succeeded – present) See also Catholic Church in France List of Catholic dioceses in France References ^ Gallia christiana XIV, p. 739. ^ This tradition is rejected, inter alios by Besse, pp. 202–203. ^ C. Munier, Concilia Galliae (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 137. Duchesne, II, p. 247. ^ Munier, p. 148. ^ Gams, p. 606. ^ Duchesne, pp. 344–345. Duchesne is supported by the authors of Gallia christiana XIV (Paris 1856), p. 740, most recently edited by B. Hauréau, who states that the inclusion of Amandus as a bishop of Rennes is mera conjectura (pure conjecture). ^ Léon Palustre (1884). L'ancienne cathedrale de Rennes: son état au milieu du 18e siècle d'apres des documents inédits (in French). Paris: H. Champion. p. 2. ^ Morice et al., p. 5. ^ Ritzler, V, p. 330 note 1; VI, p. 354. ^ Pouillé (survey of benefices) of 1390: Longnon, Pouilles, pp. 169–170. ^ Pouillé général contenant les bénéfices de l'archevêché de Tours, ca. p. 635. ^ Pouillé général contenant les bénéfices de l'archevêché de Tours, ca. pp. 637–638. ^ Louis Madelin (1897). Les premières applications du Concordat de 1516, d'après les Dossiers du château Saint-Ange. Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire, XVII (in French). Rome: P. Cuggiani. pp. 7–13. ^ Pouillé général contenant les bénéfices de l'archevêché de Tours, ca. p. 635. Besse, pp. 211–214. ^ Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 125–130. ^ E. Develle, in: Société bibliographique (France) (1907), L'épiscopat français... pp. 130–132. ^ Athenius was present at the Council of Tours in 461, and at the Council of Vannes (Veneticum). Duchesne, II, p. 344 no. 2. C. Munier (1963), Concilia Galliae, A. 314 – A. 506 (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), pp. 148, 150, 157. ^ Melanius was present at the First Council of Orléans in 511. A well-known abbey was named in his honor, which in the twelfth century possessed no less than seventy parish churches. Duchesne, pp. 344–345, no. 3. C. De Clercq (1963), Concilia Galliae, A. 511 – A. 695 (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), pp. 13 line 21, 14 line 18, 15 line 27. ^ Fybediolus was present at the Fifth Council of Orléans in 549. Duchesne, II, p. 345, no. 4. De Clercq, p. 159 line 303. ^ Victurius had been married, and had a daughter Domnola. He was present at the royal assembly of King Charibert I held at Tours in 567. Duchesne, II, p. 345, no. 5. De Clercq, p. 194. ^ Haimoaldus had previously been Archdeacon of Le Mans. He was present at the Council of Paris in 614. Duchesne, II, p. 345, no. 6. De Clercq, p. 281, line 168. ^ Rioterius was represented at the Council of Chalons-sur-Saône (Concilium Cabilonense), ca. 647–653) by Abbot Bertolfus. De Clercq, p. 309. Duchesne, p. 345, no. 7. ^ Gallia christiana XIV, p. 742. Duchesne, p. 346, no. 8. ^ Gallia christiana XIV, p. 742. ^ Electrannus' consecration certificate is preserved, 29 September 866: Gallia christiana XIV, pp. 742–743 and Instrumenta p. 163. ^ Nordoardus: Gallia christiana XIV, p. 743. ^ Tetbaldus: Gallia christiana XIV, p. 742. Gams, p. 606. ^ Gualterius: Gams, p. 606. ^ Guarinus (Warin): Gams, p. 606. ^ Triscanus: Gallia christiana XIV, pp. 744–745. Gams, p. 606. ^ Mainus: Gallia christiana XIV, p. 745. Morice et al., pp. 12–13. Gams, p. 606. ^ Sylvester was consecrated bishop before being ordained a priest. For this he was suspended by the Council of Poitiers of 1078, and his case was referred to Pope Gregory VII. Gallia christiana XIV, pp. 745–746. Morice et al., p. 13. Gams, p. 606. Kriston R. Rennie (2007), "The Council of Poitiers (1078) and Some Legal Considerations," Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, Vol. 27 (n.s. 1) pp. 1–20, at 2–3. ^ Marbodius: Gallia christiana XIV, pp. 746–748. Morice et al., pp. 13–15. Gams, p. 606. Ernault, pp. 143–249. ^ Ro(t)aldus: Gallia christiana XIV, p. 748. Morice et al., p. 15. Gams, p. 606. ^ Hamelinus, Abbot of S. Aubin, was elected on 15 May 1127. Gallia christiana XIV, p. 748. Morice et al., pp. 15–16. Gams, p. 606. ^ Alanus: Gallia christiana XIV, p. 749. Morice et al., p. 16. Gams, p. 606. ^ Étienne: Gallia christiana XIV, p. 748. Morice et al., p. 16–17. Gams, p. 606. ^ Philippe had been Abbot of Clermont. He was the Chancellor of Duke Geoffrey of Brittany. Gallia christiana XIV, p. 751. It was he who began the medieval cathedral. ^ Gallia christiana XIV, p. 171, is suspicious about his date, based as it is on one charter of confirmation for the Abbey of Saint-Melaine, which mentions his predecessors Alain and Étienne. Morice et al., p. 18, assign Jacques a date of 1183/1184. ^ On 15 and 17 January 1190, Bishop Herbert signed charters of King Richard I. Pound, p. 90 no. 268; p. 210, no. 602. Gallia christiana XIV, pp. 751–752. ^ Petrus was Archdeacon of York in 1195, but the Archbishop neglected (it was claimed by the Chapter) to present Peter within six months, and therefore the presentation lapsed. Duchess Constance of Brittany made Peter Chancellor of Brittany. Gallia christiana XIV, pp. 752–753. Morice et al. (1839), p. 18. John Le Neve (ed. T.D. Hardy), Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae III (Oxford 1854), p. 131. Eubel, I, p. 416. ^ Pierre de Fougeres was the nephew of Bishop Étienne de Fougères (1168–1178). On 1 July 1210 he confirmed a charter founding the Chapter of Canons in the Church of the Madeleine of Vitré. Morice et al. (1839), pp. 18–19. Eubel, I, p. 416. ^ Josselinus: Morice et al., p. 19. Eubel, I, p. 416. ^ Alain: Eubel, I, p. 416. ^ Bishop Gicquel went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1250, during the Seventh Crusade. Morice et al., p. 19. Eubel, I, p. 416. ^ Gilles died on 26 September 1259: Morice et al., p. 19. ^ Maurice de TreceguidiMorice et al., pp. 19–20. Eubel, I, p. 416. ^ Jean was transferred to the diocese of Lisieux on 3 February 1299. Eubel, I, pp. 304, 416. ^ Gilles Camelini had been Dean of the Cathedral Chapter of Meaux. Eubel, I, p. 416. ^ Chateaugiron: Eubel, I, p. 416. ^ Ouvroing: Eubel, I, p. 416. ^ Petrus de Valle: Eubel, I, p. 416. ^ Pierre had been Bishop of Saint-Malo (1349–1359). He died at the end of the year 1362. Eubel, I, pp. 319, 416–417. ^ Radulfus: Eubel, I, p. 417. ^ Guillaume was appointed to Rennes by Clement VII, and transferred to the diocese of Dol on 27 August 1386. He died on 2 February 1391. Eubel, I, pp. 226, 417. ^ Lovier was appointed to Rennes by Clement VII, and transferred to Maguelonne on 15 October 1389. Eubel, I, pp. 320, 417. ^ Anselme de Chantemerle was appointed to Rennes by Clement VII. Eubel, I, p. 417. ^ Brillet: Eubel, I, p. 417. Guillaume was transferred to the titular See of Caesarea Palaestinae on 26 May 1447: Eubel, II, p. 113. ^ Robert de la Riviere had been Precentor in the Cathedral Chapter of Rennes. Eubel, II, p. 221. ^ D'Espinay had been Bishop of Saint-Malo from 7 January 1450 to 25 April 1450. was granted his bulls for Rennes on 25 April 1450. He died in January 1482. Eubel, II, pp. 183, 222. ^ Guibé was a Licenciate in Canon Law, and had been a Canon of Nantes, Bishop Saint-Pol-de-Leon (1477–1478) and Bishop of Dol (1478–1482). His bulls for Rennes were granted on 29 March 1482. He died in 1502. Eubel, I, p. 145, 175, 222. ^ Guibé had been Bishop of Tréguier (1483–1502). His bulls of transfer to Rennes were approved on 24 March 1502. He was transferred to the diocese of Nantes on 29 January 1507. Eubel, II, p. 222, 283, . ^ Mayeuc: Eubel, III, p. 283 with note 3. ^ Dodieu: Eubel, III, p. 283 with note 4. ^ Bouchelet's bulls were issued on 15 January 1561. He resigned in 1565. Eubel, III, p. 283. ^ Marillac bulls were issued on 26 October 1565. He died on 29 May 1573. Eubel, III, p. 283. ^ Hennequin: Eubel, III, p. 283 with note 8. ^ Antoine Degert (1894). Le cardinal d'Ossat, évêque de Rennes et de Bayeux (1537–1604); sa vie, ses négociations à Rome. Thèse, Bordeaux (in French). Paris: V. Lecoffre. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 293, with note 2. ^ L'Archiver: Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 293. ^ Cornulier: Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 293. ^ La Motte: He resigned, to become Archbishop of Auch on 24 March 1664. He died in 1684. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 105; 293, with note 5. ^ Vieuville died on 29 January 1676. Gauchat, IV, p. 293. ^ On 2 February 1679, without having been consecrated a bishop, Bouthilier was transferred to the diocese of Tréguier. He died on 15 September 1731. Ritzler, V, p. 330, with note 3; p. 386, with note 2. ^ Lavardin was nominated by King Louis XIV on 26 November 1676, and preconized (approved) by Pope Innocent XI on 8 November 1677. He died on 23 May 1711. He was consecrated on 20 February 1678 by Archbishop Michel Amelot de Gournay of Tours. Jean, pp. 440–441. Ritzler, V, p. 330, with note 4. ^ Sanzay: Jean, p. 441. Ritzler, V, p. 331, with note 5. ^ Breteuil: Jean, p. 441. Ritzler, V, p. 331, with note 6. ^ Vaureal: Jean, pp. 441–442. Ritzler, VI, p. 354, with note 2. ^ Junies: Jean, p. 442. Ritzler, VI, p. 354, with note 3. ^ Des Nos: Jean, p. 442. Ritzler, VI, p. 354, with note 4. ^ Girac had previously been Bishop of Saint-Brieuc. Jean, pp. 442–443. Ritzler, VI, p. 130, with note 3; p. 354, with note 5. ^ De Maille was born at Étrammes (near Laval)in 1743. He began a career as a soldier, but chose the ecclesiastical life and entered the seminary of Saint-Sulpice. He was a Vicar-General of Le Mans and then of Dol. In 1778 he was named Bishop of Gap, and in 1784 was transferred to Saint-Papoul. In 1791 the Civil Constitution of the Clergy suppressed the diocese of Saint-Papoul; he spent the entire revolutionary decade in Paris, taking the oath to the Constitution and becoming a member of the National Guard. He was arrested on 29 December 1798 and sent to the Île de Ré; a year later he was liberated by Bonaparte. In 1801 he resigned his diocese at the request of Pope Pius VII, and on 28 March 1802 was named Archbishop of Rennes (approved by the Pope on 9 April), and in 1803 he reestablished the Cathedral Chapter, which had been dissolved by the Revolution. He died in Paris on 24 November 1804. Morice et al., pp. 43–44. Canon Hamard, in: Société bibliographique (France) (1907), L'épiscopat français..., pp. 507–509. ^ Born in 1842 in Hénin-Liétard, Enoch studied the Humanities at Douai and theology at Louvain, and then joined the Oratory. He was Superior of the Major Seminary in Grenoble. When the Revolution began, he refused the Oath, and emigrated to Italy, though he returned in 1793 and became a bureaucrat in Grenoble. He took the oaths to obtain his position, then he repudiated them, then he accepted them again. In 1802 he became Vicar-General of Rennes, and on 30 January 1805 its bishop, on appointment of the Emperor Bonaparte, and confirmation by Pius VII. He was consecrated on 21 April 1805 in Paris by Cardinal Jean-Baptiste de Belloy. He made his formal entrance into Rennes on 4 May 1806, more than a year after his consecration. Shortly thereafter he published the new Napoleonic Catechism. Enoch retired in 1819 on grounds of ill health; he was appointed Canon of Saint-Denis, where he lived and died on 19 May 1825. Morice et al., pp. 45–46. Canon Hamard, in: Société bibliographique (France) (1907), L'épiscopat français..., pp. 509–510. ^ Mannay was born in Champeix (Clermont) in 1745, and studied at the seminary of Saint-Sulpice. He was chosen to supervise the theological studies of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, nephew of the Archbishop of Reims. He was nominated Bishop of Trèves by Napoleon Bonaparte on 12 July 1802, and confirmed on 17 July. He was consecrated on 18 July by Bishop Antoine-Xavier Maynaud de Pancemont of Vannes. Mannay was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1807, and Officer in 1809, and a Baron of the Empire in 1808. He rushed to Napoleon's side during the Hundred Days, and was offered a pension by the Prussians if he would resign the diocese and live in retirement in Aschaffenburg. He resigned the diocese of Trèves on 9 October 1816. Louis XVIII offered him the diocese of Autun, but problems between the Monarchy and the Papacy delayed it restoration for five years. Instead, on 30 November 1819, Mannay was named Archbishop of Rennes, and preconized (approved) on 20 February 1820. He died on 5 December 1824 at the age of 79. Morice et al., pp. 46–47. Canon Hamard, in: Société bibliographique (France) (1907), L'épiscopat français..., pp. 510–511, 638–639. ^ De Lesquen was born in the manor of Bouillons (Dinan) in 1770 and brought up in the Hôtel des Gentilhommes in Rennes. He served in the royalist army, 1795–1797, and earned the Croix Saint-Louis. He studied at the seminary in Saint-Brieuc (1801); he served in two parishes, and became a Canon of Saint-Brieuc. In 1817 he was named a Vicar-General of Rennes. He was nominated Bishop of Beauvais by King Louis XVIII on 13 January 1823, preconized on 16 May and consecrated on 13 July in the chapel of Issy by Archbishop Pierre de Bausset-Roquefort of Aix. At Beauvais he reconstituted the Cathedral Chapter. He was nominated Bishop of Rennes on 31 January 1825, and preconized on 21 March by Pope Leo XII. Pope Gregory XVI's letter regarding Lamennais, Litteras accepimus, 5 October 1833, was addressed to de Lesquen, see Holy See, Epistola Litteras accepimus. His resignation was accepted by Gregory on 21 January 1841. He died on 17 July 1855 at the age of 85. Morice et al., pp. 47–48. Canon Hamard, in: Société bibliographique (France) (1907), L'épiscopat français..., pp. 115, 511–512 ^ Saint-Marc (French): Canon Hamard, in: Société bibliographique (France) (1907), L'épiscopat français..., pp. 512–514. ^ fr:Charles-Philippe Place (French): Place had been Bishop of Marseille (1866–1878) before his appointment to Rennes. Canon Hamard, in: Société bibliographique (France) (1907), L'épiscopat français..., pp. 514–516. ^ Gonindard: Canon Hamard, in: Société bibliographique (France)(1907), L'épiscopat français..., pp. 516–517. ^ Labouré: Canon Hamard, in: Société bibliographique (France)(1907), L'épiscopat français..., pp. 517–518. ^ Dubourg was born at Loguivy-Plougras (Côtes-du-Nord) in 1842. He became a teacher in Tréguier, and then Private Secretary to the Bishop of Saint-Brieuc. He was named Vicar-General in 1882, and Vicar Capitular in 1888. He was approved by Pope Leo XIII as Bishop of Moulins on 14 January 1893, and consecrated at Saint-Brieuc on 16 April by Bishop Pierre-Marie-Frédéric Fallieres. He was transferred to Rennes on 6 August 1906, and enthroned at Rennes on 11 September 1893. Dubourg was named a cardinal on 4 December 1916 by Pope Benedict XV. He died on 22 September 1921. Salvador Miranda, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Dubourg, August-René, retrieved: 2017-01-18. ^ Born in 1953, Ornellas holds the degree of Doctor of theology. He was private secretary to Cardinal Lustiger, Archbishop of Paris (1986–1991). He was director of the Cathedral School of the Diocese of Paris (1995–2006. He was named titular bishop of Naraggara (Africa Proconsularis) on 4 July 1997, and consecrated by Cardinal Lustiger on 10 October 1997, becoming Auxiliary Bishop of Paris and Vicar-General (Centre). In 2006 he was named Coadjutor Archbishop of Rennes, and on 21 March 2007 he became Archbishop on the death of Archbishop Saint-Macary. Conférence des évêques de France, Biography of Archbishop Pierre d'Ornellas, retrieved: 2017-01-16 (in French). Sources Reference works Pouillé général contenant les bénéfices de l'archevêché de Tours (in French). Paris: Gervais Alliot. 1648. (unpaginated, but ca. p. 635) Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. (Use with caution; obsolete) Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tomus I) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (Tomus II) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 3 (Tomus III) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. IV (1592–1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 6 July 2016. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. V (1667–1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 6 July 2016. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. VI (1730–1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 6 July 2016. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana. Ritzler, Remigius; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. 8 (VIII 1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio. Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8. Round, John Horace (1899). Calendar of documents preserved in France: illustrative of the history of Great Britain and Ireland. A.D. 918–1206. Vol. 1. Vol. 1. London: H.M. Stationery Office. Studies Besse, J.-M., ed. (1920). Abbayes et prieurés de l'ancienne France. Province ecclésiastique de Tours (in French). Vol. 8 (Tome huitième). Paris: A. Picard. pp. 201–225. Corson, Guillotin (1920). Pouillé historique de l'Archévêché de Rennes (in French). Vol. 1 (Tome I). Paris: René Hatton. Duchesne, Louis (1910). Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: II. L'Aquitaine et les Lyonnaises. Paris: Fontemoing. Ernault, Émile (1889), "Marbode, évêque de Rennes, sa vie, ses oeuvres (1035–1123)," Bulletin et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département d'Ille-et-Vilaine (in French). Vol. 20. Rennes: Ch. Chatel. 1889. pp. 1–260. Haureau, B., ed. (1856). Gallia christiana: in provincias ecclesiasticas distribute... opera et studio Domni Dionysii Sammarthani. Ubi de provincia Turonensi agitur (in Latin). Vol. 14 (Tomus quartus decimus). Paris: Firmin Didot. pp. 739–793, Instrumenta 163–170. Jean, Armand (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. Le Moigne, Frédéric; Christian Sorrel (2016). Les évêques français de la Séparation au pontificat de Jean-Paul II (in French). Paris: Editions du Cerf. ISBN 978-2-204-12086-9. Longnon, Auguste, ed. (1903). Recueil des historiens de la France: Pouillés (in Latin). Vol. 3 (Tome III): Province de Tours. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. pp. 169–181. Morice, Hyacinthe; Tresvaux du Fraval, François Marie (1839). L' église de Bretagne ou histoire des siéges épiscopaux, séminaires et collégiales, abbayes et autres communautés de cette province: d'après les matériaux de Dom Hyacinthe Morice de Beaubois (in French). Paris: Mequignon. pp. 4–48. Power, Daniel (2004). The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57172-2. Société bibliographique (France) (1907). L'épiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusqu'à la Séparation (1802–1905). Paris: Librairie des Saints-Pères. External links Map of Departement of Ille-Vilaine, centered on Rennes (Brittany) (in French) Centre national des Archives de l'Église de France, L’Épiscopat francais depuis 1919, retrieved: 2016-12-24. Goyau, Georges. "Archdiocese of Rennes." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. Retrieved: 19 May 2023. 48°07′N 1°41′W / 48.11°N 1.68°W / 48.11; -1.68 vteCatholic Church in FranceBishops' Conference of FranceProvince of Besançon Archdiocese of Besançon Diocese of Belfort–Montbéliard Diocese of Nancy Diocese of Saint-Claude Diocese of Saint-Dié Diocese of Verdun Province of Bordeaux Archdiocese of Bordeaux Diocese of Agen Diocese of Aire and Dax Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron Diocese of Périgueux Province of Clermont Archdiocese of Clermont Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay Diocese of Moulins Diocese of Saint-Flour Province of Dijon Archdiocese of Dijon Archdiocese of Sens Diocese of Autun Diocese of Nevers Mission de France Province of Lille Archdiocese of Lille Archdiocese of Cambrai Diocese of Arras Province of Lyon Archdiocese of Lyon Archdiocese of Chambéry Diocese of Annecy Diocese of Belley–Ars Diocese of Grenoble–Vienne-les-Allobroges Diocese of Saint-Étienne Diocese of Valence Diocese of Viviers Province of Marseille Archdiocese of Marseille Archdiocese of Aix-en-Provence Archdiocese of Avignon Diocese of Ajaccio Diocese of Digne Diocese of Fréjus–Toulon Diocese of Gap-Embrun Diocese of Nice Province of Montpellier Archdiocese of Montpellier Diocese of Carcassone-Narbonne Diocese of Mende Diocese of Nîmes Diocese of Perpignan–Elne Province of Paris Archdiocese of Paris Diocese of Créteil Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes Diocese of Meaux Diocese of Nanterre Diocese of Pontoise Diocese of Saint-Denis Diocese of Versailles Province of Poitiers Archdiocese of Poitiers Diocese of Angoulême Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes Diocese of Limoges Diocese of Tulle Province of Reims Archdiocese of Reims Diocese of Amiens Diocese of Beauvais Diocese of Châlons Diocese of Langres Diocese of Soissons Diocese of Troyes Province of Rennes Archdiocese of Rennes Diocese of Angers Diocese of Laval Diocese of Le Mans Diocese of Luçon Diocese of Nantes Diocese of Quimper Diocese of Saint-Brieuc Diocese of Vannes Province of Rouen Archdiocese of Rouen Diocese of Bayeux Diocese of Coutances Diocese of Évreux Diocese of Le Havre Diocese of Séez Province of Toulouse Archdiocese of Toulouse Archdiocese of Albi Archdiocese of Auch Diocese of Cahors Diocese of Montauban Diocese of Pamiers Diocese of Rodez Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes Province of Tours Archdiocese of Tours Archdiocese of Bourges Diocese of Blois Diocese of Chartres Diocese of Orléans Province of Martinique Archdiocese of Fort-de-France Diocese of Basse-Terre Diocese of Cayenne Province of Papeete Archdiocese of Papeete Diocese of Taiohae Province of Noumea Archdiocese of Nouméa Diocese of Wallis and Futuna Diocese of Port-Vila Directly under Holy See Archdiocese of Strasbourg Diocese of Metz Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion Military Ordinariate of France Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris See also Cathedrals in France Apostolic Nuncio to France France–Holy See relations Former dioceses Catholicism portal France portal Portals: Catholicism France Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ille et Vilaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille_et_Vilaine"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Angers"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Laval"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Luçon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lu%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Quimper and Léon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quimper"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Saint-Brieuc and Tréguier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Brieuc"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Vannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Vannes"},{"link_name":"Concordat of 1802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1802"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"ancient Diocese of Dol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Dol"},{"link_name":"ancient Diocese of St. Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_St._Malo"},{"link_name":"ancient Diocese of Vannes and Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Vannes_and_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Quimper and Lé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Quimper"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Vannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Vannes"},{"link_name":"Diocese of St. Brieuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_St._Brieuc"},{"link_name":"Charles-Philippe Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Place"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"}],"text":"Diocese in western FranceThe Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo (Latin: Archidioecesis Rhedonensis, Dolensis et Sancti Maclovii; French: Archidiocèse de Rennes, Dol et Saint-Malo; Breton: Arc'heskopti Roazhon, Dol ha Sant-Maloù) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese is coextensive with the department of Ille et Vilaine. The Archdiocese has 8 suffragans: the Diocese of Angers, the Diocese of Laval, the Diocese of Le Mans, the Diocese of Luçon, the Diocese of Nantes, the Diocese of Quimper and Léon, the Diocese of Saint-Brieuc and Tréguier, and the Diocese of Vannes.In the Middle Ages the Bishop of Rennes had the privilege of crowning the dukes of Brittany in his cathedral. On the occasion of his first entry into Rennes it was customary for him to be borne on the shoulders of four Breton barons.The Concordat of 1802 re-established the Diocese of Rennes which since then has included: the ancient Diocese of Rennes with the exception of three parishes given to the Diocese of Nantes; the greater part of the ancient Diocese of Dol; the greater part of the ancient Diocese of St. Malo; ten parishes that had formed part of the ancient Diocese of Vannes and Nantes. On 3 January 1859, the See of Rennes, which the French Revolution had desired to make a metropolitan, became an archiepiscopal see, with the Diocese of Quimper and Léon, Diocese of Vannes, and Diocese of St. Brieuc as suffragans. Cardinal Charles-Philippe Place obtained from Pope Leo XIII permission for the Archbishop of Rennes to add the titles of Dol and St. Malo to that of Rennes.In 2014, in the Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo there was one priest for every 2,537 Catholics.","title":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol and Saint-Malo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Maximinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_of_Rennes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Saint Clarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Clarus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Armorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorica"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Domnonée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Domnon%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Aleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Aleth"},{"link_name":"St. Armel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Armel"},{"link_name":"Ploermel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploermel"},{"link_name":"Chateaugiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateaugiron"},{"link_name":"Janzé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janz%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Druidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidism"},{"link_name":"La Roche aux Fées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Roche_aux_F%C3%A9es&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Méen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._M%C3%A9en"},{"link_name":"monastery of Gael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Gael"},{"link_name":"St. Samson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_of_Dol"},{"link_name":"St. Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Malo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Athenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athenius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Louis Duchesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Duchesne"},{"link_name":"St. Amandus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Amandus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"St. Amand of Rodez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Amand_of_Rodez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Concordat of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"King Francis I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X"},{"link_name":"Three Bishoprics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Bishoprics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Concordat of 1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1801"},{"link_name":"Concordat of 1817","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_11_June_1817"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Civil Constitution of the Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Marbodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbodus"},{"link_name":"Yves Mayeuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yves_Mayeuc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arnaud d'Ossat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_d%27Ossat"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Godefroy Brossais Saint Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godefroy_Brossais_Saint_Marc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Labouré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Labour%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Coz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Coz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Besançon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Besan%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Tradition names as first apostles of the future Diocese of Rennes, but of an uncertain date: Saint Maximinus, who was reported to have been a disciple and friend of Saint Paul (died AD 65),[1] Saint Clarus, and Saint Justus.[2] On the other hand, when in the fifth and sixth centuries bands of Christian Britons emigrated from Great Britain to Armorica and formed on its northern coast the small Kingdom of Domnonée, the Gospel was preached for the first time in the future Diocese of Dol and Diocese of Aleth. Among these missionaries were St. Armel, who, according to the legend, founded in the sixth century the town of Ploermel in the Diocese of Vannes and then retired into the forests of Chateaugiron and Janzé and attacked Druidism on the very site of the Dolmen of the Fairy Rocks (La Roche aux Fées); St. Méen (Mevennus) who retired to the solitudes around Pontrecoët and founded the monastery of Gael (550), known afterwards as St. Méen's; and St. Samson and St. Malo.The earliest historical reference to the See of Rennes dates from 453. An assembly of eight bishops of Provincia Lugdunensis Tertia took place at Angers on 4 October 453 to consecrate a new bishop for Angers. Four of the bishops can be associated with particular Sees. The other four are assigned by scholars to the other dioceses in the ecclesiastical province, one of which was Rennes. One of the four prelates, Sarmatio, Chariato, Rumoridus, and Viventius, was Bishop of Rennes.[3] This bishop's successor, likely his immediate successor, Athenius, took part in the Council of Tours in 461.[4] Louis Duchesne is of opinion that the St. Amandus reckoned by some scholars[5] among the bishops of Rennes at the end of the fifth century is the same as St. Amand of Rodez. He therefore excludes him from his list of authentic bishops.[6]In 1180 Bishop Philippe, acting in accordance with a dream (it is said), began the replacement of the old cathedral with a new edifice; the eastern part of the building was erected, but various delays hampered the completion of the whole structure. The ceremony of consecration did not take place until 3 November 1359, though the edifice was still uncompleted.[7] A new cathedral which had been built and dedicated to Saint Peter in 1541 was demolished in 1755 and replaced by the current edifice.[8]The Chapter of the Cathedral of Saint-Pierre was composed of five dignities and sixteen Canons, and sixteen prebends.[9] The dignities were: the Archdeacon of Rennes, the Archdeacon of Le Désert (de Deserto), the Cantor, the Succentor, and the Treasurer.[10] The royal pouillé of 1648 names six dignities, omitting the Succentor and adding the Theologian and Penitentiary. The Treasurer was presented by the Pope.[11] The Chapter, and all the cathedral chapters in France, were suppressed by the Constituent Assembly in 1790.The diocese also contained three Collegiate Churches which had Canons: La Guerche (founded 1206), Vitré (also founded in 1206), and Champeau (mid-15th cent.). Notre-Dame de Guerche had twelve Canons and prebends, S. Marie Madeleine at Vitry had twenty-two Canons, headed by their Treasurer. Notre-Dame de Champeau had six Canons and prebends, and were headed by a Dean.[12]In accordance with the terms of the Concordat of Bologna of 1516, between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X all bishops in France (which at the time did not include \"the Three Bishoprics\", Metz, Toul and Verdun) were to be nominated by the King and approved (preconized) by the Pope.[13] This was continued under Napoleon by the terms of the Concordat of 1801 and by the Bourbon monarchs and their successors to 1905 by the Concordat of 1817. The practice did not apply during the French Revolution, when the Civil Constitution of the Clergy mandated the election of bishops by qualified electors in each of the new départements of the republic. These 'Constitutional Bishops' were in schism with the Papacy. Therefore, nearly all Archbishops of Rennes from 1516 to 1905 were nominees of the French government. In addition to the nomination of the Bishop of Rennes, the king also held the nomination of the Abbey of Saint-Mélaine (O.S.B.), the Abbey of Saint-Pierre de Rillé (O.S.A.), the Abbey of Saint-Georges-de-Rennes aux Nonnains (O.S.B.), and the Abbey of Saint-Sulpice aux Nonnains (O.S.B.).[14]Noteworthy bishops of the diocese of Rennes are: Marbodus, the hymnographer (1035–1123); the Dominican Yves Mayeuc (1507–41); Arnaud d'Ossat (1596–1600), cardinal in 1599, and prominent in the conversion of Henry IV of France; Godefroy Brossais Saint Marc (1848–78), cardinal in 1875; Charles Place (1878–93), cardinal in 1886; and Guillaume Labouré (1893–1906), cardinal in 1897.During the Revolution Claude Le Coz (1760–1815), Principal of the Collège de Quimper, was elected Constitutional Bishop of Ille-et-Vilaine.[15] Under the Concordat he became Archbishop of Besançon.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bishops and Archbishops of Rennes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Melaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"To 1000","text":"...Athenius (attested 461)[17]\nMelaine (attested 511)[18]\nFybediolus (attested 549)[19]\nVicturius (attested 567)[20]\nHaimoaldus (attested 614, 616)[21]\nRioterus (attested 650)[22]\nModeramnus ca. 715–720[23]\nWernarius (attested 843, 859)[24]\nElectramnus (attested 866, 871)[25]\nNordoardus (attested 950)[26]\nTetbaldus (ca. 990–1020)[27]","title":"Bishops and Archbishops of Rennes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Stephen de Fougères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_de_Foug%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Saint-Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Saint-Malo"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"From 1000 to 1500","text":"Gualterius[28]\nGuarinus[29]\nTriscanus[30]\nMainus[31] (attested 1027).\nSylvester de la Guerche (1070 – 1090).[32]\nMarbodius[33] (ca. 1096 – 11 September 1123).\nRoaldus ( ? – 21 November 1126).[34]\nHamelinus[35] (15 May 1127 – 2 February 1141).\nAlanus (1141 – 1 May 1156)[36]\nStephanus de la Rochefoucald (1156 – 4 September 1166)[37]\nRobert (1166 – 9 December 1167).\nStephen de Fougères (1168–1178).\nPhilippe[38] (1179 – 1181)\nJacques[39] (1183 ?)\nHerbert:[40] (by 1184 – 3 December 1198)\nPeter de Dinan[41] (elected before August 1199 – 24 January 1210)\nPierre de Fougères[42] (1210 – 10 July 1222)\nJosselinus de Montauban[43] (1222/1223 – 31 October 1235)\nAlain (ca. 1237 – before May 1239)[44]\nJean Gicquel:[45] (1239 – 15 January 1258)\nAegidius:[46] (October 1258 – 26 September 1259)\nMaurice de Trelidi (Tresguidi):[47] (by 1260 – 18 September 1282)\nGuillaume de la Roche-Tanguy : (1282 – September 1297)\nJean de Samesio[48] (28 March 1298 – 3 February 1299)\nAegidius Camelini:[49] (11 February 1299 – ? )\nIvo : (by 1304 – ca. 1307)\nAlain de Chateaugiron:[50] (1311 – 13 April 1327)\nGuillaume Ouvroing:[51] (18 May 1328 – 1345)\nArtaud, O.S.B. : (24 October 1347 – 1353?)\nPierre de Valle:[52] (15 April 1353 – 11 January 1357)\nGuillaume Poulart (or Gibon) : (Jun 1357 Appointed – Feb 1359 Appointed, Bishop of Saint-Malo)\nPierre de Guémené:[53] (14 January 1359 – 1362)\nRadulfus de Tréal:[54] (16 January 1363 – 13 February 1383)\nGuillaume de Briz:[55] (27 April 1384 – 27 August 1386) (Avignon Obedience)\nAntoine de Lovier:[56] (27 August 1386 – 15 October 1389) (Avignon Obedience)\nAnselme de Chantemerle:[57] (8 November 1389 – 1 September 1427) (Avignon Obedience)\nGuillaume Brillet:[58] (26 September 1427 – 26 May 1447)\nRobert de la Riviere[59] (26 May 1447 – 18 March 1450)\nJacques d'Espinay-Durestal:[60] (25 April 1450 – Oct 1481 Resigned)\nMichel Guibé:[61] (1482 – 1502)","title":"Bishops and Archbishops of Rennes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bayeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bayeux"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Louis-Guy de Guérapin de Vauréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Gui_de_Gu%C3%A9rapin_de_Vaur%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"From 1500 to 1800","text":"Robert Guibé:[62] (1502 – 1507)\nYvo de Mayeuc, O.P.[63] (1507 – 1539)\nClaude de Dodieu[64] (23 July 1539 – 4 April 1558)\nBernardin Bochetel (Bouchelet) : (1558 – 1566)[65]\nBertrand de Marillac : (1565 – 29 May 1573)[66]\nAymar Hennequin:[67] (3 July 1573 – 13 January 1596)\nArnaud d'Ossat:[68] (9 Sep 1596 Appointed – 26 Jun 1600 Appointed, Bishop of Bayeux)\nFrançois l'Archiver:[69] (17 June 1602 – 1619)\nPierre Cornulier:[70] (29 July 1619 – 1640)\nHenri de la Motte-Houdancourt[71] (1640–1660)\nCharles François de Vieuville[72] (1660–1676)\nFrançois de Bouthilier-Chavigny:[73] (1676–1679)\nJean-Baptiste de Beaumanoir de Lavardin:[74] (8 November 1677 – 23 May 1711)\nChristophe-Louis Turpin de Crissé de Sanzay:[75] (15 Aug 1711 Appointed – 27 Sep 1724 Appointed, Bishop of Nantes)\nCharles-Louis-Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil:[76] (17 Oct 1723 Appointed – 24 Apr 1732 Died)\nLouis-Guy de Guérapin de Vauréal:[77] ( 1732 Appointed – 1758 Resigned)\nJean-Antoine de Toucheboeuf de Beaumont des Junies:[78] ( 1758 Appointed – 1761 Resigned)\nHenri-Louis-René Des Nos:[79] (16 Aug 1761 Ordained Bishop – 25 Dec 1769 Appointed, Bishop of Verdun)\nFrançois Bareau de Girac:[80] ( 1769 Appointed – 1801 Resigned)","title":"Bishops and Archbishops of Rennes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_d%27Ornellas_-_20110306.jpg"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Charles-Philippe Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Place"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Guillaume-Marie-Joseph Labouré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume-Marie-Joseph_Labour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Auguste-René-Marie Dubourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste-Ren%C3%A9-Marie_Dubourg"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Alexis-Armand Charost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis-Armand_Charost"},{"link_name":"Clément-Emile Roques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment-Emile_Roques"},{"link_name":"Paul Joseph Marie Gouyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Marie_Gouyon"},{"link_name":"Jacques André Marie Jullien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Andr%C3%A9_Marie_Jullien"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Since 1800","text":"Jean-Baptiste-Marie de Maillé de la Tour-Landry:[81] (9 Apr 1802 – 25 Nov 1804)\nEtienne-Célestin Enoch:[82] (30 Jan 1805 Appointed – 12 Nov 1819 Retired)\nCharles Mannay:[83] (27 Nov 1819 Appointed – 5 Dec 1824 Died)Archbishop Pierre d'OrnellasClaude-Louis de Lesquen:[84] (12 Jan 1825 Appointed – 21 Jan 1841 Resigned)\nGeoffroy Brossais Saint-Marc:[85] (25 Feb 1841 Appointed – 26 Feb 1878 Died)\nCharles-Philippe Place:[86] (13 Jun 1878 Appointed – 5 Mar 1893 Died)\nJean-Natalis-François Gonindard:[87] (5 Mar 1893 Succeeded – 17 May 1893 Died)\nGuillaume-Marie-Joseph Labouré:[88] (13 Jun 1893 Appointed – 21 Apr 1906 Died)\nAuguste-René-Marie Dubourg:[89] (7 Aug 1906 Appointed – 22 Sep 1921)\nAlexis-Armand Charost † (22 Sep 1921 Succeeded – 7 Nov 1930 Died)\nRené-Pierre Mignen † (21 Jul 1931 Appointed – 1 Nov 1939 Died)\nClément-Emile Roques † (11 May 1940 Appointed – 4 Sep 1964 Died)\nPaul Joseph Marie Gouyon † (4 Sep 1964 Succeeded – 15 Oct 1985 Retired)\nJacques André Marie Jullien † (15 Oct 1985 Succeeded – 1 Sep 1998 Resigned)\nFrançois Saint-Macary † (1 Sep 1998 Succeeded – 26 Mar 2007 Died)\nPierre d'Ornellas[90] (26 Mar 2007 Succeeded – present)","title":"Bishops and Archbishops of Rennes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pouillé général contenant les bénéfices de l'archevêché de Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qNUsEEz44f8C"},{"link_name":"Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=os9DAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pgyItwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5oXUjwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QXuJQwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-250-1000-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-250-1000-8"},{"link_name":"Calendar of documents preserved in France: illustrative of the history of Great Britain and Ireland. A.D. 918–1206. Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4KMUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA341"}],"sub_title":"Reference works","text":"Pouillé général contenant les bénéfices de l'archevêché de Tours (in French). Paris: Gervais Alliot. 1648. (unpaginated, but ca. p. 635)\nGams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. (Use with caution; obsolete)\nEubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tomus I) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.\nEubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (Tomus II) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.\nEubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 3 (Tomus III) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.\nGauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. IV (1592–1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 6 July 2016.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. V (1667–1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 6 July 2016.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. VI (1730–1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 6 July 2016.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana.\nRitzler, Remigius; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. 8 (VIII 1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.\nPięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8.\nRound, John Horace (1899). Calendar of documents preserved in France: illustrative of the history of Great Britain and Ireland. A.D. 918–1206. Vol. 1. Vol. 1. London: H.M. Stationery Office.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbayes et prieurés de l'ancienne France. Province ecclésiastique de Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5859266j/f6.image.r=Pouill%C3%A9%20historique%20de%20l'archev%C3%AAch%C3%A9%20de%20Rennes"},{"link_name":"Pouillé historique de l'Archévêché de Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55606x.r=Pouill%C3%A9%20historique%20de%20l%27archev%C3%AAch%C3%A9%20de%20Rennes?rk=107296;4"},{"link_name":"Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: II. L'Aquitaine et les Lyonnaises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fastespiscopau02duch"},{"link_name":"Bulletin et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département d'Ille-et-Vilaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=No9HAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"Gallia christiana: in provincias ecclesiasticas distribute... opera et studio Domni Dionysii Sammarthani. Ubi de provincia Turonensi agitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP11"},{"link_name":"Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=GAZBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA78"},{"link_name":"Les évêques français de la Séparation au pontificat de Jean-Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2kHJDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT57"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-204-12086-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-12086-9"},{"link_name":"Recueil des historiens de la France: Pouillés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2skvAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"L' église de Bretagne ou histoire des siéges épiscopaux, séminaires et collégiales, abbayes et autres communautés de cette province: d'après les matériaux de Dom Hyacinthe Morice de Beaubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yr0AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4"},{"link_name":"The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Vlts5rwsNosC&pg=PA115"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-57172-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57172-2"},{"link_name":"L'épiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusqu'à la Séparation (1802–1905)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jcozAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA687"}],"sub_title":"Studies","text":"Besse, J.-M., ed. (1920). Abbayes et prieurés de l'ancienne France. Province ecclésiastique de Tours (in French). Vol. 8 (Tome huitième). Paris: A. Picard. pp. 201–225.\nCorson, Guillotin (1920). Pouillé historique de l'Archévêché de Rennes (in French). Vol. 1 (Tome I). Paris: René Hatton.\nDuchesne, Louis (1910). Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: II. L'Aquitaine et les Lyonnaises. Paris: Fontemoing.\nErnault, Émile (1889), \"Marbode, évêque de Rennes, sa vie, ses oeuvres (1035–1123),\" Bulletin et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département d'Ille-et-Vilaine (in French). Vol. 20. Rennes: Ch. Chatel. 1889. pp. 1–260.\nHaureau, B., ed. (1856). Gallia christiana: in provincias ecclesiasticas distribute... opera et studio Domni Dionysii Sammarthani. Ubi de provincia Turonensi agitur (in Latin). Vol. 14 (Tomus quartus decimus). Paris: Firmin Didot. pp. 739–793, Instrumenta 163–170.\nJean, Armand (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard.\nLe Moigne, Frédéric; Christian Sorrel (2016). Les évêques français de la Séparation au pontificat de Jean-Paul II (in French). Paris: Editions du Cerf. ISBN 978-2-204-12086-9.\nLongnon, Auguste, ed. (1903). Recueil des historiens de la France: Pouillés (in Latin). Vol. 3 (Tome III): Province de Tours. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. pp. 169–181.\nMorice, Hyacinthe; Tresvaux du Fraval, François Marie (1839). L' église de Bretagne ou histoire des siéges épiscopaux, séminaires et collégiales, abbayes et autres communautés de cette province: d'après les matériaux de Dom Hyacinthe Morice de Beaubois (in French). Paris: Mequignon. pp. 4–48.\nPower, Daniel (2004). The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57172-2.\nSociété bibliographique (France) (1907). L'épiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusqu'à la Séparation (1802–1905). Paris: Librairie des Saints-Pères.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Archbishop Pierre d'Ornellas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pierre_d%27Ornellas_-_20110306.jpg/170px-Pierre_d%27Ornellas_-_20110306.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Departement of Ille-Vilaine, centered on Rennes (Brittany)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ille-Vilaine.jpg/220px-Ille-Vilaine.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Catholic Church in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France"},{"title":"List of Catholic dioceses in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_France"}]	[{"reference":"Léon Palustre (1884). L'ancienne cathedrale de Rennes: son état au milieu du 18e siècle d'apres des documents inédits (in French). Paris: H. Champion. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CtVLAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"L'ancienne cathedrale de Rennes: son état au milieu du 18e siècle d'apres des documents inédits"}]},{"reference":"Louis Madelin (1897). Les premières applications du Concordat de 1516, d'après les Dossiers du château Saint-Ange. Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire, XVII (in French). Rome: P. Cuggiani. pp. 7–13.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh9BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA35","url_text":"Les premières applications du Concordat de 1516, d'après les Dossiers du château Saint-Ange"}]},{"reference":"Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 125–130.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aAQ9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA434","url_text":"Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802)"}]},{"reference":"Antoine Degert (1894). Le cardinal d'Ossat, évêque de Rennes et de Bayeux (1537–1604); sa vie, ses négociations à Rome. Thèse, Bordeaux (in French). Paris: V. Lecoffre.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1rVCAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Le cardinal d'Ossat, évêque de Rennes et de Bayeux (1537–1604); sa vie, ses négociations à Rome. Thèse, Bordeaux"}]},{"reference":"Pouillé général contenant les bénéfices de l'archevêché de Tours (in French). Paris: Gervais Alliot. 1648.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qNUsEEz44f8C","url_text":"Pouillé général contenant les bénéfices de l'archevêché de Tours"}]},{"reference":"Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=os9DAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tomus I) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (Tomus II) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 3 (Tomus III) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. IV (1592–1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 6 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. V (1667–1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 6 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. VI (1730–1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 6 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pgyItwAACAAJ","url_text":"Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. 8 (VIII 1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5oXUjwEACAAJ","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi"}]},{"reference":"Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. 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Picard. pp. 201–225.","urls":[{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5859266j/f6.image.r=Pouill%C3%A9%20historique%20de%20l'archev%C3%AAch%C3%A9%20de%20Rennes","url_text":"Abbayes et prieurés de l'ancienne France. Province ecclésiastique de Tours"}]},{"reference":"Corson, Guillotin (1920). Pouillé historique de l'Archévêché de Rennes (in French). Vol. 1 (Tome I). Paris: René Hatton.","urls":[{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55606x.r=Pouill%C3%A9%20historique%20de%20l%27archev%C3%AAch%C3%A9%20de%20Rennes?rk=107296;4","url_text":"Pouillé historique de l'Archévêché de Rennes"}]},{"reference":"Duchesne, Louis (1910). Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: II. L'Aquitaine et les Lyonnaises. Paris: Fontemoing.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fastespiscopau02duch","url_text":"Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: II. L'Aquitaine et les Lyonnaises"}]},{"reference":"Bulletin et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département d'Ille-et-Vilaine (in French). 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Picard.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GAZBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA78","url_text":"Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801"}]},{"reference":"Le Moigne, Frédéric; Christian Sorrel (2016). Les évêques français de la Séparation au pontificat de Jean-Paul II (in French). Paris: Editions du Cerf. ISBN 978-2-204-12086-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2kHJDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT57","url_text":"Les évêques français de la Séparation au pontificat de Jean-Paul II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-12086-9","url_text":"978-2-204-12086-9"}]},{"reference":"Longnon, Auguste, ed. (1903). Recueil des historiens de la France: Pouillés (in Latin). Vol. 3 (Tome III): Province de Tours. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. pp. 169–181.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2skvAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Recueil des historiens de la France: Pouillés"}]},{"reference":"Morice, Hyacinthe; Tresvaux du Fraval, François Marie (1839). L' église de Bretagne ou histoire des siéges épiscopaux, séminaires et collégiales, abbayes et autres communautés de cette province: d'après les matériaux de Dom Hyacinthe Morice de Beaubois (in French). Paris: Mequignon. pp. 4–48.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yr0AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4","url_text":"L' église de Bretagne ou histoire des siéges épiscopaux, séminaires et collégiales, abbayes et autres communautés de cette province: d'après les matériaux de Dom Hyacinthe Morice de Beaubois"}]},{"reference":"Power, Daniel (2004). The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57172-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlts5rwsNosC&pg=PA115","url_text":"The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57172-2","url_text":"978-0-521-57172-2"}]},{"reference":"Société bibliographique (France) (1907). L'épiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusqu'à la Séparation (1802–1905). Paris: Librairie des Saints-Pères.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jcozAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA687","url_text":"L'épiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusqu'à la Séparation (1802–1905)"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rennes,_Dol_and_Saint-Malo&params=48.11_N_1.68_W_","external_links_name":"48°07′N 1°41′W / 48.11°N 1.68°W / 48.11; -1.68"},{"Link":"http://rennes.catholique.fr/","external_links_name":"Website of the Archdiocese"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CtVLAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"L'ancienne cathedrale de Rennes: son état au milieu du 18e siècle d'apres des documents inédits"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh9BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA35","external_links_name":"Les premières applications du Concordat de 1516, d'après les Dossiers du château Saint-Ange"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aAQ9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA434","external_links_name":"Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1rVCAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Le cardinal d'Ossat, évêque de Rennes et de Bayeux (1537–1604); sa vie, ses négociations à Rome. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Carroll_(singer)	Pat Carroll (singer)	["1 Biography and career","2 Discography","2.1 Extended plays","2.2 Singles","3 References","4 External links"]	Australian singer (born 1946) Not to be confused with Pat Carroll (actress). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Pat Carroll" singer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pat CarrollBorn1946 (age 77–78)Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaOccupation(s)SingerLabelsW&G Records, InterfusionSpouse(s)John FarrarMusical artist Pat Carroll (born 1946) is an Australian singer in the 1960s and early 1970s, she is probably best known for her television appearances and her collaboration with Olivia Newton-John. Biography and career Carroll was born in Melbourne, Victoria began her entertainment career at age eight when she started taking singing and dancing lessons. Appearances on children's TV shows followed by the time she was eleven years old. She continued by appearing in musical comedy shows such as Carnival and Bye Bye Birdie. This led to appearing on national Australian pop TV shows such as Bandstand and The Go!! Show when in her mid-teens. Her first 45 single "He's My Guy" was released when she was 18. In the mid-1960s Carroll and her friend Olivia Newton-John formed a singing duo called Pat and Olivia. Having won a song contest in Melbourne, they travelled to the United Kingdom. They achieved some success there on TV and in the clubs. After a period of performing there, Carroll's visa expired, forcing her to return to Australia where she married in 1970 ex-Strangers member, John Farrar. Carroll released a number of singles with W&G Records and Interfusion during the 1960s and early 1970s most of which failed to chart. Her most successful single in Australia was her cover of Dana's 1970 Eurovision winner "All Kinds of Everything". However Carroll's best known single is "To the Sun" on account of its featuring Cliff Richard on backing vocals. At about 1970, Farrar quit the Strangers and, with Carroll, returned to London. The two renewed their acquaintance with Newton-John. During 1970s and 1980s, Pat often sang backing vocals on Newton-John's albums and singles, many of which were written and produced by John Farrar. Currently living in Malibu, California (US) with husband John Farrar: her first son Sam Farrar (born 29 June 1978) is the bass player of American rock'n'roll band Phantom Planet. Her second son, Max Farrar, is the keyboardist/guitarist of the rock 'n' roll band Azura. Discography Extended plays List of EP, with selected details Title EP details The Many Faces of Pat Carroll Released: 1965 Format: 7" Vinyl Label: W&G (WG-E-2408) Requests Released: 1965 Format: 7" Vinyl Label: W&G (WG-E-2559) Singles List of singles, with selected chart positions Year Title Peak chartpositions AUS 1964 "He's My Guy"/"He Love Me Too" - 1965 "Where Have You Been?"/"That's All You Do" - "I Know (You Don't Love Me No More)"/"Chained to a Memory" - "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?"/"The End of the World" - "Here I Am" / "Did He Call Today Mama?" - "You're No Good" / "Don't Come Running Back to Me" - 1966 "Eddie My Love"/"I Only Have Eyes for You" - "He's a Rebel" / "Talk About Love" - 1970 "All Kinds of Everything"/"In Your World" 28 1972 "To the Sun"/"Out of My Mind" - 1973 "Now I'm Stuck on You" / "I'm Not Ready" 95 1974 "Curly Headed Rooster" / "To the Sun" - References ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 56. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. Noel McGrath's Australian Encyclopedia of Rock & Pop – 1978 An Australian Rock Discography – Chris Spencer – 1990 – Moonlight Publishing The Who's Who of Australian Rock – Chris Spencer – Moonlight Publishing The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop – Ian McFarlane – Allen & Unwin, Sydney – 1999 Olivia Newton-John bio External links https://archive.today/20100814103435/http://www.btinternet.com/~shadows_archive/shadows/John_Farrar/default.htm Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pat Carroll (actress)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Carroll_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Olivia Newton-John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Pat Carroll (actress).Musical artistPat Carroll (born 1946) is an Australian singer in the 1960s and early 1970s, she is probably best known for her television appearances and her collaboration with Olivia Newton-John.","title":"Pat Carroll (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandstand_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"The Go!! Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go!!_Show"},{"link_name":"Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strangers_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"John Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Farrar"},{"link_name":"W&G Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%26G_Records"},{"link_name":"Dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Rosemary_Scallon"},{"link_name":"1970 Eurovision winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1970"},{"link_name":"All Kinds of Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Kinds_of_Everything"},{"link_name":"Cliff Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Richard"},{"link_name":"Malibu, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"},{"link_name":"Sam Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Farrar"},{"link_name":"Phantom Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Planet"},{"link_name":"Max Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Farrar&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Carroll was born in Melbourne, Victoria began her entertainment career at age eight when she started taking singing and dancing lessons. Appearances on children's TV shows followed by the time she was eleven years old. She continued by appearing in musical comedy shows such as Carnival and Bye Bye Birdie.This led to appearing on national Australian pop TV shows such as Bandstand and The Go!! Show when in her mid-teens. Her first 45 single \"He's My Guy\" was released when she was 18.In the mid-1960s Carroll and her friend Olivia Newton-John formed a singing duo called Pat and Olivia. Having won a song contest in Melbourne, they travelled to the United Kingdom. They achieved some success there on TV and in the clubs. After a period of performing there, Carroll's visa expired, forcing her to return to Australia where she married in 1970 ex-Strangers member, John Farrar.Carroll released a number of singles with W&G Records and Interfusion during the 1960s and early 1970s most of which failed to chart. Her most successful single in Australia was her cover of Dana's 1970 Eurovision winner \"All Kinds of Everything\". However Carroll's best known single is \"To the Sun\" on account of its featuring Cliff Richard on backing vocals.At about 1970, Farrar quit the Strangers and, with Carroll, returned to London. The two renewed their acquaintance with Newton-John. During 1970s and 1980s, Pat often sang backing vocals on Newton-John's albums and singles, many of which were written and produced by John Farrar.Currently living in Malibu, California (US) with husband John Farrar: her first son Sam Farrar (born 29 June 1978) is the bass player of American rock'n'roll band Phantom Planet. Her second son, Max Farrar, is the keyboardist/guitarist of the rock 'n' roll band Azura.","title":"Biography and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 56. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pat+Carroll%22+singer","external_links_name":"\"Pat Carroll\" singer"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pat+Carroll%22+singer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pat+Carroll%22+singer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pat+Carroll%22+singer+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pat+Carroll%22+singer","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pat+Carroll%22+singer&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219180138/http://www.olivia-newtonjohn.com/olivia-newton-john/bio.php","external_links_name":"Olivia Newton-John bio"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20100814103435/http://www.btinternet.com/~shadows_archive/shadows/John_Farrar/default.htm","external_links_name":"https://archive.today/20100814103435/http://www.btinternet.com/~shadows_archive/shadows/John_Farrar/default.htm"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/428551a8-6872-431c-a22f-32df44c22623","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/aeab7882-eb37-4063-a1e8-120528c3715b","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Livezile	Castra of Livezile	["1 See also","2 External links","3 Notes"]	Coordinates: 47°10′N 24°34′E / 47.167°N 24.567°E / 47.167; 24.567Fort in the Roman province of Dacia Castra of LivezileLocation within RomaniaFounded2nd century ADAbandoned3rd century ADPlace in the Roman worldProvinceDaciaAdministrative unitDacia PorolissensisAdministrative unitDacia SuperiorLimesPorolissensisDirectly connected to(Orheiu Bistriței)Structure— Stone structure —— Wood and earth structure —Size and area166 m × 120 m (2.0 ha) LocationCoordinates47°11′13″N 24°34′15″E / 47.18687°N 24.57075°E / 47.18687; 24.57075Place namePodereiTownLivezileCountyBistrița-NăsăudCountry RomaniaReferenceRO-LMIBN-I-s-A-01361RO-RAN33550.01Site notesRecognition National Historical MonumentConditionRuinedArchaeologists Dumitru Protase The castra of Livezile was a castra in the Roman province of Dacia, located in the north side of the modern commune of Livezile in the historical region of Transylvania, Romania. The fort was erected and surrounded by a ditch in the 2nd century AD. The castra was abandoned in the 3rd century and its ruins are still visible. See also List of castra List of castra in Romania External links Roman castra from Romania - Google Maps / Earth Archived 2012-12-05 at archive.today Notes ^ a b c d e "33550.01". National Archaeological Record of Romania (RAN). ran.cimec.ro. 2009-04-13. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2013. ^ a b c d e f "Lista Monumentelor Istorice 2010 ("2010 List of Historic Monuments")" (PDF). Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, Nr. 670 ("Romania's Official Journal, Part I, Nr. 670"), page 473. Ministerul Culturii şi Patrimoniului Naţional. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2013. ^ a b Dan, Matei (2006). "Trupe fără castre, castre fără trupe în Dacia ("Troops without castra, castra without troops in Dacia")" (PDF). Buletinul cercurilor ştiinţifice ştudenţeşti: arheologie-istorie-muzeologie (in Romanian). 12. Alba Iulia: Ministerul Edicaţiei şi Cercetării, Universitatea "1 Decembrie 1918" Alba Iulia, Facultatea de Istorie şi Filologie: 55–70. ISSN 1454-8097. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013. ^ Turcuş, Veronica; et al. (2008). "Protase, Dumitru (n. 1926), Membru de onoare al Academiei Române (2003)". Bibliografia lucrărilor ştiinţifice ale membrilor Institutului de Istorie din Cluj 1920-2005. www.history-cluj.ro. Retrieved 8 January 2013. 47°10′N 24°34′E / 47.167°N 24.567°E / 47.167; 24.567 vteLimes DacicusAlutanus (Hoghiz) ? (Cincșor) (Feldioara) Caput Stenarum Pons Vetus Praetorium Arutela (Rădăcinești) Buridava Castra Traiana Pons Aluti Rusidava Acidava Romula (Slăveni) (Islaz) Transalutanus Cumidava (Drumul Carului) (Rucăr) (Voinești) Jidava (Purcăreni) (Albota) (Săpata de Jos) (Fâlfani) (Izbășești) (Urluieni) (Crâmpoia) (Gresia) (Roșiorii de Vede) (Salcia) (Băneasa) (Putineiu) Porolissensis Resculum (Gilău) (Buciumi) Optatiana Largiana Certiae (Jac) Porolissum (Tihău) Samum Arcobara (Livezile) (Orheiu Bistriței) (Brâncovenești) Eastern frontier (Orheiu Bistriței) (Brâncovenești) (Gurghiu) (Călugăreni) (Sărățeni) Praetoria Augusta (Odorheiu Secuiesc) (Sânpaul) Angustia (Olteni) (Boroșneu Mare) (Cristești) (Hoghiz) (Băile Homorod) (Ocland) (Baraolt) Rupes (Brașov) Cumidava This Dacia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"castra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dacia"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Livezile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livezile,_Bistri%C8%9Ba-N%C4%83s%C4%83ud"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ran-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lmi-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lmi-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ran-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lmi-2"}],"text":"Fort in the Roman province of DaciaThe castra of Livezile was a castra in the Roman province of Dacia, located in the north side of the modern commune of Livezile in the historical region of Transylvania, Romania.[1][2] The fort was erected and surrounded by a ditch in the 2nd century AD.[2] The castra was abandoned in the 3rd century and its ruins are still visible.[1][2]","title":"Castra of 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Aluti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_Aluti_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Rusidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusidava_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Acidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidava_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Romula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romula_(castra)"},{"link_name":"(Slăveni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Sl%C4%83veni"},{"link_name":"(Islaz)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Islaz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Transalutanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Transalutanus"},{"link_name":"Cumidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumidava_(castra)"},{"link_name":"(Drumul Carului)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Drumul_Carului"},{"link_name":"(Rucăr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Ruc%C4%83r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(Voinești)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Voine%C8%99ti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidava_(castra)"},{"link_name":"(Purcăreni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Purc%C4%83reni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(Albota)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Albota"},{"link_name":"(Săpata de Jos)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_S%C4%83pata_de_Jos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(Fâlfani)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_F%C3%A2lfani"},{"link_name":"(Izbășești)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Izb%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"(Urluieni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Urluieni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(Crâmpoia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Cr%C3%A2mpoia"},{"link_name":"(Gresia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Gresia"},{"link_name":"(Roșiorii de Vede)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Ro%C8%99iorii_de_Vede&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(Salcia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Salcia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(Băneasa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_B%C4%83neasa"},{"link_name":"(Putineiu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Putineiu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Porolissensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Porolissensis"},{"link_name":"Resculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resculum_(castra)"},{"link_name":"(Gilău)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Gil%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"(Buciumi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Buciumi"},{"link_name":"Optatiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optatiana_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Largiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largiana_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Certiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certinae_(castra)"},{"link_name":"(Jac)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Jac"},{"link_name":"Porolissum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porolissum_(castra)"},{"link_name":"(Tihău)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Tih%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Samum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samum_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Arcobara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcobadara_(castra)"},{"link_name":"(Livezile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"(Orheiu Bistriței)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Orheiu_Bistri%C8%9Bei"},{"link_name":"(Brâncovenești)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Br%C3%A2ncovene%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Eastern frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_frontier_of_Dacia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(Orheiu Bistriței)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Orheiu_Bistri%C8%9Bei"},{"link_name":"(Brâncovenești)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Br%C3%A2ncovene%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"(Gurghiu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Gurghiu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(Călugăreni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_C%C4%83lug%C4%83reni"},{"link_name":"(Sărățeni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_S%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%9Beni"},{"link_name":"Praetoria Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetoria_Augusta_(castra)"},{"link_name":"(Odorheiu Secuiesc)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Odorheiu_Secuiesc"},{"link_name":"(Sânpaul)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_S%C3%A2npaul_(Harghita)"},{"link_name":"Angustia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angustia_(castra)"},{"link_name":"(Olteni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Olteni"},{"link_name":"(Boroșneu Mare)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Boro%C8%99neu_Mare"},{"link_name":"(Cristești)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Criste%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"(Hoghiz)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Hoghiz"},{"link_name":"(Băile Homorod)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_B%C4%83ile_Homorod&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(Ocland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Ocland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(Baraolt)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Baraolt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupes_(castra)"},{"link_name":"(Brașov)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"Cumidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumidava_(castra)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_bust_of_a_Dacian_tarabostes,_Hermitage,_St_Petersburg,_Russia_-_20070614.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Livezile&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dacia-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dacia-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dacia-stub"}],"text":"^ a b c d e \"33550.01\". National Archaeological Record of Romania (RAN). ran.cimec.ro. 2009-04-13. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2013.\n\n^ a b c d e f \"Lista Monumentelor Istorice 2010 (\"2010 List of Historic Monuments\")\" (PDF). Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, Nr. 670 (\"Romania's Official Journal, Part I, Nr. 670\"), page 473. Ministerul Culturii şi Patrimoniului Naţional. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2013.\n\n^ a b Dan, Matei (2006). \"Trupe fără castre, castre fără trupe în Dacia (\"Troops without castra, castra without troops in Dacia\")\" (PDF). Buletinul cercurilor ştiinţifice ştudenţeşti: arheologie-istorie-muzeologie (in Romanian). 12. Alba Iulia: Ministerul Edicaţiei şi Cercetării, Universitatea \"1 Decembrie 1918\" Alba Iulia, Facultatea de Istorie şi Filologie: 55–70. ISSN 1454-8097. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013.\n\n^ Turcuş, Veronica; et al. (2008). \"Protase, Dumitru (n. 1926), Membru de onoare al Academiei Române (2003)\". Bibliografia lucrărilor ştiinţifice ale membrilor Institutului de Istorie din Cluj 1920-2005. www.history-cluj.ro. Retrieved 8 January 2013.47°10′N 24°34′E / 47.167°N 24.567°E / 47.167; 24.567vteLimes DacicusAlutanus\n(Hoghiz) ?\n(Cincșor)\n(Feldioara)\nCaput Stenarum\nPons Vetus\nPraetorium\nArutela\n(Rădăcinești)\nBuridava\nCastra Traiana\nPons Aluti\nRusidava\nAcidava\nRomula\n(Slăveni)\n(Islaz)\nTransalutanus\nCumidava\n(Drumul Carului)\n(Rucăr)\n(Voinești)\nJidava\n(Purcăreni)\n(Albota)\n(Săpata de Jos)\n(Fâlfani)\n(Izbășești)\n(Urluieni)\n(Crâmpoia)\n(Gresia)\n(Roșiorii de Vede)\n(Salcia)\n(Băneasa)\n(Putineiu)\nPorolissensis\nResculum\n(Gilău)\n(Buciumi)\nOptatiana\nLargiana\nCertiae\n(Jac)\nPorolissum\n(Tihău)\nSamum\nArcobara\n(Livezile)\n(Orheiu Bistriței)\n(Brâncovenești)\nEastern frontier\n(Orheiu Bistriței)\n(Brâncovenești)\n(Gurghiu)\n(Călugăreni)\n(Sărățeni)\nPraetoria Augusta\n(Odorheiu Secuiesc)\n(Sânpaul)\nAngustia\n(Olteni)\n(Boroșneu Mare)\n(Cristești)\n(Hoghiz)\n(Băile Homorod)\n(Ocland)\n(Baraolt)\nRupes\n(Brașov)\nCumidavaThis Dacia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of castra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castra"},{"title":"List of castra in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castra_in_Romania"}]	[{"reference":"\"33550.01\". National Archaeological Record of Romania (RAN). ran.cimec.ro. 2009-04-13. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070319/http://ran.cimec.ro/sel.asp?lang=EN&descript=livezile-livezile-bistrita-nasaud-castrul-de-la-livezile-poderei-cod-sit-ran-33550.01","url_text":"\"33550.01\""},{"url":"http://ran.cimec.ro/sel.asp?lang=EN&descript=livezile-livezile-bistrita-nasaud-castrul-de-la-livezile-poderei-cod-sit-ran-33550.01","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lista Monumentelor Istorice 2010 (\"2010 List of Historic Monuments\")\" (PDF). Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, Nr. 670 (\"Romania's Official Journal, Part I, Nr. 670\"), page 473. Ministerul Culturii şi Patrimoniului Naţional. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120610112533/http://www.cultura.abt.ro/Files/GenericFiles/LMI-2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Lista Monumentelor Istorice 2010 (\"2010 List of Historic Monuments\")\""},{"url":"http://www.cultura.abt.ro/Files/GenericFiles/LMI-2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dan, Matei (2006). \"Trupe fără castre, castre fără trupe în Dacia (\"Troops without castra, castra without troops in Dacia\")\" (PDF). Buletinul cercurilor ştiinţifice ştudenţeşti: arheologie-istorie-muzeologie (in Romanian). 12. Alba Iulia: Ministerul Edicaţiei şi Cercetării, Universitatea \"1 Decembrie 1918\" Alba Iulia, Facultatea de Istorie şi Filologie: 55–70. ISSN 1454-8097. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306053022/http://istorie.uab.ro/publicatii/colectia_bcss/bcss_12/Studii_articole/4%20Dan_Matei.pdf","url_text":"\"Trupe fără castre, castre fără trupe în Dacia (\"Troops without castra, castra without troops in Dacia\")\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1454-8097","url_text":"1454-8097"},{"url":"http://istorie.uab.ro/publicatii/colectia_bcss/bcss_12/Studii_articole/4%20Dan_Matei.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Turcuş, Veronica; et al. (2008). \"Protase, Dumitru (n. 1926), Membru de onoare al Academiei Române (2003)\". Bibliografia lucrărilor ştiinţifice ale membrilor Institutului de Istorie din Cluj 1920-2005. www.history-cluj.ro. Retrieved 8 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history-cluj.ro/Istorie/Ro/Bibliografia_stiintifica.htm#PROTASE,%20DUMITRU","url_text":"\"Protase, Dumitru (n. 1926), Membru de onoare al Academiei Române (2003)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castra_of_Livezile&params=47_10_N_24_34_E_source:kolossus-rowiki","external_links_name":"47°10′N 24°34′E / 47.167°N 24.567°E / 47.167; 24.567"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castra_of_Livezile&params=47.18687_N_24.57075_E_type:landmark_region:RO","external_links_name":"47°11′13″N 24°34′15″E / 47.18687°N 24.57075°E / 47.18687; 24.57075"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=1274893&t=k&om=1","external_links_name":"Roman castra from Romania - Google Maps"},{"Link":"http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showflat.php/Cat/0/Number/1274893/Main/1274893","external_links_name":"Earth"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121205025930/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showflat.php/Cat/0/Number/1274893/Main/1274893","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070319/http://ran.cimec.ro/sel.asp?lang=EN&descript=livezile-livezile-bistrita-nasaud-castrul-de-la-livezile-poderei-cod-sit-ran-33550.01","external_links_name":"\"33550.01\""},{"Link":"http://ran.cimec.ro/sel.asp?lang=EN&descript=livezile-livezile-bistrita-nasaud-castrul-de-la-livezile-poderei-cod-sit-ran-33550.01","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120610112533/http://www.cultura.abt.ro/Files/GenericFiles/LMI-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lista Monumentelor Istorice 2010 (\"2010 List of Historic Monuments\")\""},{"Link":"http://www.cultura.abt.ro/Files/GenericFiles/LMI-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306053022/http://istorie.uab.ro/publicatii/colectia_bcss/bcss_12/Studii_articole/4%20Dan_Matei.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Trupe fără castre, castre fără trupe în Dacia (\"Troops without castra, castra without troops in Dacia\")\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1454-8097","external_links_name":"1454-8097"},{"Link":"http://istorie.uab.ro/publicatii/colectia_bcss/bcss_12/Studii_articole/4%20Dan_Matei.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.history-cluj.ro/Istorie/Ro/Bibliografia_stiintifica.htm#PROTASE,%20DUMITRU","external_links_name":"\"Protase, Dumitru (n. 1926), Membru de onoare al Academiei Române (2003)\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castra_of_Livezile&params=47_10_N_24_34_E_source:kolossus-rowiki","external_links_name":"47°10′N 24°34′E / 47.167°N 24.567°E / 47.167; 24.567"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castra_of_Livezile&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAME	TAME	["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Development during the 2000s","2 Logo","3 Destinations","3.1 Codeshare agreements","4 Fleet","4.1 Final fleet","4.2 Historical fleet","5 Accidents and incidents","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Flag-carrier airline of Ecuador For the polyamine, see 1,1,1-Tris(aminomethyl)ethane. For the fuel additive, see Tertiary amyl methyl ether. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "TAME" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) TAME IATA ICAO Callsign EQ TAE TAME FoundedDecember 17, 1962Ceased operationsMay 19, 2020HubsMariscal Sucre International AirportFocus citiesJosé Joaquín de Olmedo International AirportFrequent-flyer programTAME MillasSubsidiaries TAME Amazonia TAME Xpress Fleet size5Destinations16Parent companyEcuadorian GovernmentHeadquartersQuito, EcuadorKey peopleFernando Guerrero (CEO)Websitewww.tame.com.ec TAME or TAME EP Linea Aerea del Ecuador was an airline founded in Ecuador in 1962. TAME (pronounced "tah-meh") was the flag carrier and the largest airline of Ecuador. TAME headquarters were in Quito, Pichincha Province and the main hub was Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito. The airline was formed by the Air Force of Ecuador. In 2011, it became a commercial entity and provided domestic, international and charter flights. On May 20, 2020, the Ecuadorean government decided to cease all operations and liquidate the airline. History TAME Douglas DC-6B at Miami in 1972 TAME Airbus A320 with old livery at Quito in 2010 Early years The military airline was founded on December 17, 1962, by Luis A. Ortega under Guillermo Freile Posso, both colonels. It was named Transportes Aéreos Militares Ecuatorianos (TAME). At the time, the Air Force required an income source; governmental transport services to remote and difficult to reach parts of Ecuador; and an entity to train pilots. The airline gradually increased in size infrastructure and number of services. On December 4, 1962, Luis A. Ortega, Hector Granja, Eduardo Sandoval, Alfredo Barreiro, Oswaldo Lara, Julio Espinosa, Teodoro Malo and Jose Montesinos made inaugural flights in the Douglas C-47. The pilots held the rank of major and noncommissioned officers worked as flight attendants. The first commercial flight was made by Teodoro Malo on a route from Quito, Esmeraldas, Bahía, Manta, Guayaquil, Cuenca and back to Quito. Initially, TAME made domestic flights using C-47 planes. Gradually, over the next two years, DC-3 and DC-6 planes were added and then in 1970, two HS-748 Avro were acquired. On April 30, 1966, TAME began regular international flights to Havana, Panama and Santiago de Chile. As its business grew, TAME purchased four Lockheed L-188 Electras from Ecuatoriana de Aviación. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, TAME added three Boeing 727-100s. During the mid-1980s and up until 1992, Tame purchased four Boeing 727-200s. In 1986, three Fokker F28 Fellowship 4000s were added. In December 1998, TAME rented a Boeing 757-200. In December 1992, the governments of Ecuador and Colombia signed the "Frontier Integration Agreement" establishing a Quito, Esmeraldas (Tachina), Cali, Esmeraldas (Tachina), Quito route. In 1995, TAME offered flights from Quito to Bogotá for Air France passengers. Development during the 2000s In 2000, TAME began a long process of fleet renewal beginning with the renting of two Airbus A320s. These planes were delivered at the European Corporation Assemble factory, Toulouse and were renewed in 2008. Also in 2000, the Boeing 727s were retired. TAME found the Embraer 170/190s suited the airline's needs. Over the next two years, two models of the 170 series and one of the 190 series were obtained. On August 25, 2008, one Airbus A319 was obtained and soon after the two Airbus A320s were replaced, completing the fleet renewal. In 2011, Tame changed its legal status to a state-owned company, no longer under the administration of the Ecuadorian Air Force. In 2013, TAME incorporated its first and only Airbus A330-200, formerly of Dubai’s Emirates, to cover flights to New York City. In addition, 3 Quest Kodiaks were incorporated for its subsidiary TAME Amazonía for the routes in the country's Amazon. On May 19, 2020, the Ecuadorean government decided to liquidate the airline and ceased all operations. The airline, which had been struggling for several years, claimed that its difficulties were compounded by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Logo TAME logo, 1962 to 2009 TAME's colours were blue, light blue, and gold as a decorative element. The original logo, designed by Luis A. Ortega symbolized the flight of a bird with a sun in the background. In 2009, the airline was rebranded with a new logo and colour palette. Destinations TAME's hub was in Quito at Mariscal Sucre International Airport. TAME flew internationally to Cali in Colombia and Fort Lauderdale, New York in the United States. The main destinations in Ecuador were Guayaquil, Cuenca, Manta and Esmeraldas. Codeshare agreements In 1997, TAME extended its international schedule through an agreement with EVA Air of Taiwan. On December 1, 2010, a codeshare agreement was made with Copa Airlines. Fleet Final fleet TAME Airbus A320-200 wearing the airline's last color scheme. As of March 2020, the TAME fleet comprised the following aircraft: TAME fleet Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Airbus A319-100 1 — 10 135 145 Airbus A320-200 1 — 12 150 162 ATR 42-500 3 — – 50 50 Total 5 — Historical fleet Since its foundation, the airline's fleet has grown with the following aircraft: TAME historical fleet Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes Airbus A330-200 1 2013 2019 Former Emirates aircraft Beechcraft 200 1 1980 1980 Boeing 727-100 3 1984 2006 One crashed as Flight 120 Boeing 727-200 6 1990 2008 One crashed as Flight 422 Boeing 737-200 1 1981 1983 Written off Boeing 757-200 1 1999 1999 Leased from TAESA de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo 2 1976 1990 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 6 1975 2011 Douglas C-47 Skytrain 11 1968 1982 Douglas DC-3 1 1969 Unknown Douglas DC-6B 4 1963 1974 Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia 2 2007 2016 Leased from SAEREO Operated by TAME Xpress Embraer 170LR 2 2006 2015 Embraer 190AR 5 2006 2019 Fokker F-28 Mk 4000 3 1985 2009 Hawker Siddeley HS 748 5 1970 2009 Lockheed L-188 Electra 6 1974 1989 Two used for spare parts Quest Kodiak 100 3 2013 2020 Leased from Air AmazoniaOperated by TAME Amazonía Accidents and incidents On September 6, 1969 twelve men and one woman, armed with machine guns, hijacked two TAME Douglas C-47s at Mariscal Sucre Airport. The hijackers shot and killed one crewman and wounded another. The hijackers told the passengers that the hijacking was in retaliation for the deaths of several students during anti-government rioting at the University of Guayaquil in May 1969. Both aircraft flew to Tumaco, Colombia for refueling. One aircraft was left behind as the hijackers continued on to Panama's Tocumen International Airport. After a thirty-minute refueling stop, the aircraft continued to Kingston, Jamaica. After a 71-minute refueling stop, the plane left Kingston at 9 p.m., finally landing in Cuba. On January 20, 1976, A TAME Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (registered HC-AUE) crashed while flying over mountainous terrain. The plane was flying at 10,000 feet then struck trees with its right wing, lost control and crashed into the side of a mountain. The plane was en route from Loja to Guayaquil's José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport. Six crew members and 28 passengers died. There were eight survivors. On May 22, 1981, A TAME de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (registered HC-BAX) crashed into a fog-shrouded mountain near Zumba. It was flying in formation with a Beech 200 (HC-BHG), which also crashed into the mountain. Fifteen passengers and three crew members on board died. On July 11, 1983, TAME Flight 173, a Boeing 737-200 crashed while on final approach to Mariscal Lamar International Airport in Cuenca. The crash was caused by the crew's lack of training in the aircraft type. All 119 people on board were killed. This was the most lethal event in the history of Ecuadorian aviation. On November 20, 1984, A TAME de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter crashed into a hill while flying between Loja and Zumba. Twelve passengers and two crew members died. On September 12, 1988, A TAME Lockheed L-188 Electra with registration HC-AZY took off from Lago Agrio airport on a ferry flight to Quito with the "number 2" engine inoperative. Immediately after takeoff, the "number 1" engine exploded causing the aircraft to veer left and crash. Six crew members and one passenger died. On April 20, 1998, Air France Flight 422, a Boeing 727-200 (registered HC-BSU), crashed into the "El Cable" cerro minutes after taking off from Bogota's El Dorado International Airport en route to Quito. In bad weather, the crew failed to execute proper departure procedures. Instead of turning, they flew in a straight line into the hill. Fifty-three passengers and crew members died. On January 28, 2002, TAME Flight 120, a Boeing 727-100 (registered HC-BLF), departed from Quito en route to Tulcán. Several minutes outside Tulcán, the control tower lost contact with the aircraft. The aeroplane collided with the Cumbal Volcano causing the death of all 94 passengers and crew. The crash occurred because the captain flew too fast into the final turn. On September 16, 2011, TAME Flight 148, an Embraer 190AR (registered HC-CEZ) departed from Loja Airport. On takeoff, the plane slid off the runway. All 97 passengers and 6 crew survived. On April 28, 2016, TAME Flight 173 from Quito landed at Cuenca airport in bad weather. The Embraer 190AR (registered HC-COX), slid off the runway. All 87 passengers and 6 crew survived. See also Ecuatoriana de Aviación List of defunct airlines of Ecuador References ^ Roll out: TAME Nuevo avion Nueva imagen Accessed September 3, 2009. ^ TAME enters the Panamanian market El Universo company website. November 10, 2010. Accessed December 22, 2010. (In Spanish) ^ TAME enters the Panamanian market El Universo company website. November 10, 2010. Accessed December 22, 2010 (in English) ^ "Global Airline Guide 2019 (Part One)". Airliner World (October 2019): 13. ^ Airfleets\|Accessed August 2018 ^ a b "TAME Fleet Details and History". Planespotters.net. Retrieved January 11, 2022. ^ "TAME fleet". aerobernie.bplaced.net. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ Hijacking description Aviation Safety Network. Accessed February 14, 2011. ^ Hijacking description Aviation Safety Network. Accessed February 14, 2011. External links Media related to TAME at Wikimedia Commons TAME TAME (in Spanish) TAME Virtual TAME Fleet History of TAME's Electras History of TAME's Color Schemes Portals: Ecuador Companies Aviation vte Airlines of EcuadorPassenger Aeroregional Avianca Ecuador LATAM Ecuador Cargo DHL Ecuador Defunct Austro Aéreo Ecuatoriana de Aviación Equair Icaro Air Línea Aérea Cuencana SAEREO SAETA SAN Ecuador TAME VIP Ecuador vte Companies headquartered in Quito Avianca Ecuador Banco Central del Ecuador Banco Pichincha Banco ProCredit Canal Uno Citibank Ecuador Corporacion Favorita DK Management Services Ecuavisa El Comercio GFK Corporación Hoy La Hora Marathon Sports Movistar Ecuador Petroecuador Produbanco SAEREO TAME Teleamazonas vteMembers of the International Air Transport AssociationAfrica and the Middle East Region Africa World Airlines AfriJet Air Algérie Air Arabia Air Botswana Air Burkina Air Cairo Air Madagascar Air Mauritius Air Peace Air Seychelles Air Tanzania Airlink Allied Air 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Portugália Airlines Poste Air Cargo Privilege Style Qazaq Air Rossiya Airlines RusLine S7 Airlines SATA Air Açores Scandinavian Airlines SCAT Airlines Silk Way West Airlines Smartavia Smartwings Somon Air SunExpress Swiss International Air Lines TAP Air Portugal TAROM TUIfly Turkish Airlines Ukraine International Airlines Ural Airlines Utair Uzbekistan Airways Virgin Atlantic Volotea Vueling Wamos Air White Airways Widerøe World2Fly The Americas Region ABX Air Aerolíneas Argentinas Aeromar Aeroméxico Air Canada Air Transat Alaska Airlines American Airlines Atlas Air Avianca Avianca Costa Rica Avianca Ecuador Avianca El Salvador Azul Brazilian Airlines Bahamasair Boliviana de Aviación Cargojet Caribbean Airlines Copa Airlines Copa Airlines Colombia (Aero República) Cubana de Aviación Delta Air Lines Eastern Airlines FedEx Express Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes Hawaiian Airlines JetBlue LATAM Airlines Group LATAM Brasil LATAM Cargo Brasil LATAM Cargo Chile LATAM Colombia LATAM Ecuador LATAM Paraguay LATAM Perú Mas Air National Airlines Paranair Polar Air Cargo Ravn Alaska Sky Airline United Airlines UPS Airlines Voepass Linhas Aéreas Volaris WestJet	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1,1,1-Tris(aminomethyl)ethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Tris(aminomethyl)ethane"},{"link_name":"Tertiary amyl methyl ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_amyl_methyl_ether"},{"link_name":"flag carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Pichincha Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichincha_Province"},{"link_name":"hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_hub"},{"link_name":"Mariscal Sucre International 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For the fuel additive, see Tertiary amyl methyl ether.TAME or TAME EP Linea Aerea del Ecuador was an airline founded in Ecuador in 1962. TAME (pronounced \"tah-meh\") was the flag carrier and the largest airline of Ecuador. TAME headquarters were in Quito, Pichincha Province and the main hub was Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito. The airline was formed by the Air Force of Ecuador. In 2011, it became a commercial entity and provided domestic, international and charter flights. On May 20, 2020, the Ecuadorean government decided to cease all operations and liquidate the airline.[citation needed]","title":"TAME"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_DC-6B_FAE43266_TAM_Ecuador_MIA_170472_edited-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6B"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAME_Airbus_A320_Ramirez.jpg"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"}],"text":"TAME Douglas DC-6B at Miami in 1972TAME Airbus A320 with old livery at Quito in 2010","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas C-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47"},{"link_name":"noncommissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Esmeraldas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeraldas,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Bahía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Manta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manta,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"DC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"HS-748 Avro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-188 Electras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"The military airline was founded on December 17, 1962, by Luis A. Ortega under Guillermo Freile Posso, both colonels. It was named Transportes Aéreos Militares Ecuatorianos (TAME). At the time, the Air Force required an income source; governmental transport services to remote and difficult to reach parts of Ecuador; and an entity to train pilots. The airline gradually increased in size infrastructure and number of services.On December 4, 1962, Luis A. Ortega, Hector Granja, Eduardo Sandoval, Alfredo Barreiro, Oswaldo Lara, Julio Espinosa, Teodoro Malo and Jose Montesinos made inaugural flights in the Douglas C-47. The pilots held the rank of major and noncommissioned officers worked as flight attendants. The first commercial flight was made by Teodoro Malo on a route from Quito, Esmeraldas, Bahía, Manta, Guayaquil, Cuenca and back to Quito. Initially, TAME made domestic flights using C-47 planes. Gradually, over the next two years, DC-3 and DC-6 planes were added and then in 1970, two HS-748 Avro were acquired.On April 30, 1966, TAME began regular international flights to Havana, Panama and Santiago de Chile.As its business grew, TAME purchased four Lockheed L-188 Electras from Ecuatoriana de Aviación. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, TAME added three Boeing 727-100s. During the mid-1980s and up until 1992, Tame purchased four Boeing 727-200s. In 1986, three Fokker F28 Fellowship 4000s were added. In December 1998, TAME rented a Boeing 757-200.In December 1992, the governments of Ecuador and Colombia signed the \"Frontier Integration Agreement\" establishing a Quito, Esmeraldas (Tachina), Cali, Esmeraldas (Tachina), Quito route. In 1995, TAME offered flights from Quito to Bogotá for Air France passengers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airbus A320s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Airbus A330-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330-200"},{"link_name":"Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_(airline)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Quest Kodiaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Kodiak"},{"link_name":"impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"sub_title":"Development during the 2000s","text":"In 2000, TAME began a long process of fleet renewal beginning with the renting of two Airbus A320s. These planes were delivered at the European Corporation Assemble factory, Toulouse and were renewed in 2008. Also in 2000, the Boeing 727s were retired. TAME found the Embraer 170/190s suited the airline's needs. Over the next two years, two models of the 170 series and one of the 190 series were obtained. On August 25, 2008, one Airbus A319 was obtained and soon after the two Airbus A320s were replaced, completing the fleet renewal.In 2011, Tame changed its legal status to a state-owned company, no longer under the administration of the Ecuadorian Air Force.In 2013, TAME incorporated its first and only Airbus A330-200, formerly of Dubai’s Emirates, to cover flights to New York City. In addition, 3 Quest Kodiaks were incorporated for its subsidiary TAME Amazonía for the routes in the country's Amazon.On May 19, 2020, the Ecuadorean government decided to liquidate the airline and ceased all operations. The airline, which had been struggling for several years, claimed that its difficulties were compounded by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAME_L%C3%ADnea_A%C3%A9rea_del_Ecuador_logo_(1962_-_2009).svg"},{"link_name":"logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"rebranded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebrand"},{"link_name":"palette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_scheme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"TAME logo, 1962 to 2009TAME's colours were blue, light blue, and gold as a decorative element. The original logo, designed by Luis A. Ortega symbolized the flight of a bird with a sun in the background. In 2009, the airline was rebranded with a new logo and colour palette.[1]","title":"Logo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Mariscal Sucre International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariscal_Sucre_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Manta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manta,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Esmeraldas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeraldas,_Ecuador"}],"text":"TAME's hub was in Quito at Mariscal Sucre International Airport. TAME flew internationally to Cali in Colombia and Fort Lauderdale, New York in the United States. The main destinations in Ecuador were Guayaquil, Cuenca, Manta and Esmeraldas.","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EVA Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVA_Air"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"codeshare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeshare"},{"link_name":"Copa Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Codeshare agreements","text":"In 1997, TAME extended its international schedule through an agreement with EVA Air of Taiwan. On December 1, 2010, a codeshare agreement was made with Copa Airlines.[2][3]","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAME_Airbus_A320_(HC-COE)_at_Fort_Lauderdale_%E2%80%93_Hollywood_International_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320-200"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Planespotters-6"}],"sub_title":"Final fleet","text":"TAME Airbus A320-200 wearing the airline's last color scheme.As of March 2020, the TAME fleet comprised the following aircraft:[4][5][6]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Planespotters-6"}],"sub_title":"Historical fleet","text":"Since its foundation, the airline's fleet has grown with the following aircraft:[7][6]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas C-47s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47"},{"link_name":"University of Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"Tumaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumaco"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Tocumen International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocumen_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN060969a-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN060969b-9"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley HS 748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748"},{"link_name":"Loja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loja,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Olmedo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter"},{"link_name":"Zumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumba"},{"link_name":"TAME Flight 173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAME_Flight_173"},{"link_name":"Mariscal Lamar International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariscal_Lamar_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter"},{"link_name":"Loja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loja,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Zumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zumba,_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-188 Electra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra"},{"link_name":"Lago Agrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Agrio"},{"link_name":"Air France Flight 422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_422"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-200"},{"link_name":"El Dorado International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"TAME Flight 120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAME_Flight_120"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-100"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Tulcán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulc%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Cumbal Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbal_Volcano"},{"link_name":"Embraer 190AR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_190AR"},{"link_name":"Loja Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loja_Airport"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Embraer 190AR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_190AR"}],"text":"On September 6, 1969 twelve men and one woman, armed with machine guns, hijacked two TAME Douglas C-47s at Mariscal Sucre Airport. The hijackers shot and killed one crewman and wounded another. The hijackers told the passengers that the hijacking was in retaliation for the deaths of several students during anti-government rioting at the University of Guayaquil in May 1969. Both aircraft flew to Tumaco, Colombia for refueling. One aircraft was left behind as the hijackers continued on to Panama's Tocumen International Airport. After a thirty-minute refueling stop, the aircraft continued to Kingston, Jamaica. After a 71-minute refueling stop, the plane left Kingston at 9 p.m., finally landing in Cuba.[8][9]On January 20, 1976, A TAME Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (registered HC-AUE) crashed while flying over mountainous terrain. The plane was flying at 10,000 feet then struck trees with its right wing, lost control and crashed into the side of a mountain. The plane was en route from Loja to Guayaquil's José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport. Six crew members and 28 passengers died. There were eight survivors.On May 22, 1981, A TAME de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (registered HC-BAX) crashed into a fog-shrouded mountain near Zumba. It was flying in formation with a Beech 200 (HC-BHG), which also crashed into the mountain. Fifteen passengers and three crew members on board died.On July 11, 1983, TAME Flight 173, a Boeing 737-200 crashed while on final approach to Mariscal Lamar International Airport in Cuenca. The crash was caused by the crew's lack of training in the aircraft type. All 119 people on board were killed. This was the most lethal event in the history of Ecuadorian aviation.On November 20, 1984, A TAME de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter crashed into a hill while flying between Loja and Zumba. Twelve passengers and two crew members died.On September 12, 1988, A TAME Lockheed L-188 Electra with registration HC-AZY took off from Lago Agrio airport on a ferry flight to Quito with the \"number 2\" engine inoperative. Immediately after takeoff, the \"number 1\" engine exploded causing the aircraft to veer left and crash. Six crew members and one passenger died.On April 20, 1998, Air France Flight 422, a Boeing 727-200 (registered HC-BSU), crashed into the \"El Cable\" cerro minutes after taking off from Bogota's El Dorado International Airport en route to Quito. In bad weather, the crew failed to execute proper departure procedures. Instead of turning, they flew in a straight line into the hill. Fifty-three passengers and crew members died.On January 28, 2002, TAME Flight 120, a Boeing 727-100 (registered HC-BLF), departed from Quito en route to Tulcán. Several minutes outside Tulcán, the control tower lost contact with the aircraft. The aeroplane collided with the Cumbal Volcano causing the death of all 94 passengers and crew. The crash occurred because the captain flew too fast into the final turn.On September 16, 2011, TAME Flight 148, an Embraer 190AR (registered HC-CEZ) departed from Loja Airport. On takeoff, the plane slid off the runway. All 97 passengers and 6 crew survived.On April 28, 2016, TAME Flight 173 from Quito landed at Cuenca airport in bad weather. The Embraer 190AR (registered HC-COX), slid off the runway. All 87 passengers and 6 crew survived.","title":"Accidents and incidents"}]	[{"image_text":"TAME Douglas DC-6B at Miami in 1972","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Douglas_DC-6B_FAE43266_TAM_Ecuador_MIA_170472_edited-2.jpg/220px-Douglas_DC-6B_FAE43266_TAM_Ecuador_MIA_170472_edited-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"TAME Airbus A320 with old livery at Quito in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/TAME_Airbus_A320_Ramirez.jpg/220px-TAME_Airbus_A320_Ramirez.jpg"},{"image_text":"TAME logo, 1962 to 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/TAME_L%C3%ADnea_A%C3%A9rea_del_Ecuador_logo_%281962_-_2009%29.svg/220px-TAME_L%C3%ADnea_A%C3%A9rea_del_Ecuador_logo_%281962_-_2009%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"TAME Airbus A320-200 wearing the airline's last color scheme.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/TAME_Airbus_A320_%28HC-COE%29_at_Fort_Lauderdale_%E2%80%93_Hollywood_International_Airport.jpg/220px-TAME_Airbus_A320_%28HC-COE%29_at_Fort_Lauderdale_%E2%80%93_Hollywood_International_Airport.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Ecuatoriana de Aviación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuatoriana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n"},{"title":"List of defunct airlines of Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Ecuador"}]	[{"reference":"\"Global Airline Guide 2019 (Part One)\". Airliner World (October 2019): 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TAME Fleet Details and History\". Planespotters.net. Retrieved January 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planespotters.net/airline/TAME","url_text":"\"TAME Fleet Details and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"TAME fleet\". aerobernie.bplaced.net. Retrieved February 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://aerobernie.bplaced.net/TAME.html","url_text":"\"TAME fleet\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22TAME%22","external_links_name":"\"TAME\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22TAME%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22TAME%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22TAME%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22TAME%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22TAME%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.tamemillas.com.ec/","external_links_name":"TAME Millas"},{"Link":"http://www.tame.com.ec/","external_links_name":"www.tame.com.ec"},{"Link":"http://aerospotter.blogspot.com/2009/08/tame-nuevo-avion-nueva-imagen.html","external_links_name":"Roll out: TAME Nuevo avion Nueva imagen"},{"Link":"http://www.eluniverso.com/2010/11/10/1/1356/tame-entra-mercado-panameno.html","external_links_name":"TAME enters the Panamanian market"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=es&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=es&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniverso.com%2F2010%2F11%2F10%2F1%2F1356%2Ftame-entra-mercado-panameno.html","external_links_name":"TAME enters the Panamanian market"},{"Link":"https://www.airfleets.net/flottecie/TAME.htm","external_links_name":"Airfleets\|Accessed August 2018"},{"Link":"https://www.planespotters.net/airline/TAME","external_links_name":"\"TAME Fleet Details and History\""},{"Link":"http://aerobernie.bplaced.net/TAME.html","external_links_name":"\"TAME fleet\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=1969096-3","external_links_name":"Hijacking description"},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690906-4","external_links_name":"Hijacking description"},{"Link":"http://www.tame.com.ec/index.php?lang=en","external_links_name":"TAME"},{"Link":"http://www.tame.com.ec/","external_links_name":"TAME"},{"Link":"http://www.tamevirtual.org/","external_links_name":"TAME Virtual"},{"Link":"http://www.ch-aviation.ch/aircraft.php?search=set&airline=EQ&al_op=1","external_links_name":"TAME Fleet"},{"Link":"http://www.laahs.com/artman/publish/article_112.shtml","external_links_name":"History of TAME's Electras"},{"Link":"http://www.laahs.com/artman/publish/article_63.shtml","external_links_name":"History of TAME's Color Schemes"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyaysan_Savitskaya	Lyaysan Savitskaya	["1 Coaching career","2 Notable students","3 References","4 External links"]	Russian gymnastics coach Lyaysan SavitskayaBorn (1972-12-07) December 7, 1972 (age 51)Krasnodar, RSFSR, USSROccupationRhythmic Gymnastics coachKnown forRussian rhythmic gymnastics trainerChildren2 Lyaysan Savitskaya (Russian: Ляйсан Савицкая; born December 7, 1972, in Krasnodar, RSFSR, Soviet Union) is an honored Master of Sports coach of Russia in Rhythmic gymnastics. Coaching career Savitskaya has a degree in higher physical education and completed her degree at the Kuban State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism. She also works as a gym teacher at Grammar school 4 No 9 in Kazan. Notable students Lala Kramarenko - 2018 European Junior Ball and Ribbon champion, two-time Russian Junior National all-around champion Polina Shmatko - 2016 European Junior Clubs and Ball champion, 2018 European Junior Hoop champion References ^ "СШОР по художественной гимнастике". mgfso. External links Lyaysan Savitskaya on Instagram Lyaysan Savitskaya MGFSO vfrg Coaches Lyaysan Savitskaya vk This biographical article relating to a Russian sportsperson is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to rhythmic gymnastics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Krasnodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnodar"},{"link_name":"RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSFSR"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics"}],"text":"Lyaysan Savitskaya (Russian: Ляйсан Савицкая; born December 7, 1972, in Krasnodar, RSFSR, Soviet Union) is an honored Master of Sports coach of Russia in Rhythmic gymnastics.","title":"Lyaysan Savitskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Savitskaya has a degree in higher physical education and completed her degree at the Kuban State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism. She also works as a gym teacher at Grammar school 4 No 9 in Kazan.[1]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lala Kramarenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala_Kramarenko"},{"link_name":"Polina Shmatko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polina_Shmatko"}],"text":"Lala Kramarenko - 2018 European Junior Ball and Ribbon champion, two-time Russian Junior National all-around champion\nPolina Shmatko - 2016 European Junior Clubs and Ball champion, 2018 European Junior Hoop champion","title":"Notable students"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"СШОР по художественной гимнастике\". mgfso.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mgfso.ru/savickaya-lyaysan","url_text":"\"СШОР по художественной гимнастике\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.mgfso.ru/savickaya-lyaysan","external_links_name":"\"СШОР по художественной гимнастике\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/liaisansavitskaia/","external_links_name":"Lyaysan Savitskaya"},{"Link":"http://www.mgfso.ru/savickaya-lyaysan","external_links_name":"Lyaysan Savitskaya MGFSO"},{"Link":"http://vfrg.ru/coaches/","external_links_name":"vfrg Coaches"},{"Link":"https://vk.com/id168354437","external_links_name":"Lyaysan Savitskaya vk"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyaysan_Savitskaya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyaysan_Savitskaya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_B._Zuck	Roy B. Zuck	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Death","4 References"]	Christian educator and author (1932–2013) Roy B. Zuck (born January 20, 1932, Phoenix, Arizona – March 16, 2013) was a Christian educator and author. He served as the editor of the theological journal Bibliotheca Sacra from 1986 to 2013. Early life and education Roy was born January 20, 1932, and raised in Phoenix, Arizona. He had a bachelor of arts from Biola University in California, and a Th.M. from Dallas Theological Seminary in Texas (1957). Roy B. Zuck also earned a Doctor of Theology degree from Dallas in 1961. He also attended Northern Illinois University and North Texas State University in the 1970s. Career Zuck was listed in Outstanding Young Men in America (1965), National Register of Prominent Americans (1987), Who's Who in Texas Today (1987), Who's Who in American Education (1991–92), Who's Who in the South and Southwest (1992), National Directory of Distinguished Leadership (1994), and Who's Who Among American Teachers (2000). In 1970, Zuck was named the Alumnus of the Year at Biola University. He has also been a member of the Board of Directors of TEAM, The Evangelical Alliance Mission (1968–95, 1996–99). Death Zuck died on March 16, 2013, at age 81. He was married to a wife who predeceased him, and he was father to two children. References ^ a b c Tiansay, Eric. "Kregel Author Roy B. Zuck Dies". charismanews.com. Retrieved 29 June 2016. ^ a b "A Tribute to Dr. Roy B. Zuck (1932–2013)". dts.edu. Retrieved 2016-06-29. ^ a b c "Talbot School of Theology ›". talbot.edu. Retrieved 29 June 2016. ^ Zuck, Roy (1963). The Holy Spirit in your Teaching. Weaton: Scripture Press Publications, Inc. pp. Back Cover of Book. LCCN 63-21391. vteDallas Theological SeminaryPresidents Lewis Sperry Chafer John Walvoord Donald K. Campbell Chuck Swindoll Mark Bailey Mark M. Yarbrough FacultyFounding William M. Anderson, Jr. Antonio H. Perpetuo A. B. Winchester Former Kenneth L. Barker Craig A. Blaising Warren S. Benson Paul P. Enns Arthur L. Farstad Kenneth O. Gangel Norman L. Geisler Gene A. Getz Everett F. Harrison Howard Hendricks Zane C. Hodges Harold Hoehner Harry A. Ironside S. Lewis Johnson Robert P. Lightner Eugene Merrill George W. Peters J. Dwight Pentecost Haddon Robinson Charles Caldwell Ryrie Merrill Unger Bruce Waltke Roy B. Zuck Present Darrell L. Bock Buist M. Fanning John D. Hannah W. Hall Harris III H. Wayne House David Klingler Daniel B. Wallace Publications Bibliotheca Sacra (BibSac) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Bibliotheca Sacra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Sacra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribute-2"}],"text":"Roy B. Zuck (born January 20, 1932, Phoenix, Arizona – March 16, 2013) was a Christian educator and author.[1] He served as the editor of the theological journal Bibliotheca Sacra from 1986 to 2013.[2]","title":"Roy B. Zuck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribute-2"},{"link_name":"Biola University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola_University"},{"link_name":"Th.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th.M."},{"link_name":"Dallas Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talbot.edu-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Northern Illinois University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University"},{"link_name":"North Texas State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Texas_State_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talbot.edu-3"}],"text":"Roy was born January 20, 1932, and raised in Phoenix, Arizona.[2] He had a bachelor of arts from Biola University in California, and a Th.M. from Dallas Theological Seminary in Texas (1957).[3] Roy B. Zuck also earned a Doctor of Theology degree from Dallas in 1961.[4] He also attended Northern Illinois University and North Texas State University in the 1970s.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talbot.edu-3"}],"text":"Zuck was listed in Outstanding Young Men in America (1965), National Register of Prominent Americans (1987), Who's Who in Texas Today (1987), Who's Who in American Education (1991–92), Who's Who in the South and Southwest (1992), National Directory of Distinguished Leadership (1994), and Who's Who Among American Teachers (2000). In 1970, Zuck was named the Alumnus of the Year at Biola University. He has also been a member of the Board of Directors of TEAM, The Evangelical Alliance Mission (1968–95, 1996–99).[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"Zuck died on March 16, 2013, at age 81.[1] He was married to a wife who predeceased him, and he was father to two children.[1]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tiansay, Eric. \"Kregel Author Roy B. Zuck Dies\". charismanews.com. Retrieved 29 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charismanews.com/us/39060-kregel-author-roy-b-zuck-dies","url_text":"\"Kregel Author Roy B. Zuck Dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Tribute to Dr. Roy B. Zuck (1932–2013)\". dts.edu. Retrieved 2016-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://voice.dts.edu/article/roy-zuck-tribute/","url_text":"\"A Tribute to Dr. Roy B. Zuck (1932–2013)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talbot School of Theology ›\". talbot.edu. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_factors	Contingency theory	["1 History","2 Contingency approaches","3 Stakeholders","4 Support of Contingency Theory","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Model of organization and history; holds there is no one "best" plan except in the moment For contingency theory in biology, see Wonderful life theory. A contingency theory is an organizational theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. Contingent leaders are flexible in choosing and adapting to succinct strategies to suit change in situation at a particular period in time in the running of the organization. History The contingency approach to leadership was influenced by two earlier research programs endeavoring to pinpoint effective leadership behavior. During the 1950s, researchers at Ohio State University administered extensive questionnaires measuring a range of possible leader behaviors in various organizational contexts. Although multiple sets of leadership behaviors were originally identified based on these questionnaires, two types of behaviors proved to be especially typical of effective leaders: (1) consideration leader behaviors that include building good rapport and interpersonal relationships and showing support and concern for subordinates and (2) initiating structure leader behaviors that provided structure (e.g., role assignment, planning, scheduling) to ensure task completion and goal attainment. About the same time, investigators from the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center conducted interviews and distributed questionnaires in organizations and collected measures of group productivity to assess effective leadership behaviors. The leadership behavior categories that emerged from the University of Chicago were similar to the consideration and initiating structure behaviors identified by the Ohio State studies. The University of Michigan investigators, however, termed these leadership behaviors relation-oriented behavior and task-oriented behavior. This line of research was later extended by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964 to suggest that effective leaders score high on both these behaviors. They suggested that previous theories such as Weber's bureaucracy and, Taylor's scientific management had failed because they neglected that management style and organizational structure were influenced by various aspects of the environment: the contingency factors. There could not be "one best way" for leadership or organization. Historically, contingency theory has sought to formulate broad generalizations about the formal structures that are typically associated with or best fit the use of different technologies. The perspective originated with the work of Joan Woodward (1958), who argued that technologies directly determine differences in such organizational attributes as span of control, centralization of authority, and the formalization of rules and procedure. Contingency approaches In Fiedler’s piece from 1993, he describes how two main factors contribute to effective or successful leadership and points them out as “the personality of the leader and the degree to which the situation gives the leader power, control and influence over the situation” (p. 333-334). Leadership personality can be broken up into two main motivation schools of thought for leaders. Leaders can be task motivated or relationship motivated. The way that Fiedler suggests individuals determine their motivation preference is through the Least Preferred Co-Worker Score or LPC. The second aspect that Fielder says determines success is the specific situation and the degree to which the leader feels in control of the outcome of their actions. Gareth Morgan in his book Images of Organization summarized the main ideas underlying contingency: Organizations are open systems that need careful management to satisfy and balance internal needs and to adapt to environmental circumstances There is not one best way of organizing. The appropriate form depends on the kind of task or environment one is dealing with. Management must be concerned, above all else, with achieving alignments and good fits Different types or specifics of organizations are needed in different types of environments Fred Fiedler's contingency model focused on a contingency model of leadership in organizations. This model contains the relationship between leadership style and the favorable-ness of the situation. Fielder developed a metric to measure a leader's style called the Least Preferred Co-worker. The test consists of 16-22 items they are to rate on a scale of one to eight as they think of a co-worker they had the most difficulty working with. A high score indicates the test taker is relational in style and a low score indicates the test taker is more task orientated in style. Situational favorable-ness was described by Fiedler in terms of three empirically derived dimensions: Leader-member relationship – high if the leader is generally accepted and respected by followers Degree of task structure – high if the task is very structured Leader's position power – high if a great deal of authority and power are formally attributed to the leader's position Situations are favorable to the leader if all three of these dimensions are high. How to apply Fiedler’s Contingency Model: Understand your leadership style - this information can be obtained by completing a Least-Preferred Co-Worker Scale. Low LPC indicates a task-oriented leader and high LPC indicates a relationship-oriented leader Understand your situation - you have to describe your situation using the empirically derived dimensions Decide which leadership style is best - this is mostly determined by which characteristics of a certain situation are low, unstructured, or poor, so the best fit leader can come in and make that characteristic better in that circumstance William Richard Scott describes contingency theory in the following manner: "The best way to organize depends on the nature of the environment to which the organization must relate". The work of other researchers including Paul R. Lawrence, Jay Lorsch, and James D. Thompson complements this statement. They are more interested in the impact of contingency factors on organizational structure. Their structural contingency theory was the dominant paradigm of organizational structural theories for most of the 1970s. A major empirical test was furnished by Johannes M Pennings who examined the interaction between environmental uncertainty, organization structure and various aspects of performance. Pennings carried out an empirical study on a sample of retail brokerage offices in which aspects of their market environment such as competitiveness, change and munificence, versus organizational arrangements such as decision making templates, power distribution were juxtaposed for possible implications for performance. While structural attributes of offices strongly impacted performance, the evidence for "contingency" was less pronounced. It can be concluded that there is ‘no one best way’ or approach in management or doing things, different situation calls for different approach to handle, manage, and solve the arising issue concerned. Management and organization is an ‘Open system’, which embrace anomalies or challenges every now and then, which requires ‘adaptable’ and ‘situational’ solution in order to overcome or solve the problem or issue concerned. Other situational or contingency factors are ‘changes in customer demand for goods and services, change in government policy or law, change in environment or climate change, and so forth. Stakeholders Main article: Stakeholder theory Contingency theory has briefly been mentioned within the context of the larger scope of stakeholder theory. There are numerous ways to approach stakeholder theory, taking into account the various factors that increase the chances of corporate or organizational livelihood. In order to do so, what is of relevance is to consider the various inflection points that different stakeholder interests may (or may not) pose. As a result, there exists a strategic contingency to stakeholder management. Numerous interests may either conflict or else agree however yet may aim in different directions, and as such are context to complexity in the pursuit of organizational objectives as well as the fulfillment of purpose itself. As organizations seek to balance different perspectives among stakeholder interests, what is of importance to analyze is the varying aspects of what makes a stakeholder relevant. Since there is a contingent dimension to stakeholder interests, influence may be weighted against some internal order of relevance, as decided by the model of governance in action. The model may be more or less arbitrary depending on a number of factors such as level of criticality between the shareholders in question, management style or styles, as well as the moderating role of external influences. Context is also applied to whether stakeholders are classified as internal or external. Normative aspects of what ought to make a good decision-making model may also be considered. Research is extensive on what constitutes a good stakeholder strategy with numerous claims and marginal levels of consensus and therefore can be said to be a contingent research area itself. Actors must therefore choose from a wide array of alternatives when considering what is the best model for stakeholder management in a particular situation, so as to facilitate the sustained efforts and performance of organization, financially as well as looking at the broader scope of organizational objectives with a holistic view. Support of Contingency Theory The first major strength of the contingency theory is that it has the support of an abundance of empirical research (Peters, Hartke, & Pohlman, 1985; Strube & Garcia 1981). This is critical as it proves that the theory is reliable, based on various trials and research. The contingency theory is also beneficial as it widened our understanding of leadership, by persuading individuals to consider the various impacts of situations on leaders. Another strength of the contingency theory is its predictive nature that provides an understanding to the types of leaders that will be most effective in specific situations. This theory is also helpful, as it suggests that leaders do not have to be effective in all situations and that there are specific scenarios in which a leader might not be the perfect fit. The last major advantage of the contingency theory is that it provides concrete data on leadership styles, that is applicable to organizations developing their own leadership profiles. See also History of contingency theories of leadership Leadership Three levels of leadership model Trait leadership Leadership style Outline of organizational theory Notes ^ Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (pp. 333-345). ^ Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (p. 334). ^ Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (p. 334). ^ Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (pp. 334-335). ^ Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (pp. 335). ^ The Contingency Model--New Directions for Leadership Utilization, Journal of Contemporary Business, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn 1978) pg 65-80 ^ Fiedler, Fred E., (1993). The Contingency Model: New directions for leadership utilization. In. Matteson and Ivancevich (Ed’s.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics. ^ Scott, W.R. (1981). Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall Inc. ISBN 9780136419778. ^ The Relevance of the Structural-Contingency Model for Organizational Effectiveness Author(s): Johannes M. Pennings Source: Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 3, (Sep., 1975), pp. 393–410 ^ E. Friedberg (1997): Local Orders. The Dynamics of Organized Action. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. See chapter 6. ^ Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2012). Principles of Public Administration: Malaysian Perspectives. Kuala Lumpur: Pearson Publishers. ISBN 978-967-349-233-6 ^ Zattoni, Alessandro (2011). "Who Should Control a Corporation? Toward a Contingency Stakeholder Model for Allocating Ownership Rights". Journal of Business Ethics. 103 (2): 255–274. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0864-3. S2CID 155081972. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ Brouthers, Keith D.; Gelderman, Maarten; Arens, Patrick (2007). "The Influence of Ownership on Performance: Stakeholder and Strategic Contingency Perspectives". Schmalenbach Business Review. 59 (3): 225–242. doi:10.1007/BF03396749. S2CID 166700628. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ Gupta, Amit (1995). "A stakeholder analysis approach for interorganizational systems". Industrial Management & Data Systems. 95 (6): 3–7. doi:10.1108/02635579510091269. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ "Toward a Contingency Theory Of Stakeholder Relevance and the Stakeholder Mapping Process". Angelo State University Library. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ Northouse, Peter (2007). "Contingency Theory". Leadership: theory and practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishing. pp. 74–87. References Burns, T., Stalker, G. M., (1961): The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock. Chandler Jr., A.D., (1962): Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press Crozier, M., Friedberg, E., (1980): Actors and Systems: The Politics of Collective Action. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Jeong, Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina, Nawi (2012) Principles of Public Administration: Malaysian Perspectives, Kuala Lumpur: Pearson Publishers. Lawrence, P.R., Lorsch, J.W., (1967): Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Luthans, F., (2011) Twelfth Edition, Organisational Behavior, Tata McGraw Hill Mintzberg, H., (1979): The Structuring of Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall Morgan, G. (2007) Images of organization, Thousand Oaks: Sage Perrow, C., (1967) "A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Organizations". In: American Sociological Review, 32 No 2, 194–208 Seyranian, Viviane. "Contingency Theories of Leadership", Encyclopedia of Group Processes & Intergroup Relations edited by John M. Levine and Michael A. Hogg. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE, 2009. 152–56. SAGE Reference Online. Web. 30 Jan. 2012. Thompson, J. D., (1967): Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill Woodward, J., (1958): Management and Technology. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office Woodward, J., (1965): Industrial organization: Theory and practice. New York: Oxford University Press Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (pp. 333–345). Further reading Fiedler, F. E. (1964). A theory of leadership effectiveness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press. Fiedler, F. E. (1986) "The contribution of cognitive resources to leadership performance", Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16: 532–545. Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. H. (1969) "An introduction to situational leadership", Training and Development Journal 23: 26–34. House, R. J. (1996) "Path–goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory", Leadership 7: 323–352. Jeong, Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina, Nawi. (2012). Principles of Public Administration: Malaysian Perspectives. Kuala Lumpur:poi son Publishers. Kerr, S. and Jermier, J. M. (1978) "Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 22: 375–403. Kim, H. and Yukl, G. (1995) "Relationships of managerial effectiveness and advancement to self-reported and subordinate-reported leadership behaviors from the multiple-linkage model", Leadership Quarterly, vol. 6 (1995). pp. 361–377. Pratono, A.H. (2016) "Strategic orientation and information technological turbulence: Contingency perspective in SMEs", Business Process Management Journal 22: 368–382. Vroom, V. H. and Jago, A. G. (1995) "Situation effects and levels of analysis in the study of leader participation", Leadership Quarterly 6: 169–181. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Contingency theory. Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wonderful life theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful_life_theory"},{"link_name":"organizational theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_theory"},{"link_name":"make decisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making"}],"text":"For contingency theory in biology, see Wonderful life theory.A contingency theory is an organizational theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation.\nContingent leaders are flexible in choosing and adapting to succinct strategies to suit change in situation at a particular period in time in the running of the organization.","title":"Contingency theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"group productivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_productivity&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber"},{"link_name":"bureaucracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor"},{"link_name":"scientific management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_management"},{"link_name":"Joan Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Woodward"}],"text":"The contingency approach to leadership was influenced by two earlier research programs endeavoring to pinpoint effective leadership behavior. During the 1950s, researchers at Ohio State University administered extensive questionnaires measuring a range of possible leader behaviors in various organizational contexts. Although multiple sets of leadership behaviors were originally identified based on these questionnaires, two types of behaviors proved to be especially typical of effective leaders: (1) consideration leader behaviors that include building good rapport and interpersonal relationships and showing support and concern for subordinates and (2) initiating structure leader behaviors that provided structure (e.g., role assignment, planning, scheduling) to ensure task completion and goal attainment.About the same time, investigators from the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center conducted interviews and distributed questionnaires in organizations and collected measures of group productivity to assess effective leadership behaviors. The leadership behavior categories that emerged from the University of Chicago were similar to the consideration and initiating structure behaviors identified by the Ohio State studies. The University of Michigan investigators, however, termed these leadership behaviors relation-oriented behavior and task-oriented behavior. This line of research was later extended by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964 to suggest that effective leaders score high on both these behaviors.They suggested that previous theories such as Weber's bureaucracy and, Taylor's scientific management had failed because they neglected that management style and organizational structure were influenced by various aspects of the environment: the contingency factors. There could not be \"one best way\" for leadership or organization.Historically, contingency theory has sought to formulate broad generalizations about the formal structures that are typically associated with or best fit the use of different technologies. The perspective originated with the work of Joan Woodward (1958), who argued that technologies directly determine differences in such organizational attributes as span of control, centralization of authority, and the formalization of rules and procedure.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiedler’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Fiedler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"task motivated or relationship motivated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task-oriented_and_relationship-oriented_leadership"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gareth Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Morgan_(business_theorist)"},{"link_name":"Images of Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_of_Organization"},{"link_name":"Fred Fiedler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Fiedler"},{"link_name":"contingency model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiedler_contingency_model"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"William Richard Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richard_Scott"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Paul R. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Jay Lorsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Lorsch"},{"link_name":"James D. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Thompson"},{"link_name":"structural contingency theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_contingency_theory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ibrahim,_2012-11"}],"text":"In Fiedler’s piece from 1993, he describes how two main factors contribute to effective or successful leadership and points them out as “the personality of the leader and the degree to which the situation gives the leader power, control and influence over the situation” (p. 333-334).[1] Leadership personality can be broken up into two main motivation schools of thought for leaders.[2] Leaders can be task motivated or relationship motivated.[3] The way that Fiedler suggests individuals determine their motivation preference is through the Least Preferred Co-Worker Score or LPC.[4] The second aspect that Fielder says determines success is the specific situation and the degree to which the leader feels in control of the outcome of their actions.[5]Gareth Morgan in his book Images of Organization summarized the main ideas underlying contingency:Organizations are open systems that need careful management to satisfy and balance internal needs and to adapt to environmental circumstances\nThere is not one best way of organizing. The appropriate form depends on the kind of task or environment one is dealing with.\nManagement must be concerned, above all else, with achieving alignments and good fits\nDifferent types or specifics of organizations are needed in different types of environmentsFred Fiedler's contingency model focused on a contingency model of leadership in organizations. This model contains the relationship between leadership style and the favorable-ness of the situation. Fielder developed a metric to measure a leader's style called the Least Preferred Co-worker.[6] The test consists of 16-22 items they are to rate on a scale of one to eight as they think of a co-worker they had the most difficulty working with. A high score indicates the test taker is relational in style and a low score indicates the test taker is more task orientated in style. Situational favorable-ness was described by Fiedler in terms of three empirically derived dimensions:Leader-member relationship – high if the leader is generally accepted and respected by followers\nDegree of task structure – high if the task is very structured\nLeader's position power – high if a great deal of authority and power are formally attributed to the leader's positionSituations are favorable to the leader if all three of these dimensions are high.How to apply Fiedler’s Contingency Model:Understand your leadership style - this information can be obtained by completing a Least-Preferred Co-Worker Scale. Low LPC indicates a task-oriented leader and high LPC indicates a relationship-oriented leader\nUnderstand your situation - you have to describe your situation using the empirically derived dimensions\nDecide which leadership style is best - this is mostly determined by which characteristics of a certain situation are low, unstructured, or poor, so the best fit leader can come in and make that characteristic better in that circumstance [7]William Richard Scott describes contingency theory in the following manner: \"The best way to organize depends on the nature of the environment to which the organization must relate\".[8] The work of other researchers including Paul R. Lawrence, Jay Lorsch, and James D. Thompson complements this statement. They are more interested in the impact of contingency factors on organizational structure. Their structural contingency theory was the dominant paradigm of organizational structural theories for most of the 1970s. A major empirical test was furnished by Johannes M Pennings who examined the interaction between environmental uncertainty, organization structure and various aspects of performance. Pennings carried out an empirical study on a sample of retail brokerage offices in which aspects of their market environment such as competitiveness, change and munificence, versus organizational arrangements such as decision making templates, power distribution were juxtaposed for possible implications for performance. While structural attributes of offices strongly impacted performance, the evidence for \"contingency\" was less pronounced.[9]It can be concluded that there is ‘no one best way’ or approach in management or doing things, different situation calls for different approach to handle, manage, and solve the arising issue concerned.[10] Management and organization is an ‘Open system’, which embrace anomalies or challenges every now and then, which requires ‘adaptable’ and ‘situational’ solution in order to overcome or solve the problem or issue concerned.[11] Other situational or contingency factors are ‘changes in customer demand for goods and services, change in government policy or law, change in environment or climate change, and so forth.","title":"Contingency approaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"decision-making model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making_models"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Contingency theory has briefly been mentioned within the context of the larger scope of stakeholder theory. There are numerous ways to approach stakeholder theory, taking into account the various factors that increase the chances of corporate or organizational livelihood.[12] In order to do so, what is of relevance is to consider the various inflection points that different stakeholder interests may (or may not) pose. As a result, there exists a strategic contingency to stakeholder management. Numerous interests may either conflict or else agree however yet may aim in different directions, and as such are context to complexity in the pursuit of organizational objectives as well as the fulfillment of purpose itself.[13]As organizations seek to balance different perspectives among stakeholder interests, what is of importance to analyze is the varying aspects of what makes a stakeholder relevant. Since there is a contingent dimension to stakeholder interests, influence may be weighted against some internal order of relevance, as decided by the model of governance in action. The model may be more or less arbitrary depending on a number of factors such as level of criticality between the shareholders in question, management style or styles, as well as the moderating role of external influences.Context is also applied to whether stakeholders are classified as internal or external. Normative aspects of what ought to make a good decision-making model may also be considered. Research is extensive on what constitutes a good stakeholder strategy with numerous claims and marginal levels of consensus and therefore can be said to be a contingent research area itself. Actors must therefore choose from a wide array of alternatives when considering what is the best model for stakeholder management in a particular situation, so as to facilitate the sustained efforts and performance of organization, financially as well as looking at the broader scope of organizational objectives with a holistic view.[14][15]","title":"Stakeholders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The first major strength of the contingency theory is that it has the support of an abundance of empirical research (Peters, Hartke, & Pohlman, 1985; Strube & Garcia 1981). This is critical as it proves that the theory is reliable, based on various trials and research. The contingency theory is also beneficial as it widened our understanding of leadership, by persuading individuals to consider the various impacts of situations on leaders. Another strength of the contingency theory is its predictive nature that provides an understanding to the types of leaders that will be most effective in specific situations. This theory is also helpful, as it suggests that leaders do not have to be effective in all situations and that there are specific scenarios in which a leader might not be the perfect fit. The last major advantage of the contingency theory is that it provides concrete data on leadership styles, that is applicable to organizations developing their own leadership profiles.[16]","title":"Support of Contingency Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/organizationsrat00scot"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780136419778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780136419778"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"E. Friedberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Friedberg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ibrahim,_2012_11-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-967-349-233-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-349-233-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Who Should Control a Corporation? Toward a Contingency Stakeholder Model for Allocating Ownership Rights\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-011-0864-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s10551-011-0864-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-011-0864-3"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"155081972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155081972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"The Influence of Ownership on Performance: Stakeholder and Strategic Contingency Perspectives\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03396749"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF03396749","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03396749"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"166700628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166700628"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"A stakeholder analysis approach for interorganizational systems\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02635579510091269/full/html"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1108/02635579510091269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1108%2F02635579510091269"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Toward a Contingency Theory Of Stakeholder Relevance and the Stakeholder Mapping Process\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//asu-ir.tdl.org/handle/2346.1/30690"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"}],"text":"^ Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (pp. 333-345).\n\n^ Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (p. 334).\n\n^ Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (p. 334).\n\n^ Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (pp. 334-335).\n\n^ Fiedler, F. E. (1993). The contingency model: New directions for leadership utilization. In Matteson and Ivancevich (Eds.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (pp. 335).\n\n^ The Contingency Model--New Directions for Leadership Utilization, Journal of Contemporary Business, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn 1978) pg 65-80\n\n^ Fiedler, Fred E., (1993). The Contingency Model: New directions for leadership utilization. In. Matteson and Ivancevich (Ed’s.), Management and Organizational Behavior Classics.\n\n^ Scott, W.R. (1981). Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall Inc. ISBN 9780136419778.\n\n^ The Relevance of the Structural-Contingency Model for Organizational Effectiveness Author(s): Johannes M. Pennings Source: Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 3, (Sep., 1975), pp. 393–410\n\n^ E. Friedberg (1997): Local Orders. The Dynamics of Organized Action. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. See chapter 6.\n\n^ Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2012). Principles of Public Administration: Malaysian Perspectives. Kuala Lumpur: Pearson Publishers. ISBN 978-967-349-233-6\n\n^ Zattoni, Alessandro (2011). \"Who Should Control a Corporation? Toward a Contingency Stakeholder Model for Allocating Ownership Rights\". Journal of Business Ethics. 103 (2): 255–274. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0864-3. S2CID 155081972. Retrieved 26 March 2023.\n\n^ Brouthers, Keith D.; Gelderman, Maarten; Arens, Patrick (2007). \"The Influence of Ownership on Performance: Stakeholder and Strategic Contingency Perspectives\". Schmalenbach Business Review. 59 (3): 225–242. doi:10.1007/BF03396749. S2CID 166700628. Retrieved 26 March 2023.\n\n^ Gupta, Amit (1995). \"A stakeholder analysis approach for interorganizational systems\". Industrial Management & Data Systems. 95 (6): 3–7. doi:10.1108/02635579510091269. Retrieved 26 March 2023.\n\n^ \"Toward a Contingency Theory Of Stakeholder Relevance and the Stakeholder Mapping Process\". Angelo State University Library. Retrieved 26 March 2023.\n\n^ Northouse, Peter (2007). \"Contingency Theory\". Leadership: theory and practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishing. pp. 74–87.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Social_Psychology"},{"link_name":"Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_(journal)"}],"text":"Fiedler, F. E. (1964). A theory of leadership effectiveness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press.\nFiedler, F. E. (1986) \"The contribution of cognitive resources to leadership performance\", Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16: 532–545.\nHersey, P. and Blanchard, K. H. (1969) \"An introduction to situational leadership\", Training and Development Journal 23: 26–34.\nHouse, R. J. (1996) \"Path–goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory\", Leadership 7: 323–352.\nJeong, Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina, Nawi. (2012). Principles of Public Administration: Malaysian Perspectives. Kuala Lumpur:poison Publishers.Kerr, S. and Jermier, J. M. (1978) \"Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement\", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 22: 375–403.\nKim, H. and Yukl, G. (1995) \"Relationships of managerial effectiveness and advancement to self-reported and subordinate-reported leadership behaviors from the multiple-linkage model\", Leadership Quarterly, vol. 6 (1995). pp. 361–377.\nPratono, A.H. (2016) \"Strategic orientation and information technological turbulence: Contingency perspective in SMEs\", Business Process Management Journal 22: 368–382.\nVroom, V. H. and Jago, A. G. (1995) \"Situation effects and levels of analysis in the study of leader participation\", Leadership Quarterly 6: 169–181.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"History of contingency theories of leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_contingency_theories_of_leadership"},{"title":"Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"title":"Three levels of leadership model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_levels_of_leadership_model"},{"title":"Trait leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_leadership"},{"title":"Leadership style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_style"},{"title":"Outline of organizational theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_organizational_theory"}]	[{"reference":"Scott, W.R. (1981). Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall Inc. ISBN 9780136419778.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/organizationsrat00scot","url_text":"Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780136419778","url_text":"9780136419778"}]},{"reference":"Zattoni, Alessandro (2011). \"Who Should Control a Corporation? Toward a Contingency Stakeholder Model for Allocating Ownership Rights\". Journal of Business Ethics. 103 (2): 255–274. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0864-3. S2CID 155081972. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-011-0864-3","url_text":"\"Who Should Control a Corporation? Toward a Contingency Stakeholder Model for Allocating Ownership Rights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-011-0864-3","url_text":"10.1007/s10551-011-0864-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155081972","url_text":"155081972"}]},{"reference":"Brouthers, Keith D.; Gelderman, Maarten; Arens, Patrick (2007). \"The Influence of Ownership on Performance: Stakeholder and Strategic Contingency Perspectives\". Schmalenbach Business Review. 59 (3): 225–242. doi:10.1007/BF03396749. S2CID 166700628. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03396749","url_text":"\"The Influence of Ownership on Performance: Stakeholder and Strategic Contingency Perspectives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03396749","url_text":"10.1007/BF03396749"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166700628","url_text":"166700628"}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Amit (1995). \"A stakeholder analysis approach for interorganizational systems\". Industrial Management & Data Systems. 95 (6): 3–7. doi:10.1108/02635579510091269. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02635579510091269/full/html","url_text":"\"A stakeholder analysis approach for interorganizational systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1108%2F02635579510091269","url_text":"10.1108/02635579510091269"}]},{"reference":"\"Toward a Contingency Theory Of Stakeholder Relevance and the Stakeholder Mapping Process\". Angelo State University Library. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://asu-ir.tdl.org/handle/2346.1/30690","url_text":"\"Toward a Contingency Theory Of Stakeholder Relevance and the Stakeholder Mapping Process\""}]},{"reference":"Northouse, Peter (2007). \"Contingency Theory\". Leadership: theory and practice. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefansson	Stefansson	[]	Stefansson or Stefánsson is a surname of Icelandic or Swedish origin, meaning son of Stefán. In Icelandic names, the name is not strictly a surname, but a patronymic. The name may refer to: Baldur R. Stefansson (1917–2002), Canadian agricultural scientist; known as the Father of Canola Davíð Stefánsson (1895–1964), Icelandic poet Hannes Stefánsson (born 1972), Icelandic chess grandmaster Hermann Stefánsson (born 1968), Icelandic author Ívar Stefánsson (1927–2009), Icelandic cross-country skier Janne Stefansson (born 1935), Swedish Olympic cross-country skier Jón Arnór Stefánsson (born 1982), Icelandic professional basketball player Jón Kalman Stefánsson (born 1963), Icelandic author Kári Stefánsson (born 1949), Icelandic physician and professor of neurology; co-founder of deCODE Genetics Ólafur Stefánsson (born 1973), Icelandic professional handball player Sigurd Stefánsson, the author of the historical Skálholt Map Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson (1894–1980), Icelandic politician; prime minister of Iceland 1947–49 Stefán Karl Stefánsson (1975–2018), Icelandic film and stage actor Vilhjalmur Stefansson (1879–1962), Canadian Arctic explorer and ethnologist Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Stefansson. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. vteSurnames associated with the given name StephenGreekStephanosGermanic Fitzstephen Steenson Steevens Stenson Stefan Stefanowitz (from Slavic) Stefansson Steffen Steffensen Stephan Stephans Stephen Stephens Stephensen Stephenson Stevens Stevenson Stinson Romance De Stefano DeStefano Di Stefano Distefano Esteves Estevez Estienne Étienne Ștefan Stefani Ștefănescu Stefano Stefanoni Slavic Stec Stefan Stefanik/Štefánik Stefanko Stefanov Stefanovski Stefanovsky Stefanovic Stefanowicz Stefanović Stefański Stepanovich Stepanović Stepan Stepankov Stepanov Stepanovsky / Štepanovský Stepanenko Stepanets Stepanchenko Stepančić Stepanchuk Stepanishchev Stepaniv Stepantsev Stepantsov Stepanyuk Stepashin Stepashkin Stepin Stepinac Stepun Stepushkin Stets Stetsenko Steshenko Stetskiv Stetsko Stevanović Stipančić Stipanovich Stjepanović Styopin Styopkin Štěch Štefan Štěpán Štěpánek Other Stepanovs Stepanyan Stepanyants Steponavičius	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldur R. 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Stefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Stefano"},{"link_name":"Distefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distefano"},{"link_name":"Esteves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteves"},{"link_name":"Estevez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevez"},{"link_name":"Estienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estienne#Surname"},{"link_name":"Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Ștefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan#People_with_the_surname"},{"link_name":"Stefani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefani_(name)#Surname"},{"link_name":"Ștefănescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu"},{"link_name":"Stefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano#Surname"},{"link_name":"Stefanoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanoni"},{"link_name":"Stec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stec_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Stefanik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanik"},{"link_name":"Stefanko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanko"},{"link_name":"Stefanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanov"},{"link_name":"Stefanovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanovski"},{"link_name":"Stefanovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanovsky"},{"link_name":"Stefanovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanovic"},{"link_name":"Stefanowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanowicz"},{"link_name":"Stefanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stefański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefa%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Stepanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanovich"},{"link_name":"Stepanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stepan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Stepankov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepankov"},{"link_name":"Stepanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanov"},{"link_name":"Stepanovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanovsky_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Stepanenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanenko"},{"link_name":"Stepanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanets"},{"link_name":"Stepanchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanchenko"},{"link_name":"Stepančić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stepanchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanchuk"},{"link_name":"Stepanishchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanishchev"},{"link_name":"Stepaniv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepaniv"},{"link_name":"Stepantsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepantsev"},{"link_name":"Stepantsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepantsov"},{"link_name":"Stepanyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanyuk"},{"link_name":"Stepashin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepashin"},{"link_name":"Stepashkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepashkin"},{"link_name":"Stepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepin_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Stepinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepinac"},{"link_name":"Stepun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepun"},{"link_name":"Stepushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepushkin"},{"link_name":"Stets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stets"},{"link_name":"Stetsenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetsenko"},{"link_name":"Steshenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steshenko"},{"link_name":"Stetskiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetskiv"},{"link_name":"Stetsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetsko"},{"link_name":"Stevanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stipančić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipan%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stipanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipanovich"},{"link_name":"Stjepanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Styopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styopin"},{"link_name":"Styopkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styopkin"},{"link_name":"Štěch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C4%9Bch"},{"link_name":"Štefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tefan#Surname"},{"link_name":"Štěpán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1n#Surname"},{"link_name":"Štěpánek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek"},{"link_name":"Stepanovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanovs"},{"link_name":"Stepanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanyan"},{"link_name":"Stepanyants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanyants"},{"link_name":"Steponavičius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steponavi%C4%8Dius"}],"text":"Baldur R. Stefansson (1917–2002), Canadian agricultural scientist; known as the Father of Canola\nDavíð Stefánsson (1895–1964), Icelandic poet\nHannes Stefánsson (born 1972), Icelandic chess grandmaster\nHermann Stefánsson (born 1968), Icelandic author\nÍvar Stefánsson (1927–2009), Icelandic cross-country skier\nJanne Stefansson (born 1935), Swedish Olympic cross-country skier\nJón Arnór Stefánsson (born 1982), Icelandic professional basketball player\nJón Kalman Stefánsson (born 1963), Icelandic author\nKári Stefánsson (born 1949), Icelandic physician and professor of neurology; co-founder of deCODE Genetics\nÓlafur Stefánsson (born 1973), Icelandic professional handball player\nSigurd Stefánsson, the author of the historical Skálholt Map\nStefán Jóhann Stefánsson (1894–1980), Icelandic politician; prime minister of Iceland 1947–49\nStefán Karl Stefánsson (1975–2018), Icelandic film and stage actor\nVilhjalmur Stefansson (1879–1962), Canadian Arctic explorer and ethnologistSurname listThis page lists people with the surname Stefansson. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.vteSurnames associated with the given name StephenGreekStephanosGermanic\nFitzstephen\nSteenson\nSteevens\nStenson\nStefan\nStefanowitz (from Slavic)\nStefansson\nSteffen\nSteffensen\nStephan\nStephans\nStephen\nStephens\nStephensen\nStephenson\nStevens\nStevenson\nStinson\nRomance\nDe Stefano\nDeStefano\nDi Stefano\nDistefano\nEsteves\nEstevez\nEstienne\nÉtienne\nȘtefan\nStefani\nȘtefănescu\nStefano\nStefanoni\nSlavic\nStec\nStefan\nStefanik/Štefánik\nStefanko\nStefanov\nStefanovski\nStefanovsky\nStefanovic\nStefanowicz\nStefanović\nStefański\nStepanovich\nStepanović\nStepan\nStepankov\nStepanov\nStepanovsky / Štepanovský\nStepanenko\nStepanets\nStepanchenko\nStepančić\nStepanchuk\nStepanishchev\nStepaniv\nStepantsev\nStepantsov\nStepanyuk\nStepashin\nStepashkin\nStepin\nStepinac\nStepun\nStepushkin\nStets\nStetsenko\nSteshenko\nStetskiv\nStetsko\nStevanović\nStipančić\nStipanovich\nStjepanović\nStyopin\nStyopkin\nŠtěch\nŠtefan\nŠtěpán\nŠtěpánek\nOther\nStepanovs\nStepanyan\nStepanyants\nSteponavičius","title":"Stefansson"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Stefansson&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Paul_Robinson	Barbara Paul Robinson	["1 Education","2 Career","3 References","4 Sources"]	American lawyer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Barbara Paul Robinson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Barbara Paul Robinson is a New York City lawyer who works with the firm Debevoise & Plimpton. The firm specializes in Trusts and Estates law. She was also the president of the New York City Bar Association. Education Robinson received her Bachelor of Arts (magna cum laude with honors) degree from Bryn Mawr College and her Juris Doctor from Yale Law School. At Yale she was an editor of the Yale Law Journal and a member of the Order of the Coif. Career Robinson joined the firm Debevoise & Plimpton in 1966. She became the firm's first woman partner in 1976 and later, head of the firm's Trusts and Estates division. In 1967, she established Debevoise's flextime program for child-rearing attorneys, the first of its kind in New York. Among her clients, she has advised a number of wealthy individuals and organizations on trust law, including Yale University, Princeton University and the Ford Foundation. In addition to her private practice work from 1994 to 1996, Robinson served as the first female president of the New York City Bar Association. She contributed to the publication of a study entitled “Glass Ceilings and Open Doors” which shows the difficulties large law firms encounter in retaining female lawyers. While on sabbatical from Debevoise & Plimpton, Robinson worked as a gardener for Rosemary Verey at Barnsley House in Gloucestershire, England and then for Penelope Hobhouse at the National Trust Garden, Tintinhull in Somerset. Robinson found these experiences to be life-transforming. She wrote a biography of Rosemary Verey, published by David R. Godine, Rosemary Verey: The Life and Lessons of a Legendary Gardener. The book was widely and favorably reviewed. Michael Dirda of The Washington Post called it an “irresistible biography”. In addition, she has published articles in The New York Times, Horticulture, Fine Gardening and Hortus, as well as a chapter in Rosemary Verey's The Secret Garden. A frequent speaker for many organizations, Robinson serves on the boards of Wave Hill, Stonecrop and is Director Emeritus and former Vice President of The Garden Conservancy. Her own extensive gardens called Brush Hill in northwestern Connecticut were developed with her artist-husband, Charles Raskob Robinson, over the past 40 years. Brush Hill is open to the public as part of the Garden Conservancy's Open Days Program and by appointment to numerous groups. It has been featured on HGTV's “A Gardener’s Diary”. Robinson has served on the board of a number of institutions, including the Trust Advisory Board of Fiduciary Trust International, the Foundation for Childhood Development, Teagle Foundation, The William Nelson Cromwell Foundation, Panaphil and Uphill Foundations. She serves on the board as secretary of The John A. Hartford Foundation. Robinson is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Robinson is a Trustee Emeritus of Bryn Mawr College and served as President of the Board of Trustees of Trinity School. References ^ Dirda, Michael (October 17, 2012). ""Book World: 'Rosemary Verey' is an irresistible biography of a horticultural sage"". The Washington Post. pp. Book Review Section. Retrieved March 7, 2023. ^ Conservancy, The Garden. "Fellows Focus: Barbara Paul Robinson". The Garden Conservancy. Retrieved 2023-07-20. ^ "Barbara Paul Robinson". Debevoise. Retrieved 2023-07-20. ^ "Biography · Barbara Paul Robinson · ABA Women Trailblazers Project". abawtp.law.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-20. Sources Biography of Barbara Paul Robinson at Debevoise & Plimpton American Lawyer Lifetime Achievers Award, 2008 American Bar Association Women Trailblazers Project More information and a tour of her own gardens in northwestern Connecticut. Washington Post article David R. Godine NPR Interview	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Debevoise & Plimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debevoise_%26_Plimpton"},{"link_name":"Trusts and Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_and_Estates"},{"link_name":"New York City Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association"}],"text":"Barbara Paul Robinson is a New York City lawyer who works with the firm Debevoise & Plimpton. The firm specializes in Trusts and Estates law. She was also the president of the New York City Bar Association.","title":"Barbara Paul Robinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Bryn Mawr College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Yale Law Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal"},{"link_name":"Order of the Coif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Coif"}],"text":"Robinson received her Bachelor of Arts (magna cum laude with honors) degree from Bryn Mawr College and her Juris Doctor from Yale Law School. At Yale she was an editor of the Yale Law Journal and a member of the Order of the Coif.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debevoise & Plimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debevoise_%26_Plimpton"},{"link_name":"Trusts and Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_and_Estates"},{"link_name":"flextime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flextime"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"New York City Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"Debevoise & Plimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debevoise_%26_Plimpton"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Verey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Verey"},{"link_name":"Barnsley House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_House"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Penelope Hobhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Hobhouse"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Verey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Verey"},{"link_name":"David R. Godine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Godine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Garden Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"Garden Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"HGTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGTV"},{"link_name":"Fiduciary Trust International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary_Trust_International"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bryn Mawr College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Robinson joined the firm Debevoise & Plimpton in 1966. She became the firm's first woman partner in 1976 and later, head of the firm's Trusts and Estates division. In 1967, she established Debevoise's flextime program for child-rearing attorneys, the first of its kind in New York. Among her clients, she has advised a number of wealthy individuals and organizations on trust law, including Yale University, Princeton University and the Ford Foundation.In addition to her private practice work from 1994 to 1996, Robinson served as the first female president of the New York City Bar Association. She contributed to the publication of a study entitled “Glass Ceilings and Open Doors” which shows the difficulties large law firms encounter in retaining female lawyers.While on sabbatical from Debevoise & Plimpton, Robinson worked as a gardener for Rosemary Verey at Barnsley House in Gloucestershire, England and then for Penelope Hobhouse at the National Trust Garden, Tintinhull in Somerset. Robinson found these experiences to be life-transforming. She wrote a biography of Rosemary Verey, published by David R. Godine, Rosemary Verey: The Life and Lessons of a Legendary Gardener.[1] The book was widely and favorably reviewed. Michael Dirda of The Washington Post called it an “irresistible biography”. In addition, she has published articles in The New York Times, Horticulture, Fine Gardening and Hortus, as well as a chapter in Rosemary Verey's The Secret Garden.[2]A frequent speaker for many organizations, Robinson serves on the boards of Wave Hill, Stonecrop and is Director Emeritus and former Vice President of The Garden Conservancy. Her own extensive gardens called Brush Hill in northwestern Connecticut were developed with her artist-husband, Charles Raskob Robinson, over the past 40 years. Brush Hill is open to the public as part of the Garden Conservancy's Open Days Program and by appointment to numerous groups. It has been featured on HGTV's “A Gardener’s Diary”.Robinson has served on the board of a number of institutions, including the Trust Advisory Board of Fiduciary Trust International, the Foundation for Childhood Development, Teagle Foundation, The William Nelson Cromwell Foundation, Panaphil and Uphill Foundations. She serves on the board as secretary of The John A. Hartford Foundation. Robinson is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. [3]Robinson is a Trustee Emeritus of Bryn Mawr College and served as President of the Board of Trustees of Trinity School.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biography of Barbara Paul Robinson at Debevoise & Plimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.debevoise.com/attorneys/detail.aspx?id=6b7e828d-5f33-4003-bb81-ea2e569092a5"},{"link_name":"American Lawyer Lifetime Achievers Award, 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131213215431/http://www.debevoise.com/files/News/9be3c7d6-9fce-4f51-b45d-01be15f46140/Presentation/NewsAttachment/157f2dec-120e-4a8c-935f-00529433f4af/AmLawLifetimeAchieverRobinson.pdf"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association Women Trailblazers Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.americanbar.org/directories/women_trailblazers_project_listing/barbara_paul_robinson.html"},{"link_name":"More information and a tour of her own gardens in northwestern Connecticut.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brushhillgardens.com/"},{"link_name":"Washington Post article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-world-rosemary-verey-is-an-irresistable-biography-of-a-horticultural-sage/2012/10/17/6039c81e-fe84-11e1-a31e-804fccb658f9_story.html"},{"link_name":"David R. Godine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.godine.com"},{"link_name":"NPR Interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131203083658/http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2012/12/21/garden-advisor-verey"}],"text":"Biography of Barbara Paul Robinson at Debevoise & Plimpton\nAmerican Lawyer Lifetime Achievers Award, 2008\nAmerican Bar Association Women Trailblazers Project\nMore information and a tour of her own gardens in northwestern Connecticut.\nWashington Post article\nDavid R. Godine\nNPR Interview","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dirda, Michael (October 17, 2012). \"\"Book World: 'Rosemary Verey' is an irresistible biography of a horticultural sage\"\". The Washington Post. pp. Book Review Section. Retrieved March 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-world-rosemary-verey-is-an-irresistable-biography-of-a-horticultural-sage/2012/10/17/6039c81e-fe84-11e1-a31e-804fccb658f9_story.html#comments","url_text":"\"\"Book World: 'Rosemary Verey' is an irresistible biography of a horticultural sage\"\""}]},{"reference":"Conservancy, The Garden. \"Fellows Focus: Barbara Paul Robinson\". The Garden Conservancy. Retrieved 2023-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gardenconservancy.org/news/fellows-focus-robinson-dec2018","url_text":"\"Fellows Focus: Barbara Paul Robinson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barbara Paul Robinson\". Debevoise. Retrieved 2023-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.debevoise.com/barbararobinson","url_text":"\"Barbara Paul Robinson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography · Barbara Paul Robinson · ABA Women Trailblazers Project\". abawtp.law.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://abawtp.law.stanford.edu/exhibits/show/barbara-paul-robinson/biography","url_text":"\"Biography · Barbara Paul Robinson · ABA Women Trailblazers Project\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Barbara+Paul+Robinson%22","external_links_name":"\"Barbara Paul Robinson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Barbara+Paul+Robinson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Barbara+Paul+Robinson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Barbara+Paul+Robinson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Barbara+Paul+Robinson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Barbara+Paul+Robinson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Paul_Robinson&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-world-rosemary-verey-is-an-irresistable-biography-of-a-horticultural-sage/2012/10/17/6039c81e-fe84-11e1-a31e-804fccb658f9_story.html#comments","external_links_name":"\"\"Book World: 'Rosemary Verey' is an irresistible biography of a horticultural sage\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.gardenconservancy.org/news/fellows-focus-robinson-dec2018","external_links_name":"\"Fellows Focus: Barbara Paul Robinson\""},{"Link":"https://www.debevoise.com/barbararobinson","external_links_name":"\"Barbara Paul Robinson\""},{"Link":"https://abawtp.law.stanford.edu/exhibits/show/barbara-paul-robinson/biography","external_links_name":"\"Biography · Barbara Paul Robinson · ABA Women Trailblazers Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.debevoise.com/attorneys/detail.aspx?id=6b7e828d-5f33-4003-bb81-ea2e569092a5","external_links_name":"Biography of Barbara Paul Robinson at Debevoise & Plimpton"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213215431/http://www.debevoise.com/files/News/9be3c7d6-9fce-4f51-b45d-01be15f46140/Presentation/NewsAttachment/157f2dec-120e-4a8c-935f-00529433f4af/AmLawLifetimeAchieverRobinson.pdf","external_links_name":"American Lawyer Lifetime Achievers Award, 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.americanbar.org/directories/women_trailblazers_project_listing/barbara_paul_robinson.html","external_links_name":"American Bar Association Women Trailblazers Project"},{"Link":"http://www.brushhillgardens.com/","external_links_name":"More information and a tour of her own gardens in northwestern Connecticut."},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-world-rosemary-verey-is-an-irresistable-biography-of-a-horticultural-sage/2012/10/17/6039c81e-fe84-11e1-a31e-804fccb658f9_story.html","external_links_name":"Washington Post article"},{"Link":"http://www.godine.com/","external_links_name":"David R. Godine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203083658/http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2012/12/21/garden-advisor-verey","external_links_name":"NPR Interview"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlag	DeVlag	["1 References","2 Further reading"]	Political party in Belgium DeVlag Duitsch-Vlaamsche ArbeidsgemeenschapDeutsch-Vlämische ArbeitsgemeinschaftLeaderJef Van de WieleRolf Wilkening PresidentGottlob BergerFounded1936 (1936)Dissolved1945 (1945)NewspaperDe GazetParamilitary wingVeiligheidskorps (c. 1944)Membership50,000 (1943 est.)IdeologyNazismPan-GermanismPolitical positionFar-rightPolitics of BelgiumPolitical partiesElections The Duitsch-Vlaamsche Arbeidsgemeenschap (Dutch; "German-Flemish Working Group"), better known as DeVlag, was a small radical pro-Nazi organization active in Flanders during the German occupation of Belgium. It was founded in 1936 by academics Jef Van de Wiele and Rolf Wilkening as a cultural association to strengthen the exchange of students and professors between the universities of Leuven and Cologne. Its membership reached hundreds by the late 1930s. In May 1941, after the German invasion, DeVlag started receiving financial backing from the SS, and was reorganized into a Nazi organization. This was first done in secrecy. German SS-Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger was later appointed as DeVlag's president, and the bond between the two organizations was thus made official. DeVlag's orientation towards the SS brought it into a conflict with the Flemish National League (Vlaams Nationaal Verbond, VNV), the primary collaborationist organization in German-occupied Flanders, which had initially supported the "cultural" activities of DeVlag. The VNV was a Flemish nationalist movement, which envisioned an independent Flanders, or perhaps Dietsland, in a German-dominated Europe, while Van de Wiele considered Dutch merely a German dialect and the Flemish people a part of the German race. DeVlag saw Dutch or Flemish nationalism as provincialism, and supported the outright annexation of Flanders into the Greater German Reich. The VNV also had partly clerical roots, while the SS ideology endorsed by DeVlag held anti-Christian notions. While DeVlag was supported by the SS and worked closely with the Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen, the VNV received support from the Wehrmacht military occupation (Militärverwaltung) and from the head of the military government, Alexander von Falkenhausen. Copies of DeVlag's monthly magazine from 1943. Both groups competed to recruit members for the Waffen-SS although the VNV rapidly secured dominance within the Flemish Legion established in 1941. In 1943, when the VNV started its youth wing De Nationaal-Socialistische Jeugd in Vlaanderen ("National-Socialist Youth in Flanders"), DeVlag responded by setting up the Flemish wing of the Hitler Youth. DeVlag reached a peak of 50,000 members in 1943. In late 1944, the Nazi leadership answered the demands of DeVlag by annexing Flanders and Wallonia into the German Reich, but this was more theoretical than actual, as Belgium had already been liberated by the advancing Allied forces. Van de Wiele was, however, given the title "National Leader of the Flemish people" (Landsleider van het Vlaamsche volk) and DeVlag was deemed by the Germans as the sole party representing the Nazi unity in Flanders. References ^ Philip Rees, Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 412 ^ Hamacher, Werner; Hertz, Neil; Keenan, Thomas (1989). Responses: on Paul de Man's Wartime journalism. U of Nebraska Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8032-7243-9. ^ a b c d Bosworth, R. J. B. (2009). The Oxford handbook of fascism. Oxford University Press. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-19-929131-1. ^ a b c d e f Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2010). Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. pp. 203–204. ISBN 978-90-5487-517-8. ^ a b c Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-57607-940-9. Further reading Seberechts, Frank (1991). Geschiedenis van de DeVlag: Van cultuurbeweging tot politieke partij, 1935-1945. Antwerp: Perspectief. ISBN 9789080063518. Meire, Frieda (1982). "De DeVlag vóór Mei 1940" (PDF). Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis. 13: 419–466. Retrieved 14 August 2020. Seberechts, Frank (1998). "Duitsch-Vlaamsche Arbeidsgemeenschap (DeVlag)". Nieuwe Encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging. Tielt: Lannoo. pp. 994–997. Retrieved 14 August 2020. vteFascism in Belgium to 1945Political parties and collaborationist groups National Legion Rexist Party (Rex) Verdinaso Flemish National Union (VNV) Walloon Legion Flemish Legion Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen German-Flemish Working Group (DeVlag) Vlaamse Wacht People Staf De Clercq Léon Degrelle Jean Denis Hendrik Elias Jef François Ward Hermans Paul Hoornaert René Lagrou Victor Matthys José Streel Joris Van Severen Jef van de Wiele Raymond De Becker Robert Poulet Pierre Daye Related Belgium in World War II Flamenpolitik Pan-Germanism Dietsland Flemish Movement Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Jef Van de Wiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Van_de_Wiele"},{"link_name":"universities of Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosworth-3"},{"link_name":"German invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosworth-3"},{"link_name":"Obergruppenführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Gottlob Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Berger"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosworth-3"},{"link_name":"Flemish National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_National_League"},{"link_name":"collaborationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosworth-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-witte-4"},{"link_name":"Flemish nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_movement"},{"link_name":"Dietsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietsland"},{"link_name":"German dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_dialect"},{"link_name":"Flemish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-witte-4"},{"link_name":"provincialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincialism"},{"link_name":"Greater German Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-witte-4"},{"link_name":"clerical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_fascism"},{"link_name":"anti-Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Christian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-witte-4"},{"link_name":"Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaansche_SS_in_Vlaanderen"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht military occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_North_France"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Falkenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-witte-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Vlag_maandblad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blamires-5"},{"link_name":"Flemish Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Legion"},{"link_name":"youth wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_wing"},{"link_name":"Hitler Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-witte-4"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wallonien"},{"link_name":"liberated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blamires-5"},{"link_name":"National Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"sole party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blamires-5"}],"text":"The Duitsch-Vlaamsche Arbeidsgemeenschap (Dutch; \"German-Flemish Working Group\"), better known as DeVlag, was a small radical pro-Nazi organization active in Flanders during the German occupation of Belgium. It was founded in 1936 by academics Jef Van de Wiele and Rolf Wilkening as a cultural association to strengthen the exchange of students and professors between the universities of Leuven and Cologne.Its membership reached hundreds by the late 1930s.[3] In May 1941, after the German invasion, DeVlag started receiving financial backing from the SS, and was reorganized into a Nazi organization. This was first done in secrecy.[3] German SS-Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger was later appointed as DeVlag's president, and the bond between the two organizations was thus made official.[3]DeVlag's orientation towards the SS brought it into a conflict with the Flemish National League (Vlaams Nationaal Verbond, VNV), the primary collaborationist organization in German-occupied Flanders, which had initially supported the \"cultural\" activities of DeVlag.[3][4] The VNV was a Flemish nationalist movement, which envisioned an independent Flanders, or perhaps Dietsland, in a German-dominated Europe, while Van de Wiele considered Dutch merely a German dialect and the Flemish people a part of the German race.[4] DeVlag saw Dutch or Flemish nationalism as provincialism, and supported the outright annexation of Flanders into the Greater German Reich.[4] The VNV also had partly clerical roots, while the SS ideology endorsed by DeVlag held anti-Christian notions.[4] While DeVlag was supported by the SS and worked closely with the Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen, the VNV received support from the Wehrmacht military occupation (Militärverwaltung) and from the head of the military government, Alexander von Falkenhausen.[4]Copies of DeVlag's monthly magazine from 1943.Both groups competed to recruit members for the Waffen-SS[5] although the VNV rapidly secured dominance within the Flemish Legion established in 1941. In 1943, when the VNV started its youth wing De Nationaal-Socialistische Jeugd in Vlaanderen (\"National-Socialist Youth in Flanders\"), DeVlag responded by setting up the Flemish wing of the Hitler Youth.[4]DeVlag reached a peak of 50,000 members in 1943. In late 1944, the Nazi leadership answered the demands of DeVlag by annexing Flanders and Wallonia into the German Reich, but this was more theoretical than actual, as Belgium had already been liberated by the advancing Allied forces.[5] Van de Wiele was, however, given the title \"National Leader of the Flemish people\" (Landsleider van het Vlaamsche volk) and DeVlag was deemed by the Germans as the sole party representing the Nazi unity in Flanders.[5]","title":"DeVlag"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789080063518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789080063518"},{"link_name":"\"De DeVlag vóór Mei 1940\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.journalbelgianhistory.be/en/system/files/article_pdf/BTNG-RBHC%2C%2013%2C%201982%2C%202-3%2C%20pp%20419-466.pdf"},{"link_name":"Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgisch_Tijdschrift_voor_Nieuwste_Geschiedenis"},{"link_name":"\"Duitsch-Vlaamsche Arbeidsgemeenschap (DeVlag)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nevb.be/wiki/Duitsch-Vlaamsche_Arbeidsgemeenschap_(DeVlag)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Belgian_fascism"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Belgian_fascism"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian_fascism"},{"link_name":"Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"National Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legion"},{"link_name":"Rexist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexist_Party"},{"link_name":"Verdinaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdinaso"},{"link_name":"Flemish National Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond"},{"link_name":"Walloon Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_Legion"},{"link_name":"Flemish Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Legion"},{"link_name":"Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeene-SS_Vlaanderen"},{"link_name":"German-Flemish Working Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Staf De Clercq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staf_De_Clercq"},{"link_name":"Léon Degrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle"},{"link_name":"Jean Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Elias"},{"link_name":"Jef François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Fran%C3%A7ois"},{"link_name":"Ward Hermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Hermans"},{"link_name":"Paul Hoornaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert"},{"link_name":"René Lagrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou"},{"link_name":"Victor Matthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Matthys"},{"link_name":"José Streel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel"},{"link_name":"Joris Van Severen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen"},{"link_name":"Jef van de Wiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele"},{"link_name":"Raymond De Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_De_Becker"},{"link_name":"Robert Poulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Poulet"},{"link_name":"Pierre Daye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Daye"},{"link_name":"Belgium in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Flamenpolitik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenpolitik"},{"link_name":"Pan-Germanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Germanism"},{"link_name":"Dietsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietsland"},{"link_name":"Flemish Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Movement"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1961290#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/130343720"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n95026959"}],"text":"Seberechts, Frank (1991). Geschiedenis van de DeVlag: Van cultuurbeweging tot politieke partij, 1935-1945. Antwerp: Perspectief. ISBN 9789080063518.\nMeire, Frieda (1982). \"De DeVlag vóór Mei 1940\" (PDF). Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis. 13: 419–466. Retrieved 14 August 2020.\nSeberechts, Frank (1998). \"Duitsch-Vlaamsche Arbeidsgemeenschap (DeVlag)\". Nieuwe Encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging. Tielt: Lannoo. pp. 994–997. Retrieved 14 August 2020.vteFascism in Belgium to 1945Political parties and collaborationist groups\nNational Legion\nRexist Party (Rex)\nVerdinaso\nFlemish National Union (VNV)\nWalloon Legion\nFlemish Legion\nAlgemeene-SS Vlaanderen\nGerman-Flemish Working Group (DeVlag)\nVlaamse Wacht\nPeople\nStaf De Clercq\nLéon Degrelle\nJean Denis\nHendrik Elias\nJef François\nWard Hermans\nPaul Hoornaert\nRené Lagrou\nVictor Matthys\nJosé Streel\nJoris Van Severen\nJef van de Wiele\nRaymond De Becker\nRobert Poulet\nPierre Daye\nRelated\nBelgium in World War II\nFlamenpolitik\nPan-Germanism\nDietsland\nFlemish MovementAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Copies of DeVlag's monthly magazine from 1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/De_Vlag_maandblad.jpg/170px-De_Vlag_maandblad.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hamacher, Werner; Hertz, Neil; Keenan, Thomas (1989). Responses: on Paul de Man's Wartime journalism. U of Nebraska Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8032-7243-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/responsesonpauld0000unse/page/93","url_text":"Responses: on Paul de Man's Wartime journalism"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/responsesonpauld0000unse/page/93","url_text":"93"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7243-9","url_text":"978-0-8032-7243-9"}]},{"reference":"Bosworth, R. J. B. (2009). The Oxford handbook of fascism. Oxford University Press. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-19-929131-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929131-1","url_text":"978-0-19-929131-1"}]},{"reference":"Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2010). Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. pp. 203–204. ISBN 978-90-5487-517-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-517-8","url_text":"978-90-5487-517-8"}]},{"reference":"Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-57607-940-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9","url_text":"978-1-57607-940-9"}]},{"reference":"Seberechts, Frank (1991). Geschiedenis van de DeVlag: Van cultuurbeweging tot politieke partij, 1935-1945. Antwerp: Perspectief. ISBN 9789080063518.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789080063518","url_text":"9789080063518"}]},{"reference":"Meire, Frieda (1982). \"De DeVlag vóór Mei 1940\" (PDF). Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis. 13: 419–466. Retrieved 14 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journalbelgianhistory.be/en/system/files/article_pdf/BTNG-RBHC%2C%2013%2C%201982%2C%202-3%2C%20pp%20419-466.pdf","url_text":"\"De DeVlag vóór Mei 1940\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgisch_Tijdschrift_voor_Nieuwste_Geschiedenis","url_text":"Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis"}]},{"reference":"Seberechts, Frank (1998). \"Duitsch-Vlaamsche Arbeidsgemeenschap (DeVlag)\". Nieuwe Encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging. Tielt: Lannoo. pp. 994–997. Retrieved 14 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nevb.be/wiki/Duitsch-Vlaamsche_Arbeidsgemeenschap_(DeVlag)","url_text":"\"Duitsch-Vlaamsche Arbeidsgemeenschap (DeVlag)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/responsesonpauld0000unse/page/93","external_links_name":"Responses: on Paul de Man's Wartime journalism"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/responsesonpauld0000unse/page/93","external_links_name":"93"},{"Link":"https://www.journalbelgianhistory.be/en/system/files/article_pdf/BTNG-RBHC%2C%2013%2C%201982%2C%202-3%2C%20pp%20419-466.pdf","external_links_name":"\"De DeVlag vóór Mei 1940\""},{"Link":"https://nevb.be/wiki/Duitsch-Vlaamsche_Arbeidsgemeenschap_(DeVlag)","external_links_name":"\"Duitsch-Vlaamsche Arbeidsgemeenschap (DeVlag)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/130343720","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95026959","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma_Vinsant	Wilma Vinsant	["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 References","4 External links"]	American flight nurse who served during World War II Wilma "Dolly" R. Vinsant Shea (February 20, 1917 – April 14, 1945) was an American flight nurse who served during World War II. She died in an aircraft crash and was later memorialized for her courage and sacrifice. She was the only servicewoman from Texas to die on active duty in Europe during World War II. Biography Vinsant was born in San Benito, was an only child and her mother was formerly a nurse while her father was a veteran of World War I. She was five feet tall and weighed around a hundred pounds. Vinsant attended and graduated from San Benito High School. Around 1934, she attended Brownsville Junior College. She received her nursing certificate from John Sealy Hospital. She began acting as a flight nurse for crews on Braniff Airways. On September 1, 1942, she enlisted as lieutenant in the Nurses Corps, training at Camp Swift. During the holidays of 1943, she took leave and visited her parents at home. She qualified for the Air Evacuation Nurse Corps and graduated with the first flight nurse class at Bowman Field, Kentucky. After graduation, she was stationed in England with the 806th Medical Air Evacuation Squadron and worked in combat situations for the next two years. She was also involved in transporting wounded and injured soldiers back to the United States in the Air Evacuation Service. Early in 1945, she married Walter Shea, an army operations officer, in England. Vinsant completed her hazardous flight quota and asked "to make one more trip." On April 14, 1945, she died in action over Germany when the C-47 Dakota she was flying in crashed near Eschwege. Vinsant was the only woman from Texas and one of seventeen flight nurses to die on active duty in Europe during the war. After her death, she was awarded a personal citation and a Purple Heart decoration from President Harry S. Truman. She had also earned the Air Medal and a Red Cross Medal. She was buried in the Netherlands American Cemetery in Margraten. Legacy In 1949, an eighty-one-bed hospital named Dolly Vinsant Memorial Hospital opened in San Benito; it closed in October 2007. Later Southwest Key ran a shelter for undocumented immigrant children in the former hospital. The life-size portrait of Vinsant that once hung in the hospital is still missing. An organization named after her, the Dolly Vinsant Memorial Foundation, provides scholarships for local students who are interested in entering the medical field. An annual award, the Wilma "Dolly" Vinsant Flight Nurse of the Year award is given out by the Commemorative Air Force (CAF). Recipients of the award "put patient care above self" and must be involved in in-flight evacuations and healthcare missions. References ^ a b c d e f g Gilbert, Minnie (15 June 2010). "Shea, Wilma Vinsant ". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ a b "Dolly Vinsant Gave Life That Others Might Live". Valley Morning Star. 30 October 1949. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Like Father, Like Daughter San Benito Girl Joins War". The Brownsville Herald. 1942-09-02. p. 3. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Laroche, Clarence (1945-04-30). "In Our Valley". The Brownsville Herald. p. 4. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Mrs. Vinsant Returns". The Brownsville Herald. 1939-02-24. p. 3. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Lieutenant in Army". Valley Morning Star. 1942-09-13. p. 13. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Army Nurse Visits". Valley Morning Star. 1943. p. 9. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c "Ramstein captain receives flight nurse of the year award". Ramstein Air Base. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 2017-10-04. ^ "Vinsant, Wilma R". Fields of Honor Database. Retrieved 2017-10-04. ^ "Mention San Benito Nurse in Dispatch". Valley Morning Star. 1944-10-24. p. 6. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "A Wedding Celebrated Recently in England Holds Interest Of". Valley Morning Star. 1945-02-25. p. 13. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Frank, Nobe (1945-06-13). "Nurse Recruitment Note of Appreciation". Harrisburg Telegraph. p. 15. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Schrijvers, Peter (2012-02-23). The Margraten Boys: How a European Village Kept America's Liberators Alive. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 162–163. ISBN 9780230379718. ^ a b "San Benito Hospital Is Named for Lt. Wilma Vinsant". Valley Morning Star. 1946. p. 9. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Flight Nurse Remembers Beauty of Services for Lt. Wilma Vinsant". Valley Morning Star. 1947-05-16. p. 10. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Dolly". Valley Morning Star. 2014-05-26. p. 15. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Wilma R. Vinsant". American Battle Monuments Commission. Retrieved 2017-10-04. ^ Garza, Edwina P. (17 October 2007). "Dolly Vinsant Hospital closed". Brownsville Herald. Retrieved 2017-10-04. ^ Contreras, Kalia (19 May 2017). "1000 laid off by immigrant shelter provider Southwest Key". Brownsville Herald. Retrieved 2017-10-04. ^ Sommer, Kayleigh (11 November 2015). "Dolly Vinsant Portrait Still Missing". Valley Morning Star. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com. External links Wilma Vinsant at Find a Grave Margraten Memorial (in Dutch)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flight nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_nurse"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"}],"text":"Wilma \"Dolly\" R. Vinsant Shea (February 20, 1917 – April 14, 1945) was an American flight nurse who served during World War II. She died in an aircraft crash and was later memorialized for her courage and sacrifice. She was the only servicewoman from Texas to die on active duty in Europe during World War II.","title":"Wilma Vinsant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito,_Texas"},{"link_name":"nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"San Benito High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito_High_School_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Brownsville Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Southmost_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Sealy Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sealy_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Braniff Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"Nurses Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Nurse_Corps"},{"link_name":"Camp Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Swift,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bowman Field, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman_Field_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"806th Medical Air Evacuation Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=806th_Medical_Air_Evacuation_Squadron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"C-47 Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Eschwege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschwege"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"Air Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Medal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"Netherlands American Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_American_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Margraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraten"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Vinsant was born in San Benito, was an only child and her mother was formerly a nurse while her father was a veteran of World War I.[1][2][3] She was five feet tall and weighed around a hundred pounds.[1] Vinsant attended and graduated from San Benito High School.[2] Around 1934, she attended Brownsville Junior College.[4] She received her nursing certificate from John Sealy Hospital.[1][5] She began acting as a flight nurse for crews on Braniff Airways.[1]On September 1, 1942, she enlisted as lieutenant in the Nurses Corps, training at Camp Swift.[3][6] During the holidays of 1943, she took leave and visited her parents at home.[7] She qualified for the Air Evacuation Nurse Corps and graduated with the first flight nurse class at Bowman Field, Kentucky.[1] After graduation, she was stationed in England with the 806th Medical Air Evacuation Squadron and worked in combat situations for the next two years.[8][9] She was also involved in transporting wounded and injured soldiers back to the United States in the Air Evacuation Service.[10] Early in 1945, she married Walter Shea, an army operations officer, in England.[11] Vinsant completed her hazardous flight quota and asked \"to make one more trip.\"[1] On April 14, 1945, she died in action over Germany[12] when the C-47 Dakota she was flying in crashed near Eschwege.[13]Vinsant was the only woman from Texas and one of seventeen flight nurses to die on active duty in Europe during the war.[14][15] After her death, she was awarded a personal citation and a Purple Heart decoration from President Harry S. Truman.[14] She had also earned the Air Medal and a Red Cross Medal.[16] She was buried in the Netherlands American Cemetery in Margraten.[17]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Southwest Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Key"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"scholarships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"Commemorative Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"In 1949, an eighty-one-bed hospital named Dolly Vinsant Memorial Hospital opened in San Benito;[1] it closed in October 2007.[18] Later Southwest Key ran a shelter for undocumented immigrant children in the former hospital.[19] The life-size portrait of Vinsant that once hung in the hospital is still missing.[20]An organization named after her, the Dolly Vinsant Memorial Foundation, provides scholarships for local students who are interested in entering the medical field.[16] An annual award, the Wilma \"Dolly\" Vinsant Flight Nurse of the Year award is given out by the Commemorative Air Force (CAF).[8] Recipients of the award \"put patient care above self\" and must be involved in in-flight evacuations and healthcare missions.[8]","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gilbert, Minnie (15 June 2010). \"Shea, Wilma Vinsant [Dolly]\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsh64","url_text":"\"Shea, Wilma Vinsant [Dolly]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dolly Vinsant Gave Life That Others Might Live\". Valley Morning Star. 30 October 1949. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2565190/valley_morning_star/","url_text":"\"Dolly Vinsant Gave Life That Others Might Live\""}]},{"reference":"\"Like Father, Like Daughter San Benito Girl Joins War\". The Brownsville Herald. 1942-09-02. p. 3. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183819/the_brownsville_herald/","url_text":"\"Like Father, Like Daughter San Benito Girl Joins War\""}]},{"reference":"Laroche, Clarence (1945-04-30). \"In Our Valley\". The Brownsville Herald. p. 4. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183082/the_brownsville_herald/","url_text":"\"In Our Valley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Vinsant Returns\". The Brownsville Herald. 1939-02-24. p. 3. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14184377/the_brownsville_herald/","url_text":"\"Mrs. Vinsant Returns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lieutenant in Army\". Valley Morning Star. 1942-09-13. p. 13. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183898/valley_morning_star/","url_text":"\"Lieutenant in Army\""}]},{"reference":"\"Army Nurse Visits\". Valley Morning Star. 1943. p. 9. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183971/valley_morning_star/","url_text":"\"Army Nurse Visits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ramstein captain receives flight nurse of the year award\". Ramstein Air Base. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 2017-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ramstein.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/304460/ramstein-captain-receives-flight-nurse-of-the-year-award/","url_text":"\"Ramstein captain receives flight nurse of the year award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vinsant, Wilma R\". Fields of Honor Database. Retrieved 2017-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fieldsofhonor-database.com/index.php/en/american-war-cemetery-margraten-v/45666-vinsant-wilma-r","url_text":"\"Vinsant, Wilma R\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mention San Benito Nurse in Dispatch\". Valley Morning Star. 1944-10-24. p. 6. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14184757/valley_morning_star/","url_text":"\"Mention San Benito Nurse in Dispatch\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Wedding Celebrated Recently in England Holds Interest Of\". Valley Morning Star. 1945-02-25. p. 13. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1216259/valley_morning_star/","url_text":"\"A Wedding Celebrated Recently in England Holds Interest Of\""}]},{"reference":"Frank, Nobe (1945-06-13). \"Nurse Recruitment Note of Appreciation\". Harrisburg Telegraph. p. 15. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14184697/harrisburg_telegraph/","url_text":"\"Nurse Recruitment Note of Appreciation\""}]},{"reference":"Schrijvers, Peter (2012-02-23). The Margraten Boys: How a European Village Kept America's Liberators Alive. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 162–163. ISBN 9780230379718.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Margraten_Boys/ZNFXXwAACAAJ?hl=en&q=%22wilma+vinsant%22&pg=PA163","url_text":"The Margraten Boys: How a European Village Kept America's Liberators Alive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230379718","url_text":"9780230379718"}]},{"reference":"\"San Benito Hospital Is Named for Lt. Wilma Vinsant\". Valley Morning Star. 1946. p. 9. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183355/valley_morning_star/","url_text":"\"San Benito Hospital Is Named for Lt. Wilma Vinsant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flight Nurse Remembers Beauty of Services for Lt. Wilma Vinsant\". Valley Morning Star. 1947-05-16. p. 10. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183558/valley_morning_star/","url_text":"\"Flight Nurse Remembers Beauty of Services for Lt. Wilma Vinsant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dolly\". Valley Morning Star. 2014-05-26. p. 15. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14184460/valley_morning_star/","url_text":"\"Dolly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilma R. Vinsant\". American Battle Monuments Commission. Retrieved 2017-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://abmc.gov/node/533205","url_text":"\"Wilma R. Vinsant\""}]},{"reference":"Garza, Edwina P. (17 October 2007). \"Dolly Vinsant Hospital closed\". Brownsville Herald. Retrieved 2017-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/local/article_cfb78c08-d36c-5298-9851-bc146b7658ef.html","url_text":"\"Dolly Vinsant Hospital closed\""}]},{"reference":"Contreras, Kalia (19 May 2017). \"1000 laid off by immigrant shelter provider Southwest Key\". Brownsville Herald. Retrieved 2017-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/local/article_ae5bd480-3cda-11e7-b9e8-57d62cd53ed9.html","url_text":"\"1000 laid off by immigrant shelter provider Southwest Key\""}]},{"reference":"Sommer, Kayleigh (11 November 2015). \"Dolly Vinsant Portrait Still Missing\". Valley Morning Star. Retrieved 2017-10-04 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14184423/","url_text":"\"Dolly Vinsant Portrait Still Missing\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsh64","external_links_name":"\"Shea, Wilma Vinsant [Dolly]\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2565190/valley_morning_star/","external_links_name":"\"Dolly Vinsant Gave Life That Others Might Live\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183819/the_brownsville_herald/","external_links_name":"\"Like Father, Like Daughter San Benito Girl Joins War\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183082/the_brownsville_herald/","external_links_name":"\"In Our Valley\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14184377/the_brownsville_herald/","external_links_name":"\"Mrs. Vinsant Returns\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183898/valley_morning_star/","external_links_name":"\"Lieutenant in Army\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183971/valley_morning_star/","external_links_name":"\"Army Nurse Visits\""},{"Link":"http://www.ramstein.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/304460/ramstein-captain-receives-flight-nurse-of-the-year-award/","external_links_name":"\"Ramstein captain receives flight nurse of the year award\""},{"Link":"https://www.fieldsofhonor-database.com/index.php/en/american-war-cemetery-margraten-v/45666-vinsant-wilma-r","external_links_name":"\"Vinsant, Wilma R\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14184757/valley_morning_star/","external_links_name":"\"Mention San Benito Nurse in Dispatch\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1216259/valley_morning_star/","external_links_name":"\"A Wedding Celebrated Recently in England Holds Interest Of\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14184697/harrisburg_telegraph/","external_links_name":"\"Nurse Recruitment Note of Appreciation\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Margraten_Boys/ZNFXXwAACAAJ?hl=en&q=%22wilma+vinsant%22&pg=PA163","external_links_name":"The Margraten Boys: How a European Village Kept America's Liberators Alive"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14183355/valley_morning_star/","external_links_name":"\"San Benito Hospital Is Named for Lt. 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Vinsant\""},{"Link":"http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/local/article_cfb78c08-d36c-5298-9851-bc146b7658ef.html","external_links_name":"\"Dolly Vinsant Hospital closed\""},{"Link":"http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/local/article_ae5bd480-3cda-11e7-b9e8-57d62cd53ed9.html","external_links_name":"\"1000 laid off by immigrant shelter provider Southwest Key\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14184423/","external_links_name":"\"Dolly Vinsant Portrait Still Missing\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/132087342","external_links_name":"Wilma Vinsant"},{"Link":"http://www.margratenmemorial.nl/dossier/wilma-vinsant/overview.html","external_links_name":"Margraten Memorial"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised_function	Generalized function	["1 Some early history","2 Schwartz distributions","3 Algebras of generalized functions","3.1 Non-commutative algebra of generalized functions","3.2 Multiplication of distributions","3.3 Example: Colombeau algebra","3.4 Injection of Schwartz distributions","3.5 Sheaf structure","3.6 Microlocal analysis","4 Other theories","5 Topological groups","6 Generalized section","7 See also","8 Books","9 References"]	Objects extending the notion of functions In mathematics, generalized functions are objects extending the notion of functions. There is more than one recognized theory, for example the theory of distributions. Generalized functions are especially useful in making discontinuous functions more like smooth functions, and describing discrete physical phenomena such as point charges. They are applied extensively, especially in physics and engineering. A common feature of some of the approaches is that they build on operator aspects of everyday, numerical functions. The early history is connected with some ideas on operational calculus, and more contemporary developments in certain directions are closely related to ideas of Mikio Sato, on what he calls algebraic analysis. Important influences on the subject have been the technical requirements of theories of partial differential equations, and group representation theory. Some early history In the mathematics of the nineteenth century, aspects of generalized function theory appeared, for example in the definition of the Green's function, in the Laplace transform, and in Riemann's theory of trigonometric series, which were not necessarily the Fourier series of an integrable function. These were disconnected aspects of mathematical analysis at the time. The intensive use of the Laplace transform in engineering led to the heuristic use of symbolic methods, called operational calculus. Since justifications were given that used divergent series, these methods had a bad reputation from the point of view of pure mathematics. They are typical of later application of generalized function methods. An influential book on operational calculus was Oliver Heaviside's Electromagnetic Theory of 1899. When the Lebesgue integral was introduced, there was for the first time a notion of generalized function central to mathematics. An integrable function, in Lebesgue's theory, is equivalent to any other which is the same almost everywhere. That means its value at a given point is (in a sense) not its most important feature. In functional analysis a clear formulation is given of the essential feature of an integrable function, namely the way it defines a linear functional on other functions. This allows a definition of weak derivative. During the late 1920s and 1930s further steps were taken, basic to future work. The Dirac delta function was boldly defined by Paul Dirac (an aspect of his scientific formalism); this was to treat measures, thought of as densities (such as charge density) like genuine functions. Sergei Sobolev, working in partial differential equation theory, defined the first adequate theory of generalized functions, from the mathematical point of view, in order to work with weak solutions of partial differential equations. Others proposing related theories at the time were Salomon Bochner and Kurt Friedrichs. Sobolev's work was further developed in an extended form by Laurent Schwartz. Schwartz distributions The realization of such a concept that was to become accepted as definitive, for many purposes, was the theory of distributions, developed by Laurent Schwartz. It can be called a principled theory, based on duality theory for topological vector spaces. Its main rival, in applied mathematics, is to use sequences of smooth approximations (the 'James Lighthill' explanation), which is more ad hoc. This now enters the theory as mollifier theory. This theory was very successful and is still widely used, but suffers from the main drawback that it allows only linear operations. In other words, distributions cannot be multiplied (except for very special cases): unlike most classical function spaces, they are not an algebra. For example, it is not meaningful to square the Dirac delta function. Work of Schwartz from around 1954 showed that was an intrinsic difficulty. Some solutions to the multiplication problem have been proposed. One is based on a very simple and intuitive definition of a generalized function given by Yu. V. Egorov (see also his article in Demidov's book in the book list below) that allows arbitrary operations on, and between, generalized functions. Another solution of the multiplication problem is dictated by the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics. Since this is required to be equivalent to the Schrödinger theory of quantum mechanics which is invariant under coordinate transformations, this property must be shared by path integrals. This fixes all products of generalized functions as shown by H. Kleinert and A. Chervyakov. The result is equivalent to what can be derived from dimensional regularization. Algebras of generalized functions Several constructions of algebras of generalized functions have been proposed, among others those by Yu. M. Shirokov and those by E. Rosinger, Y. Egorov, and R. Robinson. In the first case, the multiplication is determined with some regularization of generalized function. In the second case, the algebra is constructed as multiplication of distributions. Both cases are discussed below. Non-commutative algebra of generalized functions The algebra of generalized functions can be built-up with an appropriate procedure of projection of a function F = F ( x ) {\displaystyle F=F(x)} to its smooth F s m o o t h {\displaystyle F_{\rm {smooth}}} and its singular F s i n g u l a r {\displaystyle F_{\rm {singular}}} parts. The product of generalized functions F {\displaystyle F} and G {\displaystyle G} appears as F G = F s m o o t h G s m o o t h + F s m o o t h G s i n g u l a r + F s i n g u l a r G s m o o t h . {\displaystyle FG~=~F_{\rm {smooth}}~G_{\rm {smooth}}~+~F_{\rm {smooth}}~G_{\rm {singular}}~+F_{\rm {singular}}~G_{\rm {smooth}}.} (1) Such a rule applies to both the space of main functions and the space of operators which act on the space of the main functions. The associativity of multiplication is achieved; and the function signum is defined in such a way, that its square is unity everywhere (including the origin of coordinates). Note that the product of singular parts does not appear in the right-hand side of (1); in particular, δ ( x ) 2 = 0 {\displaystyle \delta (x)^{2}=0} . Such a formalism includes the conventional theory of generalized functions (without their product) as a special case. However, the resulting algebra is non-commutative: generalized functions signum and delta anticommute. Few applications of the algebra were suggested. Multiplication of distributions The problem of multiplication of distributions, a limitation of the Schwartz distribution theory, becomes serious for non-linear problems. Various approaches are used today. The simplest one is based on the definition of generalized function given by Yu. V. Egorov. Another approach to construct associative differential algebras is based on J.-F. Colombeau's construction: see Colombeau algebra. These are factor spaces G = M / N {\displaystyle G=M/N} of "moderate" modulo "negligible" nets of functions, where "moderateness" and "negligibility" refers to growth with respect to the index of the family. Example: Colombeau algebra A simple example is obtained by using the polynomial scale on N, s = { a m : N → R , n ↦ n m ; m ∈ Z } {\displaystyle s=\{a_{m}:\mathbb {N} \to \mathbb {R} ,n\mapsto n^{m};~m\in \mathbb {Z} \}} . Then for any semi normed algebra (E,P), the factor space will be G s ( E , P ) = { f ∈ E N ∣ ∀ p ∈ P , ∃ m ∈ Z : p ( f n ) = o ( n m ) } { f ∈ E N ∣ ∀ p ∈ P , ∀ m ∈ Z : p ( f n ) = o ( n m ) } . {\displaystyle G_{s}(E,P)={\frac {\{f\in E^{\mathbb {N} }\mid \forall p\in P,\exists m\in \mathbb {Z} :p(f_{n})=o(n^{m})\}}{\{f\in E^{\mathbb {N} }\mid \forall p\in P,\forall m\in \mathbb {Z} :p(f_{n})=o(n^{m})\}}}.} In particular, for (E, P)=(C,\|.\|) one gets (Colombeau's) generalized complex numbers (which can be "infinitely large" and "infinitesimally small" and still allow for rigorous arithmetics, very similar to nonstandard numbers). For (E, P) = (C∞(R),{pk}) (where pk is the supremum of all derivatives of order less than or equal to k on the ball of radius k) one gets Colombeau's simplified algebra. Injection of Schwartz distributions This algebra "contains" all distributions T of D' via the injection j(T) = (φn ∗ T)n + N, where ∗ is the convolution operation, and φn(x) = n φ(nx). This injection is non-canonical in the sense that it depends on the choice of the mollifier φ, which should be C∞, of integral one and have all its derivatives at 0 vanishing. To obtain a canonical injection, the indexing set can be modified to be N × D(R), with a convenient filter base on D(R) (functions of vanishing moments up to order q). Sheaf structure If (E,P) is a (pre-)sheaf of semi normed algebras on some topological space X, then Gs(E, P) will also have this property. This means that the notion of restriction will be defined, which allows to define the support of a generalized function w.r.t. a subsheaf, in particular: For the subsheaf {0}, one gets the usual support (complement of the largest open subset where the function is zero). For the subsheaf E (embedded using the canonical (constant) injection), one gets what is called the singular support, i.e., roughly speaking, the closure of the set where the generalized function is not a smooth function (for E = C∞). Microlocal analysis The Fourier transformation being (well-)defined for compactly supported generalized functions (component-wise), one can apply the same construction as for distributions, and define Lars Hörmander's wave front set also for generalized functions. This has an especially important application in the analysis of propagation of singularities. Other theories These include: the convolution quotient theory of Jan Mikusinski, based on the field of fractions of convolution algebras that are integral domains; and the theories of hyperfunctions, based (in their initial conception) on boundary values of analytic functions, and now making use of sheaf theory. Topological groups Bruhat introduced a class of test functions, the Schwartz–Bruhat functions as they are now known, on a class of locally compact groups that goes beyond the manifolds that are the typical function domains. The applications are mostly in number theory, particularly to adelic algebraic groups. André Weil rewrote Tate's thesis in this language, characterizing the zeta distribution on the idele group; and has also applied it to the explicit formula of an L-function. Generalized section A further way in which the theory has been extended is as generalized sections of a smooth vector bundle. This is on the Schwartz pattern, constructing objects dual to the test objects, smooth sections of a bundle that have compact support. The most developed theory is that of De Rham currents, dual to differential forms. These are homological in nature, in the way that differential forms give rise to De Rham cohomology. They can be used to formulate a very general Stokes' theorem. See also Beppo-Levi space Dirac delta function Generalized eigenfunction Distribution (mathematics) Hyperfunction Laplacian of the indicator Rigged Hilbert space Limit of a distribution Books Schwartz, L. (1950). Théorie des distributions. Vol. 1. Paris: Hermann. OCLC 889264730. Vol. 2. OCLC 889391733 Beurling, A. (1961). On quasianalyticity and general distributions (multigraphed lectures). Summer Institute, Stanford University. OCLC 679033904. Gelʹfand, Izrailʹ Moiseevič; Vilenkin, Naum Jakovlevič (1964). Generalized Functions. Vol. I–VI. Academic Press. OCLC 728079644. Hörmander, L. (2015) . The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-61497-2. H. Komatsu, Introduction to the theory of distributions, Second edition, Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, 1983. Colombeau, J.-F. (2000) . New Generalized Functions and Multiplication of Distributions. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087195-0. Vladimirov, V.S.; Drozhzhinov, Yu. N.; Zav’yalov, B.I. (2012) . Tauberian theorems for generalized functions. Springer. ISBN 978-94-009-2831-2. Oberguggenberger, M. (1992). Multiplication of distributions and applications to partial differential equations. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-08733-0. OCLC 682138968. Morimoto, M. (1993). An introduction to Sato's hyperfunctions. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-8767-7. Demidov, A.S. (2001). Generalized Functions in Mathematical Physics: Main Ideas and Concepts. Nova Science. ISBN 9781560729051. Grosser, M.; Kunzinger, M.; Oberguggenberger, Michael; Steinbauer, R. (2013) . Geometric theory of generalized functions with applications to general relativity. Springer. ISBN 978-94-015-9845-3. Estrada, R.; Kanwal, R. (2012). A distributional approach to asymptotics. Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Birkhäuser Boston. ISBN 978-0-8176-8130-2. Vladimirov, V.S. (2002). Methods of the theory of generalized functions. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-27356-5. Kleinert, H. (2009). Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets (5th ed.). World Scientific. ISBN 9789814273572. (online here). See Chapter 11 for products of generalized functions. Pilipovi, S.; Stankovic, B.; Vindas, J. (2012). Asymptotic behavior of generalized functions. World Scientific. ISBN 9789814366847. References ^ Kolmogorov, A. N.; Fomin, S. V. (1999) . Elements of the theory of functions and functional analysis. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover. ISBN 0-486-40683-0. OCLC 44675353. ^ Schwartz, L (1952). "Théorie des distributions". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 58: 78–85. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1952-09555-0. ^ Halperin, I., & Schwartz, L. (1952). Introduction to the Theory of Distributions. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (Short lecture by Halperin on Schwartz's theory) ^ a b Yu. V. Egorov (1990). "A contribution to the theory of generalized functions". Russian Math. Surveys. 45 (5): 1–49. Bibcode:1990RuMaS..45....1E. doi:10.1070/rm1990v045n05abeh002683. S2CID 250877163. ^ H. Kleinert and A. Chervyakov (2001). "Rules for integrals over products of distributions from coordinate independence of path integrals" (PDF). Eur. Phys. J. C. 19 (4): 743–747. arXiv:quant-ph/0002067. Bibcode:2001EPJC...19..743K. doi:10.1007/s100520100600. S2CID 119091100. ^ H. Kleinert and A. Chervyakov (2000). "Coordinate Independence of Quantum-Mechanical Path Integrals" (PDF). Phys. Lett. A 269 (1–2): 63. arXiv:quant-ph/0003095. Bibcode:2000PhLA..273....1K. doi:10.1016/S0375-9601(00)00475-8. ^ a b Yu. M. Shirokov (1979). "Algebra of one-dimensional generalized functions". Theoretical and Mathematical Physics. 39 (3): 291–301. Bibcode:1979TMP....39..471S. doi:10.1007/BF01017992. S2CID 189852974. ^ O. G. Goryaga; Yu. M. Shirokov (1981). "Energy levels of an oscillator with singular concentrated potential". Theoretical and Mathematical Physics. 46 (3): 321–324. Bibcode:1981TMP....46..210G. doi:10.1007/BF01032729. S2CID 123477107. ^ G. K. Tolokonnikov (1982). "Differential rings used in Shirokov algebras". Theoretical and Mathematical Physics. 53 (1): 952–954. Bibcode:1982TMP....53..952T. doi:10.1007/BF01014789. S2CID 123078052. Authority control databases: National Japan Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"discontinuous functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuous_function"},{"link_name":"smooth functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_function"},{"link_name":"point charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_charge"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"operational calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_calculus"},{"link_name":"Mikio Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikio_Sato"},{"link_name":"algebraic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_analysis"},{"link_name":"partial differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"group representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_representation"}],"text":"In mathematics, generalized functions are objects extending the notion of functions. There is more than one recognized theory, for example the theory of distributions. Generalized functions are especially useful in making discontinuous functions more like smooth functions, and describing discrete physical phenomena such as point charges. They are applied extensively, especially in physics and engineering.A common feature of some of the approaches is that they build on operator aspects of everyday, numerical functions. The early history is connected with some ideas on operational calculus, and more contemporary developments in certain directions are closely related to ideas of Mikio Sato, on what he calls algebraic analysis. Important influences on the subject have been the technical requirements of theories of partial differential equations, and group representation theory.","title":"Generalized function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green's function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s_function"},{"link_name":"Laplace transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform"},{"link_name":"Riemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann"},{"link_name":"trigonometric series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_series"},{"link_name":"Fourier series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_series"},{"link_name":"integrable function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrable_function"},{"link_name":"mathematical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis"},{"link_name":"heuristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic"},{"link_name":"operational calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_calculus"},{"link_name":"divergent series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_series"},{"link_name":"pure mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Oliver Heaviside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside"},{"link_name":"Lebesgue integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_integral"},{"link_name":"almost everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_everywhere"},{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"linear functional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_functional"},{"link_name":"weak derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_derivative"},{"link_name":"Dirac delta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function"},{"link_name":"Paul Dirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac"},{"link_name":"scientific formalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_formalism"},{"link_name":"measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"charge density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_density"},{"link_name":"Sergei Sobolev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Sobolev"},{"link_name":"partial differential equation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation_theory"},{"link_name":"weak solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_solution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Salomon Bochner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Bochner"},{"link_name":"Kurt Friedrichs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Friedrichs"},{"link_name":"Laurent Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In the mathematics of the nineteenth century, aspects of generalized function theory appeared, for example in the definition of the Green's function, in the Laplace transform, and in Riemann's theory of trigonometric series, which were not necessarily the Fourier series of an integrable function. These were disconnected aspects of mathematical analysis at the time.The intensive use of the Laplace transform in engineering led to the heuristic use of symbolic methods, called operational calculus. Since justifications were given that used divergent series, these methods had a bad reputation from the point of view of pure mathematics. They are typical of later application of generalized function methods. An influential book on operational calculus was Oliver Heaviside's Electromagnetic Theory of 1899.When the Lebesgue integral was introduced, there was for the first time a notion of generalized function central to mathematics. An integrable function, in Lebesgue's theory, is equivalent to any other which is the same almost everywhere. That means its value at a given point is (in a sense) not its most important feature. In functional analysis a clear formulation is given of the essential feature of an integrable function, namely the way it defines a linear functional on other functions. This allows a definition of weak derivative.During the late 1920s and 1930s further steps were taken, basic to future work. The Dirac delta function was boldly defined by Paul Dirac (an aspect of his scientific formalism); this was to treat measures, thought of as densities (such as charge density) like genuine functions. Sergei Sobolev, working in partial differential equation theory, defined the first adequate theory of generalized functions, from the mathematical point of view, in order to work with weak solutions of partial differential equations.[1] Others proposing related theories at the time were Salomon Bochner and Kurt Friedrichs. Sobolev's work was further developed in an extended form by Laurent Schwartz.[2]","title":"Some early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Laurent Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"duality theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_space"},{"link_name":"topological vector spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_vector_space"},{"link_name":"applied mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics"},{"link_name":"James Lighthill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lighthill"},{"link_name":"mollifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollifier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear"},{"link_name":"function spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_space"},{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"Dirac delta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YuVEgorov1990-4"},{"link_name":"path integral formulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_integral_formulation"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Schrödinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"H. Kleinert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen_Kleinert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"dimensional regularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_regularization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The realization of such a concept that was to become accepted as definitive, for many purposes, was the theory of distributions, developed by Laurent Schwartz. It can be called a principled theory, based on duality theory for topological vector spaces. Its main rival, in applied mathematics, is to use sequences of smooth approximations (the 'James Lighthill' explanation), which is more ad hoc. This now enters the theory as mollifier theory.[3]This theory was very successful and is still widely used, but suffers from the main drawback that it allows only linear operations. In other words, distributions cannot be multiplied (except for very special cases): unlike most classical function spaces, they are not an algebra. For example, it is not meaningful to square the Dirac delta function. Work of Schwartz from around 1954 showed that was an intrinsic difficulty.Some solutions to the multiplication problem have been proposed. One is based on a very simple and intuitive definition of a generalized function given by Yu. V. Egorov[4] (see also his article in Demidov's book in the book list below) that allows arbitrary operations on, and between, generalized functions.Another solution of the multiplication problem is dictated by the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics.\nSince this is required to be equivalent to the Schrödinger theory of quantum mechanics which is invariant under coordinate transformations, this property must be shared by path integrals. This fixes all products of generalized functions\nas shown by H. Kleinert and A. Chervyakov.[5] The result is equivalent to what can be derived from\ndimensional regularization.[6]","title":"Schwartz distributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shirokovAlgebra1dim-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Several constructions of algebras of generalized functions have been proposed, among others those by Yu. M. Shirokov\n[7] and those by E. Rosinger, Y. Egorov, and R. Robinson.[citation needed]\nIn the first case, the multiplication is determined with some regularization of generalized function. In the second case, the algebra is constructed as multiplication of distributions. Both cases are discussed below.","title":"Algebras of generalized functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shirokovAlgebra1dim-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goriaga-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tolok-9"}],"sub_title":"Non-commutative algebra of generalized functions","text":"The algebra of generalized functions can be built-up with an appropriate procedure of projection of a function \n \n \n \n F\n =\n F\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=F(x)}\n \n to its smooth \n\n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n s\n m\n o\n o\n t\n h\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\rm {smooth}}}\n \n and its singular \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n s\n i\n n\n g\n u\n l\n a\n r\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\rm {singular}}}\n \n parts. The product of generalized functions \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n and \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n appears asSuch a rule applies to both the space of main functions and the space of operators which act on the space of the main functions.\nThe associativity of multiplication is achieved; and the function signum is defined in such a way, that its square is unity everywhere (including the origin of coordinates). Note that the product of singular parts does not appear in the right-hand side of (1); in particular, \n \n \n \n δ\n (\n x\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta (x)^{2}=0}\n \n. Such a formalism includes the conventional theory of generalized functions (without their product) as a special case. However, the resulting algebra is non-commutative: generalized functions signum and delta anticommute.[7] Few applications of the algebra were suggested.[8][9]","title":"Algebras of generalized functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YuVEgorov1990-4"},{"link_name":"associative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative"},{"link_name":"differential algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_algebra"},{"link_name":"Colombeau algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombeau_algebra"},{"link_name":"factor spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_space"}],"sub_title":"Multiplication of distributions","text":"The problem of multiplication of distributions, a limitation of the Schwartz distribution theory, becomes serious for non-linear problems.Various approaches are used today. The simplest one is based on the definition of generalized function given by Yu. V. Egorov.[4] Another approach to construct associative differential algebras is based on J.-F. Colombeau's construction: see Colombeau algebra. These are factor spacesG\n =\n M\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G=M/N}of \"moderate\" modulo \"negligible\" nets of functions, where \"moderateness\" and \"negligibility\" refers to growth with respect to the index of the family.","title":"Algebras of generalized functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generalized complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generalized_number&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nonstandard numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_analysis"},{"link_name":"Colombeau's simplified algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombeau_algebra"}],"sub_title":"Example: Colombeau algebra","text":"A simple example is obtained by using the polynomial scale on N,\n\n \n \n \n s\n =\n {\n \n a\n \n m\n \n \n :\n \n N\n \n →\n \n R\n \n ,\n n\n ↦\n \n n\n \n m\n \n \n ;\n \n m\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s=\\{a_{m}:\\mathbb {N} \\to \\mathbb {R} ,n\\mapsto n^{m};~m\\in \\mathbb {Z} \\}}\n \n. Then for any semi normed algebra (E,P), the factor space will beG\n \n s\n \n \n (\n E\n ,\n P\n )\n =\n \n \n \n {\n f\n ∈\n \n E\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n ∣\n ∀\n p\n ∈\n P\n ,\n ∃\n m\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n :\n p\n (\n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n o\n (\n \n n\n \n m\n \n \n )\n }\n \n \n {\n f\n ∈\n \n E\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n ∣\n ∀\n p\n ∈\n P\n ,\n ∀\n m\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n :\n p\n (\n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n o\n (\n \n n\n \n m\n \n \n )\n }\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{s}(E,P)={\\frac {\\{f\\in E^{\\mathbb {N} }\\mid \\forall p\\in P,\\exists m\\in \\mathbb {Z} :p(f_{n})=o(n^{m})\\}}{\\{f\\in E^{\\mathbb {N} }\\mid \\forall p\\in P,\\forall m\\in \\mathbb {Z} :p(f_{n})=o(n^{m})\\}}}.}In particular, for (E, P)=(C,\|.\|) one gets (Colombeau's) generalized complex numbers (which can be \"infinitely large\" and \"infinitesimally small\" and still allow for rigorous arithmetics, very similar to nonstandard numbers). For (E, P) = (C∞(R),{pk}) (where pk is the supremum of all derivatives of order less than or equal to k on the ball of radius k) one gets Colombeau's simplified algebra.","title":"Algebras of generalized functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution"},{"link_name":"mollifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollifier"},{"link_name":"filter base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_base"},{"link_name":"moments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(mathematics)"}],"sub_title":"Injection of Schwartz distributions","text":"This algebra \"contains\" all distributions T of D' via the injectionj(T) = (φn ∗ T)n + N,where ∗ is the convolution operation, andφn(x) = n φ(nx).This injection is non-canonical in the sense that it depends on the choice of the mollifier φ, which should be C∞, of integral one and have all its derivatives at 0 vanishing. To obtain a canonical injection, the indexing set can be modified to be N × D(R), with a convenient filter base on D(R) (functions of vanishing moments up to order q).","title":"Algebras of generalized functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sheaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"restriction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"singular support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_support"}],"sub_title":"Sheaf structure","text":"If (E,P) is a (pre-)sheaf of semi normed algebras on some topological space X, then Gs(E, P) will also have this property. This means that the notion of restriction will be defined, which allows to define the support of a generalized function w.r.t. a subsheaf, in particular:For the subsheaf {0}, one gets the usual support (complement of the largest open subset where the function is zero).\nFor the subsheaf E (embedded using the canonical (constant) injection), one gets what is called the singular support, i.e., roughly speaking, the closure of the set where the generalized function is not a smooth function (for E = C∞).","title":"Algebras of generalized functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fourier transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transformation"},{"link_name":"Lars Hörmander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_H%C3%B6rmander"},{"link_name":"wave front set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_front_set"},{"link_name":"propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagation"},{"link_name":"singularities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_singularity"}],"sub_title":"Microlocal analysis","text":"The Fourier transformation being (well-)defined for compactly supported generalized functions (component-wise), one can apply the same construction as for distributions, and define Lars Hörmander's wave front set also for generalized functions.This has an especially important application in the analysis of propagation of singularities.","title":"Algebras of generalized functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Mikusinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Mikusinski"},{"link_name":"field of fractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_fractions"},{"link_name":"convolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution"},{"link_name":"integral domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_domain"},{"link_name":"hyperfunctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfunction"},{"link_name":"analytic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"sheaf theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_theory"}],"text":"These include: the convolution quotient theory of Jan Mikusinski, based on the field of fractions of convolution algebras that are integral domains; and the theories of hyperfunctions, based (in their initial conception) on boundary values of analytic functions, and now making use of sheaf theory.","title":"Other theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"test functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_function"},{"link_name":"Schwartz–Bruhat functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz%E2%80%93Bruhat_function"},{"link_name":"locally compact groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_compact_group"},{"link_name":"manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"function domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_domain"},{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"adelic algebraic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelic_algebraic_group"},{"link_name":"André Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil"},{"link_name":"Tate's thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate%27s_thesis"},{"link_name":"zeta distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeta_distribution_(number_theory)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"idele group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idele_group"},{"link_name":"explicit formula of an L-function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_formula_of_an_L-function"}],"text":"Bruhat introduced a class of test functions, the Schwartz–Bruhat functions as they are now known, on a class of locally compact groups that goes beyond the manifolds that are the typical function domains. The applications are mostly in number theory, particularly to adelic algebraic groups. André Weil rewrote Tate's thesis in this language, characterizing the zeta distribution on the idele group; and has also applied it to the explicit formula of an L-function.","title":"Topological groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vector bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_bundle"},{"link_name":"compact support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_support"},{"link_name":"De Rham currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham_current"},{"link_name":"differential forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_form"},{"link_name":"De Rham cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham_cohomology"},{"link_name":"Stokes' theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem"}],"text":"A further way in which the theory has been extended is as generalized sections of a smooth vector bundle. This is on the Schwartz pattern, constructing objects dual to the test objects, smooth sections of a bundle that have compact support. The most developed theory is that of De Rham currents, dual to differential forms. These are homological in nature, in the way that differential forms give rise to De Rham cohomology. They can be used to formulate a very general Stokes' theorem.","title":"Generalized section"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"889264730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/889264730"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"889391733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/889391733"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"679033904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/679033904"},{"link_name":"Gelʹfand, Izrailʹ Moiseevič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.M._Gel%27fand"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"728079644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/728079644"},{"link_name":"The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aaLrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-642-61497-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-61497-2"},{"link_name":"Colombeau, J.-F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombeau_algebra"},{"link_name":"New Generalized Functions and Multiplication of Distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7wm-oOMm69EC&pg=PR9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-08-087195-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087195-0"},{"link_name":"Tauberian theorems for generalized functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=onfvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-94-009-2831-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-2831-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-582-08733-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08733-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"682138968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/682138968"},{"link_name":"An introduction to Sato's hyperfunctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pcSumZ4aPX0C&pg=PP7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8218-8767-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-8767-7"},{"link_name":"Generalized Functions in Mathematical Physics: Main Ideas and Concepts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MFhRr7l3IyAC&pg=PA17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781560729051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560729051"},{"link_name":"Geometric theory of generalized functions with applications to general relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=123uCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-94-015-9845-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-015-9845-3"},{"link_name":"A distributional approach to asymptotics. Theory and applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=X3cECAAAQBAJ&pg=PP7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8176-8130-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-8130-2"},{"link_name":"Methods of the theory of generalized functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hlumB8fkX0UC&pg=PR5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-27356-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27356-5"},{"link_name":"Kleinert, H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen_Kleinert"},{"link_name":"Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VJ1qNz5xYzkC&pg=PR17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789814273572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814273572"},{"link_name":"online here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/b5"},{"link_name":"Asymptotic behavior of generalized functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RidqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR11"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789814366847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814366847"}],"text":"Schwartz, L. (1950). Théorie des distributions. Vol. 1. Paris: Hermann. OCLC 889264730. Vol. 2. OCLC 889391733\nBeurling, A. (1961). On quasianalyticity and general distributions (multigraphed lectures). Summer Institute, Stanford University. OCLC 679033904.\nGelʹfand, Izrailʹ Moiseevič; Vilenkin, Naum Jakovlevič (1964). Generalized Functions. Vol. I–VI. Academic Press. OCLC 728079644.\nHörmander, L. (2015) [1990]. The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-61497-2.\nH. Komatsu, Introduction to the theory of distributions, Second edition, Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, 1983.\nColombeau, J.-F. (2000) [1983]. New Generalized Functions and Multiplication of Distributions. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087195-0.\nVladimirov, V.S.; Drozhzhinov, Yu. N.; Zav’yalov, B.I. (2012) [1988]. Tauberian theorems for generalized functions. Springer. ISBN 978-94-009-2831-2.\nOberguggenberger, M. (1992). Multiplication of distributions and applications to partial differential equations. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-08733-0. OCLC 682138968.\nMorimoto, M. (1993). An introduction to Sato's hyperfunctions. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-8767-7.\nDemidov, A.S. (2001). Generalized Functions in Mathematical Physics: Main Ideas and Concepts. Nova Science. ISBN 9781560729051.\nGrosser, M.; Kunzinger, M.; Oberguggenberger, Michael; Steinbauer, R. (2013) [2001]. Geometric theory of generalized functions with applications to general relativity. Springer. ISBN 978-94-015-9845-3.\nEstrada, R.; Kanwal, R. (2012). A distributional approach to asymptotics. Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Birkhäuser Boston. ISBN 978-0-8176-8130-2.\nVladimirov, V.S. (2002). Methods of the theory of generalized functions. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-27356-5.\nKleinert, H. (2009). Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets (5th ed.). World Scientific. ISBN 9789814273572. (online here). See Chapter 11 for products of generalized functions.\nPilipovi, S.; Stankovic, B.; Vindas, J. (2012). Asymptotic behavior of generalized functions. World Scientific. ISBN 9789814366847.","title":"Books"}]	[]	[{"title":"Beppo-Levi space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beppo-Levi_space"},{"title":"Dirac delta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function"},{"title":"Generalized eigenfunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_eigenfunction"},{"title":"Distribution (mathematics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(mathematics)"},{"title":"Hyperfunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfunction"},{"title":"Laplacian of the indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian_of_the_indicator"},{"title":"Rigged Hilbert space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigged_Hilbert_space"},{"title":"Limit of a distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_a_distribution"}]	[{"reference":"Schwartz, L. (1950). Théorie des distributions. Vol. 1. Paris: Hermann. OCLC 889264730.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/889264730","url_text":"889264730"}]},{"reference":"Beurling, A. (1961). On quasianalyticity and general distributions (multigraphed lectures). Summer Institute, Stanford University. OCLC 679033904.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/679033904","url_text":"679033904"}]},{"reference":"Gelʹfand, Izrailʹ Moiseevič; Vilenkin, Naum Jakovlevič (1964). Generalized Functions. Vol. I–VI. Academic Press. OCLC 728079644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.M._Gel%27fand","url_text":"Gelʹfand, Izrailʹ Moiseevič"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/728079644","url_text":"728079644"}]},{"reference":"Hörmander, L. (2015) [1990]. The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-61497-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aaLrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9","url_text":"The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-61497-2","url_text":"978-3-642-61497-2"}]},{"reference":"Colombeau, J.-F. (2000) [1983]. New Generalized Functions and Multiplication of Distributions. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087195-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombeau_algebra","url_text":"Colombeau, J.-F."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7wm-oOMm69EC&pg=PR9","url_text":"New Generalized Functions and Multiplication of Distributions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087195-0","url_text":"978-0-08-087195-0"}]},{"reference":"Vladimirov, V.S.; Drozhzhinov, Yu. N.; Zav’yalov, B.I. (2012) [1988]. Tauberian theorems for generalized functions. Springer. ISBN 978-94-009-2831-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=onfvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5","url_text":"Tauberian theorems for generalized functions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-2831-2","url_text":"978-94-009-2831-2"}]},{"reference":"Oberguggenberger, M. (1992). Multiplication of distributions and applications to partial differential equations. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-08733-0. OCLC 682138968.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08733-0","url_text":"978-0-582-08733-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/682138968","url_text":"682138968"}]},{"reference":"Morimoto, M. (1993). An introduction to Sato's hyperfunctions. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-8767-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pcSumZ4aPX0C&pg=PP7","url_text":"An introduction to Sato's hyperfunctions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-8767-7","url_text":"978-0-8218-8767-7"}]},{"reference":"Demidov, A.S. (2001). Generalized Functions in Mathematical Physics: Main Ideas and Concepts. Nova Science. ISBN 9781560729051.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MFhRr7l3IyAC&pg=PA17","url_text":"Generalized Functions in Mathematical Physics: Main Ideas and Concepts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560729051","url_text":"9781560729051"}]},{"reference":"Grosser, M.; Kunzinger, M.; Oberguggenberger, Michael; Steinbauer, R. (2013) [2001]. Geometric theory of generalized functions with applications to general relativity. Springer. ISBN 978-94-015-9845-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=123uCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5","url_text":"Geometric theory of generalized functions with applications to general relativity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-015-9845-3","url_text":"978-94-015-9845-3"}]},{"reference":"Estrada, R.; Kanwal, R. (2012). A distributional approach to asymptotics. Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Birkhäuser Boston. ISBN 978-0-8176-8130-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X3cECAAAQBAJ&pg=PP7","url_text":"A distributional approach to asymptotics. Theory and applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-8130-2","url_text":"978-0-8176-8130-2"}]},{"reference":"Vladimirov, V.S. (2002). Methods of the theory of generalized functions. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-27356-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hlumB8fkX0UC&pg=PR5","url_text":"Methods of the theory of generalized functions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27356-5","url_text":"978-0-415-27356-5"}]},{"reference":"Kleinert, H. (2009). Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets (5th ed.). World Scientific. ISBN 9789814273572.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen_Kleinert","url_text":"Kleinert, H."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ1qNz5xYzkC&pg=PR17","url_text":"Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814273572","url_text":"9789814273572"}]},{"reference":"Pilipovi, S.; Stankovic, B.; Vindas, J. (2012). Asymptotic behavior of generalized functions. World Scientific. ISBN 9789814366847.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RidqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR11","url_text":"Asymptotic behavior of generalized functions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814366847","url_text":"9789814366847"}]},{"reference":"Kolmogorov, A. N.; Fomin, S. V. (1999) [1957]. Elements of the theory of functions and functional analysis. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover. ISBN 0-486-40683-0. OCLC 44675353.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44675353","url_text":"Elements of the theory of functions and functional analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-40683-0","url_text":"0-486-40683-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44675353","url_text":"44675353"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, L (1952). \"Théorie des distributions\". Bull. Amer. Math. 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S2CID 250877163.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990RuMaS..45....1E","url_text":"1990RuMaS..45....1E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1070%2Frm1990v045n05abeh002683","url_text":"10.1070/rm1990v045n05abeh002683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250877163","url_text":"250877163"}]},{"reference":"H. Kleinert and A. Chervyakov (2001). \"Rules for integrals over products of distributions from coordinate independence of path integrals\" (PDF). Eur. Phys. J. C. 19 (4): 743–747. arXiv:quant-ph/0002067. Bibcode:2001EPJC...19..743K. doi:10.1007/s100520100600. 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Chervyakov (2000). \"Coordinate Independence of Quantum-Mechanical Path Integrals\" (PDF). Phys. Lett. A 269 (1–2): 63. arXiv:quant-ph/0003095. Bibcode:2000PhLA..273....1K. doi:10.1016/S0375-9601(00)00475-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/305/klch2.pdf","url_text":"\"Coordinate Independence of Quantum-Mechanical Path Integrals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0003095","url_text":"quant-ph/0003095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhLA..273....1K","url_text":"2000PhLA..273....1K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0375-9601%2800%2900475-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0375-9601(00)00475-8"}]},{"reference":"Yu. M. Shirokov (1979). \"Algebra of one-dimensional generalized functions\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%AB_Sasahara	Yū Sasahara	["1 Biography","2 Filmography","2.1 Anime","2.2 Games","3 References","4 External links"]	Japanese voice actress Yū Sasahara篠原侑BornApril 30Kumamoto PrefectureYears active2016–presentAgentI'm EnterpriseNotable workMs. Vampire who lives in my neighborhood as Akari AmanoKandagawa Jet Girls as Rin NamikiDiary of Our Days at the Breakwater as Yūki KuroiwaShadows House as Emilico Yū Sasahara (篠原侑, Sasahara Yū, born April 30) is a Japanese voice actress from Kumamoto Prefecture who is affiliated with I'm Enterprise. She began her career in 2016, and in 2018 she played her first main role as Akari Amano in the anime television series Ms. Vampire who lives in my neighborhood. Biography Sasahara learned to play the piano at a young age and dreamed of becoming a singer during her elementary school years. She was persuaded against pursuing that career by her parents, who advised her that becoming one was difficult. While in junior high school, she played the clarinet as a member of her school's brass band. Around this time, she was encouraged to pursue a career in voice acting by her father, who told her that she could sing, act, and appear on TV in that line of work. Her father then encouraged her by printing out an audition form for a role in the Japanese dub of the film The Golden Compass, although she ultimately did not push through with auditioning. Nevertheless, as she had already been interested in anime and manga, the experience influenced her to investigate voice acting more and learn about anime production. During her third year of high school, Sasahara applied for enrollment at the Japan Narration Acting Institute. After passing the entrance examinations, she enrolled at the school while also going to university. While in her third year of training, she received a notification that the she had been accepted into the I'm Enterprise talent agency; she then debuted as a voice actress in 2016. Among her earliest roles was as the character Li Xuelan in the 2018 anime series Märchen Mädchen. Later that year, she was cast in her first main role as the character Akari Amano in the anime series Ms. Vampire who lives in my neighborhood. The following year, she was cast as Rū Hitoma in the anime series Over Drive Girl 1/6 and Rin Namiki in the multimedia franchise Kandagawa Jet Girls. In 2020, she was cast as Yūki Kuroiwa in the anime series Diary of Our Days at the Breakwater. In 2021, she was cast as Emilico in the anime series Shadows House. Filmography Anime 2016 Love Live! Sunshine!! as Female student Classicaloid as Child 2017 Urara Meirocho Minami Kamakura High School Girls Cycling Club as Marie Unuma 2018 Dagashi Kashi 2 Märchen Mädchen as Li Xuelan Happy Sugar Life as Mei Kunizuka (episodes 2, 4) Kyōto Teramachi Sanjō no Holmes as Kumi Kitamoto (episode 4) Ms. Vampire Who Lives in My Neighborhood as Akari Amano 2019 Over Drive Girl 1/6 as Rū Hitoma Kandagawa Jet Girls as Rin Namiki 2020 Asteroid in Love as Girl Diary of Our Days at the Breakwater as Yūki Kuroiwa Listeners as Loudspeaker, Grange & Anorak Brothers, Minami Girl Mewkledreamy as Women (2), Moderator Lapis Re:Lights as Salsa Dropout Idol Fruit Tart as Nua Nakamachi 2021 Shadows House as Emilico Platinum End as Akira 2022 Shadows House 2nd Season as Emilico 2023 The Magical Revolution of the Reincarnated Princess and the Genius Young Lady as Tilty Claret Dark Gathering as Yayoi Hōzuki Games Lapis Re:Lights as Salsa Uma Musume Pretty Derby as Curren Chan Kandagawa Jet Girls as Rin Namiki Azur Lane as USS Boise Birdie Crush as Lucie de Bei Azure Striker Gunvolt 3 as Kirin Gunvolt Chronicles: Luminous Avenger iX 2 as Kirin Genshin Impact as Lynette Wuthering Waves as Verina References ^ a b c d "Agency profile" (in Japanese). I'm Enterprise. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "「篠原侑」声優インタビュー＆ミニグラビア【声優図鑑】". Da Vinci News (in Japanese). Kadokawa Corporation. June 14, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g "【声マガ・インタビュー】篠原侑" (in Japanese). Seiyū Magazine. January 31, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ^ a b "李雪蘭 -アニメ「メルヘン・メドヘン」公式サイト-" (in Japanese). Retrieved September 24, 2019. ^ a b "Ms. vampire who lives in my neighborhood. Anime's 1st Video Unveils More Cast, Staff". Anime News Network. August 9, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ^ a b "Kandagawa Jet Girls Anime Reveals Video, Cast, October Premiere". Anime News Network. August 1, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ^ a b "Hōkago Teibō Nisshi Fishing Anime's Promo Unveils Main Cast". Anime News Network. December 27, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019. ^ a b "Shadows House TV Anime Reveals Staff, Cast, Teaser Video, 2021 Premiere". Anime News Network. December 19, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020. ^ a b c "篠原侑 (Yuu Sasahara)". Voice Artist DataBase (in Japanese). GamePlaza Haruka. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ^ a b "サルサ｜キャラクター｜ラピスリライツ～この世界のアイドルは魔法が使える～" (in Japanese). KLab. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ^ "Dropout Idol Fruit Tart TV Anime Reveals Additional Cast". Anime News Network. April 27, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020. ^ "Platinum End Anime Reveals 9 More Cast Members". Anime News Network. October 3, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021. ^ "Shadows House Anime's 2nd Season Premieres in July". Anime News Network. January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ "The Magical Revolution of the Reincarnated Princess Anime's 2nd Video Unveils More Cast, Opening Song, January 2023 Debut". Anime News Network. October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022. ^ "Dark Gathering Horror Anime Unveils Trailer, Visual, Main Cast". Anime News Network. November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "キャラクター". Kandagawa Jet Girls (in Japanese). Marvelous. Retrieved January 21, 2020. ^ "Boise". Azur Lane Wiki. May 28, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021. ^ "Birdie Crush: Fantasy Golf". Retrieved July 20, 2021. ^ a b Romano, Sal (March 23, 2022). "Gunvolt Chronicles: Luminous Avenger iX 2 DLC boss Kirin from Azure Striker Gunvolt 3 announced". Gematsu. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ 『原神』フォンテーヌのキャラ＆声優陣の情報公開。フリーナ（声：水瀬いのり）、ヌヴィレット（声：神谷浩史）、クロリンデ（声：石川由依）など. Famitsu (in Japanese). July 3, 2023. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023. External links Agency profile (in Japanese) Yū Sasahara at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voice actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kumamoto Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"I'm Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agency-1"},{"link_name":"Ms. Vampire who lives in my neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Vampire_who_lives_in_my_neighborhood"}],"text":"Yū Sasahara (篠原侑, Sasahara Yū, born April 30) is a Japanese voice actress from Kumamoto Prefecture who is affiliated with I'm Enterprise.[1] She began her career in 2016, and in 2018 she played her first main role as Akari Amano in the anime television series Ms. Vampire who lives in my neighborhood.","title":"Yū Sasahara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-navi-2"},{"link_name":"voice acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-navi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seimaga-3"},{"link_name":"The Golden Compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Compass_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-navi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seimaga-3"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-navi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seimaga-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-navi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seimaga-3"},{"link_name":"I'm Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-navi-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-navi-2"},{"link_name":"Märchen Mädchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rchen_M%C3%A4dchen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seimaga-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mm-4"},{"link_name":"Ms. Vampire who lives in my neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Vampire_who_lives_in_my_neighborhood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-navi-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tonari-5"},{"link_name":"Over Drive Girl 1/6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_Drive_Girl_1/6"},{"link_name":"Kandagawa Jet Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandagawa_Jet_Girls"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-navi-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kandagawa-6"},{"link_name":"Diary of Our Days at the Breakwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_Our_Days_at_the_Breakwater"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-7"},{"link_name":"Shadows House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_House"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shadows-8"}],"text":"Sasahara learned to play the piano at a young age and dreamed of becoming a singer during her elementary school years. She was persuaded against pursuing that career by her parents, who advised her that becoming one was difficult.[2] While in junior high school, she played the clarinet as a member of her school's brass band. Around this time, she was encouraged to pursue a career in voice acting by her father, who told her that she could sing, act, and appear on TV in that line of work.[2][3] Her father then encouraged her by printing out an audition form for a role in the Japanese dub of the film The Golden Compass, although she ultimately did not push through with auditioning.[2][3] Nevertheless, as she had already been interested in anime and manga, the experience influenced her to investigate voice acting more and learn about anime production.[2]During her third year of high school, Sasahara applied for enrollment at the Japan Narration Acting Institute.[3] After passing the entrance examinations, she enrolled at the school while also going to university.[2][3] While in her third year of training, she received a notification that the she had been accepted into the I'm Enterprise talent agency;[2] she then debuted as a voice actress in 2016.[2] Among her earliest roles was as the character Li Xuelan in the 2018 anime series Märchen Mädchen.[3][4] Later that year, she was cast in her first main role as the character Akari Amano in the anime series Ms. Vampire who lives in my neighborhood.[2][5] The following year, she was cast as Rū Hitoma in the anime series Over Drive Girl 1/6 and Rin Namiki in the multimedia franchise Kandagawa Jet Girls.[2][6] In 2020, she was cast as Yūki Kuroiwa in the anime series Diary of Our Days at the Breakwater.[7] In 2021, she was cast as Emilico in the anime series Shadows House.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love Live! Sunshine!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Live!_Sunshine!!"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vadb-9"},{"link_name":"Classicaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicaloid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vadb-9"},{"link_name":"Urara Meirocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urara_Meirocho"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agency-1"},{"link_name":"Minami Kamakura High School Girls Cycling Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami_Kamakura_High_School_Girls_Cycling_Club"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vadb-9"},{"link_name":"Dagashi Kashi 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagashi_Kashi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agency-1"},{"link_name":"Märchen Mädchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rchen_M%C3%A4dchen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mm-4"},{"link_name":"Happy Sugar Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Sugar_Life"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seimaga-3"},{"link_name":"Kyōto Teramachi Sanjō no Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dto_Teramachi_Sanj%C5%8D_no_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seimaga-3"},{"link_name":"Ms. Vampire Who Lives in My Neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Vampire_Who_Lives_in_My_Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tonari-5"},{"link_name":"Over Drive Girl 1/6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_Drive_Girl_1/6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-navi-2"},{"link_name":"Kandagawa Jet Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandagawa_Jet_Girls"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kandagawa-6"},{"link_name":"Asteroid in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Diary of Our Days at the Breakwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_Our_Days_at_the_Breakwater"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-7"},{"link_name":"Listeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeners"},{"link_name":"Mewkledreamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewkledreamy"},{"link_name":"Lapis Re:Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_Re:Lights"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapis-10"},{"link_name":"Dropout Idol Fruit Tart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropout_Idol_Fruit_Tart"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Shadows House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_House"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shadows-8"},{"link_name":"Platinum End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_End"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Shadows House 2nd Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_House"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Magical Revolution of the Reincarnated Princess and the Genius Young Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Revolution_of_the_Reincarnated_Princess_and_the_Genius_Young_Lady"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dark Gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Gathering"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Anime","text":"2016Love Live! Sunshine!! as Female student[9]\nClassicaloid as Child[9]2017Urara Meirocho[1]\nMinami Kamakura High School Girls Cycling Club as Marie Unuma[9]2018Dagashi Kashi 2[1]\nMärchen Mädchen as Li Xuelan[4]\nHappy Sugar Life as Mei Kunizuka (episodes 2, 4)[3]\nKyōto Teramachi Sanjō no Holmes as Kumi Kitamoto (episode 4)[3]\nMs. Vampire Who Lives in My Neighborhood as Akari Amano[5]2019Over Drive Girl 1/6 as Rū Hitoma[2]\nKandagawa Jet Girls as Rin Namiki[6]2020Asteroid in Love as Girl\nDiary of Our Days at the Breakwater as Yūki Kuroiwa[7]\nListeners as Loudspeaker, Grange & Anorak Brothers, Minami Girl\nMewkledreamy as Women (2), Moderator\nLapis Re:Lights as Salsa[10]\nDropout Idol Fruit Tart as Nua Nakamachi[11]2021Shadows House as Emilico[8]\nPlatinum End as Akira[12]2022Shadows House 2nd Season as Emilico[13]2023The Magical Revolution of the Reincarnated Princess and the Genius Young Lady as Tilty Claret[14]\nDark Gathering as Yayoi Hōzuki[15]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lapis Re:Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_Re:Lights"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapis-10"},{"link_name":"Uma Musume Pretty Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_Musume_Pretty_Derby"},{"link_name":"Curren Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curren_Chan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agency-1"},{"link_name":"Kandagawa Jet Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandagawa_Jet_Girls"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Azur Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azur_Lane"},{"link_name":"USS Boise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boise_(CL-47)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Azure Striker Gunvolt 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_Striker_Gunvolt_3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirin-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirin-19"},{"link_name":"Genshin Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genshin_Impact"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Wuthering Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuthering_Waves"}],"sub_title":"Games","text":"Lapis Re:Lights as Salsa[10]\nUma Musume Pretty Derby as Curren Chan[1]\nKandagawa Jet Girls as Rin Namiki[16]\nAzur Lane as USS Boise[17]\nBirdie Crush as Lucie de Bei[18]\nAzure Striker Gunvolt 3 as Kirin[19]\nGunvolt Chronicles: Luminous Avenger iX 2 as Kirin[19]\nGenshin Impact as Lynette[20]\nWuthering Waves as Verina","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Agency profile\" (in Japanese). I'm Enterprise. Retrieved September 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imenterprise.jp/profile.php?id=35","url_text":"\"Agency profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Enterprise","url_text":"I'm Enterprise"}]},{"reference":"\"「篠原侑」声優インタビュー＆ミニグラビア【声優図鑑】\". Da Vinci News (in Japanese). Kadokawa Corporation. June 14, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ddnavi.com/interview/542743/a/","url_text":"\"「篠原侑」声優インタビュー＆ミニグラビア【声優図鑑】\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadokawa_Corporation","url_text":"Kadokawa Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"【声マガ・インタビュー】篠原侑\" (in Japanese). Seiyū Magazine. January 31, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://seimaga.jp/item06.html","url_text":"\"【声マガ・インタビュー】篠原侑\""}]},{"reference":"\"李雪蘭 -アニメ「メルヘン・メドヘン」公式サイト-\" (in Japanese). Retrieved September 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://maerchen-anime.com/chara/xuelan.html","url_text":"\"李雪蘭 -アニメ「メルヘン・メドヘン」公式サイト-\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ms. vampire who lives in my neighborhood. Anime's 1st Video Unveils More Cast, Staff\". Anime News Network. August 9, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-08-09/ms-vampire-who-lives-in-my-neighborhood-anime-1st-video-unveils-more-cast-staff/.135293","url_text":"\"Ms. vampire who lives in my neighborhood. Anime's 1st Video Unveils More Cast, Staff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Kandagawa Jet Girls Anime Reveals Video, Cast, October Premiere\". Anime News Network. August 1, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-08-01/kandagawa-jet-girls-anime-reveals-video-cast-october-premiere/.149589","url_text":"\"Kandagawa Jet Girls Anime Reveals Video, Cast, October Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Hōkago Teibō Nisshi Fishing Anime's Promo Unveils Main Cast\". Anime News Network. December 27, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-12-27/hokago-teibo-nisshi-fishing-anime-promo-unveils-main-cast/.154846","url_text":"\"Hōkago Teibō Nisshi Fishing Anime's Promo Unveils Main Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shadows House TV Anime Reveals Staff, Cast, Teaser Video, 2021 Premiere\". Anime News Network. December 19, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-12-19/shadows-house-tv-anime-reveals-staff-cast-teaser-video-2021-premiere/.167657","url_text":"\"Shadows House TV Anime Reveals Staff, Cast, Teaser Video, 2021 Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"篠原侑 (Yuu Sasahara)\". Voice Artist DataBase (in Japanese). GamePlaza Haruka. Retrieved September 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://gph.sakura.ne.jp/va_memo/system/vadb.cgi?action=view_ind&value=06190&namecode=2","url_text":"\"篠原侑 (Yuu Sasahara)\""}]},{"reference":"\"サルサ｜キャラクター｜ラピスリライツ～この世界のアイドルは魔法が使える～\" (in Japanese). KLab. Retrieved September 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lapisrelights.com/character/salsa/","url_text":"\"サルサ｜キャラクター｜ラピスリライツ～この世界のアイドルは魔法が使える～\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dropout Idol Fruit Tart TV Anime Reveals Additional Cast\". Anime News Network. April 27, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-04-27/dropout-idol-fruit-tart-tv-anime-reveals-additional-cast/.159046","url_text":"\"Dropout Idol Fruit Tart TV Anime Reveals Additional Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Platinum End Anime Reveals 9 More Cast Members\". Anime News Network. October 3, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-10-03/platinum-end-anime-reveals-9-more-cast-members/.178108","url_text":"\"Platinum End Anime Reveals 9 More Cast Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Shadows House Anime's 2nd Season Premieres in July\". Anime News Network. January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-01-05/shadows-house-anime-2nd-season-premieres-in-july/.181240","url_text":"\"Shadows House Anime's 2nd Season Premieres in July\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"The Magical Revolution of the Reincarnated Princess Anime's 2nd Video Unveils More Cast, Opening Song, January 2023 Debut\". Anime News Network. October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-10-10/the-magical-revolution-of-the-reincarnated-princess-anime-2nd-video-unveils-more-cast-opening-song-/.190677","url_text":"\"The Magical Revolution of the Reincarnated Princess Anime's 2nd Video Unveils More Cast, Opening Song, January 2023 Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Dark Gathering Horror Anime Unveils Trailer, Visual, Main Cast\". Anime News Network. November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-10/dark-gathering-horror-anime-unveils-trailer-visual-main-cast/.191758","url_text":"\"Dark Gathering Horror Anime Unveils Trailer, Visual, Main Cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"キャラクター\". Kandagawa Jet Girls (in Japanese). Marvelous. Retrieved January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://kjg.marv.jp/character-machine/asakusa/","url_text":"\"キャラクター\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvelous_(company)","url_text":"Marvelous"}]},{"reference":"\"Boise\". Azur Lane Wiki. May 28, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://azurlane.koumakan.jp/Boise","url_text":"\"Boise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birdie Crush: Fantasy Golf\". Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://birdiecrush.com2us.com/","url_text":"\"Birdie Crush: Fantasy Golf\""}]},{"reference":"Romano, Sal (March 23, 2022). \"Gunvolt Chronicles: Luminous Avenger iX 2 DLC boss Kirin from Azure Striker Gunvolt 3 announced\". Gematsu. Retrieved March 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2022/03/gunvolt-chronicles-luminous-avenger-ix-2-dlc-boss-kirin-from-azure-striker-gunvolt-3-announced","url_text":"\"Gunvolt Chronicles: Luminous Avenger iX 2 DLC boss Kirin from Azure Striker Gunvolt 3 announced\""}]},{"reference":"『原神』フォンテーヌのキャラ＆声優陣の情報公開。フリーナ（声：水瀬いのり）、ヌヴィレット（声：神谷浩史）、クロリンデ（声：石川由依）など. Famitsu (in Japanese). July 3, 2023. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/news/202307/03308371.html","url_text":"『原神』フォンテーヌのキャラ＆声優陣の情報公開。フリーナ（声：水瀬いのり）、ヌヴィレット（声：神谷浩史）、クロリンデ（声：石川由依）など"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230703061030/https://www.famitsu.com/news/202307/03308371.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.imenterprise.jp/profile.php?id=35","external_links_name":"\"Agency profile\""},{"Link":"https://ddnavi.com/interview/542743/a/","external_links_name":"\"「篠原侑」声優インタビュー＆ミニグラビア【声優図鑑】\""},{"Link":"https://seimaga.jp/item06.html","external_links_name":"\"【声マガ・インタビュー】篠原侑\""},{"Link":"https://maerchen-anime.com/chara/xuelan.html","external_links_name":"\"李雪蘭 -アニメ「メルヘン・メドヘン」公式サイト-\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-08-09/ms-vampire-who-lives-in-my-neighborhood-anime-1st-video-unveils-more-cast-staff/.135293","external_links_name":"\"Ms. vampire who lives in my neighborhood. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_set_difference	Symmetric difference	["1 Properties","2 n-ary symmetric difference","3 Symmetric difference on measure spaces","4 Hausdorff distance vs. symmetric difference","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]	Elements in exactly one of two sets Symmetric differenceVenn diagram of A Δ B {\displaystyle A\Delta B} . The symmetric difference is the union without the intersection: ∖ {\displaystyle ~\setminus ~} = {\displaystyle ~=~} TypeSet operationFieldSet theoryStatementThe symmetric difference is the set of elements that are in either set, but not in the intersection.Symbolic statement A Δ B = ( A ∖ B ) ∪ ( B ∖ A ) {\displaystyle A\,\Delta \,B=\left(A\setminus B\right)\cup \left(B\setminus A\right)} In mathematics, the symmetric difference of two sets, also known as the disjunctive union and set sum, is the set of elements which are in either of the sets, but not in their intersection. For example, the symmetric difference of the sets { 1 , 2 , 3 } {\displaystyle \{1,2,3\}} and { 3 , 4 } {\displaystyle \{3,4\}} is { 1 , 2 , 4 } {\displaystyle \{1,2,4\}} . The symmetric difference of the sets A and B is commonly denoted by A Δ ⁡ B {\displaystyle A\operatorname {\Delta } B} (alternatively, A △ ⁡ B {\displaystyle A\operatorname {\vartriangle } B} ), A ⊕ B {\displaystyle A\oplus B} , or A ⊖ B {\displaystyle A\ominus B} . It can be viewed as a form of addition modulo 2. The power set of any set becomes an abelian group under the operation of symmetric difference, with the empty set as the neutral element of the group and every element in this group being its own inverse. The power set of any set becomes a Boolean ring, with symmetric difference as the addition of the ring and intersection as the multiplication of the ring. Properties Venn diagram of ( A Δ B ) Δ C {\displaystyle ~(A\Delta B)\Delta C} Δ {\displaystyle ~\Delta ~} = {\displaystyle ~=~} The symmetric difference is equivalent to the union of both relative complements, that is: A Δ B = ( A ∖ B ) ∪ ( B ∖ A ) , {\displaystyle A\,\Delta \,B=\left(A\setminus B\right)\cup \left(B\setminus A\right),} The symmetric difference can also be expressed using the XOR operation ⊕ on the predicates describing the two sets in set-builder notation: A Δ B = { x : ( x ∈ A ) ⊕ ( x ∈ B ) } . {\displaystyle A\mathbin {\Delta } B=\{x:(x\in A)\oplus (x\in B)\}.} The same fact can be stated as the indicator function (denoted here by χ {\displaystyle \chi } ) of the symmetric difference, being the XOR (or addition mod 2) of the indicator functions of its two arguments: χ ( A Δ B ) = χ A ⊕ χ B {\displaystyle \chi _{(A\,\Delta \,B)}=\chi _{A}\oplus \chi _{B}} or using the Iverson bracket notation [ x ∈ A Δ B ] = [ x ∈ A ] ⊕ [ x ∈ B ] {\displaystyle =\oplus } . The symmetric difference can also be expressed as the union of the two sets, minus their intersection: A Δ B = ( A ∪ B ) ∖ ( A ∩ B ) , {\displaystyle A\,\Delta \,B=(A\cup B)\setminus (A\cap B),} In particular, A Δ B ⊆ A ∪ B {\displaystyle A\mathbin {\Delta } B\subseteq A\cup B} ; the equality in this non-strict inclusion occurs if and only if A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} are disjoint sets. Furthermore, denoting D = A Δ B {\displaystyle D=A\mathbin {\Delta } B} and I = A ∩ B {\displaystyle I=A\cap B} , then D {\displaystyle D} and I {\displaystyle I} are always disjoint, so D {\displaystyle D} and I {\displaystyle I} partition A ∪ B {\displaystyle A\cup B} . Consequently, assuming intersection and symmetric difference as primitive operations, the union of two sets can be well defined in terms of symmetric difference by the right-hand side of the equality A ∪ B = ( A Δ B ) Δ ( A ∩ B ) {\displaystyle A\,\cup \,B=(A\,\Delta \,B)\,\Delta \,(A\cap B)} . The symmetric difference is commutative and associative: A Δ B = B Δ A , ( A Δ B ) Δ C = A Δ ( B Δ C ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A\,\Delta \,B&=B\,\Delta \,A,\\(A\,\Delta \,B)\,\Delta \,C&=A\,\Delta \,(B\,\Delta \,C).\end{aligned}}} The empty set is neutral, and every set is its own inverse: A Δ ∅ = A , A Δ A = ∅ . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A\,\Delta \,\varnothing &=A,\\A\,\Delta \,A&=\varnothing .\end{aligned}}} Thus, the power set of any set X becomes an abelian group under the symmetric difference operation. (More generally, any field of sets forms a group with the symmetric difference as operation.) A group in which every element is its own inverse (or, equivalently, in which every element has order 2) is sometimes called a Boolean group; the symmetric difference provides a prototypical example of such groups. Sometimes the Boolean group is actually defined as the symmetric difference operation on a set. In the case where X has only two elements, the group thus obtained is the Klein four-group. Equivalently, a Boolean group is an elementary abelian 2-group. Consequently, the group induced by the symmetric difference is in fact a vector space over the field with 2 elements Z2. If X is finite, then the singletons form a basis of this vector space, and its dimension is therefore equal to the number of elements of X. This construction is used in graph theory, to define the cycle space of a graph. From the property of the inverses in a Boolean group, it follows that the symmetric difference of two repeated symmetric differences is equivalent to the repeated symmetric difference of the join of the two multisets, where for each double set both can be removed. In particular: ( A Δ B ) Δ ( B Δ C ) = A Δ C . {\displaystyle (A\,\Delta \,B)\,\Delta \,(B\,\Delta \,C)=A\,\Delta \,C.} This implies triangle inequality: the symmetric difference of A and C is contained in the union of the symmetric difference of A and B and that of B and C. Intersection distributes over symmetric difference: A ∩ ( B Δ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) Δ ( A ∩ C ) , {\displaystyle A\cap (B\,\Delta \,C)=(A\cap B)\,\Delta \,(A\cap C),} and this shows that the power set of X becomes a ring, with symmetric difference as addition and intersection as multiplication. This is the prototypical example of a Boolean ring. Further properties of the symmetric difference include: A Δ B = ∅ {\displaystyle A\mathbin {\Delta } B=\emptyset } if and only if A = B {\displaystyle A=B} . A Δ B = A c Δ B c {\displaystyle A\mathbin {\Delta } B=A^{c}\mathbin {\Delta } B^{c}} , where A c {\displaystyle A^{c}} , B c {\displaystyle B^{c}} is A {\displaystyle A} 's complement, B {\displaystyle B} 's complement, respectively, relative to any (fixed) set that contains both. ( ⋃ α ∈ I A α ) Δ ( ⋃ α ∈ I B α ) ⊆ ⋃ α ∈ I ( A α Δ B α ) {\displaystyle \left(\bigcup _{\alpha \in {\mathcal {I}}}A_{\alpha }\right)\Delta \left(\bigcup _{\alpha \in {\mathcal {I}}}B_{\alpha }\right)\subseteq \bigcup _{\alpha \in {\mathcal {I}}}\left(A_{\alpha }\mathbin {\Delta } B_{\alpha }\right)} , where I {\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}} is an arbitrary non-empty index set. If f : S → T {\displaystyle f:S\rightarrow T} is any function and A , B ⊆ T {\displaystyle A,B\subseteq T} are any sets in f {\displaystyle f} 's codomain, then f − 1 ( A Δ B ) = f − 1 ( A ) Δ f − 1 ( B ) . {\displaystyle f^{-1}\left(A\mathbin {\Delta } B\right)=f^{-1}\left(A\right)\mathbin {\Delta } f^{-1}\left(B\right).} The symmetric difference can be defined in any Boolean algebra, by writing x Δ y = ( x ∨ y ) ∧ ¬ ( x ∧ y ) = ( x ∧ ¬ y ) ∨ ( y ∧ ¬ x ) = x ⊕ y . {\displaystyle x\,\Delta \,y=(x\lor y)\land \lnot (x\land y)=(x\land \lnot y)\lor (y\land \lnot x)=x\oplus y.} This operation has the same properties as the symmetric difference of sets. n-ary symmetric difference Repeated symmetric difference is in a sense equivalent to an operation on a multitude of sets (possibly with multiple appearances of the same set) giving the set of elements which are in an odd number of sets. The symmetric difference of a collection of sets contains just elements which are in an odd number of the sets in the collection: Δ M = { a ∈ ⋃ M : \| { A ∈ M : a ∈ A } \| is odd } . {\displaystyle \Delta M=\left\{a\in \bigcup M:\left\|\{A\in M:a\in A\}\right\|{\text{ is odd}}\right\}.} Evidently, this is well-defined only when each element of the union ⋃ M {\textstyle \bigcup M} is contributed by a finite number of elements of M {\displaystyle M} . Suppose M = { M 1 , M 2 , … , M n } {\displaystyle M=\left\{M_{1},M_{2},\ldots ,M_{n}\right\}} is a multiset and n ≥ 2 {\displaystyle n\geq 2} . Then there is a formula for \| Δ M \| {\displaystyle \|\Delta M\|} , the number of elements in Δ M {\displaystyle \Delta M} , given solely in terms of intersections of elements of M {\displaystyle M} : \| Δ M \| = ∑ l = 1 n ( − 2 ) l − 1 ∑ 1 ≤ i 1 < i 2 < … < i l ≤ n \| M i 1 ∩ M i 2 ∩ … ∩ M i l \| . {\displaystyle \|\Delta M\|=\sum _{l=1}^{n}(-2)^{l-1}\sum _{1\leq i_{1}<i_{2}<\ldots <i_{l}\leq n}\left\|M_{i_{1}}\cap M_{i_{2}}\cap \ldots \cap M_{i_{l}}\right\|.} Symmetric difference on measure spaces As long as there is a notion of "how big" a set is, the symmetric difference between two sets can be considered a measure of how "far apart" they are. First consider a finite set S and the counting measure on subsets given by their size. Now consider two subsets of S and set their distance apart as the size of their symmetric difference. This distance is in fact a metric, which makes the power set on S a metric space. If S has n elements, then the distance from the empty set to S is n, and this is the maximum distance for any pair of subsets. Using the ideas of measure theory, the separation of measurable sets can be defined to be the measure of their symmetric difference. If μ is a σ-finite measure defined on a σ-algebra Σ, the function d μ ( X , Y ) = μ ( X Δ Y ) {\displaystyle d_{\mu }(X,Y)=\mu (X\,\Delta \,Y)} is a pseudometric on Σ. dμ becomes a metric if Σ is considered modulo the equivalence relation X ~ Y if and only if μ ( X Δ Y ) = 0 {\displaystyle \mu (X\,\Delta \,Y)=0} . It is sometimes called Fréchet-Nikodym metric. The resulting metric space is separable if and only if L2(μ) is separable. If μ ( X ) , μ ( Y ) < ∞ {\displaystyle \mu (X),\mu (Y)<\infty } , we have: \| μ ( X ) − μ ( Y ) \| ≤ μ ( X Δ Y ) {\displaystyle \|\mu (X)-\mu (Y)\|\leq \mu (X\,\Delta \,Y)} . Indeed, \| μ ( X ) − μ ( Y ) \| = \| ( μ ( X ∖ Y ) + μ ( X ∩ Y ) ) − ( μ ( X ∩ Y ) + μ ( Y ∖ X ) ) \| = \| μ ( X ∖ Y ) − μ ( Y ∖ X ) \| ≤ \| μ ( X ∖ Y ) \| + \| μ ( Y ∖ X ) \| = μ ( X ∖ Y ) + μ ( Y ∖ X ) = μ ( ( X ∖ Y ) ∪ ( Y ∖ X ) ) = μ ( X Δ Y ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\|\mu (X)-\mu (Y)\|&=\left\|\left(\mu \left(X\setminus Y\right)+\mu \left(X\cap Y\right)\right)-\left(\mu \left(X\cap Y\right)+\mu \left(Y\setminus X\right)\right)\right\|\\&=\left\|\mu \left(X\setminus Y\right)-\mu \left(Y\setminus X\right)\right\|\\&\leq \left\|\mu \left(X\setminus Y\right)\right\|+\left\|\mu \left(Y\setminus X\right)\right\|\\&=\mu \left(X\setminus Y\right)+\mu \left(Y\setminus X\right)\\&=\mu \left(\left(X\setminus Y\right)\cup \left(Y\setminus X\right)\right)\\&=\mu \left(X\,\Delta \,Y\right)\end{aligned}}} If S = ( Ω , A , μ ) {\displaystyle S=\left(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu \right)} is a measure space and F , G ∈ A {\displaystyle F,G\in {\mathcal {A}}} are measurable sets, then their symmetric difference is also measurable: F Δ G ∈ A {\displaystyle F\Delta G\in {\mathcal {A}}} . One may define an equivalence relation on measurable sets by letting F {\displaystyle F} and G {\displaystyle G} be related if μ ( F Δ G ) = 0 {\displaystyle \mu \left(F\Delta G\right)=0} . This relation is denoted F = G [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle F=G\left} . Given D , E ⊆ A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}},{\mathcal {E}}\subseteq {\mathcal {A}}} , one writes D ⊆ E [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}\subseteq {\mathcal {E}}\left} if to each D ∈ D {\displaystyle D\in {\mathcal {D}}} there's some E ∈ E {\displaystyle E\in {\mathcal {E}}} such that D = E [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle D=E\left} . The relation " ⊆ [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle \subseteq \left} " is a partial order on the family of subsets of A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} . We write D = E [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}={\mathcal {E}}\left} if D ⊆ E [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}\subseteq {\mathcal {E}}\left} and E ⊆ D [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\subseteq {\mathcal {D}}\left} . The relation " = [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle =\left} " is an equivalence relationship between the subsets of A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} . The symmetric closure of D {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}} is the collection of all A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} -measurable sets that are = [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle =\left} to some D ∈ D {\displaystyle D\in {\mathcal {D}}} . The symmetric closure of D {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}} contains D {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}} . If D {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}} is a sub- σ {\displaystyle \sigma } -algebra of A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} , so is the symmetric closure of D {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}} . F = G [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle F=G\left} iff \| 1 F − 1 G \| = 0 {\displaystyle \left\|\mathbf {1} _{F}-\mathbf {1} _{G}\right\|=0} [ A , μ ] {\displaystyle \left} almost everywhere. Hausdorff distance vs. symmetric difference The Hausdorff distance and the (area of the) symmetric difference are both pseudo-metrics on the set of measurable geometric shapes. However, they behave quite differently. The figure at the right shows two sequences of shapes, "Red" and "Red ∪ Green". When the Hausdorff distance between them becomes smaller, the area of the symmetric difference between them becomes larger, and vice versa. By continuing these sequences in both directions, it is possible to get two sequences such that the Hausdorff distance between them converges to 0 and the symmetric distance between them diverges, or vice versa. See also Algebra of sets Boolean function Complement (set theory) Difference (set theory) Exclusive or Fuzzy set Intersection (set theory) Jaccard index List of set identities and relations Logical graph Separable sigma algebras Set theory Symmetry Union (set theory) inclusion–exclusion principle References ^ a b Taylor, Courtney (March 31, 2019). "What Is Symmetric Difference in Math?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2020-09-05. ^ Givant, Steven; Halmos, Paul (2009). Introduction to Boolean Algebras. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-387-40293-2. ^ Humberstone, Lloyd (2011). The Connectives. MIT Press. p. 782. ISBN 978-0-262-01654-4. ^ Rotman, Joseph J. (2010). Advanced Modern Algebra. American Mathematical Soc. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8218-4741-1. ^ Rudin, Walter (January 1, 1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 306. ISBN 978-0070542358. ^ Claude Flament (1963) Applications of Graph Theory to Group Structure, page 16, Prentice-Hall MR0157785 Bibliography Halmos, Paul R. (1960). Naive set theory. The University Series in Undergraduate Mathematics. van Nostrand Company. Zbl 0087.04403. Symmetric difference of sets. In Encyclopaedia of Mathematics vteSet theoryOverview Set (mathematics) Axioms Adjunction Choice countable dependent global Constructibility (V=L) Determinacy Extensionality Infinity Limitation of size Pairing Power set Regularity Union Martin's axiom Axiom schema replacement specification Operations Cartesian product Complement (i.e. set difference) De Morgan's laws Disjoint union Identities Intersection Power set Symmetric difference Union ConceptsMethods Almost Cardinality Cardinal number (large) Class Constructible universe Continuum hypothesis Diagonal argument Element ordered pair tuple Family Forcing One-to-one correspondence Ordinal number Set-builder notation Transfinite induction Venn diagram Set types Amorphous Countable Empty Finite (hereditarily) Filter base subbase Ultrafilter Fuzzy Infinite (Dedekind-infinite) Recursive Singleton Subset · Superset Transitive Uncountable Universal Theories Alternative Axiomatic Naive Cantor's theorem Zermelo General Principia Mathematica New Foundations Zermelo–Fraenkel von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Morse–Kelley Kripke–Platek Tarski–Grothendieck ParadoxesProblems Russell's paradox Suslin's problem Burali-Forti paradox Set theorists Paul Bernays Georg Cantor Paul Cohen Richard Dedekind Abraham Fraenkel Kurt Gödel Thomas Jech John von Neumann Willard Quine Bertrand Russell Thoralf Skolem Ernst Zermelo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"addition modulo 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set"},{"link_name":"abelian group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"},{"link_name":"empty set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set"},{"link_name":"neutral element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_element"},{"link_name":"inverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_element"},{"link_name":"Boolean ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_ring"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(set_theory)"}],"text":"In mathematics, the symmetric difference of two sets, also known as the disjunctive union and set sum, is the set of elements which are in either of the sets, but not in their intersection. For example, the symmetric difference of the sets \n \n \n \n {\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{1,2,3\\}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n {\n 3\n ,\n 4\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{3,4\\}}\n \n is \n \n \n \n {\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 4\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{1,2,4\\}}\n \n.The symmetric difference of the sets A and B is commonly denoted by \n \n \n \n A\n \n Δ\n \n ⁡\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\operatorname {\\Delta } B}\n \n (alternatively, \n \n \n \n A\n \n △\n \n ⁡\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\operatorname {\\vartriangle } B}\n \n), \n \n \n \n A\n ⊕\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\oplus B}\n \n, or \n \n \n \n A\n ⊖\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\ominus B}\n \n.\nIt can be viewed as a form of addition modulo 2.The power set of any set becomes an abelian group under the operation of symmetric difference, with the empty set as the neutral element of the group and every element in this group being its own inverse. The power set of any set becomes a Boolean ring, with symmetric difference as the addition of the ring and intersection as the multiplication of the ring.","title":"Symmetric difference"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venn_0110_1001.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venn_0110_0110.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venn_0000_1111.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venn_0110_1001.svg"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"relative complements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"XOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or"},{"link_name":"predicates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_(mathematical_logic)"},{"link_name":"set-builder notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-builder_notation"},{"link_name":"indicator function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_function"},{"link_name":"mod 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"Iverson bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iverson_bracket"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"inclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset"},{"link_name":"if and only if","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if"},{"link_name":"disjoint sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_sets"},{"link_name":"partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_a_set"},{"link_name":"commutative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativity"},{"link_name":"associative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associativity"},{"link_name":"empty set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set"},{"link_name":"neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_element"},{"link_name":"power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set"},{"link_name":"abelian group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"},{"link_name":"field of sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_sets"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"Boolean group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GivantHalmos2009-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humberstone2011-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotman2010-4"},{"link_name":"Klein four-group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_four-group"},{"link_name":"elementary abelian 2-group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_abelian_group"},{"link_name":"vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"field with 2 elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field"},{"link_name":"singletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamel_dimension"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"cycle space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_space"},{"link_name":"join","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset#Operations"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"distributes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributivity"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Boolean ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_ring"},{"link_name":"Boolean algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(structure)"}],"text":"Venn diagram of \n \n \n \n \n (\n A\n Δ\n B\n )\n Δ\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~(A\\Delta B)\\Delta C}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~\\Delta ~}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~=~}The symmetric difference is equivalent to the union of both relative complements, that is:[1]A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n =\n \n (\n \n A\n ∖\n B\n \n )\n \n ∪\n \n (\n \n B\n ∖\n A\n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\,\\Delta \\,B=\\left(A\\setminus B\\right)\\cup \\left(B\\setminus A\\right),}The symmetric difference can also be expressed using the XOR operation ⊕ on the predicates describing the two sets in set-builder notation:A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n =\n {\n x\n :\n (\n x\n ∈\n A\n )\n ⊕\n (\n x\n ∈\n B\n )\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\mathbin {\\Delta } B=\\{x:(x\\in A)\\oplus (x\\in B)\\}.}The same fact can be stated as the indicator function (denoted here by \n \n \n \n χ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi }\n \n) of the symmetric difference, being the XOR (or addition mod 2) of the indicator functions of its two arguments: \n \n \n \n \n χ\n \n (\n A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n )\n \n \n =\n \n χ\n \n A\n \n \n ⊕\n \n χ\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi _{(A\\,\\Delta \\,B)}=\\chi _{A}\\oplus \\chi _{B}}\n \n or using the Iverson bracket notation \n \n \n \n [\n x\n ∈\n A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n ]\n =\n [\n x\n ∈\n A\n ]\n ⊕\n [\n x\n ∈\n B\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [x\\in A\\,\\Delta \\,B]=[x\\in A]\\oplus [x\\in B]}\n \n.The symmetric difference can also be expressed as the union of the two sets, minus their intersection:A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n =\n (\n A\n ∪\n B\n )\n ∖\n (\n A\n ∩\n B\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\,\\Delta \\,B=(A\\cup B)\\setminus (A\\cap B),}\n \n[1]In particular, \n \n \n \n A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n ⊆\n A\n ∪\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\mathbin {\\Delta } B\\subseteq A\\cup B}\n \n; the equality in this non-strict inclusion occurs if and only if \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n are disjoint sets. Furthermore, denoting \n \n \n \n D\n =\n A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D=A\\mathbin {\\Delta } B}\n \n and \n \n \n \n I\n =\n A\n ∩\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I=A\\cap B}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D}\n \n and \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n are always disjoint, so \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D}\n \n and \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n partition \n \n \n \n A\n ∪\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\cup B}\n \n. Consequently, assuming intersection and symmetric difference as primitive operations, the union of two sets can be well defined in terms of symmetric difference by the right-hand side of the equalityA\n \n ∪\n \n B\n =\n (\n A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n )\n \n Δ\n \n (\n A\n ∩\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\,\\cup \\,B=(A\\,\\Delta \\,B)\\,\\Delta \\,(A\\cap B)}\n \n.The symmetric difference is commutative and associative:A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n \n \n \n =\n B\n \n Δ\n \n A\n ,\n \n \n \n \n (\n A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n )\n \n Δ\n \n C\n \n \n \n =\n A\n \n Δ\n \n (\n B\n \n Δ\n \n C\n )\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}A\\,\\Delta \\,B&=B\\,\\Delta \\,A,\\\\(A\\,\\Delta \\,B)\\,\\Delta \\,C&=A\\,\\Delta \\,(B\\,\\Delta \\,C).\\end{aligned}}}The empty set is neutral, and every set is its own inverse:A\n \n Δ\n \n ∅\n \n \n \n =\n A\n ,\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n Δ\n \n A\n \n \n \n =\n ∅\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}A\\,\\Delta \\,\\varnothing &=A,\\\\A\\,\\Delta \\,A&=\\varnothing .\\end{aligned}}}Thus, the power set of any set X becomes an abelian group under the symmetric difference operation. (More generally, any field of sets forms a group with the symmetric difference as operation.) A group in which every element is its own inverse (or, equivalently, in which every element has order 2) is sometimes called a Boolean group;[2][3] the symmetric difference provides a prototypical example of such groups. Sometimes the Boolean group is actually defined as the symmetric difference operation on a set.[4] In the case where X has only two elements, the group thus obtained is the Klein four-group.Equivalently, a Boolean group is an elementary abelian 2-group. Consequently, the group induced by the symmetric difference is in fact a vector space over the field with 2 elements Z2. If X is finite, then the singletons form a basis of this vector space, and its dimension is therefore equal to the number of elements of X. This construction is used in graph theory, to define the cycle space of a graph.From the property of the inverses in a Boolean group, it follows that the symmetric difference of two repeated symmetric differences is equivalent to the repeated symmetric difference of the join of the two multisets, where for each double set both can be removed. In particular:(\n A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n )\n \n Δ\n \n (\n B\n \n Δ\n \n C\n )\n =\n A\n \n Δ\n \n C\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (A\\,\\Delta \\,B)\\,\\Delta \\,(B\\,\\Delta \\,C)=A\\,\\Delta \\,C.}This implies triangle inequality:[5] the symmetric difference of A and C is contained in the union of the symmetric difference of A and B and that of B and C.Intersection distributes over symmetric difference:A\n ∩\n (\n B\n \n Δ\n \n C\n )\n =\n (\n A\n ∩\n B\n )\n \n Δ\n \n (\n A\n ∩\n C\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\cap (B\\,\\Delta \\,C)=(A\\cap B)\\,\\Delta \\,(A\\cap C),}and this shows that the power set of X becomes a ring, with symmetric difference as addition and intersection as multiplication. This is the prototypical example of a Boolean ring.Further properties of the symmetric difference include:A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n =\n ∅\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\mathbin {\\Delta } B=\\emptyset }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n A\n =\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=B}\n \n.\n\n \n \n \n A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n =\n \n A\n \n c\n \n \n \n Δ\n \n \n B\n \n c\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\mathbin {\\Delta } B=A^{c}\\mathbin {\\Delta } B^{c}}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n c\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{c}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n c\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B^{c}}\n \n is \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n's complement, \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n's complement, respectively, relative to any (fixed) set that contains both.\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ⋃\n \n α\n ∈\n \n \n I\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n α\n \n \n \n )\n \n Δ\n \n (\n \n \n ⋃\n \n α\n ∈\n \n \n I\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n α\n \n \n \n )\n \n ⊆\n \n ⋃\n \n α\n ∈\n \n \n I\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n A\n \n α\n \n \n \n Δ\n \n \n B\n \n α\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(\\bigcup _{\\alpha \\in {\\mathcal {I}}}A_{\\alpha }\\right)\\Delta \\left(\\bigcup _{\\alpha \\in {\\mathcal {I}}}B_{\\alpha }\\right)\\subseteq \\bigcup _{\\alpha \\in {\\mathcal {I}}}\\left(A_{\\alpha }\\mathbin {\\Delta } B_{\\alpha }\\right)}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {I}}}\n \n is an arbitrary non-empty index set.\nIf \n \n \n \n f\n :\n S\n →\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:S\\rightarrow T}\n \n is any function and \n \n \n \n A\n ,\n B\n ⊆\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A,B\\subseteq T}\n \n are any sets in \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n's codomain, then \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n \n A\n \n Δ\n \n B\n \n )\n \n =\n \n f\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n A\n )\n \n \n Δ\n \n \n f\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n B\n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f^{-1}\\left(A\\mathbin {\\Delta } B\\right)=f^{-1}\\left(A\\right)\\mathbin {\\Delta } f^{-1}\\left(B\\right).}The symmetric difference can be defined in any Boolean algebra, by writingx\n \n Δ\n \n y\n =\n (\n x\n ∨\n y\n )\n ∧\n ¬\n (\n x\n ∧\n y\n )\n =\n (\n x\n ∧\n ¬\n y\n )\n ∨\n (\n y\n ∧\n ¬\n x\n )\n =\n x\n ⊕\n y\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\,\\Delta \\,y=(x\\lor y)\\land \\lnot (x\\land y)=(x\\land \\lnot y)\\lor (y\\land \\lnot x)=x\\oplus y.}This operation has the same properties as the symmetric difference of sets.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset"}],"text":"Repeated symmetric difference is in a sense equivalent to an operation on a multitude of sets (possibly with multiple appearances of the same set) giving the set of elements which are in an odd number of sets.The symmetric difference of a collection of sets contains just elements which are in an odd number of the sets in the collection:Δ\n M\n =\n \n {\n \n a\n ∈\n ⋃\n M\n :\n \n \|\n \n {\n A\n ∈\n M\n :\n a\n ∈\n A\n }\n \n \|\n \n \n is odd\n \n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta M=\\left\\{a\\in \\bigcup M:\\left\|\\{A\\in M:a\\in A\\}\\right\|{\\text{ is odd}}\\right\\}.}Evidently, this is well-defined only when each element of the union \n \n \n \n ⋃\n M\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\bigcup M}\n \n is contributed by a finite number of elements of \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n.Suppose \n \n \n \n M\n =\n \n {\n \n \n M\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n M\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n M\n \n n\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M=\\left\\{M_{1},M_{2},\\ldots ,M_{n}\\right\\}}\n \n is a multiset and \n \n \n \n n\n ≥\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq 2}\n \n. Then there is a formula for \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n Δ\n M\n \n \|\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \|\\Delta M\|}\n \n, the number of elements in \n \n \n \n Δ\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta M}\n \n, given solely in terms of intersections of elements of \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n:\|\n \n Δ\n M\n \n \|\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n l\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n 2\n \n )\n \n l\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n 1\n ≤\n \n i\n \n 1\n \n \n <\n \n i\n \n 2\n \n \n <\n …\n <\n \n i\n \n l\n \n \n ≤\n n\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n M\n \n \n i\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∩\n \n M\n \n \n i\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ∩\n …\n ∩\n \n M\n \n \n i\n \n l\n \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \|\\Delta M\|=\\sum _{l=1}^{n}(-2)^{l-1}\\sum _{1\\leq i_{1}<i_{2}<\\ldots <i_{l}\\leq n}\\left\|M_{i_{1}}\\cap M_{i_{2}}\\cap \\ldots \\cap M_{i_{l}}\\right\|.}","title":"n-ary symmetric difference"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"counting measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_measure"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set"},{"link_name":"metric space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_space"},{"link_name":"empty set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"measure theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_theory"},{"link_name":"σ-finite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-finite"},{"link_name":"measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_space"},{"link_name":"σ-algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-algebra"},{"link_name":"pseudometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudometric_space"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_space"},{"link_name":"equivalence relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_relation"},{"link_name":"Fréchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet"},{"link_name":"Nikodym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodym"},{"link_name":"separable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_space"},{"link_name":"L2(μ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%5E2"},{"link_name":"almost everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_everywhere"}],"text":"As long as there is a notion of \"how big\" a set is, the symmetric difference between two sets can be considered a measure of how \"far apart\" they are.First consider a finite set S and the counting measure on subsets given by their size. Now consider two subsets of S and set their distance apart as the size of their symmetric difference. This distance is in fact a metric, which makes the power set on S a metric space. If S has n elements, then the distance from the empty set to S is n, and this is the maximum distance for any pair of subsets.[6]Using the ideas of measure theory, the separation of measurable sets can be defined to be the measure of their symmetric difference. If μ is a σ-finite measure defined on a σ-algebra Σ, the functiond\n \n μ\n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n Y\n )\n =\n μ\n (\n X\n \n Δ\n \n Y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{\\mu }(X,Y)=\\mu (X\\,\\Delta \\,Y)}is a pseudometric on Σ. dμ becomes a metric if Σ is considered modulo the equivalence relation X ~ Y if and only if \n \n \n \n μ\n (\n X\n \n Δ\n \n Y\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (X\\,\\Delta \\,Y)=0}\n \n. It is sometimes called Fréchet-Nikodym metric. The resulting metric space is separable if and only if L2(μ) is separable.If \n \n \n \n μ\n (\n X\n )\n ,\n μ\n (\n Y\n )\n <\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (X),\\mu (Y)<\\infty }\n \n, we have: \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n μ\n (\n X\n )\n −\n μ\n (\n Y\n )\n \n \|\n \n ≤\n μ\n (\n X\n \n Δ\n \n Y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \|\\mu (X)-\\mu (Y)\|\\leq \\mu (X\\,\\Delta \\,Y)}\n \n. Indeed,\|\n \n μ\n (\n X\n )\n −\n μ\n (\n Y\n )\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \|\n \n \n (\n \n μ\n \n (\n \n X\n ∖\n Y\n \n )\n \n +\n μ\n \n (\n \n X\n ∩\n Y\n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n −\n \n (\n \n μ\n \n (\n \n X\n ∩\n Y\n \n )\n \n +\n μ\n \n (\n \n Y\n ∖\n X\n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \|\n \n μ\n \n (\n \n X\n ∖\n Y\n \n )\n \n −\n μ\n \n (\n \n Y\n ∖\n X\n \n )\n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ≤\n \n \|\n \n μ\n \n (\n \n X\n ∖\n Y\n \n )\n \n \n \|\n \n +\n \n \|\n \n μ\n \n (\n \n Y\n ∖\n X\n \n )\n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n μ\n \n (\n \n X\n ∖\n Y\n \n )\n \n +\n μ\n \n (\n \n Y\n ∖\n X\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n μ\n \n (\n \n \n (\n \n X\n ∖\n Y\n \n )\n \n ∪\n \n (\n \n Y\n ∖\n X\n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n μ\n \n (\n \n X\n \n Δ\n \n Y\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\|\\mu (X)-\\mu (Y)\|&=\\left\|\\left(\\mu \\left(X\\setminus Y\\right)+\\mu \\left(X\\cap Y\\right)\\right)-\\left(\\mu \\left(X\\cap Y\\right)+\\mu \\left(Y\\setminus X\\right)\\right)\\right\|\\\\&=\\left\|\\mu \\left(X\\setminus Y\\right)-\\mu \\left(Y\\setminus X\\right)\\right\|\\\\&\\leq \\left\|\\mu \\left(X\\setminus Y\\right)\\right\|+\\left\|\\mu \\left(Y\\setminus X\\right)\\right\|\\\\&=\\mu \\left(X\\setminus Y\\right)+\\mu \\left(Y\\setminus X\\right)\\\\&=\\mu \\left(\\left(X\\setminus Y\\right)\\cup \\left(Y\\setminus X\\right)\\right)\\\\&=\\mu \\left(X\\,\\Delta \\,Y\\right)\\end{aligned}}}If \n \n \n \n S\n =\n \n (\n \n Ω\n ,\n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S=\\left(\\Omega ,{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right)}\n \n is a measure space and \n \n \n \n F\n ,\n G\n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F,G\\in {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n are measurable sets, then their symmetric difference is also measurable: \n \n \n \n F\n Δ\n G\n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F\\Delta G\\in {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n. One may define an equivalence relation on measurable sets by letting \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n and \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n \nbe related if \n \n \n \n μ\n \n (\n \n F\n Δ\n G\n \n )\n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\left(F\\Delta G\\right)=0}\n \n. This relation is denoted \n \n \n \n F\n =\n G\n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=G\\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n.Given \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n ,\n \n \n E\n \n \n ⊆\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {D}},{\\mathcal {E}}\\subseteq {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n, one writes \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n ⊆\n \n \n E\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {D}}\\subseteq {\\mathcal {E}}\\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n if to each \n \n \n \n D\n ∈\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D\\in {\\mathcal {D}}}\n \n there's some \n \n \n \n E\n ∈\n \n \n E\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\in {\\mathcal {E}}}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n D\n =\n E\n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D=E\\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n. The relation \"\n \n \n \n ⊆\n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\subseteq \\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n\" is a partial order on the family of subsets of \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n.We write \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n =\n \n \n E\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {D}}={\\mathcal {E}}\\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n if \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n ⊆\n \n \n E\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {D}}\\subseteq {\\mathcal {E}}\\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n ⊆\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {E}}\\subseteq {\\mathcal {D}}\\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n. The relation \"\n \n \n \n =\n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle =\\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n\" is an equivalence relationship between the subsets of \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n.The symmetric closure of \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {D}}}\n \n is the collection of all \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n-measurable sets that are \n \n \n \n =\n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle =\\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n to some \n \n \n \n D\n ∈\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D\\in {\\mathcal {D}}}\n \n. The symmetric closure of \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {D}}}\n \n contains \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {D}}}\n \n. If \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {D}}}\n \n is a sub-\n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }\n \n-algebra of \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n, so is the symmetric closure of \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {D}}}\n \n.F\n =\n G\n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=G\\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n iff \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n F\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \|\n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\|\\mathbf {1} _{F}-\\mathbf {1} _{G}\\right\|=0}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n μ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left[{\\mathcal {A}},\\mu \\right]}\n \n almost everywhere.","title":"Symmetric difference on measure spaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HausdorffVsSymmetric.png"},{"link_name":"Hausdorff distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_distance"}],"text":"The Hausdorff distance and the (area of the) symmetric difference are both pseudo-metrics on the set of measurable geometric shapes. However, they behave quite differently. The figure at the right shows two sequences of shapes, \"Red\" and \"Red ∪ Green\". When the Hausdorff distance between them becomes smaller, the area of the symmetric difference between them becomes larger, and vice versa. By continuing these sequences in both directions, it is possible to get two sequences such that the Hausdorff distance between them converges to 0 and the symmetric distance between them diverges, or vice versa.","title":"Hausdorff distance vs. symmetric difference"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halmos, Paul R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Halmos"},{"link_name":"Naive set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_Set_Theory_(book)"},{"link_name":"Zbl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0087.04403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0087.04403"},{"link_name":"Symmetric difference of sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Symmetric_difference_of_sets"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Set_theory"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Set_theory"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Set_theory"},{"link_name":"Set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory"},{"link_name":"Set (mathematics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_diagram"},{"link_name":"Axioms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom"},{"link_name":"Adjunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_adjunction"},{"link_name":"Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_choice"},{"link_name":"countable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_countable_choice"},{"link_name":"dependent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_dependent_choice"},{"link_name":"global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_global_choice"},{"link_name":"Constructibility (V=L)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_constructibility"},{"link_name":"Determinacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_determinacy"},{"link_name":"Extensionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_extensionality"},{"link_name":"Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_infinity"},{"link_name":"Limitation of size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_limitation_of_size"},{"link_name":"Pairing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_pairing"},{"link_name":"Power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_power_set"},{"link_name":"Regularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_regularity"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_union"},{"link_name":"Martin's axiom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%27s_axiom"},{"link_name":"Axiom schema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_schema"},{"link_name":"replacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_schema_of_replacement"},{"link_name":"specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_schema_of_specification"},{"link_name":"Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)#Basic_operations"},{"link_name":"Cartesian product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product"},{"link_name":"Complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"De Morgan's laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan%27s_laws"},{"link_name":"Disjoint union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_union"},{"link_name":"Identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_set_identities_and_relations"},{"link_name":"Intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"Power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set"},{"link_name":"Symmetric difference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"Almost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost"},{"link_name":"Cardinality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality"},{"link_name":"Cardinal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number"},{"link_name":"large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_cardinal"},{"link_name":"Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"Constructible universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructible_universe"},{"link_name":"Continuum hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Diagonal argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%27s_diagonal_argument"},{"link_name":"Element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ordered pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_pair"},{"link_name":"tuple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_sets"},{"link_name":"Forcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcing_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"One-to-one correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"},{"link_name":"Ordinal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number"},{"link_name":"Set-builder notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-builder_notation"},{"link_name":"Transfinite induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfinite_induction"},{"link_name":"Venn 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Foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Foundations"},{"link_name":"Zermelo–Fraenkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel_set_theory"},{"link_name":"von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Bernays%E2%80%93G%C3%B6del_set_theory"},{"link_name":"Morse–Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse%E2%80%93Kelley_set_theory"},{"link_name":"Kripke–Platek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripke%E2%80%93Platek_set_theory"},{"link_name":"Tarski–Grothendieck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski%E2%80%93Grothendieck_set_theory"},{"link_name":"Paradoxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxes_of_set_theory"},{"link_name":"Russell's paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox"},{"link_name":"Suslin's problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suslin%27s_problem"},{"link_name":"Burali-Forti paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burali-Forti_paradox"},{"link_name":"Set theorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Set_theorists"},{"link_name":"Paul Bernays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bernays"},{"link_name":"Georg Cantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Cantor"},{"link_name":"Paul Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Richard Dedekind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dedekind"},{"link_name":"Abraham Fraenkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Fraenkel"},{"link_name":"Kurt Gödel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jech"},{"link_name":"John von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"},{"link_name":"Willard Quine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"Thoralf Skolem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoralf_Skolem"},{"link_name":"Ernst Zermelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Zermelo"}],"text":"Halmos, Paul R. (1960). Naive set theory. The University Series in Undergraduate Mathematics. van Nostrand Company. Zbl 0087.04403.\nSymmetric difference of sets. In Encyclopaedia of MathematicsvteSet theoryOverview\nSet (mathematics)\nAxioms\nAdjunction\nChoice\ncountable\ndependent\nglobal\nConstructibility (V=L)\nDeterminacy\nExtensionality\nInfinity\nLimitation of size\nPairing\nPower set\nRegularity\nUnion\nMartin's axiom\nAxiom schema\nreplacement\nspecification\nOperations\nCartesian product\nComplement (i.e. set difference)\nDe Morgan's laws\nDisjoint union\nIdentities\nIntersection\nPower set\nSymmetric difference\nUnion\nConceptsMethods\nAlmost\nCardinality\nCardinal number (large)\nClass\nConstructible universe\nContinuum hypothesis\nDiagonal argument\nElement\nordered pair\ntuple\nFamily\nForcing\nOne-to-one correspondence\nOrdinal number\nSet-builder notation\nTransfinite induction\nVenn diagram\nSet types\nAmorphous\nCountable\nEmpty\nFinite (hereditarily)\nFilter\nbase\nsubbase\nUltrafilter\nFuzzy\nInfinite (Dedekind-infinite)\nRecursive\nSingleton\nSubset · Superset\nTransitive\nUncountable\nUniversal\nTheories\nAlternative\nAxiomatic\nNaive\nCantor's theorem\nZermelo\nGeneral\nPrincipia Mathematica\nNew Foundations\nZermelo–Fraenkel \nvon Neumann–Bernays–Gödel \nMorse–Kelley\nKripke–Platek\nTarski–Grothendieck\nParadoxesProblems\nRussell's paradox\nSuslin's problem\nBurali-Forti paradox\nSet theorists\nPaul Bernays\nGeorg Cantor\nPaul Cohen\nRichard Dedekind\nAbraham Fraenkel\nKurt Gödel\nThomas Jech\nJohn von Neumann\nWillard Quine\nBertrand Russell\nThoralf Skolem\nErnst Zermelo","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Venn diagram of \n \n \n \n \n (\n A\n Δ\n B\n )\n Δ\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~(A\\Delta B)\\Delta C}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~\\Delta ~}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~=~}\n \n ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Venn_0110_1001.svg/220px-Venn_0110_1001.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/HausdorffVsSymmetric.png/220px-HausdorffVsSymmetric.png"}]	[{"title":"Algebra of sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_of_sets"},{"title":"Boolean function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_function"},{"title":"Complement (set theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(set_theory)"},{"title":"Difference (set theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_(set_theory)"},{"title":"Exclusive or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or"},{"title":"Fuzzy set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_set"},{"title":"Intersection (set theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(set_theory)"},{"title":"Jaccard index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaccard_index"},{"title":"List of set identities and relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_set_identities_and_relations"},{"title":"Logical graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_graph"},{"title":"Separable sigma algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-algebra#Separable_.CF.83-algebras"},{"title":"Set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory"},{"title":"Symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry"},{"title":"Union (set theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory)"},{"title":"inclusion–exclusion principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion%E2%80%93exclusion_principle"}]	[{"reference":"Taylor, Courtney (March 31, 2019). \"What Is Symmetric Difference in Math?\". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2020-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-symmetric-difference-3126594","url_text":"\"What Is Symmetric Difference in Math?\""}]},{"reference":"Givant, Steven; Halmos, Paul (2009). Introduction to Boolean Algebras. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-387-40293-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Halmos","url_text":"Halmos, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-40293-2","url_text":"978-0-387-40293-2"}]},{"reference":"Humberstone, Lloyd (2011). The Connectives. MIT Press. p. 782. ISBN 978-0-262-01654-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/connectives00humb","url_text":"The Connectives"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/connectives00humb/page/n800","url_text":"782"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01654-4","url_text":"978-0-262-01654-4"}]},{"reference":"Rotman, Joseph J. (2010). Advanced Modern Algebra. American Mathematical Soc. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8218-4741-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-4741-1","url_text":"978-0-8218-4741-1"}]},{"reference":"Rudin, Walter (January 1, 1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 306. ISBN 978-0070542358.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/principlesofmath00rudi","url_text":"Principles of Mathematical Analysis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/principlesofmath00rudi/page/306","url_text":"306"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0070542358","url_text":"978-0070542358"}]},{"reference":"Halmos, Paul R. (1960). Naive set theory. The University Series in Undergraduate Mathematics. van Nostrand Company. Zbl 0087.04403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Halmos","url_text":"Halmos, Paul R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_Set_Theory_(book)","url_text":"Naive set theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0087.04403","url_text":"0087.04403"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-symmetric-difference-3126594","external_links_name":"\"What Is Symmetric Difference in Math?\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/connectives00humb","external_links_name":"The Connectives"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/connectives00humb/page/n800","external_links_name":"782"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/principlesofmath00rudi","external_links_name":"Principles of Mathematical Analysis"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/principlesofmath00rudi/page/306","external_links_name":"306"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0157785","external_links_name":"0157785"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0087.04403","external_links_name":"0087.04403"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Symmetric_difference_of_sets","external_links_name":"Symmetric difference of sets"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Sons	Hyder Consulting	["1 History","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]	Hyder Consulting plcSuccessorArcadis Number of employees4,200ParentArcadis NVWebsiteHyder Consulting Hyder Consulting was a multi-national advisory and design consultancy with particular specialisation in the transport, property, utilities and environmental sectors. The firm employed approximately 4,200 people across the UK, Europe, Germany, Middle East, Asia and Australia and had been listed on the London Stock Exchange since October 2002. The name Hyder is the Welsh word for "confidence". In October 2014 it was acquired by Arcadis NV. History Hyder was formed in 1993 when engineering firms Acer Group and Wallace Evans Ltd were acquired by Welsh Water and subsequently merged. Acer Group was itself an internationally recognised consultancy practice formed in 1987 by the merger of John Taylor and Sons (established 1739) and Freeman Fox and Partners (established 1857), and joined in 1991 by Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry, and Partners. Hyder Consulting was subsequently acquired by Western Power Distribution, which prompted Hyder's senior management to instigate a management buy-out that was completed in January 2001. The firm was then listed on the London Stock Exchange in October 2002. Freeman Fox and Partners had been involved in Melbourne's West Gate Bridge disaster in 1970. Thirty-five construction workers were killed and 18 injured in the collapse, and it remains Australia's worst industrial accident to this day. Other structures involving Freeman Fox and Partners included the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932), the Adomi Bridge (1957) and the Erskine Bridge (1971). References ^ "Nine new letters that will change The Post Office". BBC News. BBC. 2001-01-10. Retrieved 2008-05-08. ^ "Jobs go at Acer and Wallace Evans – and YRM". Construction News. 30 September 1993. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ "Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners". Structurae. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Roberts, Gwilym (2006). Chelsea to Cairo: 'Taylor-made' Water Through Eleven Reigns and in Six Continents. Thomas Telford Publishing. p. xxii. ISBN 978-0-7277-3727-4. ^ "The Doomed Repair". West Gate Bridge Memorial. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ "Forty years on, the West Gate Bridge collapse still looms large". The Age. 16 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. ^ List of bridges designed by Freeman Fox & Partners and built by Redpath Dorman Long or its predecessors in the booklet "50th anniversary of the opening of Sydney Harbour Bridge" 1982 ^ Scott, Peter Adamson; Roberts, Gilbert (1958). "The Volta Bridge". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 9 (4). Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, E-ISSN 1753-7789, Volume 9, Issue 4, April 1958, pp. 395-432: 395–432. doi:10.1680/iicep.1958.2304. Retrieved 2 August 2020. ^ "Construction of the Erskine Bridge - Erskinebridge.co.uk". www.erskinebridge.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2014-07-04. Further reading Scott, John S (1993), Dictionary of Civil Engineering, Springer, ISBN 978-0-412-98421-1 External links Hyder Consulting website ACLA Ltd website Bettridge Turner & Partners website Cresswell website ESR Technology website RPA Group website World Of Hyder website Archived 2017-10-21 at the Wayback Machine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbchu-1"},{"link_name":"Arcadis NV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadis_NV"}],"text":"Hyder Consulting was a multi-national advisory and design consultancy with particular specialisation in the transport, property, utilities and environmental sectors. The firm employed approximately 4,200 people across the UK, Europe, Germany, Middle East, Asia and Australia and had been listed on the London Stock Exchange since October 2002. The name Hyder is the Welsh word for \"confidence\".[1]In October 2014 it was acquired by Arcadis NV.","title":"Hyder Consulting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Water"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Western Power Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution"},{"link_name":"management buy-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_buy-out"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"West Gate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gate_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sydney Harbour Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Adomi Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adomi_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Erskine Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Hyder was formed in 1993 when engineering firms Acer Group and Wallace Evans Ltd were acquired by Welsh Water and subsequently merged.[2]Acer Group was itself an internationally recognised consultancy practice formed in 1987 by the merger of John Taylor and Sons (established 1739) and Freeman Fox and Partners (established 1857), and joined in 1991 by Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry, and Partners.[3]Hyder Consulting was subsequently acquired by Western Power Distribution, which prompted Hyder's senior management to instigate a management buy-out that was completed in January 2001. The firm was then listed on the London Stock Exchange in October 2002.[4]Freeman Fox and Partners had been involved in Melbourne's West Gate Bridge disaster in 1970. Thirty-five construction workers were killed and 18 injured in the collapse, and it remains Australia's worst industrial accident to this day.\n[5][6] Other structures involving Freeman Fox and Partners included the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932),[7] the Adomi Bridge (1957)[8] and the Erskine Bridge (1971).[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dictionary of Civil Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=C7oIHQDDrxsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-412-98421-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-98421-1"}],"text":"Scott, John S (1993), Dictionary of Civil Engineering, Springer, ISBN 978-0-412-98421-1","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Nine new letters that will change The Post Office\". BBC News. BBC. 2001-01-10. Retrieved 2008-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1108440.stm","url_text":"\"Nine new letters that will change The Post Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jobs go at Acer and Wallace Evans – and YRM\". Construction News. 30 September 1993. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/archive/30sep93-uk-jobs-go-at-acer-and-wallace-evans-and-yrm-30-09-1993/","url_text":"\"Jobs go at Acer and Wallace Evans – and YRM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners\". Structurae. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://structurae.net/en/companies/sir-bruce-white-wolfe-barry-and-partners","url_text":"\"Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Gwilym (2006). Chelsea to Cairo: 'Taylor-made' Water Through Eleven Reigns and in Six Continents. Thomas Telford Publishing. p. xxii. ISBN 978-0-7277-3727-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qQhhuSvu4DwC&pg=PR22","url_text":"Chelsea to Cairo: 'Taylor-made' Water Through Eleven Reigns and in Six Continents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3727-4","url_text":"978-0-7277-3727-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The Doomed Repair\". West Gate Bridge Memorial. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westgatebridge.org/node/112","url_text":"\"The Doomed Repair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forty years on, the West Gate Bridge collapse still looms large\". The Age. 16 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/forty-years-on-the-west-gate-bridge-collapse-still-looms-large-20101015-16nl0.html","url_text":"\"Forty years on, the West Gate Bridge collapse still looms large\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170512022940/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/forty-years-on-the-west-gate-bridge-collapse-still-looms-large-20101015-16nl0.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Peter Adamson; Roberts, Gilbert (1958). \"The Volta Bridge\". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 9 (4). Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, E-ISSN 1753-7789, Volume 9, Issue 4, April 1958, pp. 395-432: 395–432. doi:10.1680/iicep.1958.2304. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/iicep.1958.2304","url_text":"\"The Volta Bridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fiicep.1958.2304","url_text":"10.1680/iicep.1958.2304"}]},{"reference":"\"Construction of the Erskine Bridge - Erskinebridge.co.uk\". www.erskinebridge.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2014-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213213720/http://www.erskinebridge.co.uk/construction/","url_text":"\"Construction of the Erskine Bridge - Erskinebridge.co.uk\""},{"url":"http://www.erskinebridge.co.uk/construction/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scott, John S (1993), Dictionary of Civil Engineering, Springer, ISBN 978-0-412-98421-1","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C7oIHQDDrxsC","url_text":"Dictionary of Civil Engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-98421-1","url_text":"978-0-412-98421-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.hyderconsulting.com/","external_links_name":"Hyder Consulting"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1108440.stm","external_links_name":"\"Nine new letters that will change The Post Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/archive/30sep93-uk-jobs-go-at-acer-and-wallace-evans-and-yrm-30-09-1993/","external_links_name":"\"Jobs go at Acer and Wallace Evans – and YRM\""},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/en/companies/sir-bruce-white-wolfe-barry-and-partners","external_links_name":"\"Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qQhhuSvu4DwC&pg=PR22","external_links_name":"Chelsea to Cairo: 'Taylor-made' Water Through Eleven Reigns and in Six Continents"},{"Link":"http://www.westgatebridge.org/node/112","external_links_name":"\"The Doomed Repair\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/forty-years-on-the-west-gate-bridge-collapse-still-looms-large-20101015-16nl0.html","external_links_name":"\"Forty years on, the West Gate Bridge collapse still looms large\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170512022940/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/forty-years-on-the-west-gate-bridge-collapse-still-looms-large-20101015-16nl0.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/iicep.1958.2304","external_links_name":"\"The Volta Bridge\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fiicep.1958.2304","external_links_name":"10.1680/iicep.1958.2304"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213213720/http://www.erskinebridge.co.uk/construction/","external_links_name":"\"Construction of the Erskine Bridge - Erskinebridge.co.uk\""},{"Link":"http://www.erskinebridge.co.uk/construction/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C7oIHQDDrxsC","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Civil Engineering"},{"Link":"http://www.hyderconsulting.com/","external_links_name":"Hyder Consulting website"},{"Link":"http://www.acla.com.hk/","external_links_name":"ACLA Ltd website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220105752/http://bt-p.com/index.htm","external_links_name":"Bettridge Turner & Partners website"},{"Link":"http://www.hydercresswell.com//","external_links_name":"Cresswell website"},{"Link":"http://www.esrtechnology.com/","external_links_name":"ESR Technology website"},{"Link":"http://www.rpagroup.co.uk/","external_links_name":"RPA Group website"},{"Link":"http://www.worldofhyder.com/","external_links_name":"World Of Hyder website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171021025700/http://www.worldofhyder.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Like_Mountain_Music	I Like Mountain Music	["1 Plot","2 References","3 External links"]	1933 film I Like Mountain MusicDirected byRudolf IsingProduced byHugh HarmanRudolf IsingLeon SchlesingerStarringJohnny MurrayRudolf IsingThe King's MenMusic byFrank MarsalesAnimation byIsadore FrelengLarry MartinUncredited:Bob ClampettThomas McKimsonPaul SmithColor processBlack and whiteColor Systems, Inc. (1973 Korean redrawn three-strip color edition)ProductioncompanyHarman-Ising ProductionsDistributed byWarner Bros. PicturesThe Vitaphone CorporationRelease date June 14, 1933 (1933-06-14) (US) Running time6:59CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish I Like Mountain Music is a 1933 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Rudolf Ising. The short was released on June 14, 1933. This cartoon is a follow-up to the 1932 short Three's a Crowd, in which literary characters came to life and stepped off their book covers. In this film, the characters on magazine covers come to life. The short is currently available to stream on Max and is a part of the Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and iTunes releases of Goodfellas as a part of a Merrie Melodies & Looney Tunes bonus features compilation. Plot At night, the magazines at a drugstore come to life and put on a show. However, the man on the crime magazine seizes the opportunity to rob the cash. Now it's up to the sleuths of the detective magazine to catch him. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, among others, follow their trail. Celebrity cameos include Edward G. Robinson, who is inside the pages of a crime magazine. Will Rogers comes in, twirling a lasso, and delivers his trademark line, "All I know is just what I read in the papers." Comedian Ed Wynn appears in an ad for "Vexico Quick-Exploding Gasoline" while Eddie Cantor takes off the beard of a violinist to reveal he's actually Rubinoff. (At the time, Wynn's NBC radio show was sponsored by Texaco, with the tagline that the firm's product was "quick starting gasoline," and violinist/orchestra leader David Rubinoff was one of the featured players on Cantor's radio show for Chase and Sanborn—the "Jimmy" referred to by the Cantor caricature is probably Jimmy Wallington, the show's announcer.) In the last minute of the cartoon, Mussolini is shown briefly making a fascist salute, directing mustachioed soldiers (armed with bayonets) to chase the bad guys. References ^ Scott, Keith (October 3, 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media. p. 14. ^ Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Co. p. 19. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2. ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 104–106. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020. ^ Schneider, Steve (1988). That's All, Folks! : The Art of Warner Bros. Animation. Henry Holt and Co. p. 40. ISBN 0-8050-0889-6. ^ Brown, Kenneth. "GoodFellas Blu-ray (DigiBook)". Blu-ray. Retrieved March 25, 2024. External links I Like Mountain Music on YouTube This Merrie Melodies–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Merrie Melodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrie_Melodies"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Ising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Ising"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Three's a Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%27s_a_Crowd_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"Ultra HD Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"Goodfellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodfellas"},{"link_name":"Merrie Melodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrie_Melodies"},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"I Like Mountain Music is a 1933 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Rudolf Ising.[2] The short was released on June 14, 1933.[3]This cartoon is a follow-up to the 1932 short Three's a Crowd, in which literary characters came to life and stepped off their book covers. In this film, the characters on magazine covers come to life.[4]The short is currently available to stream on Max and is a part of the Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and iTunes releases of Goodfellas as a part of a Merrie Melodies & Looney Tunes bonus features compilation.[5]","title":"I Like Mountain Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Dr. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Watson"},{"link_name":"Edward G. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Ed Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cantor"},{"link_name":"Texaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco"},{"link_name":"David Rubinoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rubinoff"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wallington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wallington"},{"link_name":"Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"}],"text":"At night, the magazines at a drugstore come to life and put on a show. However, the man on the crime magazine seizes the opportunity to rob the cash. Now it's up to the sleuths of the detective magazine to catch him. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, among others, follow their trail.Celebrity cameos include Edward G. Robinson, who is inside the pages of a crime magazine. Will Rogers comes in, twirling a lasso, and delivers his trademark line, \"All I know is just what I read in the papers.\" Comedian Ed Wynn appears in an ad for \"Vexico Quick-Exploding Gasoline\" while Eddie Cantor takes off the beard of a violinist to reveal he's actually Rubinoff. (At the time, Wynn's NBC radio show was sponsored by Texaco, with the tagline that the firm's product was \"quick starting gasoline,\" and violinist/orchestra leader David Rubinoff was one of the featured players on Cantor's radio show for Chase and Sanborn—the \"Jimmy\" referred to by the Cantor caricature is probably Jimmy Wallington, the show's announcer.) In the last minute of the cartoon, Mussolini is shown briefly making a fascist salute, directing mustachioed soldiers (armed with bayonets) to chase the bad guys.","title":"Plot"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Scott, Keith (October 3, 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Co. p. 19. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-0894-2","url_text":"0-8050-0894-2"}]},{"reference":"Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 104–106. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/104/mode/2up","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3831-7","url_text":"0-8160-3831-7"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Steve (1988). That's All, Folks! : The Art of Warner Bros. Animation. Henry Holt and Co. p. 40. ISBN 0-8050-0889-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-0889-6","url_text":"0-8050-0889-6"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Kenneth. \"GoodFellas Blu-ray (DigiBook)\". Blu-ray. Retrieved March 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/GoodFellas-Blu-ray/7972/#Review","url_text":"\"GoodFellas Blu-ray (DigiBook)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/104/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"Link":"https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/GoodFellas-Blu-ray/7972/#Review","external_links_name":"\"GoodFellas Blu-ray (DigiBook)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ns-lRRB_JhU","external_links_name":"I Like Mountain Music"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Like_Mountain_Music&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrov%C3%ADas	Metrovías	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Argentinian privately owned railway company Metrovías S.A.Train at Federico Lacroze of Urquiza Line, operated by MetrovíasCompany typeSociedad AnónimaPredecessorSubterráneos de Buenos Aires (SBA) FEMESAFounded1 January 1994; 30 years ago (1 January 1994)HeadquartersBuenos Aires, ArgentinaArea servedCity of Buenos AiresKey peopleBenito Roggio, ownerServicesMaintenance, repair and operations of Urquiza LineOwnerRoggio GroupNumber of employees4,500ParentRoggio GroupWebsitemetrovias.com.ar Metrovías S.A. is an Argentine privately held company that operates the Metropolitan services of the Urquiza Line. 90% of Metrovías' shares are held by Grupo Roggio. Metrovías was also operator of the Buenos Aires Underground from 1995 to December 2021, when "Emova Movilidad S.A." took over the concession of the service for 12 years. Emova is also part of the Roggio Group and also associated with Metrovías. History On 1 January 1994, Metrovías took over the concession, granted by the Argentine government as part of railway privatisation during the presidency of Carlos Menem, for the operation of the standard gauge Urquiza Line commuter rail service in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The Metrovías consortium comprised Burlington Northern, Morrison-Knudsen and two Argentinian companies. This service had previously been run by the state-owned Ferrocarriles Argentinos as part of the General Urquiza Railway since the nationalisation of the railways in 1948. In addition Metrovías took over the management of the Buenos Aires Underground system and the Buenos Aires PreMetro when they were privatised in 1994. The Urquiza Line operates from Federico Lacroze to General Lemos stations. Formerly it had a total of 108 stations, 72.9 kilometres of track, with 692 carriages that transport 283.8 million passengers per year, when Metrovías had the Urquiza and Underground concessions. The company has approximately 3,000 employees. From 2004 to 2013 the company also formed part of UGOFE, a consortium with Trenes de Buenos Aires and Ferrovías, which took over the running of commuter rail services on the Belgrano Sur Line, Roca Line and San Martín Line after concessions granted to Metropolitano S.A. for the operation of these services were revoked. In December 2021, a new company, "Emova Movilidad S.A." (formed by Metrovías and the Roggio Group) took over the concession of the Buenos Aires Underground, for a period of 12 years. References ^ ¿Qué es Metrovías? - company information ^ "Trenes: le dan a Roggio el Mitre y el San Martín y a Emepa, el Roca y el Belgrano Sur", La Nación, 12 Feb 2014 ^ "Las privadas volverán a operar la mayoría de las líneas ferroviarias", Clarín, 12 Feb 2014 ^ "Transporte" at Grupo Roggio website (Archive) ^ Inversores, Metrovías website ^ a b Subte: a partir de mañana Emova Movilidad S.A. se hará cargo de la operación y mantenimiento on GCBA, 30 Nov 2021 ^ MK, BN consortium running Argentine commuter lines Railway Age February 1994 page 42 ^ MK buys control of Argentine shop Railway Age July 1993 page 19 ^ Decreto 798/04: "Sobre Transporte Ferroviario", sitio web Infoleg Archived 2014-03-13 at the Wayback Machine ^ "La UGOFE se hará cargo de los servicios de las dos líneas ferroviarias", La Prensa ^ Subte: qué cambia con la nueva concesión y qué va a pasar con las obras de extensión de la red by Federico Poore on Chequeado.com – 3 Jan 2022 ^ Subte: Metrovías cambia de nombre on Página/12. 1 Dec 2021 External links Official website vteRailway companies in ArgentinaCurrentState-owned Ferrocarriles Argentinos SE Trenes Argentinos Operaciones Cargas Infraestructura Tren Patagónico Private Ferroexpreso Pampeano Ferrosur Roca Ferrovías Metrovías NCA FormerState-owned Andean Austral Fueguino BA Western Belgrano Cargas Central Entre Ríos Central Northern Comodoro Rivadavia Córdoba Central Córdoba North W. Corrientes Economic FEMESA Ferrobaires Ferrocarriles Argentinos North Argentine Patagónicos Puerto Deseado SEFECHA State Railway UGOFE UGOMS PrivateArgentine Argentren BAP Buenos Aires Central Corredores Ferroviarios Depietri Ferrocentral Mediterráneos Metropolitano Ocampo Península Valdés Prov. Buenos Aires TBA TEA TUFESA Foreign ALL Argentine Great Western Bahía Blanca & NW BA Great Southern BA Northern BA & Ensenada BA & Pacific BA & Rosario Central Argentine Central Chubut Córdoba Central Córdoba North Western Córdoba & Rosario Compañía General de Buenos Aires Entre Ríos East Argentine Midland North Eastern North Western Prov. Santa Fe Rosario & Puerto Belgrano San Cristóbal a Tucumán Santa Fe & Córdoba GS Santa Fe Western Villa María & Rufino Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"privately held company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privately_held_company"},{"link_name":"Urquiza Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urquiza_Line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-privatiza1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-privatiza2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repetida_1-5"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Underground"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcba1-6"}],"text":"Metrovías S.A. is an Argentine privately held company that operates the Metropolitan services of the Urquiza Line.[2][3] 90% of Metrovías' shares are held by Grupo Roggio.[4][5] Metrovías was also operator of the Buenos Aires Underground from 1995 to December 2021, when \"Emova Movilidad S.A.\" took over the concession of the service for 12 years. Emova is also part of the Roggio Group and also associated with Metrovías.[6]","title":"Metrovías"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway privatisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Privatisation_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Carlos Menem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Menem"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Urquiza Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urquiza_Line"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Burlington Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Northern"},{"link_name":"Morrison-Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison-Knudsen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ferrocarriles Argentinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarriles_Argentinos"},{"link_name":"General Urquiza Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Urquiza_Railway"},{"link_name":"nationalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Nationalisation_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Underground"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires PreMetro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_PreMetro"},{"link_name":"Federico Lacroze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Lacroze_railway_station"},{"link_name":"UGOFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_de_Gesti%C3%B3n_Operativa_Ferroviaria_de_Emergencia"},{"link_name":"Trenes de Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenes_de_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Ferrovías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrov%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"Belgrano Sur Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrano_Sur_Line"},{"link_name":"Roca Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_Line"},{"link_name":"San Martín Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Line"},{"link_name":"Metropolitano S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitano"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcba1-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"On 1 January 1994, Metrovías took over the concession, granted by the Argentine government as part of railway privatisation during the presidency of Carlos Menem, for the operation of the standard gauge Urquiza Line commuter rail service in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[7] The Metrovías consortium comprised Burlington Northern, Morrison-Knudsen and two Argentinian companies.[8] This service had previously been run by the state-owned Ferrocarriles Argentinos as part of the General Urquiza Railway since the nationalisation of the railways in 1948. In addition Metrovías took over the management of the Buenos Aires Underground system and the Buenos Aires PreMetro when they were privatised in 1994.The Urquiza Line operates from Federico Lacroze to General Lemos stations. Formerly it had a total of 108 stations, 72.9 kilometres of track, with 692 carriages that transport 283.8 million passengers per year, when Metrovías had the Urquiza and Underground concessions. The company has approximately 3,000 employees.From 2004 to 2013 the company also formed part of UGOFE, a consortium with Trenes de Buenos Aires and Ferrovías, which took over the running of commuter rail services on the Belgrano Sur Line, Roca Line and San Martín Line after concessions granted to Metropolitano S.A. for the operation of these services were revoked. [9][10]In December 2021, a new company, \"Emova Movilidad S.A.\" (formed by Metrovías and the Roggio Group) took over the concession of the Buenos Aires Underground, for a period of 12 years.[11][6][12]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.metrovias.com.ar/","external_links_name":"metrovias.com.ar"},{"Link":"http://www.metrovias.com.ar/V2/Metrovias1.asp?op=11&Item=1&Lang=","external_links_name":"¿Qué es Metrovías? - company information"},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1663435-el-gobierno-vuelve-a-privatizar-la-operacion-de-los-trenes-mitre-san-martin-belgrano-sur-y-r","external_links_name":"\"Trenes: le dan a Roggio el Mitre y el San Martín y a Emepa, el Roca y el Belgrano Sur\", La Nación, 12 Feb 2014"},{"Link":"http://www.clarin.com/politica/privadas-volveran-operar-mayoria-ferroviarias_0_1083491853.html","external_links_name":"\"Las privadas volverán a operar la mayoría de las líneas ferroviarias\", Clarín, 12 Feb 2014"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226203205/http://www.roggio.com.ar/page-transporte.asp","external_links_name":"\"Transporte\" at Grupo Roggio website"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121230022141/http://www.metrovias.com.ar/v2/Inversores-105.asp?op=7&Item=1&Lang=","external_links_name":"Inversores, Metrovías website"},{"Link":"https://buenosaires.gob.ar/subte/noticias/subte-partir-de-manana-emova-movilidad-sa-se-hara-cargo-de-la-operacion-y","external_links_name":"Subte: a partir de mañana Emova Movilidad S.A. se hará cargo de la operación y mantenimiento"},{"Link":"http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/95000-99999/96017/norma.htm","external_links_name":"Decreto 798/04: \"Sobre Transporte Ferroviario\", sitio web Infoleg"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001549/http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/95000-99999/96017/norma.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.laprensa.com.ar/391823-La-UGOFE-se-hara-cargo-de-los-servicios-de-las-dos-lineas-ferroviarias.note.aspx","external_links_name":"\"La UGOFE se hará cargo de los servicios de las dos líneas ferroviarias\""},{"Link":"https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/subte-que-cambia-con-la-nueva-concesion-y-que-va-a-pasar-con-las-obras-de-extension-de-la-red/","external_links_name":"Subte: qué cambia con la nueva concesión y qué va a pasar con las obras de extensión de la red"},{"Link":"https://www.pagina12.com.ar/467853-subte-metrovias-cambia-de-nombre-y-promete-una-nueva-voz-par","external_links_name":"Subte: Metrovías cambia de nombre"},{"Link":"https://www.metrovias.com.ar/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Doonan	James A. Doonan	["1 Early life and education","2 Georgetown University","3 Later teaching","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources","5 External links"]	American Jesuit educator (1841–1911) For the Scottish trade unionist, see James Doonan (trade unionist). The ReverendJames A. DoonanSJDoonan in 189030th President of Georgetown UniversityIn office1882–1888Preceded byPatrick Francis HealySucceeded byJ. Havens Richards Personal detailsBorn(1841-11-08)November 8, 1841Augusta, Georgia, U.S.DiedApril 12, 1911(1911-04-12) (aged 69)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeJesuit Community CemeteryAlma materGeorgetown UniversityWoodstock CollegeOrdersOrdination1874by James Gibbons James Aloysius Doonan SJ (November 8, 1841 – April 12, 1911) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit, who was the president of Georgetown University from 1882 to 1888. During that time he oversaw the naming of Gaston Hall and the construction of a new building for the School of Medicine. Doonan also acquired two historic cannons that were placed in front of Healy Hall. His presidency was financially successful, with a reduction in the university's burdensome debt that had accrued during the construction of Healy Hall. Prior to his administration of Georgetown, Doonan was a student there and at Woodstock College. He then taught at Loyola College in Maryland and Boston College. He spent his later years teaching and ministering at Boston College and at Saint Joseph's College in Philadelphia, as well as at St. Francis Xavier College in New York and at the Catholic Summer School of America. Early life and education Doonan was born on November 8, 1841, in Augusta, Georgia. His parents were Ellen Doonan (née Barry) and Terrence Doonan, an engineer and wealthy railroad official who was one of the first Catholics in Atlanta. Terrence was entrusted by the local priest with keeping the parish records until a pastor was appointed, and the first Catholic baptism in Atlanta was performed in his home. Doonan enrolled at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1853, and then entered the Jesuit novitiate at Frederick, Maryland, in July 1857. Doonan's brother, John, also became a Jesuit priest. After four years there, James completed his classical course of study, during which he was the captain of the student cadet regiment. He then taught at Loyola College in Baltimore in 1861, where he remained for three years, during the Civil War. Doonan was said to frequently recount a story of the time he was present at a High Mass in Baltimore when word of the approaching Union Army caused the congregants to leave and take up arms. As a staunch supporter of the Confederacy, he was aggrieved at being forced by the Union Army to bear arms on their behalf and act as a sentinel for several hours. In 1864, Doonan went to Boston College to teach for three years, after which he returned to Washington, where he studied philosophy at Georgetown. His studies were paused in 1868 while he taught for a year at Georgetown, and he then resumed his philosophical and theological studies at the newly established Woodstock College. Doonan was put in charge of the choir at Woodstock, and was noted for his skills on the violin and for his bass voice. He was ordained a priest in 1874 by James Gibbons, at the time the Bishop of Richmond, and he completed his studies at Woodstock in 1875. Georgetown University Doonan was appointed a professor of poetry at Georgetown in 1874. In September 1875, he went to Frederick, before returning to Georgetown in 1877 as a professor of rhetoric. He also served as vice president of the university and prefect of studies. One of the two cannons outside Healy Hall Upon Patrick Francis Healy's resignation of the presidency due to his declining health, Doonan became the acting president and vice rector on January 27, 1882. On August 17, he became the president of Georgetown University. In this position, he inherited a large debt, small student enrollment, and no endowment. He did continue to receive large donations that had been elicited during his predecessor's term of office; coupled with his sale of a villa in Tenleytown and a farm on Hickory Hill (near Glover Park) that were owned by the university, he was able to reduce the significant debt of more than $300,000, equivalent to $9.47 million in 2023, which had accrued from the construction of Healy Hall. Doonan redoubled his predecessor's fundraising efforts among the alumni of Georgetown. His efforts were praised by the Jesuit provincial superior, Thomas J. Campbell, and Doonan would leave office with a greatly reduced debt. For several years, Doonan promoted the idea that a celebration of the university's centenary be organized, which culminated in an official celebration in February 1889. In anticipation of the occasion, in 1885, Doonan purchased two cannons in St. Inigoes, Maryland, for $50. The cannons had been brought to America aboard the Ark and the Dove, which carried the first settlers to the Province of Maryland as part of Lord Baltimore's 1634 expedition to St. Mary's County. Doonan had them placed in front of Healy Hall on November 1, 1888. He also proposed that Healy Hall's main auditorium, which remained unfinished, be completed and named Gaston Memorial Hall after the school's first student, William Gaston. During Doonan's presidency, a new building was constructed for the School of Medicine, which was designed by Paul J. Pelz and erected on the corner of 10th and E Streets in the summer of 1886. In the following year, the Catholic University of America was established in Washington, leading to considerable tension between its founders and the Jesuits at Georgetown. Bishop John J. Keane, Catholic University's first rector, attempted to resolve this dispute by unsuccessfully offering to purchase Georgetown University, tendering this proposal to Doonan. Doonan's presidency came to an end in mid-August 1888, when he was sent by the Jesuit provincial superior to New York City, and was succeeded by Joseph Havens Richards. Later teaching Doonan in later life Doonan taught philosophy for a year at St. Francis Xavier College in New York, and then for one year in Detroit, Michigan. In 1891, he went to Boston College, followed by a time at Saint Joseph's College in Philadelphia, where he remained until 1896. For at least part of his time at Saint Joseph's, he served as the college's chaplain. He also lectured several times at the Catholic Summer School of America, in such subjects as psychology and education. At this time, Doonan's active ministry came to an end due to his failing eyesight. Fearing that he would become totally blind, he completed a pilgrimage to the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in France; he never did lose his sight completely. Doonan then returned to Philadelphia, where he suffered a stroke, causing partial paralysis. Nonetheless, he led the annual retreat for the priests of the Diocese of Rochester at Saint Bernard's Seminary in 1897. In 1902, he was appointed the spiritual director of the Jesuit community at Saint Joseph's College and the Church of the Gesú in Philadelphia, succeeding Burchard Villiger. In 1906, he returned to Georgetown University, where he lived out the remainder of his life. Despite his impaired condition, he continued to say Mass daily until one week before his death on April 12, 1911. Doonan was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown. References Citations ^ a b c d Shea 1891, p. 285 ^ a b DeLorme, Rita H. (November 3, 2011). ""Catholicity is the same age as the city (Atlanta)": Msgr. Joseph E. Moylan" (PDF). The Southern Cross. Diocese of Savannah. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018. ^ a b c Woodstock Letters 1911, p. 374 ^ Woodstock Letters 1911, pp. 373–374 ^ Easby-Smith 1907, p. 154 ^ Woodstock Letters 1916, p. 80 ^ Woodstock Letters 1916, p. 74 ^ a b c Easby-Smith 1907, p. 155 ^ a b Curran 1990, p. 2 ^ Dwulet, Andrew (September 18, 2009). "A Campaign Unfinished". The Hoya. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ Shea 1891, p. 307 ^ a b Curran 1990, p. 3 ^ a b Shea 1891, p. 305 ^ a b "Fact or Fiction? Mythbusting Hoya History with the University Archives". Georgetown University Library. August 23, 2016. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018. ^ "Is it true that the cannons outside Healy Hall were on the Ark and the Dove?". Georgetown University Library. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021. ^ Easby-Smith 1907, p. 148 ^ Shea 1891, p. 300 ^ Gorman 1991, p. 15 ^ Gorman 1991, p. 16 ^ Gorman 1991, p. 25 ^ a b c d Woodstock Letters 1911, p. 375 ^ Official Catholic Directory, Almanac and Clergy List 1905, p. 144 ^ Mosher 1899, p. 195 ^ Mosher 1899, p. 183 ^ "News and Notes". The Sacred Heart Review. 18 (12): 234. September 18, 1897. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018 – via Boston College Libraries. ^ "Ecclesiastical Items". The Sacred Heart Review. 28 (22): 338. November 29, 1902. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018 – via Boston College Libraries. ^ Woodstock Letters 1911, p. 376 ^ Maryland–New York Province 1912, p. 70 Sources Curran, R. Emmett (1990). "Georgetown's Self-Image at Its Centenary". In McFadden, William C. (ed.). Georgetown at Two Hundred: Faculty Reflections on the University's Future. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 1–17. ISBN 978-0-87840-502-2. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018 – via Google Books. Easby-Smith, James Stanislaus (1907). Georgetown University in the District of Columbia, 1789–1907: Its Founders, Benefactors, Officers, Instructors and Alumni. Vol. 1. New York: Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 136–163. OCLC 633425041. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018 – via Google Books. Gorman, Vincent J. (Fall 1991). "Georgetown University: The Early Relationship with the Catholic University of America 1884–1907". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 102 (3): 13–31. JSTOR 44211137. "List of Priests Ordained at Woodstock College (From 1870 to 1915.)" (PDF). Woodstock Letters. 45 (1): 74–85. February 1, 1916. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021 – via Jesuit Archives. Maryland–New York Province (1912). Catalogus Provinciae Marylandiae–Neo Eborancensis Societatis Jesu (PDF) (in Latin). Meany Printing Company. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2019. Official Catholic Directory, Almanac and Clergy List for the Year of Our Lord 1905. Vol. 19. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: M. H. Wiltzius Company. 1905. OCLC 310933191. Archived from the original on January 13, 2019 – via Google Books. Mosher, Warren E. (May–September 1899). "Some of the Lecturers". Mosher's Magazine. 14: 185–197. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018 – via Google Books. "Obituary: Father James A. Doonan" (PDF). Woodstock Letters. 40 (3): 373–376. October 1, 1911. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021 – via Jesuit Archives. Shea, John Gilmary (1891). "Chapter XXIX: Father James Aloysius Doonan". Memorial of the First Century of Georgetown College, D.C.: Comprising a History of Georgetown University. Vol. 3. New York: P. F. Collier. pp. 285–309. OCLC 612832863. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018 – via Google Books. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to James A. Doonan. Jacobus A Doonan at Find a Grave Academic offices Preceded byPatrick Francis Healy 30th President of Georgetown University 1882—1888 Succeeded byJ. Havens Richards vtePresidents of Georgetown University Plunkett (1791–1793) Molyneux (1793–1796) DuBourg (1796–1798) L. Neale (1798–1806) Molyneux (1806–1808) F. Neale (1809) Matthews (1809) F. Neale (1809–1812) Grassi (1812–1817) B. Fenwick (1817) Kohlmann (1817–1820) E. Fenwick (1820–1825) B. Fenwick (1825) Dubuisson (1825–1826) Feiner (1826–1829) Beschter (1829) T. Mulledy (1829–1837) McSherry (1838–1840) Lopez (1840) Ryder (1840–1845) S. Mulledy (1845) T. Mulledy (1845–1848) Ryder (1848–1851) Stonestreet (1851–1852) Maguire (1853–1858) Early (1858–1866) Maguire (1866–1870) Early (1870–1873) P. Healy (1873–1882) Doonan (1882–1888) Richards (1888–1898) Whitney (1898–1901) Daugherty (1901–1905) Buel (1905–1908) Himmel (1908–1912) Donlon (1912–1918) Creeden (1918–1924) Lyons (1924–1928) Nevils (1928–1935) O'Leary (1935–1942) Gorman (1942–1949) Guthrie (1949–1952) Bunn (1952–1964) Campbell (1964–1969) Henle (1969–1976) T. Healy (1976–1989) O'Donovan (1989–2001) DeGioia (2001– ) Portals: Biography Catholicism Education Georgia (U.S. state) Maryland Philadelphia United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Doonan (trade unionist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Doonan_(trade_unionist)"},{"link_name":"SJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"Gaston Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Hall"},{"link_name":"School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"Healy Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healy_Hall"},{"link_name":"Woodstock College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_College"},{"link_name":"Loyola College in Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_University_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Catholic Summer School of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Summer_School_of_America"}],"text":"American Jesuit educator (1841–1911)For the Scottish trade unionist, see James Doonan (trade unionist).James Aloysius Doonan SJ (November 8, 1841 – April 12, 1911) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit, who was the president of Georgetown University from 1882 to 1888. During that time he oversaw the naming of Gaston Hall and the construction of a new building for the School of Medicine. Doonan also acquired two historic cannons that were placed in front of Healy Hall. His presidency was financially successful, with a reduction in the university's burdensome debt that had accrued during the construction of Healy Hall.Prior to his administration of Georgetown, Doonan was a student there and at Woodstock College. He then taught at Loyola College in Maryland and Boston College. He spent his later years teaching and ministering at Boston College and at Saint Joseph's College in Philadelphia, as well as at St. Francis Xavier College in New York and at the Catholic Summer School of America.","title":"James A. Doonan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augusta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea285-1"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholicity-2"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"novitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea285-1"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholicity-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea285-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woodstock374-3"},{"link_name":"Loyola College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_University_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"High Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_Mass"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"the Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picket_(military)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-easby-smith154-5"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"theological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_theology"},{"link_name":"Woodstock College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_College"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woodstock374-3"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"James Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woodstock80-6"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woodstock74-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woodstock374-3"}],"text":"Doonan was born on November 8, 1841, in Augusta, Georgia.[1] His parents were Ellen Doonan (née Barry) and Terrence Doonan, an engineer and wealthy railroad official who was one of the first Catholics in Atlanta. Terrence was entrusted by the local priest with keeping the parish records until a pastor was appointed, and the first Catholic baptism in Atlanta was performed in his home.[2]Doonan enrolled at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1853, and then entered the Jesuit novitiate at Frederick, Maryland, in July 1857.[1] Doonan's brother, John, also became a Jesuit priest.[2] After four years there, James completed his classical course of study,[1] during which he was the captain of the student cadet regiment.[3] He then taught at Loyola College in Baltimore in 1861, where he remained for three years, during the Civil War. Doonan was said to frequently recount a story of the time he was present at a High Mass in Baltimore when word of the approaching Union Army caused the congregants to leave and take up arms. As a staunch supporter of the Confederacy, he was aggrieved at being forced by the Union Army to bear arms on their behalf and act as a sentinel for several hours.[4]In 1864, Doonan went to Boston College to teach for three years,[5] after which he returned to Washington, where he studied philosophy at Georgetown. His studies were paused in 1868 while he taught for a year at Georgetown, and he then resumed his philosophical and theological studies at the newly established Woodstock College. Doonan was put in charge of the choir at Woodstock, and was noted for his skills on the violin and for his bass voice.[3] He was ordained a priest in 1874 by James Gibbons,[6] at the time the Bishop of Richmond,[7] and he completed his studies at Woodstock in 1875.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-easby-smith155-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannon_Healy_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Patrick Francis Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Francis_Healy"},{"link_name":"vice rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea285-1"},{"link_name":"president of Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-easby-smith155-8"},{"link_name":"endowment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curran2-9"},{"link_name":"villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa"},{"link_name":"Tenleytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenleytown"},{"link_name":"Glover Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glover_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unfinished-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-11"},{"link_name":"Healy Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healy_Hall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea307-12"},{"link_name":"alumni of Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Georgetown_University_alumni"},{"link_name":"provincial superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_superior"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Campbell_(university_president)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curran3-13"},{"link_name":"centenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curran2-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea305-14"},{"link_name":"St. Inigoes, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Inigoes,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mythbusting-15"},{"link_name":"Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ark_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Province of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Lord Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mythbusting-15"},{"link_name":"Gaston Memorial Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Hall"},{"link_name":"William Gaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaston"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea305-14"},{"link_name":"School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-easby-smith148-17"},{"link_name":"Paul J. Pelz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Pelz"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea300-18"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America"},{"link_name":"John J. Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Keane_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gorman15-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gorman16-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gorman25-21"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-easby-smith155-8"},{"link_name":"Joseph Havens Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Havens_Richards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curran3-13"}],"text":"Doonan was appointed a professor of poetry at Georgetown in 1874. In September 1875, he went to Frederick, before returning to Georgetown in 1877 as a professor of rhetoric. He also served as vice president of the university and prefect of studies.[8]One of the two cannons outside Healy HallUpon Patrick Francis Healy's resignation of the presidency due to his declining health, Doonan became the acting president and vice rector on January 27, 1882.[1] On August 17, he became the president of Georgetown University.[8] In this position, he inherited a large debt, small student enrollment, and no endowment.[9] He did continue to receive large donations that had been elicited during his predecessor's term of office; coupled with his sale of a villa in Tenleytown and a farm on Hickory Hill (near Glover Park) that were owned by the university, he was able to reduce the significant debt of more than $300,000,[10] equivalent to $9.47 million in 2023,[11] which had accrued from the construction of Healy Hall.[12] Doonan redoubled his predecessor's fundraising efforts among the alumni of Georgetown. His efforts were praised by the Jesuit provincial superior, Thomas J. Campbell, and Doonan would leave office with a greatly reduced debt.[13]For several years, Doonan promoted the idea that a celebration of the university's centenary be organized,[9] which culminated in an official celebration in February 1889.[14] In anticipation of the occasion, in 1885, Doonan purchased two cannons in St. Inigoes, Maryland, for $50.[15] The cannons had been brought to America aboard the Ark and the Dove, which carried the first settlers to the Province of Maryland as part of Lord Baltimore's 1634 expedition to St. Mary's County.[16] Doonan had them placed in front of Healy Hall on November 1, 1888.[15] He also proposed that Healy Hall's main auditorium, which remained unfinished, be completed and named Gaston Memorial Hall after the school's first student, William Gaston.[14]During Doonan's presidency, a new building was constructed for the School of Medicine,[17] which was designed by Paul J. Pelz and erected on the corner of 10th and E Streets in the summer of 1886.[18] In the following year, the Catholic University of America was established in Washington, leading to considerable tension between its founders and the Jesuits at Georgetown. Bishop John J. Keane, Catholic University's first rector,[19] attempted to resolve this dispute by unsuccessfully offering to purchase Georgetown University,[20] tendering this proposal to Doonan.[21]Doonan's presidency came to an end in mid-August 1888, when he was sent by the Jesuit provincial superior to New York City,[8] and was succeeded by Joseph Havens Richards.[13]","title":"Georgetown University"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_A._Doonan_seated.png"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Detroit, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-directory-23"},{"link_name":"Catholic Summer School of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Summer_School_of_America"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mosher195-6-24"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mosher183-25"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_(spiritual)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"Saint Bernard's Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Bernard%27s_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news&notes-26"},{"link_name":"spiritual director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_direction"},{"link_name":"Church of the Gesú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%BA_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Burchard Villiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchard_Villiger"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecclesiastical-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woodstock376-28"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"Jesuit Community Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_Community_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catalogus70-29"}],"text":"Doonan in later lifeDoonan taught philosophy for a year at St. Francis Xavier College in New York, and then for one year in Detroit, Michigan. In 1891, he went to Boston College, followed by a time at Saint Joseph's College in Philadelphia, where he remained until 1896.[22] For at least part of his time at Saint Joseph's, he served as the college's chaplain.[23] He also lectured several times at the Catholic Summer School of America,[24] in such subjects as psychology and education.[25] At this time, Doonan's active ministry came to an end due to his failing eyesight. Fearing that he would become totally blind, he completed a pilgrimage to the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in France; he never did lose his sight completely.[22]Doonan then returned to Philadelphia, where he suffered a stroke, causing partial paralysis.[22] Nonetheless, he led the annual retreat for the priests of the Diocese of Rochester at Saint Bernard's Seminary in 1897.[26] In 1902, he was appointed the spiritual director of the Jesuit community at Saint Joseph's College and the Church of the Gesú in Philadelphia, succeeding Burchard Villiger.[27] In 1906, he returned to Georgetown University, where he lived out the remainder of his life.[28] Despite his impaired condition, he continued to say Mass daily until one week before his death on April 12, 1911.[22] Doonan was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown.[29]","title":"Later teaching"}]	[{"image_text":"One of the two cannons outside Healy Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cannon_Healy_Hall.jpg/220px-Cannon_Healy_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doonan in later life","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/James_A._Doonan_seated.png/190px-James_A._Doonan_seated.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"DeLorme, Rita H. (November 3, 2011). \"\"Catholicity is the same age as the city (Atlanta)\": Msgr. Joseph E. Moylan\" (PDF). The Southern Cross. Diocese of Savannah. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181227051503/https://diosav.org/sites/all/files/archives/%20A%2010-20-2011%20CROSS%205.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Catholicity is the same age as the city (Atlanta)\": Msgr. Joseph E. Moylan\""},{"url":"https://diosav.org/sites/all/files/archives/%20A%2010-20-2011%20CROSS%205.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dwulet, Andrew (September 18, 2009). \"A Campaign Unfinished\". The Hoya. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehoya.com/a-campaign-unfinished/","url_text":"\"A Campaign Unfinished\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hoya","url_text":"The Hoya"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215184322/http://www.thehoya.com/a-campaign-unfinished/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fact or Fiction? Mythbusting Hoya History with the University Archives\". Georgetown University Library. August 23, 2016. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.library.georgetown.edu/exhibition/fact-or-fiction-mythbusting-hoya-history-university-archives","url_text":"\"Fact or Fiction? Mythbusting Hoya History with the University Archives\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180301224842/https://www.library.georgetown.edu/exhibition/fact-or-fiction-mythbusting-hoya-history-university-archives","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Is it true that the cannons outside Healy Hall were on the Ark and the Dove?\". Georgetown University Library. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.library.georgetown.edu/infrequently-asked-questions/it-true-cannons-outside-healy-hall-were-ark-and-dove","url_text":"\"Is it true that the cannons outside Healy Hall were on the Ark and the Dove?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211105013457/https://www.library.georgetown.edu/infrequently-asked-questions/it-true-cannons-outside-healy-hall-were-ark-and-dove","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News and Notes\". The Sacred Heart Review. 18 (12): 234. September 18, 1897. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018 – via Boston College Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a=d&d=BOSTONSH18970918-01.1.14&","url_text":"\"News and Notes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181227053816/https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a=d&d=BOSTONSH18970918-01.1.14&","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ecclesiastical Items\". The Sacred Heart Review. 28 (22): 338. November 29, 1902. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018 – via Boston College Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a=d&d=BOSTONSH19021129-01.2.4","url_text":"\"Ecclesiastical Items\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181227054424/https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a=d&d=BOSTONSH19021129-01.2.4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Curran, R. Emmett (1990). \"Georgetown's Self-Image at Its Centenary\". In McFadden, William C. (ed.). Georgetown at Two Hundred: Faculty Reflections on the University's Future. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 1–17. ISBN 978-0-87840-502-2. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-GltuEPdtMYC&pg=PA1","url_text":"\"Georgetown's Self-Image at Its Centenary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press","url_text":"Georgetown University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-502-2","url_text":"978-0-87840-502-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215183841/https://books.google.com/books?id=-GltuEPdtMYC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Easby-Smith, James Stanislaus (1907). Georgetown University in the District of Columbia, 1789–1907: Its Founders, Benefactors, Officers, Instructors and Alumni. Vol. 1. New York: Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 136–163. OCLC 633425041. 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Doonan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Letters","url_text":"Woodstock Letters"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210110024955/http://jesuitarchives.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/woodstock-040.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shea, John Gilmary (1891). \"Chapter XXIX: Father James Aloysius Doonan\". Memorial of the First Century of Georgetown College, D.C.: Comprising a History of Georgetown University. Vol. 3. New York: P. F. Collier. pp. 285–309. OCLC 612832863. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilmary_Shea","url_text":"Shea, John Gilmary"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YdRAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA285","url_text":"\"Chapter XXIX: Father James Aloysius Doonan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fenelon_Collier","url_text":"P. F. Collier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/612832863","url_text":"612832863"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215183145/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdRAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA285","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181227051503/https://diosav.org/sites/all/files/archives/%20A%2010-20-2011%20CROSS%205.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"Catholicity is the same age as the city (Atlanta)\": Msgr. Joseph E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_and_Fantasy	Flesh and Fantasy	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Deleted segment","5 References","6 External links"]	1943 film by Julien Duvivier This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Flesh and Fantasy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Flesh and FantasyDirected byJulien DuvivierWritten byEllis St. Joseph (Story segment 1)Oscar Wilde (Story segment 2)László Vadnay (Story segment 3)Ernest PascalSamuel HoffensteinStarringEdward G. RobinsonCharles BoyerBarbara StanwyckBetty FieldCinematographyStanley CortezPaul IvanoEdited byArthur HiltonMusic byAlexandre TansmanDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date October 29, 1943 (1943-10-29) Running time94 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$1.8 million (US rentals) Flesh and Fantasy is a 1943 American anthology film directed by Julien Duvivier and starring Edward G. Robinson, Charles Boyer, Robert Cummings, and Barbara Stanwyck. The making of this film was inspired by the success of Duvivier's previous anthology film, the 1942 Tales of Manhattan. Flesh and Fantasy tells three stories, unrelated but with a supernatural theme, by Ellis St. Joseph, Oscar Wilde, and László Vadnay. Tying together the three segments is a conversation about the occult between two clubmen, one played by humorist Robert Benchley. Plot First segment The setting is New Orleans, Louisiana. Plain and embittered, Henrietta, secretly loves law student, Michael. On Mardi Gras night, a mysterious stranger gives her a white mask of beauty that she must return at midnight. At a party, Michael falls in love with Henrietta but has yet to see her face under the mask. Henrietta encourages Michael to follow a better life although it may mean losing him forever. Henrietta removes the mask at midnight discovering she is now beautiful and that her old, selfish attitude was really the cause of her ugliness. Second segment The second story is based on Oscar Wilde's short story Lord Arthur Savile's Crime. A palmist, Septimus Podgers, is making uncannily accurate predictions at a party for the rich and bored. He tells skeptical lawyer, Marshall Tyler, to avoid a certain street intersection on the way home. The palmist also acts as if he sees more in his hand but does not admit it. Marshall eschews the advice and almost gets shot during a police chase at the intersection. Marshall goes to the palmist’s home. Under pressure, the palmist admits that he saw that Marshall is going to kill someone. The notion obsesses Marshall, who decides that he must kill someone, anyone, just to get it over with. He comes close to killing two people but is unable to do so. He finally meets Podgers by accident on a bridge one night, and blaming Podgers for his problem, strangles him to death in a rage. Trying to escape, Marshall is hit by a car. The accident is witnessed by the Great Paul Gaspar, a high-wire artist, and it leads without pause into the third segment of the film. Third segment High-wire artist the Great Paul Gaspar is haunted by dreams of falling, and in each dream of doom encounters a woman, Joan Stanley, he has never met. These dreams affect his performance as he backs down from the most dangerous stunt, jumping from one wire to another. Eventually he meets his dream girl, who has serious troubles of her own. Paul later decides that he will not let his bad dreams affect him and that his life is his own. He performs the stunt successfully, not knowing that the woman that he has now fallen in love with is about to be arrested. Cast Marshall Tyler (Robinson) gets an unpleasant surprise. Edward G. Robinson as Marshall Tyler Charles Boyer as Paul Gaspar Barbara Stanwyck as Joan Stanley Betty Field as Henrietta Robert Cummings as Michael Thomas Mitchell as Septimus Podgers Charles Winninger as King Lamarr Robert Benchley as Doakes C. Aubrey Smith as the Dean of Norwald Edgar Barrier as the Proprietor of the Mask Shop Production At one stage the film was known as For All We Know. Cummings and Field were cast in March 1943. Deleted segment John Garfield was originally signed for the segment, but changed his mind. He was replaced by Universal contract star Alan Curtis in his role intended to begin with a half-hour sequence concerning an escaped killer who finds refuge with a farmer (Frank Craven) and his blind daughter (Gloria Jean). This sequence ended with a spectacular storm scene, staged by director Duvivier and photographer Paul Ivano, in which the enraged killer races after the blind girl. The forces of nature spare the girl but strike down the killer. The preview audience raved about this scene, but Universal removed it and shelved it. (The very end of the deleted scene survives in the final print: the killer's body washes up on shore.) To replace the missing footage the studio connected the remaining three segments with new footage of humorist Robert Benchley. Not wanting to waste the Jean-Curtis footage Universal hired screenwriter Roy Chanslor to come up with additional material and Reginald LeBorg to direct a few new scenes, so that the segment could be released as a separate feature film. The studio insisted upon "framing" scenes wherein the refugee is shown to be innocent of the crimes for which he has been imprisoned, and which allowed a happy ending. The completed film was finally released in 1944 as Destiny. References ^ "Top Grossers of the Season", Variety, 5 January 1944 p 54 ^ DRAMA AND FILM: Walter Huston Joins Boyer's Starry Parade Los Angeles Times 8 Mar 1943: 8. ^ SCREEN NEWS HERE AND IN HOLLYWOOD New York Times 3 Mar 1943: 19. ^ "SCREEN NEWS HERE AND IN HOLLYWOOD; John Garfield Will Appear in Third Sequence of 'Flesh and Fantasy' for Universal 'THE MUMmy's TOMB' DUE Arrives at the Rialto Today -- American Premiere at 48th St. For 'Valfangare'". The New York Times. 24 October 1942. ^ a b Tom Weaver, Michael Brunas and John Brunas. Universal Horrors: The Studios Classic Films, 1931-1946, 2007. Jefferson, NC: Mcfarland & Co Inc. ISBN 978-0786429745, pp. 463-468. External links Flesh and Fantasy at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Flesh and Fantasy at IMDb vteFilms directed by Julien DuvivierFilmography The Agony of the Eagles (1922) The Hurricane on the Mountain (1922) The Abbot Constantine (1925) The Red Head (1925) The Man with the Hispano (1926) The Marriage of Mademoiselle Beulemans (1927) The Maelstrom of Paris (1928) The Mystery of the Eiffel Tower (1928) The Divine Voyage (1929) La Vie miraculeuse de Thérèse Martin (1930) David Golder (1931) Moon Over Morocco (1931) Here's Berlin (1932) The Five Accursed Gentlemen (1932) The Red Head (1932) A Man's Neck (1933) The Little King (1933) Maria Chapdelaine (1934) Golgotha (1935) La Bandera (1935) Le Golem (1936) They Were Five (1936) The Man of the Hour (1937) Pépé le Moko (1937) Life Dances On (1937) The Great Waltz (1938) The End of the Day (1939) The Phantom Carriage (1939) Lydia (1941) Tales of Manhattan (1942) The Heart of a Nation (1943) Flesh and Fantasy (1943) The Impostor (1944) Panique (1946) Anna Karenina (1948) The Sinners (1949) Black Jack (1950) Under the Sky of Paris (1951) Little World of Don Camillo (1952) Holiday for Henrietta (1952) The Return of Don Camillo (1953) On Trial (1954) Marianne of My Youth (1955) Deadlier Than the Male (1956) The Man in the Raincoat (1957) Lovers of Paris (1957) The Female (1959) Marie-Octobre (1959) The High Life (1960) Boulevard (1960) The Burning Court (1962) The Devil and the Ten Commandments (1962) Highway Pick-Up (1963) Diabolically Yours (1967)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthology film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_film"},{"link_name":"Julien Duvivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Duvivier"},{"link_name":"Edward G. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Charles Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Robert Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"Tales of Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"László Vadnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Vadnay"},{"link_name":"Robert Benchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benchley"}],"text":"Flesh and Fantasy is a 1943 American anthology film directed by Julien Duvivier and starring Edward G. Robinson, Charles Boyer, Robert Cummings, and Barbara Stanwyck. The making of this film was inspired by the success of Duvivier's previous anthology film, the 1942 Tales of Manhattan. Flesh and Fantasy tells three stories, unrelated but with a supernatural theme, by Ellis St. Joseph, Oscar Wilde, and László Vadnay. Tying together the three segments is a conversation about the occult between two clubmen, one played by humorist Robert Benchley.","title":"Flesh and Fantasy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Mardi Gras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Lord Arthur Savile's Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Arthur_Savile%27s_Crime_and_Other_Stories"}],"text":"First segment\nThe setting is New Orleans, Louisiana. Plain and embittered, Henrietta, secretly loves law student, Michael. On Mardi Gras night, a mysterious stranger gives her a white mask of beauty that she must return at midnight. At a party, Michael falls in love with Henrietta but has yet to see her face under the mask. Henrietta encourages Michael to follow a better life although it may mean losing him forever. Henrietta removes the mask at midnight discovering she is now beautiful and that her old, selfish attitude was really the cause of her ugliness.Second segment\nThe second story is based on Oscar Wilde's short story Lord Arthur Savile's Crime. A palmist, Septimus Podgers, is making uncannily accurate predictions at a party for the rich and bored. He tells skeptical lawyer, Marshall Tyler, to avoid a certain street intersection on the way home. The palmist also acts as if he sees more in his hand but does not admit it. Marshall eschews the advice and almost gets shot during a police chase at the intersection. Marshall goes to the palmist’s home. Under pressure, the palmist admits that he saw that Marshall is going to kill someone.The notion obsesses Marshall, who decides that he must kill someone, anyone, just to get it over with. He comes close to killing two people but is unable to do so. He finally meets Podgers by accident on a bridge one night, and blaming Podgers for his problem, strangles him to death in a rage. Trying to escape, Marshall is hit by a car. The accident is witnessed by the Great Paul Gaspar, a high-wire artist, and it leads without pause into the third segment of the film.Third segment\nHigh-wire artist the Great Paul Gaspar is haunted by dreams of falling, and in each dream of doom encounters a woman, Joan Stanley, he has never met. These dreams affect his performance as he backs down from the most dangerous stunt, jumping from one wire to another. Eventually he meets his dream girl, who has serious troubles of her own. Paul later decides that he will not let his bad dreams affect him and that his life is his own. He performs the stunt successfully, not knowing that the woman that he has now fallen in love with is about to be arrested.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Mitchell_and_Edward_G._Robinson_-_Flesh_and_Fantasy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward G. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Charles Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"Betty Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Field"},{"link_name":"Robert Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mitchell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Charles Winninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Winninger"},{"link_name":"Robert Benchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benchley"},{"link_name":"C. Aubrey Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Aubrey_Smith"},{"link_name":"Edgar Barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Barrier"}],"text":"Marshall Tyler (Robinson) gets an unpleasant surprise.Edward G. Robinson as Marshall Tyler\nCharles Boyer as Paul Gaspar\nBarbara Stanwyck as Joan Stanley\nBetty Field as Henrietta\nRobert Cummings as Michael\nThomas Mitchell as Septimus Podgers\nCharles Winninger as King Lamarr\nRobert Benchley as Doakes\nC. Aubrey Smith as the Dean of Norwald\nEdgar Barrier as the Proprietor of the Mask Shop","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At one stage the film was known as For All We Know.[2] Cummings and Field were cast in March 1943.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garfield"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alan Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Curtis_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Frank Craven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Craven"},{"link_name":"Gloria Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Jean"},{"link_name":"Paul Ivano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ivano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weaver_et_al.-5"},{"link_name":"Reginald LeBorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_LeBorg"},{"link_name":"Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weaver_et_al.-5"}],"text":"John Garfield was originally signed for the segment,[4] but changed his mind. He was replaced by Universal contract star Alan Curtis in his role intended to begin with a half-hour sequence concerning an escaped killer who finds refuge with a farmer (Frank Craven) and his blind daughter (Gloria Jean). This sequence ended with a spectacular storm scene, staged by director Duvivier and photographer Paul Ivano, in which the enraged killer races after the blind girl. The forces of nature spare the girl but strike down the killer. The preview audience raved about this scene, but Universal removed it and shelved it. (The very end of the deleted scene survives in the final print: the killer's body washes up on shore.)[5] To replace the missing footage the studio connected the remaining three segments with new footage of humorist Robert Benchley.Not wanting to waste the Jean-Curtis footage Universal hired screenwriter Roy Chanslor to come up with additional material and Reginald LeBorg to direct a few new scenes, so that the segment could be released as a separate feature film. The studio insisted upon \"framing\" scenes wherein the refugee is shown to be innocent of the crimes for which he has been imprisoned, and which allowed a happy ending. The completed film was finally released in 1944 as Destiny.[5]","title":"Deleted segment"}]	[{"image_text":"Marshall Tyler (Robinson) gets an unpleasant surprise.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thomas_Mitchell_and_Edward_G._Robinson_-_Flesh_and_Fantasy.jpg/220px-Thomas_Mitchell_and_Edward_G._Robinson_-_Flesh_and_Fantasy.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"SCREEN NEWS HERE AND IN HOLLYWOOD; John Garfield Will Appear in Third Sequence of 'Flesh and Fantasy' for Universal 'THE MUMmy's TOMB' DUE Arrives at the Rialto Today -- American Premiere at 48th St. For 'Valfangare'\". The New York Times. 24 October 1942.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1942/10/24/archives/screen-news-here-and-in-hollywood-john-garfield-will-appear-in.html","url_text":"\"SCREEN NEWS HERE AND IN HOLLYWOOD; John Garfield Will Appear in Third Sequence of 'Flesh and Fantasy' for Universal 'THE MUMmy's TOMB' DUE Arrives at the Rialto Today -- American Premiere at 48th St. For 'Valfangare'\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Flesh+and+Fantasy%22","external_links_name":"\"Flesh and Fantasy\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Flesh+and+Fantasy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Flesh+and+Fantasy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Flesh+and+Fantasy%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Flesh+and+Fantasy%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Flesh+and+Fantasy%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/variety153-1944-01#page/n51/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Top Grossers of the Season\", Variety, 5 January 1944 p 54"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1942/10/24/archives/screen-news-here-and-in-hollywood-john-garfield-will-appear-in.html","external_links_name":"\"SCREEN NEWS HERE AND IN HOLLYWOOD; John Garfield Will Appear in Third Sequence of 'Flesh and Fantasy' for Universal 'THE MUMmy's TOMB' DUE Arrives at the Rialto Today -- American Premiere at 48th St. For 'Valfangare'\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/431","external_links_name":"Flesh and Fantasy"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035885/","external_links_name":"Flesh and Fantasy"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Parapsychology	Rhine Research Center	["1 References","2 External links"]	This article may present fringe theories, without giving appropriate weight to the mainstream view and explaining the responses to the fringe theories. Please help improve it or discuss the issue on the talk page. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Rhine Research Center logo The Rhine Research Center is an independent, non-profit parapsychology research center that takes a scientific approach to anomalous phenomena and exceptional human experience. According to the mission statement, the "Rhine's mission is to advance the science of parapsychology, to provide education and resources for the public, and to foster a community for individuals with personal and professional interest in PSI." It is the successor to the Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke University. In 1965, when J. B. Rhine reached mandatory retirement age, he left Duke University and founded an independent non-profit organization called the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man. The current research center is a successor to this organization, and it is no longer affiliated with Duke University. The Rhine Research Center continues to conduct parapsychology research today, but it also provides online courses, educational events, and holds meetings for people interested in parapsychology and psi phenomena. The current president is Jack Hebrank. References ^ Rhine Research Center. "Rhine Mission Statement". Retrieved 2016-04-21. ^ Rhine Research Center. "The History of the Rhine Center". Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2012-12-11. ^ Glenn McDonald (June 24, 2013). "What Ever Happened to Parapsychology?". Discovery News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Erin Collazo (February 22, 2000). "Rhine Research Center". The Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-12-11. ^ "Board of Directors". RhineResearchCenter. Retrieved 2022-05-17. External links Official website vteParapsychologyOutlineTopics Apparitional experience Astral projection Auras Bilocation Clairvoyance Deathbed phenomena Dermo-optical perception Dream telepathy Ectoplasm Electronic voice phenomenon Extrasensory perception Ganzfeld experiment Ghosts Kirlian photography Levitation Materialization Mediumship Near-death experience Orb Out-of-body experience Pam Reynolds case Paranormal Parapsychology research at SRI Past life regression Plant perception (paranormal) Poltergeist Precognition Psychic Psychic detective Psychic reading Psychic surgery Psychometry Pyrokinesis Reincarnation Remote viewing Retrocognition Second sight Sensory leakage Spoon bending Superconscious Telekinesis Telepathy Thoughtography Xenoglossy Zener cards Active organizations American Society for Psychical Research Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena College of Psychic Studies Institut Métapsychique International Institute of Noetic Sciences International Association for Near-Death Studies Koestler Parapsychology Unit Parapsychological Association Parapsychology Foundation Rhine Research Center Society for Psychical Research The Ghost Club Defunct organizations American Psychical Institute British College of Psychic Science Cambridge Ghost Society International Institute for Psychical Research London Dialectical Society Metropolitan Psychical Society National Laboratory of Psychical Research Oxford Phasmatological Society Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures People List of parapsychologists Skeptics of parapsychology Publications An Experiment with Time Extrasensory Perception Irreducible Mind Journal of Near-Death Studies Journal of Parapsychology Journal of Scientific Exploration Life After Life Life Before Life Mental Radio Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind The Roots of Coincidence Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation Varieties of Anomalous Experience Category Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Czech Republic 2 This parapsychology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhine_Research_Center_logo.png"},{"link_name":"parapsychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"J. B. Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Rhine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RhineResearchCenter-5"}],"text":"Rhine Research Center logoThe Rhine Research Center is an independent, non-profit parapsychology research center that takes a scientific approach to anomalous phenomena and exceptional human experience. According to the mission statement, the \"Rhine's mission is to advance the science of parapsychology, to provide education and resources for the public, and to foster a community for individuals with personal and professional interest in PSI.\"[1] It is the successor to the Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke University.[2]In 1965, when J. B. Rhine reached mandatory retirement age, he left Duke University and founded an independent non-profit organization called the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man.[3] The current research center is a successor to this organization, and it is no longer affiliated with Duke University.[4] The Rhine Research Center continues to conduct parapsychology research today, but it also provides online courses, educational events, and holds meetings for people interested in parapsychology and psi phenomena. The current president is Jack Hebrank.[5]","title":"Rhine Research Center"}]	[{"image_text":"Rhine Research Center logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/Rhine_Research_Center_logo.png/220px-Rhine_Research_Center_logo.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Rhine Research Center. \"Rhine Mission Statement\". Retrieved 2016-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhine.org/","url_text":"\"Rhine Mission Statement\""}]},{"reference":"Rhine Research Center. \"The History of the Rhine Center\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2012-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905073550/http://www.rhine.org/who-we-are/history.html","url_text":"\"The History of the Rhine Center\""},{"url":"http://www.rhine.org/who-we-are/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Glenn McDonald (June 24, 2013). \"What Ever Happened to Parapsychology?\". Discovery News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003084324/http://news.discovery.com/human/psychology/whatever-happened-to-parasychology-130624.htm","url_text":"\"What Ever Happened to Parapsychology?\""}]},{"reference":"Erin Collazo (February 22, 2000). \"Rhine Research Center\". The Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dukechronicle.com/article/rhine-research-center","url_text":"\"Rhine Research Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". RhineResearchCenter. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellett_R-2	Kellett KD-1	["1 Development","2 Variants","3 Operators","4 Specifications (KD-1B)","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]	1930s American autogyro Kellett KD-1 Kellett XR-3 modification of YG-1B (KD-1) of U.S. Army preserved at Yanks Air Museum, Chino airfield California, in January 2008 Role AutogyroType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Kellett Autogiro Company First flight 1934 Primary users United States Army Air ForcesEastern Airlines Developed into Kayaba Ka-1/Ka-2 The Kellett KD-1 was a 1930s American autogyro built by the Kellett Autogiro Company. It had the distinction of being the first practical rotary-wing aircraft used by the United States Army and inaugurated the first scheduled air-mail service using a rotary-wing aircraft. Development Using the experience gained in building Cierva autogyros under licence the Kellett Autogiro Company developed the KD-1 which was similar to the contemporary Cierva C.30. It had two open cockpits, a fixed tailwheel landing gear and was powered by a 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 radial engine. The D in the KD-1 designation stood for Direct control, meaning that the rotor was responsible for all control of the machine, so ailerons, wings and elevators were not necessary. This caused distrust from Kellett's test pilots, who refused to fly it. Kellett then hired Johnny Miller, who thoroughly understood autogyros, as chief test pilot. After successful testing of the prototype, it was converted into a mail-carrying variant designated the KD-1A which had the front cockpit converted into a baggage compartment and was put into production. It had a three-bladed rotor with folding blades and a number of minor detail improvements. A KD-1B was a development of the KD-1A, with an enclosed cockpit for the pilot, radio, blind-flying instruments and a landing light, and was ordered and operated by Eastern Air Lines, who hired Miller to fly it. They inaugurated the first scheduled rotary-wing air-mail service on 6 July 1939 between Camden Central Airport and Philadelphia's main Post Office. In 1935, the United States Army bought a KD-1 for evaluation and designated it the YG-1, a second aircraft followed which had additional radio equipment and was designated the YG-1A. These two aircraft were followed by a batch of seven designated YG-1B. In 1942 seven more were bought for use in the observation role as the XO-60. Six XO-60s were re-engined with 300 hp (224 kW) Jacobs R-915-3s and re-designated YO-60. One YG-1B was modified with a constant-speed rotor and was re-designated the YG-1C, it was later re-engined with the more powerful R-915 and re-designated again as the XR-2. The XR-2 was destroyed by rotor ground resonance problems and the evaluation was continued with another modified YG-1B designated the XR-3. Variants YG-1 (KD-1) at Langley KD-1 Prototype, one built KD-1A Commercial variant with open cockpit and a 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 radial engine; three built, one converted from the KD-1. KD-1B Commercial variant with enclosed cockpit; two built. YG-1 United States Army designation for one KD-1A acquired for evaluation. YG-1A One aircraft as YG-1 with the addition of radio equipment. YG-1B at Langley YG-1B Production aircraft for the United States Army; seven built. YG-1C One YG-1B modified with a constant-speed rotor for evaluation, later designated the XR-2. A Kellett XO-60 XO-60 Production aircraft for the United States Army with a 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs R-755 radial engine, seven built. YO-60 Six XO-60s re-engined with a 300 hp (220 kW) Jacob R-915-3 radial engine. XR-2 The YG-1C re-designated after being re-engined with a 300 hp (220 kW) Jacobs R-915-3 radial engine. XR-3 One YG-1B modified to XR-2 standard for evaluation. Kayaba Ka-Go prototype Main article: Kayaba Ka-1 Based on a KD-1A airframe repaired by Kayaba. Operators United States Eastern Airlines United States Army Air Forces Specifications (KD-1B) General characteristics Crew: 2 Length: 28 ft 10 in (8.79 m) Height: 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m) Gross weight: 2,244 lb (1,018 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Jacobs L-4MA , 230 hp (170 kW) Main rotor diameter: 40 ft 0 in (12.19 m) Performance Maximum speed: 125 mph (201 km/h, 109 kn) Range: 200 mi (322 km, 174 nmi) Service ceiling: 13,999 ft (4,267 m) See also Related development Kayaba Ka-1/Ka-2 Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Avian Gyroplane Buhl A-1 Autogyro Cierva C.30 Kellett K-2 Pitcairn PA-18 Related lists List of rotorcraft List of military aircraft of the United States References Notes ^ "Kellett KD-1". All the World's Rotorcraft. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ Lewis, W. David. "The Autogiro Flies the Mail! Realising the dream of flight pp 79-81" (PDF). NASA History. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ "ARMY AUTOGIRO" Popular Science, June 1944, photo of YO-60 Bibliography Andrade, John (1979). U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 0-904597-22-9. Elliot, Bryn (March–April 1997). "Bears in the Air: The US Air Police Perspective". Air Enthusiast. No. 68. pp. 46–51. ISSN 0143-5450. * Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). Orbis Publishing. External links Media related to Kellett KD-1 at Wikimedia Commons vteKellet aircraftCompany designations K-1 K-2 K-3 K-4 KD-1 KD-2 KD-10 KH-15 Military designations YG-1 YO-60 XR-2 XR-3 XR-8 XR-10 vteUSAAC autogyro designations G-1 G-2 vteUnited States helicopter designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsNumerical sequence used by USAAC/USAAF/USAF 1941–present; U.S. Army 1948–1956 and 1962–present; U.S. Navy 1962–presentArmy/Air Force sequence(1941–1962)Prefix R-, 1941–1948 R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6 R-7 R-8 R-9 R-10 R-11 R-12 R-13 R-14 R-15 R-16 Prefix H-, 1948–1962 H-5 H-6 H-9 H-10 H-11 H-12 H-13 H-13J H-15 H-16 H-17 H-18 H-19 H-20 H-21 H-22 H-23 H-24 H-25 H-26 H-27 H-28 H-29 H-30 H-31 H-32 H-33 H-34 H-35 H-361 H-37 H-381 H-39 H-40 H-41 H-42 H-43 H-441 H-451 Tri-service sequence(1962–present)1962 redesignations H-13 H-13F H-13J H-19 H-21 H-23 H-25 H-34 H-37 H-43 New designations H-46 H-47 H-48 H-49 H-50 H-51 H-52 H-53 CH-53/E/K HH-53/MH-53 H-54 H-55 H-56 H-57 H-58 H-59 H-60 UH-60 SH-60 HH-60 MH-60 H-61 H-62 H-63 H-64 H-65 H-66 H-67 H-68 H-691 H-70 H-71 H-72 H-73 Alternate sequence H-1 AH-1/J/T/W/Z UH-1/N/Y H-2 G H-3 CH-3/HH-3 SH-3 H-4 H-5 H-6 AH-6 MH-6 OH-6 Non-sequential H-90 H-92 CH-92/VH-92 H-139 1 Not assigned vteUnited States observation aircraft designations, USAAC/USAAF and Tri-Service systemsUSAAC/USAAF sequence(1924–1942) O-1 O-2 O-3 O-4 O-5 O-6 O-7 O-8 O-9 O-10 O-11 O-12 O-13 O-14 O-15 O-16 O-17 O-18 O-19 O-20 O-21 O-22 O-23 O-24 O-25 O-26 O-27 O-28 O-29 O-30 O-31 O-32 O-33 O-34 O-35 O-36 O-37 O-38 O-39 O-40 O-41 O-42 O-43 O-44 O-45 O-46 O-47 O-48 O-49 O-50 O-51 O-52 O-53 O-54 O-55 O-56 O-57 O-58 O-59 O-60 O-61 O-62 O-63 Tri-service sequence(1962–present) O-1 O-2 O-3 O-41 O-5 O-6 Related designations OV-1 OV-10 OV-12 1 Unconfirmed	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"autogyro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogyro"},{"link_name":"Kellett Autogiro Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellett_Autogiro_Company"}],"text":"The Kellett KD-1 was a 1930s American autogyro built by the Kellett Autogiro Company. It had the distinction of being the first practical rotary-wing aircraft used by the United States Army and inaugurated the first scheduled air-mail service using a rotary-wing aircraft.","title":"Kellett KD-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cierva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cierva"},{"link_name":"Cierva C.30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cierva_C.30"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Johnny Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Miller_(aviator)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Camden Central Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Central_Airport"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia's main Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Post_Office-Main_Branch_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-2"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Jacobs R-915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_R-915"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Using the experience gained in building Cierva autogyros under licence the Kellett Autogiro Company developed the KD-1 which was similar to the contemporary Cierva C.30. It had two open cockpits, a fixed tailwheel landing gear and was powered by a 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 radial engine. The D in the KD-1 designation stood for Direct control, meaning that the rotor was responsible for all control of the machine, so ailerons, wings and elevators were not necessary.[1] This caused distrust from Kellett's test pilots, who refused to fly it. Kellett then hired Johnny Miller, who thoroughly understood autogyros, as chief test pilot. After successful testing of the prototype, it was converted into a mail-carrying variant designated the KD-1A which had the front cockpit converted into a baggage compartment and was put into production. It had a three-bladed rotor with folding blades and a number of minor detail improvements. A KD-1B was a development of the KD-1A, with an enclosed cockpit for the pilot, radio, blind-flying instruments and a landing light, and was ordered and operated by Eastern Air Lines, who hired Miller to fly it.They inaugurated the first scheduled rotary-wing air-mail service on 6 July 1939 between Camden Central Airport and Philadelphia's main Post Office.[2]In 1935, the United States Army bought a KD-1 for evaluation and designated it the YG-1, a second aircraft followed which had additional radio equipment and was designated the YG-1A. These two aircraft were followed by a batch of seven designated YG-1B. In 1942 seven more were bought for use in the observation role as the XO-60. Six XO-60s were re-engined with 300 hp (224 kW) Jacobs R-915-3s and re-designated YO-60.[3] One YG-1B was modified with a constant-speed rotor and was re-designated the YG-1C, it was later re-engined with the more powerful R-915 and re-designated again as the XR-2. The XR-2 was destroyed by rotor ground resonance problems and the evaluation was continued with another modified YG-1B designated the XR-3.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kellett_YG-1_at_Langley_April_1936.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacobs L-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_R-755"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kellett_YG-1B_at_Langley_-_NASA_image_L-16653.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XO-60.jpg"}],"text":"YG-1 (KD-1) at LangleyKD-1\nPrototype, one built\nKD-1A\nCommercial variant with open cockpit and a 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 radial engine; three built, one converted from the KD-1.\nKD-1B\nCommercial variant with enclosed cockpit; two built.\nYG-1\nUnited States Army designation for one KD-1A acquired for evaluation.\nYG-1A\nOne aircraft as YG-1 with the addition of radio equipment.YG-1B at LangleyYG-1B\nProduction aircraft for the United States Army; seven built.\nYG-1C\nOne YG-1B modified with a constant-speed rotor for evaluation, later designated the XR-2.A Kellett XO-60","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Eastern Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Airlines"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"}],"text":"United StatesEastern Airlines\nUnited States Army Air Forces","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"General characteristicsCrew: 2\nLength: 28 ft 10 in (8.79 m)\nHeight: 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m)\nGross weight: 2,244 lb (1,018 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Jacobs L-4MA , 230 hp (170 kW)\nMain rotor diameter: 40 ft 0 in (12.19 m)PerformanceMaximum speed: 125 mph (201 km/h, 109 kn)\nRange: 200 mi (322 km, 174 nmi)\nService ceiling: 13,999 ft (4,267 m)","title":"Specifications (KD-1B)"}]	[{"image_text":"YG-1 (KD-1) at Langley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kellett_YG-1_at_Langley_April_1936.jpg/220px-Kellett_YG-1_at_Langley_April_1936.jpg"},{"image_text":"YG-1B at Langley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kellett_YG-1B_at_Langley_-_NASA_image_L-16653.jpg/220px-Kellett_YG-1B_at_Langley_-_NASA_image_L-16653.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Kellett XO-60","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/XO-60.jpg/220px-XO-60.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Kayaba Ka-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaba_Ka-1"},{"title":"Avian Gyroplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_Gyroplane"},{"title":"Buhl A-1 Autogyro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhl_A-1_Autogyro"},{"title":"Cierva C.30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cierva_C.30"},{"title":"Kellett K-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellett_K-2"},{"title":"Pitcairn PA-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_PA-18"},{"title":"List of rotorcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"\"Kellett KD-1\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggiana_bird-of-paradise	Raggiana bird-of-paradise	["1 Description","2 Behaviour","2.1 Diet","2.2 Breeding","3 Status and conservation","4 References","5 External links"]	Species of bird Raggiana bird-of-paradise Male raggiana bird-of-paradise displaying at a lek, Varirata National Park Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Paradisaeidae Genus: Paradisaea Species: P. raggiana Binomial name Paradisaea raggianaP.L. Sclater, 1873 Paradisaea raggiana Paradisaea apoda Synonyms Gerrus paradisaea Captive male and female The Raggiana bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea raggiana), also known as Count Raggi's bird-of-paradise, is a large bird in the bird-of-paradise family Paradisaeidae. It is distributed widely in southern and northeastern New Guinea, where its name is kumul. It is also known as cenderawasih. As requested by Count Luigi Maria D'Albertis, the epithet raggiana commemorates the Marquis Francesco Raggi of Genoa. The Raggiana bird-of-paradise is the national bird of Papua New Guinea. In 1971, this species, as Gerrus paradisaea, was made the national emblem and was included on the national flag. "The Kumuls" ("birds-of-paradise" in Tok Pisin) is also the nickname of the country's national rugby league team. Description Flag of Papua New Guinea, which features the bird The Raggiana bird-of-paradise is 34 centimetres (13 in) long. Its overall colour is a maroon-brown, with a greyish-blue bill, yellow iris and greyish-brown feet. The male has a yellow crown, dark emerald-green throat and yellow collar between the throat and its blackish upper breast feathers. It is adorned with a pair of long black tail wires and large flank plumes. The male has the long tail feather while the female does not. The female is a comparatively drab maroonish-brown bird. The ornamental flank plumes vary from red to orange in color, depending on subspecies. The nominate subspecies, P. r. raggiana, has the deepest red plumes, while the subspecies P. r. augustavictoriae of northeast New Guinea, also known as the Empress of Germany's bird of paradise, has apricot-orange plumes. Behaviour Diet Its diet consists mainly of fruits and arthropods. The species is an important seed disperser of some fruiting trees in New Guinea, and is for some species of mahogany and nutmeg the main fruit disperser. Breeding The breeding system of the Raggiana bird-of-paradise is polygamy. Males congregate in leks (display arenas for visiting females). Leks can be 30–100 meters in diameter. Within the lek there is a group of tall slender trees on which males compete for prominent perches and defend them from rivals. On these perches males do a display which involves clapping wings and shaking the head. The nest is a bowl-shaped structure composed of leaves and leaf pieces, stems, ferns and other plant fibres. It is lined with horsehair-like material and is situated 2–11 m above the ground on tree branches. The position of the nest may be higher in areas where humans disturb the nest. The female usually lays a clutch of one to two (usually two) pinkish buff eggs. The incubation period has been recorded as 18 days in the wild and 20 days in captivity. As in all polygamous birds-of-paradise, the female alone assumes all incubation duties. Like others of its family, the male has elaborate breeding plumage used to impress females. Status and conservation Widespread and common throughout the tropical forests of eastern New Guinea, the Raggiana bird-of-paradise is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Even though the plumes of this species are heavily cropped by natives for ceremonial headdresses, the practice is not a threat to their long-term survival. References ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Paradisaea raggiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22706253A130413724. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22706253A130413724.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ a b Peter Ryan, ed. (1972). Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Melbourne University Press in association with the University of Papua and New Guinea. pp. 5–6. ISBN 0-522-84025-6. ^ Beehler, BM; JP Dumbacher (1996). "More Examples of Fruiting Trees Visited Predominantly by Birds of Paradise". Emu. 96 (2): 81–88. doi:10.1071/mu9960081. ^ Frith, C.B. (1981). "Displays of Count Raggi's Bird-of-Paradise Paradisaea raggiana and congeneric species". Emu. 81 (4): 193–201. doi:10.1071/MU9810193. ^ Davis Jr., William E.; Bruce M. Beehler (1994). "Nesting Behavior of a Raggiana Bird of Paradise". The Wilson Bulletin. 106 (3): 522–530. ^ Frith, C.B (1981). "Displays of Count Raggi's Bird-of-Paradise Paradisaea raggiana and congeneric species". Emu. 81 (4): 193–201. doi:10.1071/MU9810193. Les Beletsky. Bird songs from around the world. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paradisaea raggiana. BirdLife Species Factsheet Raggiana Bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea raggiana) – videos and photos at the Internet Bird Collection vteBirds-of-paradise (family: Paradisaeidae)Genera and speciesGenusSpeciesLycocorax Halmahera paradise-crow Obi paradise-crow Manucodia Glossy-mantled manucode Jobi manucode Crinkle-collared manucode Curl-crested manucode Trumpet manucode Paradigalla Long-tailed paradigalla Short-tailed paradigalla Astrapia Arfak astrapia Splendid astrapia Ribbon-tailed astrapia Stephanie's astrapia Huon astrapia Parotia Western parotia Carola's parotia Bronze parotia Lawes's parotia Eastern parotia Wahnes's parotia Pteridophora King of Saxony bird-of-paradise Lophorina Greater lophorina Crescent-caped lophorina Lesser lophorina Ptiloris Magnificent riflebird Growling riflebird Paradise riflebird Victoria's riflebird Epimachus Black sicklebill Brown sicklebill Drepanornis Black-billed sicklebill Pale-billed sicklebill Cicinnurus Magnificent bird-of-paradise Wilson's bird-of-paradise King bird-of-paradise Semioptera Standardwing Seleucidis Twelve-wired bird-of-paradise Paradisaea Lesser bird-of-paradise Greater bird-of-paradise Raggiana bird-of-paradise Goldie's bird-of-paradise Red bird-of-paradise Emperor bird-of-paradise Blue bird-of-paradise Incomplete list of likely hybrid birds-of-paradise Astrapian sicklebill Barnes's astrapia Bensbach's bird-of-paradise Blood's bird-of-paradise Duivenbode's bird-of-paradise Duivenbode's riflebird Duivenbode's six-wired bird-of-paradise Elliot's bird-of-paradise False-lobed astrapia Gilliard's bird-of-paradise King of Holland's bird-of-paradise Lupton's bird-of-paradise Lyre-tailed king bird-of-paradise Mantou's riflebird Maria's bird-of-paradise Mysterious bird of Bobairo Rothschild's bird-of-paradise Rothschild's lobe-billed bird-of-paradise Ruys's bird-of-paradise Schodde's bird-of-paradise Sharpe's lobe-billed parotia Stresemann's bird-of-paradise Wilhelmina's bird-of-paradise Wonderful bird-of-paradise Category Commons Taxon identifiersParadisaea raggiana Wikidata: Q749577 Wikispecies: Paradisaea raggiana ARKive: paradisaea-raggiana Avibase: BD094FE6B60908A7 BioLib: 30286 BirdLife: 22706253 BOW: rbopar1 CoL: 4CTLG eBird: rbopar1 GBIF: 2494861 iNaturalist: 8183 IRMNG: 10216047 ITIS: 561811 IUCN: 22706253 NCBI: 36268 Observation.org: 75498 Open Tree of Life: 499638 Species+: 7863 Xeno-canto: Paradisaea-raggiana	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raggiana_bird_of_paradise.jpg"},{"link_name":"bird-of-paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird-of-paradise"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Paradisaeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradisaeidae"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Luigi Maria D'Albertis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_D%27Albertis"},{"link_name":"Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis"},{"link_name":"Francesco Raggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Raggi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"national bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_birds"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"national flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclo-2"},{"link_name":"The Kumuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"}],"text":"Captive male and femaleThe Raggiana bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea raggiana), also known as Count Raggi's bird-of-paradise, is a large bird in the bird-of-paradise family Paradisaeidae.It is distributed widely in southern and northeastern New Guinea, where its name is kumul. It is also known as cenderawasih. As requested by Count Luigi Maria D'Albertis, the epithet raggiana commemorates the Marquis Francesco Raggi of Genoa.The Raggiana bird-of-paradise is the national bird of Papua New Guinea. In 1971, this species, as Gerrus paradisaea, was made the national emblem and was included on the national flag.[2] \"The Kumuls\" (\"birds-of-paradise\" in Tok Pisin) is also the nickname of the country's national rugby league team.","title":"Raggiana bird-of-paradise"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PNG_flag_on_pole.png"},{"link_name":"Flag of Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Empress of Germany's bird of paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_of_Germany%27s_bird_of_paradise"}],"text":"Flag of Papua New Guinea, which features the birdThe Raggiana bird-of-paradise is 34 centimetres (13 in) long. Its overall colour is a maroon-brown, with a greyish-blue bill, yellow iris and greyish-brown feet. The male has a yellow crown, dark emerald-green throat and yellow collar between the throat and its blackish upper breast feathers. It is adorned with a pair of long black tail wires and large flank plumes. The male has the long tail feather while the female does not. The female is a comparatively drab maroonish-brown bird. The ornamental flank plumes vary from red to orange in color, depending on subspecies. The nominate subspecies, P. r. raggiana, has the deepest red plumes, while the subspecies P. r. augustavictoriae of northeast New Guinea, also known as the Empress of Germany's bird of paradise, has apricot-orange plumes.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropods"},{"link_name":"mahogany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany"},{"link_name":"nutmeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"Its diet consists mainly of fruits and arthropods. The species is an important seed disperser of some fruiting trees in New Guinea, and is for some species of mahogany and nutmeg the main fruit disperser.[3]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polygamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Polygamy"},{"link_name":"leks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_nest"},{"link_name":"clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_egg"},{"link_name":"incubation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_incubation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"The breeding system of the Raggiana bird-of-paradise is polygamy. Males congregate in leks (display arenas for visiting females). Leks can be 30–100 meters in diameter. Within the lek there is a group of tall slender trees on which males compete for prominent perches and defend them from rivals. On these perches males do a display which involves clapping wings and shaking the head.[4] The nest is a bowl-shaped structure composed of leaves and leaf pieces, stems, ferns and other plant fibres. It is lined with horsehair-like material and is situated 2–11 m above the ground on tree branches. The position of the nest may be higher in areas where humans disturb the nest. The female usually lays a clutch of one to two (usually two) pinkish buff eggs. The incubation period has been recorded as 18 days in the wild and 20 days in captivity. As in all polygamous birds-of-paradise, the female alone assumes all incubation duties.[5]Like others of its family, the male has elaborate breeding plumage used to impress females.[6]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_forest"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_13_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"CITES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"}],"text":"Widespread and common throughout the tropical forests of eastern New Guinea, the Raggiana bird-of-paradise is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] It is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Even though the plumes of this species are heavily cropped by natives for ceremonial headdresses, the practice is not a threat to their long-term survival.","title":"Status and conservation"}]	[{"image_text":"Captive male and female","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Raggiana_bird_of_paradise.jpg/220px-Raggiana_bird_of_paradise.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Papua New Guinea, which features the bird","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PNG_flag_on_pole.png/220px-PNG_flag_on_pole.png"},{"image_text":"Like others of its family, the male has elaborate breeding plumage used to impress females.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg/220px-Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Paradisaea raggiana\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22706253A130413724. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22706253A130413724.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22706253/130413724","url_text":"\"Paradisaea raggiana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22706253A130413724.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22706253A130413724.en"}]},{"reference":"Peter Ryan, ed. (1972). Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Melbourne University Press in association with the University of Papua and New Guinea. pp. 5–6. ISBN 0-522-84025-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cR4HAQAAIAAJ&q=papua+new+guinea+national+bird","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-84025-6","url_text":"0-522-84025-6"}]},{"reference":"Beehler, BM; JP Dumbacher (1996). \"More Examples of Fruiting Trees Visited Predominantly by Birds of Paradise\". Emu. 96 (2): 81–88. doi:10.1071/mu9960081.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fmu9960081","url_text":"10.1071/mu9960081"}]},{"reference":"Frith, C.B. (1981). \"Displays of Count Raggi's Bird-of-Paradise Paradisaea raggiana and congeneric species\". Emu. 81 (4): 193–201. doi:10.1071/MU9810193.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU9810193","url_text":"10.1071/MU9810193"}]},{"reference":"Davis Jr., William E.; Bruce M. Beehler (1994). \"Nesting Behavior of a Raggiana Bird of Paradise\". The Wilson Bulletin. 106 (3): 522–530.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frith, C.B (1981). \"Displays of Count Raggi's Bird-of-Paradise Paradisaea raggiana and congeneric species\". Emu. 81 (4): 193–201. doi:10.1071/MU9810193.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/MU9810193.htm","url_text":"\"Displays of Count Raggi's Bird-of-Paradise Paradisaea raggiana and congeneric species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU9810193","url_text":"10.1071/MU9810193"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22706253/130413724","external_links_name":"\"Paradisaea raggiana\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22706253A130413724.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22706253A130413724.en"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cR4HAQAAIAAJ&q=papua+new+guinea+national+bird","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fmu9960081","external_links_name":"10.1071/mu9960081"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU9810193","external_links_name":"10.1071/MU9810193"},{"Link":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/MU9810193.htm","external_links_name":"\"Displays of Count Raggi's Bird-of-Paradise Paradisaea raggiana and congeneric species\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU9810193","external_links_name":"10.1071/MU9810193"},{"Link":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=5843&m=0","external_links_name":"BirdLife Species Factsheet"},{"Link":"http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/raggiana-bird-paradise-paradisaea-raggiana","external_links_name":"Raggiana Bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea raggiana)"},{"Link":"http://ibc.lynxeds.com/","external_links_name":"Internet Bird Collection"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/paradisaea-raggiana/","external_links_name":"paradisaea-raggiana"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=BD094FE6B60908A7","external_links_name":"BD094FE6B60908A7"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id30286","external_links_name":"30286"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22706253","external_links_name":"22706253"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/rbopar1","external_links_name":"rbopar1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4CTLG","external_links_name":"4CTLG"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/rbopar1","external_links_name":"rbopar1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2494861","external_links_name":"2494861"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/8183","external_links_name":"8183"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10216047","external_links_name":"10216047"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=561811","external_links_name":"561811"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22706253","external_links_name":"22706253"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=36268","external_links_name":"36268"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/75498/","external_links_name":"75498"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=499638","external_links_name":"499638"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/7863","external_links_name":"7863"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Paradisaea-raggiana","external_links_name":"Paradisaea-raggiana"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_ingot	Boule (crystal)	["1 References"]	Synthetic ingot of crystal CrystallizationFundamentals Crystal Crystal structure Nucleation Concepts Crystallization Crystal growth Recrystallization Seed crystal Protocrystalline Single crystal Methods and technology Boules Bridgman–Stockbarger method Van Arkel–de Boer process Czochralski method Epitaxy Flux method Fractional crystallization Fractional freezing Hydrothermal synthesis Kyropoulos method Laser-heated pedestal growth Micro-pulling-down Shaping processes in crystal growth Skull crucible Verneuil method Zone melting vte Monocrystalline silicon boule A boule is a single-crystal ingot produced by synthetic means. A boule of silicon is the starting material for most of the integrated circuits used today. In the semiconductor industry synthetic boules can be made by a number of methods, such as the Bridgman technique and the Czochralski process, which result in a cylindrical rod of material. In the Czochralski process a seed crystal is required to create a larger crystal, or ingot. This seed crystal is dipped into the pure molten silicon and slowly extracted. The molten silicon grows on the seed crystal in a crystalline fashion. As the seed is extracted the silicon solidifies and eventually a large, cylindrical boule is produced. A semiconductor crystal boule is normally cut into circular wafers using an inside hole diamond saw or diamond wire saw, and each wafer is lapped and polished to provide substrates suitable for the fabrication of semiconductor devices on its surface. The process is also used to create sapphires, which are used for substrates in the production of blue and white LEDs, optical windows in special applications and as the protective covers for watches. References ^ Kimoto, Tsunenobu; Cooper, James A. (24 November 2014). Fundamentals of Silicon Carbide Technology: Growth, Characterization. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118313527. Retrieved March 1, 2017. ^ Dhanaraj, Govindhan; Byrappa, Kullaiah; Prasad, Vishwanath; Dudley, Michael (2010). Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth. Springer. ISBN 9783540747611. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ Rea, Samuel N. (1978). "Continuous Czochralski Process Development". Retrieved March 1, 2017. ^ BOSE (2013). IC Fabrication Technology. McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-259-02958-5. ^ J.-P. Colinge (29 February 2004). Silicon-on-Insulator Technology: Materials to VLSI: Materials to Vlsi. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4020-7773-9.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monocrystalline silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon"},{"link_name":"single-crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_crystal"},{"link_name":"ingot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"integrated circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Bridgman technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgman_technique"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Czochralski process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czochralski_process"},{"link_name":"seed crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_crystal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"wafers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"diamond saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_saw"},{"link_name":"wire saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_saw"},{"link_name":"lapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapped"},{"link_name":"semiconductor devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOSE2013-4"},{"link_name":"sapphires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire"},{"link_name":"LEDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watches"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colinge2004-5"}],"text":"Monocrystalline silicon bouleA boule is a single-crystal ingot produced by synthetic means.[1]A boule of silicon is the starting material for most of the integrated circuits used today. In the semiconductor industry synthetic boules can be made by a number of methods, such as the Bridgman technique[2] and the Czochralski process, which result in a cylindrical rod of material.In the Czochralski process a seed crystal is required to create a larger crystal, or ingot. This seed crystal is dipped into the pure molten silicon and slowly extracted. The molten silicon grows on the seed crystal in a crystalline fashion. As the seed is extracted the silicon solidifies and eventually a large, cylindrical boule is produced.[3]A semiconductor crystal boule is normally cut into circular wafers using an inside hole diamond saw or diamond wire saw, and each wafer is lapped and polished to provide substrates suitable for the fabrication of semiconductor devices on its surface.[4]The process is also used to create sapphires, which are used for substrates in the production of blue and white LEDs, optical windows in special applications and as the protective covers for watches.[5]","title":"Boule (crystal)"}]	[{"image_text":"Monocrystalline silicon boule","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg/110px-Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kimoto, Tsunenobu; Cooper, James A. (24 November 2014). Fundamentals of Silicon Carbide Technology: Growth, Characterization. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118313527. Retrieved March 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WJzmBQAAQBAJ&dq=boule+silicon&pg=PA56","url_text":"Fundamentals of Silicon Carbide Technology: Growth, Characterization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118313527","url_text":"9781118313527"}]},{"reference":"Dhanaraj, Govindhan; Byrappa, Kullaiah; Prasad, Vishwanath; Dudley, Michael (2010). Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth. Springer. ISBN 9783540747611. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=izaSIlOahJkC&dq=bridgman+technique&pg=PA485","url_text":"Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540747611","url_text":"9783540747611"}]},{"reference":"Rea, Samuel N. (1978). \"Continuous Czochralski Process Development\". Retrieved March 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ce-__G-L5iEC&dq=Czochralski+process&pg=PP11","url_text":"\"Continuous Czochralski Process Development\""}]},{"reference":"BOSE (2013). IC Fabrication Technology. McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-259-02958-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vnzvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53","url_text":"IC Fabrication Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-259-02958-5","url_text":"978-1-259-02958-5"}]},{"reference":"J.-P. Colinge (29 February 2004). Silicon-on-Insulator Technology: Materials to VLSI: Materials to Vlsi. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4020-7773-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RR0WinYaN14C&pg=PA12","url_text":"Silicon-on-Insulator Technology: Materials to VLSI: Materials to Vlsi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7773-9","url_text":"978-1-4020-7773-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WJzmBQAAQBAJ&dq=boule+silicon&pg=PA56","external_links_name":"Fundamentals of Silicon Carbide Technology: Growth, Characterization"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=izaSIlOahJkC&dq=bridgman+technique&pg=PA485","external_links_name":"Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ce-__G-L5iEC&dq=Czochralski+process&pg=PP11","external_links_name":"\"Continuous Czochralski Process Development\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vnzvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53","external_links_name":"IC Fabrication Technology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RR0WinYaN14C&pg=PA12","external_links_name":"Silicon-on-Insulator Technology: Materials to VLSI: Materials to Vlsi"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Coles	Coles, South Australia	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 37°12′45″S 140°27′39″E / 37.212412°S 140.460758°E / -37.212412; 140.460758 Suburb of Naracoorte Lucindale Council, South AustraliaColesSouth AustraliaColesCoordinates37°12′45″S 140°27′39″E / 37.212412°S 140.460758°E / -37.212412; 140.460758Population35 (SAL 2021)Established3 December 1998Postcode(s)5272Time zoneACST (UTC+9:30) • Summer (DST)ACST (UTC+10:30)Location 316 km (196 mi) SE of Adelaide 39 km (24 mi) SW of Naracoorte LGA(s)Naracoorte Lucindale CouncilRegionLimestone CoastCountyRobeState electorate(s)MacKillopFederal division(s)Barker Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 21.2 °C 70 °F 8.4 °C 47 °F 603.5 mm 23.8 in Suburbs around Coles: Lucindale LucindaleSpence Spence Fox Coles SpenceBool LagoonMaaoupe Furner Short Wattle Range East FootnotesLocationsAdjoining localities Coles is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's south-east within the Limestone Coast region about 316 kilometres (196 mi) south east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 39 kilometres (24 mi) south-west of the municipal seat of Naracoorte. Boundaries for the locality were created and was given the name of Coles on 3 December 1998. The name is derived from the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Coles in which the locality is located. The hundred itself was named after Jenkin Coles who was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1875 to 1911. Coles is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral district of MacKillop and the local government area of the Naracoorte Lucindale Council. In January 2022 a bushfire burning within the locality resulted in the death of a CFS volunteer Louise Hincks. References ^ a b c d e f g h "Search results for 'Coles, LOCB' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Government Towns', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions', 'Gazetteer' and 'Roads'". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 18 May 2018. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Coles (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ "GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (in the District Council of Lucindale)" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. 3 December 1998. p. 1711. Retrieved 4 December 2018. ^ a b c "Postcode for Coles, South Australia". Postcodes Australia. Retrieved 18 May 2018. ^ a b "District of MacKillop (map)". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 17 May 2018. ^ a b "Federal electoral division of Barker" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 December 2017. ^ a b c "Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics LUCINDALE POST OFFICE (nearest weather station)". Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 18 May 2018. ^ Manning, Geoffrey. "South Australian Names - C" (PDF). Manning Index of South Australian History. State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 18 May 2018. ^ "Memorials to Firefighters, Remembering our Fallen". South Australian Country Fire Service Promotions Unit. Retrieved 25 October 2022. vteTowns and localities of the Naracoorte Lucindale Council Avenue Range (part) Binnum Bool Lagoon Cadgee Clay Wells (part) Coles Conmurra Fox Frances Hynam Joanna Keppoch Koppamurra Kybybolite Laurie Park Lochaber Lucindale Mount Light Moyhall Naracoorte Spence Stewart Range Struan The Gap Wild Dog Valley Woolumbool Wrattonbully vteLimestone Coast, South AustraliaCities Mount Gambier Towns and localities Allendale East Beachport Bordertown Cape Jaffa Carpenter Rocks Coonawarra Donovans Furner Glencoe Greenways Kalangadoo Kingston SE Keith Kongorong Lucindale Millicent Moorak Mount Benson Mount Burr Mundulla Nangwarry Naracoorte OB Flat Padthaway Penola Port MacDonnell Rendelsham Robe Southend Tantanoola Tarpeena Wandilo Wolseley Wrattonbully Yahl GovernanceFederal division Division of Barker State electoral districts Electoral district of MacKillop Electoral district of Mount Gambier Local Government City of Mount Gambier District Council of Grant District Council of Robe Kingston District Council Naracoorte Lucindale Council Tatiara District Council Wattle Range Council Hills, mountains and volcanoes Mount Benson Mount Gambier Mount Schank Caves, sinkholes and freshwater lakes Blanche Cave Blue Lake Cave Gardens Engelbrecht Ewens Ponds Fossil Cave Lake Bonney SE Little Blue Lake Piccaninnie Ponds Valley Lake Islands Baudin Rocks Penguin Coastal features Cape Banks Cape Jaffa Cape Northumberland Discovery Bay (part only) Guichen Bay Lacepede Bay Margaret Brock Reef Rivoli Bay Protected areasNational parks Canunda Coorong (southern end only) Naracoorte Caves Conservation parks Aberdour Baudin Rocks Bangham Beachport Belt Hill Big Heath Butchers Gap Calectasia Carpenter Rocks Christmas Rocks Custon Desert Camp Dingley Dell Douglas Point Ewens Ponds Fairview Furner Geegeela Glen Roy Gower Grass Tree Guichen Bay Gum Lagoon Hacks Lagoon Hanson Scrub Jip Jip Kungari Lake Frome Lake Hawdon South Lake St Clair Little Dip Lower Glenelg River Mary Seymour Mount Monster Mount Scott Mullinger Swamp Nene Valley Ngarkat Padthaway Paranki Lagoon Penambol Penguin Island Penola Piccaninnie Ponds Pine Hill Soak Reedy Creek Talapar Tantanoola Caves Telford Scrub Tilley Swamp Vivigani Ardune Woakwine Wolseley Common Game reserves Bool Lagoon Bucks Lake Lake Robe Poocher Swamp Conservation reserves Desert Camp Bernouilli Hardings Springs Marine parks Upper South East Lower South East Related and uncategorised Limestone Coast zone Coonawarra Mount Benson Mount Gambier Robe Padthaway Wrattonbully	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Limestone Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Coast"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Naracoorte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naracoorte,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postcode-4"},{"link_name":"Hundred of Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Coles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"Jenkin Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenkin_Coles"},{"link_name":"South Australian House of Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manning-8"},{"link_name":"division of Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Barker"},{"link_name":"electoral district of MacKillop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_MacKillop"},{"link_name":"Naracoorte Lucindale Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naracoorte_Lucindale_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEC-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECSA-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"CFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Country_Fire_Service"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Suburb of Naracoorte Lucindale Council, South AustraliaColes is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's south-east within the Limestone Coast region about 316 kilometres (196 mi) south east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 39 kilometres (24 mi) south-west of the municipal seat of Naracoorte.[4]Boundaries for the locality were created and was given the name of Coles on 3 December 1998. The name is derived from the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Coles in which the locality is located.[1] The hundred itself was named after Jenkin Coles who was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1875 to 1911.[8]Coles is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral district of MacKillop and the local government area of the Naracoorte Lucindale Council.[6][5][1]In January 2022 a bushfire burning within the locality resulted in the death of a CFS volunteer Louise Hincks.[9]","title":"Coles, South Australia"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Search results for 'Coles, LOCB' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Government Towns', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions', 'Gazetteer' and 'Roads'\". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=roads&x=140.68433&y=-37.26299&z=11&uids=19,2,115,11,18,20,105,136&pinx=140.462140&piny=-37.210950&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Coles,+Locb","url_text":"\"Search results for 'Coles, LOCB' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Government Towns', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions', 'Gazetteer' and 'Roads'\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Coles (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL40280","url_text":"\"Coles (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"\"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (in the District Council of Lucindale)\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. 3 December 1998. p. 1711. Retrieved 4 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www9.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1998/173/1711.pdf","url_text":"\"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (in the District Council of Lucindale)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcode for Coles, South Australia\". Postcodes Australia. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://postcodes-australia.com/areas/sa/country+south+australia/clay+wells","url_text":"\"Postcode for Coles, South Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"District of MacKillop (map)\". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 17 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/publications/electoral-district-of-mackillop-pdf/download","url_text":"\"District of MacKillop (map)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal electoral division of Barker\" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-barker.pdf","url_text":"\"Federal electoral division of Barker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics LUCINDALE POST OFFICE (nearest weather station)\". Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_026016.shtml","url_text":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics LUCINDALE POST OFFICE (nearest weather station)\""}]},{"reference":"Manning, Geoffrey. \"South Australian Names - C\" (PDF). Manning Index of South Australian History. State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Manning","url_text":"Manning, Geoffrey"},{"url":"http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/digitalpubs/placenamesofsouthaustralia/C.pdf","url_text":"\"South Australian Names - C\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memorials to Firefighters, Remembering our Fallen\". South Australian Country Fire Service Promotions Unit. Retrieved 25 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fire-brigade.asn.au/about-sacfs-history/memorial.asp","url_text":"\"Memorials to Firefighters, Remembering our Fallen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coles,_South_Australia&params=37.212412_S_140.460758_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"37°12′45″S 140°27′39″E / 37.212412°S 140.460758°E / -37.212412; 140.460758"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coles,_South_Australia&params=37.212412_S_140.460758_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"37°12′45″S 140°27′39″E / 37.212412°S 140.460758°E / -37.212412; 140.460758"},{"Link":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=roads&x=140.68433&y=-37.26299&z=11&uids=19,2,115,11,18,20,105,136&pinx=140.462140&piny=-37.210950&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Coles,+Locb","external_links_name":"\"Search results for 'Coles, LOCB' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Government Towns', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions', 'Gazetteer' and 'Roads'\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL40280","external_links_name":"\"Coles (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"http://www9.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1998/173/1711.pdf","external_links_name":"\"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (in the District Council of Lucindale)\""},{"Link":"https://postcodes-australia.com/areas/sa/country+south+australia/clay+wells","external_links_name":"\"Postcode for Coles, South Australia\""},{"Link":"https://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/publications/electoral-district-of-mackillop-pdf/download","external_links_name":"\"District of MacKillop (map)\""},{"Link":"http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-barker.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Federal electoral division of Barker\""},{"Link":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_026016.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics LUCINDALE POST OFFICE (nearest weather station)\""},{"Link":"http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/digitalpubs/placenamesofsouthaustralia/C.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South Australian Names - C\""},{"Link":"https://www.fire-brigade.asn.au/about-sacfs-history/memorial.asp","external_links_name":"\"Memorials to Firefighters, Remembering our Fallen\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Groves_%26_Son	Henry Groves & Son	["1 Company","2 Work","3 References","4 External links"]	Organ building company Henry Groves & Son is an organ builder in England. Company The company was established in 1957 by Alvin Henry Groves. He had learned his trade in the company of Henry Willis & Sons. In 1969 he acquired the Nottingham based company of E. Wragg & Son. Alvin Henry Groves retired in 1991, and the business was taken over by his grandson, Jonathan Wallace. In 1994 Henry Groves acquired the Johnson Organ Company. Work New organs have included: St. Michael's Church, Linby 2005 All Saints' Church, Wingerworth 2006 St. Edmund's Church, Mansfield Woodhouse 2008 St Giles' Church, Balderton 2010 The company has restored many organs in the East Midlands area including Nottingham Cathedral 1995 The Priory, Deeping St James 2012 All Saints' Church, Matlock 2004 St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Shelford 2004 Holy Trinity Church, Rolleston 2008 St Oswald's Church, Ashbourne 2011 St Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray 2018 References ^ Pipes and Actions. Some Organ Builders in the Midlands and Beyond. Laurence Elvin, 1995. ISBN 0950004987 External links Company website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Henry Groves & Son is an organ builder in England.[1]","title":"Henry Groves & Son"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Willis & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Willis_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"E. Wragg & Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Wragg_%26_Son"}],"text":"The company was established in 1957 by Alvin Henry Groves. He had learned his trade in the company of Henry Willis & Sons.In 1969 he acquired the Nottingham based company of E. Wragg & Son.Alvin Henry Groves retired in 1991, and the business was taken over by his grandson, Jonathan Wallace.In 1994 Henry Groves acquired the Johnson Organ Company.","title":"Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Michael's Church, Linby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Michael%27s_Church,_Linby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All Saints' Church, Wingerworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wingerworth"},{"link_name":"St Giles' Church, Balderton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Balderton"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Shelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter_and_St._Paul%27s_Church,_Shelford"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Church, Rolleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Rolleston"},{"link_name":"St Oswald's Church, Ashbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Oswald%27s_Church,_Ashbourne"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Melton_Mowbray"}],"text":"New organs have included:St. Michael's Church, Linby 2005\nAll Saints' Church, Wingerworth 2006\nSt. Edmund's Church, Mansfield Woodhouse 2008\nSt Giles' Church, Balderton 2010The company has restored many organs in the East Midlands area includingNottingham Cathedral 1995\nThe Priory, Deeping St James 2012\nAll Saints' Church, Matlock 2004\nSt. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Shelford 2004\nHoly Trinity Church, Rolleston 2008\nSt Oswald's Church, Ashbourne 2011\nSt Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray 2018","title":"Work"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.henrygroves.co.uk/#","external_links_name":"Company website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_de_Andagoya	Pascual de Andagoya	["1 Works","2 References","3 External links"]	Spanish Basque conquistador Pascual de Andagoya (1495–1548) was a Spanish Basque conquistador. He was born in the village of Andagoya, in the valley of Cuartango (Álava), in Spain. As often happened at the time, Andagoya left as an explorer of the New World at a very young age of 19, on April 11, 1514, under the command of Pedro Arias de Ávila. The expedition left carrying an army of over 2,000 in 22 ships, with the objective of colonizing Central America. The career of Andagoya commenced in Panama, whose capital Panama City he founded in 1519 with 400 settlers. Later he moved south towards the Colombian coast, until he reached San Juan, where he took charge as governor. This was when he learned of the existence of the Inca Empire, in the distant territory called "Birú", or "Pirú". In 1522 he attempted a conquest, but it ended in failure. With his health deteriorating, he returned to Panama and spread word of his discoveries, in particular the existence of a land of enormous riches of gold and silver, namely, Peru. In 1524 Francisco Pizarro, in association with the soldier Diego de Almagro and the priest Hernando de Luque, mounted an expedition using Andagoya's ships.: 24 Andagoya was rewarded in 1539 by Carlos I with the post of Representative of the Indians, which he performed with brutal zeal. In 1540 he proclaimed himself governor of Popayán, which he held until 1542, when the legitimate governor Sebastián de Belalcázar relieved him under pressure. Andagoya died in Cuzco on July 18, 1548. Works Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila References ^ a b Andagoya, Pascual de (21 June 1865). Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila. The Hakluyt Society. Retrieved 21 June 2019 – via Wikisource. ^ Hemming, J., 1970, The Conquest of the Incas, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., ISBN 0151225605 ^ Herrera, Antonio de. Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos... Decada Quarta. 1601. This famous history cites Andagoya as a source: "Afirma Pascual de Andagoya, auer visto algunos que los otros hombres eran enanos con ellos." p. 26. External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Pascual de Andagoya Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Vatican Academics CiNii Other SNAC IdRef This article about a Panamanian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_people"},{"link_name":"conquistador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"Cuartango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuartango"},{"link_name":"Álava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lava"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Pedro Arias de Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Arias_de_%C3%81vila"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"Colombian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andagoya-1"},{"link_name":"Inca Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pirú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andagoya-1"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"Diego de Almagro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro"},{"link_name":"Hernando de Luque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_Luque"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hemming-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Carlos I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Popayán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Sebastián de Belalcázar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar"},{"link_name":"Cuzco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"}],"text":"Pascual de Andagoya (1495–1548) was a Spanish Basque conquistador. He was born in the village of Andagoya, in the valley of Cuartango (Álava), in Spain.As often happened at the time, Andagoya left as an explorer of the New World at a very young age of 19, on April 11, 1514, under the command of Pedro Arias de Ávila. The expedition left carrying an army of over 2,000 in 22 ships, with the objective of colonizing Central America.The career of Andagoya commenced in Panama, whose capital Panama City he founded in 1519 with 400 settlers. Later he moved south towards the Colombian coast, until he reached San Juan, where he took charge as governor.[1]This was when he learned of the existence of the Inca Empire, in the distant territory called \"Birú\", or \"Pirú\". In 1522 he attempted a conquest, but it ended in failure.[1]With his health deteriorating, he returned to Panama and spread word of his discoveries, in particular the existence of a land of enormous riches of gold and silver, namely, Peru. In 1524 Francisco Pizarro, in association with the soldier Diego de Almagro and the priest Hernando de Luque, mounted an expedition using Andagoya's ships.[2]: 24Andagoya[3] was rewarded in 1539 by Carlos I with the post of Representative of the Indians, which he performed with brutal zeal. In 1540 he proclaimed himself governor of Popayán, which he held until 1542, when the legitimate governor Sebastián de Belalcázar relieved him under pressure. Andagoya died in Cuzco on July 18, 1548.","title":"Pascual de Andagoya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila/Introduction"}],"text":"Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Andagoya, Pascual de (21 June 1865). Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila. The Hakluyt Society. Retrieved 21 June 2019 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila/Narrative_of_Pascual_de_Andagoya","url_text":"Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila/Introduction","external_links_name":"Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila/Narrative_of_Pascual_de_Andagoya","external_links_name":"Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1804563/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108863298","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/34478755","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMCkPw6MfJtwRMYXDrMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/11017692","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000376544","external_links_name":"Chile"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX919707","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120627572","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120627572","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118649051","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007289093005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr88011801","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073541125","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/270941","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01977158?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cc2cjh","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028884582","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascual_de_Andagoya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxilius_of_Naples	Auxilius of Naples	["1 Context","2 Works","3 Notes","4 References"]	Auxilius of Naples (which has been considered a pseudonym) was an ecclesiastical writer. To him are attributed a series of writings that deal with the controversies concerning the succession and fate of Pope Formosus (891–896), and especially the validity of the orders conferred by him. Auxilius was a Frank, who was ordained a priest, or perhaps only a deacon, in Rome by Formosus, and lived later in southern Italy, apparently at Naples. Context After the successor of Formosus, Pope Boniface VI, had ruled only fifteen days, Pope Stephen VI (properly VII), one of the adherents of the party of the Duke of Spoleto, was raised to the Papal Chair. Stephen not only abused the memory of Formosus but also treated his body with indignity. Stephen was strangled in prison in the summer of 897, and the six following popes (to May 904) owed their elevation to the struggles of the political parties. Christophorus, the last of them, was overthrown by Pope Sergius III (May, 904-August, 911). Sergius had been a partisan of Stephen VI, and like the latter regarded the elevation of Formosus to the papacy as illegal and the orders conferred by him as null and void. Works Auxilius was a follower of Formosus, and in several works composed about 908-911, he made a courageous and learned defence, both of Formosus and of the validity of his orders and those of his adherents. Morinus was the first to publish two of these writings in his "De ecclesiasticis ordinationibus" (Paris, 1665). They are entitled, "Libellus de ordinationibus a papâ Formoso factis", and "Tractatus qui Infensor et Defensor dicitur". A third work of Auxilius, of similar import, was found by Mabillon and published by him under the title, "Libellus super causâ et negatio Formosi papæ", in his "Vetera Analecta". In his "Auxilius und Vulgarius", quoted below, Ernst Dümmler published from a Bamberg manuscript two further writings of Auxilius, one of which is known as "In defensionem sacræ ordinationis papæ Formosi libellus prior et posterior", while the other bears in the manuscript itself the title: "Libellus in defensionem Stephani episcopi et præfatæ ordinationis". (Stephen, Bishop of Naples had been consecrated by Pope Formosus.) Still another treatise of an unknown author on behalf of Formosus, published by Bianchini in his edition of the Liber Pontificalis (1735, IV) is considered by Joseph Hergenröther to be an extract from the writings of Auxilius, while Dümmler attributes it to Eugenius Vulgarius, an Italian priest and a defender of Formosus. Two other compositions of Eugenius Vulgarius are known: "De causâ Formosianâ", and "Eugenius Vulgarius Petro Diacono fratri et amico". All these writings take the position that the orders conferred by sinful and excommunicated bishops are not in themselves invalid. In a necrology of the Abbey of Monte Cassino is noted on 25 January the death of an Auxilius, deacon and monk, author of a commentary on Genesis. This Auxilius may possibly be the author of the works described above. Notes ^ According to Hefele. ^ Migne, Patrologia Latina, CXXIX, 1054 sqq. ^ Photius, II, 370, 373, note 9. ^ Mai, Spicilegium Romanum, IX, Appendix; cf. Mabillon, Ann. Ord. S. Benedicti, III, 325. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Kirsch, Johann Peter (1907). "Auxilius of Naples". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Kirsch, Johann Peter (1907). "Auxilius of Naples" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Dümmler, Auxilius und Vulgarius; Quellen und Forschungen zur Gesch. des Papsttums in Anfang des 10ten Jahrh. (Leipzig, 1866) August Potthast, Bibl. hist. medii ævi, 2d ed. (Berlin, 1896), I, 128 Hugo von Hurter, Nomenclator, 3d ed. (Innsbruck, 1903), I, 887 sqq. Hefele, Conciliengesch. 2d ed. (Freiburg, 1879), IV, 562 sqq. Hergenröther-Kirsch, Kirchengesch., 4th ed. (Freiburg, 1904), II, 196 sqq. Louis Saltet, Les Réordinations (Paris, 1907), 156 sqq. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Italian People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Auxilius of Naples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Boniface VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI"},{"link_name":"Pope Stephen VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI"},{"link_name":"Duke of Spoleto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Spoleto"},{"link_name":"Pope Sergius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III"}],"text":"After the successor of Formosus, Pope Boniface VI, had ruled only fifteen days, Pope Stephen VI (properly VII), one of the adherents of the party of the Duke of Spoleto, was raised to the Papal Chair. Stephen not only abused the memory of Formosus but also treated his body with indignity.Stephen was strangled in prison in the summer of 897, and the six following popes (to May 904) owed their elevation to the struggles of the political parties. Christophorus, the last of them, was overthrown by Pope Sergius III (May, 904-August, 911). Sergius had been a partisan of Stephen VI, and like the latter regarded the elevation of Formosus to the papacy as illegal and the orders conferred by him as null and void.","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Morin_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Mabillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabillon"},{"link_name":"Ernst Dümmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_D%C3%BCmmler"},{"link_name":"Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg"},{"link_name":"Stephen, Bishop of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen,_Bishop_of_Naples&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bianchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianchini"},{"link_name":"Liber Pontificalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hergenröther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eugenius Vulgarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenius_Vulgarius"},{"link_name":"necrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrology"},{"link_name":"Abbey of Monte Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Auxilius was a follower of Formosus, and in several works composed about 908-911, he made a courageous and learned defence, both of Formosus and of the validity of his orders and those of his adherents. Morinus was the first to publish two of these writings in his \"De ecclesiasticis ordinationibus\" (Paris, 1665). They are entitled, \"Libellus de ordinationibus a papâ Formoso factis\", and \"Tractatus qui Infensor et Defensor dicitur\".A third work of Auxilius, of similar import, was found by Mabillon and published by him under the title, \"Libellus super causâ et negatio Formosi papæ\", in his \"Vetera Analecta\". In his \"Auxilius und Vulgarius\", quoted below, Ernst Dümmler published from a Bamberg manuscript two further writings of Auxilius, one of which is known as \"In defensionem sacræ ordinationis papæ Formosi libellus prior et posterior\", while the other bears in the manuscript itself the title: \"Libellus in defensionem Stephani episcopi et præfatæ ordinationis\". (Stephen, Bishop of Naples had been consecrated by Pope Formosus.)Still another treatise of an unknown author on behalf of Formosus, published by Bianchini in his edition of the Liber Pontificalis (1735, IV) is considered by Joseph Hergenröther[c] to be an extract from the writings of Auxilius, while Dümmler attributes it to Eugenius Vulgarius, an Italian priest and a defender of Formosus. Two other compositions of Eugenius Vulgarius are known: \"De causâ Formosianâ\", and \"Eugenius Vulgarius Petro Diacono fratri et amico\".All these writings take the position that the orders conferred by sinful and excommunicated bishops are not in themselves invalid. In a necrology of the Abbey of Monte Cassino is noted on 25 January the death of an Auxilius, deacon and monk, author of a commentary on Genesis.[d] This Auxilius may possibly be the author of the works described above.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Hefele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Migne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migne"},{"link_name":"Patrologia Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrologia_Latina"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Mai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Mai"}],"text":"^ According to Hefele.\n\n^ Migne, Patrologia Latina, CXXIX, 1054 sqq.\n\n^ Photius, II, 370, 373, note 9.\n\n^ Mai, Spicilegium Romanum, IX, Appendix; cf. Mabillon, Ann. Ord. S. Benedicti, III, 325.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kirsch, Johann Peter (1907). \"Auxilius of Naples\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic	Kruševo Republic	["1 History","2 Legacy","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources"]	Rebel state in the Ottoman Empire (1903) Kruševo RepublicКрушевска РепубликаRepublica di Crushuva1903 FlagMotto: "Свобода или смърть" (Bulgarian)"Freedom or Death"StatusUnrecognized rebel stateCapitalKruševoGovernmentProvisional republicPresident • 1903 Nikola Karev Chairman of the Provisional Government • 1903 Dinu Vangel Historical eraIlinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising• Established 3 August 1903• Disestablished 13 August 1903 Preceded by Succeeded by Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Today part ofNorth Macedonia The Kruševo Republic (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Крушевска Република, Kruševska Republika; Aromanian: Republica di Crushuva) was a short-lived political entity proclaimed in 1903 by rebels from the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) in Kruševo during the anti-Ottoman Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising. History Homeless inhabitants of Kruševo in front of the ruins of the town. Regarding the escape of the Bulgarian quarter from destruction, a bribery was suspected, or eventually the fear of an explosion of the ammunition stored there. The events in Kruševo as seen by the American New York Times; 14 August 1903. In the early 20th century, Kruševo was populated by a Slavic population, Aromanians and Orthodox Albanians with town inhabitants being ethnoreligiously split among various Ottoman millets, with Greek Patriarchists being the largest community, followed by Bulgarian Exarchists and the Ullah millet for the Aromanians. According to the ethnographer Vasil Kanchov's statistics based on linguistic affinity, at that time the town's inhabitants counted: 4,950 Bulgarians, 4,000 Vlachs (Aromanians) and 400 Orthodox Albanians. On 3 August 1903, rebels captured the town of Kruševo in the Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia) and established a revolutionary government. The entity existed only for 10 days: from 3 to 13 August, and was headed by Nikola Karev. He was a strong leftist, rejecting the nationalism of the ethnic minorities and favouring alliances with ordinary Muslims against the Sultanate, as well as supporting the idea of a Balkan Federation. Amongst the various ethnoreligious groups (millets) in Kruševo, a Republican Council was elected with 60 members – 20 representatives from three groups: Aromanians, Bulgarian Exarchists and Greek Patriarchists. The Council also elected an executive body—the Provisional Government—with six members (2 from each mentioned group), whose duty was to promote law and order and manage supplies, finances, and medical care. The presumable "Kruševo Manifesto" was published in the first days after the proclamation. Written by Nikola Kirov, it outlined the goals of the uprising, calling upon the Muslim population to join forces with the provisional government in the struggle against Ottoman tyranny, to attain freedom and independence. Both Nikola Kirov and Nikola Karev were members of the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party, from where they derived these leftist ideas. However, an ethnic identification problem arose. Karev called all the members of the local Council "brother Bulgarians", while the IMRO insurgents flew Bulgarian flags, killed five Greek Patriarchists, accused of being Ottoman spies, and subsequently assaulted the local Turk and Albanian Muslims. As long as the town was controlled by the Bulgarian komitadjis, the Patriarchist majority was suspected and terrorized. Except for Exarchist Aromanians, who were Bulgarophiles, (as Pitu Guli and his family), most members of the other ethnoreligious communities dismissed the IMRO as pro-Bulgarian. Initially surprised by the uprising, the Ottoman government took extraordinary military measures to suppress it. Pitu Guli's band (cheta) tried to defend the town from Ottoman troops coming from Bitola. The whole band and their leader (voivode) perished. After fierce battles near Mečkin Kamen, the Ottomans managed to destroy the Kruševo Republic, committing atrocities against the rebel forces and the local population. As a result of the gunnery, the town was set partially ablaze. After the plundering of the town by the Turkish troops and the Albanian bashi-bazouks, the Ottoman authorities circulated a declaration for the inhabitants of Kruševo to sign, stating that the Bulgarian komitadjis had committed the atrocities and looted the town. A few citizens did sign it under administrative pressure. Legacy Part of a series on the History ofNorth Macedonia Chronological Ottoman North Macedonia Karposh's Rebellion National awakening Ilinden Uprising and Kruševo Republic Tikveš and Ohrid Uprising World War I South Serbia and Vardar Banovina World War II Independent State (1944) Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM) National Liberation Front Exodus from Northern Greece Socialist Republic 1963 Skopje earthquake Independent Republic 2001 Insurgency Prespa Agreement 2020 NATO accession Topical Military Demographics History of the ethnic Macedonian people Related Region of Macedonia Naming Dispute Public Holidays Lists and outlines Timeline of the history of North Macedonia North Macedonia portalvte A photo of the squad of Pitu Guli near the village of Birino, close to Krusevo, 1903 Tomalevski's family house where the Republic was proclaimed. Today a museum. The celebration of the events in Kruševo began during the First World War, when the area, then called Southern Serbia, was occupied by Bulgaria. Naum Tomalevski, who was appointed a mayor of Kruševo, organized the nationwide celebration of the 15th anniversary of the Ilinden uprising. On the place of the Battle of Mečkin Kamen, a monument and a memorial-fountain were built. After the war, they were destroyed by the Serbian authorities, which continued implementing a policy of forcible Serbianization. The tradition of celebrating these events was restored during World War II in the region when it was called Vardar Banovina and was officially annexed by Bulgaria. The "Ilinden Uprising Museum" was founded in 1953 on the 50th anniversary of the Kruševo Republic. It was located in the empty house of the Tomalevski family, where the Republic was proclaimed, though the family had long since emigrated to Bulgaria. In 1974 an enormous monument was built on the hill above Kruševo, which marked the feat of the revolutionaries and the ASNOM. In the area, there is another monument called Mečkin Kamen. During World War II, the newly organized pro-Yugoslav Macedonian communist partisans developed the idea of some kind of socialist continuity between their struggle and the struggle of the insurgents in Kruševo. Moreover, they exhorted the population to struggle for "free Macedonia" and against the "fascist Bulgarian occupiers". After the war, the story continued in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, where the Kruševo Republic was included in its historical narrative. The new Communist authorities successfully wiped out the remaining Bulgarophile sentiments. As part of the efforts to prove the continuity of the new Macedonian nation and the former insurgents, they claimed the IMRO activists had been consciously Macedonian in identity. The establishment of the short-lived entity is seen today in North Macedonia as a prelude to the independence of the modern Macedonian state. Nikola Kirov's writings, which are among the most known primary sources on the rebellion, mention Bulgarians, Vlachs (Aromanians), and Greeks (sic: Grecomans), who participated in the events in Kruševo. Although post-World War II Yugoslav Communist historians objected to Kirov's classification of Kruševo's Slavic population as Bulgarian, they quickly adopted everything else in his narrative of the events in 1903 as definitive. During the Informbiro period, the name of insurgents' leader Nikola Karev was scrapped from the Macedonian national anthem, as he and his brothers were suspected of being Bulgarophiles. Some modern Macedonian historians such as Blaže Ristovski have recognized, that the entity, nowadays a symbol of the Macedonian statehood, was composed of people who identified themselves as "Greeks", "Vlachs" (Aromanians), and "Bulgarians". When the anthropologist Keith Brown visited Kruševo on the eve of the 21st century, he discovered that the local Aromanian language still has no way to distinguish "Macedonian" and "Bulgarian", and uses the designation Vrgari, i.e. "Bulgarians", for both ethnic groups. Gallery Bulgarian postcard representing an insurgent with the flag of Kruševo cheta IMRO voivodas from Kruševo in August 1903 The monument of the Battle of Mečkin Kamen built by the Bulgarian authorities during the First World War. Celebration of the 15th anniversary of the events in Krushevo in 1918 during the Bulgarian occupation of then Southern Serbia. Old comitadji, celebrating Ilinden Uprising in Krusevo in 1943, during the Bulgarian annexation. The monument of the Battle of Sliva, near Krusevo. Ilinden (memorial) built by the Yugoslav authorities in 1974. Celebration of Ilinden on 2 August 2011 on Mečkin Kamen, Republic of Macedonia. See also Strandzha Commune Ilinden (memorial) Militsiya of the Kruševo Republic References ^ Bana Armâneascâ - Nr39-40. Bana Armâneascâ. ^ Keith Brown, The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, 2018, ISBN 0691188432, p. 71. ^ Dragi Ǵorǵiev, Lili Blagaduša, Documents Turcs sur l'insurrection de St. Élie provenants du fonds d'archives du Sultan "Yild'z", Arhiv na Makedonija, 1997, p. 131. ^ William Miller, Ottoman Empire and Its Successors 1801–1927: With an Appendix, 1927–1936, Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 1107686598, p. 446. ^ Thede Kahl, The Ethnicity of Aromanians after 1990: the Identity of a Minority that Behaves like a Majority, Ethnologia Balkanica, Vol. 6 (2002), LIT Verlag Münster, p. 148. ^ Васил Кънчов. „Македония. Етнография и статистика". София, 1900, стр. 240 (Kanchov, Vasil. Macedonia — ethnography and statistics Sofia, 1900, p. 39-53). ^ Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, p. 114. ^ "It would nevertheless be far-fetched to see in the Macedonian socialism an expression of national ideology... It is difficult to place the local socialist articulation of the national and social question of the late 19th and early 20th centuries entirely under the categories of today's Macedonian and Bulgarian nationalism. If Bulgarian historians today condemn the "national-nihilistic" positions of that group, their Macedonian colleagues seem frustrated by the fact that it was not "conscious" enough of Macedonians' distinct ethnic character." Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Two, Roumen Daskalov, Diana Mishkova, BRILL, 2013, ISBN 9004261915, p. 503. ^ Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 3034301960, p. 71. ^ Fieldwork Dilemmas: Anthropologists in Postsocialist States, Editors Hermine G. De Soto, Nora Dudwick, University of Wisconsin Press, 2000, ISBN 0299163741, pp. 36–37. ^ Tanner, Arno (2004). The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The history and today of selected ethnic groups in five countries. East-West Books. p. 215. ISBN 952-91-6808-X. ^ The past in question: modern Macedonia and the uncertainties of nation, Keith Brown, Publisher Princeton University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-691-09995-2, pp. 81–82. ^ We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe, Diana Mishkova, Central European University Press, 2009, SBN 9639776289, p. 124. ^ Kirov-Majski wrote on the history of the IMRO and authored in 1923 the play "Ilinden" in the dialect of his native town (Kruševo). The play is the only direct source containing the Kruševo Manifesto, the rebels' programmatic address to the neighbouring Muslim villages, which is regularly quoted by modern Macedonian history and textbooks. Dimitar Bechev Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, ISBN 1538119625, p. 166. ^ Kruševo Manifesto's historical authenticity is disputed. There is no original preserved and this fragment from Kirov's play from 1923 was proclaimed to be completely authentic by the Communist partisans in Vardar Macedonia during the Second World War. It was published by them as a separate Proclamation of the headquarters of the Krusevo rebels. For more see: Keith Brown, The past in question: modern Macedonia and the uncertainties of nation, Princeton University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-691-09995-2, p. 230. ^ Pål Kolstø, Myths and boundaries in south-eastern Europe, Hurst & Co., ISBN 1850657726, p. 284. ^ Mercia MacDermottFreedom Or Death: The Life of Gotsé Delchev, Pluto Press, 1978, ISBN 0904526321, p.386. ^ There was even an attempt to form a kind of revolutionary government led by the socialist Nikola Karev. The Krushevo manifesto was declared, assuring the population that the uprising was against the Sultan and not against Muslims in general, and that all peoples would be included. As the population of Krushevo was two thirds hellenised "Vlachs" (Aromanians) and Patriarchist Slavs, this was a wise move. Despite these promises the insurgent flew Bulgarian flags everywhere and in many places the uprising did entail attacks on Muslim Turks and Albanians who themselves organised for self-defence." Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1850652384, p. 57. ^ Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 2), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016, ISBN 1443888494, p. 149. ^ Aromanian consciousness was not developed until the late 19th century, and was influenced by the rise of Romanian national movement. As result, wealthy, urbanized Ottoman Vlachs were culturally hellenised during 17–19th century and some of them bulgarized during the late 19th and early 20th. century. Raymond Detrez, 2014, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 1442241802, p. 520. ^ Коста Църнушанов, Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него, Университетско изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992, стр. 132. ^ Тодор Балкански, Даниела Андрей, Големите власи сред българите, Знак 94, ISBN 9548709082, 1996, стр. 60–70. ^ Andrew Rossos, Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, Hoover Press, 2013, ISBN 081794883X, p. 105. ^ Philip Jowett, Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912–13: The priming charge for the Great War, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, ISBN 184908419X, p. 21. ^ P. H. Liotta, Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and why it Matters, Lexington Books, 2001, ISBN 0739102125, p. 293. ^ John Phillips, Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans, I.B.Tauris, 2004, ISBN 0857714511, p. 27. ^ Feliks Gross, Violence in politics: Terror and political assassination in Eastern Europe and Russia, Volume 13 of Studies in the Social Sciences, Walter de Gruyter, 2018, ISBN 3111382443, p. 128. ^ Цочо В. Билярски, Из рапортите на Наум Томалевски до ЦК на ВМРО за мисията му в Западна Европа; В „Иван Михайлов в обектива на полиция, дипломация, разузнаване и преса“, Университетско издателство "Св. Климент Охридски", 2006, ISBN 9789549384079. ^ Bulgaria During the Second World War, Marshall Lee Miller, Stanford University Press, 1975, ISBN 0804708703, p. 128. ^ Meckin Kamen monument – Travel to Macedonia. ^ Roumen Daskalov, Diana Mishkova, Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Two: Transfers of Political Ideologies and Institutions, BRILL, 2013, ISBN 9004261915, p. 534. ^ Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 3034301960, p. 84. ^ James Frusetta "Common Heroes, Divided Claims: IMRO Between Macedonia and Bulgaria". Central European University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-963-9241-82-4, pp. 110–115. ^ Chris Kostov, Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Volume 7 of Nationalisms across the globe, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 3034301960, p. 71. ^ Keith Brown, The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, 2003, ISBN 0691099952, p. 81. ^ Pål Kolstø, Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2016, ISBN 1317049365, p. 188. ^ Keith Brown, The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, 2018 ISBN 0691188432, p. 191. ^ "Беше наполно прав и Мисирков во своjата фундаментална критика за Востанието и неговите раководители. Неговите укажуваньа се покажаа наполно точни во послешната практика. На пр., во ослободеното Крушево се формира градска управа составена од "Бугари", Власи и Гркомани, па во зачуваните писмени акти не фигурираат токму Македонци(!)..." Блаже Ристовски, "Столетиjа на македонската свест", Скопје, Култура, 2001, стр. 458. ^ "We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe" Diana Mishkova, Central European University Press, 2009, ISBN 9639776289, p. 124: Ristovski regrets the fact that the "government" of the "republic" (nowadays held to be a symbol of Macedonian statehood) was actually composed of two "Greeks", two "Bulgarians" and one "Romanian". cf. Ristovski (2001). ^ Chris Kostov, Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 3034301960, p. 71. Sources Силянов, Христо. Освободителните борби на Македония, т. I, София 1933, гл. VI.1 (in Bulgarian) 13-те дена на Крушевската република, Георги Томалевски (in Bulgarian) Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Aromanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization"},{"link_name":"Kruševo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo"},{"link_name":"Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising"}],"text":"The Kruševo Republic (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Крушевска Република, Kruševska Republika; Aromanian: Republica di Crushuva)[1] was a short-lived political entity proclaimed in 1903 by rebels from the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) in Kruševo during the anti-Ottoman Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising.","title":"Kruševo Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krushevo_1903.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macedonians_Take_Towns_-_New_York_Times_August_14_1903.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Slavic population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_speakers_in_Ottoman_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Aromanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Ottoman millets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Greek Patriarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Millet"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Exarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet"},{"link_name":"Ullah millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullah_millet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vasil Kanchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Kanchov"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Manastir Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Nikola Karev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Karev"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Balkan Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Federation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ethnoreligious groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group"},{"link_name":"millets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Aromanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullah_millet"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Exarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet"},{"link_name":"Greek Patriarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Millet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kruševo Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nikola Kirov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Kirov"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Workers%27_Social_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"komitadjis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitadji"},{"link_name":"Exarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Bulgarophiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarophiles"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Pitu Guli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitu_Guli"},{"link_name":"ethnoreligious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoreligious"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Pitu Guli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitu_Guli"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola"},{"link_name":"voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Mečkin Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%8Dkin_Kamen"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"bashi-bazouks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashi-bazouk"},{"link_name":"komitadjis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitadjis"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Homeless inhabitants of Kruševo in front of the ruins of the town. Regarding the escape of the Bulgarian quarter from destruction, a bribery was suspected,[2] or eventually the fear of an explosion of the ammunition stored there.[3]The events in Kruševo as seen by the American New York Times; 14 August 1903.In the early 20th century, Kruševo was populated by a Slavic population, Aromanians and Orthodox Albanians with town inhabitants being ethnoreligiously split among various Ottoman millets, with Greek Patriarchists being the largest community, followed by Bulgarian Exarchists and the Ullah millet for the Aromanians.[4][5] According to the ethnographer Vasil Kanchov's statistics based on linguistic affinity, at that time the town's inhabitants counted: 4,950 Bulgarians, 4,000 Vlachs (Aromanians) and 400 Orthodox Albanians.[6]On 3 August 1903, rebels captured the town of Kruševo in the Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia) and established a revolutionary government. The entity existed only for 10 days: from 3 to 13 August, and was headed by Nikola Karev.[7] He was a strong leftist, rejecting the nationalism of the ethnic minorities and favouring alliances with ordinary Muslims against the Sultanate, as well as supporting the idea of a Balkan Federation.[8]Amongst the various ethnoreligious groups (millets) in Kruševo, a Republican Council was elected with 60 members – 20 representatives from three groups: Aromanians, Bulgarian Exarchists and Greek Patriarchists.[9][10][11][12] The Council also elected an executive body—the Provisional Government—with six members (2 from each mentioned group),[13] whose duty was to promote law and order and manage supplies, finances, and medical care. The presumable \"Kruševo Manifesto\" was published in the first days after the proclamation.[14][15] Written by Nikola Kirov, it outlined the goals of the uprising, calling upon the Muslim population to join forces with the provisional government in the struggle against Ottoman tyranny, to attain freedom and independence.[16] Both Nikola Kirov and Nikola Karev were members of the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party, from where they derived these leftist ideas.[17]However, an ethnic identification problem arose.[18] Karev called all the members of the local Council \"brother Bulgarians\", while the IMRO insurgents flew Bulgarian flags, killed five Greek Patriarchists, accused of being Ottoman spies, and subsequently assaulted the local Turk and Albanian Muslims.[19] As long as the town was controlled by the Bulgarian komitadjis, the Patriarchist majority was suspected and terrorized. Except for Exarchist Aromanians,[20] who were Bulgarophiles,[21][22] (as Pitu Guli and his family), most members of the other ethnoreligious communities dismissed the IMRO as pro-Bulgarian.[23][24]Initially surprised by the uprising, the Ottoman government took extraordinary military measures to suppress it. Pitu Guli's band (cheta) tried to defend the town from Ottoman troops coming from Bitola. The whole band and their leader (voivode) perished. After fierce battles near Mečkin Kamen, the Ottomans managed to destroy the Kruševo Republic, committing atrocities against the rebel forces and the local population.[25] As a result of the gunnery, the town was set partially ablaze.[26] After the plundering of the town by the Turkish troops and the Albanian bashi-bazouks, the Ottoman authorities circulated a declaration for the inhabitants of Kruševo to sign, stating that the Bulgarian komitadjis had committed the atrocities and looted the town. A few citizens did sign it under administrative pressure.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA_114K-1-26_Pitu_Guli,1903.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pitu Guli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitu_Guli"},{"link_name":"Birino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomalevski_family_house_in_Krushevo.JPG"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans_theatre_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Southern Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Serbia_(1919%E2%80%9322)"},{"link_name":"occupied by Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Naum Tomalevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naum_Tomalevski"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mečkin Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Me%C4%8Dkin_Kamen"},{"link_name":"Serbianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbianization"},{"link_name":"World War II in the region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Vardar Banovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Banovina"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"enormous monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden_(memorial)"},{"link_name":"ASNOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASNOM"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"pro-Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Yugoslav"},{"link_name":"Macedonian communist partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Bulgarophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarophile"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nikola Kirov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Kirov"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Grecomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecomans"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Communist"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Informbiro period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informbiro_period"},{"link_name":"Nikola Karev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Karev"},{"link_name":"Macedonian national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_over_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Macedonian historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_historians"},{"link_name":"Blaže Ristovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bla%C5%BEe_Ristovski"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Keith Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Brown_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Aromanian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"A photo of the squad of Pitu Guli near the village of Birino, close to Krusevo, 1903Tomalevski's family house where the Republic was proclaimed. Today a museum.The celebration of the events in Kruševo began during the First World War, when the area, then called Southern Serbia, was occupied by Bulgaria. Naum Tomalevski, who was appointed a mayor of Kruševo, organized the nationwide celebration of the 15th anniversary of the Ilinden uprising.[28] On the place of the Battle of Mečkin Kamen, a monument and a memorial-fountain were built. After the war, they were destroyed by the Serbian authorities, which continued implementing a policy of forcible Serbianization. The tradition of celebrating these events was restored during World War II in the region when it was called Vardar Banovina and was officially annexed by Bulgaria.[29]The \"Ilinden Uprising Museum\" was founded in 1953 on the 50th anniversary of the Kruševo Republic. It was located in the empty house of the Tomalevski family, where the Republic was proclaimed, though the family had long since emigrated to Bulgaria. In 1974 an enormous monument was built on the hill above Kruševo, which marked the feat of the revolutionaries and the ASNOM. In the area, there is another monument called Mečkin Kamen.[30]During World War II, the newly organized pro-Yugoslav Macedonian communist partisans developed the idea of some kind of socialist continuity between their struggle and the struggle of the insurgents in Kruševo.[31] Moreover, they exhorted the population to struggle for \"free Macedonia\" and against the \"fascist Bulgarian occupiers\". After the war, the story continued in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, where the Kruševo Republic was included in its historical narrative. The new Communist authorities successfully wiped out the remaining Bulgarophile sentiments.[32] As part of the efforts to prove the continuity of the new Macedonian nation and the former insurgents, they claimed the IMRO activists had been consciously Macedonian in identity.[33] The establishment of the short-lived entity is seen today in North Macedonia as a prelude to the independence of the modern Macedonian state.[citation needed]Nikola Kirov's writings, which are among the most known primary sources on the rebellion, mention Bulgarians, Vlachs (Aromanians), and Greeks (sic: Grecomans), who participated in the events in Kruševo.[34] Although post-World War II Yugoslav Communist historians objected to Kirov's classification of Kruševo's Slavic population as Bulgarian, they quickly adopted everything else in his narrative of the events in 1903 as definitive.[35] During the Informbiro period, the name of insurgents' leader Nikola Karev was scrapped from the Macedonian national anthem,[36] as he and his brothers were suspected of being Bulgarophiles.[37] Some modern Macedonian historians such as Blaže Ristovski have recognized, that the entity, nowadays a symbol of the Macedonian statehood, was composed of people who identified themselves as \"Greeks\", \"Vlachs\" (Aromanians), and \"Bulgarians\".[38][39] When the anthropologist Keith Brown visited Kruševo on the eve of the 21st century, he discovered that the local Aromanian language still has no way to distinguish \"Macedonian\" and \"Bulgarian\", and uses the designation Vrgari, i.e. \"Bulgarians\", for both ethnic groups.[40]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krushevo_insurgent_with_flag.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krushevo_voivodi_1903_IMARO.JPG"},{"link_name":"IMRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRO"},{"link_name":"voivodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivoda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M_KAMEN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mečkin Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Me%C4%8Dkin_Kamen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krushevo_1918.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_komitadji_Krushevo_1943.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sliva_Monument,_Krusevo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sliva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Makedonium_09.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilinden_2011,_Meckin_kamen.jpg"}],"text":"Bulgarian postcard representing an insurgent with the flag of Kruševo cheta\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIMRO voivodas from Kruševo in August 1903\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe monument of the Battle of Mečkin Kamen built by the Bulgarian authorities during the First World War.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCelebration of the 15th anniversary of the events in Krushevo in 1918 during the Bulgarian occupation of then Southern Serbia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld comitadji, celebrating Ilinden Uprising in Krusevo in 1943, during the Bulgarian annexation.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe monument of the Battle of Sliva, near Krusevo.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIlinden (memorial) built by the Yugoslav authorities in 1974.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCelebration of Ilinden on 2 August 2011 on Mečkin Kamen, Republic of Macedonia.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Силянов, Христо. Освободителните борби на Македония, т. I, София 1933, гл. VI.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.promacedonia.org/obm1/6_1_2.html"},{"link_name":"13-те дена на Крушевската република, Георги Томалевски","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kroraina.com/knigi/ilpr1968/ilpr1968_3.html"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1771831#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/7546322-2"}],"text":"Силянов, Христо. Освободителните борби на Македония, т. I, София 1933, гл. VI.1 (in Bulgarian)\n13-те дена на Крушевската република, Георги Томалевски (in Bulgarian)Authority control databases: National \nGermany","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Homeless inhabitants of Kruševo in front of the ruins of the town. Regarding the escape of the Bulgarian quarter from destruction, a bribery was suspected,[2] or eventually the fear of an explosion of the ammunition stored there.[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Krushevo_1903.jpg/220px-Krushevo_1903.jpg"},{"image_text":"The events in Kruševo as seen by the American New York Times; 14 August 1903.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Macedonians_Take_Towns_-_New_York_Times_August_14_1903.jpg/220px-Macedonians_Take_Towns_-_New_York_Times_August_14_1903.jpg"},{"image_text":"A photo of the squad of Pitu Guli near the village of Birino, close to Krusevo, 1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/BASA_114K-1-26_Pitu_Guli%2C1903.jpg/220px-BASA_114K-1-26_Pitu_Guli%2C1903.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomalevski's family house where the Republic was proclaimed. Today a museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tomalevski_family_house_in_Krushevo.JPG/220px-Tomalevski_family_house_in_Krushevo.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Strandzha Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandzha_Commune"},{"title":"Ilinden (memorial)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden_(memorial)"},{"title":"Militsiya of the Kruševo Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militsiya_of_the_Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic"}]	[{"reference":"Tanner, Arno (2004). The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The history and today of selected ethnic groups in five countries. East-West Books. p. 215. ISBN 952-91-6808-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-91-6808-X","url_text":"952-91-6808-X"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://scribd.com/document/47726882/Bana-Armaneasc%C4%83-Nr39-40","external_links_name":"Bana Armâneascâ - Nr39-40"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MFHL6H9JTmAC&q=446","external_links_name":"Ottoman Empire and Its Successors 1801–1927: With an Appendix, 1927–1936"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-ebpDLhkVWcC&dq=Ethnologia+Balkanica+Kahl&pg=PA145","external_links_name":"The Ethnicity of Aromanians after 1990: the Identity of a Minority that Behaves like a Majority"},{"Link":"http://www.promacedonia.org/vk/vk_2_36.htm","external_links_name":"Васил Кънчов. „Македония. Етнография и статистика\". София, 1900, стр. 240 (Kanchov, Vasil. Macedonia — ethnography and statistics Sofia, 1900, p. 39-53)."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P-1m1FLtrvsC&dq=Contested+Ethnic+Identity:+The+Case+of+Macedonian+Immigrants+in+Toronto+keith+krusevo&pg=PA71","external_links_name":"p. 71."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xLhTxdx7VaQC&dq=krusevo+1903+vlach,+Greek&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"pp. 36–37."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=48NyoQdOWH0C&dq=grkomani+in+krushevo&pg=PA82","external_links_name":"The past in question: modern Macedonia and the uncertainties of nation, Keith Brown, Publisher Princeton University Press, 2003"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pbi_wzu7QAMC&q=krusevo+republic&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe, Diana Mishkova, Central European University Press, 2009, SBN 9639776289, p. 124."},{"Link":"https://travel2macedonia.com/tourist-attraction/meckin-kamen-krusevo","external_links_name":"Meckin Kamen monument – Travel to Macedonia."},{"Link":"http://www.promacedonia.org/obm1/6_1_2.html","external_links_name":"Силянов, Христо. Освободителните борби на Македония, т. I, София 1933, гл. VI.1"},{"Link":"http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/ilpr1968/ilpr1968_3.html","external_links_name":"13-те дена на Крушевската република, Георги Томалевски"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7546322-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acraea_matuapa	Acraea matuapa	["1 References","2 External links"]	Species of butterfly Acraea matuapa Figures 5 and 6 Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Genus: Acraea Species: A. matuapa Binomial name Acraea matuapaGrose-Smith, 1889 Synonyms Acraea (Acraea) matuapa Acraea matuapa is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Kenya, in the eastern part of the country and along the coast. The habitat consists of grassy areas in and around coastal forests. References ^ Grose-Smith, H. 1889. Descriptions of twenty-four new species of butterflies captured by Mr. Last in the neighbourhood of Mombasa, East Coast of Africa, in the collection of Mr. H. Grose-Smith. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 121-137. ^ "Acraea Fabricius, 1807" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms ^ "Afrotropical Butterflies: Nymphalidae - Tribe Acraeini". Archived from the original on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-05-31. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acraea matuapa. Wikispecies has information related to Acraea matuapa. Images representing Acraea matuapa at Bold Acraea matuapa Archived 2020-01-27 at the Wayback Machine at Pteron Taxon identifiersAcraea matuapa Wikidata: Q4674933 BioLib: 325159 CoL: 9J7Y EoL: 153309 GBIF: 5136329 IRMNG: 10466397 Open Tree of Life: 3113072 This Heliconiinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly"},{"link_name":"Nymphalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalidae"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATBUT-3"}],"text":"Acraea matuapa is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Kenya, in the eastern part of the country and along the coast.[3] The habitat consists of grassy areas in and around coastal forests.","title":"Acraea matuapa"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Afrotropical Butterflies: Nymphalidae - Tribe Acraeini\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120810134550/http://atbutterflies.com/downloads/nymphalidae_acraeini.doc","url_text":"\"Afrotropical Butterflies: Nymphalidae - Tribe Acraeini\""},{"url":"http://atbutterflies.com/downloads/nymphalidae_acraeini.doc","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/heliconiinae/acraea/","external_links_name":"\"Acraea Fabricius, 1807\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120810134550/http://atbutterflies.com/downloads/nymphalidae_acraeini.doc","external_links_name":"\"Afrotropical Butterflies: Nymphalidae - Tribe Acraeini\""},{"Link":"http://atbutterflies.com/downloads/nymphalidae_acraeini.doc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=214396","external_links_name":"Images representing Acraea matuapa"},{"Link":"http://www.pteron-world.com/topics/classfication/nymphalidae/heliconiinae/acraeini/acraeini.html","external_links_name":"Acraea matuapa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200127191155/https://www.pteron-world.com/topics/classfication/nymphalidae/heliconiinae/acraeini/acraeini.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id325159","external_links_name":"325159"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/9J7Y","external_links_name":"9J7Y"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/153309","external_links_name":"153309"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5136329","external_links_name":"5136329"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10466397","external_links_name":"10466397"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3113072","external_links_name":"3113072"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acraea_matuapa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakeem_Khaaliq	Hakeem Khaaliq	["1 Early life and career","2 Works","2.1 Film and television","3 References"]	American actor Hakeem KhaaliqBornLos Angeles, California, U.S.NationalityAmericanOccupations Director producer writer cinematographer activist music producer music publisher branding expert Websitenation19.com Hakeem Khaaliq (also Hakeem Abdul-Khaaliq) is an American cinematographer, television producer, film director, photographer, multi-media activist, graphic design artist, and visual anthropologist. Before his career in film and television he worked as a music producer, music publisher, music supervisor and radio personality. In 1995 Khaaliq founded Radio Bums and in 2010 he co-founded Nation19 magazine / APDTA with longtime partner Queen Muhammad Ali. Early life and career Khaaliq was born and raised in South Central, Los Angeles, CA. His father was a stuntman with work featured in the film The Spook Who Sat By The Door. Khaaliq credits longtime family friend Howard Bingham and his mentor Jamel Shabazz as his greatest influences in photography. Early in his career, Khaaliq began directing and producing documentary films (the first film he directed starred Snoop Dogg and Sean Puffy Combs), and then began making films and exhibits on global issues. Works Film and television Comin' Up Short(feature documentary film) The Last Matai #War on Us - United Nations (UNGASS) #Bars4Justice Bigg Snoop Dogg, Raw N Uncut The Tale of Timmy Two Chins - Showtime Judge Lauren Lake's Paternity Court for MGM Television. ¿Quiénes son los Afro-Mexicanos? T.I.'s Road To Redemption - MTV Beauty Shop - Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Adventures in Hollyhood - MTV Made in Amerikkka Tha Bizness. References ^ Michael Roberts (22 October 2006). "United They Stand". Westword. ^ Dave Herrera (October 23, 2006). "Bums Rushed". ^ Mehle, Michael (February 28, 2006). "FILM TO SHED LIGHTING ON HIDDEN HIP-HOP". Newspaper. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2016 – via Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO). ^ "Africana Studies Program: Bars4Justice Film Screening". The University of Arizona College of Humanities. 27 January 2016. ^ Champion, Micheal. "The world is yours, Kemp Powers Hits Nine spots on the global music Map". Blaze / from the Vibe camp. p. 100. ^ Armstrong, Mark F. "Hip Hop's Heartland". The Source. p. 54. ^ Grimes, Rodney. "African Diaspora Authority Dr. Runoko Rashidi Lectures In Arizona For First Time" – via The Arizona Informant. ^ Bigg Snoop Dogg Raw N Uncut Volume 1 (2003), retrieved 2023-03-22 ^ Festival, Glasgow Short Film (2023-03-22). "#Bars4Justice: Interview with directors…". Glasgow Short Film Festival. Retrieved 2023-03-22. ^ "Pan African Film Festival Comin' Up Short - PAFF 2021". www.paff.org. Retrieved 2021-10-11. ^ "SATURDAY 7:00 FEATURE TICKET". Defy Film Festival. Retrieved 2021-10-11. ^ Behance (January 2021). "Comin' Up Short". Behance. Retrieved 2021-10-11. ^ Boundaoui, Assia (2022-02-16). "Op-Ed: As a Muslim filmmaker, I want to tell my own story". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-03-20. ^ "The Last Matai". Queen Muhammad Ali LLC. Retrieved 2023-03-20. ^ "Black African Coalition brings award-winning documentary, #Bars4Justice, to ASU". www.statepress.com. Retrieved March 5, 2016. ^ Khaaliq, Hakeem (July 8, 2003), Bigg Snoop Dogg Raw N Uncut Volume 1 DVD, Radio Bums, retrieved March 5, 2016 ^ "¿Quiénes son los afro-mexicanos?". Univision.com. Archived from the original on 2014-11-11. ^ "Culture Clash: New Univision TV Documentary Reveals Afro-Mexican Struggle for Identity". EBONY. 22 July 2016. ^ "FILM TO SHED LIGHTING ON HIDDEN HIP-HOP.(Entertainment/Weekend/Spotlight)". Archived from the original on 2015-03-29.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"visual anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Visual_anthropology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Radio Bums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Bums"},{"link_name":"Nation19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation19"},{"link_name":"Queen Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Hakeem Khaaliq (also Hakeem Abdul-Khaaliq) is an American cinematographer, television producer, film director, photographer, multi-media activist, graphic design artist, and visual anthropologist. Before his career in film and television he worked as a music producer, music publisher, music supervisor and radio personality.[1][2][3][4] In 1995 Khaaliq founded Radio Bums and in 2010 he co-founded Nation19 magazine / APDTA with longtime partner Queen Muhammad Ali.[5][6][7]","title":"Hakeem Khaaliq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Central, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"The Spook Who Sat By The Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spook_Who_Sat_by_the_Door_(film)"},{"link_name":"Howard Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Jamel Shabazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamel_Shabazz"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Sean Puffy Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_%22Puff_Daddy%22_Combs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Khaaliq was born and raised in South Central, Los Angeles, CA. His father was a stuntman with work featured in the film The Spook Who Sat By The Door. Khaaliq credits longtime family friend Howard Bingham and his mentor Jamel Shabazz as his greatest influences in photography. Early in his career, Khaaliq began directing and producing documentary films (the first film he directed starred Snoop Dogg and Sean Puffy Combs),[8] and then began making films and exhibits on global issues.[9]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"UNGASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"#Bars4Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bars4justice"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lauren Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Lake"},{"link_name":"MGM Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Television"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"T.I.'s Road To Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.I.%27s_Road_to_Redemption"},{"link_name":"Beauty Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_Shop"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Adventures in Hollyhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_in_Hollyhood"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"Comin' Up Short[10][11][12][13](feature documentary film)\nThe Last Matai[14]\n#War on Us - United Nations (UNGASS)\n#Bars4Justice[15]\nBigg Snoop Dogg, Raw N Uncut[16]\nThe Tale of Timmy Two Chins - Showtime\nJudge Lauren Lake's Paternity Court for MGM Television.\n¿Quiénes son los Afro-Mexicanos?[17][18]\nT.I.'s Road To Redemption - MTV\nBeauty Shop - Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)\nAdventures in Hollyhood - MTV\nMade in Amerikkka\nTha Bizness.[19]","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Michael Roberts (22 October 2006). \"United They Stand\". Westword.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westword.com/1997-11-06/music/united-they-stand/","url_text":"\"United They Stand\""}]},{"reference":"Dave Herrera (October 23, 2006). \"Bums Rushed\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westword.com/2004-05-13/music/bums-rushed/full/","url_text":"\"Bums Rushed\""}]},{"reference":"Mehle, Michael (February 28, 2006). \"FILM TO SHED LIGHTING ON HIDDEN HIP-HOP\". Newspaper. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2016 – via Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO).","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329044349/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67664640.html","url_text":"\"FILM TO SHED LIGHTING ON HIDDEN HIP-HOP\""},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67664640.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Africana Studies Program: Bars4Justice Film Screening\". The University of Arizona College of Humanities. 27 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.humanities.arizona.edu/africana-studies-program-bars4justice-film-screening","url_text":"\"Africana Studies Program: Bars4Justice Film Screening\""}]},{"reference":"Champion, Micheal. \"The world is yours, Kemp Powers Hits Nine spots on the global music Map\". Blaze / from the Vibe camp. p. 100.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopmagazinearchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/img023.jpg","url_text":"\"The world is yours, Kemp Powers Hits Nine spots on the global music Map\""}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Mark F. \"Hip Hop's Heartland\". The Source. p. 54.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdn.hiphopwired.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/JaySourceDec97.jpg","url_text":"\"Hip Hop's Heartland\""}]},{"reference":"Grimes, Rodney. \"African Diaspora Authority Dr. Runoko Rashidi Lectures In Arizona For First Time\" – via The Arizona Informant.","urls":[{"url":"http://azinformant.com/african-diaspora-authority-dr-runoko-rashidi-lectures-in-arizona-for-first-time/","url_text":"\"African Diaspora Authority Dr. Runoko Rashidi Lectures In Arizona For First Time\""}]},{"reference":"Bigg Snoop Dogg Raw N Uncut Volume 1 (2003), retrieved 2023-03-22","urls":[{"url":"https://letterboxd.com/film/bigg-snoop-dogg-raw-n-uncut-volume-1/","url_text":"Bigg Snoop Dogg Raw N Uncut Volume 1 (2003)"}]},{"reference":"Festival, Glasgow Short Film (2023-03-22). \"#Bars4Justice: Interview with directors…\". Glasgow Short Film Festival. Retrieved 2023-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://glasgowshort.org/latest/community/bars4justice-interview-with-directors-queen-muhammad-ali-and-hakeem-khaaliq","url_text":"\"#Bars4Justice: Interview with directors…\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pan African Film Festival Comin' Up Short - PAFF 2021\". www.paff.org. Retrieved 2021-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paff.org/films/comin-up-short/","url_text":"\"Pan African Film Festival Comin' Up Short - PAFF 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"SATURDAY 7:00 FEATURE TICKET\". Defy Film Festival. Retrieved 2021-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defyfilmfestival.com/2021/comin-up-short","url_text":"\"SATURDAY 7:00 FEATURE TICKET\""}]},{"reference":"Behance (January 2021). \"Comin' Up Short\". Behance. Retrieved 2021-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behance.net/gallery/112516303/Comin-Up-Short","url_text":"\"Comin' Up Short\""}]},{"reference":"Boundaoui, Assia (2022-02-16). \"Op-Ed: As a Muslim filmmaker, I want to tell my own story\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2022-02-16/sundance-muslims-documentary-film-middle-east","url_text":"\"Op-Ed: As a Muslim filmmaker, I want to tell my own story\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Last Matai\". Queen Muhammad Ali LLC. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://queenmuhammadali.com/the-last-matai","url_text":"\"The Last Matai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black African Coalition brings award-winning documentary, #Bars4Justice, to ASU\". www.statepress.com. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statepress.com/article/2016/02/bars4justice-documentary-showing","url_text":"\"Black African Coalition brings award-winning documentary, #Bars4Justice, to ASU\""}]},{"reference":"Khaaliq, Hakeem (July 8, 2003), Bigg Snoop Dogg Raw N Uncut Volume 1 DVD, Radio Bums, retrieved March 5, 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Bigg-Snoop-Dogg-Uncut-Volume/dp/B00025HDGM","url_text":"Bigg Snoop Dogg Raw N Uncut Volume 1 DVD"}]},{"reference":"\"¿Quiénes son los afro-mexicanos?\". Univision.com. Archived from the original on 2014-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141111150135/http://mv.univision.com/video/483296","url_text":"\"¿Quiénes son los afro-mexicanos?\""},{"url":"http://mv.univision.com/video/483296","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Culture Clash: New Univision TV Documentary Reveals Afro-Mexican Struggle for Identity\". EBONY. 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebony.com/entertainment-culture/culture-clash-new-univision-tv-documentary-reveals-afro-mexican-struggle-for-ide#axzz3IlVAHWqN","url_text":"\"Culture Clash: New Univision TV Documentary Reveals Afro-Mexican Struggle for Identity\""}]},{"reference":"\"FILM TO SHED LIGHTING ON HIDDEN HIP-HOP.(Entertainment/Weekend/Spotlight)\". Archived from the original on 2015-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329044349/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67664640.html","url_text":"\"FILM TO SHED LIGHTING ON HIDDEN HIP-HOP.(Entertainment/Weekend/Spotlight)\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67664640.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://nation19.com/","external_links_name":"nation19.com"},{"Link":"http://www.westword.com/1997-11-06/music/united-they-stand/","external_links_name":"\"United They Stand\""},{"Link":"http://www.westword.com/2004-05-13/music/bums-rushed/full/","external_links_name":"\"Bums Rushed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329044349/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67664640.html","external_links_name":"\"FILM TO SHED LIGHTING ON HIDDEN HIP-HOP\""},{"Link":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67664640.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.humanities.arizona.edu/africana-studies-program-bars4justice-film-screening","external_links_name":"\"Africana Studies Program: Bars4Justice Film Screening\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopmagazinearchive.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/img023.jpg","external_links_name":"\"The world is yours, Kemp Powers Hits Nine spots on the global music Map\""},{"Link":"http://cdn.hiphopwired.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/JaySourceDec97.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Hip Hop's Heartland\""},{"Link":"http://azinformant.com/african-diaspora-authority-dr-runoko-rashidi-lectures-in-arizona-for-first-time/","external_links_name":"\"African Diaspora Authority Dr. Runoko Rashidi Lectures In Arizona For First Time\""},{"Link":"https://letterboxd.com/film/bigg-snoop-dogg-raw-n-uncut-volume-1/","external_links_name":"Bigg Snoop Dogg Raw N Uncut Volume 1 (2003)"},{"Link":"https://glasgowshort.org/latest/community/bars4justice-interview-with-directors-queen-muhammad-ali-and-hakeem-khaaliq","external_links_name":"\"#Bars4Justice: Interview with directors…\""},{"Link":"https://www.paff.org/films/comin-up-short/","external_links_name":"\"Pan African Film Festival Comin' Up Short - PAFF 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.defyfilmfestival.com/2021/comin-up-short","external_links_name":"\"SATURDAY 7:00 FEATURE TICKET\""},{"Link":"https://www.behance.net/gallery/112516303/Comin-Up-Short","external_links_name":"\"Comin' Up Short\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2022-02-16/sundance-muslims-documentary-film-middle-east","external_links_name":"\"Op-Ed: As a Muslim filmmaker, I want to tell my own story\""},{"Link":"https://queenmuhammadali.com/the-last-matai","external_links_name":"\"The Last Matai\""},{"Link":"http://www.statepress.com/article/2016/02/bars4justice-documentary-showing","external_links_name":"\"Black African Coalition brings award-winning documentary, #Bars4Justice, to ASU\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Bigg-Snoop-Dogg-Uncut-Volume/dp/B00025HDGM","external_links_name":"Bigg Snoop Dogg Raw N Uncut Volume 1 DVD"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141111150135/http://mv.univision.com/video/483296","external_links_name":"\"¿Quiénes son los afro-mexicanos?\""},{"Link":"http://mv.univision.com/video/483296","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ebony.com/entertainment-culture/culture-clash-new-univision-tv-documentary-reveals-afro-mexican-struggle-for-ide#axzz3IlVAHWqN","external_links_name":"\"Culture Clash: New Univision TV Documentary Reveals Afro-Mexican Struggle for Identity\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329044349/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67664640.html","external_links_name":"\"FILM TO SHED LIGHTING ON HIDDEN HIP-HOP.(Entertainment/Weekend/Spotlight)\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67664640.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hutt	Arthur Hutt	["1 Details","2 Further information","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	Arthur HuttBorn12 February 1889Earlsdon, CoventryDied14 April 1954 (aged 65)CoventryAllegiance United KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyYears of service1909 - 1919RankCorporalUnitRoyal Warwickshire RegimentBattles/warsWorld War IAwardsVictoria Cross Arthur Hutt VC (12 February 1889 – 14 April 1954) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first person born in Coventry to be awarded the Victoria Cross Details He was 28 years old, and a private in the 1/7th Battalion of The Royal Warwickshire Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place at the battle of Passchendaele for which he was awarded the VC. On 4 October 1917, at Terrier Farm, south-east of Poelcapelle, during the advance on the villages of Poelcapelle and Passchendaele, Belgium, when all the officers and NCOs of No. 2 Platoon had become casualties, Private Hutt took command of and led the platoon. He was held up by a strong post but immediately ran forward alone and shot the officer and three men in the post; between 40 and 50 others surrendered. Later, having pushed too far, he withdrew his party, covering them by sniping the enemy, and then carried back a wounded man to shelter. After he had consolidated his position, he then went out and carried in four more wounded under heavy fire. Further information Memorial to Arthur Hutt, War Memorial Park, Coventry He later achieved the rank of corporal. He is commemorated with a Cornish granite memorial in War Memorial Park, Coventry. On Wednesday 4 October 2017 a commemorative V.C. Paving stone was lay for Cpl Arthur Hutt at the War Memorial Park in Coventry. The address was given by Reverend Greg Bartlem (vicar of Urban Hope Church, Coventry), and the unveiling was done by Deputy Lord Mayor, Councillor John Blundell. Other readings were also read out by Mr David Williams (great nephew), Mr D Rex, Mr J Waite (Nephew of Joseph (Joe) Waite M.M.) and one of the Lord Mayors Cadets. References ^ "No. 30400". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 November 1917. p. 12330. Bibliography Snelling, Stephen (2012) . Passchendaele 1917. VCs of the First World War. The History Press. ISBN 978-0752476667. External links Biography portal Arthur Hutt VC Appreciation Location of grave and VC medal (Warwickshire) Earlsdon Obituary vteRoyal Regiment of FusiliersPredecessors Royal Northumberland Fusiliers (1674–1968) Royal Warwickshire Regiment (1685–1968) Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) (1685–1968) Lancashire Fusiliers (1688–1968) Victoria Cross James Bulmer Johnson Patrick McHale Peter McManus Ernest Sykes Thomas Bryan Robert Henry Cain James Jackman Wilfred Wood Jack Youll William Amey Robert Edwin Phillips Arthur Vickers Julian Royds Gribble Arthur Hutt Edward Elers Delaval Henderson Thomas Elsdon Ashford Maurice Dease Neville Elliott-Cooper Charles FitzClarence Thomas Egerton Hale William Hope Mathew Hughes Henry Mitchell Jones Robert Gee Sidney Godley George Jarratt John Molyneux William Norman Frederick William Palmer Samuel Pearse Charles Graham Robertson Walter Napleton Stone Arthur Sullivan Cuthbert Bromley Frank Edward Stubbs John Grimshaw Richard Raymond Willis Alfred Joseph Richards William Stephen Kenealy John Lynn James Hutchinson Bertram Best-Dunkley Joseph Lister Bernard Matthew Cassidy John Schofield Joel Halliwell Edward Benn Smith Harold John Colley Frank Lester James Clarke James Neville Marshall Francis Arthur Jefferson	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"}],"text":"Arthur Hutt VC (12 February 1889 – 14 April 1954) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first person born in Coventry to be awarded the Victoria Cross","title":"Arthur Hutt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)"},{"link_name":"The Royal Warwickshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"battle of Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"He was 28 years old, and a private in the 1/7th Battalion of The Royal Warwickshire Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place at the battle of Passchendaele for which he was awarded the VC.On 4 October 1917, at Terrier Farm, south-east of Poelcapelle, during the advance on the villages of Poelcapelle and Passchendaele, Belgium, when all the officers and NCOs of No. 2 Platoon had become casualties, Private Hutt took command of and led the platoon. He was held up by a strong post but immediately ran forward alone and shot the officer and three men in the post; between 40 and 50 others surrendered. Later, having pushed too far, he withdrew his party, covering them by sniping the enemy, and then carried back a wounded man to shelter. After he had consolidated his position, he then went out and carried in four more wounded under heavy fire.[1]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WTC_Nicholas_Jackson_D04_War_Memorial_Park_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Park, Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Memorial_Park,_Coventry"},{"link_name":"corporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Park, Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Memorial_Park,_Coventry"}],"text":"Memorial to Arthur Hutt, War Memorial Park, CoventryHe later achieved the rank of corporal. He is commemorated with a Cornish granite memorial in War Memorial Park, Coventry.On Wednesday 4 October 2017 a commemorative V.C. Paving stone was lay for Cpl Arthur Hutt at the War Memorial Park in Coventry. The address was given by Reverend Greg Bartlem (vicar of Urban Hope Church, Coventry), and the unveiling was done by Deputy Lord Mayor, Councillor John Blundell. Other readings were also read out by Mr David Williams (great nephew), Mr D Rex, Mr J Waite (Nephew of Joseph (Joe) Waite M.M.) and one of the Lord Mayors Cadets.","title":"Further information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VCs of the First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCs_of_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"The History Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0752476667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752476667"}],"text":"Snelling, Stephen (2012) [1998]. Passchendaele 1917. VCs of the First World War. The History Press. ISBN 978-0752476667.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Memorial to Arthur Hutt, War Memorial Park, Coventry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WTC_Nicholas_Jackson_D04_War_Memorial_Park_04.jpg/220px-WTC_Nicholas_Jackson_D04_War_Memorial_Park_04.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"No. 30400\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 November 1917. p. 12330.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30400/supplement/12330","url_text":"\"No. 30400\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Snelling, Stephen (2012) [1998]. Passchendaele 1917. VCs of the First World War. The History Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Navarro_CF	SD Navarro CF	["1 Season to season","2 Women's team","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°34′13″N 5°53′34″W / 43.570142°N 5.892844°W / 43.570142; -5.892844Association football club in Spain Football clubNavarroFull nameSociedad Deportiva Navarro Club de FútbolFounded18 July 1980; 43 years ago (1980-07-18)GroundTabiella, Avilés, Asturias, SpainCapacity2,000Chairman Juan Carlos GarcíaManager Héctor Suárez BayónLeague3ª RFEF – Group 22020–213ª – Group 2 (A), 8th of 113ª – Group 2 (E), 3rd of 9 Home colours Away colours Former logo Sociedad Deportiva Navarro Club de Fútbol is a football team based in Valliniello, Avilés in the autonomous community of Asturias. Founded in 1980, the team plays in Tercera División – Group 2. The club's home ground is Tabiella, which has a capacity of 2,000 spectators. Season to season Season Level Division Place Copa del Rey 1980–81 7 2ª Reg. 9th 1981–82 7 2ª Reg. 1st 1982–83 7 2ª Reg. 2nd 1983–84 6 1ª Reg. 6th 1984–85 6 1ª Reg. 2nd 1985–86 5 Reg. Pref. 19th 1986–87 5 Reg. Pref. 17th 1987–88 5 Reg. Pref. 18th 1988–89 6 1ª Reg. 6th 1989–90 6 1ª Reg. 17th 1990–91 6 1ª Reg. 3rd 1991–92 5 Reg. Pref. 4th 1992–93 5 Reg. Pref. 1st 1993–94 4 3ª 15th 1994–95 4 3ª 16th 1995–96 4 3ª 13th 1996–97 4 3ª 9th 1997–98 4 3ª 16th 1998–99 4 3ª 8th 1999–2000 4 3ª 12th Season Level Division Place Copa del Rey 2000–01 5 Reg. Pref. 4th 2001–02 4 3ª 8th 2002–03 4 3ª 18th 2003–04 5 Reg. Pref. 1st 2004–05 4 3ª 17th 2005–06 4 3ª 12th 2006–07 4 3ª 12th 2007–08 4 3ª 13th 2008–09 4 3ª 16th 2009–10 4 3ª 11th 2010–11 4 3ª 9th 2011–12 4 3ª 15th 2012–13 4 3ª 20th 2013–14 5 Reg. Pref. 7th 2014–15 5 Reg. Pref. 15th 2015–16 5 Reg. Pref. 6th 2016–17 5 Reg. Pref. 11th 2017–18 5 Reg. Pref. 14th 2018–19 5 Reg. Pref. 3rd 2019–20 4 3ª 13th Season Level Division Place Copa del Rey 2020–21 4 3ª 8th / 3rd 2021–22 5 3ª RFEF 20 seasons in Tercera División 1 season in Tercera División RFEF Women's team The women's team was created in 2018. Season Division Place Copa de la Reina 2018–19 Regional 10th 2019–20 Regional 2nd References ^ "Estadio Tabiella, home to Navarro - Football Ground Map". www.footballgroundmap.com. Retrieved 2020-10-10. ^ "Tal día como hoy de hace 40 años se reunían en el Bar La Fragua, de Piedramenuda, Rufo "Quintana", Milio " El Cartero", Agustín Diaz y Tino " Carbayeda" y deciden refundar el Navarro C.F que había desaparecido al iniciarse la Guerra Civil, en 1936" (in Spanish). SD Navarro CF on Twitter. 18 July 2020. ^ "Spain - SD Navarro CF - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news - Soccerway". int.soccerway.com. Retrieved 2020-10-10. External links Official website (in Spanish) Futbolme.com profile (in Spanish) 43°34′13″N 5°53′34″W / 43.570142°N 5.892844°W / 43.570142; -5.892844 vteTercera Federación – Group 2 « Group 1 Group 3 » 2023–24 clubs Avilés Stadium Barcia Caudal Ceares Colunga Condal Gijón Industrial L'Entregu Lealtad Lenense Llanera Llanes Luarca Praviano Sporting Atlético Titánico Tuilla Urraca Federation: Asturias (RFFPA) This article about a Spanish association football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SD_Navarro_CF.png"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Valliniello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro_(Avil%C3%A9s)"},{"link_name":"Avilés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avil%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tercera División – Group 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Tabiella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estadio_Tabiella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Association football club in SpainFootball clubFormer logoSociedad Deportiva Navarro Club de Fútbol is a football team based in Valliniello, Avilés in the autonomous community of Asturias. 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Retrieved 2020-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footballgroundmap.com/ground/estadio-tabiella/navarro","url_text":"\"Estadio Tabiella, home to Navarro - Football Ground Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tal día como hoy de hace 40 años se reunían en el Bar La Fragua, de Piedramenuda, Rufo \"Quintana\", Milio \" El Cartero\", Agustín Diaz y Tino \" Carbayeda\" y deciden refundar el Navarro C.F que había desaparecido al iniciarse la Guerra Civil, en 1936\" (in Spanish). SD Navarro CF on Twitter. 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/SDNavarroFCofi/status/1284485359661993984","url_text":"\"Tal día como hoy de hace 40 años se reunían en el Bar La Fragua, de Piedramenuda, Rufo \"Quintana\", Milio \" El Cartero\", Agustín Diaz y Tino \" Carbayeda\" y deciden refundar el Navarro C.F que había desaparecido al iniciarse la Guerra Civil, en 1936\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spain - SD Navarro CF - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news - Soccerway\". int.soccerway.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Botsford_Jarvis	William Botsford Jarvis	["1 Birth","2 Business and politics","3 Rosedale","4 Family","5 References","6 External links"]	Sheriff of York, Upper Canada and politician The HonourableWilliam Botsford JarvisMember of the 11th Parliament of Upper Canada for YorkIn office1830–1834High Sheriff of the Home District of York, Upper Canada Personal detailsBorn(1799-05-04)May 4, 1799Fredericton, New BrunswickDiedJuly 26, 1864(1864-07-26) (aged 65)TorontoPolitical partyFamily CompactResidenceRosedale, Toronto William Botsford Jarvis (May 4, 1799 – July 26, 1864) was an important member of the Family Compact and Sheriff of the Home District. His estate in what was then York, Upper Canada, gave its name to Rosedale, Toronto. Jarvis Street was named for his cousin, Samuel. Birth Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick, he was the son of United Empire Loyalists from Danbury, Connecticut and named for his father's friend, William Botsford. His father, Lt-Colonel Stephen Jarvis (1756–1840) of the 17th Regiment of Light Dragoons, became Adjutant-General to the Forces in Upper Canada and Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod to the Parliament of Canada. Colonel Jarvis had fought with the British during the American Revolutionary War, but was captured by the Americans in his home town at Connecticut. He escaped in a canoe to Long Island, rejoining the British forces there. After the war he joined some cousins in New Brunswick, where William was born, before being persuaded to move to York, Upper Canada in 1809 by one of them, 'the incompetent and dishonest' William Jarvis. Business and politics William Botsford Jarvis had 'a gregarious and outgoing personality'. He founded Yorkville, Toronto, with the entrepreneur Joseph Bloor, and he was involved in the incorporation of a number of companies in the Toronto area, including the Victoria Mining Company in 1856. In 1827, he was the choice of the Family Compact to be Sheriff of the Home District, and was duly elected. In 1837, as sheriff, he stopped William Lyon Mackenzie and his rebels during Upper Canada Rebellion from entering York, Upper Canada, forcing them back to engage at the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern. After the rebellion was repressed, he presided over the executions of Peter Matthews and Samuel Lount, even though it was Lount who had stopped the rebels burning Jarvis's home. Mackenzie and Jarvis were bitter enemies, and Mackenzie was intent on burning Rosedale to the ground, but Jarvis' wife and two of her sick children were in the house, and it was Lount who declared to the rebels that he was not there to fight women and sick children. Jarvis served as sheriff until 1856. In 1830, he was elected to the 11th Parliament of Upper Canada for the town of York, Upper Canada; he was defeated in 1834. He was elected to the town council for Toronto in 1841, but resigned the following year. Jarvis died at his home, Rosedale, in 1864. Rosedale Veterans of the War of 1812 at "Rosedale", Jarvis' estate, on 23 October 1861 The Rosedale neighbourhood of Toronto was named after Jarvis' residence, Rosedale House, which formerly occupied that area. The house, which overlooked Castle Frank Brook (a tributary of the Don River), was "a wonderful rambling villa perched on the edge of a ravine... with a wildflower garden, a conservatory full of hothouse flowers, and, the envy of Toronto, a magnificent curving double staircase that descended to a foyer panelled in richest walnut." Two new wings were added to either side of the house (around 1830) containing a peach house, a grape house, bedrooms, a morning room and a large verandah. Orchards, quiet arbours, rose gardens and masses of flowers surrounded the house, which was named by Jarvis' wife Mary (granddaughter of William Dummer Powell) for the wild roses that grew so abundantly throughout the estate. Family William Jarvis married Mary Boyles Powell (1803–1852), in 1828. She was brought up by her grandfather, Chief Justice William Dummer Powell, and his wife, Anne Murray. The Jarvis' were the parents of five children: Anne Frances Jarvis (1830–1919), married Edmund Allen Meredith, for whom Meredith Crescent in Rosedale is named. Louisa Jarvis (1831-1906), married (Daniel) Augustus Nanton (1831-1873), and were the parents of Sir Augustus Meredith Nanton. Lt.-Colonel William Dummer Jarvis (1834–1914) of the 12th York Rangers and afterwards the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. He married Margaret, daughter of William Parker Ranney H.E.I.C.S., of Topsham, Devon. Sarah Harriet Jarvis (1836-1897), married in 1854 Lewis William Ord, a first cousin of Major-General Sir Harry St. George Ord, and the son of Major Robert Hutchinson Ord (1789–1829) of the Royal Horse Artillery. Lt.-Colonel Robert Edward Colborne Jarvis (1842-1903) of the 67th Leinster Regiment. He was attached to the Staff College at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He then served with the Red Cross Ambulance Corps throughout the Franco-Prussian War, and was awarded by the French government in recognition of his services with one of only two gold crosses made. He served on the staff of Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, and was one of the lucky few to survive the infamous withdrawal through the Khyber Pass. He later served in South Africa. Though 'an elegant young man, a very lady-killer', he died unmarried. References ^ "Robert Hutchinson Ord (1789-1828) - HouseHistree". External links "South Rosedale Heritage Conservation District Study 2002" Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online vteMembers of the Family Compact William Allan James Baby G. D'Arcy Boulton D'Arcy Boulton II George Boulton Henry John Boulton William Henry Boulton Thomas Clark Thomas Clarkson George Crookshanks W. Allan Crookshanks William Dickson Richard Duncan John Elmsley John Galt James FitzGibbon Christopher Hagerman Charles Heward William B. Jarvis William M. Jarvis Samuel Peters Jarvis Alpheus Jones Charles Jones Jonas Jones Thomas Jones James Macaulay Allan MacNab Robert Nichol William Osgoode William Dummer Powell Sir John Robinson William Robinson Aeneas Shaw Adiel Sherwood Levius Sherwood Henry Sherwood George Sherwood Sir David W. Smith John Strachan Sources include: Mackenzie, William Lyon (September 19, 1833). "A Political Union". Colonial Advocate. p. 4. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family Compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Compact"},{"link_name":"Home District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"York, Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Rosedale, Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosedale,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Jarvis Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Street"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Jarvis"}],"text":"William Botsford Jarvis (May 4, 1799 – July 26, 1864) was an important member of the Family Compact and Sheriff of the Home District. His estate in what was then York, Upper Canada, gave its name to Rosedale, Toronto. Jarvis Street was named for his cousin, Samuel.","title":"William Botsford Jarvis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fredericton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericton"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"United Empire Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist"},{"link_name":"Danbury, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"William Botsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Botsford"},{"link_name":"17th Regiment of Light Dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Regiment_of_Light_Dragoons_(1759)"},{"link_name":"Adjutant-General to the Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant-General_to_the_Forces"},{"link_name":"Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Black_Rod"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"canoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"York, Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"William Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jarvis_(Upper_Canada_official)"}],"text":"Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick, he was the son of United Empire Loyalists from Danbury, Connecticut and named for his father's friend, William Botsford. His father, Lt-Colonel Stephen Jarvis (1756–1840) of the 17th Regiment of Light Dragoons, became Adjutant-General to the Forces in Upper Canada and Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod to the Parliament of Canada. Colonel Jarvis had fought with the British during the American Revolutionary War, but was captured by the Americans in his home town at Connecticut. He escaped in a canoe to Long Island, rejoining the British forces there. After the war he joined some cousins in New Brunswick, where William was born, before being persuaded to move to York, Upper Canada in 1809 by one of them, 'the incompetent and dishonest' William Jarvis.","title":"Birth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yorkville, Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkville,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bloor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bloor"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Family Compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Compact"},{"link_name":"Home District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"William Lyon Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Upper Canada Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"York, Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Battle of Montgomery's Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montgomery%27s_Tavern"},{"link_name":"Peter Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Matthews_(rebel)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Lount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Lount"},{"link_name":"11th Parliament of Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Parliament_of_Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"York, Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"}],"text":"William Botsford Jarvis had 'a gregarious and outgoing personality'. He founded Yorkville, Toronto, with the entrepreneur Joseph Bloor, and he was involved in the incorporation of a number of companies in the Toronto area, including the Victoria Mining Company in 1856.In 1827, he was the choice of the Family Compact to be Sheriff of the Home District, and was duly elected. In 1837, as sheriff, he stopped William Lyon Mackenzie and his rebels during Upper Canada Rebellion from entering York, Upper Canada, forcing them back to engage at the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern. After the rebellion was repressed, he presided over the executions of Peter Matthews and Samuel Lount, even though it was Lount who had stopped the rebels burning Jarvis's home. Mackenzie and Jarvis were bitter enemies, and Mackenzie was intent on burning Rosedale to the ground, but Jarvis' wife and two of her sick children were in the house, and it was Lount who declared to the rebels that he was not there to fight women and sick children. Jarvis served as sheriff until 1856.In 1830, he was elected to the 11th Parliament of Upper Canada for the town of York, Upper Canada; he was defeated in 1834. He was elected to the town council for Toronto in 1841, but resigned the following year. Jarvis died at his home, Rosedale, in 1864.","title":"Business and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veterans_of_the_War_of_1812_at_the_home_of_William_B._Jarvis_(1861).jpg"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Rosedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosedale,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Rosedale House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.40whitehall.com/images/walkingtour5.JPG"},{"link_name":"Don River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa"},{"link_name":"William Dummer Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dummer_Powell"}],"text":"Veterans of the War of 1812 at \"Rosedale\", Jarvis' estate, on 23 October 1861The Rosedale neighbourhood of Toronto was named after Jarvis' residence, Rosedale House, which formerly occupied that area. The house, which overlooked Castle Frank Brook (a tributary of the Don River), was \"a wonderful rambling villa perched on the edge of a ravine... with a wildflower garden, a conservatory full of hothouse flowers, and, the envy of Toronto, a magnificent curving double staircase that descended to a foyer panelled in richest walnut.\" Two new wings were added to either side of the house (around 1830) containing a peach house, a grape house, bedrooms, a morning room and a large verandah. Orchards, quiet arbours, rose gardens and masses of flowers surrounded the house, which was named by Jarvis' wife Mary (granddaughter of William Dummer Powell) for the wild roses that grew so abundantly throughout the estate.","title":"Rosedale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Dummer Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dummer_Powell"},{"link_name":"Anne Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Murray_(gentlewoman)"},{"link_name":"Edmund Allen Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Allen_Meredith"},{"link_name":"Rosedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosedale,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Sir Augustus Meredith Nanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Meredith_Nanton"},{"link_name":"12th York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_York_Rangers_(1st_American_Regiment)_(RCAC)"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Topsham, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsham,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Sir Harry St. George Ord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ord"},{"link_name":"Royal Horse Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leinster Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College, Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass"}],"text":"William Jarvis married Mary Boyles Powell (1803–1852), in 1828. She was brought up by her grandfather, Chief Justice William Dummer Powell, and his wife, Anne Murray. The Jarvis' were the parents of five children:Anne Frances Jarvis (1830–1919), married Edmund Allen Meredith, for whom Meredith Crescent in Rosedale is named.\nLouisa Jarvis (1831-1906), married (Daniel) Augustus Nanton (1831-1873), and were the parents of Sir Augustus Meredith Nanton.\nLt.-Colonel William Dummer Jarvis (1834–1914) of the 12th York Rangers and afterwards the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. He married Margaret, daughter of William Parker Ranney H.E.I.C.S., of Topsham, Devon.\nSarah Harriet Jarvis (1836-1897), married in 1854 Lewis William Ord, a first cousin of Major-General Sir Harry St. George Ord, and the son of Major Robert Hutchinson Ord (1789–1829) of the Royal Horse Artillery.[1]\nLt.-Colonel Robert Edward Colborne Jarvis (1842-1903) of the 67th Leinster Regiment. He was attached to the Staff College at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He then served with the Red Cross Ambulance Corps throughout the Franco-Prussian War, and was awarded by the French government in recognition of his services with one of only two gold crosses made. He served on the staff of Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, and was one of the lucky few to survive the infamous withdrawal through the Khyber Pass. He later served in South Africa. Though 'an elegant young man, a very lady-killer', he died unmarried.","title":"Family"}]	[{"image_text":"Veterans of the War of 1812 at \"Rosedale\", Jarvis' estate, on 23 October 1861","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Veterans_of_the_War_of_1812_at_the_home_of_William_B._Jarvis_%281861%29.jpg/220px-Veterans_of_the_War_of_1812_at_the_home_of_William_B._Jarvis_%281861%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Robert Hutchinson Ord (1789-1828) - HouseHistree\".","urls":[{"url":"https://househistree.com/people/robert-hutchinson-ord","url_text":"\"Robert Hutchinson Ord (1789-1828) - HouseHistree\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.40whitehall.com/images/walkingtour5.JPG","external_links_name":"Rosedale House"},{"Link":"https://househistree.com/people/robert-hutchinson-ord","external_links_name":"\"Robert Hutchinson Ord (1789-1828) - HouseHistree\""},{"Link":"http://www.southrosedale.org/PDFs/Documents/SouthRosedaleHeritageStudy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South Rosedale Heritage Conservation District Study 2002\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4511","external_links_name":"Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O4tKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-iYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7162%2C6121494","external_links_name":"\"A Political Union\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/104528050","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhB6Q3tDT4cdgMMhhPwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sc1grs","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulong_bohaiensis	Wulong bohaiensis	["1 Discovery","2 Description","2.1 Feathers and colouration","3 Classification","4 See also","5 References"]	Extinct species of dromaeosaurid dinosaur Wulong bohaiensisTemporal range: Early Cretaceous (Aptian) 120.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Skeleton of the holotype Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: Theropoda Family: †Dromaeosauridae Clade: †Microraptoria Genus: †WulongPoust et al., 2020 Species: †W. bohaiensis Binomial name †Wulong bohaiensisPoust et al., 2020 Wulong (meaning "dancing dragon") is a genus of microraptorine dromaeosaurid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Jiufotang Formation of China. The genus includes a single species, Wulong bohaiensis. The skeletal remains, which include preserved feathers, represent a juvenile. Discovery Diagram of the preserved plumage The Wulong holotype specimen, DNHM D2933, was found by a farmer in layers of the fossil-rich Jiufotang Formation (Shangheshou locality) of Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, China. The fossil, housed at the Dalian Natural History Museum in Liaoning, consists of a complete, articulated specimen with preserved feathers. In 2014, Ashley William Poust analyzed the skeleton, naming it "Wulong bohaiensis" in a thesis. This name remained an invalid nomen ex dissertatione. In 2020, Poust alongside his former advisor David Varricchio from Montana State University and Dalian paleontologists Gao Chunling, Wu Jianlin, and Zhang Fengjiao validly named and described the type species Wulong bohaiensis. The generic name, "Wulong", is derived from the Chinese 舞, wǔ, meaning "dancing", in reference to the specimen's "sprightly pose and inferred nimble habits", and 龍/龙, lóng, meaning "dragon". The specific name, "bohaiensis", refers to the museum housing the specimen, located near the Bohai Strait (渤海, Bó Hǎi). Description The proportionally long tail of Wulong is about twice as long as its body. The skeleton has hollow bones. The remains belong to a juvenile individual, about one-year-old. The long, narrow skull of Wulong is large in relation to the body. It is 1.15 times the length of the femur. Its thin jaws are filled with small and sharp teeth. The lightly-built premaxilla—a pair of small bones at the end of the upper jaw—is relatively dorsoventrally short for a dromaeosaurid. The quadratojugal of most dromaeosaurids is T-shaped, but in Wulong this bone is tiny and L‐shaped. The ascending process is about 6 mm tall, and the jugal process is 5 mm long. Feathers and colouration Life restoration with colouration inferred from the holotype The specimen displays soft tissue preservation, including feathered wings on its arms and legs, and two long plumes at the end of the tail, similar to the extinct Microraptor and Confuciusornis and the extant quetzal. However unlike the related Microraptor, there is no evidence that Wulong had a fan of feathers at the end of the tail. The long pair tail feathers present in an immature individual suggests that they were likely not used for mating, and possibly not other ornamental purposes. In 2023, Croudace and colleagues described the likely plumage colouration of the holotype. They indicated the presence of iridescent feathers on the forelimbs and hindlimbs, with grey feathers on the rest of the body. They further hypothesized that iridescence in juvenile paravians may not only indicate sexual signalling, but also intraspecific signalling for communication. Classification Poust et al. (2020) recovered Wulong as a microraptorine member of the Dromaeosauridae, as the sister taxon to the slightly older Sinornithosaurus from the Yixian Formation. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below: Microraptorinae Hesperonychus Graciliraptor Microraptor Tianyuraptor Sinornithosaurus Wulong See also Dinosaur coloration References ^ a b c d e f Poust, AW; Gao, C; Varricchio, DJ; Wu, J; Zhang, F (15 January 2020). "A new microraptorine theropod from the Jehol Biota and growth in early dromaeosaurids". The Anatomical Record. American Association for Anatomy. doi:10.1002/ar.24343. PMID 31943887. ^ Hodge, Rae (17 January 2020). "Pocket-size raptor sheds new light on the links between dino and bird life - This "dancing dragon," a new species of feathered dinosaur, was discovered in one of the richest fossil deposits in the world". CNET. Retrieved 19 January 2020. ^ Rayne, Elizabeth (18 January 2020). "This New Dinosaur Just Called It: Even Feathered Dinos Were Nothing Like Birds". SyfyWire. Retrieved 19 January 2020. ^ Poust, Ashley W. (2014). Description and ontogenetic assessment of a new Jehol microraptorine (PDF) (MSc). Montana State University. ^ a b Croudace, A.D.; Shen, C.; Lü, J.; Brusatte, S.L.; Vinther, J. (2023). "Iridescent plumage in a juvenile dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 68. doi:10.4202/app.01004.2022. hdl:20.500.11820/6f4df584-274a-45d9-a09b-487425ff9569. vteDromaeosauridae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Theropoda Clade: Paraves Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Theropoda see Theropoda Maniraptora see Maniraptora Dromaeosauridae see below↓ DromaeosauridaeDromaeosauridae Daurlong Pyroraptor Shanag? Tianyuraptor Variraptor? Zhenyuanlong Halszkaraptorinae? Halszkaraptor Hulsanpes Mahakala Natovenator Unenlagiinae? Austroraptor Buitreraptor Dakotaraptor? Diuqin Neuquenraptor Ornithodesmus? Pamparaptor Pyroraptor? Rahonavis? Unenlagia Unquillosaurus? Variraptor? Ypupiara Microraptoria? Changyuraptor Graciliraptor Hesperonychus? Microraptor Sinornithosaurus Tianyuraptor? Wulong Zhongjianosaurus Eudromaeosauria Balaur? Bambiraptor Dineobellator Tianyuraptor? Vectiraptor Zhenyuanlong? Saurornitholestinae Atrociraptor Bambiraptor? Saurornitholestes Dromaeosaurinae Achillobator Dakotaraptor? Deinonychus? Dromaeosauroides Dromaeosaurus Itemirus Saurornitholestes? Utahraptor Yurgovuchia Zapsalis Velociraptorinae Acheroraptor Adasaurus Boreonykus? Deinonychus? Kansaignathus Kuru Linheraptor Luanchuanraptor? Nuthetes? Saurornitholestes? Shri Tsaagan Velociraptor See also: Timeline Category Taxon identifiersWulong Wikidata: Q82449124 EoL: 60973947 GBIF: 11137536 Paleobiology Database: 438217	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microraptorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptoria"},{"link_name":"dromaeosaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosauridae"},{"link_name":"Early Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Aptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptian"},{"link_name":"Jiufotang Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiufotang_Formation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poust2020-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNET-20200117-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SYFY-20200118-3"}],"text":"Wulong (meaning \"dancing dragon\") is a genus of microraptorine dromaeosaurid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Jiufotang Formation of China. The genus includes a single species, Wulong bohaiensis. The skeletal remains, which include preserved feathers, represent a juvenile.[1][2][3]","title":"Wulong bohaiensis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wulong_plumage_groupings.jpg"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Jiufotang Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiufotang_Formation"},{"link_name":"Chaoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning"},{"link_name":"Liaoning Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning_Province"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poust2014-4"},{"link_name":"nomen ex dissertatione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_ex_dissertatione"},{"link_name":"Montana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_State_University"},{"link_name":"Dalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Bohai Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Strait"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poust2020-1"}],"text":"Diagram of the preserved plumageThe Wulong holotype specimen, DNHM D2933, was found by a farmer in layers of the fossil-rich Jiufotang Formation (Shangheshou locality) of Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, China. The fossil, housed at the Dalian Natural History Museum in Liaoning, consists of a complete, articulated specimen with preserved feathers. In 2014, Ashley William Poust analyzed the skeleton, naming it \"Wulong bohaiensis\" in a thesis.[4] This name remained an invalid nomen ex dissertatione.In 2020, Poust alongside his former advisor David Varricchio from Montana State University and Dalian paleontologists Gao Chunling, Wu Jianlin, and Zhang Fengjiao validly named and described the type species Wulong bohaiensis. The generic name, \"Wulong\", is derived from the Chinese 舞, wǔ, meaning \"dancing\", in reference to the specimen's \"sprightly pose and inferred nimble habits\", and 龍/龙, lóng, meaning \"dragon\". The specific name, \"bohaiensis\", refers to the museum housing the specimen, located near the Bohai Strait (渤海, Bó Hǎi).[1]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poust2020-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croudace2023-5"},{"link_name":"femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"premaxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premaxilla"},{"link_name":"quadratojugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratojugal"},{"link_name":"jugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poust2020-1"}],"text":"The proportionally long tail of Wulong is about twice as long as its body. The skeleton has hollow bones. The remains belong to a juvenile individual, about one-year-old.[1][5]The long, narrow skull of Wulong is large in relation to the body. It is 1.15 times the length of the femur. Its thin jaws are filled with small and sharp teeth. The lightly-built premaxilla—a pair of small bones at the end of the upper jaw—is relatively dorsoventrally short for a dromaeosaurid. The quadratojugal of most dromaeosaurids is T-shaped, but in Wulong this bone is tiny and L‐shaped. The ascending process is about 6 mm tall, and the jugal process is 5 mm long.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wulong_reconstruction.png"},{"link_name":"Life restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_restoration"},{"link_name":"Microraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptor"},{"link_name":"Confuciusornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciusornis"},{"link_name":"quetzal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poust2020-1"},{"link_name":"plumage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage"},{"link_name":"iridescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescence#Vertebrates"},{"link_name":"sexual signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_signalling"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croudace2023-5"}],"sub_title":"Feathers and colouration","text":"Life restoration with colouration inferred from the holotypeThe specimen displays soft tissue preservation, including feathered wings on its arms and legs, and two long plumes at the end of the tail, similar to the extinct Microraptor and Confuciusornis and the extant quetzal. However unlike the related Microraptor, there is no evidence that Wulong had a fan of feathers at the end of the tail. The long pair tail feathers present in an immature individual suggests that they were likely not used for mating, and possibly not other ornamental purposes.[1]In 2023, Croudace and colleagues described the likely plumage colouration of the holotype. They indicated the presence of iridescent feathers on the forelimbs and hindlimbs, with grey feathers on the rest of the body. They further hypothesized that iridescence in juvenile paravians may not only indicate sexual signalling, but also intraspecific signalling for communication.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microraptorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptorine"},{"link_name":"Dromaeosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosauridae"},{"link_name":"sister taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_taxon"},{"link_name":"Sinornithosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinornithosaurus"},{"link_name":"Yixian Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yixian_Formation"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic analyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_analyses"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poust2020-1"},{"link_name":"Microraptorinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptorinae"},{"link_name":"Hesperonychus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperonychus"},{"link_name":"Graciliraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciliraptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graciliraptor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Microraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microraptor_Restoration.png"},{"link_name":"Tianyuraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianyuraptor"},{"link_name":"Sinornithosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinornithosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinornithosaurus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wulong_bohaiensis.png"}],"text":"Poust et al. (2020) recovered Wulong as a microraptorine member of the Dromaeosauridae, as the sister taxon to the slightly older Sinornithosaurus from the Yixian Formation. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:[1]Microraptorinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHesperonychus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGraciliraptor \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMicroraptor \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTianyuraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSinornithosaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWulong","title":"Classification"}]	[{"image_text":"Diagram of the preserved plumage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wulong_plumage_groupings.jpg/220px-Wulong_plumage_groupings.jpg"},{"image_text":"Life restoration with colouration inferred from the holotype","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wulong_reconstruction.png/220px-Wulong_reconstruction.png"}]	[{"title":"Dinosaur coloration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_coloration"}]	[{"reference":"Poust, AW; Gao, C; Varricchio, DJ; Wu, J; Zhang, F (15 January 2020). \"A new microraptorine theropod from the Jehol Biota and growth in early dromaeosaurids\". The Anatomical Record. American Association for Anatomy. doi:10.1002/ar.24343. PMID 31943887.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.24343","url_text":"\"A new microraptorine theropod from the Jehol Biota and growth in early dromaeosaurids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_Anatomy","url_text":"American Association for Anatomy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.24343","url_text":"10.1002/ar.24343"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31943887","url_text":"31943887"}]},{"reference":"Hodge, Rae (17 January 2020). \"Pocket-size raptor sheds new light on the links between dino and bird life - This \"dancing dragon,\" a new species of feathered dinosaur, was discovered in one of the richest fossil deposits in the world\". CNET. Retrieved 19 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/pocket-size-raptor-sheds-new-light-on-links-between-dino-and-bird-life/","url_text":"\"Pocket-size raptor sheds new light on the links between dino and bird life - This \"dancing dragon,\" a new species of feathered dinosaur, was discovered in one of the richest fossil deposits in the world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"}]},{"reference":"Rayne, Elizabeth (18 January 2020). \"This New Dinosaur Just Called It: Even Feathered Dinos Were Nothing Like Birds\". SyfyWire. Retrieved 19 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/new-dinosaur-proves-feathered-dinos-werent-birds","url_text":"\"This New Dinosaur Just Called It: Even Feathered Dinos Were Nothing Like Birds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy#Syfy_Wire","url_text":"SyfyWire"}]},{"reference":"Poust, Ashley W. (2014). Description and ontogenetic assessment of a new Jehol microraptorine (PDF) (MSc). Montana State University.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/9365/PoustA0814.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"Description and ontogenetic assessment of a new Jehol microraptorine"}]},{"reference":"Croudace, A.D.; Shen, C.; Lü, J.; Brusatte, S.L.; Vinther, J. (2023). \"Iridescent plumage in a juvenile dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur\". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 68. doi:10.4202/app.01004.2022. hdl:20.500.11820/6f4df584-274a-45d9-a09b-487425ff9569.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.01004.2022","url_text":"\"Iridescent plumage in a juvenile dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.01004.2022","url_text":"10.4202/app.01004.2022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F6f4df584-274a-45d9-a09b-487425ff9569","url_text":"20.500.11820/6f4df584-274a-45d9-a09b-487425ff9569"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.24343","external_links_name":"\"A new microraptorine theropod from the Jehol Biota and growth in early dromaeosaurids\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.24343","external_links_name":"10.1002/ar.24343"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31943887","external_links_name":"31943887"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/news/pocket-size-raptor-sheds-new-light-on-links-between-dino-and-bird-life/","external_links_name":"\"Pocket-size raptor sheds new light on the links between dino and bird life - This \"dancing dragon,\" a new species of feathered dinosaur, was discovered in one of the richest fossil deposits in the world\""},{"Link":"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/new-dinosaur-proves-feathered-dinos-werent-birds","external_links_name":"\"This New Dinosaur Just Called It: Even Feathered Dinos Were Nothing Like Birds\""},{"Link":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/9365/PoustA0814.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"Description and ontogenetic assessment of a new Jehol microraptorine"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.01004.2022","external_links_name":"\"Iridescent plumage in a juvenile dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.01004.2022","external_links_name":"10.4202/app.01004.2022"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F6f4df584-274a-45d9-a09b-487425ff9569","external_links_name":"20.500.11820/6f4df584-274a-45d9-a09b-487425ff9569"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/60973947","external_links_name":"60973947"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/11137536","external_links_name":"11137536"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=438217","external_links_name":"438217"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Cavalcanti	Robinson Cavalcanti	["1 Biography","2 Religious career","3 Death","4 Legacy","5 References"]	Brazilian Anglican bishop (1944–2012) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Robinson Cavalcanti" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Edward Robinson de Barros Cavalcanti (Recife, 21 June 1944 – Olinda, 26 February 2012) was a Brazilian Anglican bishop. He was the conservative bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Recife, in the Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil. He led his diocese to a schism because of the pro-homosexuality policies of the province, who were against the official stance of the Anglican Communion, in 2005. He was expelled the same year and renamed his departing diocese as Anglican Church – Diocese of Recife, who became associated with the Anglican Church of the Southern Cone of America and the Global Anglican Future Conference, and would lead the way to the creation of the Anglican Church in Brazil. Biography He was born in Recife, but his family moved to União dos Palamares, in Alagoas, when he was three years old. He was raised in the Roman Catholic faith of his mother, while his father was a kardecist. He did his secondary school studies at this city, moving in 1960 to the Evangelical College XV November, of the Presbyterian faith, in Garanhuns. He returned to Recife to study at the Jesuit Nóbrega College, the following year. He finished his degree in 1962. He studied Social Sciences at the Catholic University of Pernambuco, from 1963 to 1966, and also English Language at the Brazil-US Cultural Society. From 1963 to 1967, simultaneously, he also studied Law at the Federal University of Pernambuco. At the same time, he also participated at the students political life. He did an internship at the Social Sciences Department of the University of California, in Los Angeles. He started his work as a lawyer, and at the same time, as a professor in several religious owned institutions, like the Presbyterian Agnes Erskine College. He taught political science in five religious-owned establishments, the Faculty of Philosophy of Recife, the Presbyterian Seminary of the North, the Catholic University of Pernambuco, the Federal University of Pernambuco and the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco. He took a master's degree in political science at the Cândido Mendes University, in 1974–75, where he defended the thesis Alagoas – a Guarda Nacional e as Origens do Coronelismo. He was a professor in several universities in Brazil for 35 years. Religious career In 1962, he left Catholicism and Kardecist Spiritism. On October 31, 1963 (Reformation Day), he was confirmed at the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil (IELB). He was an evangelist and a candidate to the ordained Lutheran Ministry. After years of study and rapprochement, he joined the then Episcopal Church of Brazil (IEB), in a ceremony held at the Holy Trinity Cathedral at the hands of the Bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Recife, Edmund Knox Sherrill, on June 21, 1976. He later would be ordained deacon and priest, working in the Holy Trinity Cathedral, and in the Good Samaritan, Emanuel and Redemption parishes (always unpaid). He joined the International Gideons and the Rotary Club along with missionary Pedro Higino Marques da Silva. In 1997 he was elected and consecrated Bishop of the Diocese of Recife, attending the Lambeth Conference of 1998, actively participating in the network of Anglican conservatives regarding the Holy Scriptures, the Creeds and the Historical Ethics of the Church. As a diocesan bishop, he ordained dozens of deacons and elders. In the seven years until 2005, communities were opened, social projects were created, archives, secretariats and commissions, and the Canons were reformulated, vocations stimulated, the Permanent Diaconate and the Local Ministry were created, as well as the institution of Lay Ministers and Evangelists. At IEAB he was president of the National Board of Theological Education-JUNET. On 25 January 2005, Bishop Robinson Cavalcanti, then bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Recife, opposing the predominance of the liberal wing in the church, promoted a schism. Cavalcanti's decision came in opposition to the IEAB's acceptance of non-chaste homosexuality. He unilaterally declared the suspension of the diocese of Recife with the Province of Brazil, proclaiming it as an "autonomous diocese of the Anglican Communion". Although a rare and extreme act, he was expelled from the IEAB on 10 June 2005, by decision of the Superior Ecclesiastical Court. Expelled from the Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil, Robinson Cavalcanti created the Diocese of Recife, which tried to join the Anglican Church of the Southern Cone of America. Subsequently, for reasons of judicial order and institutional name, the Diocese of Recife was renamed Anglican Church-Diocese of Recife, and became linked to the GAFCON, which reunites the majority of Anglicans in the world. Death After years of life devoted to the Church, Archbishop Robinson Cavalcanti and his wife, Miriam Nunes Machado Cotias Cavalcanti, where both murdered in Olinda on February 26, 2012, being stabbed to death by their adoptive son, Eduardo Cavalcanti. The murderer lived in the state of Florida, and returned to Brazil days earlier because of the threat of deportation. Reports point out that Eduardo was taken to the United States at the age of 16 to live with his aunt, due to the relationship problems found in his family life (such as rebellion and violent moments), but was never abandoned by his parents. He left a daughter, Carla Alessandra de Medeiros Cavalcanti, the result of a relationship he had out of wedlock with one of his masters students from the UFRPE Political Science course before being ordained a minister. Legacy He published several books on religious matters. Some of the Cavalcanti's works include: Cristo na Universidade Brasileira O Cristão, Esse Chato Uma Benção Chamada Sexo As Origens do Coronelismo Igreja – Agência de Transformação Histórica Igreja – Comunidade da Liberdade Libertação e Sexualidade Cristianismo e Política A Utopia Possível A Igreja, o País e o Mundo Igreja – Multidão Madura Reforçando as trincheiras The amok of Pedro, for whom Cavalcanti wrote to bishop Douglas Cameron in 1996. References ^ Memorial Robinson Cavalcanti (Portuguese) ^ Cavalcanti, Robinson (2000). A Igreja, o País e o Mundo (in Portuguese). Editora Ultimato. ISBN 978-85-86539-14-5. ^ Robinson Cavalcanti e esposa são mortos a facadas por filho adotivo, Gospel Prime, 27 February 2012 (Portuguese) ^ The amok of Pedro by Robinson Cavalcanti, Poetry Soup Religious titles Preceded byClóvis Erly Rodrigues Bishop of Recife (IEAB) 1997–2005 Succeeded byFiladelfo Oliveira Neto Bishop of Recife (Southern Cone) 2005–2012 Succeeded byMiguel Uchôa Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Olinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olinda"},{"link_name":"Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Episcopal_Church_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"Anglican Church of the Southern Cone of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_the_Southern_Cone_of_America"},{"link_name":"Global Anglican Future Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Anglican_Future_Conference"},{"link_name":"Anglican Church in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Brazil"}],"text":"Edward Robinson de Barros Cavalcanti (Recife, 21 June 1944 – Olinda, 26 February 2012) was a Brazilian Anglican bishop. He was the conservative bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Recife, in the Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil. He led his diocese to a schism because of the pro-homosexuality policies of the province, who were against the official stance of the Anglican Communion, in 2005. He was expelled the same year and renamed his departing diocese as Anglican Church – Diocese of Recife, who became associated with the Anglican Church of the Southern Cone of America and the Global Anglican Future Conference, and would lead the way to the creation of the Anglican Church in Brazil.","title":"Robinson Cavalcanti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagoas"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"kardecist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism"},{"link_name":"Garanhuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garanhuns"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"Federal University of Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_University_of_Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"}],"text":"He was born in Recife, but his family moved to União dos Palamares, in Alagoas, when he was three years old. He was raised in the Roman Catholic faith of his mother, while his father was a kardecist. He did his secondary school studies at this city, moving in 1960 to the Evangelical College XV November, of the Presbyterian faith, in Garanhuns. He returned to Recife to study at the Jesuit Nóbrega College, the following year. He finished his degree in 1962. He studied Social Sciences at the Catholic University of Pernambuco, from 1963 to 1966, and also English Language at the Brazil-US Cultural Society. From 1963 to 1967, simultaneously, he also studied Law at the Federal University of Pernambuco. At the same time, he also participated at the students political life. He did an internship at the Social Sciences Department of the University of California, in Los Angeles.[1]He started his work as a lawyer, and at the same time, as a professor in several religious owned institutions, like the Presbyterian Agnes Erskine College. He taught political science in five religious-owned establishments, the Faculty of Philosophy of Recife, the Presbyterian Seminary of the North, the Catholic University of Pernambuco, the Federal University of Pernambuco and the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco. He took a master's degree in political science at the Cândido Mendes University, in 1974–75, where he defended the thesis Alagoas – a Guarda Nacional e as Origens do Coronelismo. He was a professor in several universities in Brazil for 35 years.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Episcopal_Church_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lambeth Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Conference"},{"link_name":"Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Episcopal_Church_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Anglican Church of the Southern Cone of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_the_Southern_Cone_of_America"},{"link_name":"GAFCON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFCON"}],"text":"In 1962, he left Catholicism and Kardecist Spiritism. On October 31, 1963 (Reformation Day), he was confirmed at the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil (IELB). He was an evangelist and a candidate to the ordained Lutheran Ministry.After years of study and rapprochement, he joined the then Episcopal Church of Brazil (IEB), in a ceremony held at the Holy Trinity Cathedral at the hands of the Bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Recife, Edmund Knox Sherrill, on June 21, 1976. He later would be ordained deacon and priest, working in the Holy Trinity Cathedral, and in the Good Samaritan, Emanuel and Redemption parishes (always unpaid). He joined the International Gideons and the Rotary Club along with missionary Pedro Higino Marques da Silva.[2]In 1997 he was elected and consecrated Bishop of the Diocese of Recife, attending the Lambeth Conference of 1998, actively participating in the network of Anglican conservatives regarding the Holy Scriptures, the Creeds and the Historical Ethics of the Church. As a diocesan bishop, he ordained dozens of deacons and elders. In the seven years until 2005, communities were opened, social projects were created, archives, secretariats and commissions, and the Canons were reformulated, vocations stimulated, the Permanent Diaconate and the Local Ministry were created, as well as the institution of Lay Ministers and Evangelists. At IEAB he was president of the National Board of Theological Education-JUNET.On 25 January 2005, Bishop Robinson Cavalcanti, then bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Recife, opposing the predominance of the liberal wing in the church, promoted a schism. Cavalcanti's decision came in opposition to the IEAB's acceptance of non-chaste homosexuality. He unilaterally declared the suspension of the diocese of Recife with the Province of Brazil, proclaiming it as an \"autonomous diocese of the Anglican Communion\". Although a rare and extreme act, he was expelled from the IEAB on 10 June 2005, by decision of the Superior Ecclesiastical Court.Expelled from the Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil, Robinson Cavalcanti created the Diocese of Recife, which tried to join the Anglican Church of the Southern Cone of America. Subsequently, for reasons of judicial order and institutional name, the Diocese of Recife was renamed Anglican Church-Diocese of Recife, and became linked to the GAFCON, which reunites the majority of Anglicans in the world.","title":"Religious career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olinda"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After years of life devoted to the Church, Archbishop Robinson Cavalcanti and his wife, Miriam Nunes Machado Cotias Cavalcanti, where both murdered in Olinda on February 26, 2012, being stabbed to death by their adoptive son, Eduardo Cavalcanti. The murderer lived in the state of Florida, and returned to Brazil days earlier because of the threat of deportation. Reports point out that Eduardo was taken to the United States at the age of 16 to live with his aunt, due to the relationship problems found in his family life (such as rebellion and violent moments), but was never abandoned by his parents.[3]He left a daughter, Carla Alessandra de Medeiros Cavalcanti, the result of a relationship he had out of wedlock with one of his masters students from the UFRPE Political Science course before being ordained a minister.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Douglas Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Cameron_(bishop)"}],"text":"He published several books on religious matters. Some of the Cavalcanti's works include:Cristo na Universidade Brasileira\nO Cristão, Esse Chato\nUma Benção Chamada Sexo\nAs Origens do Coronelismo\nIgreja – Agência de Transformação Histórica\nIgreja – Comunidade da Liberdade\nLibertação e Sexualidade\nCristianismo e Política\nA Utopia Possível\nA Igreja, o País e o Mundo\nIgreja – Multidão Madura\nReforçando as trincheiras\nThe amok of Pedro,[4] for whom Cavalcanti wrote to bishop Douglas Cameron in 1996.","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cavalcanti, Robinson (2000). A Igreja, o País e o Mundo (in Portuguese). Editora Ultimato. ISBN 978-85-86539-14-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gHsBTfBbwNkC","url_text":"A Igreja, o País e o Mundo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-86539-14-5","url_text":"978-85-86539-14-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Robinson+Cavalcanti%22","external_links_name":"\"Robinson Cavalcanti\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Robinson+Cavalcanti%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Robinson+Cavalcanti%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Robinson+Cavalcanti%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Robinson+Cavalcanti%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Robinson+Cavalcanti%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://ultimato.com.br/sites/robinsoncavalcanti/vida-e-obra-2/biografia/","external_links_name":"Memorial Robinson Cavalcanti (Portuguese)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gHsBTfBbwNkC","external_links_name":"A Igreja, o País e o Mundo"},{"Link":"https://www.gospelprime.com.br/robinson-cavalcanti-e-esposa-sao-mortos-a-facadas-por-filho-adotivo/","external_links_name":"Robinson Cavalcanti e esposa são mortos a facadas por filho adotivo, Gospel Prime, 27 February 2012 (Portuguese)"},{"Link":"https://www.poetrysoup.com/poem/the_amok_of_pedro_by_robinson_cavalcanti_1054314","external_links_name":"The amok of Pedro by Robinson Cavalcanti"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4978150325584310090004","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Pollitzer	Anita Pollitzer	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Artist","2.2 Suffragist","3 Personal life","4 In media","5 References","6 External links"]	American photographer and suffragist Anita PollitzerBorn(1894-10-31)October 31, 1894Charleston, South CarolinaDiedJuly 3, 1975(1975-07-03) (aged 80)New York CityNationalityAmericanKnown forPhotographySpouse Elie Charlier Edson (m. 1928) Anita Lily Pollitzer (October 31, 1894 – July 3, 1975) was an American photographer and suffragist. Early life and education Anita Lily Pollitzer was born October 31, 1894, in Charleston, South Carolina. Her parents were Clara Guinzburg Pollitzer, the daughter of an immigrant rabbi from Prague, and Gustave Pollitzer, who ran a cotton company at Charleston, South Carolina. She had two sisters, Carrie (b. December 1881) and Mabel (b. January 1885) and a brother, Richard (b. October 1883). Anita was raised Jewish and, as a young woman, taught Sabbath school in Charleston at Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim. She was later a "nonobservant" Jew and relied upon her own personal strength, rather than reliance on religion. In response to her sister Mabel, who said in prayer, "God gave me mountains to climb and the strength to climb them," Anita's response was, "I don’t want God to give me mountains to climb…I want to find my own." Anita graduated from Memminger High School in 1913 and left Charleston to study art at Teachers College, Columbia University. Career Artist Pollitzer "gained recognition for her close friendship with Georgia O'Keeffe", whom she met at Columbia University. They lived together for several years, and corresponded with each other. O'Keeffe mailed a set of charcoal drawings she made in 1915 to Pollitzer, who took them to Alfred Stieglitz at his 291 gallery early in 1916. Stieglitz found them to be the "purest, finest, sincerest things that had entered 291 in a long while", and in April, Stieglitz exhibited ten of her drawings at 291. This was the beginning of one of the most significant relationships among artists in the 20th century; Stieglitz promoted her career and later married O'Keeffe. Pollitzer wrote a book entitled A Woman on Paper: Georgia O'Keeffe that contained letters that she exchanged with O'Keeffe since they attended Columbia University. The memoir not only contains her affection and love for O'Keeffe, but also anecdotes, family stories, and excerpts from their early letters. The early letters shared between the two mentioned questions of art and life and questions about the future. They remained friends until Pollitzer's death. Lynne Bundesen, who wrote a review of the book for The New York Times, said "it is a book that tells you that the voices of the most independent, far-seeing women of the times, the pioneers of women's rights and visions talked to each other as gushing, enthusiastic, eager and confused schoolgirls straight out of the Victorian era—as they may not have talked with their men." The book was published in 1988. Suffragist Photograph of (left to right) Alice Paul, Sue White, Florence Boeckel, Anita Pollitzer (center, holding hat), Mary Winsor, Sophie Meredith, and Mrs. Richard Wainwright of the National Woman's Party standing on front steps in front of new national headquarters building, across from the U.S. capitol in May 1922 Pollitzer was instrumental in the passage of the 19th Amendment. After it was ratified, Anita worked to encourage the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, which was first presented to Congress by Alice Paul in 1923. In 1926, Anita represented South Carolina at the International Feminists Conference (also known as International Alliance of Women and International Woman Suffrage Alliance) in Paris. Throughout her time as a suffragist, Anita Pollitzer was in contact with many prominent figures, including Amelia Earhart and Eleanor Roosevelt. Anita Pollitzer held positions of leadership in the National Woman's Party serving as National Chairman from 1945 until 1949. Personal life On December 29, 1928, she married Elie Charlier Edson, Pete Seeger's uncle. Pollitzer died on July 3, 1975, in New York City. In media In 2021, PBS ran a special titled SC Suffragists: Clubwomen, The Pollitzer Sisters, and the Vote, which was in part about Anita. References ^ a b c d e f Nelson, Jennifer (1 March 2009). "Anita Pollitzer". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ a b c "Anita Pollitzer (1894-1975): Officer and Organizer for Woman Suffrage". AmericanCivilWar.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015. ^ "Anita Pollitzer, Charleston Ward 4, Charleston, South Carolina", U.S. Federal Census, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1900 – via ancestry.com ^ a b c d e f "Anita Pollitzer". The Pollitzer Family of South Carolina. Lowcountry Digital Initiative. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015. ^ Roberts, Norma J., ed. (1988), The American Collections, Columbus Museum of Art, p. 76, ISBN 0-8109-1811-0 ^ "Georgia O'Keeffe". Biography Channel. A&E Television Networks. August 26, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2017. ^ a b Lynne Bundesen (September 4, 1988). "The Memoir of a Legendary Friendship —A Woman on Paper — Georgia O'Keeffe by Anita Pollitzer". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "Wedding Announcement Anita Pollitzer and Elie Edson". Chicago Tribune. 1928-12-30. p. 10. Retrieved 2023-07-20. ^ "Anita Pollitzer and Elie Edson - Lowcountry Digital Library Catalog Search". lcdl.library.cofc.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-20. ^ SCETV Specials \| SC Suffragists: The Pollitzer Sisters \| PBS, retrieved 2023-06-28 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anita Pollitzer. Anita Pollitzer, Library of Congress Anita Pollitzer biography Archived 2010-06-03 at the Wayback Machine and papers Archived 2010-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, University of South Carolina Library Anita Pollitzer Family Papers at South Carolina Historical Society Oral History Interviews with Mabel Pollitzer, Anita Pollitzer's sister and from Oral Histories of the American South Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Netherlands Portugal Artists Photographers' Identities ULAN Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suffragist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"Anita Lily Pollitzer (October 31, 1894 – July 3, 1975) was an American photographer and suffragist.","title":"Anita Pollitzer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americancivilwar-2"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americancivilwar-2"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americancivilwar-2"},{"link_name":"Mabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Pollitzer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LDHI-4"},{"link_name":"Teachers College, Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelson-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LDHI-4"}],"text":"Anita Lily Pollitzer was born October 31, 1894, in Charleston, South Carolina.[1][2] Her parents were Clara Guinzburg Pollitzer, the daughter of an immigrant rabbi from Prague,[2] and Gustave Pollitzer, who ran a cotton company at Charleston, South Carolina.[2] She had two sisters, Carrie (b. December 1881) and Mabel (b. January 1885) and a brother, Richard (b. October 1883).[3]Anita was raised Jewish and, as a young woman, taught Sabbath school in Charleston at Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim. She was later a \"nonobservant\" Jew and relied upon her own personal strength, rather than reliance on religion. In response to her sister Mabel, who said in prayer, \"God gave me mountains to climb and the strength to climb them,\" Anita's response was, \"I don’t want God to give me mountains to climb…I want to find my own.\"[4]Anita graduated from Memminger High School in 1913 and left Charleston to study art at Teachers College, Columbia University.[1][4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia O'Keeffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelson-1"},{"link_name":"set of charcoal drawings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal_drawings_by_Georgia_O%27Keeffe_from_1915"},{"link_name":"Alfred Stieglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz"},{"link_name":"291","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/291_(art_gallery)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Columbus_Museum_of_Art_p._76-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography_channel-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelson-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-7"}],"sub_title":"Artist","text":"Pollitzer \"gained recognition for her close friendship with Georgia O'Keeffe\", whom she met at Columbia University.[1] They lived together for several years, and corresponded with each other. O'Keeffe mailed a set of charcoal drawings she made in 1915 to Pollitzer, who took them to Alfred Stieglitz at his 291 gallery early in 1916. Stieglitz found them to be the \"purest, finest, sincerest things that had entered 291 in a long while\", and in April, Stieglitz exhibited ten of her drawings at 291.[5][6] This was the beginning of one of the most significant relationships among artists in the 20th century;[1] Stieglitz promoted her career and later married O'Keeffe.[7]Pollitzer wrote a book entitled A Woman on Paper: Georgia O'Keeffe that contained letters that she exchanged with O'Keeffe since they attended Columbia University. The memoir not only contains her affection and love for O'Keeffe, but also anecdotes, family stories, and excerpts from their early letters. The early letters shared between the two mentioned questions of art and life and questions about the future. They remained friends until Pollitzer's death. Lynne Bundesen, who wrote a review of the book for The New York Times, said \"it is a book that tells you that the voices of the most independent, far-seeing women of the times, the pioneers of women's rights and visions talked to each other as gushing, enthusiastic, eager and confused schoolgirls straight out of the Victorian era—as they may not have talked with their men.\" The book was published in 1988.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Officers_of_the_National_Woman%27s_Party_276045v.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alice Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Paul"},{"link_name":"Sue White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Shelton_White"},{"link_name":"19th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"Alice Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Paul"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LDHI-4"},{"link_name":"International Alliance of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LDHI-4"},{"link_name":"Amelia Earhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhart"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LDHI-4"},{"link_name":"National Woman's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelson-1"}],"sub_title":"Suffragist","text":"Photograph of (left to right) Alice Paul, Sue White, Florence Boeckel, Anita Pollitzer (center, holding hat), Mary Winsor, Sophie Meredith, and Mrs. Richard Wainwright of the National Woman's Party standing on front steps in front of new national headquarters building, across from the U.S. capitol in May 1922Pollitzer was instrumental in the passage of the 19th Amendment.[how?] After it was ratified, Anita worked to encourage the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, which was first presented to Congress by Alice Paul in 1923.[4]In 1926, Anita represented South Carolina at the International Feminists Conference (also known as International Alliance of Women and International Woman Suffrage Alliance) in Paris.[4]Throughout her time as a suffragist, Anita Pollitzer was in contact with many prominent figures, including Amelia Earhart and Eleanor Roosevelt.[4]Anita Pollitzer held positions of leadership in the National Woman's Party serving as National Chairman from 1945 until 1949.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LDHI-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pete Seeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Seeger"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelson-1"}],"text":"On December 29, 1928, she married Elie Charlier Edson,[4][8] Pete Seeger's uncle.[9] Pollitzer died on July 3, 1975, in New York City.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_special"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2021, PBS ran a special titled SC Suffragists: Clubwomen, The Pollitzer Sisters, and the Vote, which was in part about Anita.[10]","title":"In media"}]	[{"image_text":"Photograph of (left to right) Alice Paul, Sue White, Florence Boeckel, Anita Pollitzer (center, holding hat), Mary Winsor, Sophie Meredith, and Mrs. Richard Wainwright of the National Woman's Party standing on front steps in front of new national headquarters building, across from the U.S. capitol in May 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Officers_of_the_National_Woman%27s_Party_276045v.jpg/220px-Officers_of_the_National_Woman%27s_Party_276045v.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Nelson, Jennifer (1 March 2009). \"Anita Pollitzer\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics	Italy at the 1936 Winter Olympics	["1 Alpine skiing","2 Bobsleigh","3 Cross-country skiing","4 Figure skating","5 Ice hockey","5.1 Group B","6 Nordic combined","7 Ski jumping","8 References","9 Sources"]	Sporting event delegationItaly at the1936 Winter OlympicsIOC codeITANOCItalian National Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.coni.it (in Italian)in Garmisch-PartenkirchenCompetitors40 (35 men, 5 women) in 7 sportsFlag bearerAdriano GuarnieriMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Winter Olympics appearances (overview)192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022 Italy competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Alpine skiing Main article: Alpine skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics Men Athlete Event Downhill Slalom Total Time Rank Time 1 Time 2 Rank Total points Rank Rolando Zanni Combined DNF – – – – DNF – Adriano Guarnieri 5:26.4 13 1:28.5 (+0:06) 1:50.1 (+0:06) 25 80.94 17 Vittorio Chierroni 5:20.0 12 1:33.4 1:50.8 (+0:12) 27 80.80 18 Cinto Sertorelli 5:05.0 9 1:19.3 1:30.1 7 90.39 7 Women Athlete Event Downhill Slalom Total Time Rank Time 1 Time 2 Rank Total points Rank Iseline Crivelli Combined 7:24.4 27 2:04.0 DSQ – DNF – Nives Dei Rossi 7:03.2 24 1:51.8 2:04.3 (+0:06) 22 66.06 24 Frida Clara 6:16.8 16 1:38.1 1:35.1 9 77.17 12 Paula Wiesinger 5:55.2 10 1:54.4 2:07.8 (+0:12) 24 72.19 16 Bobsleigh Main article: Bobsleigh at the 1936 Winter Olympics Sled Athletes Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank ITA-1 Antonio BrivioCarlo Solveni Two-man 1:33.38 19 1:27.85 18 1:25.78 5 1:24.20 9 5:51.21 12 ITA-2 Edgardo VaghiDario Poggi Two-man 1:30.03 10 1:25.66 13 1:29.04 11 1:26.29 14 5:51.02 11 Sled Athletes Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank ITA-1 Antonio BrivioCarlo SolveniEmilio Dell'OroRaffaele Manardi Four-man 1:26.96 12 1:22.46 7 1:20.98 6 1:20.67 7 5:31.07 10 ITA-2 Francesco de ZannaErnesto FranceschiUberto GillarduzziAmedeo Angeli Four-man 1:23.02 5 DNF – – – – – DNF – Cross-country skiing Main article: Cross-country skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics Men Event Athlete Race Time Rank 18 km Raffaele Nasi 1'32:12 52 Giulio Gerardi 1'21:25 19 Severino Menardi 1'20:34 16 Vincenzo Demetz 1'20:06 13 50 km Giacomo Scalet 4'01:54 22 Tobia Senoner 3'57:16 17 Vincenzo Demetz 3'56:47 16 Giovanni Kasebacher 3'53:08 13 Men's 4 x 10 km relay Athletes Race Time Rank Giulio GerardiSeverino MenardiVincenzo DemetzGiovanni Kasebacher 2'50:05 4 Figure skating Main article: Figure skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics Pairs Athletes Points Score Final rank Anna CattaneoErcole Cattaneo 93 9.1 9 Ice hockey Main article: Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics Group B Top two teams advanced to semifinals Pld W L T GF GA Pts Germany 3 2 1 0 5 1 4 United States 3 2 1 0 5 2 4 Italy 3 1 2 0 2 5 2 Switzerland 3 1 2 0 1 5 2 7 February Germany 3-0(1-0,1-0,1-0) Italy 8 February United States 1-2(0-0,0-0,1-1,0-0,0-1) Italy 9 February Switzerland 1-0(0-0,1-0,0-0) Italy Contestants Augusto Gerosa Franco Rossi Gianmario Baroni Decio Trovati Camillo Mussi Giovanni Scotti Ignazio Dionisi Mario Zucchini Mario Maiocchi Carlo Zucchini Nordic combined Main article: Nordic combined at the 1936 Winter Olympics Events: 18 km cross-country skiing normal hill ski jumping The cross-country skiing part of this event was combined with the main medal event of cross-country skiing. Those results can be found above in this article in the cross-country skiing section. Some athletes (but not all) entered in both the cross-country skiing and Nordic combined event, their time on the 18 km was used for both events. The ski jumping (normal hill) event was held separate from the main medal event of ski jumping, results can be found in the table below. Athlete Event Cross-country Ski Jumping Total Time Points Rank Distance 1 Distance 2 Total points Rank Points Rank Andrea Vuerich Individual 1'25:01 186.7 14 DNS – – – DNF – Severino Menardi 1'20:34 211.0 5 37.5 40.0 157.3 40 368.3 20 Ski jumping Main article: Ski jumping at the 1936 Winter Olympics Athlete Event Jump 1 Jump 2 Total Distance Points Rank Distance Points Rank Points Rank Mario Bonomo Normal hill DNS – – – – – DNF – Bruno da Col 59.0 87.8 39 61.0 91.8 36 179.6 37 References ^ "Adriano Guarnieri". olympedia.org. Retrieved 29 December 2023. Sources (ed.) Peter von le Fort (1936). IV. Olympische Winterspiele 1936 Amtlicher Bericht (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Reichssportverlag. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2008-06-10. {{cite book}}: \|author= has generic name (help) Olympic Winter Games 1936, full results by sports-reference.com vteItaly at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022Intercalated Games1906Italy hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, as well as the 1956 and 2006 Winter Olympics. vte Nations at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, GermanyAfricanoneAmerica Canada United States Asia Japan Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Estonia Finland France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Oceania Australia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"1936 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Garmisch-Partenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Italy competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.","title":"Italy at the 1936 Winter Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Alpine skiing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bobsleigh"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenMen's 4 x 10 km relay","title":"Cross-country skiing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pairs","title":"Figure skating"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ice hockey"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Top two teams advanced to semifinals","title":"Ice hockey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"main medal event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"Events:18 km cross-country skiing\nnormal hill ski jumpingThe cross-country skiing part of this event was combined with the main medal event of cross-country skiing. Those results can be found above in this article in the cross-country skiing section. Some athletes (but not all) entered in both the cross-country skiing and Nordic combined event, their time on the 18 km was used for both events.The ski jumping (normal hill) event was held separate from the main medal event of ski jumping, results can be found in the table below.","title":"Nordic combined"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ski jumping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IV. 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Peter von le Fort (1936). IV. Olympische Winterspiele 1936 Amtlicher Bericht (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Reichssportverlag. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2008-06-10. {{cite book}}: \|author= has generic name (help)\nOlympic Winter Games 1936, full results by sports-reference.comvteItaly at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022Intercalated Games1906Italy hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, as well as the 1956 and 2006 Winter Olympics.vte Nations at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, GermanyAfricanoneAmerica\nCanada\nUnited States\nAsia\nJapan\nEurope\nAustria\nBelgium\nBulgaria\nCzechoslovakia\nEstonia\nFinland\nFrance\nGermany\nGreat Britain\nGreece\nHungary\nItaly\nLatvia\nLiechtenstein\nLuxembourg\nNetherlands\nNorway\nPoland\nRomania\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nYugoslavia\nOceania\nAustralia","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Adriano Guarnieri\". olympedia.org. Retrieved 29 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/86276","url_text":"\"Adriano Guarnieri\""}]},{"reference":"(ed.) Peter von le Fort (1936). IV. Olympische Winterspiele 1936 Amtlicher Bericht (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Reichssportverlag. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2008-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070809151326/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936win.pdf","url_text":"IV. Olympische Winterspiele 1936 Amtlicher Bericht"},{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936win.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.coni.it/","external_links_name":"www.coni.it"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/86276","external_links_name":"\"Adriano Guarnieri\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070809151326/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936win.pdf","external_links_name":"IV. Olympische Winterspiele 1936 Amtlicher Bericht"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936win.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100327232324/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1936/","external_links_name":"Olympic Winter Games 1936, full results by sports-reference.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_16	Austin 16	["1 1927","2 1934","2.1 Hayes selfselector transmission","3 1935","4 1937","5 Performance","6 Catalogue 1927 to 1937","7 Note","8 References","9 External links"]	For the Austin 16 of 1945–49, see Austin 16 hp. Motor vehicle Austin Sixteen Light SixSixteen Light Six Burnham saloon 1929OverviewManufacturerAustinProduction1927-1937Body and chassisBody stylesee detail in textmost popular: tourer—Open Road saloon—Burnham —> WestminsterPowertrainEngine2249 cc or 2510 cc 6-cylinder side-valveTransmissionsingle plate dry clutch, gearbox 4-speed manual fitted behind with a locomotive contracting brake. Drive is taken by an open propeller shaft at the front by a Hardy type joint and rear by a metal universal to the three quarter floating back axleDimensionsWheelbase112 in (2,800 mm)track 4' 8", 56 in (1,400 mm)Kerb weightChassis only 14 long cwt (1,568 lb; 711 kg)Windsor saloon 25+1⁄4 long cwt (2,828 lb; 1,283 kg)York long wheelbase saloon 31+1⁄2 long cwt (3,528 lb; 1,600 kg)ChronologyPredecessornoneSuccessorAustin Eighteen 1938-39 Reciprocating internal combustion engine Austin Sixteen engineLight Six 2249 ccOverviewManufacturerAustinProductionlate 1927 – 1937LayoutConfigurationStraight 6-cylinderDisplacement2,249 cc (137 cu in)Cylinder bore65.5 mm (2.58 in)Piston stroke111 mm (4.4 in)Cylinder block materialcast iron, alloy crankcase, crankshaft runs in 8 bearingsCylinder head materialdetachable, pistons are aluminiumValvetrainside-by-side valves, tappet covers may be easily removed, timing is driven by chainCombustionFuel systemsingle down-draught carburettor supplied by Autovac which draws from a reservoir beneath the driver's seat, ignition by magneto driven by chain placed behind the timing, dynamo driven by same chainFuel typepetrolOil systemlubrication by forced feed, filler on the offsideCooling systemradiator, fan, cooling water is circulated by a pump forward of the timing on the nearsideOutputPower output36 bhp (27 kW; 36 PS) @2,400 rpmTax horsepower 15.96 Reciprocating internal combustion engine Austin 18 hp engine2510 ccOverviewManufacturerAustinProductionmid-1934 – 1939see Austin 18LayoutConfigurationStraight 6-cylinderDisplacement2,501 cc (153 cu in)Cylinder bore69.5 mm (2.74 in)Piston stroke111 mm (4.4 in)Cylinder block materialcast iron, cast in one piece with crankcase, crankshaft runs in 4 bearings, it is counter-balanced and has a vibration damper. Engine mountings employ rubber bushes within bosses secured to flat steel plates bolted to the cylinder casting.Cylinder head materialdetachable, pistons are aluminiumValvetrainside-by-side valves, tappet covers may be easily removed, timing is driven by chainCombustionFuel systemsingle carburettor supplied by Autovac which draws from a reservoir beneath the driver's seat, ignition by magneto driven by chain placed behind the timing, dynamo driven by same chainFuel typepetrolOil systemlubrication by forced feed, filler on the offsideCooling systemradiator, fan, cooling water is circulated by a pump forward of the timing on the nearsideOutputPower output43 bhp (32 kW; 44 PS) @2,600 rpmTax horsepower 17.9 Chalfont Sixteen 18 hp limousine 1936 The Austin Sixteen Light Six is a British car that was made by Austin from 1927. Announced in October 1927, the first deliveries were planned for March 1928. To distinguish the car from the smaller engined models in the range a plated Austin Six script was fixed to the radiator grille. 1927 The Austin Sixteen was introduced as a medium saloon sitting within Austin's range above the Seven and Twelve models but still much smaller than the 3.6 Litre Twenty. The six-cylinder engine was new but had similarities to the engine fitted to the Twenty with its timing chain at the rear of the block. The design was up to date with the gearbox mounted in-unit with the engine and semi elliptic springs all round for the suspension. Triplex safety glass was fitted to all front screens from March 1929. A wide range of body types was available at first but was simplified over the years. The coupés went first in 1930 followed by the Weymann type fabric saloons in 1931. 1934 In August 1933 various improvements were announced for 1934 models. The gearbox gained synchromesh on 3rd and 4th gears and an alternative larger (2511 cc) 18 hp engine was made available at no extra charge. An early automatic gearbox was available between 1934 and 1936 but few sold. A longer 120 in (3,000 mm) wheelbase chassis became an option. Of this version 5742 16s and 2630 18s were made. Hayes selfselector transmission "This provides a drive which is automatic in variation of ratio within limits, easily set by a finger and thumb lever on the top of the steering wheel. The actual transmission is through steel rollers which transmit the drive between curved steel races, the ratio being altered by rocking the rollers to different driving positions to engage with differing diameters of the driving and driven races. There are no gears—except for reverse—and a wide variation in ratios is available automatically. The driving rollers are rocked or precessed to give varying ratios by hydraulic means and the driver by his little lever can modify the performance as road conditions require. Subject to the control setting, the automatic functioning ensures a constant engine speed whatever the tractive resistance met with on the road, the transmission varying its ratio to balance the resistance as it increases or decreases. The engine speed by creating oil pressure in the hydraulic control system, tends to precess the rollers to give a high ratio drive. This is counterbalanced by the reaction of the tractive resistance, which tends to give a low ratio precession. A valve worked by the movement of the forward and reverse lever which engages the drive —in the ordinary way and is centrally placed like the ordinary speed lever—releases the pressure in the hydraulic control unit when the lever is in its neutral and reverse positions, so that the drive is always at low ratio for starting from rest or reversing. "The finger and thumb control lever works in a small quadrant which is marked at the top "Traffic" then "High" and at the bottom "Low" and finally "Cold" with spaces in between. Variations of this lever govern engine speeds. The forward, neutral and reverse positions for the central hand lever are stepped. To start the car from rest a driver presses out his clutch, moves his hand lever forward, and lets in the clutch in the ordinary way with slight acceleration. Thereafter the whole of the drive is done with the accelerator pedal, the accelerator allowing the engine to run up and keep constant maximum speed governed by the control lever on the top of the steering wheel by which engine braking power can also be regulated. When the accelerator is pressed after being released the effect is rather similar to that with a free wheel in use, in that the engine picks up to the speed that is suitable to the drive. The engine is available as a brake, and greater power of this kind can be had by moving the control lever down towards low"Motoring correspondent, The Times 1935 Further upgrades were made in 1935. The body range was simplified and now had only the 5 and 7 seat saloons. Externally the most obvious change was to the radiator surround which was painted body colour rather than chrome plated, and a small external boot was added to the rear which contained the spare wheel. Synchromesh was added to second gear. The larger engine was modified to have only four rather than eight main bearings. 1936 Westminster saloon (4-light) 18 or 16 hp Chalfont saloon (6-light) with division 18 or 16 hp York saloon(6-light) 18 or 16 hp Hertford saloon(6-light) 18 or 16 hp length 168 in (4,300 mm) 176 in (4,500 mm) 176 in (4,500 mm) 168 in (4,300 mm) width 68.5 in (1,740 mm) 68.5 in (1,740 mm) 68.5 in (1,740 mm) 68.5 in (1,740 mm) height 70.5 in (1,790 mm) 75 in (1,900 mm) 70.5 in (1,790 mm) 70.5 in (1,790 mm) wheelbase 112 in (2,800 mm) 120 in (3,000 mm) 120 in (3,000 mm) 112 in (2,800 mm) 1937 In 1937, the last year this car was made, the smaller engined Sixteen was dropped and pressed steel road wheels replaced the previously fitted wire wheels. Between 1935 and 1937 12,731 were produced. Performance The 16 hp engined car could reach 60 mph (97 km/h) and return 21 miles per imperial gallon (13 L/100 km; 17 mpg‑US) depending on the body fitted. Sixteen with Tickfordbody by Salmons 1929 Open Road Sixteentourer 1932 Westminster 4-lightsaloon 1932 Berkeley Sixteensaloon interior 1932 Carlton Sixteen 7-seaterlong wheelbase saloon 1934 Berkeley Sixteensaloon 1934 Berkeley Sixteensaloon 1934in period setting Chalfont Sixteen 18 hp5-seater saloon 1935wire wheels Chalfont Sixteen 18 hplimousine interior 1936 Hertford Sixteen 18 hp5-seater saloon 1936pressed steel wheels York Sixteen5-seater saloon 1935wire wheels York Sixteen5-seater saloon 1935wire wheels Catalogue 1927 to 1937 The first name for this car was Austin Sixteen Light Six. In 1930 Light Six was dropped and it was an Austin Sixteen. From 1933 it was deemed necessary to offer an 18 hp engine at no extra charge, in mid 1937 this car's body was replaced by a new shape only available with the 18 hp engine and known as an Austin Eighteen. Body Model seats side windows (lights) wheel base March 1928 March 1929 Oct. 1929 May 1930 Feb. 1932 Aug. 1933 April 1935 Light Six Light Six Light Six Sixteen Sixteen Sixteen16 or 18 Sixteen16 or 18 Chassis only £240 Tourer Open Road 5 £355 £325 £310 £290 £295 Tourer Open Road 2 £325 £310 £290 Tourer Clifton 5 £305 £305 Tourer Harrow 2 £295 Saloon Burnham 5 £395 £375 £375 £375 £325 Saloon Burnham drophead 5 £325 Saloon Fabric 5 4 £435 £365 £365 £365 Saloon Fabric 5 6 £375 £375 Saloon Windsor 5 £298 Saloon Westminster 5 4 £350 £348 £348 Saloon Berkeley 5 6 £318 Saloon Hertford 5 £318 Saloon Carlton 7 6 long £328 Saloon Iver 7 6 long £338 Saloon York 7 6 long £328 Saloon Chalfont 7 6 long £338 Note ^ a b Supplied with bumpers, front and rear, at no extra charge ^ Description from display in windscreen ^ a b c d e The advertisement states that this car is a 'saloon' References ^ a b Austin, The Times, Tuesday, Oct 18, 1927; pg. 10; Issue 44715. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cars Of To-Day. Austin Sixteen 6-cylinder, The Times, Tuesday, Oct 02, 1928; pg. 7; Issue 45013 ^ a b Cars Of To-Day. By our Motoring Correspondent. The Times, Tuesday, May 21, 1935; pg. 8; Issue 47069 ^ The Times, Monday, Sep 23, 1929; pg. 8; Issue 45315 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n New Austin Models. The Times, Tuesday, Aug 15, 1933; pg. 8; Issue 46523. ^ a b c Sedgwick, M. (1989). A-Z of Cars of the 1930s. Devon, UK: Bay View Books. ISBN 1-870979-38-9. ^ The Times, Tuesday, Mar 20, 1928; pg. xliv; Issue 44846. ^ The Times, Tuesday, Mar 12, 1929; pg. xxii; Issue 45149 ^ The Times, Friday, Oct 18, 1929; pg. 21; Issue 45337 ^ The Times, Friday, May 23, 1930; pg. 21; Issue 45520 ^ The Times, Thursday, Feb 11, 1932; pg. 17; Issue 46054. ^ The Times, Tuesday, Aug 15, 1933; pg. 6; Issue 46523. ^ The Times, Wednesday, Apr 10, 1935; pg. 5; Issue 47035 vteAustin Motor Company road car timeline, 1906-1939 Type 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Small family car 7 hp Seven Eight 10 hp Ten Family car 12-14 Twelve Light Twelve Heavy Twelve Twelve-six Fourteen Full-size car 15 hp Sixteen or Eighteen Eighteen 20 hp Twenty Twenty-Eight 15-20 18-24 30 hp 25-30 40 hp 50 hp 60 hp Taxi Austin TwelveTop Hat Austin TwelveLow Loader External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Austin 16. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Austin Eighteen.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin 16 hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_16_hp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_Eighteen_Chalfont_1936_(11756964174).jpg"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT44715-1"}],"text":"For the Austin 16 of 1945–49, see Austin 16 hp.Motor vehicleReciprocating internal combustion engineReciprocating internal combustion engineChalfont Sixteen 18 hp limousine 1936The Austin Sixteen Light Six is a British car that was made by Austin from 1927. Announced in October 1927, the first deliveries were planned for March 1928.[1]To distinguish the car from the smaller engined models in the range a plated Austin Six script was fixed to the radiator grille.","title":"Austin 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_7"},{"link_name":"Twelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_12"},{"link_name":"Twenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_20"},{"link_name":"Triplex safety glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplex_Safety_Glass"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Weymann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymann_Fabric_Bodies"}],"text":"The Austin Sixteen was introduced as a medium saloon sitting within Austin's range above the Seven and Twelve models but still much smaller than the 3.6 Litre Twenty.The six-cylinder engine was new but had similarities to the engine fitted to the Twenty with its timing chain at the rear of the block. The design was up to date with the gearbox mounted in-unit with the engine and semi elliptic springs all round for the suspension. Triplex safety glass was fitted to all front screens from March 1929.A wide range of body types was available at first but was simplified over the years. The coupés went first in 1930[citation needed] followed by the Weymann type fabric saloons in 1931.","title":"1927"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synchromesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchromesh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT46523-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZ1930-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZ1930-6"}],"text":"In August 1933 various improvements were announced for 1934 models. The gearbox gained synchromesh on 3rd and 4th gears and an alternative larger (2511 cc) 18 hp engine was made available at no extra charge.[5] An early automatic gearbox was available between 1934 and 1936 but few sold.[6] A longer 120 in (3,000 mm) wheelbase chassis became an option.Of this version 5742 16s and 2630 18s were made.[6]","title":"1934"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT47069-3"}],"sub_title":"Hayes selfselector transmission","text":"\"This provides a drive which is automatic in variation of ratio within limits, easily set by a finger and thumb lever on the top of the steering wheel. The actual transmission is through steel rollers which transmit the drive between curved steel races, the ratio being altered by rocking the rollers to different driving positions to engage with differing diameters of the driving and driven races. There are no gears—except for reverse—and a wide variation in ratios is available automatically. The driving rollers are rocked or precessed to give varying ratios by hydraulic means and the driver by his little lever can modify the performance as road conditions require. Subject to the control setting, the automatic functioning ensures a constant engine speed whatever the tractive resistance met with on the road, the transmission varying its ratio to balance the resistance as it increases or decreases. The engine speed by creating oil pressure in the hydraulic control system, tends to precess the rollers to give a high ratio drive. This is counterbalanced by the reaction of the tractive resistance, which tends to give a low ratio precession. A valve worked by the movement of the forward and reverse lever which engages the drive —in the ordinary way and is centrally placed like the ordinary speed lever—releases the pressure in the hydraulic control unit when the lever is in its neutral and reverse positions, so that the drive is always at low ratio for starting from rest or reversing.\"The finger and thumb control lever works in a small quadrant which is marked at the top \"Traffic\" then \"High\" and at the bottom \"Low\" and finally \"Cold\" with spaces in between. Variations of this lever govern engine speeds. The forward, neutral and reverse positions for the central hand lever are stepped. To start the car from rest a driver presses out his clutch, moves his hand lever forward, and lets in the clutch in the ordinary way with slight acceleration. Thereafter the whole of the drive is done with the accelerator pedal, the accelerator allowing the engine to run up and keep constant maximum speed governed by the control lever on the top of the steering wheel by which engine braking power can also be regulated. When the accelerator is pressed after being released the effect is rather similar to that with a free wheel in use, in that the engine picks up to the speed that is suitable to the drive. The engine is available as a brake, and greater power of this kind can be had by moving the control lever down towards low\"[3]Motoring correspondent, The Times","title":"1934"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Further upgrades were made in 1935. The body range was simplified and now had only the 5 and 7 seat saloons. Externally the most obvious change was to the radiator surround which was painted body colour rather than chrome plated, and a small external boot was added to the rear which contained the spare wheel. Synchromesh was added to second gear. The larger engine was modified to have only four rather than eight main bearings.","title":"1935"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pressed steel road wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKN#Pressed_steel_wheels"},{"link_name":"wire wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_wheels#On_automobiles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZ1930-6"}],"text":"In 1937, the last year this car was made, the smaller engined Sixteen was dropped and pressed steel road wheels replaced the previously fitted wire wheels.Between 1935 and 1937 12,731 were produced.[6]","title":"1937"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_Six_registered_July_1929_2249cc_Tickford_bodied.JPG"},{"link_name":"Salmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1932_Austin_166_Open_Road_Tourer_192394996.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1932_Austin_16_westminster_Saloon_192394989.jpg"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bump-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interieur_Austin-wagen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OC_8149_-_1934_Austin_166_Carlton_Saloon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin.berkeley.1934.750pix.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1934_Austin_Berkeley_-_Plaza_Cinema.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_18_1935_2510cc.JPG"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_Eighteen_Chalfont_1936_(11756838243).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_Six_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1935_Austin_16_York_Saloon_9138829492.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1935_Austin_16_York_Saloon_9138830054.jpg"}],"text":"The 16 hp engined car could reach 60 mph (97 km/h) and return 21 miles per imperial gallon (13 L/100 km; 17 mpg‑US) depending on the body fitted.Sixteen with Tickfordbody by Salmons 1929\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpen Road Sixteentourer 1932\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWestminster 4-lightsaloon 1932[note 1]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBerkeley Sixteensaloon interior 1932\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCarlton Sixteen 7-seaterlong wheelbase saloon 1934\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBerkeley Sixteensaloon 1934\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBerkeley Sixteensaloon 1934in period setting\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChalfont Sixteen 18 hp5-seater saloon 1935wire wheels[note 2]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChalfont Sixteen 18 hplimousine interior 1936\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHertford Sixteen 18 hp5-seater saloon 1936pressed steel wheels\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYork Sixteen5-seater saloon 1935wire wheels\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYork Sixteen5-seater saloon 1935wire wheels","title":"Performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin Eighteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_18"}],"text":"The first name for this car was Austin Sixteen Light Six. In 1930 Light Six was dropped and it was an Austin Sixteen. From 1933 it was deemed necessary to offer an 18 hp engine at no extra charge, in mid 1937 this car's body was replaced by a new shape only available with the 18 hp engine and known as an Austin Eighteen.","title":"Catalogue 1927 to 1937"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bump_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bump_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sal_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sal_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sal_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sal_16-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sal_16-4"}],"text":"^ a b Supplied with bumpers, front and rear, at no extra charge\n\n^ Description from display in windscreen\n\n^ a b c d e The advertisement states that this car is a 'saloon'","title":"Note"}]	[{"image_text":"Chalfont Sixteen 18 hp limousine 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Austin_Eighteen_Chalfont_1936_%2811756964174%29.jpg/255px-Austin_Eighteen_Chalfont_1936_%2811756964174%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Sedgwick, M. (1989). A-Z of Cars of the 1930s. Devon, UK: Bay View Books. ISBN 1-870979-38-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870979-38-9","url_text":"1-870979-38-9"}]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boughton-under-Blean	Boughton under Blean	["1 Chaucer","2 Sir Thomas Hawkins","3 Governance","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°17′31″N 0°58′26″E / 51.292°N 0.974°E / 51.292; 0.974For other "Boughtons" in Kent, see Boughton Aluph, Boughton Malherbe, and Boughton Monchelsea. Human settlement in EnglandBoughton under BleanSt Peter and St Paul's churchBoughton under BleanLocation within KentPopulation1,917 (2011 Census)OS grid referenceTR066591DistrictSwaleShire countyKentRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townFAVERSHAMPostcode districtME13Dialling code01227PoliceKentFireKentAmbulanceSouth East Coast UK ParliamentFaversham and Mid Kent List of places UK England Kent 51°17′31″N 0°58′26″E / 51.292°N 0.974°E / 51.292; 0.974 Boughton under Blean is a village and civil parish between Faversham and Canterbury in south-east England. "Boughton under Blean" technically refers only to the hamlet at the top of Boughton Hill; the main village at the foot of the hill is named Boughton Street, but the whole is referred to as "Boughton under Blean" or more commonly as just "Boughton". The Blean refers to the Forest of Blean, an area of long-standing Kent woodland covering over 11 square miles (28.5 sq. km). It had a population of 1,917 according to the 2011 Census. The parish includes the hamlet of Crouch. Chaucer Before the opening of the A2 Boughton bypass in 1976, Boughton lay on the main route between London and Canterbury. Having passed through the village and climbed Boughton Hill, it is the first place from which the towers of Canterbury Cathedral can be seen when travelling from the direction of London. This gains a mention in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, in 'The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue'. Boughton under Blean is also mentioned in the context of Chaucer in Frank Herbert's Children of Dune: "For a time he amused himself by reviewing Chaucer's route from London to Canterbury, listing the places from Southwark: two miles to the watering-place of St Thomas, five miles to Deptford, six miles to Greenwich, thirty miles to Rochester, forty miles to Sittingbourne, fifty-five miles to Boughton under Blean, fifty-eight miles to Harbledown, and sixty miles to Canterbury. It gave him a sense of timeless buoyancy to know that few in his universe would recall Chaucer or know any London except the village on Gansireed." Sir Thomas Hawkins Main article: Sir Thomas Hawkins The poet and translator Sir Thomas Hawkins was baptised on 20 July 1575 at Boughton under Blean, as the eldest son of Sir Thomas Hawkins (1548/9–1617) of Nash Court, Boughton, and his wife, Ann (1552–1616), daughter of Cameron-Fleming-Fido and Cyriac Pettyt of Colkyns, also in Boughton. His 1625 translation The Odes of Horace the Best of Lyrick Poets was republished in 1631, 1635 and 1638, and plagiarized in 1652. He died in the parish of St Sepulchre's, London, probably in late 1640. The family remained Roman Catholic until well into the 18th century. Nash Court was attacked by a Protestant crowd during the 1715 Jacobean uprising, and Hawkins's valuable library destroyed. The church of St Peter and St Paul contains a monument to Hawkins which is the work of Epiphanius Evesham. Governance An oast house The member of parliament for the Faversham & Mid Kent constituency, which includes Boughton under Blean, since the 2015 UK general election is Helen Whately of the Conservative party. Boughton under Blean is part of the electoral ward called Boughton and Courtenay. This parish had a population of 5,626 at the 2011 Census. Notable people William Shilling (1848–1939), New Zealand mariner and pilot, born in Boughton References ^ a b "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ ODNB entry: Retrieved 15 May 2011. Subscription required. ^ Betjeman, John, ed. (1968) Collins Pocket Guide to English Parish Churches; the South. London: Collins; p. 247 ^ "Boughton and Courtenay ward population 2011". Retrieved 1 October 2015. External links Village web site Bored In Swale - an information site listing activities for the youth in Swale vteTowns and villages in the Borough of Swale in Kent, EnglandUnparished areas Halfway Houses Sittingbourne and Milton Civil parishes Badlesmere Bapchild Bobbing Borden Boughton under Blean Bredgar Doddington Dunkirk Eastchurch Eastling Faversham Graveney with Goodnestone Hartlip Hernhill Iwade Leaveland Leysdown Lower Halstow Lynsted with Kingsdown Milstead Minster-on-Sea Newington Newnham Norton, Buckland and Stone Oare Ospringe Queenborough Rodmersham Selling Sheerness Sheldwich Stalisfield Teynham Throwley Tonge Tunstall Upchurch Warden Other settlements Bay View Brogdale Chestnut Street Conyer Danaway Dargate Davington Denstroude Elmley Goodnestone Graveney Harty Heart's Delight, Swale Highsted Kemsley Keycol Kingsdown Luddenham Lynsted Milton Regis Minster Mockbeggar Murston Norton Oad Street Oversland Painters Forstal Rushenden Shellness Uplees Waterham Whitehill List of places in Kent Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boughton Aluph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boughton_Aluph"},{"link_name":"Boughton Malherbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boughton_Malherbe"},{"link_name":"Boughton Monchelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boughton_Monchelsea"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Faversham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faversham"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS-1"}],"text":"For other \"Boughtons\" in Kent, see Boughton Aluph, Boughton Malherbe, and Boughton Monchelsea.Human settlement in EnglandBoughton under Blean is a village and civil parish between Faversham and Canterbury in south-east England. \"Boughton under Blean\" technically refers only to the hamlet at the top of Boughton Hill; the main village at the foot of the hill is named Boughton Street, but the whole is referred to as \"Boughton under Blean\" or more commonly as just \"Boughton\". The Blean refers to the Forest of Blean, an area of long-standing Kent woodland covering over 11 square miles (28.5 sq. km).It had a population of 1,917 according to the 2011 Census.[1] The parish includes the hamlet of Crouch.","title":"Boughton under Blean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales"},{"link_name":"The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon%27s_Yeoman%27s_Prologue"},{"link_name":"Frank Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Children of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"he","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto_II_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"St Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Church,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Deptford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Sittingbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittingbourne"},{"link_name":"Harbledown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbledown"}],"text":"Before the opening of the A2 Boughton bypass in 1976, Boughton lay on the main route between London and Canterbury. Having passed through the village and climbed Boughton Hill, it is the first place from which the towers of Canterbury Cathedral can be seen when travelling from the direction of London. This gains a mention in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, in 'The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue'.Boughton under Blean is also mentioned in the context of Chaucer in Frank Herbert's Children of Dune: \"For a time he amused himself by reviewing Chaucer's route from London to Canterbury, listing the places from Southwark: two miles to the watering-place of St Thomas, five miles to Deptford, six miles to Greenwich, thirty miles to Rochester, forty miles to Sittingbourne, fifty-five miles to Boughton under Blean, fifty-eight miles to Harbledown, and sixty miles to Canterbury. It gave him a sense of timeless buoyancy to know that few in his universe would recall Chaucer or know any London except the village on Gansireed.\"","title":"Chaucer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Jacobean uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1715"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Epiphanius Evesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphanius_Evesham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The poet and translator Sir Thomas Hawkins was baptised on 20 July 1575 at Boughton under Blean, as the eldest son of Sir Thomas Hawkins (1548/9–1617) of Nash Court, Boughton, and his wife, Ann (1552–1616), daughter of Cameron-Fleming-Fido and Cyriac Pettyt of Colkyns, also in Boughton. His 1625 translation The Odes of Horace the Best of Lyrick Poets was republished in 1631, 1635 and 1638, and plagiarized in 1652. He died in the parish of St Sepulchre's, London, probably in late 1640. The family remained Roman Catholic until well into the 18th century. Nash Court was attacked by a Protestant crowd during the 1715 Jacobean uprising, and Hawkins's valuable library destroyed.[2]\nThe church of St Peter and St Paul contains a monument to Hawkins which is the work of Epiphanius Evesham.[3]","title":"Sir Thomas Hawkins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Working_Oast_House_on_South_Street,_Boughton_under_Blean,_Kent_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1501776.jpg"},{"link_name":"2015 UK general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UK_general_election"},{"link_name":"Helen Whately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Whately"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"An oast houseThe member of parliament for the Faversham & Mid Kent constituency, which includes Boughton under Blean, since the 2015 UK general election is Helen Whately of the Conservative party.Boughton under Blean is part of the electoral ward called Boughton and Courtenay. This parish had a population of 5,626 at the 2011 Census.[4]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Shilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shilling"}],"text":"William Shilling (1848–1939), New Zealand mariner and pilot, born in Boughton","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"An oast house","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Working_Oast_House_on_South_Street%2C_Boughton_under_Blean%2C_Kent_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1501776.jpg/220px-Working_Oast_House_on_South_Street%2C_Boughton_under_Blean%2C_Kent_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1501776.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Campbell_(athlete)	Robin Campbell (athlete)	["1 Early life and education","2 Athletic career","3 Personal life","4 Notes"]	American middle-distance runner Robin Theresa Campbell-Bennett (born January 25, 1959, in Washington, D.C.) was a U.S. Olympian at 800 meters in 1980 and 1984. She competed in every Olympic Trials between 1972 and 1984. Early life and education She was born in Washington D.C. She attended Santa Fe College in Gainesville, Florida; University of Florida, Gainesville; and San Jose State College in San Jose, California, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in liberal studies and a minor in women's studies. Athletic career At the Olympic Trials in 1972, at age 13, she won the Exhibition Races for girls U-14 at both 200 meters and 1500 meters. Her times were fast enough to make the U.S. Olympic team, but she was too young to qualify. Campbell won USA Indoor Track and Field Championships at 400 meters in 1975 and 1500 meters in 1974. She finished second at eight consecutive U.S. Indoor Championships at 800 meters. On April 25–27, 1975, at the Mt. SAC Relays in California, she won both the 400 meters in 53.5 and the 800 meters in 2:11.6. At the 1980 Liberty Bell Classic, she won the silver medal at 800 meters, running 2:02.53, finishing between Yvonne Mondesire of Canada 2:02.34 and Ann Mackie-Morelli of Canada 2:02.63. Her best 800 meter time of 1:59.00 came while winning the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. At the 1983 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki, Finland later that year, she finished fifth. Personal life She resides in Washington DC, where she heads Fifth Man Track Athletic Club. She served on the Drug Testing Committee, Cultural Exchange Committee, and Youth Sports Committee of USA Track & Field. She is active in the Olympic Alumni Association, Women's Sports Foundation, Stop the Silence: Stop Childhood Sexual Abuse, Fifth Man Track Club, and Potomac Valley Track Club. Notes ^ Robin Campbell at Sports Reference ^ "Statistics - USA Indoor Track & Field Champions Women's 400 m". USATF. Archived from the original on 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2010-08-31. ^ "Statistics - USA Indoor Track & Field Champions Women's 1,500 m". USATF. Archived from the original on 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2010-09-28. ^ MTSAC vte1984 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification1984 United States Olympic trials (track and field)Men's trackand road athletes Ray Armstead Alonzo Babers Kirk Baptiste Ron Brown Tonie Campbell Don Clary Paul Cummings Brian Diemer Marco Evoniuk Greg Foster Sam Graddy Johnny Gray John Gregorek Danny Harris Tranel Hawkins Jim Heiring Thomas Jefferson Earl Jones Roger Kingdom Steve Lacy Carl Lewis Henry Marsh John Marshall Antonio McKay Walter McCoy Edwin Moses Sunder Nix Daniel O'Connor Vince O'Sullivan Doug Padilla Pete Pfitzinger Pat Porter Alberto Salazar Carl Schueler Steve Scott Calvin Smith Willie Smith Jim Spivey John Tuttle Craig Virgin Men'sfield athletes Duncan Atwood Willie Banks Earl Bell Tim Bright Ed Burke Art Burns Michael Carter Mike Conley Sr. John Crist Milton Goode Bill Green Al Joyner Dave Laut Carl Lewis Jud Logan Doug Lytle Mike McRae Larry Myricks Doug Nordquist Tom Petranoff John Powell Steve Roller Dwight Stones Mike Tully Mac Wilkins Augie Wolf Jim Wooding Women's trackand road athletes Evelyn Ashford Sharrieffa Barksdale Joan Benoit Jeanette Bolden Cindy Bremser Valerie Brisco-Hooks Alice Brown Judi Brown Julie Brown Robin Campbell Chandra Cheeseborough Mary Decker Diane Dixon Benita Fitzgerald-Brown Kim Gallagher Randy Givens Florence Griffith Joyner Joan Hansen Denean Howard Sherri Howard Julie Isphording Missy Kane Lillie Leatherwood Pam Page Diana Richburg Kim Turner Angela Wright-Scott Ruth Wysocki Women'sfield athletes Jodi Anderson Carol Cady Laura De Snoo Leslie Deniz Cindy Greiner Lorna Griffin Joni Huntley Jackie Joyner Carol Lewis Ramona Pagel Louise Ritter Karin Smith Pam Spencer Lynda Sutfin Cathy Sulinski Angela Thacker Coaches— vteUS National Championship winners in women's 800-meter dash1927–1979Amateur Athletic Union 1927: Marcelle Barkley 1928: Rayma Wilson 1958: Flo McArdle 1959: Grace Butcher 1960–1: Pat Connolly 1962: Leah Bennett 1963–4: Sandy Knott 1965: Marie Mulder 1966: Charlette Cooke 1967: Madeline Manning 1968: Doris Brown 1969: Madeline Manning 1970–1: Cheryl Toussaint 1972: Carol Hudson 1973: Wendy Knudson 1974: Mary Decker 1975–6: Madeline Manning 1977: Sue Addison 1978: Ruth Wysocki 1979: Essie Kelley 1980–1992The Athletics Congress 1980–1: Madeline Manning 1982: Delisa Walton 1983: Robin Campbell 1984: Kim Gallagher 1985–6: Claudette Groenendall 1987: Essie Kelley 1988–9: Joetta Clark 1990: Meredith Rainey 1991: Delisa Walton-Floyd 1992: Joetta Clark 1993–presentUSA Track & Field 1993–4: Joetta Clark 1995–6: Meredith Rainey 1997: Kathi Rounds 1998–9: Jearl Miles Clark 2000: Hazel Clark 2001: Regina Jacobs 2002: Nicole Teter 2003–4: Jearl Miles Clark 2005–6: Hazel Clark 2007: Alysia Johnson 2008–9: Hazel Clark 2010–3: Alysia Montaño 2014: Ajeé Wilson 2015: Alysia Montaño 2016: Kate Grace 2017-9: Ajeé Wilson 20212020 OT: Athing Mu 2022: Athing Mu Notes OT: 1928, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials in Olympic years, otherwise held as a discrete event. 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Distance:The event was over 880 yards in 1958, 1961–3, 1965–6, 1969–70 and 1973–4 vteUS National Championship winners in women's indoor 400-meter dash1959–1979Amateur Athletic Union 1959: Lillian Greene 1960: Rose Lovelace 1961: Lillian Greene 1962–3 Sue Knott 1964: Valerie Carter 1965: Janell Smith * Norma Harris 1966: Charlette Cooke 1967: Kathy Hammond 1968: Lois Drinkwater 1969: Jarvis Scott 1970: Kathy Hammond 1971: Jarvis Scott 1972: Kathy Hammond 1973: Brenda Walsh (CAN) * Kathy Hammond 1974: Brenda Nichols 1975: Robin Campbell 1976–7: Lorna Forde (BAR) 1978: Kim Thomas 1979: June Griffith (GUY) 1980–1992The Athletics Congress 1980: Rosalyn Bryant 1981: Diane Dixon 1982: Maxine Underwood 1983–92: Diane Dixon 1993–presentUSA Track & Field 1993: Jillian Richardson (CAN) * Jearl Miles 1994: Maicel Malone 1995: Jearl Miles 1996: Maicel Malone 1997–9: Jearl Miles Clark 2000–1: Suziann Reid 2002–3: Monique Hennagan 2004: Julian Clay 2005: DeeDee Trotter 2006: Sanya Richards 2007: DeeDee Trotter 2008: Shareese Woods 2009: Dominique Darden 2010: Debbie Dunn 2011: Natasha Hastings 2012: Sanya Richards-Ross 2013: Ebonie Floyd 2014: Francena McCorory 2015: Natasha Hastings 2016: Quanera Hayes 2017: Phyllis Francis 2018: Courtney Okolo 2019: Brittany Brown 2020: Wadeline Jonathas NotesDistances have varied as follows: 440 yards (1959–1986), 400 meters (1987–date) alternating with 300 meters in odd numbered years starting 2015 vteUS National Championship winners in women's indoor 800-meter dash1959–1979Amateur Athletic Union 1959: Harriet Douthitt 1960: Grace Butcher 1961: Helen Shipley 1962: Leah Bennett 1963: Leah Ferris 1964: Sandra Knott 1965: Abby Hoffman (CAN) (4) Marie Mulder 1966: Szusza Nagy-Szabo (HUN) * Marie Mulder 1967–9: Madeline Manning 1970: Francie Johnson 1971: Abby Hoffman (CAN) * Cheryl Toussaint 1972–3: Cheryl Toussaint 1974: Mary Decker 1975: Kathy Weston 1976: Johanna Forman 1977: Cyndy Poor 1978: Debbie Vetter 1979: Wendy Knudson 1980–1992The Athletics Congress 1980: Madeline Manning 1981: Delisa Walton 1982: Leann Warren 1983: Delisa Walton 1984: Lyubov Gurina (URS) * Robin Campbell 1985: Cristieana Cojocaru (ROM) * (3) Rose Monday 1986: Sigrun Wodars (GDR) * (3) Delisa Walton-Floyd 1987: Christine Wachtel (GDR) * (3) Joetta Clark 1988: Mitică Constantin (ROM) * Joetta Clark 1989–90: Joetta Clark 1991: Meredith Rainey 1992: Maria Mutola (MOZ) 1993–presentUSA Track & Field 1993: Maria Mutola (MOZ) 1994: Maria Mutola (MOZ) 1995: Maria Mutola (MOZ) * Meredith Rainey 1996–8: Joetta Clark 1999: Meredith Valmon 2000: Hazel Clark 2001: Jearl Miles Clark 2002–3: Nicole Teter 2004: Jen Toomey 2005: Hazel Clark 2006: Alice Schmidt 2007: Nikeya Green 2008: Nicole Teter 2009: Katie Waits 2010: Anna Pierce 2011: Phoebe Wright 2012: Erica Moore 2013–4: Ajeé Wilson 2015: Lauren Wallace 2016: Ajeé Wilson 2017: Charlene Lipsey 2018–20: Ajeé Wilson 2022: Ajeé Wilson 2023: Nia Akins 2024: Allie Wilson NotesDistances have varied as follows: 880 yards (1959–1986), 800 meters (1987–date) except 1000 meters (2015, 2017,2019) vteUS National Championship winners in women's indoor Mile1967–1979Amateur Athletic Union 1967–8: Doris Brown 1969: Abby Hoffman (CAN) (2) Cheryl Bridges 1970: Kathy Gibbons 1971–2: Doris Brown 1973: Lyudmila Bragina (URS)* (3) Debbie Heald 1974: Robin Campbell 1975: Francie Larrieu 1976: Jan Merrill 1977–9: Francie Larrieu 1981–1992The Athletics Congress 1980: Maggie Keyes 1981: Jan Merrill 1982: Cathie Twomey 1983: Darlene Beckford 1984: Brit McRoberts (CAN)* (2) Jan Merrill 1985: Doina Melinte (ROM)* (5) Renee Odom 1986: Maricica Puică (ROM)* (2) Sue Addison 1987: Doina Melinte (ROM)* (2) Darlene Beckford 1988: Doina Melinte (ROM)* (2) Alisa Harvey 1989: Linda Sheskey 1990: Doina Melinte (ROM)* (2) PattiSue Plumer 1991: Suzy Hamilton 1992: Lynn Jennings 1993–presentUSA Track & Field 1993: Shelly Steely 1994: Hassiba Boulmerka (ALG)* (2) Gina Procaccio 1995: Regina Jacobs 1996: Stephanie Best 1997: Mary Slaney 1998–9: Suzy Hamilton 2000: Regina Jacobs 2001: Colette Liss 2002–3: Regina Jacobs 2004–5: Jen Toomey 2006: Treniere Clement 2007: Shayne Culpepper 2008: Christin Wurth 2009: Anna Willard 2010: Morgan Uceny 2011–2: Jenny Simpson 2013–4: Mary Cain 2015: Shannon Rowbury 2016: Brenda Martinez 2017–8: Shelby Houlihan 2019: Colleen Quigley 2020: Shelby Houlihan 2022: Heather MacLean 2023: Nikki Hiltz 2024: Nikki Hiltz Notes*Distances have varied as follows: Mile (1967–2002), except 1997 and 1999, 2007 and odd numbered years since 2011, 1500 meters 1997, 1999, (2003–6, 2008–2010) and even numbered years since 2010 Authority control databases: People World Athletics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Olympic Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Trials_(track_and_field)"}],"text":"Robin Theresa Campbell-Bennett (born January 25, 1959, in Washington, D.C.) was a U.S. Olympian at 800 meters in 1980 and 1984.[1] She competed in every Olympic Trials between 1972 and 1984.","title":"Robin Campbell (athlete)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Fe College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_College"},{"link_name":"Gainesville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"San Jose State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_University"}],"text":"She was born in Washington D.C. She attended Santa Fe College in Gainesville, Florida; University of Florida, Gainesville; and San Jose State College in San Jose, California, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in liberal studies and a minor in women's studies.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USA Indoor Track and Field Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mt. SAC Relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._SAC_Relays"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Liberty Bell Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Classic"},{"link_name":"USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships"},{"link_name":"1983 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Helsinki, Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki,_Finland"}],"text":"At the Olympic Trials in 1972, at age 13, she won the Exhibition Races for girls U-14 at both 200 meters and 1500 meters. Her times were fast enough to make the U.S. Olympic team, but she was too young to qualify.Campbell won USA Indoor Track and Field Championships at 400 meters in 1975[2] and 1500 meters in 1974.[3] She finished second at eight consecutive U.S. Indoor Championships at 800 meters.On April 25–27, 1975, at the Mt. SAC Relays in California, she won both the 400 meters in 53.5 and the 800 meters in 2:11.6.[4]At the 1980 Liberty Bell Classic, she won the silver medal at 800 meters, running 2:02.53, finishing between Yvonne Mondesire of Canada 2:02.34 and Ann Mackie-Morelli of Canada 2:02.63.Her best 800 meter time of 1:59.00 came while winning the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. At the 1983 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki, Finland later that year, she finished fifth.","title":"Athletic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fifth Man Track Athletic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pvtc.org/fifthman"},{"link_name":"Stop the Silence: Stop Childhood Sexual Abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ivatcenters.org/stop-the-silence"},{"link_name":"Potomac Valley Track Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pvtc.org/"}],"text":"She resides in Washington DC, where she heads Fifth Man Track Athletic Club.She served on the Drug Testing Committee, Cultural Exchange Committee, and Youth Sports Committee of USA Track & Field. She is active in the Olympic Alumni Association, Women's Sports Foundation, Stop the Silence: Stop Childhood Sexual Abuse, Fifth Man Track Club, and Potomac Valley Track Club.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Robin Campbell at Sports Reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200418045056/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ca/robin-campbell-1.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Statistics - USA Indoor Track & Field Champions Women's 400 m\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100831041749/http://www.usatf.org/statistics/champions/USAIndoorTF/women/w400m.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usatf.org/statistics/champions/USAIndoorTF/women/w400m.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Statistics - USA 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Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Mulder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Szusza Nagy-Szabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szusza_Nagy-Szabo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marie Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Mulder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Madeline Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_Manning"},{"link_name":"Francie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francie_Kraker_Goodridge"},{"link_name":"Abby Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"Mary Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Decker"},{"link_name":"Kathy Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Weston"},{"link_name":"Johanna Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johanna_Forman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cyndy Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyndy_Poor"},{"link_name":"Debbie Vetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debbie_Vetter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wendy Knudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Koenig"},{"link_name":"Madeline Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_Manning"},{"link_name":"Delisa Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delisa_Walton-Floyd"},{"link_name":"Leann Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leann_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Delisa Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delisa_Walton-Floyd"},{"link_name":"Lyubov Gurina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov_Gurina"},{"link_name":"Robin Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cristieana Cojocaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristieana_Cojocaru"},{"link_name":"Rose Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rose_Monday_(athlete)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sigrun Wodars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrun_Wodars"},{"link_name":"Delisa Walton-Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delisa_Walton-Floyd"},{"link_name":"Christine Wachtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Wachtel"},{"link_name":"Joetta Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joetta_Clark_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Mitică Constantin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83_Constantin"},{"link_name":"Joetta Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joetta_Clark_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Joetta Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joetta_Clark_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Meredith Rainey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Rainey-Valmon"},{"link_name":"Maria Mutola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Mutola"},{"link_name":"Maria Mutola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Mutola"},{"link_name":"Maria Mutola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Mutola"},{"link_name":"Maria Mutola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Mutola"},{"link_name":"Meredith Rainey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Rainey-Valmon"},{"link_name":"Joetta Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joetta_Clark_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Meredith Valmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Rainey-Valmon"},{"link_name":"Hazel Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Clark"},{"link_name":"Jearl Miles Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jearl_Miles_Clark"},{"link_name":"Nicole Teter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Teter"},{"link_name":"Jen Toomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen_Toomey"},{"link_name":"Hazel Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Clark"},{"link_name":"Alice Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Nikeya Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikeya_Green&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicole Teter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Teter"},{"link_name":"Katie Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katie_Waits&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anna Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Willard"},{"link_name":"Phoebe Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoebe_Wright_(runner)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erica Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Moore"},{"link_name":"Ajeé Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aje%C3%A9_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Lauren Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauren_Wallace_(athlete)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ajeé Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aje%C3%A9_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Charlene Lipsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene_Lipsey"},{"link_name":"Ajeé Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aje%C3%A9_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Ajeé Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aje%C3%A9_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Nia Akins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nia_Akins"},{"link_name":"Allie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allie_Wilson"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Footer_US_NC_Indoor_Mile_Women"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Footer_US_NC_Indoor_Mile_Women"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Footer_US_NC_Indoor_Mile_Women"},{"link_name":"US National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Track_%26_Field_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_run"},{"link_name":"Doris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Brown_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Abby Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Kathy Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathy_Gibbons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Brown_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Lyudmila Bragina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Bragina"},{"link_name":"Debbie Heald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Heald"},{"link_name":"Robin Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Francie Larrieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francie_Larrieu_Smith"},{"link_name":"Jan Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Merrill"},{"link_name":"Francie Larrieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francie_Larrieu_Smith"},{"link_name":"Maggie Keyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggie_Keyes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Merrill"},{"link_name":"Cathie Twomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathie_Twomey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Darlene Beckford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darlene_Beckford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brit McRoberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_McRoberts"},{"link_name":"Jan Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Merrill"},{"link_name":"Doina Melinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_Melinte"},{"link_name":"Renee Odom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renee_Odom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maricica Puică","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricica_Puic%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Sue Addison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sue_Addison&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doina Melinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_Melinte"},{"link_name":"Darlene Beckford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darlene_Beckford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doina Melinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_Melinte"},{"link_name":"Alisa Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Linda Sheskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Sheskey"},{"link_name":"Doina Melinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_Melinte"},{"link_name":"PattiSue Plumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PattiSue_Plumer"},{"link_name":"Suzy Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Favor_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Lynn Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Shelly Steely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Steely"},{"link_name":"Hassiba Boulmerka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiba_Boulmerka"},{"link_name":"Gina Procaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Procaccio"},{"link_name":"Regina Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Best"},{"link_name":"Mary Slaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Decker"},{"link_name":"Suzy Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Favor_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Regina Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Colette Liss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colette_Liss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Regina Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Jen Toomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen_Toomey"},{"link_name":"Treniere Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treniere_Moser"},{"link_name":"Shayne Culpepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayne_Culpepper"},{"link_name":"Christin Wurth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christin_Wurth-Thomas"},{"link_name":"Anna Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Willard"},{"link_name":"Morgan Uceny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Uceny"},{"link_name":"Jenny Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Mary Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cain_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Shannon Rowbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Rowbury"},{"link_name":"Brenda Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Shelby Houlihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Houlihan"},{"link_name":"Colleen Quigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Quigley"},{"link_name":"Shelby Houlihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Houlihan"},{"link_name":"Heather MacLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_MacLean_(runner)"},{"link_name":"Nikki Hiltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Hiltz"},{"link_name":"Nikki Hiltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Hiltz"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7352297#identifiers"},{"link_name":"World Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14353142"}],"text":"^ Robin Campbell at Sports Reference\n\n^ \"Statistics - USA Indoor Track & Field Champions Women's 400 m\". USATF. Archived from the original on 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2010-08-31.\n\n^ \"Statistics - USA Indoor Track & Field Champions Women's 1,500 m\". USATF. Archived from the original on 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2010-09-28.\n\n^ MTSACvte1984 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification1984 United States Olympic trials (track and field)Men's trackand road athletes\nRay Armstead\nAlonzo Babers\nKirk Baptiste\nRon Brown\nTonie Campbell\nDon Clary\nPaul Cummings\nBrian Diemer\nMarco Evoniuk\nGreg Foster\nSam Graddy\nJohnny Gray\nJohn Gregorek\nDanny Harris\nTranel Hawkins\nJim Heiring\nThomas Jefferson\nEarl Jones\nRoger Kingdom\nSteve Lacy\nCarl Lewis\nHenry Marsh\nJohn Marshall\nAntonio McKay\nWalter McCoy\nEdwin Moses\nSunder Nix\nDaniel O'Connor\nVince O'Sullivan\nDoug Padilla\nPete Pfitzinger\nPat Porter\nAlberto Salazar\nCarl Schueler\nSteve Scott\nCalvin Smith\nWillie Smith\nJim Spivey\nJohn Tuttle\nCraig Virgin\nMen'sfield athletes\nDuncan Atwood\nWillie Banks\nEarl Bell\nTim Bright\nEd Burke\nArt Burns\nMichael Carter\nMike Conley Sr.\nJohn Crist\nMilton Goode\nBill Green\nAl Joyner\nDave Laut\nCarl Lewis\nJud Logan\nDoug Lytle\nMike McRae\nLarry Myricks\nDoug Nordquist\nTom Petranoff\nJohn Powell\nSteve Roller\nDwight Stones\nMike Tully\nMac Wilkins\nAugie Wolf\nJim Wooding\nWomen's trackand road athletes\nEvelyn Ashford\nSharrieffa Barksdale\nJoan Benoit\nJeanette Bolden\nCindy Bremser\nValerie Brisco-Hooks\nAlice Brown\nJudi Brown\nJulie Brown\nRobin Campbell\nChandra Cheeseborough\nMary Decker\nDiane Dixon\nBenita Fitzgerald-Brown\nKim Gallagher\nRandy Givens\nFlorence Griffith Joyner\nJoan Hansen\nDenean Howard\nSherri Howard\nJulie Isphording\nMissy Kane\nLillie Leatherwood \nPam Page\nDiana Richburg\nKim Turner\nAngela Wright-Scott\nRuth Wysocki\nWomen'sfield athletes\nJodi Anderson\nCarol Cady\nLaura De Snoo\nLeslie Deniz\nCindy Greiner\nLorna Griffin\nJoni Huntley\nJackie Joyner\nCarol Lewis\nRamona Pagel\nLouise Ritter\nKarin Smith\nPam Spencer\nLynda Sutfin\nCathy Sulinski\nAngela Thacker\nCoaches—vteUS National Championship winners in women's 800-meter dash1927–1979Amateur Athletic Union\n1927: Marcelle Barkley\n1928: Rayma Wilson\n1958: Flo McArdle\n1959: Grace Butcher\n1960–1: Pat Connolly\n1962: Leah Bennett\n1963–4: Sandy Knott\n1965: Marie Mulder\n1966: Charlette Cooke\n1967: Madeline Manning\n1968: Doris Brown\n1969: Madeline Manning\n1970–1: Cheryl Toussaint\n1972: Carol Hudson\n1973: Wendy Knudson\n1974: Mary Decker\n1975–6: Madeline Manning\n1977: Sue Addison\n1978: Ruth Wysocki\n1979: Essie Kelley\n1980–1992The Athletics Congress\n1980–1: Madeline Manning\n1982: Delisa Walton\n1983: Robin Campbell\n1984: Kim Gallagher\n1985–6: Claudette Groenendall\n1987: Essie Kelley\n1988–9: Joetta Clark\n1990: Meredith Rainey\n1991: Delisa Walton-Floyd\n1992: Joetta Clark\n1993–presentUSA Track & Field\n1993–4: Joetta Clark\n1995–6: Meredith Rainey\n1997: Kathi Rounds\n1998–9: Jearl Miles Clark\n2000: Hazel Clark\n2001: Regina Jacobs\n2002: Nicole Teter\n2003–4: Jearl Miles Clark\n2005–6: Hazel Clark\n2007: Alysia Johnson\n2008–9: Hazel Clark\n2010–3: Alysia Montaño\n2014: Ajeé Wilson\n2015: Alysia Montaño\n2016: Kate Grace\n2017-9: Ajeé Wilson\n20212020 OT: Athing Mu\n2022: Athing Mu\nNotes\nOT: 1928, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials in Olympic years, otherwise held as a discrete event.\n2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\nDistance:The event was over 880 yards in 1958, 1961–3, 1965–6, 1969–70 and 1973–4vteUS National Championship winners in women's indoor 400-meter dash1959–1979Amateur Athletic Union\n1959: Lillian Greene\n1960: Rose Lovelace\n1961: Lillian Greene\n1962–3 Sue Knott\n1964: Valerie Carter\n1965: Janell Smith * Norma Harris\n1966: Charlette Cooke\n1967: Kathy Hammond\n1968: Lois Drinkwater\n1969: Jarvis Scott\n1970: Kathy Hammond\n1971: Jarvis Scott\n1972: Kathy Hammond\n1973: Brenda Walsh (CAN) * Kathy Hammond\n1974: Brenda Nichols\n1975: Robin Campbell\n1976–7: Lorna Forde (BAR)\n1978: Kim Thomas\n1979: June Griffith (GUY)\n1980–1992The Athletics Congress\n1980: Rosalyn Bryant\n1981: Diane Dixon\n1982: Maxine Underwood\n1983–92: Diane Dixon\n1993–presentUSA Track & Field\n1993: Jillian Richardson (CAN) * Jearl Miles\n1994: Maicel Malone\n1995: Jearl Miles\n1996: Maicel Malone\n1997–9: Jearl Miles Clark\n2000–1: Suziann Reid\n2002–3: Monique Hennagan\n2004: Julian Clay\n2005: DeeDee Trotter\n2006: Sanya Richards\n2007: DeeDee Trotter\n2008: Shareese Woods\n2009: Dominique Darden\n2010: Debbie Dunn\n2011: Natasha Hastings\n2012: Sanya Richards-Ross\n2013: Ebonie Floyd\n2014: Francena McCorory\n2015: Natasha Hastings\n2016: Quanera Hayes\n2017: Phyllis Francis\n2018: Courtney Okolo\n2019: Brittany Brown\n2020: Wadeline Jonathas\nNotesDistances have varied as follows: 440 yards (1959–1986), 400 meters (1987–date) alternating with 300 meters in odd numbered years starting 2015vteUS National Championship winners in women's indoor 800-meter dash1959–1979Amateur Athletic Union\n1959: Harriet Douthitt\n1960: Grace Butcher\n1961: Helen Shipley\n1962: Leah Bennett\n1963: Leah Ferris\n1964: Sandra Knott\n1965: Abby Hoffman (CAN) (4) Marie Mulder\n1966: Szusza Nagy-Szabo (HUN) * Marie Mulder\n1967–9: Madeline Manning\n1970: Francie Johnson\n1971: Abby Hoffman (CAN) * Cheryl Toussaint\n1972–3: Cheryl Toussaint\n1974: Mary Decker\n1975: Kathy Weston\n1976: Johanna Forman\n1977: Cyndy Poor\n1978: Debbie Vetter\n1979: Wendy Knudson\n1980–1992The Athletics Congress\n1980: Madeline Manning\n1981: Delisa Walton\n1982: Leann Warren\n1983: Delisa Walton\n1984: Lyubov Gurina (URS) * Robin Campbell\n1985: Cristieana Cojocaru (ROM) * (3) Rose Monday\n1986: Sigrun Wodars (GDR) * (3) Delisa Walton-Floyd\n1987: Christine Wachtel (GDR) * (3) Joetta Clark\n1988: Mitică Constantin (ROM) * Joetta Clark\n1989–90: Joetta Clark\n1991: Meredith Rainey\n1992: Maria Mutola (MOZ)\n1993–presentUSA Track & Field\n1993: Maria Mutola (MOZ)\n1994: Maria Mutola (MOZ)\n1995: Maria Mutola (MOZ) * Meredith Rainey\n1996–8: Joetta Clark\n1999: Meredith Valmon\n2000: Hazel Clark\n2001: Jearl Miles Clark\n2002–3: Nicole Teter\n2004: Jen Toomey\n2005: Hazel Clark\n2006: Alice Schmidt\n2007: Nikeya Green\n2008: Nicole Teter\n2009: Katie Waits\n2010: Anna Pierce\n2011: Phoebe Wright\n2012: Erica Moore\n2013–4: Ajeé Wilson\n2015: Lauren Wallace\n2016: Ajeé Wilson\n2017: Charlene Lipsey\n2018–20: Ajeé Wilson\n2022: Ajeé Wilson\n2023: Nia Akins\n2024: Allie Wilson\nNotesDistances have varied as follows: 880 yards (1959–1986), 800 meters (1987–date) except 1000 meters (2015, 2017,2019)vteUS National Championship winners in women's indoor Mile1967–1979Amateur Athletic Union\n1967–8: Doris Brown\n1969: Abby Hoffman (CAN) (2) Cheryl Bridges\n1970: Kathy Gibbons\n1971–2: Doris Brown\n1973: Lyudmila Bragina (URS)* (3) Debbie Heald\n1974: Robin Campbell\n1975: Francie Larrieu\n1976: Jan Merrill\n1977–9: Francie Larrieu\n1981–1992The Athletics Congress\n1980: Maggie Keyes\n1981: Jan Merrill\n1982: Cathie Twomey\n1983: Darlene Beckford\n1984: Brit McRoberts (CAN)* (2) Jan Merrill\n1985: Doina Melinte (ROM)* (5) Renee Odom\n1986: Maricica Puică (ROM)* (2) Sue Addison\n1987: Doina Melinte (ROM)* (2) Darlene Beckford\n1988: Doina Melinte (ROM)* (2) Alisa Harvey\n1989: Linda Sheskey\n1990: Doina Melinte (ROM)* (2) PattiSue Plumer\n1991: Suzy Hamilton\n1992: Lynn Jennings\n1993–presentUSA Track & Field\n1993: Shelly Steely\n1994: Hassiba Boulmerka (ALG)* (2) Gina Procaccio\n1995: Regina Jacobs\n1996: Stephanie Best\n1997: Mary Slaney\n1998–9: Suzy Hamilton\n2000: Regina Jacobs\n2001: Colette Liss\n2002–3: Regina Jacobs\n2004–5: Jen Toomey\n2006: Treniere Clement\n2007: Shayne Culpepper\n2008: Christin Wurth\n2009: Anna Willard\n2010: Morgan Uceny\n2011–2: Jenny Simpson\n2013–4: Mary Cain\n2015: Shannon Rowbury\n2016: Brenda Martinez\n2017–8: Shelby Houlihan\n2019: Colleen Quigley\n2020: Shelby Houlihan\n2022: Heather MacLean\n2023: Nikki Hiltz\n2024: Nikki Hiltz\nNotes*Distances have varied as follows: Mile (1967–2002), except 1997 and 1999, 2007 and odd numbered years since 2011, 1500 meters 1997, 1999, (2003–6, 2008–2010) and even numbered years since 2010Authority control databases: People \nWorld Athletics","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Statistics - USA Indoor Track & Field Champions Women's 400 m\". USATF. Archived from the original on 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2010-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100831041749/http://www.usatf.org/statistics/champions/USAIndoorTF/women/w400m.asp","url_text":"\"Statistics - USA Indoor Track & Field Champions Women's 400 m\""},{"url":"http://www.usatf.org/statistics/champions/USAIndoorTF/women/w400m.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics - USA Indoor Track & Field Champions Women's 1,500 m\". USATF. Archived from the original on 2010-08-31. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C3%9Fau	Alsergrund	["1 Geography","2 Topography","3 Sections","4 Education","5 Notable residents","6 Sister cities","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°13′31″N 16°21′25″E / 48.22528°N 16.35694°E / 48.22528; 16.356949th District of Vienna in AustriaAlsergrund Oisagrund (Bavarian)9th District of Vienna Coat of armsLocation of the district within ViennaCountryAustriaCityViennaGovernment • District DirectorMag. Ahmad Saya (SPÖ) • First DeputyMag. Thomas Liebich (SPÖ) • Second DeputyMonika Kreutz (Green) • Representation (40 Members)SPÖ 13, Green 13, ÖVP 8, FPÖ 1, NEOS 4, LINKS 1Area • Total2.99 km2 (1.15 sq mi)Population (2016-01-01) • Total43,342 • Density14,000/km2 (38,000/sq mi)Postal codeA-1090Address of District OfficeWilhelm-Exner-Gasse 5A-1090 WienWebsitewww.wien.gv.at/bezirke/alsergrund/ Alsergrund (German pronunciation: ⓘ; Viennese: Oisagrund) is the ninth district of Vienna, Austria (German: 9. Bezirk, Alsergrund). It is located just north of the first, central district, Innere Stadt. Alsergrund was incorporated in 1862, with seven suburbs. As a central district, the area is densely populated. According to the census of 2001, there were 37,816 inhabitants over 2.99 square km (1.15 sq. mi). Many departments of the University of Vienna (main university), TU Wien and the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) are located in Alsergrund. Until 2013 the University of Economics and Business (Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien) was also located in the 9th district, but eventually moved to the 2nd district. There are also many large hospitals, including the biggest in Vienna, the AKH (Allgemeines Krankenhaus, "General Hospital"). Alsergrund is associated with many notable names of Viennese art and science. It is the birthplace of Romantic composer Franz Schubert. Classic music composer Ludwig van Beethoven died here in his apartment at Schwarzspanierstraße 15. Berggasse 19 is the former residence and office of Sigmund Freud. It was Freud's home from 1891 until his flight to England in 1938, and is currently the site of the Vienna Sigmund Freud Museum. Most of the patients Freud treated during the development of his theories of psychoanalysis visited him at his Alsergrund office. In addition, the park in front of the Votivkirche, on the corner of Währingerstrasse and Schottenring, was named after Freud, in memory of his frequent visits there. Liechtenstein Museum (Alsergrund, Vienna). Volksoper, an opera house in Alsergrund. Geography Alsergrund is situated in north-central Vienna. It covers 2.99 km2 (1.15 sqmi) making it the seventh smallest district of Vienna. North to South the district covers 2,35 km (3.8 mi) from the northernmost point of the Gürtel boulevard down towards the first district. The main east–west axis is located between Augarten Brücke and Zimmermannplatz (2 km, 3.2 mi). The district is delimited by: Gürtel in the west, the Danube Canal in the east, as well as the Maria-Theresien-Straße, Universitätsstraße and Alserstraße in the south. Neighbouring districts are Döbling in the north, Währing and Hernals in the west, Josefstadt and Innere Stadt in the south. In the east, Alsergrund is separated by the Danube Canal from Brigittenau and Leopoldstadt. Topography The natural topography of the district area has been covered by centuries of construction. Alesergrund's lowest point at 163 meters can be found near Bauernfeldplatz, its highest near Michelbeuern (202 meters). The branches of the Danube played a significant part in shaping the general lay of the land. The waterfront edge is still recognizable, through the waste ground between the Nußdorfer Straße, Währinger Straße, and Lichtenstein-Straße. There are also minor rivers: Wienerwald streams, all of which were bricked over in the 19th century. The main stream, the Als, used to cause frequent flooding. The foothills of the Vienna Woods reach into Alsergrund. In the Middle Ages, these were used for vineyards. Sections The Alsergrund was formed, in 1850, from seven suburbs. The names of the suburbs have remained in section names but also in the awareness of many residents. In the northeast area of the district is the Althangrund, mostly with public facilities and infrastructure constructions built, such as the Franz Josef station, the Vienna University of Economics, the geosciences, mathematics, pharmacology and biology faculties of the University of Vienna, the Transport and postal and Telegraph Directorate. In the north is also the Spittelau with the incinerator Spittelau. South of Althangrund, joins the Rossau, which is mostly covered with residential buildings. Among the main installations include Rossauer barracks, the Servitenkloster, the Jewish cemetery. Even the Palais Liechtenstein belongs to Rossau, not northern Lichtental, a residential area in the parish. In the south is the Alser suburb, whose southern part was added to the 8th district, Josefstadt. The district is established, in large part, with academic institutions such as the Old AKH and the Medical University of Vienna. In addition, in the suburb Alser, are the Vienna University and the St. Anna Children's Hospital. In the east is the part of the Michelbeuern, whose southern part is taken almost entirely by the Vienna AKH, north of Himmelpfortgrund. The district is almost exclusively populated residential houses and also the Hera Sanatorium. A breakdown of the district area is also in the Zählbezirken of the official statistics, in which the census district of the municipality are combined. The six Zähl areas in Alsergrund are Lichtental-Spittelau, Rossau, General Hospital, Nußdorferstraße-Volksoper, Liechtenstein Street, and University Quarter. Education Gymnasium Wasagasse Gymnasium Wasagasse, an Austrian secondary school Lycée Français de Vienne Lycée Français de Vienne, a French curriculum school, is located in Alsergrund. Notable residents View over Alsergrund (Canisiuskirche and Spittelau). Franz Schubert's Birthplace. Peter Alexander (1926–2011), actor, singer and entertainer Franz Alt (1821–1914), landscape painter Heimito von Doderer (1896–1966), writer, lived and died here Karl Farkas (1893–1971), actor and cabaret performer Viktor Frankl (1905–1997), neurologist and psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis, lived here Erich Fried (1921–1988), poet Theodor Herzl (1860–1904), Jewish Austro-Hungarian journalist and the father of modern political Zionism, lived here Franz Löblich (1827–1897), entrepreneur Franz Matsch (1861–1942), painter and sculptor (Art Nouveau) Jörg Mauthe (1924–1986), journalist, writer and politician Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), composer of the Classical era, lived here in 1788/89 Günther Paal (born 1962), Kabarett artist Leo Perutz (1882–1957), Austrian novelist and mathematician Rudolf Prikryl (1896–1965), "three days' mayor"of Vienna in 1945, raised here Günther Schifter (1923–2008), journalist and radio presenter Arnold Schönberg (1874–1951), lived here Arthur Schnitzler (1862–1931) Franz Schubert (1797–1828), an Austrian composer, was born here. Erwin Steinhauer (born 1951) Julius Tandler (1869–1936) Friedrich Torberg (1908–1979) Rudolf von Alt (1812–1905) Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), German composer and pianist, lived and died here Sister cities Takarazuka (Japan) since 1994 Dongcheng District in Beijing, People's Republic of China See also Sigmund Freud Museum Strauss Museum Austria portal References ^ Statistik Austria - Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn 2002-2016 nach Gemeinden (Gebietsstand 1.1.2016), Statistik Austria. ^ a b Wolf: Alsergrund. Bezirk der Dichter und Denker ("Alsergrund: District of Talkers and Thinkers"), p.77. ^ Christian Gantner. Vom Bach zum Bachkanal ("From Bach to Bach-Canal"). Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-200-00259-X, S. 44 ff. Sources "Wien - 9. Bezirk/Alsergrund", Wien.gv.at, 2008, webpage (15 subpages): Wien.gv.at-alsergrund (in German). Felix Czeike: Wiener Bezirkskulturführer: IX. Alsergrund ("Vienna District Cultural Guide: IX. Alsergrund"). Jugend und Volk, Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-7141-6219-4. Carola Leitner (Hg.): Alsergrund: Wiens 9. Bezirk in alten Fotografien ("Alsergrund: Vienna's 9th District in Old Photographs"). Ueberreuter, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-8000-7176-2. Hans Mück: Quellen zur Geschichte des Bezirks Alsergrund ("Sources on the History of the Alsergrund District"). Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien, Vienna 1978. Alfred Wolf: Alsergrund. Bezirk der Dichter und Denker ("Alsergrund: District of Poets and Thinkers"). Mohl, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-900272-48-4. Alfred Wolf: Alsergrund-Chronik. Von der Römerzeit bis zum Ende der Monarchie ("Alsergrund Chronicle: From the Roman era until the end of the monarchy"). Vienna 1981. Alfred Wolf: Wien Alsergrund (Vienna Alsergrund). Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-86680-174-5. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Vienna/Alsergrund. "Wien - 9. Bezirk/Alsergrund", website Wien.gv.at, 2008, webpage has over 15 subpages (in German). 48°13′31″N 16°21′25″E / 48.22528°N 16.35694°E / 48.22528; 16.35694 vteDistricts of Alsergrund (Vienna) Alservorstadt Althangrund Himmelpfortgrund Lichtental Michelbeuern Roßau Thurygrund vteDistricts of ViennaDistrictsbyNumber I. Innere Stadt II. Leopoldstadt III. Landstraße IV. Wieden V. Margareten VI. Mariahilf VII. Neubau VIII. Josefstadt IX. Alsergrund X. Favoriten XI. Simmering XII. Meidling XIII. Hietzing XIV. Penzing XV. Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus XVI. Ottakring XVII. Hernals XVIII. Währing XIX. Döbling XX. Brigittenau XXI. Floridsdorf XXII. Donaustadt XXIII. Liesing Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈalzɐˌɡrʊnt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/De-at_Alsergrund.ogg/De-at_Alsergrund.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-at_Alsergrund.ogg"},{"link_name":"Viennese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennese_German"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Innere Stadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innere_Stadt"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"TU Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TU_Wien"},{"link_name":"University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Natural_Resources_and_Life_Sciences,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftsuniversit%C3%A4t_Wien"},{"link_name":"2nd district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldstadt"},{"link_name":"Franz Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"Classic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Vienna Sigmund Freud Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Museum_(Vienna)"},{"link_name":"psychoanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"Votivkirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votivkirche"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wien_Palais_Liechtenstein.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volksoper.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volksoper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksoper"}],"text":"9th District of Vienna in AustriaAlsergrund (German pronunciation: [ˈalzɐˌɡrʊnt] ⓘ; Viennese: Oisagrund) is the ninth district of Vienna, Austria (German: 9. Bezirk, Alsergrund). It is located just north of the first, central district, Innere Stadt. Alsergrund was incorporated in 1862, with seven suburbs. As a central district, the area is densely populated. According to the census of 2001, there were 37,816 inhabitants over 2.99 square km (1.15 sq. mi).Many departments of the University of Vienna (main university), TU Wien and the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) are located in Alsergrund. Until 2013 the University of Economics and Business (Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien) was also located in the 9th district, but eventually moved to the 2nd district. There are also many large hospitals, including the biggest in Vienna, the AKH (Allgemeines Krankenhaus, \"General Hospital\").Alsergrund is associated with many notable names of Viennese art and science. It is the birthplace of Romantic composer Franz Schubert. Classic music composer Ludwig van Beethoven died here in his apartment at Schwarzspanierstraße 15. Berggasse 19 is the former residence and office of Sigmund Freud. It was Freud's home from 1891 until his flight to England in 1938, and is currently the site of the Vienna Sigmund Freud Museum. Most of the patients Freud treated during the development of his theories of psychoanalysis visited him at his Alsergrund office.In addition, the park in front of the Votivkirche, on the corner of Währingerstrasse and Schottenring, was named after Freud, in memory of his frequent visits there.Liechtenstein Museum (Alsergrund, Vienna).Volksoper, an opera house in Alsergrund.","title":"Alsergrund"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf77-2"},{"link_name":"Gürtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrtel,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Danube Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Canal"},{"link_name":"Döbling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6bling"},{"link_name":"Währing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4hring"},{"link_name":"Hernals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernals"},{"link_name":"Josefstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefstadt"},{"link_name":"Innere Stadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innere_Stadt"},{"link_name":"Danube Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Canal"},{"link_name":"Brigittenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigittenau"},{"link_name":"Leopoldstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldstadt"}],"text":"Alsergrund is situated in north-central Vienna. It covers 2.99 km2 (1.15 sqmi) making it the seventh smallest district of Vienna. North to South the district covers 2,35 km (3.8 mi) from the northernmost point of the Gürtel boulevard down towards the first district. The main east–west axis is located between Augarten Brücke and Zimmermannplatz (2 km, 3.2 mi).[2]\nThe district is delimited by: Gürtel in the west, the Danube Canal in the east, as well as the Maria-Theresien-Straße, Universitätsstraße and Alserstraße in the south. Neighbouring districts are Döbling in the north, Währing and Hernals in the west, Josefstadt and Innere Stadt in the south. In the east, Alsergrund is separated by the Danube Canal from Brigittenau and Leopoldstadt.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf77-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wienerwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Woods"},{"link_name":"Vienna Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Woods"}],"text":"The natural topography of the district area has been covered by centuries of construction. Alesergrund's lowest point at 163 meters can be found near Bauernfeldplatz, its highest near Michelbeuern (202 meters).[2] The branches of the Danube played a significant part in shaping the general lay of the land.[3]The waterfront edge is still recognizable, through the waste ground between the Nußdorfer Straße, Währinger Straße, and Lichtenstein-Straße. There are also minor rivers: Wienerwald streams, all of which were bricked over in the 19th century. The main stream, the Als, used to cause frequent flooding.The foothills of the Vienna Woods reach into Alsergrund. In the Middle Ages, these were used for vineyards.","title":"Topography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AKH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Michelbeuern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelbeuern"},{"link_name":"AKH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_General_Hospital"}],"text":"The Alsergrund was formed, in 1850, from seven suburbs. The names of the suburbs have remained in section names but also in the awareness of many residents. In the northeast area of the district is the Althangrund, mostly with public facilities and infrastructure constructions built, such as the Franz Josef station, the Vienna University of Economics, the geosciences, mathematics, pharmacology and biology faculties of the University of Vienna, the Transport and postal and Telegraph Directorate. In the north is also the Spittelau with the incinerator Spittelau. South of Althangrund, joins the Rossau, which is mostly covered with residential buildings. Among the main installations include Rossauer barracks, the Servitenkloster, the Jewish cemetery. Even the Palais Liechtenstein belongs to Rossau, not northern Lichtental, a residential area in the parish.In the south is the Alser suburb, whose southern part was added to the 8th district, Josefstadt. The district is established, in large part, with academic institutions such as the Old AKH and the Medical University of Vienna. In addition, in the suburb Alser, are the Vienna University and the St. Anna Children's Hospital. In the east is the part of the Michelbeuern, whose southern part is taken almost entirely by the Vienna AKH, north of Himmelpfortgrund. The district is almost exclusively populated residential houses and also the Hera Sanatorium.A breakdown of the district area is also in the Zählbezirken of the official statistics, in which the census district of the municipality are combined. The six Zähl areas in Alsergrund are Lichtental-Spittelau, Rossau, General Hospital, Nußdorferstraße-Volksoper, Liechtenstein Street, and University Quarter.","title":"Sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnasium_Wasagasse_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium Wasagasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_Wasagasse"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium Wasagasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_Wasagasse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Vienne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lycée Français de Vienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Vienne"},{"link_name":"Lycée Français de Vienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Vienne"}],"text":"Gymnasium WasagasseGymnasium Wasagasse, an Austrian secondary schoolLycée Français de VienneLycée Français de Vienne, a French curriculum school, is located in Alsergrund.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wien_Alsergrund_Canisiuskirche_Spittelau.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canisiuskirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Canisius%27s_Church,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Spittelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spittelau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alsergrund_(Wien)_-_Schuberthaus_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"Franz Schubert's Birthplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubert%27s_birthplace"},{"link_name":"Peter Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Alexander_(Austrian_actor_and_singer)"},{"link_name":"Franz Alt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Alt_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Heimito von Doderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimito_von_Doderer"},{"link_name":"Karl Farkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Farkas"},{"link_name":"Viktor Frankl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"psychoanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"Erich Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Fried"},{"link_name":"Theodor Herzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl"},{"link_name":"Franz Löblich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_L%C3%B6blich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franz Matsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Matsch"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Jörg Mauthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Mauthe"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Günther Paal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Paal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leo Perutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Perutz"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Prikryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Prikryl"},{"link_name":"Günther Schifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Schifter"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schönberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg"},{"link_name":"Arthur Schnitzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler"},{"link_name":"Franz Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"Erwin Steinhauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Steinhauer"},{"link_name":"Julius Tandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Tandler"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Torberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Torberg"},{"link_name":"Rudolf von Alt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Alt"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"}],"text":"View over Alsergrund (Canisiuskirche and Spittelau).Franz Schubert's Birthplace.Peter Alexander (1926–2011), actor, singer and entertainer\nFranz Alt (1821–1914), landscape painter\nHeimito von Doderer (1896–1966), writer, lived and died here\nKarl Farkas (1893–1971), actor and cabaret performer\nViktor Frankl (1905–1997), neurologist and psychiatrist\nSigmund Freud (1856–1939), neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis, lived here\nErich Fried (1921–1988), poet\nTheodor Herzl (1860–1904), Jewish Austro-Hungarian journalist and the father of modern political Zionism, lived here\nFranz Löblich (1827–1897), entrepreneur\nFranz Matsch (1861–1942), painter and sculptor (Art Nouveau)\nJörg Mauthe (1924–1986), journalist, writer and politician\nWolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), composer of the Classical era, lived here in 1788/89\nGünther Paal (born 1962), Kabarett artist\nLeo Perutz (1882–1957), Austrian novelist and mathematician\nRudolf Prikryl (1896–1965), \"three days' mayor\"of Vienna in 1945, raised here\nGünther Schifter (1923–2008), journalist and radio presenter\nArnold Schönberg (1874–1951), lived here\nArthur Schnitzler (1862–1931)\nFranz Schubert (1797–1828), an Austrian composer, was born here.\nErwin Steinhauer (born 1951)\nJulius Tandler (1869–1936)\nFriedrich Torberg (1908–1979)\nRudolf von Alt (1812–1905)\nLudwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), German composer and pianist, lived and died here","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takarazuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takarazuka,_Hy%C5%8Dgo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Dongcheng District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongcheng_District,_Beijing"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"}],"text":"Takarazuka (Japan) since 1994\nDongcheng District in Beijing, People's Republic of China","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wien.gv.at-alsergrund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wien.gv.at/bezirke/alsergrund/"},{"link_name":"Felix Czeike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Czeike"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7141-6219-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7141-6219-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8000-7176-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8000-7176-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-900272-48-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-900272-48-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-86680-174-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86680-174-5"}],"text":"\"Wien - 9. Bezirk/Alsergrund\", Wien.gv.at, 2008, webpage (15 subpages): Wien.gv.at-alsergrund (in German).\nFelix Czeike: Wiener Bezirkskulturführer: IX. Alsergrund (\"Vienna District Cultural Guide: IX. Alsergrund\"). Jugend und Volk, Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-7141-6219-4.\nCarola Leitner (Hg.): Alsergrund: Wiens 9. Bezirk in alten Fotografien (\"Alsergrund: Vienna's 9th District in Old Photographs\"). Ueberreuter, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-8000-7176-2.\nHans Mück: Quellen zur Geschichte des Bezirks Alsergrund (\"Sources on the History of the Alsergrund District\"). Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien, Vienna 1978.\nAlfred Wolf: Alsergrund. Bezirk der Dichter und Denker (\"Alsergrund: District of Poets and Thinkers\"). Mohl, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-900272-48-4.\nAlfred Wolf: Alsergrund-Chronik. Von der Römerzeit bis zum Ende der Monarchie (\"Alsergrund Chronicle: From the Roman era until the end of the monarchy\"). Vienna 1981.\nAlfred Wolf: Wien Alsergrund (Vienna Alsergrund). Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-86680-174-5.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Liechtenstein Museum (Alsergrund, Vienna).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wien_Palais_Liechtenstein.jpg/260px-Wien_Palais_Liechtenstein.jpg"},{"image_text":"Volksoper, an opera house in Alsergrund.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Volksoper.jpg/260px-Volksoper.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gymnasium Wasagasse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gymnasium_Wasagasse_01.jpg/220px-Gymnasium_Wasagasse_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lycée Français de Vienne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Vienne.jpg/220px-Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Vienne.jpg"},{"image_text":"View over Alsergrund (Canisiuskirche and Spittelau).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wien_Alsergrund_Canisiuskirche_Spittelau.jpg/220px-Wien_Alsergrund_Canisiuskirche_Spittelau.jpg"},{"image_text":"Franz Schubert's Birthplace.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alsergrund_%28Wien%29_-_Schuberthaus_%281%29.JPG/220px-Alsergrund_%28Wien%29_-_Schuberthaus_%281%29.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Sigmund Freud Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Museum_(Vienna)"},{"title":"Strauss Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strauss_Museum"},{"title":"Austria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Austria"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alsergrund&params=48_13_31_N_16_21_25_E_region:AT-9_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"48°13′31″N 16°21′25″E / 48.22528°N 16.35694°E / 48.22528; 16.35694"},{"Link":"http://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_NATIVE_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=080904","external_links_name":"Statistik Austria - Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn 2002-2016 nach Gemeinden (Gebietsstand 1.1.2016)"},{"Link":"http://www.wien.gv.at/bezirke/alsergrund/","external_links_name":"Wien.gv.at-alsergrund"},{"Link":"http://www.wien.gv.at/bezirke/alsergrund/","external_links_name":"\"Wien - 9. Bezirk/Alsergrund\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alsergrund&params=48_13_31_N_16_21_25_E_region:AT-9_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"48°13′31″N 16°21′25″E / 48.22528°N 16.35694°E / 48.22528; 16.35694"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154817790","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4066013-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559946005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84049650","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/b49e74af-e7b6-44d2-ae4a-dea6fbb55008","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarev_Ice_Shelf	Lazarev Ice Shelf	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 69°37′S 14°45′E / 69.617°S 14.750°E / -69.617; 14.750Geographical feature in Antarctica 69°37′S 14°45′E / 69.617°S 14.750°E / -69.617; 14.750 The Lazarev Ice Shelf is that part of the ice shelf fringing the Princess Astrid Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, that lies between Leningradskiy Island and Verblyud Island. It is part of the western Riiser-Larsen Sea and is about 50 nautical miles (90 km) long, with Razlom Point at its western edge. The ice shelf was first photographed from the air and mapped by the Third German Antarctic Expedition, 1938–39. It was explored and mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1959, and named for Lieutenant (later Admiral) Mikhail P. Lazarev, commander of the sloop Mirnyy. Opornyy Point is an ice point along the west side of Lazarev Ice Shelf, about 15 nmi (28 km) north of Leningradskiy Island. It was named Mys Opornyy (support point) because the ice shelf at this point rests on the ocean floor. See also Cape Murmanskiy Uragannyy Point References ^ "Lazarev Ice Shelf". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2020-06-30. ^ "Opornyy Point". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2020-06-30. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey. This Princess Astrid Coast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"69°37′S 14°45′E / 69.617°S 14.750°E / -69.617; 14.750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lazarev_Ice_Shelf&params=69_37_S_14_45_E_scale:2000000_source:GNIS"},{"link_name":"ice shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_shelf"},{"link_name":"Princess Astrid Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Astrid_Coast"},{"link_name":"Queen Maud Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land"},{"link_name":"Leningradskiy Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningradskiy_Island"},{"link_name":"Verblyud Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verblyud_Island"},{"link_name":"Riiser-Larsen Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea"},{"link_name":"Razlom Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razlom_Point"},{"link_name":"Third German Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_German_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Soviet Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Mikhail P. Lazarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_P._Lazarev"},{"link_name":"sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop-of-war"},{"link_name":"Mirnyy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-LIS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-OP-2"}],"text":"Geographical feature in Antarctica69°37′S 14°45′E / 69.617°S 14.750°E / -69.617; 14.750\nThe Lazarev Ice Shelf is that part of the ice shelf fringing the Princess Astrid Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, that lies between Leningradskiy Island and Verblyud Island. It is part of the western Riiser-Larsen Sea and is about 50 nautical miles (90 km) long, with Razlom Point at its western edge. The ice shelf was first photographed from the air and mapped by the Third German Antarctic Expedition, 1938–39. It was explored and mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1959, and named for Lieutenant (later Admiral) Mikhail P. Lazarev, commander of the sloop Mirnyy.[1]Opornyy Point is an ice point along the west side of Lazarev Ice Shelf, about 15 nmi (28 km) north of Leningradskiy Island. It was named Mys Opornyy (support point) because the ice shelf at this point rests on the ocean floor.[2]","title":"Lazarev Ice Shelf"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cape Murmanskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Murmanskiy"},{"title":"Uragannyy Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragannyy_Point"}]	[{"reference":"\"Lazarev Ice Shelf\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2020-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:8627","url_text":"\"Lazarev Ice Shelf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Opornyy Point\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2020-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:8627","url_text":"\"Opornyy Point\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lazarev_Ice_Shelf&params=69_37_S_14_45_E_scale:2000000_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"69°37′S 14°45′E / 69.617°S 14.750°E / -69.617; 14.750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lazarev_Ice_Shelf&params=69_37_S_14_45_E_scale:2000000_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"69°37′S 14°45′E / 69.617°S 14.750°E / -69.617; 14.750"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:8627","external_links_name":"\"Lazarev Ice Shelf\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:8627","external_links_name":"\"Opornyy Point\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lazarev_Ice_Shelf&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_290	List of state highway spurs in Texas (200–299)	["1 Spur 200","2 Spur 201","3 Spur 202","4 Spur 203","5 Spur 206","6 Spur 209","7 Spur 213","8 Spur 214","9 Spur 215","10 Spur 216","10.1 Spur 216 (1948)","11 Spur 217","12 Spur 224","13 Spur 226","13.1 Spur 226 (1947)","14 Spur 228","14.1 Spur 228 (1949)","15 Spur 231","15.1 Spur 231 (1962)","16 Spur 232","16.1 Spur 232 (1950)","16.2 Spur 232 (1969)","17 Spur 233","18 Spur 234","19 Spur 239","20 Spur 240","21 Spur 241","22 Spur 242","23 Spur 243","24 Spur 244","25 Spur 245","26 Spur 246","27 Spur 247","27.1 Spur 247 (1951)","28 Spur 248","28.1 Spur 248 (1952)","29 Spur 250","30 Spur 253","31 Spur 258","32 Spur 259","32.1 Spur 259 (1952)","33 Spur 260","34 Spur 261","35 Spur 263","36 Spur 264","37 Spur 268","38 Spur 269","39 Spur 270","40 Spur 272","41 Spur 273","42 Spur 274","42.1 Spur 274 (1954)","42.2 Spur 274 (1968)","43 Spur 276","43.1 Spur 276 (1954)","43.2 Spur 276 (2008)","44 Spur 277","45 Spur 278","46 Spur 280","47 Spur 284","48 Spur 285","49 Spur 290","50 Spur 294","51 Spur 297","52 Spur 298","53 Spur 299","54 References"]	Highway spurs in Texas Texas State Highway Spur markerHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XFarm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch-to-Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links Highways in Texas Interstate US State Toll Loops Spurs FM/RM Park Rec State highway spurs in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Spur 200 State Highway Spur 200LocationStarr CountyLength0.050 mi (80 m)ExistedNovember 18, 1947–present Spur 200 is located in Roma. It runs from US 83 southwest to Estrella Street and the Roma Texas Port of Entry at the Roma–Ciudad Miguel Alemán International Bridge. At a length of 0.05 miles (0.080 km), Spur 200 is the shortest spur route in Texas. The route is unsigned. Spur 200 was designated on November 18, 1947, from US 83 along Bravo Alley to the international bridge. On September 28, 1988, the 0.1-mile (0.16 km) section from Estrella Street to the bridge was removed and returned to Starr County. Spur 201 State Highway Spur 201LocationHarris CountyExistedDecember 17, 1947–September 23, 1959 Spur 201 was designated on December 17, 1947, from an intersection with then-approved SH 146 near Black Duck Bay to West Goose Creek Street in Baytown. On September 23, 1959, the road was extended northeast to SH 146 and the route was changed to Loop 201 (now SH 146). Spur 202 State Highway Spur 202LocationSan Patricio CountyLength1.528 mi (2.459 km)ExistedNovember 18, 1947–present Spur 202 is located in Gregory. It runs from SH 35 to US 181. Spur 202 was designated on November 18, 1947, on the current route. Spur 203 State Highway Spur 203LocationPresidio CountyLength0.770 mi (1,239 m)ExistedJune 18, 1996–present Main article: Texas State Highway Spur 203 Spur 203 is located in Presidio. It runs from Bus. US 67 to Cibolo Creek. Spur 203 was designated on June 18, 1996, on he current route along an old routing of US 67. The northern terminus of Spur 203 once connected to a bridge when the route was part of US 67; the bridge was removed in 1996 due to rerouting of US 67. Spur 206 State Highway Spur 206LocationCameron CountyLength3.463 mi (5.573 km)ExistedJuly 22, 1948–present Spur 206 is located in Harlingen. It runs from I-69E/US 77 to Loop 499/FM 106. Spur 206 was designated on July 22, 1948, from then-new US 77 to then-US 83 along an old routing of US 77. On March 14, 1961, the road was extended west 0.9 miles (1.4 km) along Harrison Avenue (former US 83) to US 83. On March 29, 1987, a 0.768-mile (1.236 km) section from Loop 448 (now Bus. US 77) to FM 106 was added. On August 4, 1988, by district request, the road was extended east 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to Loop 499. Spur 209 State Highway Spur 209LocationCherokee CountyExistedJanuary 27, 1948–February 23, 2006 Spur 209 was designated on January 27, 1948, from then-approved SH 204 southwest along Henderson Street to South Street in Reklaw. Spur 209 was cancelled on February 23, 2006, and returned to the city of Reklaw. Spur 213 State Highway Spur 213LocationWichita CountyLength0.601 mi (967 m)ExistedSeptember 14, 1973–present Spur 213 is located in Wichita Falls. It runs from SH 240 to SH 79. Spur 213 was designated on September 14, 1973, on the current route along an old routing of SH 79. Spur 214 State Highway Spur 214LocationJefferson CountyExistedOctober 18, 1948–January 7, 1987 Spur 214 was designated on October 18, 1948, from SH 73 near a Southern Pacific Railroad line north of Texas Company Reservoir southeast to SH 87 near a Gulf Company refinery. On January 7, 1987, Spur 214 was cancelled by district request and transferred to SH 82. Spur 215 State Highway Spur 215LocationJefferson CountyLength2.112 mi (3.399 km)ExistedOctober 18, 1948–present Spur 215 is located in Jefferson County. It runs from SH 73 at Port Arthur Reservoir to SH 87 at Savannah and 16th Streets in Port Arthur. Spur 215 was designated on October 18, 1948, on the current route. Spur 216 State Highway Spur 216LocationMaverick CountyLength0.9 mi (1,400 m)ExistedJuly 26, 2012–present Spur 216 is located in Eagle Pass. It runs approximately 0.9 miles (1.4 km) from US 277 to US 57. Spur 216 was designated on July 25, 2012, on the current route as a renumbering of Spur 16. Spur 216 (1948) State Highway Spur 216LocationSomervell CountyExistedNovember 23, 1948–September 6, 1949 The original Spur 216 was designated on November 23, 1948, in Glen Rose from then-new US 67 to then-old US 67. Spur 216 was cancelled ten months later and became a portion of SH 144 when it was rerouted; the former route of SH 144 became CR 312. Spur 217 State Highway Spur 217LocationMidland CountyExistedJanuary 21, 1969–May 29, 1991 Spur 217 was designated on January 21, 1969, from FM 1788 northeast to Midland-Odessa Regional Air Terminal. On May 29, 1991, Spur 217 was cancelled and transferred to Loop 40. Spur 224 State Highway Spur 224LocationHill CountyExistedFebruary 25, 1949–January 26, 1958 Spur 224 was designated on February 25, 1949, in Penelope from FM 308 southeast 0.17 miles (0.27 km) along Commerce Street to an I&GN Railroad line. On January 26, 1958, Spur 224 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1888 (now FM 2114). Spur 226 State Highway Spur 226LocationKaufman CountyExistedJuly 27, 2017–present Spur 226 is located in Kaufman County. It runs from US 80 south to SH 34 in Terrell. Spur 226 was designated on July 27, 2017, on its current route, replacing a portion of Bus. SH 34 (the remainder was given to the city). Spur 226 (1947) State Highway Spur 226LocationSmith CountyExistedJanuary 22, 1947–August 29, 1990 The original Spur 226 was designated on January 22, 1947, from E. Front Street and Beckham Avenue in Tyler to an intersection with SH 64 and E. 5th Street. On August 28, 1958, the road was extended south to SH 110. At the same time, the route was signed, but not designated, as SH 155. Spur 226 was cancelled on August 29, 1990, as the SH 155 designation became official. Spur 228 State Highway Spur 228LocationPotter CountyLength1.145 mi (1.843 km)ExistedMay 22, 1959–present Spur 228 is located in Potter County. It runs from US 287 to the south entrance of the former Amarillo Air Force Base (now Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport). Spur 228 was designated on May 22, 1959, on the current route. Spur 228 (1949) State Highway Spur 228LocationLive Oak CountyExistedMay 8, 1949–October 16, 1956 The original Spur 228 was designated on May 8, 1949, from FM 188 (later corrected to FM 888) at Argenta northeast 0.2 miles (0.32 km) to the Bee County line. Spur 228 was cancelled on October 16, 1956, and redesignated as FM Spur 888 (now FM 3190). Spur 231 State Highway Spur 231LocationRobertson CountyLength0.650 mi (1,046 m)ExistedApril 30, 1975–present Spur 231 is located in Robertson County. It runs from SH 6 in Benchley to Old Hearne Road. Spur 231 was designated on April 30, 1975, on the current route. It was formerly part of SH OSR. Spur 231 (1962) State Highway Spur 231LocationWichita CountyExistedDecember 1, 1961–? The original Spur 231 was designated on December 1, 1961, in Wichita Falls from then-new US 287 at 18th Street east to then-US 287. Spur 231 was cancelled when new US 287 was completed. Spur 232 Spur 232 (1950) State Highway Spur 232LocationUpshur CountyExistedJanuary 27, 1950–February 19, 1953 The first use of the Spur 232 designation was in Upshur County, from FM 993 at La Fayette to a point 1 mile (1.6 km) southeast. Spur 232 was cancelled on January 27, 1953, and became an extension of FM 993. Spur 232 (1969) State Highway Spur 232LocationLubbock CountyExistedJanuary 21, 1969–April 28, 1994 The next use of the Spur 232 designation was in Lubbock County, from US 62 (now US 62/SH 114) north 1 mile (1.6 km) along an extension of Indiana Avenue across Texas Tech University to FM 2255. Spur 232 was cancelled on April 28, 1994, by district request and removed from the highway system; the university had the road built and had maintained it themselves and was removed because TxDOT no longer needed it. Spur 233 State Highway Spur 233LocationOldham CountyLength0.634 mi (1,020 m)ExistedJanuary 27, 1950–present Spur 233 is located in Oldham County. It runs from US 385 (former SH 51) to Boys Ranch. Spur 233 was designated on January 27, 1950, on the current route. Spur 234 State Highway Spur 234LocationGrimes CountyLength0.488 mi (785 m)ExistedMay 30, 1950–present Spur 234 is located in Grimes County. It runs from SH 105 south to Stoneham. Spur 234 was designated on May 30, 1950, on the current route. Spur 239 State Highway Spur 239LocationVal Verde CountyLength2.163 mi (3.481 km)ExistedSeptember 28, 1950–present Spur 239 is located in Del Rio. It runs from US 90/US 277 and Spur 297 to the International Bridge. Spur 239 was designated on September 28, 1950, from US 277 in Del Rio to the International Bridge as a replacement of a spur of US 277. On January 24, 1978, the road was rerouted along Las Vacas Road to Rio Grande Lane. On January 28, 1985, the road was extended northeast to new US 277, replacing a section of US 277. On September 25, 1997, by district request, the section from US 277 (concurrent with US 277 Spur) along Las Vacas and Garfield Lane to Rio Grande Lane was removed from the highway system and Spur 239 was rerouted along Gibbs Avenue and a new route to US 277 Spur. Spur 240 State Highway Spur 240LocationMaverick CountyLength0.579 mi (932 m)ExistedSeptember 28, 1950–present Spur 240 is located in Eagle Pass. It runs from US 57 to Bus. US 277. Spur 240 was designated on September 28, 1950, from US 277 in Eagle Pass to the International Bridge as a replacement of a spur of US 277. On December 21, 1983, Spur 240 was rerouted to run from US 57 to Loop 431 (now Bus. US 277) due to rerouting of US 277 and Loop 431. Spur 241 State Highway Spur 241LocationHildalgo CountyLength5.100 mi (8.208 km)ExistedFebruary 5, 1951–present Spur 241 is located in Hidalgo. It runs from US 281 at Fay's Corner to a point north of Bridge Street in Hidalgo. Spur 241 was designated on February 5, 1951, from US 281 east of Hidalgo via Hildago to the International Bridge. On September 11, 1978, a section from the International Bridge to a point north of Bridge Street was cancelled. On August 14, 1979, the road was rerouted in Hidalgo and the section along Bridge Street and Rhode Avenue was cancelled. Spur 242 State Highway Spur 242LocationAtascosa CountyLength1.271 mi (2.045 km)ExistedMarch 22, 1951–present Spur 242 is located in Pleasanton. It runs from FM 476 to SH 97. Spur 242 was designated on March 22, 1951, on the current route. On July 16, 1965, the road was extended west 0.7 miles (1.1 km) over FM 476 to new FM 476, although this did not change the route description. Spur 243 State Highway Spur 243LocationTravis CountyExistedJanuary 23, 1939–August 24, 1954 Spur 243 was designated on January 23, 1939, from US 81 in Austin southwest along Lamar Boulevard to SH 29 at 45th Street. On August 24, 1954, Spur 243 was cancelled and returned to the city of Austin due to rerouting of US 183. Spur 244 State Highway Spur 244LocationDallas CountyLength2.914 mi (4.690 km)ExistedJune 21, 1951–present Spur 244 is located in Dallas. It runs from Loop 12 north of White Rock Lake to SH 78. Spur 244 was designated on June 21, 1951, on the current route along an old routing of SH 78. Spur 245 State Highway Spur 245LocationHutchinson CountyLength1.081 mi (1.740 km)ExistedOctober 30, 1951–present Spur 245 is located in Borger. It runs from Loop 140 to Spur 119. Spur 245 was designated on October 30, 1951, on the current route. Spur 246 State Highway Spur 246LocationHutchinson CountyLength2.975 mi (4.788 km)ExistedOctober 30, 1951–present Spur 246 is located in Borger. It runs from Spur 119 to SH 207. Spur 246 was designated on October 30, 1951, from Spur 119 northeast of Borger northeast to SH 152. On July 13, 1959, the road was extended southwest 2.1 miles (3.4 km) to SH 15 (now SH 207) south of Borger, replacing a section of FM 1551. Spur 247 State Highway Spur 247LocationWard CountyExistedJuly 25, 1960–present Main article: Texas State Highway Spur 247 Spur 247 is located in Pyote. It runs from SH 115 to Spur 57. Spur 247 was designated on July 25, 1960, from then-proposed SH 115 south to I-20 (later US 80, now Spur 57) along an old routing of SH 115. Spur 247 (1951) State Highway Spur 247LocationBexar CountyExistedNovember 19, 1951–March 18, 1960 The original Spur 247 was designated on November 19, 1951, from US 81 east and south along Herff, S. Alamo, Probandt and Hick Streets to US 181 at S. Presa Street. The route became co-designated with US 87, and this was removed on March 18, 1960, cancelling Spur 247. Spur 248 State Highway Spur 248LocationSmith CountyLength3.601 mi (5.795 km)ExistedFebruary 20, 1959–present Spur 248 is located in Tyler. It runs from Loop 323 to SH 64. Spur 248 was designated on February 20, 1959, on the current route. Spur 248 (1952) State Highway Spur 248LocationHill CountyExistedFebruary 21, 1952–October 27, 1953 The original Spur 248 was designated on February 21, 1952, from SH 353 (now SH 174) to Blum. On October 27, 1953, Spur 248 was cancelled and transferred to FM 67. Spur 250 State Highway Spur 250LocationWalker CountyExistedAugust 27, 1969–October 8, 1965 Spur 250 was designated on August 27, 1969, from US 75 (now SH 75) 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of Mossy Grove northeast to I-45. On October 8, 1965, Spur 250 was cancelled and transferred to FM 2989. Spur 253 State Highway Spur 253LocationBell CountyExistedApril 29, 1952–December 13, 2007 Spur 253 was designated on April 29, 1952, from then-new US 81 west 0.55 miles (0.89 km) along Central Avenue to Main Street in Belton. On December 13, 2007, Spur 253 was cancelled and returned to the city of Belton. Spur 258 State Highway Spur 258LocationKarnes CountyExistedSeptember 25, 1952–June 21, 1990 Spur 258 was designated on September 25, 1952, from US 181 in northwestern Kenedy southeast to SH 72 in Kenedy along an old routing of US 181. The route was signed as US 181 Business rather than Spur 258. On June 21, 1990, Spur 258 was cancelled and transferred to Bus. US 181. Spur 259 State Highway Spur 259LocationWebb CountyLength0.200 mi (322 m)ExistedAugust 29, 2013–present Spur 259 is located in Webb County. It runs from SH 359 to Loop 20. Spur 259 was designated on August 29, 2013, on the current route as a replacement of a section of Loop 20. Spur 259 (1952) State Highway Spur 258LocationKarnes CountyExistedSeptember 25, 1952–June 21, 1990 The original Spur 259 was designated on September 25, 1952, from SH 72 (later Spur 542, now Bus. SH 72) in Kenedy south to US 181 south of Kenedy along an old routing of US 181. The route was signed as US 181 Business rather than Spur 259. On April 20, 1982, the road was extended north along 2nd and Escondido Streets due to rerouting of SH 72. Spur 259 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Bus. US 181. Spur 260 State Highway Spur 260LocationWebb CountyLength1.610 mi (2.591 km)ExistedMay 29, 2008–present Main article: Texas State Highway Spur 260 Spur 260 is located in Laredo. It runs from US 83 to SH 359. Spur 260 was designated on May 29, 2008, on the current route as a replacement of a section of Loop 20. Spur 261 State Highway Spur 261LocationHarris CountyLength4.611 mi (7.421 km)ExistedMarch 24, 1954–present Spur 261 is located in Harris County. It runs along North Shepherd Drive from I-45 north of Houston to I-610. Spur 261 was designated on March 24, 1954, along the current route. Spur 263 State Highway Spur 263LocationNavarro CountyLength0.092 mi (148 m)ExistedSeptember 24, 1952–present Spur 263 is located in Navarro County. It runs from SH 31 near Dawson to Battle Creek Monument. Spur 263 was designated on September 24, 1952, on the current route. Spur 264 State Highway Spur 264LocationHunt CountyLength1.420 mi (2.285 km)ExistedJanuary 28, 1970–present Spur 264 is located in Quinlan. It runs from SH 276 to SH 34. Spur 274 was designated on January 28, 1970, as a redesignation of Loop 264 when a section was transferred to SH 276. Spur 268 State Highway Spur 268LocationMidland CountyExistedNovember 19, 1952–June 30, 2011 Spur 268 was designated on November 19, 1952, from US 80 (now Business I-20) near western Midland northeast to SH 158 (now Bus. SH 158) in Midland along an old routing of US 80. The route was signed as US 80 Business rather than Spur 268. On June 30, 2011, the route was changed to Loop 268. Spur 269 State Highway Spur 269LocationMidland CountyExistedNovember 19, 1952–June 30, 2011 Spur 269 was designated on November 19, 1952, from SH 158 (now Bus. SH 158) in Midland east to US 80 (now Business I-20) in Midland along an old routing of US 80. The route was signed as US 80 Business rather than Spur 269. On June 30, 2011, Spur 269 was cancelled and returned to the city of Midland. Spur 270 State Highway Spur 201LocationParmer CountyExistedJune 24, 1953–June 21, 1990 Spur 270 was designated on June 24, 1953, from FM 299 (now SH 214) in Friona west along 5th Street to US 60. On January 30, 1976, the road was extended north 0.4 miles (0.64 km) over former SH 214 along Main Street to US 60 and the western terminus was moved to new SH 214 when it was rerouted. Spur 270 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Bus. SH 214. Spur 272 State Highway Spur 272LocationNewton CountyLength0.805 mi (1,296 m)ExistedJanuary 29, 1953–present Spur 272 is located in Newton County. It runs from SH 12 (former SH 235) to Deweyville. Spur 272 was designated on January 29, 1953, on the current route along an old routing of SH 87. Spur 273 State Highway Spur 273LocationBrazoria CountyLength0.332 mi (534 m)ExistedAugust 28, 1953–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 273KML is not from Wikidata Spur 273 is located in Alvin. It connects SH 6 and Bus. SH 35. Spur 273 was designated on August 28, 1953, along the current route. Spur 274 Spur 274 (1954) State Highway Spur 274LocationFloyd CountyExistedFebruary 25, 1954–October 25, 1954 The first use of the Spur 274 designation was in Floyd County, from SH 207 to US 70 in Floydada. Spur 274 was cancelled eight months later when construction was completed. Spur 274 (1968) State Highway Spur 274LocationDallas CountyExistedJanuary 16, 1968–January 21, 1981 The next use of the Spur 274 designation was in Dallas County, from I-35E in Dallas west to west of Sylvan Avenue. Spur 274 was cancelled by mistake on December 7, 1971, but was restored on February 15, 1974. On January 21, 1981, Spur 274 was cancelled for real and became a portion of I-30. Spur 276 Spur 276 (1954) State Highway Spur 276LocationDallam CountyExistedMarch 24, 1954–June 21, 1990 The first use of the Spur 276 designation was in Dalhart, from US 54 at Denver and Seventh Streets east 0.488 miles (0.785 km) along Seventh Street to US 87 at Pine Street and Margaret Avenue. The route was signed as US 87 Business rather than Spur 276. Spur 276 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Bus. US 87. Spur 276 (2008) State Highway Spur 276LocationEl Paso CountyExistedJuly 31, 2008–July 26, 2012 The next use of the Spur 276 designation was in El Paso County, from SH 20 north of Borderland Road to Loop 375 north of I-10. Spur 276 was cancelled on July 26, 2012, and redesignated as Spur 16. Spur 277 State Highway Spur 277LocationWilliamson CountyLength0.647 mi (1,041 m)ExistedApril 24, 1954–present Spur 277 is located in Coupland. It runs from FM 1466 to SH 95. Spur 277 was designated on April 24, 1954, on the current route along an old routing of SH 95. Spur 278 State Highway Spur 278LocationAngelina CountyLength0.971 mi (1,563 m)ExistedOctober 27, 1953–present Spur 278 is located in Lufkin. It runs from Bus. US 69 (S Chestnut Street) to Loop 266 (S First Street, old US 59). Spur 278 was designated on October 27, 1953, on the current route. Although the route was to be signed as US 69 Business, it is currently signed as Spur 278. Spur 280 State Highway Spur 280LocationTarrant CountyLength0.567 mi (912 m)ExistedApril 27, 1955–present Spur 280 is a short freeway located in Downtown Fort Worth. The route connects the eastern part of Downtown with I-35W and runs as a continuation of the Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway (US 287). It was designated on April 27, 1955, on its current route. Exit list The entire highway is in Fort Worth, Tarrant County. mikmDestinationsNotes 0.0000.000 I-35W / US 287 north / US 377 (North Freeway) – Denton, Waco, Decatur US 287 south to I-30 east – Waxahachie, DallasNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; roadway continues south as US 287 0.5670.912East 4th Street – Sundance Square East 6th Street – Bass Performance HallNorthern terminus; northbound exit and southbound entrance; northbound traffic merges to either 4th or 6th Streets and southbound traffic flows onto Spur 280 from 5th and 7th Streets, access to Fort Worth Central Station 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Spur 284 State Highway Spur 284LocationColeman CountyExisted?–October 27, 1955 Spur 284 was designated from Santa Anna to 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Valera. On October 24, 1955, Spur 284 was cancelled and transferred to US 67. Spur 285 State Highway Spur 285LocationHardeman CountyExistedApril 27, 1955–December 17, 1970 Spur 285 was designated on April 17, 1955, from US 287 in western Quanah north to Spur 133 along an old routing of US 287. On December 17, 1970, Spur 285 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 2568. Spur 290 State Highway Spur 290LocationBell CountyLength4.736 mi (7.622 km)ExistedDecember 19, 1955–present Spur 290 is located in Temple. It runs from I-35 to Loop 363/SH 36/US 190. Spur 290 was designated on December 19, 1955, from then-new US 81 (now I-35) north of Temple south to US 190 (now SH 53) in Temple along an old routing of US 81. The route was signed as US 81 Business rather than Loop 290. On January 24, 1978, the road was extended south along old SH 36 from SH 53 to Loop 363 and new SH 36. Spur 294 State Highway Spur 294LocationNavarro CountyLength1.327 mi (2.136 km)ExistedNovember 29, 1990–present Spur 294 is located in Navarro County. It runs from US 287 to the Richland Chambers Reservoir. Spur 294 was designated on November 29, 1990, on the current route. Spur 297 State Highway Spur 297LocationVal Verde CountyLength0.251 mi (404 m)ExistedJanuary 19, 1956–present Spur 297 is located in Del Rio. It runs from US 90/US 277 to Spur 239. Spur 297 was designated on January 19, 1956, from US 90 just east of the US 90/US 277 intersection in Del Rio south to US 277. On January 28, 1985, by district request, the section of Spur 297 along Bedell Avenue was returned to the city of Del Rio. Spur 298 State Highway Spur 298LocationMcLennan CountyLength1.674 mi (2.694 km)ExistedFebruary 23, 1956–present Spur 298 is located in McLennan County. It runs from US 84 near western Waco east to Spur 396 (former SH 6). Spur 298 was designated on February 23, 1956, on the current route; the route was formerly a portion of Loop 2 before 1955. Spur 299 State Highway Spur 299LocationMcLennan CountyLength0.957 mi (1,540 m)ExistedFebruary 23, 1956–present Spur 299 is located in McLennan County. It runs from US 77/US 81 near eastern Waco east to US 84. Spur 299 was designated on February 23, 1956, on the current route; the route was formerly a portion of Loop 2 before 1955. References ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 200". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 201". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 202". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 203". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 206". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 213". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 214". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 215". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 216". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 216". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 217". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 224". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Texas Department of Transportation (July 27, 2017). "Minute Orders of the Regular Meeting of the Texas Transportation Commission" (PDF). Austin: Texas Department of Transportation. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 226". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 228". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 231". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 233". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 234". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 239". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 240". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 241". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 242". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 243". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 244". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 245". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 246". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 247". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 248". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 250". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 253". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 258". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ "Minute Order 113696" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. August 29, 2013. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 259". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 260". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 261". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1750. Retrieved December 19, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 263". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 264". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 268". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 269". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 270". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 272". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 273". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 274". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 276". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 277". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 278". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 280". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 285". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 290". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 294". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 297". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 298". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 299". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"State highway spurs in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of state highway spurs in Texas (200–299)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Roma Texas Port of Entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Texas_Port_of_Entry"},{"link_name":"Roma–Ciudad Miguel Alemán International Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma%E2%80%93Ciudad_Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_International_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_200-1"}],"text":"Spur 200 is located in Roma. It runs from US 83 southwest to Estrella Street and the Roma Texas Port of Entry at the Roma–Ciudad Miguel Alemán International Bridge. At a length of 0.05 miles (0.080 km), Spur 200 is the shortest spur route in Texas. The route is unsigned.Spur 200 was designated on November 18, 1947, from US 83 along Bravo Alley to the international bridge. On September 28, 1988, the 0.1-mile (0.16 km) section from Estrella Street to the bridge was removed and returned to Starr County.[1]","title":"Spur 200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytown,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 201 was designated on December 17, 1947, from an intersection with then-approved SH 146 near Black Duck Bay to West Goose Creek Street in Baytown. On September 23, 1959, the road was extended northeast to SH 146 and the route was changed to Loop 201 (now SH 146).","title":"Spur 201"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 202 is located in Gregory. It runs from SH 35 to US 181.Spur 202 was designated on November 18, 1947, on the current route.","title":"Spur 202"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presidio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 203 is located in Presidio. It runs from Bus. US 67 to Cibolo Creek.Spur 203 was designated on June 18, 1996, on he current route along an old routing of US 67. The northern terminus of Spur 203 once connected to a bridge when the route was part of US 67; the bridge was removed in 1996 due to rerouting of US 67.","title":"Spur 203"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 206 is located in Harlingen. It runs from I-69E/US 77 to Loop 499/FM 106.Spur 206 was designated on July 22, 1948, from then-new US 77 to then-US 83 along an old routing of US 77. On March 14, 1961, the road was extended west 0.9 miles (1.4 km) along Harrison Avenue (former US 83) to US 83. On March 29, 1987, a 0.768-mile (1.236 km) section from Loop 448 (now Bus. US 77) to FM 106 was added. On August 4, 1988, by district request, the road was extended east 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to Loop 499.","title":"Spur 206"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reklaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklaw,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 209 was designated on January 27, 1948, from then-approved SH 204 southwest along Henderson Street to South Street in Reklaw. Spur 209 was cancelled on February 23, 2006, and returned to the city of Reklaw.","title":"Spur 209"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wichita Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 213 is located in Wichita Falls. It runs from SH 240 to SH 79.Spur 213 was designated on September 14, 1973, on the current route along an old routing of SH 79.","title":"Spur 213"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco"},{"link_name":"SH 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_82"}],"text":"Spur 214 was designated on October 18, 1948, from SH 73 near a Southern Pacific Railroad line north of Texas Company Reservoir southeast to SH 87 near a Gulf Company refinery. On January 7, 1987, Spur 214 was cancelled by district request and transferred to SH 82.","title":"Spur 214"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 215 is located in Jefferson County. It runs from SH 73 at Port Arthur Reservoir to SH 87 at Savannah and 16th Streets in Port Arthur.Spur 215 was designated on October 18, 1948, on the current route.","title":"Spur 215"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eagle Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_57"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_216-9"},{"link_name":"Spur 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_216-9"}],"text":"Spur 216 is located in Eagle Pass. It runs approximately 0.9 miles (1.4 km) from US 277 to US 57.[9]Spur 216 was designated on July 25, 2012, on the current route as a renumbering of Spur 16.[9]","title":"Spur 216"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glen Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Rose,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_144"}],"sub_title":"Spur 216 (1948)","text":"The original Spur 216 was designated on November 23, 1948, in Glen Rose from then-new US 67 to then-old US 67. Spur 216 was cancelled ten months later and became a portion of SH 144 when it was rerouted; the former route of SH 144 became CR 312.","title":"Spur 216"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midland-Odessa Regional Air Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Loop 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_40"}],"text":"Spur 217 was designated on January 21, 1969, from FM 1788 northeast to Midland-Odessa Regional Air Terminal. On May 29, 1991, Spur 217 was cancelled and transferred to Loop 40.","title":"Spur 217"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 224 was designated on February 25, 1949, in Penelope from FM 308 southeast 0.17 miles (0.27 km) along Commerce Street to an I&GN Railroad line. On January 26, 1958, Spur 224 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1888 (now FM 2114).","title":"Spur 224"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaufman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Spur 226 is located in Kaufman County. It runs from US 80 south to SH 34 in Terrell.Spur 226 was designated on July 27, 2017, on its current route, replacing a portion of Bus. SH 34 (the remainder was given to the city).[13]","title":"Spur 226"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_155"}],"sub_title":"Spur 226 (1947)","text":"The original Spur 226 was designated on January 22, 1947, from E. Front Street and Beckham Avenue in Tyler to an intersection with SH 64 and E. 5th Street. On August 28, 1958, the road was extended south to SH 110. At the same time, the route was signed, but not designated, as SH 155. Spur 226 was cancelled on August 29, 1990, as the SH 155 designation became official.","title":"Spur 226"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potter County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Husband_Amarillo_International_Airport"}],"text":"Spur 228 is located in Potter County. It runs from US 287 to the south entrance of the former Amarillo Air Force Base (now Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport).Spur 228 was designated on May 22, 1959, on the current route.","title":"Spur 228"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argenta,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Spur 228 (1949)","text":"The original Spur 228 was designated on May 8, 1949, from FM 188 (later corrected to FM 888) at Argenta northeast 0.2 miles (0.32 km) to the Bee County line. Spur 228 was cancelled on October 16, 1956, and redesignated as FM Spur 888 (now FM 3190).","title":"Spur 228"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robertson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH OSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_OSR"}],"text":"Spur 231 is located in Robertson County. It runs from SH 6 in Benchley to Old Hearne Road.Spur 231 was designated on April 30, 1975, on the current route. It was formerly part of SH OSR.","title":"Spur 231"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spur 231 (1962)","text":"The original Spur 231 was designated on December 1, 1961, in Wichita Falls from then-new US 287 at 18th Street east to then-US 287. Spur 231 was cancelled when new US 287 was completed.","title":"Spur 231"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spur 232"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spur 232 (1950)","text":"The first use of the Spur 232 designation was in Upshur County, from FM 993 at La Fayette to a point 1 mile (1.6 km) southeast. Spur 232 was cancelled on January 27, 1953, and became an extension of FM 993.","title":"Spur 232"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spur 232 (1969)","text":"The next use of the Spur 232 designation was in Lubbock County, from US 62 (now US 62/SH 114) north 1 mile (1.6 km) along an extension of Indiana Avenue across Texas Tech University to FM 2255. Spur 232 was cancelled on April 28, 1994, by district request and removed from the highway system; the university had the road built and had maintained it themselves and was removed because TxDOT no longer needed it.","title":"Spur 232"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oldham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Boys Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Ranch,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 233 is located in Oldham County. It runs from US 385 (former SH 51) to Boys Ranch.Spur 233 was designated on January 27, 1950, on the current route.","title":"Spur 233"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grimes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stoneham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneham,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 234 is located in Grimes County. It runs from SH 105 south to Stoneham.Spur 234 was designated on May 30, 1950, on the current route.","title":"Spur 234"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Del Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Rio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"International Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_R%C3%ADo%E2%80%93Ciudad_Acu%C3%B1a_International_Bridge"}],"text":"Spur 239 is located in Del Rio. It runs from US 90/US 277 and Spur 297 to the International Bridge.Spur 239 was designated on September 28, 1950, from US 277 in Del Rio to the International Bridge as a replacement of a spur of US 277. On January 24, 1978, the road was rerouted along Las Vacas Road to Rio Grande Lane. On January 28, 1985, the road was extended northeast to new US 277, replacing a section of US 277. On September 25, 1997, by district request, the section from US 277 (concurrent with US 277 Spur) along Las Vacas and Garfield Lane to Rio Grande Lane was removed from the highway system and Spur 239 was rerouted along Gibbs Avenue and a new route to US 277 Spur.","title":"Spur 239"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eagle Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 240 is located in Eagle Pass. It runs from US 57 to Bus. US 277.Spur 240 was designated on September 28, 1950, from US 277 in Eagle Pass to the International Bridge as a replacement of a spur of US 277. On December 21, 1983, Spur 240 was rerouted to run from US 57 to Loop 431 (now Bus. US 277) due to rerouting of US 277 and Loop 431.","title":"Spur 240"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 241 is located in Hidalgo. It runs from US 281 at Fay's Corner to a point north of Bridge Street in Hidalgo.Spur 241 was designated on February 5, 1951, from US 281 east of Hidalgo via Hildago to the International Bridge. On September 11, 1978, a section from the International Bridge to a point north of Bridge Street was cancelled. On August 14, 1979, the road was rerouted in Hidalgo and the section along Bridge Street and Rhode Avenue was cancelled.","title":"Spur 241"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pleasanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 242 is located in Pleasanton. It runs from FM 476 to SH 97.Spur 242 was designated on March 22, 1951, on the current route. On July 16, 1965, the road was extended west 0.7 miles (1.1 km) over FM 476 to new FM 476, although this did not change the route description.","title":"Spur 242"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 243 was designated on January 23, 1939, from US 81 in Austin southwest along Lamar Boulevard to SH 29 at 45th Street. On August 24, 1954, Spur 243 was cancelled and returned to the city of Austin due to rerouting of US 183.","title":"Spur 243"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"}],"text":"Spur 244 is located in Dallas. It runs from Loop 12 north of White Rock Lake to SH 78.Spur 244 was designated on June 21, 1951, on the current route along an old routing of SH 78.","title":"Spur 244"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borger,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 245 is located in Borger. It runs from Loop 140 to Spur 119.Spur 245 was designated on October 30, 1951, on the current route.","title":"Spur 245"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borger,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 246 is located in Borger. It runs from Spur 119 to SH 207.Spur 246 was designated on October 30, 1951, from Spur 119 northeast of Borger northeast to SH 152. On July 13, 1959, the road was extended southwest 2.1 miles (3.4 km) to SH 15 (now SH 207) south of Borger, replacing a section of FM 1551.","title":"Spur 246"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyote,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 247 is located in Pyote. It runs from SH 115 to Spur 57.Spur 247 was designated on July 25, 1960, from then-proposed SH 115 south to I-20 (later US 80, now Spur 57) along an old routing of SH 115.","title":"Spur 247"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spur 247 (1951)","text":"The original Spur 247 was designated on November 19, 1951, from US 81 east and south along Herff, S. Alamo, Probandt and Hick Streets to US 181 at S. Presa Street. The route became co-designated with US 87, and this was removed on March 18, 1960, cancelling Spur 247.","title":"Spur 247"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 248 is located in Tyler. It runs from Loop 323 to SH 64.Spur 248 was designated on February 20, 1959, on the current route.","title":"Spur 248"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 248 (1952)","text":"The original Spur 248 was designated on February 21, 1952, from SH 353 (now SH 174) to Blum. On October 27, 1953, Spur 248 was cancelled and transferred to FM 67.","title":"Spur 248"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 250 was designated on August 27, 1969, from US 75 (now SH 75) 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of Mossy Grove northeast to I-45. On October 8, 1965, Spur 250 was cancelled and transferred to FM 2989.","title":"Spur 250"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 253 was designated on April 29, 1952, from then-new US 81 west 0.55 miles (0.89 km) along Central Avenue to Main Street in Belton. On December 13, 2007, Spur 253 was cancelled and returned to the city of Belton.","title":"Spur 253"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bus. US 181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_181#Kenedy_business_route"}],"text":"Spur 258 was designated on September 25, 1952, from US 181 in northwestern Kenedy southeast to SH 72 in Kenedy along an old routing of US 181. The route was signed as US 181 Business rather than Spur 258. On June 21, 1990, Spur 258 was cancelled and transferred to Bus. US 181.","title":"Spur 258"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Webb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webb_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 259 is located in Webb County. It runs from SH 359 to Loop 20.Spur 259 was designated on August 29, 2013, on the current route as a replacement of a section of Loop 20.","title":"Spur 259"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bus. US 181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_181#Kenedy_business_route"}],"sub_title":"Spur 259 (1952)","text":"The original Spur 259 was designated on September 25, 1952, from SH 72 (later Spur 542, now Bus. SH 72) in Kenedy south to US 181 south of Kenedy along an old routing of US 181. The route was signed as US 181 Business rather than Spur 259. On April 20, 1982, the road was extended north along 2nd and Escondido Streets due to rerouting of SH 72. Spur 259 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Bus. US 181.","title":"Spur 259"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laredo,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 260 is located in Laredo. It runs from US 83 to SH 359.Spur 260 was designated on May 29, 2008, on the current route as a replacement of a section of Loop 20.","title":"Spur 260"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_45"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"I-610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_610_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1750-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_261-35"}],"text":"Spur 261 is located in Harris County. It runs along North Shepherd Drive from I-45 north of Houston to I-610.[36]Spur 261 was designated on March 24, 1954, along the current route.[35]","title":"Spur 261"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navarro County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 263 is located in Navarro County. It runs from SH 31 near Dawson to Battle Creek Monument.Spur 263 was designated on September 24, 1952, on the current route.","title":"Spur 263"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quinlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinlan,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 264 is located in Quinlan. It runs from SH 276 to SH 34.Spur 274 was designated on January 28, 1970, as a redesignation of Loop 264 when a section was transferred to SH 276.","title":"Spur 264"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 268 was designated on November 19, 1952, from US 80 (now Business I-20) near western Midland northeast to SH 158 (now Bus. SH 158) in Midland along an old routing of US 80. The route was signed as US 80 Business rather than Spur 268. On June 30, 2011, the route was changed to Loop 268.","title":"Spur 268"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 269 was designated on November 19, 1952, from SH 158 (now Bus. SH 158) in Midland east to US 80 (now Business I-20) in Midland along an old routing of US 80. The route was signed as US 80 Business rather than Spur 269. On June 30, 2011, Spur 269 was cancelled and returned to the city of Midland.","title":"Spur 269"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 270 was designated on June 24, 1953, from FM 299 (now SH 214) in Friona west along 5th Street to US 60. On January 30, 1976, the road was extended north 0.4 miles (0.64 km) over former SH 214 along Main Street to US 60 and the western terminus was moved to new SH 214 when it was rerouted. Spur 270 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Bus. SH 214.","title":"Spur 270"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Deweyville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deweyville,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 272 is located in Newton County. It runs from SH 12 (former SH 235) to Deweyville.Spur 272 was designated on January 29, 1953, on the current route along an old routing of SH 87.","title":"Spur 272"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_273&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_273&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_273"},{"link_name":"Alvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Bus. SH 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_35#Alvin_business_loop"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_273-43"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 273KML is not from WikidataSpur 273 is located in Alvin. It connects SH 6 and Bus. SH 35.Spur 273 was designated on August 28, 1953, along the current route.[43]","title":"Spur 273"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spur 274"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spur 274 (1954)","text":"The first use of the Spur 274 designation was in Floyd County, from SH 207 to US 70 in Floydada. Spur 274 was cancelled eight months later when construction was completed.","title":"Spur 274"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spur 274 (1968)","text":"The next use of the Spur 274 designation was in Dallas County, from I-35E in Dallas west to west of Sylvan Avenue. Spur 274 was cancelled by mistake on December 7, 1971, but was restored on February 15, 1974. On January 21, 1981, Spur 274 was cancelled for real and became a portion of I-30.","title":"Spur 274"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spur 276"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spur 276 (1954)","text":"The first use of the Spur 276 designation was in Dalhart, from US 54 at Denver and Seventh Streets east 0.488 miles (0.785 km) along Seventh Street to US 87 at Pine Street and Margaret Avenue. The route was signed as US 87 Business rather than Spur 276. Spur 276 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Bus. US 87.","title":"Spur 276"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spur 276 (2008)","text":"The next use of the Spur 276 designation was in El Paso County, from SH 20 north of Borderland Road to Loop 375 north of I-10. Spur 276 was cancelled on July 26, 2012, and redesignated as Spur 16.","title":"Spur 276"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coupland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupland,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 277 is located in Coupland. It runs from FM 1466 to SH 95.Spur 277 was designated on April 24, 1954, on the current route along an old routing of SH 95.","title":"Spur 277"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lufkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufkin,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 278 is located in Lufkin. It runs from Bus. US 69 (S Chestnut Street) to Loop 266 (S First Street, old US 59).Spur 278 was designated on October 27, 1953, on the current route. Although the route was to be signed as US 69 Business, it is currently signed as Spur 278.","title":"Spur 278"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Downtown Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Fort_Worth"},{"link_name":"I-35W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35W_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway (US 287)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_280-48"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tarrant County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 280 is a short freeway located in Downtown Fort Worth. The route connects the eastern part of Downtown with I-35W and runs as a continuation of the Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway (US 287). It was designated on April 27, 1955, on its current route.[48]Exit listThe entire highway is in Fort Worth, Tarrant County.","title":"Spur 280"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 284 was designated from Santa Anna to 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Valera. On October 24, 1955, Spur 284 was cancelled and transferred to US 67.","title":"Spur 284"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 285 was designated on April 17, 1955, from US 287 in western Quanah north to Spur 133 along an old routing of US 287. On December 17, 1970, Spur 285 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 2568.","title":"Spur 285"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 290 is located in Temple. It runs from I-35 to Loop 363/SH 36/US 190.Spur 290 was designated on December 19, 1955, from then-new US 81 (now I-35) north of Temple south to US 190 (now SH 53) in Temple along an old routing of US 81. The route was signed as US 81 Business rather than Loop 290. On January 24, 1978, the road was extended south along old SH 36 from SH 53 to Loop 363 and new SH 36.","title":"Spur 290"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navarro County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 294 is located in Navarro County. It runs from US 287 to the Richland Chambers Reservoir.Spur 294 was designated on November 29, 1990, on the current route.","title":"Spur 294"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Del Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Rio,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 297 is located in Del Rio. It runs from US 90/US 277 to Spur 239.Spur 297 was designated on January 19, 1956, from US 90 just east of the US 90/US 277 intersection in Del Rio south to US 277. On January 28, 1985, by district request, the section of Spur 297 along Bedell Avenue was returned to the city of Del Rio.","title":"Spur 297"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McLennan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLennan_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 298 is located in McLennan County. It runs from US 84 near western Waco east to Spur 396 (former SH 6).Spur 298 was designated on February 23, 1956, on the current route; the route was formerly a portion of Loop 2 before 1955.","title":"Spur 298"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McLennan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLennan_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 299 is located in McLennan County. It runs from US 77/US 81 near eastern Waco east to US 84.Spur 299 was designated on February 23, 1956, on the current route; the route was formerly a portion of Loop 2 before 1955.","title":"Spur 299"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 200\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0200.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 200\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 201\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0201.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 201\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 202\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0202.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 202\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 203\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0203.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 203\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 206\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0206.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 206\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 213\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0213.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 213\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 214\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0214.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 214\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 215\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0215.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 215\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 216\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0216.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 216\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 216\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0216.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 216\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 217\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0217.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 217\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 224\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0224.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 224\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Texas Department of Transportation (July 27, 2017). \"Minute Orders of the Regular Meeting of the Texas Transportation Commission\" (PDF). Austin: Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://ftp.txdot.gov/pub/txdot/commission/2017/0727/12b3.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Orders of the Regular Meeting of the Texas Transportation Commission\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 226\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0226.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 226\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 228\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0228.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 228\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 231\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0231.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 231\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 233\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0233.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 233\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 234\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0234.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 234\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 239\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0239.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 239\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 240\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0240.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 240\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 241\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0241.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 241\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 242\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0242.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 242\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 243\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0243.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 243\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 244\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0244.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 244\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 245\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0245.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 245\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 246\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0246.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 246\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 247\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0247.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 247\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 248\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0248.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 248\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 250\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0250.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 250\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 253\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0253.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 253\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 258\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0258.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 258\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 113696\" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. August 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/113696.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 113696\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 259\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0259.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 259\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 260\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0260.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 260\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 261\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0261.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 261\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1750. Retrieved December 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1750.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 263\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0263.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 263\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 264\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0264.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 264\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 268\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0268.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 268\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 269\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0269.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 269\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 270\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0270.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 270\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 272\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0272.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 272\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 273\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0273.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 273\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 274\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0274.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 274\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 276\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0276.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 276\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 277\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0277.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 277\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 278\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0278.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 278\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 280\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0280.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 280\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 285\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0285.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 285\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 290\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0290.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 290\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 294\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0294.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 294\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 297\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0297.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 297\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 298\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0298.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 298\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 299\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0299.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 299\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_273&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_273&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0200.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 200\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0201.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 201\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0202.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 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294\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0297.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 297\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0298.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 298\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0299.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 299\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khekeret-nisut	Khekeret-nisut	["1 Literature","2 References"]	Khekeret-nisut is a much debated Ancient Egyptian woman's title. Women with this title are known from the First Intermediate Period, less often from the Middle Kingdom, but again often from the Second Intermediate Period and the New Kingdom. The title is often translated as lady in waiting or king's ornament. The title holders are most often married women of high status. In the Eleventh Dynasty, some queens of Mentuhotep II had that title. Henry George Fischer translated the title as ornament of the king and saw the women with this title as part of the king's harem. Harco Willems argued that the correct translation is adorner of the king and argued that they were playing some role in the king's cult. Literature Danijela Stefanovic: The Non-royal Regular Feminine Titles of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period: Dossiers, London 2009 pp. 85- 109 ISBN 978-1-906137-12-0 References ^ Fischer, Egyptian Women of the Old Kingdom and of the Heracleopolitan Period, New York 1989, p. 31 ^ H. Willems: Dayr al-Barsha Volume I. The Rock Tombs of Djehutinakht (No. 17K74/1), Khnumnakht (No. 17K74/2), and Iha (No. 17K74/3). With an Essay on the History and Nature of Nomarchal Rule in the Early Middle Kingdom, Leuven 2007, p. 73 vteAncient Egyptian titularyRoyal titulary Great Royal Wife Khenemetneferhedjet Pharaoh Religious titulary Divine Adoratrice of Amun God's Wife God's Wife of Amun High Priest of Amun High Priest of Osiris High Priest of Ptah High Priest of Ra Lector priest Priestess of Hathor Second Prophet of Amun Servant in the Place of Truth Stolist Two Ladies Courtly and administrative titulary Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King Haty-a High steward Iry-pat Khekeret-nisut Nomarch Overseer of cattle Overseer of fields Overseer of the treasuries Overseer of Upper Egypt Royal sealer (Ancient Egypt) Treasurer Viceroy of Kush Vizier Reporter Ancient Egypt portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"First Intermediate Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period"},{"link_name":"Middle Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Second Intermediate Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mentuhotep II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentuhotep_II"},{"link_name":"Henry George Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George_Fischer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Khekeret-nisut is a much debated Ancient Egyptian woman's title. Women with this title are known from the First Intermediate Period, less often from the Middle Kingdom, but again often from the Second Intermediate Period and the New Kingdom. The title is often translated as lady in waiting or king's ornament.The title holders are most often married women of high status. In the Eleventh Dynasty, some queens of Mentuhotep II had that title. Henry George Fischer[1] translated the title as ornament of the king and saw the women with this title as part of the king's harem. Harco Willems argued that the correct translation is adorner of the king and argued that they were playing some role in the king's cult.[2]","title":"Khekeret-nisut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danijela Stefanovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danijela_Stefanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-906137-12-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906137-12-0"}],"text":"Danijela Stefanovic: The Non-royal Regular Feminine Titles of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period: Dossiers, London 2009 pp. 85- 109 ISBN 978-1-906137-12-0","title":"Literature"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbee_Municipal_Airport	Bisbee Municipal Airport	["1 Facilities","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Airport in Cochise County, Arizona Bisbee Municipal AirportIATA: BSQICAO: noneFAA LID: P04SummaryAirport typePublicOwnerCity of BisbeeServesBisbee, ArizonaElevation AMSL4,780 ft / 1,457 mCoordinates31°21′50″N 109°52′59″W / 31.36389°N 109.88306°W / 31.36389; -109.88306MapP04Show map of ArizonaP04Show map of the United StatesRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 17/35 5,929 1,807 Asphalt 2/20 2,650 808 Dirt Statistics (2023)Aircraft operations (year ending 4/11/2023)2,900Based aircraft20Source: Federal Aviation Administration Bisbee Municipal Airport (IATA: BSQ, FAA LID: P04) is 6 miles (5.2 nmi; 9.7 km) southeast of Bisbee, in Cochise County, Arizona, United States. Facilities Bisbee Municipal Airport covers 300 acres (120 ha) at an elevation of 4,780 feet (1,457 m). It has two runways: 17/35: 5,929 by 60 feet (1,807 x 18 m) asphalt 2/20: 2,650 by 110 feet (808 x 34 m) dirt In the year ending April 11, 2023 the airport had 2,900 aircraft operations, average 56 per week, all general aviation. 20 aircraft were then based at this airport: 16 single-engine, 1 multi-engine, 2 helicopters, and 1 ultralight. See also List of airports in Arizona References ^ a b c d FAA Airport Form 5010 for P04 PDF, effective 2023-07-13. ^ Airport information for BSQ at Great Circle Mapper. External links Bisbee Municipal Airport at Arizona DOT Airport Directory Resources for this airport: FAA airport information for P04 AirNav airport information for P04 ASN accident history for BSQ FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker SkyVector aeronautical chart for P04 This Arizona airport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"nmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"Bisbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbee,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Cochise County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochise_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"}],"text":"Bisbee Municipal Airport (IATA: BSQ[2], FAA LID: P04) is 6 miles (5.2 nmi; 9.7 km) southeast of Bisbee, in Cochise County, Arizona, United States.[1]","title":"Bisbee Municipal Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"ultralight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"}],"text":"Bisbee Municipal Airport covers 300 acres (120 ha) at an elevation of 4,780 feet (1,457 m). It has two runways:17/35: 5,929 by 60 feet (1,807 x 18 m) asphalt\n2/20: 2,650 by 110 feet (808 x 34 m) dirt[1]In the year ending April 11, 2023 the airport had 2,900 aircraft operations, average 56 per week, all general aviation.20 aircraft were then based at this airport: 16 single-engine, 1 multi-engine, 2 helicopters, and 1 ultralight.[1]","title":"Facilities"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of airports in Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Arizona"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bisbee_Municipal_Airport&params=31_21_50_N_109_52_59_W_region:US_type:airport_scale:10000","external_links_name":"31°21′50″N 109°52′59″W / 31.36389°N 109.88306°W / 31.36389; -109.88306"},{"Link":"https://www.gcr1.com/5010ReportRouter/default.aspx?airportID=P04","external_links_name":"FAA Airport Form 5010 for P04"},{"Link":"http://www.gcmap.com/airport/BSQ","external_links_name":"Airport information for BSQ"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100716025146/http://www.azdot.gov/MPD/Airport_Development/airports/airports_list.asp?FAA=P04","external_links_name":"Bisbee Municipal Airport"},{"Link":"https://nfdc.faa.gov/nfdcApps/services/ajv5/airportDisplay.jsp?airportId=P04","external_links_name":"airport information for P04"},{"Link":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/P04","external_links_name":"airport information for P04"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=BSQ","external_links_name":"accident history for BSQ"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/resources/airport/P04","external_links_name":"airport information"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/live/airport/P04","external_links_name":"live flight tracker"},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/perl/code?id=P04&scale=2","external_links_name":"aeronautical chart for P04"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bisbee_Municipal_Airport&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Dixie	Christmas in Dixie	["1 Background","2 Lawsuit","3 Chart performance","4 Covers","5 References"]	1982 song by the American band, Alabama "Christmas in Dixie"Single by Alabamafrom the album A Country Christmas B-side"Christmas Is Just a Song For Us This Year" (original)"Thistlehair the Christmas Bear" (re-release)ReleasedDecember 6, 1982StudioThe Music MillNashville, Tennessee, U.S.GenreChristmascountryLength3:37LabelRCA NashvilleSongwriter(s)Jeff CookTeddy GentryRandy OwenProducer(s)Harold SheddAlabamaAlabama singles chronology "Close Enough to Perfect" (1982) "Christmas in Dixie" (1982) "Dixieland Delight" (1983) "Christmas in Dixie" is a song by American country band Alabama. It was released as a single in December 1982 from the RCA Nashville compilation album A Country Christmas. The Christmas song celebrates the holiday in the southern United States. This song was included on Alabama's first Christmas album released in 1985 (titled Alabama Christmas), and has since been included on many Christmas compilations in both the country and all-genre music fields. In 2017, Alabama updated the song by re-recording the unplugged version of it for their third Christmas album titled American Christmas which celebrated its 35th anniversary when they first released the song in 1982. It is the only song credited solely to the four band members, and the one of only two songs to feature a songwriting credit for drummer Mark Herndon. Background This country song is a celebration of Christmas in southeastern American states. Each verse begins with two references to non-Southeastern areas (New York City; California; Chicago and Detroit which is referred as "Motown") followed by two references to Southeastern cities (Memphis, Tennessee; Atlanta, Georgia; Jackson, Mississippi and Charlotte, North Carolina referred as "Caroline" in this song) and a final reference to Fort Payne, Alabama (the group's hometown). The version released originally on A Country Christmas, as well as the version most often played on radio in the U.S., features a spoken-word Christmas greeting by each member of Alabama, after the line "And from Fort Payne, Alabama", and prior to the song's conclusion ("Merry Christmas tonight"). The original single release was part of a double A-sided holiday release issued by RCA Nashville, paired with "Christmas Is Just a Song For Us This Year" by Louise Mandrell and R.C. Bannon. A 1997 rerelease had "Thistlehair the Christmas Bear" as its b-side. Lawsuit In 2010, Allan Caswell initiated a lawsuit against ATV/Sony, who published both his song, "On The Inside" and the Alabama song "Christmas In Dixie", because he thought that it plagiarized the theme song he wrote for Prisoner, On the Inside. This action was based on ATV Sony commissioning a copyright expert to provide advice as to whether a plagiarism had taken place. Chart performance The original version spent seven weeks on the charts between late 1982 and early 1983, peaking at number 35. It re-entered the chart three times between 1997 and 2000. Chart (1982-1983) Peakposition U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 35 Chart (1997-1998) Peakposition U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks 47 Chart (1998-1999) Peakposition U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks 40 Chart (1999-2000) Peakposition U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks 37 Covers The song was covered by Kenny Chesney on his 2003 album All I Want for Christmas Is a Real Good Tan and featured Alabama's lead singer Randy Owen joining him on the track. Country a cappella band Home Free covered it on their 2020 album Warmest Winter, with Owen singing lead and Alabama credited as a featured artist. Jason Aldean covered the song which was released in 2022. References ^ a b c Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2. ^ "US group 'ripped off' Prisoner theme tune". news.com.au. 8 May 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2011. ^ Colurso, Mary (November 4, 2022). "Listen to Jason Aldean's cover of an Alabama classic, 'Christmas in Dixie'". AL.com. Retrieved November 7, 2022. vteAlabama 1977–1989 singlesMy Home's in Alabama "I Wanna Come Over" "My Home's in Alabama" "Tennessee River" "Why Lady Why" Feels So Right "Old Flame" "Feels So Right" "Love in the First Degree" Mountain Music "Mountain Music" "Take Me Down" "Close Enough to Perfect" The Closer You Get... "Dixieland Delight" "The Closer You Get" "Lady Down on Love" Roll On "Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)" "When We Make Love" "If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)" "(There's A) Fire in the Night" 40-Hour Week "There's No Way" "40 Hour Week (For a Livin')" "Can't Keep a Good Man Down" Greatest Hits "She and I" The Touch "Touch Me When We're Dancing" ""You've Got" the Touch" Just Us "Tar Top" "Face to Face" "Fallin' Again" Southern Star "Song of the South" "If I Had You" "High Cotton" "Southern Star" Other singles "Christmas in Dixie" "Deep River Woman"	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_(band)"},{"link_name":"RCA Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records_Nashville"},{"link_name":"Christmas song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_song"},{"link_name":"southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Alabama Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Christmas"}],"text":"\"Christmas in Dixie\" is a song by American country band Alabama. It was released as a single in December 1982 from the RCA Nashville compilation album A Country Christmas. The Christmas song celebrates the holiday in the southern United States. This song was included on Alabama's first Christmas album released in 1985 (titled Alabama Christmas), and has since been included on many Christmas compilations in both the country and all-genre music fields. In 2017, Alabama updated the song by re-recording the unplugged version of it for their third Christmas album titled American Christmas which celebrated its 35th anniversary when they first released the song in 1982. It is the only song credited solely to the four band members, and the one of only two songs to feature a songwriting credit for drummer Mark Herndon.","title":"Christmas in Dixie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Fort Payne, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Payne,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"double A-sided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_A-side"},{"link_name":"RCA Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records_Nashville"},{"link_name":"Louise Mandrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Mandrell"},{"link_name":"R.C. Bannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.C._Bannon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitburn-1"}],"text":"This country song is a celebration of Christmas in southeastern American states. Each verse begins with two references to non-Southeastern areas (New York City; California; Chicago and Detroit which is referred as \"Motown\") followed by two references to Southeastern cities (Memphis, Tennessee; Atlanta, Georgia; Jackson, Mississippi and Charlotte, North Carolina referred as \"Caroline\" in this song) and a final reference to Fort Payne, Alabama (the group's hometown).The version released originally on A Country Christmas, as well as the version most often played on radio in the U.S., features a spoken-word Christmas greeting by each member of Alabama, after the line \"And from Fort Payne, Alabama\", and prior to the song's conclusion (\"Merry Christmas tonight\"). The original single release was part of a double A-sided holiday release issued by RCA Nashville, paired with \"Christmas Is Just a Song For Us This Year\" by Louise Mandrell and R.C. Bannon. A 1997 rerelease had \"Thistlehair the Christmas Bear\" as its b-side.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allan Caswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Caswell"},{"link_name":"Prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"On the Inside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Inside_(song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 2010, Allan Caswell initiated a lawsuit against ATV/Sony, who published both his song, \"On The Inside\" and the Alabama song \"Christmas In Dixie\", because he thought that it plagiarized the theme song he wrote for Prisoner, On the Inside.[2] This action was based on ATV Sony commissioning a copyright expert to provide advice as to whether a plagiarism had taken place.","title":"Lawsuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitburn-1"}],"text":"The original version spent seven weeks on the charts between late 1982 and early 1983, peaking at number 35. It re-entered the chart three times between 1997 and 2000.[1]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenny Chesney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Chesney"},{"link_name":"All I Want for Christmas Is a Real Good Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Want_for_Christmas_Is_a_Real_Good_Tan"},{"link_name":"Randy Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Owen"},{"link_name":"Home Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Free_(group)"},{"link_name":"Jason Aldean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Aldean"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The song was covered by Kenny Chesney on his 2003 album All I Want for Christmas Is a Real Good Tan and featured Alabama's lead singer Randy Owen joining him on the track. Country a cappella band Home Free covered it on their 2020 album Warmest Winter, with Owen singing lead and Alabama credited as a featured artist. Jason Aldean covered the song which was released in 2022.[3]","title":"Covers"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-177-2","url_text":"978-0-89820-177-2"}]},{"reference":"\"US group 'ripped off' Prisoner theme tune\". news.com.au. 8 May 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/us-group-ripped-off-prisoner-theme-tun/story-e6frfku0-1225863864721","url_text":"\"US group 'ripped off' Prisoner theme tune\""}]},{"reference":"Colurso, Mary (November 4, 2022). \"Listen to Jason Aldean's cover of an Alabama classic, 'Christmas in Dixie'\". AL.com. Retrieved November 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/life/2022/11/listen-to-jason-aldeans-cover-of-an-alabama-classic-christmas-in-dixie.html","url_text":"\"Listen to Jason Aldean's cover of an Alabama classic, 'Christmas in Dixie'\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/us-group-ripped-off-prisoner-theme-tun/story-e6frfku0-1225863864721","external_links_name":"\"US group 'ripped off' Prisoner theme tune\""},{"Link":"https://www.al.com/life/2022/11/listen-to-jason-aldeans-cover-of-an-alabama-classic-christmas-in-dixie.html","external_links_name":"\"Listen to Jason Aldean's cover of an Alabama classic, 'Christmas in Dixie'\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Woolley	Joseph Woolley	["1 Early life and education","2 Career in Naval Architecture","3 Family connections","4 Sources"]	Not to be confused with Joseph Woolley (archdeacon of Suffolk). The Reverend Joseph Woolley MA LLD FRAS (1817-1889) was a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and a founding member of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects. Early life and education Woolley was born in Petersfield, Hampshire on 27 June 1817. He was the third son of George Woolley, a local surgeon, and later employee of the Royal Humane Society and his wife Charlotte. Woolley was educated at Brompton Grammar School and St John's College, Cambridge in 1835. He graduated BA as third Wrangler in 1840, and became a Fellow and Lecturer at St John's College, and was Rede Lecturer in 1844. In 1846, Woolley gave up his post to become a country rector. Career in Naval Architecture Woolley's career in naval architecture began when he was appointed was the first Principal of the short-lived School of Mathematics and Naval Construction, Portsmouth which ran from 1848 to 1853. Its predecessor, the School of Naval Architecture, led by Professor James Inman, another Cambridge graduate, had closed in the 1830s. like the earlier school, the School was distrusted by those without academic training, who referred to its graduates as 'Euclid boys.' In 1864, Woolley became the first principal of the Royal School of Naval Architecture. Family connections He was related to the 20th-century astronomer Richard van der Riet Woolley (Joseph Woolley was the brother of Benjamin Woolley, Richard van der Riet Woolley's paternal grandfather). Sources ^ "Woolley, Joseph (WLY835J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ H.W. Dickinson, "Joseph Woolley - Pioneer ofBritish Naval Education; 1848-1879,"Education Research and Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2007 ^ H.W. Dickinson, "Joseph Woolley - Pioneer of British Naval Education; 1848-1879,"Education Research and Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2007 H. W.Dickinson, 'Joseph Woolley - Pioneer of British Naval Education; 1848 - 1873', Education Research and Perspectives (2007) 34(1) pages 1–26 Richard van der Riet Woolley biography, including Woolley family history	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Woolley (archdeacon of Suffolk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Woolley_(archdeacon_of_Suffolk)"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"LLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"FRAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal Astronomical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal Institution of Naval Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Naval_Architects"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Joseph Woolley (archdeacon of Suffolk).The Reverend Joseph Woolley MA LLD FRAS (1817-1889) was a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and a founding member of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects.","title":"Joseph Woolley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Wrangler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"Rede Lecturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Lecturer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Woolley was born in Petersfield, Hampshire on 27 June 1817. He was the third son of George Woolley, a local surgeon, and later employee of the Royal Humane Society and his wife Charlotte. Woolley was educated at Brompton Grammar School and St John's College, Cambridge in 1835. He graduated BA as third Wrangler in 1840, and became a Fellow and Lecturer at St John's College, and was Rede Lecturer in 1844.[1] In 1846, Woolley gave up his post to become a country rector.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School of Mathematics and Naval Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Mathematics_and_Naval_Construction"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"School of Naval Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Naval_Architecture"},{"link_name":"James Inman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Inman"},{"link_name":"Euclid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal School of Naval Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_of_Naval_Architecture"}],"text":"Woolley's career in naval architecture began when he was appointed was the first Principal of the short-lived School of Mathematics and Naval Construction, Portsmouth which ran from 1848 to 1853. Its predecessor, the School of Naval Architecture, led by Professor James Inman, another Cambridge graduate, had closed in the 1830s. like the earlier school, the School was distrusted by those without academic training, who referred to its graduates as 'Euclid boys.'[3] In 1864, Woolley became the first principal of the Royal School of Naval Architecture.","title":"Career in Naval Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard van der Riet Woolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_van_der_Riet_Woolley"}],"text":"He was related to the 20th-century astronomer Richard van der Riet Woolley (Joseph Woolley was the brother of Benjamin Woolley, Richard van der Riet Woolley's paternal grandfather).","title":"Family connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Woolley, Joseph (WLY835J)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WLY835J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Richard van der Riet Woolley biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/aasmemoirs/woolley.htm"}],"text":"^ \"Woolley, Joseph (WLY835J)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ H.W. Dickinson, \"Joseph Woolley - Pioneer ofBritish Naval\nEducation; 1848-1879,\"Education Research and Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2007\n\n^ H.W. Dickinson, \"Joseph Woolley - Pioneer of British Naval Education; 1848-1879,\"Education Research and Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2007H. W.Dickinson, 'Joseph Woolley - Pioneer of British Naval Education; 1848 - 1873', Education Research and Perspectives (2007) 34(1) pages 1–26\nRichard van der Riet Woolley biography, including Woolley family history","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Woolley, Joseph (WLY835J)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WLY835J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Woolley, Joseph (WLY835J)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WLY835J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Woolley, Joseph (WLY835J)\""},{"Link":"http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/aasmemoirs/woolley.htm","external_links_name":"Richard van der Riet Woolley biography"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award:_Picture_Book	Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book	["1 Award winners","1.1 1950s","1.2 1960s","1.3 1970s","1.4 1980s","1.5 1990s","1.6 2000s","1.7 2010s","1.8 2020s","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Australian literary award from 1955 Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture BookAwarded forExcellence in Australian picture booksCountryAustraliaPresented byChildren's Book Council of AustraliaFirst awarded1955Websitehttp://cbca.org.au/index.htm The Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book has been presented occasionally since 1955 by the Children's Book Council of Australia (CBCA). The Award "will be made to outstanding books of the Picture Book genre in which the author and illustrator achieve artistic and literary unity, or, in wordless picture books, where the story, theme or concept is unified through illustrations." Award winners 1950s Year Author Illustrator Book Publisher Ref. 1955 No award 1956 Peggy Barnard Sheila Hawkins Wish and the Magic Nut John Sands 1957 No award 1958 Axel Poignant photographs Piccaninny Walkabout Angus & Robertson 1959 No award 1960s Year Author Illustrator Book Publisher Ref. 1960 No award 1961 No award 1962 No award 1963 No award 1964 No award 1965 Elisabeth MacIntyre Hugh's Zoo Constable Young Books 1966 No award 1968 No award 1969 Ivan Southall Ted Greenwood Sly Old Wardrobe Cheshire 1970s Year Author Illustrator Book Publisher Ref. 1970 No award 1971 A. B. Paterson Desmond Digby Waltzing Matilda Collins 1974 Jenny Wagner Ron Brooks The Bunyip of Berkeley's Creek Longman Young 1975 A. B. Paterson Quentin Hole The Man from Ironbark Collins 1976 Dick Roughsey Dick Roughsey The Rainbow Serpent Collins 1978 Jenny Wagner Ron Brooks John Brown, Rose and the Midnight Cat Viking Kestrel 1979 Percy Trezise Dick Roughsey The Quinkins Collins 1980s Year Author Illustrator Book Publisher Ref. 1980 Peter Pavey One Dragon's Dream Nelson Australia 1981 No award 1982 Jan Ormerod Jan Ormerod Sunshine Penguin Books 1983 Pamela Allen Pamela Allen Who Sank the Boat? Nelson Australia 1984 Pamela Allen Pamela Allen Bertie and the Bear Nelson Australia 1985 Not awarded 1986 Terry Denton Terry Denton Felix & Alexander Oxford University Press 1987 Helen Smith, text based on a story by Kenji Miyazawa Junko Morimoto Kojuro and the Bears Collins 1988 Bob Graham Bob Graham Crusher is Coming! Lothian 1989 Graeme Base Graeme Base The Eleventh Hour Viking Books Allan Baillie Jane Tanner Drac and the Gremlin Viking Kestrel 1990s Year Author Illustrator Book Publisher Ref. 1990 Margaret Wild Julie Vivas The Very Best of Friends Margaret Hamilton 1991 Bob Graham Bob Graham Greetings from Sandy Beach Lothian 1992 Jeannie Baker Window Julia MacRae 1993 Bob Graham Bob Graham Rose Meets Mr Wintergarten Penguin Books 1994 Gary Crew Peter Gouldthorpe First Light Lothian 1995 Gary Crew Stephen Woolman The Watertower Keystone, Era 1996 Narelle Oliver The Hunt Lothian 1997 Elizabeth Honey Not a Nibble! Little Ark 1998 Junko Morimoto, translated by Isao Morimoto Junko Morimoto The Two Bullies Random House 1999 John Marsden Shaun Tan The Rabbits Lothian 2000s Year Author Illustrator Book Publisher Ref. 2000 Margaret Wild Anne Spudvilas Jenny Angel Viking Books 2001 Margaret Wild Ron Brooks Fox Allen and Unwin 2002 Libby Gleeson Armin Greder An Ordinary Day Scholastic Press 2003 Norman Jorgensen Brian Harrison-Lever In Flanders Fields Fremantle Arts Centre Press 2004 Joan Grant Neil Curtis Cat and Fish Lothian 2005 Alison Lester Alison Lester Are We There Yet? A Journey Around Australia Viking Books 2006 Colin Thompson The Short and Incredibly Happy Life of Riley Lothian 2007 Shaun Tan Shaun Tan The Arrival Lothian 2008 Matt Ottley Requiem for a Beast Lothian 2009 Kylie Dunstan Collecting Colour Lothian 2010s Year Author Illustrator Book Publisher Ref. 2010 Gregory Rogers The Hero of Little Street Allen & Unwin 2011 Jeannie Baker Mirror Walker Books 2011 Nicki Greenberg Hamlet Allen & Unwin 2012 Bob Graham Bob Graham A Bus Called Heaven Walker Books 2013 Julie Hunt Ron Brooks The Coat Allen & Unwin 2014 Shaun Tan Shaun Tan Rules of Summer Hachette Australia 2015 Irena Kobald Freya Blackwood My Two Blankets Little Hare, Hardie Grant Egmont 2016 Nadia Wheatley Armin Greder Flight Windy Hollow Books 2017 Bob Graham Bob Graham Home in the Rain Walker Books 2018 Gwyn Perkins Gwyn Perkins A Walk in the Bush Affirm Press 2019 Shaun Tan Shaun Tan Cicada Lothian 2020s Year Author Illustrator Book Publisher Ref. 2020 Chris McKimmie Chris McKimmie I Need a Parrot Ford Street 2021 Meg McKinlay Matt Ottley How to Make a Bird Walker Books 2022 Claire Saxby Jess Racklyeft Iceberg Allen & Unwin 2023 Zeno Sworder Zeno Sworder My Strange Shrinking Parents Thames & Hudson See also Children's literature portal List of CBCA Awards List of Australian literary awards References ^ CBCA Guidelines for Publishers Archived February 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c "Austlit — Picture Book of the Year (1955-)". Austlit. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ ""'Wish and the Magic Nut by Peggy Barnard". Austlit. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ ""Colourful Display for Children's Book Week"". The Canberra Times. 8 July 1958. p. 4. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ a b c d e "Austlit — Picture Book of the Year (1955-)". Austlit. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ ""Children's Book Awards"". The Canberra Times. 3 July 1965. p. 14. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2016. ^ "The award winners". The Canberra Times. 9 July 1966. p. 12. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2016. ^ "Children's Book Week - Prizewinners". The Canberra Times. 6 July 1968. p. 13. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2016. ^ "Book Council Award Winners". The Canberra Times. 12 July 1969. p. 16. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2016. ^ "Judges' Awards". The Canberra Times. 11 July 1970. p. 16. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "1971 Awards". The Canberra Times. 10 July 1971. p. 15. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "Judges' Report". The Canberra Times. 6 July 1974. p. 11. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "No major award for children's books". The Canberra Times. 26 April 1975. p. 11. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "1976 children's book awards announced". The Canberra Times. 10 July 1976. p. 3. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "Children's". The Canberra Times. Vol. 54, no. 16, 361. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 12 July 1980. p. 13. Retrieved 23 May 2019 – via National Library of Australia. ^ ""No Picture Book of Year prize"". The Canberra Times, 11 July 1981, p9. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ ""1982 Australian Children's Book of the Year Award"". The Canberra Times, 24 July 1982, p13. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1983". Austlit. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ "Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1984". Austlit. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ "Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1985". Austlit. Retrieved 25 November 2023. ^ "Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1986". Austlit. Retrieved 28 November 2023. ^ "Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1987". Austlit. Retrieved 28 November 2023. ^ "Austlit — Crusher is Coming — Awards". Austlit. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ "Austlit — The Eleventh Hour — Awards". Austlit. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ "Austlit — Drac and the Gremlin — Awards". Austlit. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ "Book of the Year - Winners 2016". Children's Book Council of Australia. 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016. ^ Convery, Stephanie; Harmon, Steph (17 August 2017). "Claire Zorn's grief-and-surfing story wins children's book of the year award". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2017. ^ "Book of the Year Awards 2018". Children's Book Council of Australia. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ "CBCA Awards 2019 winners announced". Books+Publishing. 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019. ^ "CBCA Book of the Year 2020 winners announced". Books+Publishing. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020. ^ "CBCA Book of the Year 2021 winners announced". Books+Publishing. 21 August 2021. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021. ^ "CBCA announces 2022 Book of the Year Awards". Books+Publishing. 19 August 2022. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022. ^ "CBCA Book of the Year Awards 2023 winners announced". Books+Publishing. 18 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023. External links CBCA Awards History vteChildren's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book1955–1959 Wish and the Magic Nut by Peggy Barnard (1956) Piccaninny Walkabout by Axel Poignant (1958) 1960–1969 Hugh's Zoo by Elisabeth MacIntyre (1965) Sly Old Wardrobe by Ivan Southall (1969) 1970–1979 Waltzing Matilda by A. B. Paterson (1971) The Bunyip of Berkeley's Creek by Jenny Wagner (1974) The Man from Ironbark by A. B. Paterson (1975) The Rainbow Serpent by Dick Roughsey (1976) John Brown, Rose and the Midnight Cat by Jenny Wagner (1978) The Quinkins by Percy Trezise (1979) 1980–1989 One Dragon's Dream by Peter Pavey (1980) Rummage by Christobel Mattingley (1982) Who Sank the Boat? by Pamela Allen (1983) Bertie and the Bear by Pamela Allen (1984) Felix & Alexander by Terry Denton (1986) Kojuro and the Bears by Helen Smith (1987) Crusher is Coming! by Bob Graham (1988) The Eleventh Hour by Graeme Base (1989) Drac and the Gremlin by Allan Baillie (1989) 1990–1999 The Very Best of Friends by Margaret Wild (1990) Greetings from Sandy Beach by Bob Graham (1991) Window by Jeannie Baker (1992) Rose Meets Mr Wintergarten by Bob Graham (1993) First Light by Gary Crew (1994) The Watertower by Gary Crew (1995) The Hunt by Narelle Oliver (1996) Not a Nibble! by Elizabeth Honey (1997) The Two Bullies by Junko Morimoto (1998) The Rabbits by John Marsden (1999) 2000–2009 Jenny Angel by Margaret Wild (2000) Fox by Margaret Wild (2001) An Ordinary Day by Libby Gleeson (2002) In Flanders Fields by Norman Jorgensen (2003) Cat and Fish by Joan Grant (2004) Are We There Yet?: A Journey Around Australia by Alison Lester (2005) The Short and Incredibly Happy Life of Riley by Colin Thompson (2006) The Arrival by Shaun Tan (2007) Requiem for a Beast by Matt Ottley (2008) Collecting Colour by Kylie Dunstan (2009) 2010–2019 The Hero of Little Street by Gregory Rogers (2010) Mirror by Jeannie Baker (2011) Hamlet by Nicki Greenberg (2011) A Bus Called Heaven by Bob Graham (2012) The Coat by Julie Hunt (2013) Rules of Summer by Shaun Tan (2014) My Two Blankets by Irena Kobald (2015) Flight by Nadia Wheatley (2016) Home in the Rain by Bob Graham (2017) A Walk in the Bush by Gwyn Perkins (2018) Cicada by Shaun Tan (2019) 2020–present I Need a Parrot by Chris McKimmie (2020) How to Make a Bird by Meg McKinlay (2021) Iceberg by Claire Saxby (2022) My Strange Shrinking Parents by Zeno Sworder (2023) Early Childhood (2001–present) Younger Readers (1982–present) Older Readers (1946–present) Eve Pownall Award for Information Books (1988–present)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Children's Book Council of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Book_Council_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"wordless picture books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordless_picture_books"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbcaah-1"}],"text":"The Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book has been presented occasionally since 1955 by the Children's Book Council of Australia (CBCA).The Award \"will be made to outstanding books of the Picture Book genre in which the author and illustrator achieve artistic and literary unity, or, in wordless picture books, where the story, theme or concept is unified through illustrations.\"[1]","title":"Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1950s","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1960s","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1970s","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1980s","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1990s","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000s","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","title":"Award winners"}]	[]	[{"title":"Children's literature portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature"},{"title":"List of CBCA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CBCA_Awards"},{"title":"List of Australian literary awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_literary_awards"}]	[{"reference":"\"Austlit — Picture Book of the Year (1955-)\". Austlit. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v872?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents&from=57&count=3","url_text":"\"Austlit — Picture Book of the Year (1955-)\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"'Wish and the Magic Nut by Peggy Barnard\". Austlit. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C424766","url_text":"\"\"'Wish and the Magic Nut by Peggy Barnard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170110103935/http://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C424766","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Colourful Display for Children's Book Week\"\". The Canberra Times. 8 July 1958. p. 4. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article136302304","url_text":"\"\"Colourful Display for Children's Book Week\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204404/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/136302304","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Austlit — Picture Book of the Year (1955-)\". Austlit. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v872?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents&from=57&count=3","url_text":"\"Austlit — Picture Book of the Year (1955-)\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Children's Book Awards\"\". The Canberra Times. 3 July 1965. p. 14. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article105758938","url_text":"\"\"Children's Book Awards\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204411/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/105758938","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The award winners\". The Canberra Times. 9 July 1966. p. 12. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107880852","url_text":"\"The award winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204357/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/107880852","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Children's Book Week - Prizewinners\". The Canberra Times. 6 July 1968. p. 13. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107061241","url_text":"\"Children's Book Week - Prizewinners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204426/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/107061241","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Book Council Award Winners\". The Canberra Times. 12 July 1969. p. 16. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article136943729","url_text":"\"Book Council Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204401/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/136943729","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Judges' Awards\". The Canberra Times. 11 July 1970. p. 16. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110331635","url_text":"\"Judges' Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204358/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110331635","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1971 Awards\". The Canberra Times. 10 July 1971. p. 15. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110666933","url_text":"\"1971 Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204408/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110666933","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Judges' Report\". The Canberra Times. 6 July 1974. p. 11. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110718249","url_text":"\"Judges' Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204358/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110718249","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"No major award for children's books\". The Canberra Times. 26 April 1975. p. 11. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article116344404","url_text":"\"No major award for children's books\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204349/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/116344404","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1976 children's book awards announced\". The Canberra Times. 10 July 1976. p. 3. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110816752","url_text":"\"1976 children's book awards announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204352/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110816752","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Children's\". The Canberra Times. Vol. 54, no. 16, 361. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 12 July 1980. p. 13. Retrieved 23 May 2019 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article125609755","url_text":"\"Children's\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"\"\"No Picture Book of Year prize\"\". The Canberra Times, 11 July 1981, p9. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article127050989","url_text":"\"\"No Picture Book of Year prize\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"1982 Australian Children's Book of the Year Award\"\". The Canberra Times, 24 July 1982, p13. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126885945","url_text":"\"\"1982 Australian Children's Book of the Year Award\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1983\". Austlit. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v872?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents&from=39&count=3","url_text":"\"Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1983\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1984\". Austlit. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v872?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents&from=39&count=3","url_text":"\"Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1984\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1985\". Austlit. Retrieved 25 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v872?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents&from=36&count=3","url_text":"\"Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1985\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1986\". Austlit. Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v872?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents&from=36&count=3","url_text":"\"Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1986\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1987\". Austlit. Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v872?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents&from=36&count=3","url_text":"\"Austlit — Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book 1987\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austlit — Crusher is Coming — Awards\". Austlit. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C391429?mainTabTemplate=workAwards","url_text":"\"Austlit — Crusher is Coming — Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austlit — The Eleventh Hour — Awards\". Austlit. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C394606?mainTabTemplate=workAwards","url_text":"\"Austlit — The Eleventh Hour — Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austlit — Drac and the Gremlin — Awards\". Austlit. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C394581?mainTabTemplate=workAwards","url_text":"\"Austlit — Drac and the Gremlin — Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book of the Year - Winners 2016\". Children's Book Council of Australia. 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://cbca.org.au/winners-2016","url_text":"\"Book of the Year - Winners 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Book_Council_of_Australia","url_text":"Children's Book Council of Australia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160822040307/http://cbca.org.au/winners-2016","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Convery, Stephanie; Harmon, Steph (17 August 2017). \"Claire Zorn's grief-and-surfing story wins children's book of the year award\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/aug/18/claire-zorns-grief-and-surfing-story-wins-childrens-book-of-the-year-award","url_text":"\"Claire Zorn's grief-and-surfing story wins children's book of the year award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190816192029/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/aug/18/claire-zorns-grief-and-surfing-story-wins-childrens-book-of-the-year-award","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Book of the Year Awards 2018\". Children's Book Council of Australia. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://cbca.org.au/winners-2018","url_text":"\"Book of the Year Awards 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Book_Council_of_Australia","url_text":"Children's Book Council of Australia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903135412/https://cbca.org.au/winners-2018","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CBCA Awards 2019 winners announced\". Books+Publishing. 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/08/16/137855/cbca-awards-2019-winners-announced/","url_text":"\"CBCA Awards 2019 winners announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books%2BPublishing","url_text":"Books+Publishing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190816183834/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/08/16/137855/cbca-awards-2019-winners-announced/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CBCA Book of the Year 2020 winners announced\". Books+Publishing. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/10/16/158101/cbca-book-of-the-year-2020-winners-announced/","url_text":"\"CBCA Book of the Year 2020 winners announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books%2BPublishing","url_text":"Books+Publishing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017014533/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/10/16/158101/cbca-book-of-the-year-2020-winners-announced/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CBCA Book of the Year 2021 winners announced\". Books+Publishing. 21 August 2021. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2021/08/20/191847/cbca-book-of-the-year-2021-winners-announced/","url_text":"\"CBCA Book of the Year 2021 winners announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books%2BPublishing","url_text":"Books+Publishing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210820025648/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2021/08/20/191847/cbca-book-of-the-year-2021-winners-announced/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CBCA announces 2022 Book of the Year Awards\". Books+Publishing. 19 August 2022. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2022/08/19/219322/cbca-announces-2022-book-of-the-year-awards/","url_text":"\"CBCA announces 2022 Book of the Year Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books%2BPublishing","url_text":"Books+Publishing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220819021253/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2022/08/19/219322/cbca-announces-2022-book-of-the-year-awards/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CBCA Book of the Year Awards 2023 winners announced\". Books+Publishing. 18 August 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezion-geber	Ezion-Geber	["1 Biblical references","2 Archaeological search","2.1 Tell el-Kheleifeh","2.2 Pharaoh's Island","3 References"]	Coordinates: 29°32′50″N 34°58′49″E / 29.54722°N 34.98028°E / 29.54722; 34.98028Biblical seaport on the northern extremity of the Gulf of Aqaba Pharaoh's Island in the Gulf of Aqaba Ezion-Geber (Hebrew: עֶצְיֹן גֶּבֶר‎, Modern: ʻEṣyōn Gevér, Tiberian: ʿEṣyōn Geḇer, Biblical: Ġeṣyōn Geḇer; also Asiongaber) is a city only known from the Hebrew Bible, in Idumea, a seaport on the northern extremity of the Gulf of Aqaba, in modern terms somewhere in the area of modern Aqaba and Eilat. According to Targum Jonathan, the name means "city of the rooster" (כְּרַך תַּרְנְגוֹלָא). Biblical references Ezion-Geber is mentioned six times in the Tanakh. According to the Book of Numbers, Ezion-Geber was a place first mentioned as an Israelite campsite toward the close of the nation's 40 years in the wilderness after the Exodus from Egypt. The "ships of Tharshish" of Solomon and Hiram started from this port on their voyage to Ophir. It was the main port for Israel's commerce with the countries bordering on the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. According to Book of II Chronicles, Jehoshaphat, the King of Judah, joined with Ahaziah, the King of Israel, to make ships in Ezion-geber; but God disapproved of the alliance, and the ships were broken in the port. In 1 Kings 9:26 (King James Version) it says: And king Solomon made a navy of ships in Eziongeber, which is beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red sea, in the land of Edom. And Hiram sent in the navy his servants, shipmen that had knowledge of the sea, with the servants of Solomon. And they came to Ophir, and fetched from thence gold, four hundred and twenty talents, and brought it to king Solomon. Archaeological search The location of Ezion-Geber is debated and has yet to be confirmed by archaeology. Tell el-Kheleifeh Ruins at Tell el-Kheleifeh were identified with Ezion-Geber by the German explorer F. Frank and later excavated by Nelson Glueck, who thought he had confirmed the identification, but a later re-evaluation dates them to a period between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE with occupation continuing possibly into the 4th century BCE. However, Marta Luciani argues that old and newly identified samples of Qurayya ware at the site indicate that it was occupied from the Late Bronze Age onwards. Pharaoh's Island Alternatively, some scholars identify Pharaoh's Island with biblical Ezion-Geber. References ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, Asiongaber, accessed 7 November 2017 ^ Numbers 33:35, Deuteronomy 2:8, 1 Kings 22:49, 2 Chronicles 8:17, 2 Chronicles 20:36. The general site of Ezion-Geber is indicated in 1 Kings 9:26 ^ Numbers 33:35 ^ 2 Chronicles 20:37 ^ Pratico, Gary D. "Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal" Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 259 (Summer, 1985), pp.1-32 ^ Luciani, Marta (2017). "Pottery from the "Midianite Heartland"? On Tell Kheleifeh and Qurayyah Painted Ware. New Evidence from the Harvard Semitic Museum". In Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad (eds.). To the Madbar and Back Again: Studies in the languages, archaeology, and cultures of Arabia dedicated to Michael C.A. Macdonald. Leiden: Brill. pp. 392–438. ISBN 978-90-04-35761-7. ^ Flinder, Alexander (July–August 1989). "Is This Solomon's Seaport?". Biblical Archaeology Review. 15 (4). Biblical Archaeology Society. Retrieved 28 September 2021 – via bible.ca. vteStations of the Exodus Sukkot Pi-HaHiroth Marah Elim Wilderness of Sin Wilderness of Zin Rephidim Kibroth Hattaavah Libnah Ezion-Geber Kadesh Mount Hor Almon Diblathaim Abarim Plains of Moab Authority control databases: National Israel 29°32′50″N 34°58′49″E / 29.54722°N 34.98028°E / 29.54722; 34.98028 This article related to the Hebrew Bible is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graia,_On_the_Red_Sea,_Near_Ezion-Geber,_Port_of_King_Solomon_MET_DP71226.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Tiberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization"},{"link_name":"Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Idumea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idumea"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Ezion-Geber#Idumea_is_a_term_used_by_classical_sources_referring_to_a_later_entity_than_the_Iron_Age_kingdom_of_Edom._Very_misleading._Also,_as_E.G._only_appears_in_the_Hebrew_Bible_as_an_alleged_foundation_of_Solomon,_it_is_an_Israelite_city."},{"link_name":"Gulf of Aqaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba"},{"link_name":"Aqaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqaba"},{"link_name":"Eilat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Targum Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum_Jonathan"}],"text":"Biblical seaport on the northern extremity of the Gulf of AqabaPharaoh's Island in the Gulf of AqabaEzion-Geber (Hebrew: עֶצְיֹן גֶּבֶר‎, Modern: ʻEṣyōn Gevér, Tiberian: ʿEṣyōn Geḇer, Biblical: Ġeṣyōn Geḇer; also Asiongaber) is a city only known from the Hebrew Bible, in Idumea,[dubious – discuss] a seaport on the northern extremity of the Gulf of Aqaba, in modern terms somewhere in the area of modern Aqaba and Eilat.[1]According to Targum Jonathan, the name means \"city of the rooster\" (כְּרַך תַּרְנְגוֹלָא).","title":"Ezion-Geber"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Book of Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"the Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tharshish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharshish"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Hiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_I"},{"link_name":"Ophir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophir"},{"link_name":"Book of II Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"Ahaziah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 9:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a09.htm#26"}],"text":"Ezion-Geber is mentioned six times in the Tanakh.[2] According to the Book of Numbers, Ezion-Geber was a place first mentioned as an Israelite campsite toward the close of the nation's 40 years in the wilderness after the Exodus from Egypt.[3]The \"ships of Tharshish\" of Solomon and Hiram started from this port on their voyage to Ophir. It was the main port for Israel's commerce with the countries bordering on the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. According to Book of II Chronicles, Jehoshaphat, the King of Judah, joined with Ahaziah, the King of Israel, to make ships in Ezion-geber; but God disapproved of the alliance, and the ships were broken in the port.[4]In 1 Kings 9:26 (King James Version) it says:And king Solomon made a navy of ships in Eziongeber, which is beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red sea, in the land of Edom.\nAnd Hiram sent in the navy his servants, shipmen that had knowledge of the sea, with the servants of Solomon.\nAnd they came to Ophir, and fetched from thence gold, four hundred and twenty talents, and brought it to king Solomon.","title":"Biblical references"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The location of Ezion-Geber is debated and has yet to be confirmed by archaeology.","title":"Archaeological search"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tell el-Kheleifeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_el-Kheleifeh"},{"link_name":"Nelson Glueck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Glueck"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Qurayya ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurayya_ware"},{"link_name":"Late Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Tell el-Kheleifeh","text":"Ruins at Tell el-Kheleifeh were identified with Ezion-Geber by the German explorer F. Frank and later excavated by Nelson Glueck, who thought he had confirmed the identification, but a later re-evaluation dates them to a period between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE with occupation continuing possibly into the 4th century BCE.[5] However, Marta Luciani argues that old and newly identified samples of Qurayya ware at the site indicate that it was occupied from the Late Bronze Age onwards.[6]","title":"Archaeological search"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pharaoh's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Pharaoh's Island","text":"Alternatively, some scholars identify Pharaoh's Island with biblical Ezion-Geber.[7]","title":"Archaeological search"}]	[{"image_text":"Pharaoh's Island in the Gulf of Aqaba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Graia%2C_On_the_Red_Sea%2C_Near_Ezion-Geber%2C_Port_of_King_Solomon_MET_DP71226.jpg/300px-Graia%2C_On_the_Red_Sea%2C_Near_Ezion-Geber%2C_Port_of_King_Solomon_MET_DP71226.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Luciani, Marta (2017). \"Pottery from the \"Midianite Heartland\"? On Tell Kheleifeh and Qurayyah Painted Ware. New Evidence from the Harvard Semitic Museum\". In Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad (eds.). To the Madbar and Back Again: Studies in the languages, archaeology, and cultures of Arabia dedicated to Michael C.A. Macdonald. Leiden: Brill. pp. 392–438. ISBN 978-90-04-35761-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA392","url_text":"\"Pottery from the \"Midianite Heartland\"? On Tell Kheleifeh and Qurayyah Painted Ware. New Evidence from the Harvard Semitic Museum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35761-7","url_text":"978-90-04-35761-7"}]},{"reference":"Flinder, Alexander (July–August 1989). \"Is This Solomon's Seaport?\". Biblical Archaeology Review. 15 (4). Biblical Archaeology Society. Retrieved 28 September 2021 – via bible.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-jezirat-faraun-is-this-solomons-seaport-alexander-flinder-1989ad.htm","url_text":"\"Is This Solomon's Seaport?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review","url_text":"Biblical Archaeology Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Society","url_text":"Biblical Archaeology Society"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ezion-Geber&params=29_32_50_N_34_58_49_E_region:IL","external_links_name":"29°32′50″N 34°58′49″E / 29.54722°N 34.98028°E / 29.54722; 34.98028"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a09.htm#26","external_links_name":"1 Kings 9:26"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01792a.htm","external_links_name":"Asiongaber"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0433.htm#35","external_links_name":"Numbers 33:35"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0502.htm#8","external_links_name":"Deuteronomy 2:8"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a22.htm#49","external_links_name":"1 Kings 22:49"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b08.htm#17","external_links_name":"2 Chronicles 8:17"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b20.htm#36","external_links_name":"2 Chronicles 20:36"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a09.htm#26","external_links_name":"1 Kings 9:26"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0433.htm#35","external_links_name":"Numbers 33:35"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b20.htm#37","external_links_name":"2 Chronicles 20:37"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA392","external_links_name":"\"Pottery from the \"Midianite Heartland\"? On Tell Kheleifeh and Qurayyah Painted Ware. New Evidence from the Harvard Semitic Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-jezirat-faraun-is-this-solomons-seaport-alexander-flinder-1989ad.htm","external_links_name":"\"Is This Solomon's Seaport?\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561151805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ezion-Geber&params=29_32_50_N_34_58_49_E_region:IL","external_links_name":"29°32′50″N 34°58′49″E / 29.54722°N 34.98028°E / 29.54722; 34.98028"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezion-Geber&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Twenty20	Caribbean Twenty20	["1 History","1.1 Replacement","2 Format","2.1 Prize money","3 Teams","3.1 Domestic teams","3.2 Invited overseas team","4 Tournament results","5 References"]	Caribbean Twenty20Countries West IndiesAdministratorWICBFormatTwenty20First edition2010Latest edition2012–13Tournament formatRound-robin and knockoutNumber of teams7Current champion Trinidad and TobagoMost successful Trinidad and Tobago (3 titles)QualificationChampions League Twenty20Websitect20.windiescricket.com The Caribbean Twenty20 was an annual tournament Twenty20 cricket tournament in the West Indies that was held four times from 2010 to 2013. The top performing domestic team qualified for the Champions League Twenty20 tournament. It was replaced by the Caribbean Premier League, whose first season began in July 2013. History The previous domestic Twenty20 tournament held by the West Indies Cricket Board was the Stanford 20/20, which ended in 2008 after its sponsor Allen Stanford was charged with fraud and arrested in June 2009. The creation of the Caribbean Twenty20 tournament coincides with the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 tournament, which started less than two months after. The top domestic team from the tournament qualified for the Champions League as the sole representative of the West Indies. They will be the tenth and last team to qualify, as all other teams qualified before May 2010. Cricket in the West Indies was at a time of decline, indicated by the criticism received when they hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup and the failure of the Stanford 20/20. With the slogan "Bring It Back", the Caribbean Twenty20 was an attempt to revitalize interest in the sport with a focus on the Twenty20 format, which was popular amongst audiences in the 18–34 age-group. This follows the success of the Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team at the 2009 Champions League Twenty20, where they were runners-up, and the West Indies' successful hosting of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20. After the inaugural tournament, the tournament was moved to January 2011. Originally it was intended to run alongside a second Twenty20 competition in January called the Calypso Cup, which would have featured the four semi-finalists from the 2010 Caribbean Twenty20 as well as the two finalists from England's Friends Provident t20 competition and two other overseas teams (including possibly a third team from England). These plans were later cancelled. It was later announced that the two English county teams Somerset and Hampshire were to participate in the Caribbean Twenty20. Replacement Main article: Caribbean Premier League In September 2012, outgoing chief executive of the WICB, Ernest Hilaire, revealed that the board was "in the advanced stages of discussions to have a commercial Twenty20 league in the region" with an unnamed investor and that he hopes to conclude a deal before his term ends on 30 September. He noted that the board will meet on 14 September to make decisions on the structure and organization of the Caribbean Twenty20 in January; to discuss the governance structure of the board and also discuss the planned league and to finalize its structure. The Federation of International Cricketers' Associations (FICA) and the West Indies Players Association (WIPA) would also be brought in to discuss issues pertaining to players in relation to the planned T20 league. On 13 December 2012, the WICB announced that they had finalized an agreement with Ajmal Khan founder of Verus International, a Barbados-based merchant bank, for the funding of the new franchise-based Twenty20 league which will be launched in 2013. The new Caribbean Premier League is likely to comprise six Caribbean city-based franchises as opposed to the current territorial set-up and the majority of the players are to come from the West Indies. As part of the agreement, the WICB will receive additional funding from Verus International for additional retainer contracts for players in addition to the 20 annual retainer contracts the board currently funds. Format While the number of teams varied between editions, the format remained the same with a group stage and a knockout stage. If a match ends in a tie, a Super Over will be played to determine the winner. The group stage has the teams divided into two equal groups, with each playing a single round-robin tournament. The top two teams of each group advances to the advance to the knockout stage. The knockout stage consists of two semi-finals, a third-place playoff and the grand final. The semi-finals has the top team of one group facing the second from the other. The winners of the semi-finals play the grand final to determine the winner of the competition, while the losers of the semi-finals play the third-place playoff. Prize money The total prize money for the competition, in 2011, is US$125,000, with the winning team receiving US$62,500. The most outstanding player in each of the 16 matches will receive $500 and a plaque. Teams Domestic teams Team 1sts 2nds 3rds 4ths Barbados 0 1 0 1 Combined Campuses and Colleges 0 0 0 0 Guyana 1 1 0 0 Jamaica 0 1 2 1 Leeward Islands 0 0 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago 3 0 1 0 Windward Islands 0 0 1 1 Invited overseas team Team Appearances Wins 2nds 3rds 4ths Total First Latest Canada 3 2010 2011–12 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 1 2011–12 2011–12 0 0 0 0 Hampshire Royals 1 2010–11 2010–11 0 1 0 0 Somerset 1 2010–11 2010–11 0 0 0 0 Sussex Sharks 1 2011–12 2011–12 0 0 0 0 Tournament results Tournament Final Venue Final Matches Teams Winner Result Runner-up 2010Details Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain, Trinidad Guyana135 for 9 (19.5 overs) won by 1 wicketScorecard Barbados134 for 5 (20 overs) 16 8 2010–11Details Kensington Oval, Bridgetown, Barbados Trinidad and Tobago147 for 7 (20 overs) won by 36 runsScorecard Hampshire Royals111 for 8 (20 overs) 24 10 2011–12Details Kensington Oval, Bridgetown, Barbados Trinidad and Tobago168 for 6 (20 overs) won by 63 runsScorecard Jamaica105 for 5 (20 overs) 2012–13Details Beausejour Stadium, Gros Islet, St Lucia Trinidad and Tobago120 for 1 (12.3 overs) won by 9 wicketsScorecard Guyana116 for 6 (20 overs) 23 7 References ^ "Caribbean Premier League to contract 90 players". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013. ^ "WICB unveils domestic T20 tournament". ESPNcricinfo. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2010. ^ Gautam Sheth (25 April 2010). "Ross Taylor's loyalty will be tested". DNA. Retrieved 10 July 2010. ^ Veera, Sriram (21 July 2010). "West Indian T20 game gets a reboot". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 July 2010. ^ WICB (3 October 2010). "Vivo ipl schedule live". WICB. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2010. ^ McGlashan, Andrew (16 November 2010). "Hampshire and Somerset join Caribbean T20". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 25 May 2012. ^ "WICB working on launching 'commercial T20 league' - Hilaire". ESPNcricinfo. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012. ^ "Meet West Indies cricket's new wealthy benefactor". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 9 May 2021. ^ "WICB announce franchise-based T20 league". ESPNcricinfo. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012. ^ "Higher prize money in Caribbean T20". ESPNcricinfo. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011. ^ a b "Netherlands, Sussex to play Caribbean T20". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2012. vteCaribbean Twenty20Seasons 2010 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 Teams Barbados Combined Campuses and Colleges Guyana Jamaica Leeward Islands Trinidad and Tobago Windward Islands Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Caribbean Premier League vte Cricket in the West Indies Cricket West IndiesNational teams Men Women West Indies A M Under-19 W Under-19 First-class and List A teams (8) Barbados Guyana Combined Campuses and Colleges Jamaica Leeward Islands Trinidad and Tobago Windward Islands West Indies Academy T20 franchise teams (7) Antigua Hawksbills Barbados Royals Guyana Amazon Warriors Jamaica Tallawahs St Kitts and Nevis Patriots St Lucia Kings Trinbago Knight Riders Women's domestic teams (6) Barbados Guyana Jamaica Leeward Islands Trinidad and Tobago Windward Islands Women's T20 franchise teams (3) Barbados Royals Guyana Amazon Warriors Trinbago Knight Riders TournamentsFirst-class Regional Four Day Competition TCL Under-19 West Indies Challenge Inter-Colonial Tournament (defunct) Headley Weekes Tri-Series One-day Super50 Cup TCL Under-19 West Indies Challenge Limited Overs Series Twenty20 Caribbean Premier League Caribbean Twenty20 (defunct) Stanford 20/20 (defunct) Other CLICO West Indies Under-15 competition The 6ixty Women's Women's Super50 Cup Twenty20 Blaze Women's Caribbean Premier League Grounds Kensington Oval, Barbados Queens Park Oval, Trinidad and Tobago Sabina Park, Jamaica Arnos Vale Stadium, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines National Cricket Stadium, Grenada Daren Sammy Cricket Ground, Saint Lucia Warner Park, Saint Kitts and Nevis Providence Stadium, Guyana Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, Antigua and Barbuda Windsor Park, Dominica Others Lists Test cricket records Test cricketers Captains Test wicket-keepers ODI cricket records ODI cricketers T20I cricket records T20I cricketers Women Test Women ODI Women T20I vteTwenty20 cricket leaguesCurrentAsia Afghanistan Premier League (Afghanistan) Shpageeza Cricket League (Afghanistan) Bangladesh Premier League (Bangladesh) Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy (India) Indian Premier League (India) Women's Senior T20 Trophy (India) Women's Premier League (India) Everest Premier League (Nepal) Nepal T20 League (Nepal) National T20 Cup (Pakistan) Pakistan Super League (Pakistan) PCB Women's Twenty20 Tournament (Pakistan) Lanka Premier League (Sri Lanka) International League T20 (UAE) Oceania Big Bash League (Australia) Women's Big Bash League (Australia) Super Smash (men's) (New Zealand) Super Smash (women's) (New Zealand) Europe T20 Blast (England and Wales) Charlotte Edwards Cup (England and Wales) Women's Twenty20 Cup (England and Wales) Interprovincial Twenty20 Cup (Ireland) Women's Super Series (Ireland) Dutch Twenty20 Cup (Netherlands) Murgitroyd Twenty20 (Scotland) Regional Pro Series (Scotland) Africa CSA Provincial Twenty20 (South Africa) Women's T20 Super League (South Africa) SA20 (South Africa) Stanbic Bank 20 Series (Zimbabwe) Americas Caribbean Premier League (West Indies) Twenty20 Blaze (West Indies) Women's Caribbean Premier League (West Indies) Global T20 Canada (Canada) Major League Cricket (United States) Minor League Cricket (United States) DefunctInternational Champions League Twenty20 (International) Stanford Super Series (West Indies/England) Cricket All-Stars (International) International 20:20 Club Championship (International) Asia Etisalat Sixes T20 Tournament (Afghanistan) National Cricket League (Bangladesh) Victory Day T20 Cup (Bangladesh) Indian Cricket League (India) Women's T20 Challenge (India) Faysal Bank Super Eight T20 Cup (Pakistan) Pakistan Junior League (Pakistan) Hong Kong T20 Blitz (Hong Kong) Ramadan T20 Cup (Pakistan) Sri Lanka Premier League (Sri Lanka) SLC Twenty20 Tournament (Sri Lanka) Super T20 Provincial Tournament (Sri Lanka) Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy (United Arab Emirates) Masters Champions League (United Arab Emirates) Oceania Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup (Australia) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash (Australia) Europe Euro T20 Slam (Ireland, Netherlands and Scotland) Women's Cricket Super League (England) North Sea Pro20 (Scotland/Netherlands) Africa Mzansi Super League (South Africa) Africa T20 Cup (South Africa) East Africa Premier League (Kenya & Uganda) Americas CIBC National Cricket League (Canada) American Premiere League (United States) American Twenty20 Championship (United States) Pro Cricket (United States) Caribbean Twenty20 (West Indies) Stanford 20/20 (West Indies) vteChampions League Twenty20Editions 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Squads 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Lists Records and statistics Captains Qualifyingtournaments2014 Big Bash League Caribbean Premier League Haier Super 8 T20 Cup HRV Cup Indian Premier League Ram Slam T20 Challenge Super 4's Twenty20 2009–2013 Sri Lanka Premier League (2012) Friends Life t20 (2011–12) Caribbean Twenty20 (2010-13) Inter-Provincial Twenty20 (2009–11) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash (2009–11) T20 Blast (2009) Stanford 20/20 (2009)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"Champions League Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champions_League_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Caribbean Twenty20 was an annual tournament Twenty20 cricket tournament in the West Indies that was held four times from 2010 to 2013. The top performing domestic team qualified for the Champions League Twenty20 tournament. It was replaced by the Caribbean Premier League, whose first season began in July 2013.[1]","title":"Caribbean Twenty20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"West Indies Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"Stanford 20/20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_20/20"},{"link_name":"Allen Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Stanford"},{"link_name":"2010 Champions League Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Champions_League_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2007 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2009 Champions League Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Champions_League_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"2010 ICC World Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_ICC_World_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Friends Provident t20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_Life_t20"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The previous domestic Twenty20 tournament held by the West Indies Cricket Board was the Stanford 20/20, which ended in 2008 after its sponsor Allen Stanford was charged with fraud and arrested in June 2009. The creation of the Caribbean Twenty20 tournament coincides with the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 tournament, which started less than two months after. The top domestic team from the tournament qualified for the Champions League as the sole representative of the West Indies.[2] They will be the tenth and last team to qualify, as all other teams qualified before May 2010.[3]Cricket in the West Indies was at a time of decline, indicated by the criticism received when they hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup and the failure of the Stanford 20/20. With the slogan \"Bring It Back\", the Caribbean Twenty20 was an attempt to revitalize interest in the sport with a focus on the Twenty20 format, which was popular amongst audiences in the 18–34 age-group. This follows the success of the Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team at the 2009 Champions League Twenty20, where they were runners-up, and the West Indies' successful hosting of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20.[4]After the inaugural tournament, the tournament was moved to January 2011. Originally it was intended to run alongside a second Twenty20 competition in January called the Calypso Cup, which would have featured the four semi-finalists from the 2010 Caribbean Twenty20 as well as the two finalists from England's Friends Provident t20 competition and two other overseas teams (including possibly a third team from England). These plans were later cancelled.[5] It was later announced that the two English county teams Somerset and Hampshire were to participate in the Caribbean Twenty20.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federation of International Cricketers' Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_International_Cricketers%27_Associations"},{"link_name":"West Indies Players Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Players_Association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Replacement","text":"In September 2012, outgoing chief executive of the WICB, Ernest Hilaire, revealed that the board was \"in the advanced stages of discussions to have a commercial Twenty20 league in the region\" with an unnamed investor and that he hopes to conclude a deal before his term ends on 30 September. He noted that the board will meet on 14 September to make decisions on the structure and organization of the Caribbean Twenty20 in January; to discuss the governance structure of the board and also discuss the planned league and to finalize its structure. The Federation of International Cricketers' Associations (FICA) and the West Indies Players Association (WIPA) would also be brought in to discuss issues pertaining to players in relation to the planned T20 league.[7]On 13 December 2012, the WICB announced that they had finalized an agreement with Ajmal Khan[8] founder of Verus International, a Barbados-based merchant bank, for the funding of the new franchise-based Twenty20 league which will be launched in 2013. The new Caribbean Premier League is likely to comprise six Caribbean city-based franchises as opposed to the current territorial set-up and the majority of the players are to come from the West Indies. As part of the agreement, the WICB will receive additional funding from Verus International for additional retainer contracts for players in addition to the 20 annual retainer contracts the board currently funds.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Over"},{"link_name":"round-robin tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"}],"text":"While the number of teams varied between editions, the format remained the same with a group stage and a knockout stage. If a match ends in a tie, a Super Over will be played to determine the winner. The group stage has the teams divided into two equal groups, with each playing a single round-robin tournament. The top two teams of each group advances to the advance to the knockout stage. The knockout stage consists of two semi-finals, a third-place playoff and the grand final. The semi-finals has the top team of one group facing the second from the other. The winners of the semi-finals play the grand final to determine the winner of the competition, while the losers of the semi-finals play the third-place playoff.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Prize money","text":"The total prize money for the competition, in 2011, is US$125,000, with the winning team receiving US$62,500.[10] The most outstanding player in each of the 16 matches will receive $500 and a plaque.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Domestic teams","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Invited overseas team","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tournament results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Caribbean Premier League to contract 90 players\". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/604695.html","url_text":"\"Caribbean Premier League to contract 90 players\""}]},{"reference":"\"WICB unveils domestic T20 tournament\". ESPNcricinfo. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/462587.html","url_text":"\"WICB unveils domestic T20 tournament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"Gautam Sheth (25 April 2010). \"Ross Taylor's loyalty will be tested\". DNA. Retrieved 10 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_ross-taylor-s-loyalty-will-be-tested_1375222","url_text":"\"Ross Taylor's loyalty will be tested\""}]},{"reference":"Veera, Sriram (21 July 2010). \"West Indian T20 game gets a reboot\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricinfo.com/ct20-10/content/story/468341.html","url_text":"\"West Indian T20 game gets a reboot\""}]},{"reference":"WICB (3 October 2010). \"Vivo ipl schedule live\". WICB. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170218144529/http://www.iplschedulelive.com/2016/09/vivo-ipl-2017-schedule.html","url_text":"\"Vivo ipl schedule live\""},{"url":"http://www.iplschedulelive.com/2016/09/vivo-ipl-2017-schedule.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGlashan, Andrew (16 November 2010). \"Hampshire and Somerset join Caribbean T20\". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 25 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/current/story/487428.html","url_text":"\"Hampshire and Somerset join Caribbean T20\""}]},{"reference":"\"WICB working on launching 'commercial T20 league' - Hilaire\". ESPNcricinfo. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/current/story/581404.html","url_text":"\"WICB working on launching 'commercial T20 league' - Hilaire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet West Indies cricket's new wealthy benefactor\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 9 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/garth-wattley-on-ajmal-khan-the-founder-of-the-new-caribbean-premier-league-623113","url_text":"\"Meet West Indies cricket's new wealthy benefactor\""}]},{"reference":"\"WICB announce franchise-based T20 league\". ESPNcricinfo. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/current/story/597024.html","url_text":"\"WICB announce franchise-based T20 league\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"Higher prize money in Caribbean T20\". ESPNcricinfo. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ct20-11/content/story/496271.html","url_text":"\"Higher prize money in Caribbean T20\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netherlands, Sussex to play Caribbean T20\". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/537209.html","url_text":"\"Netherlands, Sussex to play Caribbean T20\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://ct20.windiescricket.com/","external_links_name":"ct20.windiescricket.com"},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/ct20-10/engine/match/463354.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ct20-11/engine/match/488491.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/caribbean-t20-12/engine/match/538755.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/587847.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/604695.html","external_links_name":"\"Caribbean Premier League to contract 90 players\""},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/462587.html","external_links_name":"\"WICB unveils domestic T20 tournament\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_ross-taylor-s-loyalty-will-be-tested_1375222","external_links_name":"\"Ross Taylor's loyalty will be tested\""},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/ct20-10/content/story/468341.html","external_links_name":"\"West Indian T20 game gets a reboot\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170218144529/http://www.iplschedulelive.com/2016/09/vivo-ipl-2017-schedule.html","external_links_name":"\"Vivo ipl schedule live\""},{"Link":"http://www.iplschedulelive.com/2016/09/vivo-ipl-2017-schedule.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/current/story/487428.html","external_links_name":"\"Hampshire and Somerset join Caribbean T20\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/current/story/581404.html","external_links_name":"\"WICB working on launching 'commercial T20 league' - Hilaire\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/garth-wattley-on-ajmal-khan-the-founder-of-the-new-caribbean-premier-league-623113","external_links_name":"\"Meet West Indies cricket's new wealthy benefactor\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/current/story/597024.html","external_links_name":"\"WICB announce franchise-based T20 league\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ct20-11/content/story/496271.html","external_links_name":"\"Higher prize money in Caribbean T20\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/537209.html","external_links_name":"\"Netherlands, Sussex to play Caribbean T20\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_L._Young	Mark L. Young	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 References","5 External links"]	American actor (born 1991) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Mark L. Young" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mark L. YoungBornMarkell V. Efimoff (1991-01-01) January 1, 1991 (age 33)Everett, Washington, U.S.Alma materLa Salle UniversityOccupationActorYears active2003–present Markell V. Efimoff (born January 1, 1991), known professionally as Mark L. Young, is an American actor. He attended La Salle University in the United States. Early life Markell V. Efimoff (Russian: Маркелл В. Ефимов) born in Everett, Washington, of Russian descent. He has a fraternal twin Arthur and an older sister Arlaris. Young began acting at the age of nine and moved to Los Angeles when he was 12 to pursue his career. His first significant on-screen credit was a small role in two episodes of the HBO series Six Feet Under. Career Young's other notable appearances include television shows The Comeback, The OC, Dexter, Big Love, Childrens Hospital, Heroes, Secret Life of the American Teenager, Cold Case, ER, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and The Inbetweeners, while his film credits include Sex Drive, Happiness Runs, The Lucky Ones, We're the Millers, and Tammy. Filmography Film Year Film Role Note 2003 Rogues Choir 2004 Harry + Max Harry, Aged 15 2005 In Memory of My Father Middle Chris Deleted scenes 2008 Sex Drive Randy 2008 The Lucky Ones Scott Cheaver 2010 Happiness Runs Victor 2013 Movie 43 Calvin Cutler; Segment "The Thread" 2013 Beneath Grubbs 2013 We're the Millers Scottie P 2014 Tammy Jesse 2014 The Guilty Innocent Josh 2015 The Curse of Downers Grove Ian 2015 Daddy's Home Dental hygienist 2017 Swing State Neil Hornback 2017 Dirty Lies Josh 2018 False Profits Travis Pitts Made for TV movie 2019 Bad Art Benji Post-production Television Year Film Role Note 2003 Still Standing Kid #1 1 episode: "Still Partying" 2003–2004 Six Feet Under Eric Sheedy 2 episodes: "Tears, Bones & Desire", "In Case of Rapture" 2005 CSI: Miami Lucas Hall 1 episode: "Nailed" 2005 The O.C. Prepubescent Geek #1 1 episode: "The Ex-Factor" 2006 Dexter Jeremy Downs 2 episodes: "Popping Cherry", "Circle of Friends" 2006 Cold Case Young Jed Huxley 1 episode: "The Key" 2007 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Tommy Halpert 1 episode: "Lying Down with Dogs" 2007 ER Evan Hayes 1 episode: "Crisis of Conscience" 2009 Big Love Franky 4 episodes 2009 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Thomas 2 episodes: "Making Up Is Hard to Do", "Money for Nothing, Chicks for Free" 2009 Heroes Jeremy Greer 2 episodes: "Tabula Rasa", "Strange Attractors" 2010 CSI: NY Tom Reynolds 1 episode: "Hide Sight" 2010 Childrens Hospital Raye LePlante 1 episode: "Joke Overload" 2010 Criminal Minds Owen Porter 1 episode: "Exit Wounds" 2012 The Inbetweeners Neil Sutherland Main cast 2013 Workaholics Simon 1 episode: "Fourth and Inches" 2013 Kroll Show Mark's Son 1 episode: "Can I Finish?" 2013 The Neighbors Logan 1 episode: "Good Debbie Hunting" 2013-2014 Betas Trevor Recurring cast5 episodes 2014 Mind Games Ryan McKee 1 episode: "Apophenia" 2014 The Comeback Tyler Beck Main cast (season 2)8 episodes 2015 Life in Pieces Scarecrow 1 episode: "Godparent Turkey Corn Farts" 2016 Aquarius Bobby Beausolein 2 episodes: "Mother Nature's Son", "Blackbird" 2016 Code Black Justin Keller 1 episode: "Hero Complex" 2017 Ten Days in the Valley PJ 6 episodes 2019 Veronica Mars Jimmy 1 episode: "Spring Break Forever" 2020 Filthy Rich Jason Conley Main cast References ^ Mark L. Young IMDb. Retrieved July 22, 2013 ^ YoungMaleCelebs.net Retrieved July 22, 2013 ^ "Mark L. Young: The Inbetweeners". MTV.com. Retrieved Jan 17, 2013. ^ We're the Millers Official Site. Warner Brothers 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013. ^ Happiness Runs – Film Review – The Hollywood Reporter External links Mark L. Young at IMDb This article about an American television actor born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"La Salle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Salle_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Markell V. Efimoff[1] (born January 1, 1991), known professionally as Mark L. Young, is an American actor.[2] He attended La Salle University in the United States.[citation needed]","title":"Mark L. Young"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Everett, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Markell V. Efimoff (Russian: Маркелл В. Ефимов) born in Everett, Washington, of Russian descent. He has a fraternal twin Arthur and an older sister Arlaris.Young began acting at the age of nine and moved to Los Angeles when he was 12 to pursue his career. His first significant on-screen credit was a small role in two episodes of the HBO series Six Feet Under.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The OC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_OC"},{"link_name":"Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Big Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Love"},{"link_name":"Childrens Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childrens_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Secret Life of the American Teenager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager"},{"link_name":"Cold Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation"},{"link_name":"The Inbetweeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inbetweeners_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sex Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Drive_(film)"},{"link_name":"Happiness Runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_Runs"},{"link_name":"The Lucky Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lucky_Ones_(film)"},{"link_name":"We're the Millers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re_the_Millers"},{"link_name":"Tammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Young's other notable appearances include television shows The Comeback, The OC, Dexter, Big Love, Childrens Hospital, Heroes, Secret Life of the American Teenager, Cold Case, ER, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and The Inbetweeners, while his film credits include Sex Drive, Happiness Runs, The Lucky Ones, We're the Millers, and Tammy.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mark L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_Onmy%C5%8Dji	Shōnen Onmyōji	["1 Story","2 Story arcs","2.1 Kyūki arc","2.2 Kazane arc","3 Media","3.1 Light novel","3.2 Second manga","3.3 Anime","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Japanese light novel series Shōnen OnmyōjiCover of the light novel Shōnen Onmyōji, volume 1少年陰陽師(Shōnen Onmyōji)GenreComing-of-age, supernatural Light novelWritten byMitsuru YūkiIllustrated bySakura AsagiPublished byKadokawa ShotenImprintKadokawa Beans BunkoDemographicFemaleOriginal run2001 – presentVolumes47 (Including short stories and side story) MangaWritten byHinako SetaPublished byKadokawa ShotenMagazineMonthly AsukaDemographicShōjoOriginal runAugust 24, 2005 – 2005Volumes1 Anime television seriesDirected byKunihiro MoriWritten byMiya AsakawaMusic byKou NakagawaStudioStudio DeenLicensed byNA: GeneonOriginal networkKansai TVEnglish networkSEA: Animax AsiaOriginal run October 3, 2006 – March 13, 2007Episodes26 (List of episodes) MangaWritten byMitsuru YūkiIllustrated byShikiji SorakuraPublished byKadokawa ShotenEnglish publisherNA: Yen PressMagazineYoung AceDemographicSeinenOriginal runJanuary 2023 – presentVolumes3 Shōnen Onmyōji (少年陰陽師) is a Japanese light novel authored by Mitsuru Yūki and illustrated by Sakura Asagi. The novel is serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's The Beans. The light novel has 47 volumes, including three short stories and a side story. A manga acting as a gaiden is being serialized in Beans Ace. There is also a series of drama CDs, a PlayStation 2 game and a manga adaptation that was announced in 2005 and a musical as well. Moreover, it was announced in August 2006 in Newtype that the anime adaptation would be animated by Studio Deen and the character design was to be done by Shinobu Tagashira. It began its broadcast on October 3, 2006. The anime premiered on Animax under the title, Shōnen Onmyoji: The Young Spirit Master. It was aired across its respective networks worldwide, including Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam, with translations and dubbed versions for English language networks in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and other regions. The anime was licensed for North American distribution by Geneon Entertainment. However, only three volumes of the series have been released, and have yet to receive a full release due to Geneon's departure from the American market. On July 3, 2008, Funimation announced that it had struck a deal with Geneon to distribute and release several of their licenses, including Shōnen Onmyōji. Story See also: List of Shōnen Onmyōji characters The protagonist of the series, which is set in the Heian era, is Abe no Masahiro, the grandson of the great onmyōji, Abe no Seimei, who passed his teachings on to his grandson. Unfortunately, Masahiro has lost his sixth sense and with it the ability to see spirits. Masahiro constantly feels overshadowed by his grandfather's fame. One day, Masahiro meets a fox-like creature which he names Mokkun (もっくん) who shows him his true potential powers after fighting a demon. Mokkun is actually Tōda (騰蛇), see Teng (mythology), who prefers to be called Guren. He is one of the twelve shikigami called the Shinshō (神将), who has pledged his loyalty to Seimei and is helping Masahiro to surpass his grandfather. Masahiro's dream to surpass his grandfather will not be realised as easily as he hopes. Not only does he have to convince the other Shinshō that he is Seimei's true successor, he must also increase his power in order to stop demons coming from China, the other parts of Japan and the Underworld. In addition to this he has to deal with the schemes of rival onmyōji who want to destroy Japan not to mention keeping his promise to protect Princess Akiko of the Fujiwara clan. Story arcs In the novels, there’re already 9 story arcs. However, the anime only covered two arcs, the Kyūki and Kazane arc. Kyūki arc The Kyūki arc (窮奇編, Kyūki Hen) starts from episode 1 to 12 in the anime and volume 1 to 3 in the novel. Kyūki, a winged tiger from the West or to be precise, China has been forced to evacuate after being defeated by another demon. He arrives in Japan and plans to eat Fujiwara no Akiko to replenish his spirit powers and heal his wounds. With him are an army of foreign demons, all unknown to the inexperienced and apprentice onmyōji Masahiro who has started to use his skills. Kazane arc The Kazane arc (風音編, Kazane Hen) starts from episode 13 to 26 in the anime and volume 4 to 8 in the novel. A vengeful spirit has been summoned and has cursed Yukinari of the Fujiwara clan. A mysterious woman appears and tries to take Seimei's life. Someone is trying to open the gate to the underworld, events from fifty-five years ago reoccur, and Guren as well as Masahiro must undergo the ultimate test. Media Light novel Second manga No. Release date ISBN 1 June 2, 2023978-4041136966 2 December 4, 2023978-4041141304 3 June 4, 2024978-4041150009 Anime The opening theme is Egao no Wake (笑顔の訳, lit. "The Meaning of Your Smile") by Kaori Hikita while the ending themes are Yakusoku (約束, lit. "Promise") by Saori Kiuji and Rokutōsei (六等星, lit. "Sixth-Magnitude Star") by Abe no Masahiro. # Title Original air date 1"This Boy, Seimei's Successor""Kono shōnen, Seimei no koukei ni tsuki" (この少年、晴明の後継につき)October 3, 2006 (2006-10-03) At a first glance, Abe no Masahiro does not seem to have any talent. He tries hard at everything, but never succeeds at anything. However, things are about to change when Masahiro meets up with a mysterious mononoke. The mononoke claims that he can help Masahiro achieve his dream: to become an Onmyouji. But is there any hope left for Masahiro? 2"When the Imperial Palace Burned""Oumagadoki ni dairi moyu" (逢魔(おうま)が時(どき)に内裏(だいり)燃ゆ)October 10, 2006 (2006-10-10) Masahiro is now officially an onmyouji-in-training. In celebration, his father takes him to visit head of the important Fujiwara clan. While there visiting the Fujiwara clan’s castle, he meets the princess, Akiko, who can oddly enough see spirits. However, the castle later on bursts into flames and Akiko is attacked by a spirit, forcing Masahiro to defend her. 3"Listen To The Voice When Afraid Of The Dark""Yami ni obieru koe o kike" (闇に怯える声をきけ)October 17, 2006 (2006-10-17) While everyone is patching up things from the fire that took place at the Omou dorms, Masahiro and Guren/Mokkun try to unravel the mystery surrounding the occurrences of that day. 4"Search For The Shadow Of The Foreign Country""Ihou no kage o sagashidase" (異邦の影を探しだせ)October 24, 2006 (2006-10-24) Mokkun and Masahiro are still pondering about the ox demon that attacked them last night. After all, neither Masahiro nor Mokkun recognize that demon as one of the local troublemakers. However, they both know one important detail: the last demon has a ‘master’ of great strength. Who is that master? 5"Forcing Back the Ferocious Monsters""Takeru youi o shirizokero" (猛る妖異を退けろ)October 31, 2006 (2006-10-31) Masahiro and Mokkun go in search of the ‘master’ of all the western demons that have been attacking them. However, the trail leads them to what appears to be an abandoned farm. There, they are attacked by a swarm of foreign demons who want to offer Masahiro to their master. But when the master finally comes to claim his prize, Masahiro might have gotten more than he had expected… 6"Catching the Signs that Appear in the Dead of the Night""Yain ni ukabu kizashi o tsukame" (夜陰に浮かぶ兆しを掴め)November 7, 2006 (2006-11-07) The battle between Kyuuki, a powerful demon originated from the west, has ended. And things are back to normal; or at least, they would be if they actually defeated the beast. Masahiro and Guren are still searching for answers, with no luck– It seems that the demon’s aura has completely vanished and cannot be traced. 7"The Hatred of the Woman Controlled by the Enemy""Kanata ni taguru onna no omoi" (彼方に手繰る女の念(おも)い)November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14) One night, Akiko is called by a familiar voice. It turns out to be her cousin, Keiko. Keiko attempts to lure Akiko out of the palace and Seimei’s demon-repelling barrier, but Akiko notices that there’s something wrong with Keiko. The next day, she gets Masahiro to investigate what’s wrong with her cousin, who is supposed to be in bed sick. 8"Dispelling the Hatred that Reverberated at Kifune""Kifune ni hibiku ensa o tomero" (貴船に響く怨磋を止めろ)November 21, 2006 (2006-11-21) Akiko has been kidnapped by her possessed distant relative, Keiko and taken to the Kifune shrine. And that’s exactly where Masahiro and Mokkun are headed. 9"Shattering the Binding of the Curse of Darkness""Yami no jubaku o uchikudake" (闇の呪縛を打ち砕け)November 28, 2006 (2006-11-28) In an attempt to rescue Akiko, Masahiro, Guren, and the other shikigami take on the hawk demons Gaku and Shun. Seiiryu still does not accept Masahiro as Seimei’s heir and thus tries to keep him out of the battle, much to Masahiro’s annoyance. 10"A Voice in Response to a Faint Wish""Awaki negai ni irae no koe wo" (淡き願いに応(いら)えの声を)December 5, 2006 (2006-12-05) Masahiro is back in bed, resting. Mokkun, however, is still worried over the events back at Kifune Mountain. Suddenly, Masahiro awakens his body now a pure white color. It turns out dragon of Kifune has possessed Masahiro in order to both heal and warn Mokkun of an upcoming danger. What can it be?Meanwhile, Akiko is still getting bothered by haunting voices. She reports this to Seimei, who diagnoses it as a curse inflicted by the demons that the dragon god had killed last night. He decides to transfer it to himself in order to deter Akiko from the pain, but Masahiro has a surprising request for his grandfather. 11"Hold the Symbol of the Vow Close to Heart""Chikai no shirushi o mune ni dake" (誓いの刻印(しるし)を胸に抱け)December 12, 2006 (2006-12-12) 12"Penetrate the Mirror Cage""Kagami no ori o tsukiyabure" (鏡の檻をつき破れ)December 19, 2006 (2006-12-19) With the help of Guren, Rikugou, and Seiryuu finally put an end to Kyuuki. But what about Akiko? Will Masahiro have to say farewell to the girl that he loves? 13"The Catastrophic Song Brought by the Whirlwind""Tsujikaze ga hakobu magauta" (辻風が運ぶ禍歌)December 26, 2006 (2006-12-26) Akiko moves in with Masahiro and Seimei together with her mother. Then later, an evil spirit is planning to get revenge on the man he hates so Masahiro and Mokkun will have to find out who's the man that the evil spirit's after. 14"It is Like the Full Moon to Wane""Michita tsuki ga kakeru ga gotoku" (満ちた月が欠けるが如く)January 2, 2007 (2007-01-02) An evil spirit named Moronao is going after Fujiwara no Yukinari thinking that he's the one who exiled him and engulfs him in an evil aura. Masahiro and Mokkun goes to visit Yukinari after he finishes his work. Meanwhile, Akiko and her mom went shopping and be back soon while Rikugo follows them just to be sure that the girls are safe. Rikugo was impressed that Akiko managed to see him and noticed an unfamiliar face. Masahiro and Mokkun noticed the evil aura around Yukinari's house and goes to investigate. After Yukinari's awake, he gives Masahiro an advice about Toshitsugu and Masahiro agrees that he will be a better onmyouji. Then, Moronao appears again and Toshitsugu tries to exorcise the evil spirit but failed. The next day, a possessed Toshitsugu attacks Masahiro and Mokkun and vanished after he took the cursed jewel from the forbidden repository. Yukinari's condition got worse and Masahiro goes to help Yukinari and managed to lift the evil aura. Masahiro and Mokkun leaves the house and they have to figure out how to remove the curse on Yukinari and Mokkun decides to help him. 15"Release the Catastrophic Chains""Magatsu kusari o tokihanate" (禍つ鎖を解き放て)January 9, 2007 (2007-01-09) It is revealed that Moronao has mistaken Yukinari for his grandfather, Fujiwara no Koretada, and seeks to carry out revenge against Yukinari’s grandfather (who’s already dead) for tricking him and causing his exilement. Masahiro tricks Moronao into a barrer and was about to perform an exorcism when spirits are brought to life by the mysterious woman who had released Moronao from his grave. Who is this woman and will Masahiro, his grandfather, and the 12 Shinshou be able to stop the spirit rising and this woman, while taking care of Moronao before he finishes off Yukinari? 16"The Old Shadow Wanders in the Night""Furuki kage wa yoru ni mayoi" (古き影は夜に迷い)January 16, 2007 (2007-01-16) The mysterious woman is revealed to be Kazane. During the conversation with the Kifune Dragon God who possessed Masahiro, Akiko enters unexpectedly then the Dragon God leaves afterwards. When Masahiro and Mokkun were patrolling they notice a spirit border guard wandering around and they follow him. While tailing the guard, a massed demon is pursuing him but Toshitsugu managed to attract its attention. In order for Masahiro to avoid revealing his secret to Toshitsugu, he loans Rikugo's cloak to cover his face and Masahiro, Guren, and Rikugo managed to defeat it and retreats after a misunderstanding from Toshitsugu. Later that night, Rikugo tells Seimei and Mokkun that Kazane is working with an evil master named Ryuusai. Masahiro awakes from a dream and Akiko noticed the spirit border guard(whom he saves it from Toshitsugu's attack) that was inside him. While Kazane is fighting a demon, Masahiro defeats it and Kazane was shocked to see him alive(after she failed to drowned him in a pond 10 years ago) then attempts to kill him again but Mokkun(Touda) stops her and she flees and Toshitsugu almost reveals Masahiro's secret. At the Abe no house, Seimei is going to have a talk with Mokkun(Touda) revealing that he's the shikigami who's being hated the most. 17"Sleep Embraced by the Snow""Rikka ni idakarete nemure" (六花に抱(いだ)かれて眠れ)January 23, 2007 (2007-01-23) 18"That Reason is Not Known by Anyone""Sono riyuu wa dare shirazu" (その理由は誰知らず)January 30, 2007 (2007-01-30) Masahiro was sent on an errand by Head Master Abe to check on Narichika the youngest calendar master while Seimei's familiars discuss this about him with Akiko. That night, an evil demon attacks Narichika's house and Masahiro goes to assist but Mokkun doesn't want to go there, and the demon flees afterwards. After a conversation with his brother, Masahiro noticed Mokkun acting strange. Narichika's daughter Kohime was targeted by demons and the reason why Mokkun refused to go there because the children(even Narichika's Kohime) feared him except Masahiro(as a child). Seimei tells Masahiro to exorcise the monkey demon but is unsure if he can do it without Mokkun so Rikugo and Kouchin assist him. Then, the monkey demon attacks again, and brought monkey reinforcements with him and managed to destroy the barrier and steals Kohime, but drops her and got defeated by Guren. After the battle, Mokkun got humiliated when Masahiro wants him to admit that he likes Kohime who doesn't fear him anymore and the other Shinsho joined him eating Narichika's rice balls. 19"When the North Star is Clouded""Hokushin ni kageri sasu toki" (北辰に翳りさす時)February 6, 2007 (2007-02-06) After a preview of Kazane's past, Masahiro and Mokkun sets off. In the dorms, everyone including Toshitsugu feels ill and Toshitsugu tells Masahiro to be careful not to let his guard down. Later that night, Kazane infiltrates the temple and Ryuusai tells her to open the door to the underworld and Kazane's determined to get her revenge on Seimei. Meanwhile, Masahiro woke up from a nightmare and asks Mokkun why he takes the form of a mononoke, which Mokkun explains he likes it to be like a pet. Next day, Masahiro goes to work and then later, detects an evil spirit. Seimei sent his 3 Shinsho to investigate the evil source and Masahiro and Mokkun joins them. They encountered the demon including Kazane and Rikugo goes after her, but the demon flees and Ryuusai appears in front of the Shinsho. Then, the emperor got cursed and Akiko got affected and the mysterious man is trying to claim the throne as his. 20"Chase the Wind That Invites the Underworld""Yomi ni izanau kaze o oe" (黄泉に誘(いざな)う風を追え)February 13, 2007 (2007-02-13) Seimei woke up from a dream about Ryuusai & Wakana while Masahiro takes care of Akiko who tells him to check on Shoko and Masahiro goes to see her tomorrow. The next day, Mokkun becomes confused of the 2 sisters: Shoko and Akiko because they're look-a-likes and discuss this to Masahiro on the way while Yukinari tells his soldiers to go on guard. Meanwhile, Seimei investigates around the emperor's palace and feared that he's been watched, he meets Kazane and immediately snaps when Seimei called Ryuusai his friend. Suddenly, the miasma comes out from the underworld and Kazane took the emperor's princess Nagako with her but the miasma was stopped by Genbu. After Seimei tells his past story to Masahiro and also how Guren was struck by the Soul Binding Spell from Ryuusai, Masahiro goes to rescue Nagaku with help from the Shinsho. Kazane reveals to be Ryuusai's daughter and Guren the one being used to kill Ryuusai. 21"Let the Bonds Hold in the Fires of Sin""Tsumi no honoo ni kizuna tae" (罪の焔に絆絶え)February 20, 2007 (2007-02-20) Masahiro, Guren, and the 3 Shinsho are trapped in the underworld. Due to a huge suffering in Nagako's heart, Masahiro tells Genbu to create a mirror to see her mother which she explains that she didn't want to leave her daughter and Nagako agrees to go home. Then, Masahiro and the 3 Shinsho struggle to deal with a demon due to regeneration from the miasma until defeated by Guren. All of a sudden, Guren attacks Masahiro because Kazane removed the seal on his head(earlier on) and also the one who put the Soul Binding Spell on him, so Rikugo battles Guren(Touda). Just when things are about to get worse for Rikugo and Kazane, Seimei appears just in time and battles Touda while his Shinsho tends to Masahiro's wounds and Tenistsu heals him by transferring his injuries to her. Then, the crow reveals to be Chishiki no Guji the one who kills Ryuusai and cursed the emperor then uses Touda to attack Seimei and his Shinsho. 22"Everything for the Priestess""Subete wa miko no on tameni" (すべては巫女の御為に)February 27, 2007 (2007-02-27) The battle between Touda and Seimei continues as Seimei and his Shinsho struggled to fend off Touda's multi-attack. Meanwhile, Takao's minion felt Kazane's spiritual power then goes to the underworld revealing to be Chigaeshi no Miko's daughter. Seimei and his Shinsho got teleported back to the real world by Takaokami and she and her minion discuss the matter to Seimei about Guji's plot including the 2 worlds. After the discussion, Seimei agrees to help Takao and later at Abe no Seimei's place, The Shinsho decides to get Touda back or die trying. 23"The Flame of Kagutsuchi Shines Majestically""Kagutsuchi no honoo wa ogosoka ni" (軻遇突智の焔は厳かに)March 6, 2007 (2007-03-06) Despite not fully healed yet, Masahiro goes out at night to Kifune via Kuromanosuke to meet Dragon God Takaokami and she tells him that Touda's been used by Guji and Masahiro asked if there's a way to save him but there isn't. Takaokami explains that Shikigami are born from human desires so if Masahiro doesn't save Touda, he'll forget about him and turned into a different form. Kochin appears just as Masahiro passed out and she took Masahiro back to the house. The next day, Masahiro goes out to work and Toshitsugu tells him to rest and takes his place. Meanwhile at Yukinari's place, Masahiro's not sure if killing Touda can solve everything and leaves afterwards then asks Rikugo and Tai'in if Tennitsu is okay from her injuries but they said she'll be alright. Back at Kifune, Masahiro decides to lent Takaokami's power: "The Flame of Kagutsuchi" but needs Suzaku's soul to control its power. Later, Masahiro and Toshitsugu goes to Izumo and leaves Akiko's charm with her. 24"Winds of Twilight, Eyes of Daybreak""Tasogare no kaze, Akatsuki no hitomi" (黄昏の風、暁の瞳)March 13, 2007 (2007-03-13) Masahiro and the Shinsho arrived at Izumo and goes to find the cave to the dead world. Meanwhile, Kazane awakes and saw Kai alive and talking so the 2 of them go to where her mom was sealed by Guji. Then, Guji explains that he transfers his soul to Ryuusai who was killed by Touda and then uses Kazane's power to open the gate to the dead world. Kai managed to teleport Kazane somewhere at the cost of his life, as when she was about to get eaten by demons, Masahiro and the Shinsho saves her and Rikugo tells Kazane his real name is Saiki then she dies. Masahiro, Seimei, and the Shinsho goes to the entrance then prepare to battle Guji(in Ryuusai's body) and the demons. 25"A Dance of Junipers in a Whirl of Misfortune""Magaki no uzu ni ibuki mau" (禍気の渦に伊吹舞う)March 20, 2007 (2007-03-20) Seimei and his Shinsho act as a distraction to allow Masahiro to go after Touda with Seryuu and Kochin assisting him. Meanwhile, Touda reaches the last Seal and attempts to remove it, while on the battlefield, Seimei tells his Shikigami to stop the demons while he battles Guji alone. Luckily, Rikugo arrives to help Seimei and teamed up with him to fight against Guji and managed to defeat him along with his demons allowing Ryuusai to R.I.P while Tai'in tells Seimei and the others that she found Miko(Kazane's mom) and Seimei frees her. Masahiro, Seryuu and Kochin arrived at the last seal with Masahiro holding Kagutsuchi while Touda is dealing with the last seal guardian. 26"Sharpen the Sword of Flame""Honoo no yaiba o togi sumase" (焔の刃を研ぎ澄ませ)March 27, 2007 (2007-03-27) Masahiro used Kagutsuchi to block Touda's attacks then stabs him, reverting to Mokkun. Then, Masahiro revives Mokkun by sacrificing his life for him and he faints. Meanwhile, Akiko prays for Masahiro while Masahiro is in a dream attempting to cross the river and meets Wakana. When Masahiro was surprised to see Akiko's charm with him which he thought he left with her, Wakana explains that is the thing of someone who worries about someone they love then she leaves afterwards. In the real world, Masahiro and Mokkun woke up and everyone is relieved while Rikugo treasures Kazane's pendant. Later on, Touda is confused why he is in a mononoke form which Ko explains that it is Seimei's direct orders and it is a bittersweet ending since Masahiro says that it is painful to lose someone at a cost of one's life. See also Abe no Seimei Onmyōji Shikigami References Specific ^ "Glass Mask Stage Show, Shōnen Onmyōji Musical Planned". Anime News Network. September 12, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2018. ^ "FUNimation Entertainment and Geneon Entertainment Sign Exclusive Distribution Agreement for North America" (Press release). Anime News Network. July 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-03. General Igeta, Haruyo et al. "Shonen Onmyoji". Newtype USA 5 (11) 62–63. November 2006. ISSN 1541-4817. External links Official Shōnen Onmyōji anime website (in Japanese) Official FUNimation Shōnen Onmyōji anime website Shōnen Onmyōji (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteAsuka seriesCurrent The Eccentric Doctor of the Moon Flower Kingdom (2018) The Demon Prince of Momochi House: Tsugi (2023) 1980s–90s Hana no Asuka-gumi! (1985) The Sword of Paros (1986) Idol Densetsu Eriko (1989) Tenma no Ketsuzoku (1991) Clamp School Detectives (1992) X (1992) Shirahime-Syo: Snow Goddess Tales (1992) Mouryou Kiden: Legend of the Nymph (1994) Wish (1995) Angelique (1996) Shout Out Loud! (1996) Yamada Tarō Monogatari (1996) Cowboy Bebop: Shooting Star (1997) D.N.Angel (1997) Cowboy Bebop (1998) Hands Off! 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(2018) The Deer King (2021)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"Mitsuru Yūki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuru_Y%C5%ABki"},{"link_name":"Sakura Asagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Asagi"},{"link_name":"Kadokawa Shoten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten"},{"link_name":"Newtype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtype"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Studio Deen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Deen"},{"link_name":"Animax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Geneon Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneon_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Funimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Shōnen Onmyōji (少年陰陽師) is a Japanese light novel authored by Mitsuru Yūki and illustrated by Sakura Asagi. The novel is serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's The Beans. The light novel has 47 volumes, including three short stories and a side story. A manga acting as a gaiden is being serialized in Beans Ace.There is also a series of drama CDs, a PlayStation 2 game and a manga adaptation that was announced in 2005 and a musical as well. Moreover, it was announced in August 2006 in Newtype that the anime adaptation would be animated by Studio Deen and the character design was to be done by Shinobu Tagashira. It began its broadcast on October 3, 2006.The anime premiered on Animax under the title, Shōnen Onmyoji: The Young Spirit Master. It was aired across its respective networks worldwide, including Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam, with translations and dubbed versions for English language networks in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and other regions.The anime was licensed for North American distribution by Geneon Entertainment. However, only three volumes of the series have been released, and have yet to receive a full release due to Geneon's departure from the American market. On July 3, 2008, Funimation announced that it had struck a deal with Geneon to distribute and release several of their licenses, including Shōnen Onmyōji.[2]","title":"Shōnen Onmyōji"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Shōnen Onmyōji characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Onmy%C5%8Dji_characters"},{"link_name":"Heian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_era"},{"link_name":"onmyōji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dji"},{"link_name":"Abe no Seimei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_no_Seimei"},{"link_name":"sixth sense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-sensory_perception"},{"link_name":"Teng (mythology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng_(mythology)"}],"text":"See also: List of Shōnen Onmyōji charactersThe protagonist of the series, which is set in the Heian era, is Abe no Masahiro, the grandson of the great onmyōji, Abe no Seimei, who passed his teachings on to his grandson. Unfortunately, Masahiro has lost his sixth sense and with it the ability to see spirits. Masahiro constantly feels overshadowed by his grandfather's fame.One day, Masahiro meets a fox-like creature which he names Mokkun (もっくん) who shows him his true potential powers after fighting a demon. Mokkun is actually Tōda (騰蛇), see Teng (mythology), who prefers to be called Guren. He is one of the twelve shikigami called the Shinshō (神将), who has pledged his loyalty to Seimei and is helping Masahiro to surpass his grandfather.Masahiro's dream to surpass his grandfather will not be realised as easily as he hopes. Not only does he have to convince the other Shinshō that he is Seimei's true successor, he must also increase his power in order to stop demons coming from China, the other parts of Japan and the Underworld. In addition to this he has to deal with the schemes of rival onmyōji who want to destroy Japan not to mention keeping his promise to protect Princess Akiko of the Fujiwara clan.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the novels, there’re already 9 story arcs. However, the anime only covered two arcs, the Kyūki and Kazane arc.","title":"Story arcs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kyūki arc","text":"The Kyūki arc (窮奇編, Kyūki Hen) starts from episode 1 to 12 in the anime and volume 1 to 3 in the novel. Kyūki, a winged tiger from the West or to be precise, China has been forced to evacuate after being defeated by another demon.He arrives in Japan and plans to eat Fujiwara no Akiko to replenish his spirit powers and heal his wounds. With him are an army of foreign demons, all unknown to the inexperienced and apprentice onmyōji Masahiro who has started to use his skills.","title":"Story arcs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vengeful spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeful_spirit"}],"sub_title":"Kazane arc","text":"The Kazane arc (風音編, Kazane Hen) starts from episode 13 to 26 in the anime and volume 4 to 8 in the novel.A vengeful spirit has been summoned and has cursed Yukinari of the Fujiwara clan. A mysterious woman appears and tries to take Seimei's life.Someone is trying to open the gate to the underworld, events from fifty-five years ago reoccur, and Guren as well as Masahiro must undergo the ultimate test.","title":"Story arcs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Light novel","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second manga","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Anime","text":"The opening theme is Egao no Wake (笑顔の訳, lit. \"The Meaning of Your Smile\") by Kaori Hikita while the ending themes are Yakusoku (約束, lit. \"Promise\") by Saori Kiuji and Rokutōsei (六等星, lit. \"Sixth-Magnitude Star\") by Abe no Masahiro.","title":"Media"}]	[]	[{"title":"Abe no Seimei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_no_Seimei"},{"title":"Onmyōji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dji"},{"title":"Shikigami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikigami"}]	[{"reference":"\"Glass Mask Stage Show, Shōnen Onmyōji Musical Planned\". Anime News Network. September 12, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-11/glass-mask-stage-show-shonen-onmyoji-musical-planned","url_text":"\"Glass Mask Stage Show, Shōnen Onmyōji Musical Planned\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"FUNimation Entertainment and Geneon Entertainment Sign Exclusive Distribution Agreement for North America\" (Press release). Anime News Network. July 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2008-07-03/funimation-entertainment-and-geneon-entertainment-sign-exclusive-distribution-agreement-for-north-america","url_text":"\"FUNimation Entertainment and Geneon Entertainment Sign Exclusive Distribution Agreement for North America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-11/glass-mask-stage-show-shonen-onmyoji-musical-planned","external_links_name":"\"Glass Mask Stage Show, Shōnen Onmyōji Musical Planned\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2008-07-03/funimation-entertainment-and-geneon-entertainment-sign-exclusive-distribution-agreement-for-north-america","external_links_name":"\"FUNimation Entertainment and Geneon Entertainment Sign Exclusive Distribution Agreement for North America\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1541-4817","external_links_name":"1541-4817"},{"Link":"http://seimeinomago.net/web/","external_links_name":"Official Shōnen Onmyōji anime website"},{"Link":"http://www.funimation.com/?page=props_geneon#shonenonmyouji","external_links_name":"Official FUNimation Shōnen Onmyōji anime website"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=6703","external_links_name":"Shōnen Onmyōji"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathal_Paduthum_Padu	Kathal Paduthum Padu	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Release","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]	1966 film directed by Joseph Thaliath Jr Kathal Paduthum PaduTheatrical release posterDirected byJoseph Thaliath Jr.Story byKalaignanamProduced byDominic JosephStarringJaishankarVanisriCinematographyB. B. LucasEdited byM. VellaichamiMusic byT. R. PappaProductioncompanyCitadel StudiosRelease date 7 October 1966 (1966-10-07) Running time119 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil Kathal Paduthum Padu (transl. Strains caused by love) is a 1966 Indian Tamil-language romance film directed by Joseph Thaliath Jr and produced under Citadel Studios. The film stars Jaishankar and Vanisri, the latter's debut in Tamil cinema. It was released on 7 October 1966 and became a commercial success. The film was remade in Telugu as Premalo Pramadam (1967). Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Lead cast Jaishankar as Raju Vanisri as Suguna Male supporting cast K. A. Thangavelu as Achu Moorthy as Vichu Suruli Rajan as Ponnambalam Female supporting cast Pandari Bai as Raju's mother Vijaya Lalitha as Chandra Jayanthi as Maya Muthulakshmi as Meenakshi Kumari Radha as Lalli Sakunthala as Kalarani Rajeshwari Rama Prabha as Laila Production Kathal Paduthum Padu was directed by Joseph Thaliath Jr and produced by Dominic Joseph under the banner of Citadel Studios. The story and dialogues were written by Kalaignanam. This film marked Vanisri's first lead role in Tamil. Gemini Rajeshwari (credited simply as Rajeshwari) was cast after Thaliath was impressed with her performance in the play Kannum Imaiyum. Cinematography was handled by B. B. Lucas, and editing by M. Vellaichami. It is Vellaichami's first film as editor. Soundtrack The music was composed by T. R. Pappa. Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Alli Chendathuthe"Panchu ArunachalamP. Susheela 2."Ivaloru Azhagiya"MayavanathanT. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela 3."Kangalilrandil"M. K. AthmanathanP. Susheela, S. Janaki 4."Meladai Katrada"MayavanathanP. Susheela 5."Velli Nila"Alangudi SomuP. Susheela Release Kathal Paduthum Padu was released on 7 October 1966, and became a commercial success. References ^ "Premalo Pramadam". Indiancine.ma. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ Ramachandran, T. M. (5 March 1966). "Citadel's Next". Sport and Pastime. Vol. 20. p. 52. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023 – via Internet Archive. ^ a b c d e f "காதல் படுத்தும் பாடு!". Kalki (in Tamil). 23 October 1966. p. 37. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022. ^ "1966 – காதல்படுத்தும் பாடு – சிட்டாடல் ஸடுடியோ" . Lakshman Sruthi (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017. ^ "'திரைஞானி' கலைஞானம்". Dinamalar (in Tamil). 9 November 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019. ^ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, pp. 228. ^ Pannerselvam, Kanimozhi (27 June 2021). "பிரபல பழம்பெரும் நடிகை காலமானார்... சோகத்தில் மூழ்கிய திரையுலகம்...!". Asianet News (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ a b "Kathal Paduthum Padu". The Indian Express. 7 October 1966. p. 8. Retrieved 22 March 2018 – via Google News Archive. ^ "ஹீரோயின் ஊரில் இல்லாத நேரத்தில் கிடைத்த வாய்ப்பு... ஜெய்சங்கர் படத்தில் வாணி ஸ்ரீக்கு அடித்த ஜாக்பாட்!". Nakkheeran (in Tamil). 22 July 2021. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ "Kadhal Paduthumpadu". Tamil Songs Lyrics. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "வாணிஸ்ரீ, எஸ்.எஸ். சந்திரன், சுருளிராஜன் அறிமுகமான படம்" . Thinakaran (in Tamil). Sri Lanka. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017. Bibliography Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1998) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema. British Film Institute and Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563579-5. External links Kathal Paduthum Padu at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"romance film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"Joseph Thaliath Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Thaliath_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jaishankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaishankar_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vanisri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanisri"},{"link_name":"Tamil cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kathal Paduthum Padu (transl. Strains caused by love) is a 1966 Indian Tamil-language romance film directed by Joseph Thaliath Jr and produced under Citadel Studios. The film stars Jaishankar and Vanisri, the latter's debut in Tamil cinema. It was released on 7 October 1966 and became a commercial success. The film was remade in Telugu as Premalo Pramadam (1967).[1][2]","title":"Kathal Paduthum Padu"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaishankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaishankar_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalkionline-3"},{"link_name":"Vanisri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanisri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalkionline-3"},{"link_name":"K. A. Thangavelu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Thangavelu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalkionline-3"},{"link_name":"Moorthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennira_Aadai_Moorthy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalkionline-3"},{"link_name":"Suruli Rajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suruli_Rajan"},{"link_name":"Pandari Bai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandari_Bai"},{"link_name":"Vijaya Lalitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijaya_Lalitha"},{"link_name":"Jayanthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayanthi_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalkionline-3"},{"link_name":"Muthulakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._P._Muthulakshmi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalkionline-3"},{"link_name":"Kumari Radha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._V._Radha"},{"link_name":"Sakunthala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Sakunthala"},{"link_name":"Rama Prabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Prabha"}],"text":"Lead castJaishankar as Raju[3]\nVanisri as Suguna[3]Male supporting castK. A. Thangavelu as Achu[3]\nMoorthy as Vichu[3]\nSuruli Rajan as PonnambalamFemale supporting castPandari Bai as Raju's mother\nVijaya Lalitha as Chandra\nJayanthi as Maya[3]\nMuthulakshmi as Meenakshi[3]\nKumari Radha as Lalli\nSakunthala as Kalarani\nRajeshwari\nRama Prabha as Laila","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Thaliath Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Thaliath_Jr."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen1998228-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poster-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Kathal Paduthum Padu was directed by Joseph Thaliath Jr and produced by Dominic Joseph under the banner of Citadel Studios.[4] The story and dialogues were written by Kalaignanam.[5] This film marked Vanisri's first lead role in Tamil.[6] Gemini Rajeshwari (credited simply as Rajeshwari) was cast after Thaliath was impressed with her performance in the play Kannum Imaiyum.[7] Cinematography was handled by B. B. Lucas, and editing by M. Vellaichami.[8] It is Vellaichami's first film as editor.[9]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T. R. Pappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._R._Pappa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Panchu Arunachalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchu_Arunachalam"},{"link_name":"P. Susheela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Susheela"},{"link_name":"T. M. Soundararajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._M._Soundararajan"},{"link_name":"M. K. Athmanathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._K._Athmanathan"},{"link_name":"S. Janaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Janaki"},{"link_name":"Alangudi Somu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alangudi_Somu"}],"text":"The music was composed by T. R. Pappa.[10]Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Alli Chendathuthe\"Panchu ArunachalamP. Susheela 2.\"Ivaloru Azhagiya\"MayavanathanT. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela 3.\"Kangalilrandil\"M. K. AthmanathanP. Susheela, S. Janaki 4.\"Meladai Katrada\"MayavanathanP. Susheela 5.\"Velli Nila\"Alangudi SomuP. Susheela","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poster-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Kathal Paduthum Padu was released on 7 October 1966,[8] and became a commercial success.[11]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rajadhyaksha, Ashish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashish_Rajadhyaksha"},{"link_name":"Willemen, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Willemen"},{"link_name":"British Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-563579-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-563579-5"}],"text":"Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1998) [1994]. Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema. British Film Institute and Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563579-5.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Premalo Pramadam\". Indiancine.ma. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/MQH","url_text":"\"Premalo Pramadam\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230310155417/https://indiancine.ma/MQH/info","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ramachandran, T. M. (5 March 1966). \"Citadel's Next\". Sport and Pastime. Vol. 20. p. 52. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n499/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Citadel's Next\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_and_Pastime","url_text":"Sport and Pastime"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230310155538/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n499/mode/2up","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"காதல் படுத்தும் பாடு!\". Kalki (in Tamil). 23 October 1966. p. 37. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220726044156/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1966/oct/23-10-1966/p37.jpg","url_text":"\"காதல் படுத்தும் பாடு!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)","url_text":"Kalki"},{"url":"https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1966/oct/23-10-1966/p37.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1966 – காதல்படுத்தும் பாடு – சிட்டாடல் ஸடுடியோ\" [1966 – Kathal Paduthum Padu – Citadel Studios]. Lakshman Sruthi (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20171003072553/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1966-cinedetails6.asp","url_text":"\"1966 – காதல்படுத்தும் பாடு – சிட்டாடல் ஸடுடியோ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshman_Sruthi","url_text":"Lakshman Sruthi"},{"url":"http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1966-cinedetails6.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'திரைஞானி' கலைஞானம்\". Dinamalar (in Tamil). 9 November 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dinamalar.com/weekly/virunthinar-paguthi/news/1383373","url_text":"\"'திரைஞானி' கலைஞானம்\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamalar","url_text":"Dinamalar"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070454/https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=1383373&Print=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pannerselvam, Kanimozhi (27 June 2021). \"பிரபல பழம்பெரும் நடிகை காலமானார்... சோகத்தில் மூழ்கிய திரையுலகம்...!\". Asianet News (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/veteran-actress-gemini-rajeshwari-passed-away-qvcxqp","url_text":"\"பிரபல பழம்பெரும் நடிகை காலமானார்... சோகத்தில் மூழ்கிய திரையுலகம்...!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asianet_News","url_text":"Asianet News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007051948/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/veteran-actress-gemini-rajeshwari-passed-away-qvcxqp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kathal Paduthum Padu\". The Indian Express. 7 October 1966. p. 8. Retrieved 22 March 2018 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19661007&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Kathal Paduthum Padu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_Archive","url_text":"Google News Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"ஹீரோயின் ஊரில் இல்லாத நேரத்தில் கிடைத்த வாய்ப்பு... ஜெய்சங்கர் படத்தில் வாணி ஸ்ரீக்கு அடித்த ஜாக்பாட்!\". Nakkheeran (in Tamil). 22 July 2021. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/kalaignanam-about-actress-vani-sri-debut-movie","url_text":"\"ஹீரோயின் ஊரில் இல்லாத நேரத்தில் கிடைத்த வாய்ப்பு... ஜெய்சங்கர் படத்தில் வாணி ஸ்ரீக்கு அடித்த ஜாக்பாட்!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakkheeran","url_text":"Nakkheeran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007043110/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/kalaignanam-about-actress-vani-sri-debut-movie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kadhal Paduthumpadu\". Tamil Songs Lyrics. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/kadhal-paduthumpadu","url_text":"\"Kadhal Paduthumpadu\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230310155717/https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/kadhal-paduthumpadu","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"வாணிஸ்ரீ, எஸ்.எஸ். சந்திரன், சுருளிராஜன் அறிமுகமான படம்\" [The debut film of Vanisri, S. S. Chandran and Surulirajan]. Thinakaran (in Tamil). Sri Lanka. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.thinakaran.lk/2012/07/10/?fn=f1207104","url_text":"\"வாணிஸ்ரீ, எஸ்.எஸ். சந்திரன், சுருளிராஜன் அறிமுகமான படம்\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinakaran","url_text":"Thinakaran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","url_text":"Sri Lanka"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20171003073253/http://archives.thinakaran.lk/2012/07/10/?fn=f1207104","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1998) [1994]. Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema. British Film Institute and Oxford University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Coulomb	Adrien Coulomb	["1 Club career","2 References","3 External links"]	French professional footballer Adrien Coulomb Adrien Coulomb 2013Personal informationDate of birth (1990-10-04) 4 October 1990 (age 33)Place of birth Marseille, FranceHeight 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) Attacking midfielderTeam informationCurrent team Marignane GignacNumber 10Youth career2003–2010 MontpellierSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2010–2013 Montpellier 0 (0)2011–2012 → Vannes (loan) 0 (0)2013–2015 Arles-Avignon 23 (1)2016– Marignane Gignac 77 (9) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20:37, 19 January 2020 (UTC) Adrien Coulomb (born 4 October 1990) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Marignane Gignac. Club career Coulomb made his professional debut in October 2013, in a 1–0 Ligue 2 defeat against Istres. References ^ "FC Istres vs. AC Arles-Avignon" (in French). lfp.fr. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2015. External links Adrien Coulomb – French league stats at LFP – also available in French (archived) Adrien Coulomb at Soccerway Adrien Coulomb foot-national.com Profile This biographical article related to association football in France, about a midfielder, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Marignane Gignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marignane_Gignac_F.C."}],"text":"Adrien Coulomb (born 4 October 1990) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Marignane Gignac.","title":"Adrien Coulomb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Istres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Istres"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Coulomb made his professional debut in October 2013, in a 1–0 Ligue 2 defeat against Istres.[1]","title":"Club career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"FC Istres vs. AC Arles-Avignon\" (in French). lfp.fr. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/feuille_match/77999","url_text":"\"FC Istres vs. AC Arles-Avignon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_de_Football_Professionnel","url_text":"lfp.fr"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/feuille_match/77999","external_links_name":"\"FC Istres vs. AC Arles-Avignon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/1/https://www.ligue1.com/joueur/coulomb-adrien","external_links_name":"Adrien Coulomb"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/1/https://www.lfp.fr/joueur/coulomb-adrien","external_links_name":"in French"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/adrian-coulome/138312/","external_links_name":"Adrien Coulomb"},{"Link":"http://www.foot-national.com/4276-joueur-football-Coulomb-Adrien.html","external_links_name":"Adrien Coulomb foot-national.com Profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Coulomb&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_mask	Plague doctor costume	["1 Description","2 History","3 Carnival","4 COVID-19","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Footnotes","6.2 Works cited","7 External links"]	Clothing worn by plague doctors that was intended to protect them from infection Paul Fürst, engraving, c. 1656, of a plague doctor of Marseilles (introduced as 'Dr Beak of Rome'). His nose-case is filled with herbal material to keep off the plague. The clothing worn by plague doctors was intended to protect them from airborne diseases during outbreaks of bubonic plague in Europe. It is often seen as a symbol of death and disease. However, the costume was mostly worn by late Renaissance and early modern physicians studying and treating plague patients. Description Plague doctor outfit from Germany (17th century) The costume consists of a leather hat, mask with glass eyes and a beak, stick to remove clothes of a plague victim, gloves, waxed linen robe, and boots. The typical mask had glass openings for the eyes and a curved beak shaped like a bird's beak with straps that held the beak in front of the doctor's nose. The mask had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator which contained aromatic items. The beak could hold dried flowers (commonly roses and carnations), herbs (commonly lavender and peppermint), camphor, or a vinegar sponge, as well as juniper berry, ambergris, cloves, labdanum, myrrh, and storax. The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, such as the smell of decaying bodies. The smell taken with the most caution was known as miasma, a noxious form of "bad air". This was thought to be the principal cause of the disease. Doctors believed the herbs would counter the "evil" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected. Though these particular theories about the plague's nature were incorrect, it is likely that the costume actually did afford the wearer some protection. The garments covered the body, shielding against splattered blood, lymph, and cough droplets, and the waxed robe prevented fleas (the true carriers of the plague) from touching the body or clinging to the linen. The wide-brimmed leather hat indicated their profession. Doctors used wooden canes in order to point out areas needing attention and to examine patients without touching them. The canes were also used to keep people away and to remove clothing from plague victims. History The exact origins of the costume are unclear, as most depictions come from satirical writings and political cartoons. An early reference to plague doctors wearing masks is in 1373 when Johannes Jacobi recommends their use but he offers no physical description of them. The beaked plague doctor inspired costumes in Italian theatre as a symbol of general horror and death, though some historians insist that the plague doctor was originally fictional and inspired the real plague doctors later. Depictions of the beaked plague doctor rose in response to superstition and fear about the unknown source of the plague. Often, these plague doctors were the last thing a patient would see before death; therefore, the doctors were seen as a foreboding of death. The garments were first mentioned by a physician to King Louis XIII of France, Charles de Lorme, who wrote in a 1619 plague outbreak in Paris that he developed an outfit made of Moroccan goat leather, including boots, breeches, a long coat, hat, and gloves modeled after a soldier's canvas gown which went from the neck to the ankle. The garment was impregnated with similar fragrant items as the mask. De Lorme wrote that the mask had a "nose half a foot long, shaped like a beak, filled with perfume with only two holes, one on each side near the nostrils, but that can suffice to breathe and to carry along with the air one breathes the impression of the drugs enclosed further along in the beak." However, recent research has revealed that strong caveats must be applied with regard to De Lorme's assertions. The Genevan physician, Jean-Jacques Manget, in his 1721 work Treatise on the Plague written just after the Great Plague of Marseille, describes the costume worn by plague doctors at Nijmegen in 1636–1637. The costume forms the frontispiece of Manget's 1721 work. Their robes, leggings, hats, and gloves were also made of Morocco leather. This costume was also worn by plague doctors during the Naples Plague of 1656, which killed 145,000 people in Rome and 300,000 in Naples. In his work Tractatus de Peste, published at Toulouse in May 1629, Irish physician Niall Ó Glacáin references the protective clothing worn by plague doctors, including leather coats, gauntlets and long beak-like masks filled with fumigants. Carnival A beaked Venetian carnival mask bearing a picture of a plague doctor, and the inscription Il Medico della Peste ('The Plague Doctor') beneath the right eye The costume is also associated with a commedia dell'arte character called Il Medico della Peste ('The Plague Doctor'), who wears a distinctive plague doctor's mask. The Venetian mask was normally white, consisting of a hollow beak and round eye-holes covered with clear glass, and is one of the distinctive masks worn during the Carnival of Venice. COVID-19 Posing with variations on plague masks in New Orleans during the April 2020 pandemic shutdown During the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in 2020, the plague doctor costume grew in popularity due to its relevance to the pandemic, with news reports of plague doctor-costumed individuals in public places and photos of people wearing plague doctor costumes appearing in social media. See also Gas mask – Protection from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases Hazmat suit – Protective suit against chemical, bacteriological, and nuclear risks Medical gown – Type of personal protective equipment worn by medical professionals N95 respirator – Particulate respirator meeting the N95 standard NBC suit – Type of military personal protective equipment References Footnotes ^ Füssli's image is reproduced and discussed in Robert Fletcher, A tragedy of the Great Plague of Milan in 1630 (Baltimore: The Lord Baltimore Press, 1898), p. 16–17. ^ a b c Pommerville (Body Systems), p. 15 Bauer, p. 145 Byfield, p. 26 Glaser, pp. 33-34 ^ Andrew Whalen On 3/19/20 at 1:31 PM EDT (2020-03-19). "Are surgical masks the new plague masks? A history of the not-always-helpful ways we've reacted to pandemics". Newsweek. Retrieved 2021-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020). "Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Ellis, p. 202 ^ *Time-Life Books, pp. 140, 158 Dolan, p. 139 Ellis, p. 202 Paton Martin, p. 121 Sherman, p. 162 Turner, p. 180 Mentzel, p. 86 Glaser, p. 36 Hall, p. 67 Infectious Diseases Society of America, Volume 11, p. 819 Grolier, p. 700 ^ O'Donnell, p. 135 ^ Stuart, p. 15 ^ Byrne 2006, p. 170. sfn error: no target: CITEREFByrne2006 (help) ^ "Plagues of the Past". Science in the News. 2014-12-31. Retrieved 2021-03-09. ^ Irvine Loudon, Western Medicine: An Illustrated History (Oxford, 2001), p. 189. ^ Smith, Kiona. "A Look Behind the Plague Doctor Mask". Forbes. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, p. 83 ^ "Imagery From the History of Medicine". art-bin.com. Retrieved 2021-03-09. ^ Association, American Medical (1900). JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association. ^ Byrne 2008, p. 505. sfn error: no target: CITEREFByrne2008 (help) ^ Pommerville, p. 9 ^ "17th-century Plague Doctors Were the Stuff of Nightmares". HowStuffWorks. 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2021-03-09. ^ Samuel Cohn's The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe, pg 209 ^ Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020). "Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Mussap, Christian J. (May 2019). "The Plague Doctor of Venice". Internal Medicine Journal. 49 (5): 671–676. doi:10.1111/imj.14285. ISSN 1445-5994. PMID 31083805. ^ Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020). "Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Timbs, p. 360 ^ Boeckl, p. 15 ^ Carmichael, A.G. (2009), "Plague, Historical", in Schaechter, Moselio (ed.), Encyclopedia of Microbiology (3rd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 58–72, doi:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00311-4, ISBN 9780123739445 ^ Iqbal Akhtar Khan (May 2004). "Plague: the dreadful visitation occupying the human mind for centuries". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 98 (5): 270–277. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00059-2. PMID 15109549. Charles de Lorme (1584—1678), personal physician to King Louis XIII, was credited with introducing special protective clothing for plague doctors during the epidemic in Marseilles. It consisted of a beak-like mask supplied with aromatic substance, presumed to act as filter against the odour emanating from the patients, and a loose gown covering the normal clothing. On occasions, a drifting fragrance such as camphor was used. ^ Time-Life Books, p. 158 Beak Doctor: during the Black Plague, a medical man who wore a bird mask to protect himself against infection. Black plague definition: In 14th-century Europe, the victims of the "black plague" had bleeding below the skin (subcutaneous hemorrhage) which made darkened ("blackened") their bodies. Black plague can lead to "black death" characterized by gangrene of the fingers, toes, and nose. Black plague is caused by a bacterium (Yersinia pestis) which is transmitted to humans from infected rats by the oriental rat flea.. medterm.com ^ Vidal, Pierre; Tibayrenc, Myrtille; Gonzalez, Jean-Paul (2007). "Chapter 40: Infectious disease and arts". In Tibayrenc, Michel (ed.). Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases: Modern Methodologies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 680. ISBN 9780470114193. ^ Mattie, Herbert J. (2023). ""Men in Tights: Charles De Lorme (1584–1678) and the First Plague Costume"". European Journal for the History of Medicine and Health (Published Online Ahead of Print 2023): 1–13. doi:10.1163/26667711-bja10033. ^ Manget, p. 3 ^ Timbs, p. 360 ^ The Plague Doctor ^ Christine M. Boeckl, Images of plague and pestilence: iconography and iconology (Truman State University Press, 2000), pp. 15, 27. ^ Full title: Tractatus de Peste, Seu Brevis, Facilis et Experta Methodus Curandi Pestem ('A Treatise on Plague, or A Short, Easy, and Expert Method for the Curing of Plague') ^ Moore, Norman. "O'Glacan, Nial". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. ^ Murphy, David (October 2009). "O'Glacan (Ó Glacan), Nial". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006763.v1. Retrieved 14 December 2023. ^ MacCuinneagáin, Conall (2010). "Niall O'Glacan (Nellani Glacan)". Donegal Annual: 15–21. ^ Killinger, p. 95 ^ Carnevale ^ "Coronavirus: Hellesdon plague doctor given advice by police". BBC News. 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2023-03-03. ^ "'Terrifying' plague doctor: U.K. police search for person in full 17th century outfit stalking suburb". nationalpost. Retrieved 2023-03-03. Works cited Bauer, S. Wise, The Story of the World Activity Book Two: The Middle Ages : From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of the Renaissance, Peace Hill Press, 2003, ISBN 0-9714129-4-4 Boeckl, Christine M., Images of plague and pestilence: iconography and iconology, Truman State Univ Press, 2000, ISBN 0-943549-85-X Byfield, Ted, Renaissance: God in Man, A.D. 1300 to 1500: But Amid Its Splendors, Night Falls on Medieval Christianity, Christian History Project, 2010, ISBN 0-9689873-8-9 Byrne, Joseph Patrick, Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues, ABC-CLIO, 2008, ISBN 0-313-34102-8 Carmichael, Ann G., "SARS and Plagues Past", in SARS in Context: Memory, history, policy, ed. by Jacalyn Duffin and Arthur Sweetman McGill-Queen's University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7735-3194-7 Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, Western European stages, Volume 14, CASTA, 2002, Dolan, Josephine, Goodnow's History of Nursing, W. B. Saunders 1963 (Philadelphia and London), LCCN 16--25236, OCLC 2882574 Ellis, Oliver Coligny de Champfleur, A History of Fire and Flame, London: Simkin, Marshall, 1932; repr. Kessinger, 2004, ISBN 1-4179-7583-0 Goodnow, Minnie, Goodnow's history of nursing, W.B. Saunders Co., 1968, OCLC Number: 7085173 Glaser, Gabrielle, The Nose: A Profile of Sex, Beauty, and Survival, Simon & Schuster, 2003, ISBN 0-671-03864-8 Grolier Incorporated, The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 8; Volume 24, Grolier Incorporated, 1998, ISBN 0-7172-0130-9 Hall, Manly Palmer, Horizon, Philosophical Research Society, Inc., 1949 Hirst, Leonard Fabian, The conquest of plague: a study of the evolution of epidemiology, Clarendon Press, 1953, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Reviews of Infectious Diseases, Volume 11, University of Chicago Press, 1989 Kenda, Barbara, Aeolian winds and the spirit in Renaissance architecture: Academia Eolia revisited, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 0-415-39804-5 Killinger, Charles L., Culture and customs of Italy, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 0-313-32489-1 Nohl, Johannes, The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague, J. & J. Harper Edition 1969, LCCN 79--81867, OCLC 34505 Manget, Jean-Jacques, Traité de la peste recueilli des meilleurs auteurs anciens et modernes, Geneva, 1721, online as PDF, 28Mb download Martin, Sean, The Black Death, Book Sales, 2009, ISBN 0-7858-2289-5 Mentzel, Peter, A traveller's history of Venice, Interlink Books, 2006, ISBN 1-56656-611-8 O'Donnell, Terence, History of life insurance in its formative years, American Conservation Company, 1936 Paton, Alex, "Cover image", QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 100.4, 4 April 2007. (A commentary on the issue's cover photograph of The Posy Tree, Mapperton, Dorset.) Pommerville, Jeffrey, Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2009, ISBN 0-7637-6259-8 Pommerville, Jeffrey, Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2010, ISBN 0-7637-6258-X Reynolds, Richard C., On doctorng: stories, poems, essays, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-7432-0153-1 Sandler, Merton, Wine: a scientific exploration, CRC Press, 2003, ISBN 0-415-24734-9 Sherman, Irwin W., The power of plagues, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006, ISBN 1-55581-356-9 Stuart, David C., Dangerous garden: the quest for plants to change our lives, frances lincoln ltd, 2004, ISBN 0-7112-2265-7 Timbs, John, The Mirror of literature, amusement, and instruction, Volume 37, J. Limbird, 1841 Time-Life Books, What life was like in the age of chivalry: medieval Europe, AD 800-1500, 1997 Turner, Jack, Spice: The History of a Temptation, Random House, 2005, ISBN 0-375-70705-0 Walker, Kenneth, The story of medicine, Oxford University Press, 1955 External links Debunking Popular Misconceptions about Plague Doctor Costumes and How They Were Used Doctor Schnabel's Plague Museum Media related to Plague doctors at Wikimedia Commons Portals: History Medicine	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_F%C3%BCrst,_Der_Doctor_Schnabel_von_Rom_(Holl%C3%A4nder_version).png"},{"link_name":"Beak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"plague doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_doctor"},{"link_name":"bubonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BodySystems2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Paul Fürst, engraving, c. 1656, of a plague doctor of Marseilles (introduced as 'Dr Beak of Rome'). His nose-case is filled with herbal material to keep off the plague.[1]The clothing worn by plague doctors was intended to protect them from airborne diseases during outbreaks of bubonic plague in Europe.[2] It is often seen as a symbol of death and disease.[3] However, the costume was mostly worn by late Renaissance and early modern physicians studying and treating plague patients.[4]","title":"Plague doctor costume"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medico_peste.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BodySystems2-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis2022-5"},{"link_name":"respirator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose"},{"link_name":"carnations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation"},{"link_name":"lavender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavandula"},{"link_name":"peppermint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint"},{"link_name":"camphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphorosmeae"},{"link_name":"vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"juniper berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_berry"},{"link_name":"ambergris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambergris"},{"link_name":"cloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloves"},{"link_name":"labdanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labdanum"},{"link_name":"myrrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh"},{"link_name":"storax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storax_balsam"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2006170-9"},{"link_name":"miasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loudon-11"},{"link_name":"fleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BodySystems2-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAMA2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2008505-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Plague doctor outfit from Germany (17th century)The costume consists of a leather hat, mask with glass eyes and a beak, stick to remove clothes of a plague victim, gloves, waxed linen robe, and boots.[2]The typical mask had glass openings for the eyes and a curved beak shaped like a bird's beak with straps that held the beak in front of the doctor's nose.[5] The mask had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator which contained aromatic items.[6] The beak could hold dried flowers (commonly roses and carnations), herbs (commonly lavender and peppermint), camphor, or a vinegar sponge,[7][8] as well as juniper berry, ambergris, cloves, labdanum, myrrh, and storax.[9] The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, such as the smell of decaying bodies. The smell taken with the most caution was known as miasma, a noxious form of \"bad air\". This was thought to be the principal cause of the disease.[10] Doctors believed the herbs would counter the \"evil\" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected.[11] Though these particular theories about the plague's nature were incorrect, it is likely that the costume actually did afford the wearer some protection. The garments covered the body, shielding against splattered blood, lymph, and cough droplets, and the waxed robe prevented fleas (the true carriers of the plague) from touching the body or clinging to the linen.[12]The wide-brimmed leather hat indicated their profession.[2][13] Doctors used wooden canes in order to point out areas needing attention and to examine patients without touching them.[14] The canes were also used to keep people away[15][16] and to remove clothing from plague victims.[17]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII"},{"link_name":"Charles de Lorme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Lorme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moroccan goat leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_leather"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boeckl152-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infectious2-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Manget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Manget"},{"link_name":"Great Plague of Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijmegen"},{"link_name":"frontispiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_frontispiece"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Naples Plague of 1656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_Plague_(1656)"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhmasextract2762-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-36"},{"link_name":"Niall Ó Glacáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_%C3%93_Glac%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-37"}],"text":"The exact origins of the costume are unclear, as most depictions come from satirical writings and political cartoons.[18] An early reference to plague doctors wearing masks is in 1373 when Johannes Jacobi recommends their use but he offers no physical description of them. [19] The beaked plague doctor inspired costumes in Italian theatre as a symbol of general horror and death, though some historians insist that the plague doctor was originally fictional and inspired the real plague doctors later.[20] Depictions of the beaked plague doctor rose in response to superstition and fear about the unknown source of the plague.[21] Often, these plague doctors were the last thing a patient would see before death; therefore, the doctors were seen as a foreboding of death.The garments were first mentioned by a physician to King Louis XIII of France, Charles de Lorme, who wrote in a 1619 plague outbreak in Paris that he developed an outfit made of Moroccan goat leather, including boots, breeches, a long coat, hat, and gloves[22][23] modeled after a soldier's canvas gown which went from the neck to the ankle.[24][25][26] The garment was impregnated with similar fragrant items as the mask.[27] De Lorme wrote that the mask had a \"nose half a foot long, shaped like a beak, filled with perfume with only two holes, one on each side near the nostrils, but that can suffice to breathe and to carry along with the air one breathes the impression of the drugs enclosed further along in the beak.\"[28] However, recent research has revealed that strong caveats must be applied with regard to De Lorme's assertions.[29]The Genevan physician, Jean-Jacques Manget, in his 1721 work Treatise on the Plague written just after the Great Plague of Marseille, describes the costume worn by plague doctors at Nijmegen in 1636–1637. The costume forms the frontispiece of Manget's 1721 work.[30] Their robes, leggings, hats, and gloves were also made of Morocco leather.[31] This costume was also worn by plague doctors during the Naples Plague of 1656, which killed 145,000 people in Rome and 300,000 in Naples.[32][33] In his work Tractatus de Peste,[34] published at Toulouse in May 1629,[35][36] Irish physician Niall Ó Glacáin references the protective clothing worn by plague doctors, including leather coats, gauntlets and long beak-like masks filled with fumigants.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beak_doctor_mask.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venetian carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"commedia dell'arte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte"},{"link_name":"plague doctor's mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_doctor%27s_mask"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Carnival of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carnevale-39"}],"text":"A beaked Venetian carnival mask bearing a picture of a plague doctor, and the inscription Il Medico della Peste ('The Plague Doctor') beneath the right eyeThe costume is also associated with a commedia dell'arte character called Il Medico della Peste ('The Plague Doctor'), who wears a distinctive plague doctor's mask.[38] The Venetian mask was normally white, consisting of a hollow beak and round eye-holes covered with clear glass, and is one of the distinctive masks worn during the Carnival of Venice.[39]","title":"Carnival"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Posing_with_Plague_Masks_in_New_Orleans_French_Quarter_April_2020_CWV_-_Death_Mask.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Posing with variations on plague masks in New Orleans during the April 2020 pandemic shutdownDuring the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in 2020, the plague doctor costume grew in popularity due to its relevance to the pandemic, with news reports of plague doctor-costumed individuals in public places and photos of people wearing plague doctor costumes appearing in social media.[40][41]","title":"COVID-19"}]	[{"image_text":"Paul Fürst, engraving, c. 1656, of a plague doctor of Marseilles (introduced as 'Dr Beak of Rome'). His nose-case is filled with herbal material to keep off the plague.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Paul_F%C3%BCrst%2C_Der_Doctor_Schnabel_von_Rom_%28Holl%C3%A4nder_version%29.png/220px-Paul_F%C3%BCrst%2C_Der_Doctor_Schnabel_von_Rom_%28Holl%C3%A4nder_version%29.png"},{"image_text":"Plague doctor outfit from Germany (17th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Medico_peste.jpg"},{"image_text":"A beaked Venetian carnival mask bearing a picture of a plague doctor, and the inscription Il Medico della Peste ('The Plague Doctor') beneath the right eye","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Beak_doctor_mask.jpg/170px-Beak_doctor_mask.jpg"},{"image_text":"Posing with variations on plague masks in New Orleans during the April 2020 pandemic shutdown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Posing_with_Plague_Masks_in_New_Orleans_French_Quarter_April_2020_CWV_-_Death_Mask.jpg/220px-Posing_with_Plague_Masks_in_New_Orleans_French_Quarter_April_2020_CWV_-_Death_Mask.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Gas mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mask"},{"title":"Hazmat suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazmat_suit"},{"title":"Medical gown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_gown"},{"title":"N95 respirator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_respirator"},{"title":"NBC suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_suit"}]	[{"reference":"Andrew Whalen On 3/19/20 at 1:31 PM EDT (2020-03-19). \"Are surgical masks the new plague masks? A history of the not-always-helpful ways we've reacted to pandemics\". Newsweek. Retrieved 2021-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/surgical-masks-plague-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-epidemic-black-death-history-1493277","url_text":"\"Are surgical masks the new plague masks? A history of the not-always-helpful ways we've reacted to pandemics\""}]},{"reference":"Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020). \"Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts\". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livescience.com/plague-doctors.html","url_text":"\"Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plagues of the Past\". Science in the News. 2014-12-31. Retrieved 2021-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/special-edition-on-infectious-disease/2014/plagues-of-the-past/","url_text":"\"Plagues of the Past\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Kiona. \"A Look Behind the Plague Doctor Mask\". Forbes. Retrieved 15 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2021/02/28/a-look-behind-the-plague-doctor-mask/?sh=a1379a335678","url_text":"\"A Look Behind the Plague Doctor Mask\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imagery From the History of Medicine\". art-bin.com. Retrieved 2021-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://art-bin.com/art/medhistorypix/omedicalimages19.html","url_text":"\"Imagery From the History of Medicine\""}]},{"reference":"Association, American Medical (1900). JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5k_lAAAAMAAJ&dq=beak+doctor+costume+%22plague+doctor%22&pg=PA639","url_text":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"}]},{"reference":"\"17th-century Plague Doctors Were the Stuff of Nightmares\". HowStuffWorks. 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2021-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/plague-doctors.htm","url_text":"\"17th-century Plague Doctors Were the Stuff of Nightmares\""}]},{"reference":"Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020). \"Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts\". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livescience.com/plague-doctors.html","url_text":"\"Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts\""}]},{"reference":"Mussap, Christian J. (May 2019). \"The Plague Doctor of Venice\". Internal Medicine Journal. 49 (5): 671–676. doi:10.1111/imj.14285. ISSN 1445-5994. PMID 31083805.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31083805","url_text":"\"The Plague Doctor of Venice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fimj.14285","url_text":"10.1111/imj.14285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1445-5994","url_text":"1445-5994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31083805","url_text":"31083805"}]},{"reference":"Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020). \"Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts\". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livescience.com/plague-doctors.html","url_text":"\"Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts\""}]},{"reference":"Carmichael, A.G. (2009), \"Plague, Historical\", in Schaechter, Moselio (ed.), Encyclopedia of Microbiology (3rd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 58–72, doi:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00311-4, ISBN 9780123739445","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-012373944-5.00311-4","url_text":"10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00311-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123739445","url_text":"9780123739445"}]},{"reference":"Iqbal Akhtar Khan (May 2004). \"Plague: the dreadful visitation occupying the human mind for centuries\". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 98 (5): 270–277. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00059-2. PMID 15109549. Charles de Lorme (1584—1678), personal physician to King Louis XIII, was credited with introducing special protective clothing for plague doctors during the epidemic in Marseilles. It consisted of a beak-like mask supplied with aromatic substance, presumed to act as filter against the odour emanating from the patients, and a loose gown covering the normal clothing. On occasions, a drifting fragrance such as camphor was used.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0035-9203%2803%2900059-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00059-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15109549","url_text":"15109549"}]},{"reference":"Vidal, Pierre; Tibayrenc, Myrtille; Gonzalez, Jean-Paul (2007). \"Chapter 40: Infectious disease and arts\". In Tibayrenc, Michel (ed.). Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases: Modern Methodologies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 680. ISBN 9780470114193.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8iVnEZe-zzkC&pg=PA680","url_text":"\"Chapter 40: Infectious disease and arts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470114193","url_text":"9780470114193"}]},{"reference":"Mattie, Herbert J. (2023). \"\"Men in Tights: Charles De Lorme (1584–1678) and the First Plague Costume\"\". European Journal for the History of Medicine and Health (Published Online Ahead of Print 2023): 1–13. doi:10.1163/26667711-bja10033.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-bja10033","url_text":"\"\"Men in Tights: Charles De Lorme (1584–1678) and the First Plague Costume\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26667711-bja10033","url_text":"10.1163/26667711-bja10033"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Norman. \"O'Glacan, Nial\". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/O%27Glacan,_Nial","url_text":"\"O'Glacan, Nial\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, David (October 2009). \"O'Glacan (Ó Glacan), Nial\". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006763.v1. Retrieved 14 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.006763.v1","url_text":"\"O'Glacan (Ó Glacan), Nial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3318%2Fdib.006763.v1","url_text":"10.3318/dib.006763.v1"}]},{"reference":"MacCuinneagáin, Conall (2010). \"Niall O'Glacan (Nellani Glacan)\". Donegal Annual: 15–21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus: Hellesdon plague doctor given advice by police\". BBC News. 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2023-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-norfolk-52533718","url_text":"\"Coronavirus: Hellesdon plague doctor given advice by police\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Terrifying' plague doctor: U.K. police search for person in full 17th century outfit stalking suburb\". nationalpost. Retrieved 2023-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/news/world/plague-doctor-u-k-police-search-for-person-in-full-17th-century-outfit-as-locals-express-alarm","url_text":"\"'Terrifying' plague doctor: U.K. police search for person in full 17th century outfit stalking suburb\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/atragedygreatpl00fletgoog#page/n26/","external_links_name":"A tragedy of the Great Plague of Milan in 1630"},{"Link":"https://www.newsweek.com/surgical-masks-plague-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-epidemic-black-death-history-1493277","external_links_name":"\"Are surgical masks the new plague masks? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Petrov_(basketball)	Aleksandr Petrov (basketball)	["1 Club career","2 National team career","3 Coaching career","4 References","5 External links"]	Basketball player (1939–2001) Aleksandr PetrovPersonal informationBorn(1939-05-14)14 May 1939Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet UnionDied5 May 2001(2001-05-05) (aged 61)Moscow, RussiaNationalitySoviet / AzerbaijaniListed height6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)Listed weight230 lb (104 kg)Career informationPlaying career1954–1966PositionCenterNumber14Career history1954–1956SKIF Baku1957–1962Dynamo Tbilisi1962–1963CSKA Moscow1963–1966Dynamo Moscow Career highlights and awardsAs player: 2× EuroLeague champion (1962, 1963) USSR Premier League champion (1963) USSR Spartakiad champion (1963) Honored Master of Sports of the USSR (1964) Order of the Badge of Honor Medals Representing Soviet Union Summer Olympics 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo FIBA World Cup 1963 Brazil FIBA EuroBasket 1959 Turkey 1961 Yugoslavia 1963 Poland 1965 Soviet Union Aleksandr Pavlovich Petrov (alternate spellings: Alexander, Alexandre) (Russian: Александр Павлович Петров; 14 May 1939 – 5 May 2001) was a Soviet-Azerbaijani basketball player and coach. He was one of the first very tall centers in Soviet basketball history. During his club playing career, Petrov won EuroLeague championships, in 1962 and 1963. As a member of the senior men's Soviet Union national team, he was voted to the All-Tournament Team of the 1963 FIBA World Cup. For his achievements in the sport of basketball, Petrov was awarded the Honored Master of Sports of the USSR and the Order of the Badge of Honor. Club career During his pro club playing career, Petrov played with the USSR Premier League teams Dynamo Tbilisi, CSKA Moscow, and Dynamo Moscow. As a member of Dynamo Tbilisi, Petrov won the EuroLeague championship in the 1961–62 season. As a member of CSKA Moscow, Petrov also won the EuroLeague championship, in the 1962–63 season. National team career Petrov was a member of the senior men's Soviet Union national team. While representing the USSR, Petrov won four FIBA EuroBasket championships. He won gold medals at the 1959 EuroBasket, the 1961 EuroBasket, the 1963 EuroBasket, and the 1965 EuroBasket. With the USSR, Petrov also won silver medals at the both 1960 Rome Summer Olympics and the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics. He also won a bronze medal at the 1963 FIBA World Cup, where he was named to the All-Tournament Team. Coaching career After he retired from playing club basketball, Petrov became as basketball coach. He coached basketball teams in Moscow, and also later in Madagascar. References ^ ПЕТРОВ Александр Павлович (СССР) Archived 2018-04-16 at the Wayback Machine. sportbiography.ru ^ All time medallist (Top 10). archive.fiba.com ^ Aleksandr Petrov. sports-reference.com ^ Е. А. Школьников (2003). Динамо. Энциклопедия. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-5-224-04399-6. External links Basketball-Reference.com Profile FIBA Archive Profile Olympedia.org Profile Olympics.com Profile vteSoviet Union squad – EuroBasket 1959 – Gold medal 3 Muižnieks 4 Valdmanis 5 Torban 6 Minashvili 7 Zubkov (MVP) 8 Bochkaryov 9 Krūmiņš 10 Semyonov 11 Korneev 12 Volnov 13 Studenetsky 14 Petrov Coach: Spandaryan vteSoviet Union basketball squad – 1960 Summer Olympics – Silver medal 3 Muižnieks 4 Valdmanis 5 Valtin 6 Minashvili 7 Zubkov 8 Ugrekhelidze 9 Krūmiņš 10 Semyonov 11 Korneev 12 Petrov 13 Volnov 14 Ozers Coach: Spandaryan vteSoviet Union squad – EuroBasket 1961 – Gold medal 4 Valdmanis 5 Valtin 6 Alachachian 7 Zubkov 8 Ugrekhelidze 9 Krūmiņš 10 Novikov 11 Korneev 12 Petrov 13 Volnov 14 Muižnieks 16 Kandel Coach: Gomelsky vteSoviet Union squad – 1963 FIBA World Championship - Bronze medal 4 Hladun 5 Khrynin 6 Ivanov 7 Kalniņš 8 Korneev 9 Lesava 10 Minashvili 11 Petrov 12 Travin 13 Ugrehelidse 14 Volnov 15 Zubkov Coach: Gomelsky vteSoviet Union squad – EuroBasket 1963 – Gold medal 4 Minashvili 5 Kalniņš 6 Alachachian 7 Travin 8 Hladun 9 Krūmiņš 10 Jurgensons 11 Khrynin 12 Petrov 13 Volnov 14 Lipso 15 Lepmets Coach: Gomelsky vteSoviet Union basketball squad – 1964 Summer Olympics – Silver medal 4 Alachachian 5 Bagley 6 Khrynin 7 Kalniņš 8 Korneev 9 Krūmiņš 10 Lipso 11 Moseshvili 12 Muižnieks 13 Petrov 14 Travin 15 Volnov Coach: Gomelsky vteSoviet Union squad – EuroBasket 1965 – Gold medal 4 Bagley 5 Paulauskas (MVP) 6 Alachachian 7 Travin 8 Khrynin 9 Eglitis 10 Sakandelidze 11 Skhiereli 12 Petrov 13 Volnov 14 Lipso 15 Sushak Coach: Gomelsky vteDinamo Tbilisi 1961–62 FIBA European Champions Cup champions 5 Moseshvili 6 Minashvili 7 Khazaradze 8 Gogelia 9 Altabaev 10 Lezhava 11 Intskirveli 12 Ugrekhelidze 13 Kiladze 14 Petrov 15 Kasandsan 16 Skhiereli Coach Korkia vteCSKA Moscow 1962–63 FIBA European Champions Cup champions Volnov Zubkov Korneev Alachachian Lipso Semyonov Bochkaryov Petrov Travin Astakhov Khrynin Kulkov Coach Alekseev	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_coach"},{"link_name":"centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"All-Tournament Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_World_Cup_All-Tournament_Team"},{"link_name":"1963 FIBA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_FIBA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Honored Master of Sports of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honored_Master_of_Sports_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"Order of the Badge of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Badge_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-1"}],"text":"Aleksandr Pavlovich Petrov (alternate spellings: Alexander, Alexandre) (Russian: Александр Павлович Петров; 14 May 1939 – 5 May 2001) was a Soviet-Azerbaijani basketball player and coach. He was one of the first very tall centers in Soviet basketball history. During his club playing career, Petrov won EuroLeague championships, in 1962 and 1963. As a member of the senior men's Soviet Union national team, he was voted to the All-Tournament Team of the 1963 FIBA World Cup. For his achievements in the sport of basketball, Petrov was awarded the Honored Master of Sports of the USSR and the Order of the Badge of Honor.[1]","title":"Aleksandr Petrov (basketball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"USSR Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Premier_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Dinamo_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Dinamo_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"1961–62 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"1962–63 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup"}],"text":"During his pro club playing career, Petrov played with the USSR Premier League teams Dynamo Tbilisi, CSKA Moscow, and Dynamo Moscow. As a member of Dynamo Tbilisi, Petrov won the EuroLeague championship in the 1961–62 season. As a member of CSKA Moscow, Petrov also won the EuroLeague championship, in the 1962–63 season.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"FIBA EuroBasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_EuroBasket"},{"link_name":"1959 EuroBasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_EuroBasket"},{"link_name":"1961 EuroBasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_EuroBasket"},{"link_name":"1963 EuroBasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_EuroBasket"},{"link_name":"1965 EuroBasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_EuroBasket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r3-2"},{"link_name":"1960 Rome Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r2-3"},{"link_name":"1963 FIBA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_FIBA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"All-Tournament Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_World_Cup_All-Tournament_Team"}],"text":"Petrov was a member of the senior men's Soviet Union national team. While representing the USSR, Petrov won four FIBA EuroBasket championships. He won gold medals at the 1959 EuroBasket, the 1961 EuroBasket, the 1963 EuroBasket, and the 1965 EuroBasket.[2]With the USSR, Petrov also won silver medals at the both 1960 Rome Summer Olympics and the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics.[3] He also won a bronze medal at the 1963 FIBA World Cup, where he was named to the All-Tournament Team.","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"basketball coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_coach"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r4-4"}],"text":"After he retired from playing club basketball, Petrov became as basketball coach. He coached basketball teams in Moscow, and also later in Madagascar.[4]","title":"Coaching career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Е. А. Школьников (2003). Динамо. Энциклопедия. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-5-224-04399-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f1sFK-Zg5-AC&pg=PA20","url_text":"Динамо. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_Delyan	Petar Delyan	["1 Origin","1.1 Delyan as Radomir's son","1.2 Delyan as a local Bulgarian","2 Uprising","3 Family tree","4 Honour","5 See also","6 References","7 Notes","8 External links"]	Tsar of Bulgaria Petar DelyanTsar of BulgariaReign1040–1041PredecessorPresian IISuccessorConstantine BodinDied1041HouseComitopuliFatherGavril RadomirMotherMarguerite of Hungary Petar Delyan (reigned 1040–1041) (Bulgarian: Петър Делян; Greek: Πέτρος Δελεάνος), sometimes enumerated as Petar II, (Петър II) was the leader of a major Bulgarian uprising against Byzantine rule in the Theme of Bulgaria during the summer of 1040. He was proclaimed Tsar of Bulgaria, as Samuel's grandson in Belgrade, then in the theme of Bulgaria. His original name may have been simply Delyan, in which case he assumed the name Petar II upon accession, commemorating the sainted Emperor Petar I (Petăr I), who had died in 970. The exact year of his birth cannot be ascertained with certainty, but it is believed to have taken place during the early 11th century, likely between 1000 and 1014. Similarly, the year of his death is estimated to be 1041. Origin His origin is not clear. He claimed that he was son of Emperor Gavril Radomir and grandson of Samuel of Bulgaria, but he could also be a local who became leader of the uprising and claimed to be Samuel's grandson to justify his proclamation as Tsar of Bulgaria. Delyan as Radomir's son Those who believe he actually was Radomir's son, think that he was born from Radomir's marriage with Marguerite, sister of King Stephen I of Hungary (996/997). Petar's mother was expelled while pregnant from Samuel's court before the accession of Gavril Radomir, but given Delyan's subsequent career, it is likely that he had been born and remained in Bulgaria with his father. After Ivan Vladislav's murder of Gavril Radomir in 1015 and the conquest of Bulgaria by the Byzantine Empire in 1018, Delyan was taken captive to Constantinople and became a servant of an unidentified member of the Byzantine aristocracy. He later escaped and went to his mother's country of Hungary, whence he returned to Bulgaria and raised a revolt against the Byzantine rule, taking advantage of the discontent over the imposition of taxes in coin by the Byzantine government. Delyan as a local Bulgarian Those who oppose the theory that he was Samuel's grandson and believe he was merely a local Bulgarian claim that he was proclaimed as tsar in Belgrade not because it was the first border town between the Byzantine Empire and Hungary that he reached when he joined them as a prince of royal blood, but merely because it was the first important town that the rebels captured. They also claim that it is highly unlikely that Ivan Vladislav who in 1015 murdered his cousin Gavril Radomir (Delyan's supposed father) and his current wife Maria to seize the throne would not kill Radomir's son and heirs, if he had them, in order to secure himself. It is known that he also ordered the execution of the Serbian prince of Duklja, Jovan Vladimir, who was Samuel's son-in-law (married to his daughter Theodora-Kosara), because Vladimir was a threat to his position as Bulgarian tsar. Uprising Main article: Uprising of Petar Delyan Uprising of Petar II Delyan and Tihomir Petar Delyan was a leader of an uprising that broke out in the summer of 1040 in the Theme of Bulgaria against the Byzantine Empire. There were two main causes: The replacement of the Bulgarian Archbishop of Ohrid with a Greek speaking Roman (1037) and the beginning of the process of Hellenisation Imposition of taxes in coin for local people by the Byzantine government The uprising spread and rebels very quickly took control over the northern part of Pomoravlje and liberated Belgrade. Delyan was proclaimed emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria there and took the name Petar II after being raised atop a shield by leaders of the resistance. He had been proclaimed legitimate as the grandson of Samuel. He perhaps enjoyed some support from the Kingdom of Hungary. Bulgaria under Petar II Delyan Petar II Delyan took Niš and Skopje, first co-opting and then eliminating another potential leader in the person of one Tihomir, who had led a rebellion in the region of Dyrrhachium. After this Petar II (or Petar) marched on Thessalonica, where the Byzantine Emperor Michael IV was staying. Defeated, he fled, leaving his treasury to a certain Michael Ivač. The latter, who was probably a son of Ivač, a general under Samuel of Bulgaria, promptly turned over the bulk of the treasury to Petar outside the city. Thessalonica remained in Byzantine hands, but Macedonia, Dyrrachium, and other parts of northern Greece were taken by Petar II's forces. This inspired further Slavic revolts against Byzantine rule in Epirus and Albania. Petar II Delyan's successes ended, however, with the interference of his cousin Alusian. Alusian, whose father Ivan Vladislav had murdered Petar's father Gavril Radomir in 1015, joined Petar II's ranks as an apparent deserter from the Byzantine court, where he had been disgraced. Alusian was welcomed by Petar II, who gave him an army with which to attack Thessalonica. The siege, however, was raised by the Byzantines, and the army was defeated. Alusian barely escaped and returned to Ostrovo. Petar Delyan, Tihomir and the Bulgarian rebels. In 1041, one night during dinner, while Delyan was drunk, Alusian cut off his nose and blinded him with a kitchen knife. Since Alusian was of the blood of Samuel of Bulgaria, he was quickly proclaimed emperor in Petar II's place by his troops, but he conspired to defect to the Byzantines. As the Bulgarian and Byzantine troops were preparing for battle, Alusian deserted to the enemy and headed for Constantinople, where his possessions and lands were restored to him, and he was rewarded with the high court rank of magistros. Meanwhile, though blind, Petar II Delyan resumed command of the Bulgarian forces, but the Byzantine Emperor Michael IV determined to take advantage of the situation and advanced against them. In an obscure battle of Ostrovo, the Byzantines defeated the Bulgarian troops and Petar II Delyan was captured and taken to Constantinople, where he was perhaps executed. According to some legends he was later exiled to a monastery in Iskar Gorge, in the Balkan Mountains, where he died. Norse sagas refer to the participation of the future Norwegian King Harald Hardrada, who allegedly cut down Petar II in the field of battle as a member of the Varangian Guard. This tradition may be supported by a laconic reference in the so-called "Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle". In either case, Petar II Delyan might have perished in 1041. Family tree ComitaNikolaRipsimiaof Armenia AronMosesDavidSamuilof BulgariaAgatha IvanVladislavTheodoraKosaraMiroslavaIrene of LarissaGavrilRadomirHungarianprincess several sons& daughtersPetar Delyan Honour Delyan Point on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Petar Delyan. See also Bulgarians History of Bulgaria South Slavs References Йордан Андреев, Милчо Лалков, Българските ханове и царе, Велико Търново, 1996. Васил Златарски. Въстанието на Петра Делян в 1040 г. I изд. София 1918; II изд., Наука и изкуство, София 1970 БУНТАРИ И АВАНТЮРИСТИ В СРЕДНОВЕКОВНА БЪЛГАРИЯ, Пламен Павлов, Второ издание, 2005 - ISBN 954-304-152-0 Цар Петър Делян, Радко Радков-ИК "Абагар Велико Търново", 2001-10-25 Notes ^ Йордан Андреев - "Българските ханове и царе VII-XIV век. Историческо-хронологичен справочник", държавно издателство "Д-р Петър Берон", София, 1988 г. ^ Mladjov, Ian (2015). "Monarchs' Names and Numbering in the Second Bulgarian State". Studia Ceranea. 5: 267–310. doi:10.18778/2084-140X.05.09. hdl:11089/18406. ^ The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: their medieval origins. Alexandru Madgearu, Martin Gordon, Publisher Scarecrow Press, 2008, ISBN 0-8108-5846-0, pp. 63–66. ^ Fine, J. (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7. ^ David F. Burg (9 January 2004). A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present. Taylor & Francis. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-0-203-50089-7. ^ Florin Curta (31 August 2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Delyan. Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers Preceded byPresian II (1018) and Byzantine Rule Emperor of Bulgaria 1040–1041 Succeeded byByzantine Rule and Constantin Bodin as Petar III (1072) vteBulgarian monarchsFirst Empire (680–1018) Asparuh Tervel Sevar Kormisosh Vineh Telets Sabin Umor Toktu Pagan Telerig Kardam Krum Omurtag Malamir Presian I Boris I Vladimir Simeon I Peter I Boris II Roman Samuel Gavril Radomir Ivan Vladislav Rebels against the Byzantines Presian II Petar Delyan Tihomir Alusian Constantine Bodin Second Empire (1185–1422) Peter II Ivan Asen I Kaloyan Boril Ivan Asen II Kaliman Asen I Michael Asen I Kaliman Asen II Mitso Asen Rostislav I Constantine I Tih Jacob Svetoslav Michael Asen II Ivaylo Ivan Asen III George Terter I Smilets Ivan II Chaka Theodore Svetoslav George Terter II Michael Asen III Ivan Stephen Ivan Alexander Michael Asen IV Ivan Asen IV Ivan Sratsimir Ivan Shishman Ivan Asen V Constantine II Rebels against the Ottomans Fruzhin Ivan Shishman II Rostislav II Principality (1878–1908) andKingdom (1908–1946) Alexander I Ferdinand I Boris III Simeon II	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Greek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Theme of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Tsar of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"theme of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Petar I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_I_of_Bulgaria"}],"text":"Petar Delyan (reigned 1040–1041) (Bulgarian: Петър Делян; Greek: Πέτρος Δελεάνος), sometimes enumerated as Petar II,[1][2] (Петър II) was the leader of a major Bulgarian uprising against Byzantine rule in the Theme of Bulgaria during the summer of 1040. He was proclaimed Tsar of Bulgaria, as Samuel's grandson in Belgrade, then in the theme of Bulgaria. His original name may have been simply Delyan, in which case he assumed the name Petar II upon accession, commemorating the sainted Emperor Petar I (Petăr I), who had died in 970. The exact year of his birth cannot be ascertained with certainty, but it is believed to have taken place during the early 11th century, likely between 1000 and 1014. Similarly, the year of his death is estimated to be 1041.","title":"Petar Delyan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gavril Radomir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavril_Radomir"},{"link_name":"Samuel of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Tsar of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"His origin is not clear. He claimed that he was son of Emperor Gavril Radomir and grandson of Samuel of Bulgaria, but he could also be a local who became leader of the uprising and claimed to be Samuel's grandson to justify his proclamation as Tsar of Bulgaria.[3]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ivan Vladislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Vladislav"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"}],"sub_title":"Delyan as Radomir's son","text":"Those who believe he actually was Radomir's son, think that he was born from Radomir's marriage with Marguerite, sister of King Stephen I of Hungary (996/997). Petar's mother was expelled while pregnant from Samuel's court before the accession of Gavril Radomir, but given Delyan's subsequent career, it is likely that he had been born and remained in Bulgaria with his father.[4]After Ivan Vladislav's murder of Gavril Radomir in 1015 and the conquest of Bulgaria by the Byzantine Empire in 1018, Delyan was taken captive to Constantinople and became a servant of an unidentified member of the Byzantine aristocracy. He later escaped and went to his mother's country of Hungary, whence he returned to Bulgaria and raised a revolt against the Byzantine rule, taking advantage of the discontent over the imposition of taxes in coin by the Byzantine government.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Duklja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklja"},{"link_name":"Jovan Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Vladimir"}],"sub_title":"Delyan as a local Bulgarian","text":"Those who oppose the theory that he was Samuel's grandson and believe he was merely a local Bulgarian claim that he was proclaimed as tsar in Belgrade not because it was the first border town between the Byzantine Empire and Hungary that he reached when he joined them as a prince of royal blood, but merely because it was the first important town that the rebels captured.They also claim that it is highly unlikely that Ivan Vladislav who in 1015 murdered his cousin Gavril Radomir (Delyan's supposed father) and his current wife Maria to seize the throne would not kill Radomir's son and heirs, if he had them, in order to secure himself. It is known that he also ordered the execution of the Serbian prince of Duklja, Jovan Vladimir, who was Samuel's son-in-law (married to his daughter Theodora-Kosara), because Vladimir was a threat to his position as Bulgarian tsar.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uprising_of_Peter_II_Delyan_and_Tihomir_(1040-1041).png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burg2004-5"},{"link_name":"Theme of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Hellenisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenisation"},{"link_name":"Pomoravlje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomoravlje_(region)"},{"link_name":"Tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curta2006-6"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_uprising_of_Peter_Delyan_(1040-1041).svg"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Tihomir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihomir_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"region of Dyrrhachium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Michael IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian"},{"link_name":"Defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(1040)"},{"link_name":"Ivač","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivats_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Samuel of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Alusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alusian_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Ivan Vladislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Vladislav_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Gavril Radomir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavril_Radomir"},{"link_name":"army was defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(2nd_1040)"},{"link_name":"Ostrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnissa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeljanTihomirAndBulgarians.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tihomir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihomir_(Bulgarian_noble)"},{"link_name":"Samuel of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"magistros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistros"},{"link_name":"battle of Ostrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovo"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Iskar Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskar_Gorge"},{"link_name":"Balkan Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Norwegian King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Harald Hardrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada"},{"link_name":"Varangian Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian_Guard"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_Bulgarian_Chronicle"}],"text":"Uprising of Petar II Delyan and TihomirPetar Delyan was a leader[5] of an uprising that broke out in the summer of 1040 in the Theme of Bulgaria against the Byzantine Empire. There were two main causes:The replacement of the Bulgarian Archbishop of Ohrid with a Greek speaking Roman (1037) and the beginning of the process of Hellenisation\nImposition of taxes in coin for local people by the Byzantine governmentThe uprising spread and rebels very quickly took control over the northern part of Pomoravlje and liberated Belgrade. Delyan was proclaimed emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria there and took the name Petar II after being raised atop a shield by leaders of the resistance. He had been proclaimed legitimate as the grandson of Samuel.[6] He perhaps enjoyed some support from the Kingdom of Hungary.Bulgaria under Petar II DelyanPetar II Delyan took Niš and Skopje, first co-opting and then eliminating another potential leader in the person of one Tihomir, who had led a rebellion in the region of Dyrrhachium. After this Petar II (or Petar) marched on Thessalonica, where the Byzantine Emperor Michael IV was staying. Defeated, he fled, leaving his treasury to a certain Michael Ivač. The latter, who was probably a son of Ivač, a general under Samuel of Bulgaria, promptly turned over the bulk of the treasury to Petar outside the city. Thessalonica remained in Byzantine hands, but Macedonia, Dyrrachium, and other parts of northern Greece were taken by Petar II's forces. This inspired further Slavic revolts against Byzantine rule in Epirus and Albania.Petar II Delyan's successes ended, however, with the interference of his cousin Alusian. Alusian, whose father Ivan Vladislav had murdered Petar's father Gavril Radomir in 1015, joined Petar II's ranks as an apparent deserter from the Byzantine court, where he had been disgraced. Alusian was welcomed by Petar II, who gave him an army with which to attack Thessalonica. The siege, however, was raised by the Byzantines, and the army was defeated. Alusian barely escaped and returned to Ostrovo.Petar Delyan, Tihomir and the Bulgarian rebels.In 1041, one night during dinner, while Delyan was drunk, Alusian cut off his nose and blinded him with a kitchen knife. Since Alusian was of the blood of Samuel of Bulgaria, he was quickly proclaimed emperor in Petar II's place by his troops, but he conspired to defect to the Byzantines. As the Bulgarian and Byzantine troops were preparing for battle, Alusian deserted to the enemy and headed for Constantinople, where his possessions and lands were restored to him, and he was rewarded with the high court rank of magistros.Meanwhile, though blind, Petar II Delyan resumed command of the Bulgarian forces, but the Byzantine Emperor Michael IV determined to take advantage of the situation and advanced against them. In an obscure battle of Ostrovo, the Byzantines defeated the Bulgarian troops and Petar II Delyan was captured and taken to Constantinople, where he was perhaps executed. According to some legends he was later exiled to a monastery in Iskar Gorge, in the Balkan Mountains, where he died.Norse sagas refer to the participation of the future Norwegian King Harald Hardrada, who allegedly cut down Petar II in the field of battle as a member of the Varangian Guard. This tradition may be supported by a laconic reference in the so-called \"Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle\". In either case, Petar II Delyan might have perished in 1041.","title":"Uprising"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delyan Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delyan_Point"},{"link_name":"Smith Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"}],"text":"Delyan Point on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Petar Delyan.","title":"Honour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Monarchs' Names and Numbering in the Second Bulgarian State\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_18778_2084-140X_05_09"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.18778/2084-140X.05.09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.18778%2F2084-140X.05.09"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11089/18406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11089%2F18406"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: their medieval origins. Alexandru Madgearu, Martin Gordon, Publisher Scarecrow Press, 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UjxpAAAAMAAJ&dq=petar+delian+bulgarian&q=delian+"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8108-5846-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5846-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Fine, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine,_Jr."},{"link_name":"University of Michigan Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-472-08149-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burg2004_5-0"},{"link_name":"A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=T91k6HAODzAC&pg=PA74"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-203-50089-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-50089-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Curta2006_6-0"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"},{"link_name":"283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/283"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-81539-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"}],"text":"^ Йордан Андреев - \"Българските ханове и царе VII-XIV век. Историческо-хронологичен справочник\", държавно издателство \"Д-р Петър Берон\", София, 1988 г.\n\n^ Mladjov, Ian (2015). \"Monarchs' Names and Numbering in the Second Bulgarian State\". Studia Ceranea. 5: 267–310. doi:10.18778/2084-140X.05.09. hdl:11089/18406.\n\n^ The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: their medieval origins. Alexandru Madgearu, Martin Gordon, Publisher Scarecrow Press, 2008, ISBN 0-8108-5846-0, pp. 63–66.\n\n^ Fine, J. (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.\n\n^ David F. Burg (9 January 2004). A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present. Taylor & Francis. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-0-203-50089-7.\n\n^ Florin Curta (31 August 2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Uprising of Petar II Delyan and Tihomir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Uprising_of_Peter_II_Delyan_and_Tihomir_%281040-1041%29.png/250px-Uprising_of_Peter_II_Delyan_and_Tihomir_%281040-1041%29.png"},{"image_text":"Bulgaria under Petar II Delyan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bulgarian_uprising_of_Peter_Delyan_%281040-1041%29.svg/250px-Bulgarian_uprising_of_Peter_Delyan_%281040-1041%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Petar Delyan, Tihomir and the Bulgarian rebels.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DeljanTihomirAndBulgarians.jpg/300px-DeljanTihomirAndBulgarians.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"title":"History of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria"},{"title":"South Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"}]	[{"reference":"Mladjov, Ian (2015). \"Monarchs' Names and Numbering in the Second Bulgarian State\". Studia Ceranea. 5: 267–310. doi:10.18778/2084-140X.05.09. hdl:11089/18406.","urls":[{"url":"http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_18778_2084-140X_05_09","url_text":"\"Monarchs' Names and Numbering in the Second Bulgarian State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18778%2F2084-140X.05.09","url_text":"10.18778/2084-140X.05.09"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11089%2F18406","url_text":"11089/18406"}]},{"reference":"Fine, J. (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine,_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press","url_text":"University of Michigan Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7","url_text":"0-472-08149-7"}]},{"reference":"David F. Burg (9 January 2004). A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present. Taylor & Francis. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-0-203-50089-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T91k6HAODzAC&pg=PA74","url_text":"A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-50089-7","url_text":"978-0-203-50089-7"}]},{"reference":"Florin Curta (31 August 2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_tumors_of_the_heart	Primary tumors of the heart	["1 Types","1.1 Benign","1.2 Malignant","1.3 Valvular","2 Clinical manifestations","3 Diagnostic evaluation","4 Treatment and prognosis","5 See also","6 References"]	Medical conditionPrimary tumors of the heartMicrograph of a papillary fibroelastoma, a benign tumor of heart valves. H&E stain.SpecialtyOncology, cardiac surgery Primary tumors of the heart are extremely rare tumors that arise from the normal tissues that make up the heart. The incidence of primary cardiac tumors has been found to be approximately 0.02%. This is in contrast to secondary tumors of the heart, which are typically either metastatic from another part of the body, or infiltrate the heart via direct extension from the surrounding tissues. Metastatic tumors to the heart are about 20 times more common than primary cardiac tumors. Types Micrograph of an atrial myxoma, the most common primary tumor of the heart. Benign The most common primary tumor of the heart is the myxoma. In surgical series, the myxoma makes up as much as 77% of all primary tumors of the heart. Less common tumors of the heart include: Lipoma Rhabdomyoma Cystic tumor of the atrioventricular nodal region. Lipomas and lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum: the second most frequent primary cardiac tumor, usually located in the subepicardium Papillary fibroelastoma Fibroma Teratoma Malignant About 20 percent of primary tumors of the heart are malignant in nature. Malignant tumors of the heart include rhabdomyosarcomas, angiosarcomas, myxosarcomas, fibrosarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, reticulum cell sarcomas, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, and liposarcomas. Angiosarcoma is the most common primary cardiac malignancy. It tends to occur in the right atrium and involve the pericardium. Cardiac sarcomas may occur at any age but are more commonly seen in individuals in their 20s to 40s. They occur equally in males and females. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common primary cardiac malignancy in children and is more likely than other primary cardiac sarcomas to involve the valves. Valvular A subset of the primary tumors of the heart are tumors that are found on the valves of the heart. Tumors that affect the valves of the heart are found in an equal distribution among the four heart valves. The vast majority of these are papillary fibroelastomas. Primary tumors of the valves of the heart are more likely to occur in males. While most primary tumors of the valves of the heart are not malignant, they are more likely to have symptoms related to the valve, including neurologic symptoms and (in a few cases) sudden cardiac death. Clinical manifestations In general, tumors might manifest in one of three ways: Systemic symptoms include constitutional symptoms(fever, arthralgias, weight loss, weariness) and paraneoplastic disorders (PCTs). Cardiovascular symptoms: mass effect compromising myocardial function or blood flow, causing arrhythmias, obstruction of heart valves leading to regurgitation, or pericardial effusion with or without tamponade. Primary symptoms include breathlessness, chest pain, presyncope, and syncope. Thromboembolic symptoms: lung and systemic thromboembolic condition resulting from the tumor. Symptoms caused by primary cardiac tumors are usually dependent on size and location. Cardiac tumors can cause a variety of symptoms. The mass size can obstruct blood flow or interfere with cardiac valve function and produce symptoms of heart failure. A tumor that invades the heart walls may cause arrhythmias, heart block, or pericardial effusion with or without tamponade. Tumors that invade adjacent lung tissue may cause pulmonary symptoms that mimic bronchogenic carcinoma. The tumor may break apart and can embolize. Embolization can be systemic or pulmonic. Tumors with the highest anatomic risk for embolization are located in the left atrium or aortic valve. Some tumors produce no symptoms and are incidentally found. Systemic symptoms Primary cardiac tumors may secrete factors including interleukin-6 and endothelin. This may contribute to systemic inflammatory or autoimmune manifestations. Systemic symptoms including fever, fatigue, arthralgia, anemia, elevated white blood cell count, thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Myxomas have been found to produce vascular endothelial growth factor, which contributes to the development of new blood vessels and the early stages of tumor growth. Diagnostic evaluation The initial diagnostic evaluation is to determine whether or not a cardiac tumor is present, the location of the tumor, and if the tumor is benign or malignant. Initial imaging is often performed by echocardiography. Benign lesions have a distinct appearance on an echocardiogram. An echocardiogram can identify the presence of a mass and its mobility. The echocardiogram can also identify a mass causing obstruction of circulation. The echocardiogram can provide accurate information as to whether the tumor is malignant or benign. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can identify the chemical microenvironment within the tumor, thus providing more information as to the type of tumor present. Cardiac computed tomography is useful when MRI is unavailable or contraindicated. Coronary angiography is used to identify the blood supply to cardiac tumors. Treatment and prognosis The vast majority of the tumors of the heart have a benign course and are not directly fatal. However, even the benign tumors of the heart can be lethal due to either direct extension into the electrical conduction system of the heart (causing complete heart block or a fatal dysrhythmia), or due to emboli from the tumor mass that may have lethal sequelae. Prompt resection is indicated for myxomas due to the risk of embolization or cardiovascular complications. Close observation has also been suggested for cardiac tumors that are small (<1 cm) and non-mobile. The malignant tumors of the heart have a worse prognosis. Cardiac sarcomas generally lead to death within 2 years of diagnosis, due to rapid infiltration of the myocardium of the heart and obstruction of the normal flow of blood within the heart. See also Cardiac fibroma References ^ Reynen, Klaus (January 1996). "Frequency of primary tumors of the heart". The American Journal of Cardiology. 77 (1): 107. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(97)89149-7. ISSN 0002-9149. PMID 8540447. ^ a b c Molina JE, Edwards JE, Ward HB (1990). "Primary cardiac tumors: experience at the University of Minnesota". Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 38 (Suppl 2): 183–91. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014064. PMID 2237900. S2CID 34899353. ^ Elbardissi, Andrew W.; Dearani, Joseph A.; Daly, Richard C.; Mullany, Charles J.; Orszulak, Thomas A.; Puga, Francisco J.; Schaff, Hartzell V. (January 2009). "Embolic potential of cardiac tumors and outcome after resection: a case-control study". Stroke. 40 (1): 156–162. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.525709. ISSN 1524-4628. PMID 18948602. S2CID 1548077. ^ Araoz, P. A.; Eklund, H. E.; Welch, T. J.; Breen, J. F. (November 1999). "CT and MR imaging of primary cardiac malignancies". Radiographics. 19 (6): 1421–1434. doi:10.1148/radiographics.19.6.g99no031421. ISSN 0271-5333. PMID 10555666. ^ Tyebally, Sara; Chen, Daniel; Bhattacharyya, Sanjeev; Mughrabi, Abdallah; Hussain, Zeeshan; Manisty, Charlotte; Westwood, Mark; Ghosh, Arjun K.; Guha, Avirup (June 2020). "Cardiac Tumors: JACC CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review". JACC: CardioOncology. 2 (2): 293–311. doi:10.1016/j.jaccao.2020.05.009. ISSN 2666-0873. PMC 8352246. PMID 34396236. ^ Sheu, Chau-Chyun; Lin, Sheng-Fung; Chiu, Chaw-Chi; Lee, Chee-Siong; Chai, Chee-Yin; Liu, Yi-Chang; Huang, Ming-Shyan (2007-04-01). "Left Atrial Sarcoma Mimicking Obstructive Pulmonary Disease". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 25 (10): 1277–1279. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.09.9077. ISSN 0732-183X. PMID 17401018. ^ Vander Salm, Thomas J. (April 2000). "Unusual Primary Tumors Of The Heart". Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 12 (2): 89–100. doi:10.1053/ct.2000.5080. ISSN 1043-0679. PMID 10807431. ^ Paraskevaidis, Ioannis A.; Michalakeas, Christos A.; Papadopoulos, Constantinos H.; Anastasiou-Nana, Maria (2011). "Cardiac Tumors". ISRN Oncology. 2011: 208929. doi:10.5402/2011/208929. ISSN 2090-5661. PMC 3195386. PMID 22091416. ^ Sakamoto, Hironosuke; Sakamaki, Tetsuo; Kanda, Tsugiyasu; Tsuchiya, Yoko; Sato, Mahito; Sato, Hiroko; Oyama, Yuko; Sawada, Yoshie; Tamura, Jun-ichi; Nagai, Ryozo; Kurabayashi, Masahiko (May 2004). "Vascular endothelial growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for cardiac myxoma cells". Circulation Journal. 68 (5): 488–493. doi:10.1253/circj.68.488. ISSN 1346-9843. PMID 15118294. ^ Vander Salm, T. J. (April 2000). "Unusual primary tumors of the heart". Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 12 (2): 89–100. doi:10.1053/ct.2000.5080. ISSN 1043-0679. PMID 10807431. ^ Gowda, Ramesh M.; Khan, Ijaz A.; Nair, Chandra K.; Mehta, Nirav J.; Vasavada, Balendu C.; Sacchi, Terrence J. (September 2003). "Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma: a comprehensive analysis of 725 cases". American Heart Journal. 146 (3): 404–410. doi:10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00249-7. ISSN 1097-6744. PMID 12947356. ^ Burke AP, Cowan D, Virmani R (1992). "Primary sarcomas of the heart". Cancer. 69 (2): 387–95. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19920115)69:2<387::AID-CNCR2820690219>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 1728367. S2CID 10893409. ^ Burke AP, Virmani R (1991). "Osteosarcomas of the heart". Am J Surg Pathol. 15 (3): 289–95. doi:10.1097/00000478-199103000-00009. PMID 1705103. S2CID 43134869. vteCancers from and involving the heartPrimary Papillary fibroelastoma Rhabdomyoma Angiosarcoma Teratoma Cystic tumour of the atrioventricular nodal region Other Myxoma Atrial Lipoma Secondary	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"metastatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastatic_cancer"}],"text":"Primary tumors of the heart are extremely rare tumors that arise from the normal tissues that make up the heart. The incidence of primary cardiac tumors has been found to be approximately 0.02%.[1] This is in contrast to secondary tumors of the heart, which are typically either metastatic from another part of the body, or infiltrate the heart via direct extension from the surrounding tissues. Metastatic tumors to the heart are about 20 times more common than primary cardiac tumors.","title":"Primary tumors of the heart"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atrial_myxoma_intermed_mag.jpg"},{"link_name":"Micrograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrograph"},{"link_name":"atrial myxoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_myxoma"}],"text":"Micrograph of an atrial myxoma, the most common primary tumor of the heart.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"myxoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxoma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MolinaEdwards-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lipoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoma"},{"link_name":"Rhabdomyoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyoma"},{"link_name":"Cystic tumor of the atrioventricular nodal region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_tumor_of_the_atrioventricular_nodal_region"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"interatrial septum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interatrial_septum"},{"link_name":"Papillary fibroelastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillary_fibroelastoma"},{"link_name":"Fibroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_fibroma"},{"link_name":"Teratoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratoma"}],"sub_title":"Benign","text":"The most common primary tumor of the heart is the myxoma. In surgical series, the myxoma makes up as much as 77% of all primary tumors of the heart.[2] Less common tumors of the heart include:[3]Lipoma\nRhabdomyoma\nCystic tumor of the atrioventricular nodal region.[citation needed]\nLipomas and lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum: the second most frequent primary cardiac tumor, usually located in the subepicardium\nPapillary fibroelastoma\nFibroma\nTeratoma","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MolinaEdwards-2"},{"link_name":"rhabdomyosarcomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyosarcoma"},{"link_name":"angiosarcomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosarcoma"},{"link_name":"myxosarcomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxosarcoma"},{"link_name":"fibrosarcomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosarcoma"},{"link_name":"leiomyosarcomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiomyosarcoma"},{"link_name":"reticulum cell sarcomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulum_cell_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"desmoplastic small round cell tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmoplastic_small_round_cell_tumor"},{"link_name":"liposarcomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposarcoma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Malignant","text":"About 20 percent of primary tumors of the heart are malignant in nature.[2] Malignant tumors of the heart include rhabdomyosarcomas, angiosarcomas, myxosarcomas, fibrosarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, reticulum cell sarcomas, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, and liposarcomas. Angiosarcoma is the most common primary cardiac malignancy.[4] It tends to occur in the right atrium and involve the pericardium. Cardiac sarcomas may occur at any age but are more commonly seen in individuals in their 20s to 40s. They occur equally in males and females. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common primary cardiac malignancy in children and is more likely than other primary cardiac sarcomas to involve the valves.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MolinaEdwards-2"},{"link_name":"papillary fibroelastomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillary_fibroelastoma"},{"link_name":"sudden cardiac death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death"}],"sub_title":"Valvular","text":"A subset of the primary tumors of the heart are tumors that are found on the valves of the heart. Tumors that affect the valves of the heart are found in an equal distribution among the four heart valves.[2] The vast majority of these are papillary fibroelastomas. Primary tumors of the valves of the heart are more likely to occur in males. While most primary tumors of the valves of the heart are not malignant, they are more likely to have symptoms related to the valve, including neurologic symptoms and (in a few cases) sudden cardiac death.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"interleukin-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_6"},{"link_name":"endothelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In general, tumors might manifest in one of three ways:Systemic symptoms include constitutional symptoms(fever, arthralgias, weight loss, weariness) and paraneoplastic disorders (PCTs).Cardiovascular symptoms: mass effect compromising myocardial function or blood flow, causing arrhythmias, obstruction of heart valves leading to regurgitation, or pericardial effusion with or without tamponade. Primary symptoms include breathlessness, chest pain, presyncope, and syncope.Thromboembolic symptoms: lung and systemic thromboembolic condition resulting from the tumor.[5]Symptoms caused by primary cardiac tumors are usually dependent on size and location. Cardiac tumors can cause a variety of symptoms. The mass size can obstruct blood flow or interfere with cardiac valve function and produce symptoms of heart failure. A tumor that invades the heart walls may cause arrhythmias, heart block, or pericardial effusion with or without tamponade. Tumors that invade adjacent lung tissue may cause pulmonary symptoms that mimic bronchogenic carcinoma.[6] The tumor may break apart and can embolize. Embolization can be systemic or pulmonic. Tumors with the highest anatomic risk for embolization are located in the left atrium or aortic valve. Some tumors produce no symptoms and are incidentally found.[7]Systemic symptoms[8]Primary cardiac tumors may secrete factors including interleukin-6 and endothelin. This may contribute to systemic inflammatory or autoimmune manifestations. Systemic symptoms including fever, fatigue, arthralgia, anemia, elevated white blood cell count, thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Myxomas have been found to produce vascular endothelial growth factor, which contributes to the development of new blood vessels and the early stages of tumor growth.[9]","title":"Clinical manifestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The initial diagnostic evaluation is to determine whether or not a cardiac tumor is present, the location of the tumor, and if the tumor is benign or malignant.Initial imaging is often performed by echocardiography.[10] Benign lesions have a distinct appearance on an echocardiogram. An echocardiogram can identify the presence of a mass and its mobility. The echocardiogram can also identify a mass causing obstruction of circulation. The echocardiogram can provide accurate information as to whether the tumor is malignant or benign.Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can identify the chemical microenvironment within the tumor, thus providing more information as to the type of tumor present.Cardiac computed tomography is useful when MRI is unavailable or contraindicated.Coronary angiography is used to identify the blood supply to cardiac tumors.","title":"Diagnostic evaluation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"complete heart block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_degree_AV_block"},{"link_name":"emboli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-Sarcoma-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-Osteosarcoma-13"}],"text":"The vast majority of the tumors of the heart have a benign course and are not directly fatal. However, even the benign tumors of the heart can be lethal due to either direct extension into the electrical conduction system of the heart (causing complete heart block or a fatal dysrhythmia), or due to emboli from the tumor mass that may have lethal sequelae. Prompt resection is indicated for myxomas due to the risk of embolization or cardiovascular complications. Close observation has also been suggested for cardiac tumors that are small (<1 cm) and non-mobile.[11]The malignant tumors of the heart have a worse prognosis. Cardiac sarcomas generally lead to death within 2 years of diagnosis, due to rapid infiltration of the myocardium of the heart and obstruction of the normal flow of blood within the heart.[12][13]","title":"Treatment and prognosis"}]	[{"image_text":"Micrograph of an atrial myxoma, the most common primary tumor of the heart.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Atrial_myxoma_intermed_mag.jpg/220px-Atrial_myxoma_intermed_mag.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Cardiac fibroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_fibroma"}]	[{"reference":"Reynen, Klaus (January 1996). \"Frequency of primary tumors of the heart\". The American Journal of Cardiology. 77 (1): 107. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(97)89149-7. ISSN 0002-9149. 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Journal of Clinical Oncology. 25 (10): 1277–1279. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.09.9077. ISSN 0732-183X. PMID 17401018.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2006.09.9077","url_text":"\"Left Atrial Sarcoma Mimicking Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2006.09.9077","url_text":"10.1200/JCO.2006.09.9077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0732-183X","url_text":"0732-183X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17401018","url_text":"17401018"}]},{"reference":"Vander Salm, Thomas J. (April 2000). \"Unusual Primary Tumors Of The Heart\". Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 12 (2): 89–100. doi:10.1053/ct.2000.5080. ISSN 1043-0679. PMID 10807431.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ct.2000.5080","url_text":"\"Unusual Primary Tumors Of The Heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fct.2000.5080","url_text":"10.1053/ct.2000.5080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1043-0679","url_text":"1043-0679"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10807431","url_text":"10807431"}]},{"reference":"Paraskevaidis, Ioannis A.; Michalakeas, Christos A.; Papadopoulos, Constantinos H.; Anastasiou-Nana, Maria (2011). \"Cardiac Tumors\". ISRN Oncology. 2011: 208929. doi:10.5402/2011/208929. ISSN 2090-5661. PMC 3195386. PMID 22091416.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3195386","url_text":"\"Cardiac Tumors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5402%2F2011%2F208929","url_text":"10.5402/2011/208929"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2090-5661","url_text":"2090-5661"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3195386","url_text":"3195386"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091416","url_text":"22091416"}]},{"reference":"Sakamoto, Hironosuke; Sakamaki, Tetsuo; Kanda, Tsugiyasu; Tsuchiya, Yoko; Sato, Mahito; Sato, Hiroko; Oyama, Yuko; Sawada, Yoshie; Tamura, Jun-ichi; Nagai, Ryozo; Kurabayashi, Masahiko (May 2004). \"Vascular endothelial growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for cardiac myxoma cells\". Circulation Journal. 68 (5): 488–493. doi:10.1253/circj.68.488. ISSN 1346-9843. PMID 15118294.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1253%2Fcircj.68.488","url_text":"\"Vascular endothelial growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for cardiac myxoma cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1253%2Fcircj.68.488","url_text":"10.1253/circj.68.488"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1346-9843","url_text":"1346-9843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15118294","url_text":"15118294"}]},{"reference":"Vander Salm, T. J. (April 2000). \"Unusual primary tumors of the heart\". Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 12 (2): 89–100. doi:10.1053/ct.2000.5080. ISSN 1043-0679. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Gibbons	Sarah Gibbons	["1 Life","2 References"]	Sarah GibbonsBorn1634/5maybe BristolDied1659ProvidenceNationalityEnglish Sarah Gibbons (1634/5 – 1659) was an English Quaker preacher in America. She was one of the first to land and she was initially imprisoned and banished. She returned and died in an accident in 1659. Life Gibbons was maybe born in Bristol in 1634 or 1635. She was one of the women Quakers who were early travellors to America. The Quakers arrived in New England in 1656. Gibbons was on board the Speedwell, she was 21 and few details are known of her early life. They set out from Gravesend and they arrived in September. Her story was recovered by others as it is clear if she was literate. The other Quakers included William Brend, John Copeland, Christopher Holder, Mary Prince, Thomas Thrifton, Mary Weatherhead, and a maid (and preacher) named Dorothy Waugh. Their names were marked with a letter "Q" and were arrested, interrogated and the colony kept them prisoners for eleven weeks. The magistrates were worried about their influence on the other colonists and they were banished. In the following year Gibbons was among those who returned on the smaller ship Woodhouse. Five were set ashore at the Dutch plantation of New Amsterdam (New York): Robert Hodgson, Richard Doudney, Sarah Gibbons, Mary Weatherhead, and Dorothy Waugh. They established a Quaker group on Rhode Island. From there over the next two years she went to Manhattan, Salem, Boston and Barbados to evangelise. Gibbons died in Providence in an accident with a canoe. She and others were using the canoe to come to shore, but the canoe leaked. Others were saved but Gibbons drowned. References ^ a b c d e Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2004-09-23), "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. ref:odnb/69084, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69084, retrieved 2023-03-19 ^ HERBERT, AMANDA E. (2011). "Companions in Preaching and Suffering: Itinerant Female Quakers in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World". Early American Studies. 9 (1): 73–113. ISSN 1543-4273. ^ a b Weddle, Meredith Baldwin (2001-05-24). ""Bold Boyes and Blasphemers": Quakers in Early New England". doi:10.1093/019513138X.003.0005. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ a b "A lyst of the pasingers abord the Speedwell of London, Robert Lock master, bound for New England : Gravesend, 1656 May 30". The Morgan Library & Museum. 2017-07-25. Retrieved 2023-03-19. ^ Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2004-09-23), "Dorothy Waugh in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. ref:odnb/69140, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69140, retrieved 2023-04-29 ^ 'A true relation of the voyage undertaken by me, Robert Fowler (etc)' in James Bowden, History of the Society of Friends in America (Charles Gilpin, London 1850), Vol. I, pp. 63-67. Read here.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"}],"text":"Sarah Gibbons (1634/5 – 1659) was an English Quaker preacher in America. She was one of the first to land and she was initially imprisoned and banished. She returned and died in an accident in 1659.","title":"Sarah Gibbons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandb-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morg-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orb-1"},{"link_name":"Christopher Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Holder"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Waugh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandb-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morg-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orb-1"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"New Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orb-1"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orb-1"}],"text":"Gibbons was maybe born in Bristol in 1634 or 1635.[1]She was one of the women Quakers who were early travellors to America.[2] The Quakers arrived in New England in 1656.[3] Gibbons was on board the Speedwell, she was 21 and few details are known of her early life. They set out from Gravesend and they arrived in September.[4] Her story was recovered by others as it is clear if she was literate.[1] The other Quakers included William Brend, John Copeland, Christopher Holder, Mary Prince, Thomas Thrifton, Mary Weatherhead, and a maid (and preacher) named Dorothy Waugh.[5][3] Their names were marked with a letter \"Q\"[4] and were arrested, interrogated and the colony kept them prisoners for eleven weeks. The magistrates were worried about their influence on the other colonists and they were banished.[1]In the following year Gibbons was among those who returned on the smaller ship Woodhouse. Five were set ashore at the Dutch plantation of New Amsterdam (New York): Robert Hodgson, Richard Doudney, Sarah Gibbons, Mary Weatherhead, and Dorothy Waugh.[6]They established a Quaker group on Rhode Island. From there over the next two years she went to Manhattan, Salem, Boston and Barbados to evangelise.[1]Gibbons died in Providence in an accident with a canoe. She and others were using the canoe to come to shore, but the canoe leaked. Others were saved but Gibbons drowned.[1]","title":"Life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2004-09-23), \"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\", The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. ref:odnb/69084, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69084, retrieved 2023-03-19","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69084","url_text":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69084","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/69084"}]},{"reference":"HERBERT, AMANDA E. (2011). \"Companions in Preaching and Suffering: Itinerant Female Quakers in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World\". Early American Studies. 9 (1): 73–113. ISSN 1543-4273.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546632","url_text":"\"Companions in Preaching and Suffering: Itinerant Female Quakers in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1543-4273","url_text":"1543-4273"}]},{"reference":"Weddle, Meredith Baldwin (2001-05-24). \"\"Bold Boyes and Blasphemers\": Quakers in Early New England\". doi:10.1093/019513138X.003.0005.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/book/12855/chapter/163138432","url_text":"\"\"Bold Boyes and Blasphemers\": Quakers in Early New England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019513138X.003.0005","url_text":"10.1093/019513138X.003.0005"}]},{"reference":"\"A lyst of the pasingers abord the Speedwell of London, Robert Lock master, bound for New England : Gravesend, 1656 May 30\". The Morgan Library & Museum. 2017-07-25. Retrieved 2023-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themorgan.org/literary-historical/126853","url_text":"\"A lyst of the pasingers abord the Speedwell of London, Robert Lock master, bound for New England : Gravesend, 1656 May 30\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2004-09-23), \"Dorothy Waugh in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\", The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. ref:odnb/69140, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69140, retrieved 2023-04-29","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69140","url_text":"\"Dorothy Waugh in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69140","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/69140"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69084","external_links_name":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69084","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/69084"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546632","external_links_name":"\"Companions in Preaching and Suffering: Itinerant Female Quakers in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1543-4273","external_links_name":"1543-4273"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/book/12855/chapter/163138432","external_links_name":"\"\"Bold Boyes and Blasphemers\": Quakers in Early New England\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019513138X.003.0005","external_links_name":"10.1093/019513138X.003.0005"},{"Link":"https://www.themorgan.org/literary-historical/126853","external_links_name":"\"A lyst of the pasingers abord the Speedwell of London, Robert Lock master, bound for New England : Gravesend, 1656 May 30\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69140","external_links_name":"\"Dorothy Waugh in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69140","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/69140"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/historysocietyf03bowdgoog#page/n86/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Read here"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_15_Coaches_in_NBA_History	NBA 75th Anniversary Team	["1 Players selected","1.1 List","1.2 Selection process","1.3 Criticisms","2 15 Greatest Coaches in NBA History","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Top 75 NBA players in the history of the NBA "NBA 75" redirects here. For the NBA's 75th anniversary season, see 2021–22 NBA season. Members of the NBA 75th Anniversary Team during the halftime ceremony of the 2022 NBA All-Star Game. The NBA 75th Anniversary Team, also referred to as the NBA 75, was chosen in 2021 to honor the 75th anniversary of the founding of the National Basketball Association (NBA). It was the fourth and most recent anniversary team in the league. Similar to the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History named in 1996, a panel of reporters, current and former players, coaches, general managers, and team executives selected the greatest players in league history. Tasked with compiling a list of 75 players, the committee named an additional 76th member due to a tie in voting. It was built as part of the league's anniversary celebration during the 2021–22 NBA season. Forty-five of the seventy-six players were later assembled in Cleveland, during the halftime ceremony of the 2022 All-Star Game. Players selected List At the time of selection, the players selected combined for 158 NBA championships, 62 Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards, 48 Finals MVP awards, and 730 All-Star selections. Of the 76 players, all 50 members of the 50th anniversary team were selected. The other 26 included players from the 1970s to the current era. Two notable omissions from the earlier top 50 selections, Bob McAdoo and Dominique Wilkins, were named to the 75th anniversary list. When the previous 50 players were chosen in 1996–97, Wilkins was the only nine-time All-Star to be excluded, as well as the only six-time All-NBA selection to miss the cut. A two-time NBA champion, McAdoo was the only former league MVP omitted. Bill Russell, Bob Cousy, George Mikan and Bob Pettit are the only players who have been named to all four NBA anniversary teams. Derrick Rose (2011) was the only former league MVP (as of 2020) to not be included on the team. Eleven players (Giannis Antetokounmpo, Carmelo Anthony, Stephen Curry, Anthony Davis, Kevin Durant, James Harden, LeBron James, Kawhi Leonard, Damian Lillard, Chris Paul, and Russell Westbrook) were active in the 2021–22 season, when the list was announced. Four of them (Anthony, Davis, James, and Westbrook) were playing for the Los Angeles Lakers on their 2021–22 squad. The Brooklyn Nets, with Durant and Harden on their roster, were the only other team with multiple active players. The Boston Celtics had the most overall players, past and present, on the list with 20. The Lakers were next with 15. Key Italics Denotes player who was active in the NBA at the time of induction Bold Denotes player who was not previously on the 50th Anniversary Team All-Star Denotes number of All-Star appearances All-NBA Denotes number of All-NBA selections HoF Year Denotes year of Basketball Hall of Fame induction G Guard F Forward C Center Pos Position Pts Points Reb Rebounds Ast Assists MVP Most Valuable Player Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2020–21 season, the season last completed before the list was announced. (†) - Player deceased when selected for the team NBA 75th Anniversary Team members Name Team(s) played for (years) Pos Pts Reb Ast Championships won MVP won Finals MVP won All Star All-NBA HoF Year Ref. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989) C 38,387 17,440 5,660 6 (1971, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) 6 (1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1980) 2 (1971, 1985) 19 15 1995 Ray Allen Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)Boston Celtics (2007–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014) G 24,505 5,272 4,361 2 (2008, 2013) None None 10 2 2018 Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks (2013–2021) F 12,319 5,371 2,632 1 (2021) 2 (2019, 2020) 1 (2021) 5 5 TBD Carmelo Anthony Denver Nuggets (2003–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2017)Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–2018)Houston Rockets (2018–2019)Portland Trail Blazers (2019–2021) F 27,370 7,520 3,354 None None None 10 6 TBD Nate Archibald Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City-Omaha / Kansas City Kings (1970–1976)New York Nets (1976–1977)Boston Celtics (1978–1983)Milwaukee Bucks (1983–1984) G 16,481 2,046 6,476 1 (1981) None None 6 5 1991 Paul Arizin † Philadelphia Warriors (1950–1952, 1954–1962) F 16,266 6,129 1,665 1 (1956) None None 10 4 1978 Charles Barkley Philadelphia 76ers (1984–1992)Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)Houston Rockets (1996–2000) F 23,757 12,546 4,215 None 1 (1993) None 11 11 2006 Rick Barry San Francisco / Golden State Warriors (1965–1967, 1972–1978)Houston Rockets (1978–1980) F 18,395 5,168 4,017 1 (1975) None 1 (1975) 8 6 1987 Elgin Baylor † Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971) F 23,149 11,463 3,650 None None None 11 10 1977 Dave Bing Detroit Pistons (1966–1975)Washington Bullets (1975–1977)Boston Celtics (1977–1978) G 18,327 3,420 5,397 None None None 7 3 1990 Larry Bird Boston Celtics (1979–1992) F 21,791 8,974 5,695 3 (1981, 1984, 1986) 3 (1984, 1985, 1986) 2 (1984, 1986) 12 10 1998 Kobe Bryant † Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016) G 33,643 7,047 6,306 5 (2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010) 1 (2008) 2 (2009, 2010) 18 15 2020 Wilt Chamberlain † Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1968)Los Angeles Lakers (1968–1973) C 31,419 23,924 4,643 2 (1967, 1972) 4 (1960, 1966, 1967, 1968) 1 (1972) 13 10 1979 Bob Cousy Boston Celtics (1950–1963)Cincinnati Royals (1969–1970) G 16,960 4,786 6,955 6 (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963) 1 (1957) None 13 12 1971 Dave Cowens Boston Celtics (1970–1980)Milwaukee Bucks (1982–1983) C 13,516 10,444 2,910 2 (1974, 1976) 1 (1973) None 7 3 1991 Billy Cunningham Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1972, 1974–1976) F 13,626 6,638 2,625 1 (1967) None None 5 4 1986 Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors (2009–2024) G 23,668 4,509 6,119 4 (2015, 2017, 2018, 2022) 2 (2015, 2016) 1 (2022) 10 10 TBD Anthony Davis New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans (2012–2019)Los Angeles Lakers (2019–2021) F/C 16,988 7,420 1,732 1 (2020) None None 9 4 TBD Dave DeBusschere † Detroit Pistons (1962–1968)New York Knicks (1968–1974) F 14,053 9,618 2,497 2 (1970, 1973) None None 8 1 1983 Clyde Drexler Portland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)Houston Rockets (1995–1998) G 22,195 6,677 6,125 1 (1995) None None 10 5 2004 Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016) F/C 26,496 15,091 4,225 5 (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) 2 (2002, 2003) 3 (1999, 2003, 2005) 15 15 2020 Kevin Durant Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)Golden State Warriors (2016–2019)Brooklyn Nets (2019–2023)Phoenix Suns (2023–2024) F 28,924 7,454 4,645 2 (2017, 2018) 1 (2014) 2 (2017, 2018) 14 11 TBD Julius Erving Philadelphia 76ers (1976–1987) F 18,364 5,601 3,224 1 (1983) 1 (1981) None 11 7 1993 Patrick Ewing New York Knicks (1985–2000)Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)Orlando Magic (2001–2002) C 24,815 11,607 2,215 None None None 11 7 2008 Walt Frazier New York Knicks (1967–1977)Cleveland Cavaliers (1977–1979) G 15,581 4,830 5,040 2 (1970, 1973) None None 7 6 1987 Kevin Garnett Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)Boston Celtics (2007–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015) F/C 26,071 14,662 5,445 1 (2008) 1 (2004) None 15 9 2020 George Gervin San Antonio Spurs (1976–1985)Chicago Bulls (1985–1986) G 20,708 3,607 2,214 None None None 9 7 1996 Hal Greer † Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973) G 21,586 5,665 4,540 1 (1967) None None 10 7 1982 James Harden Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2012)Houston Rockets (2012–2021)Brooklyn Nets (2021)Los Angeles Clippers (2023) G 22,045 4,794 5,730 None 1 (2018) None 9 7 TBD John Havlicek † Boston Celtics (1962–1978) F/G 26,395 8,007 6,114 8 (1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976) None 1 (1974) 13 11 1984 Elvin Hayes San Diego / Houston Rockets (1968–1972, 1981–1984)Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets (1972–1981) F/C 27,313 16,279 2,398 1 (1978) None None 12 6 1990 Allen Iverson Philadelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)Memphis Grizzlies (2009) G 24,368 3,394 5,624 None 1 (2001) None 11 8 2016 LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–2018)Miami Heat (2010–2014)Los Angeles Lakers (2018–2021) F 40,017 10,847 11,046 4 (2012, 2013, 2016, 2020) 4 (2009, 2010, 2012, 2013) 4 (2012, 2013, 2016, 2020) 20 20 TBD Magic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers (1979–1991, 1996) G 17,707 6,559 10,141 5 (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) 3 (1987, 1989, 1990) 3 (1980, 1982, 1987) 12 10 2002 Sam Jones Boston Celtics (1957–1969) G 15,411 4,305 2,209 10 (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969) None None 5 3 1984 Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)Washington Wizards (2001–2003) G 32,292 6,672 5,633 6 (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998) 5 (1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998) 6 (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998) 14 11 2009 Jason Kidd Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)New York Knicks (2012–2013) G 17,529 8,725 12,091 1 (2011) None None 10 6 2018 Kawhi Leonard San Antonio Spurs (2011–2018)Toronto Raptors (2018–2019)Los Angeles Clippers (2019–2021) F 11,085 3,689 1,672 2 (2014, 2019) None 2 (2014, 2019) 5 5 TBD Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers (2012–2021) G 16,815 2,856 4,514 None None None 6 6 TBD Jerry Lucas Cincinnati Royals (1963–1969)San Francisco Warriors (1969–1971)New York Knicks (1971–1974) F 14,053 12,942 2,732 1 (1973) None None 7 5 1980 Karl Malone Utah Jazz (1985–2003)Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004) F 36,928 14,968 5,248 None 2 (1997, 1999) None 14 14 2010 Moses Malone † Buffalo Braves (1976)Houston Rockets (1976–1982)Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)Washington Bullets (1986–1988)Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995) C 27,409 16,212 1,796 1 (1983) 3 (1979, 1982, 1983) 1 (1983) 12 8 2001 Pete Maravich † Atlanta Hawks (1970–1974)New Orleans / Utah Jazz (1974–1980)Boston Celtics (1980) G 15,948 2,747 3,563 None None None 5 4 1987 Bob McAdoo Buffalo Braves (1972–1976)New York Knicks (1976–1979)Boston Celtics (1979)Detroit Pistons (1979–1981)New Jersey Nets (1981)Los Angeles Lakers (1981–1985)Philadelphia 76ers (1986) F/C 18,787 8,048 1,951 2 (1982, 1985) 1 (1975) None 5 2 2000 Kevin McHale Boston Celtics (1980–1993) F 17,335 7,122 1,670 3 (1981, 1984, 1986) None None 7 1 1999 George Mikan † Minneapolis Lakers (1948–1954, 1956) C 10,156 4,167 1,245 5 (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954) None None 4 6 1959 Reggie Miller Indiana Pacers (1987–2005) G 25,279 4,182 4,141 None None None 5 3 2012 Earl Monroe Baltimore Bullets (1967–1971)New York Knicks (1971–1980) G 17,454 2,796 3,594 1 (1973) None None 4 1 1990 Steve Nash Phoenix Suns (1996–1998, 2004–2012) Dallas Mavericks (1998–2004) Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2015) G 17,387 3,642 10,335 None 2 (2005, 2006) None 8 7 2018 Dirk Nowitzki Dallas Mavericks (1998–2019) F 31,560 11,489 3,651 1 (2011) 1 (2007) 1 (2011) 14 12 2023 Hakeem Olajuwon Houston Rockets (1984–2001)Toronto Raptors (2001–2002) C 26,946 13,748 3,058 2 (1994, 1995) 1 (1994) 2 (1994, 1995) 12 12 2008 Shaquille O'Neal Orlando Magic (1992–1996)Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)Miami Heat (2004–2008)Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)Boston Celtics (2010–2011) C 28,596 13,099 3,026 4 (2000, 2001, 2002, 2006) 1 (2000) 3 (2000, 2001, 2002) 15 14 2016 Robert Parish Golden State Warriors (1976–1980)Boston Celtics (1980–1994)Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)Chicago Bulls (1996–1997) C 23,334 14,715 2,180 4 (1981, 1984, 1986, 1997) None None 9 2 2003 Chris Paul New Orleans Hornets (2005–2011)Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2017)Houston Rockets (2017–2019)Oklahoma City Thunder (2019–2020)Phoenix Suns (2020–2021) G 19,978 4,923 10,275 None None None 11 10 TBD Gary Payton Seattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)Milwaukee Bucks (2003)Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)Boston Celtics (2004–2005)Miami Heat (2005–2007) G 21,813 5,269 8,966 1 (2006) None None 9 9 2013 Bob Pettit Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965) F 20,880 12,849 2,369 1 (1958) 2 (1956, 1959) None 11 11 1971 Paul Pierce Boston Celtics (1998–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Washington Wizards (2014–2015)Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017) F 26,397 7,527 4,708 1 (2008) None 1 (2008) 10 4 2021 Scottie Pippen Chicago Bulls (1987–1998, 2003–2004)Houston Rockets (1999)Portland Trail Blazers (1999–2003) F 18,940 7,494 6,135 6 (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998) None None 7 7 2010 Willis Reed New York Knicks (1964–1974) C/F 12,183 8,414 1,186 2 (1970, 1973) 1 (1970) 2 (1970, 1973) 7 5 1982 Oscar Robertson Cincinnati Royals (1960–1970)Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974) G 26,710 7,804 9,887 1 (1971) 1 (1964) None 12 11 1980 David Robinson San Antonio Spurs (1989–2003) C 20,790 10,497 2,441 2 (1999, 2003) 1 (1995) None 10 10 2009 Dennis Rodman Detroit Pistons (1986–1993)San Antonio Spurs (1993–1995)Chicago Bulls (1995–1998)Los Angeles Lakers (1999)Dallas Mavericks (2000) F 6,683 11,954 1,600 5 (1989, 1990, 1996, 1997, 1998) None None 2 2 2011 Bill Russell Boston Celtics (1956–1969) C 14,522 21,620 4,100 11 (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969) 5 (1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965) None 12 11 1975 Dolph Schayes † Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers (1949–1964) F 18,438 11,256 3,072 1 (1955) None None 12 12 1973 Bill Sharman † Washington Capitols (1950–1951)Boston Celtics (1951–1961) G 12,665 2,779 2,101 4 (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961) None None 8 7 1976 John Stockton Utah Jazz (1984–2003) G 19,711 4,051 15,806 None None None 10 11 2009 Isiah Thomas Detroit Pistons (1981–1994) G 18,822 3,478 9,061 2 (1989, 1990) None 1 (1990) 12 5 2000 Nate Thurmond † San Francisco / Golden State Warriors (1963–1974)Chicago Bulls (1974–1975)Cleveland Cavaliers (1975–1977) C 14,437 14,464 2,575 None None None 7 0 1985 Wes Unseld † Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets (1968–1981) C 10,624 13,769 3,822 1 (1978) 1 (1969) 1 (1978) 5 1 1988 Dwyane Wade Miami Heat (2003–2016, 2018–2019)Chicago Bulls (2016–2017)Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018) G 23,165 4,933 5,701 3 (2006, 2012, 2013) None 1 (2006) 13 8 2023 Bill Walton Portland Trail Blazers (1974–1979)San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers (1979–1985)Boston Celtics (1985–1988) C 6,215 4,923 1,590 2 (1977, 1986) 1 (1978) 1 (1977) 2 2 1993 Jerry West Los Angeles Lakers (1960–1974) G 25,192 5,366 6,238 1 (1972) None 1 (1969) 14 12 1980 Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder (2008–2019)Houston Rockets (2019–2020)Washington Wizards (2020–2021) G 21,857 6,961 8,061 None 1 (2017) None 9 9 TBD Lenny Wilkens St. Louis Hawks (1960−1968)Seattle SuperSonics (1968–1972)Cleveland Cavaliers (1972–1974)Portland Trail Blazers (1974–1975) G 17,772 5,030 7,211 None None None 9 0 1989 Dominique Wilkins Atlanta Hawks (1982–1994)Los Angeles Clippers (1994)Boston Celtics (1994–1995)San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)Orlando Magic (1999) F 26,668 7,169 2,677 None None None 9 7 2006 James Worthy Los Angeles Lakers (1982–1994) F 16,320 4,708 2,791 3 (1985, 1987, 1988) None 1 (1988) 7 2 2003 Selection process The list was made through voting compiled by a panel of 88 media, current and former players, coaches, general managers, and team executives. The NBA stated the players were "selected for being pioneers that have helped shape, define, and redefine the game." The NBA revealed 25 members of the list the first two days, and 26 the last day from October 19 through October 21, 2021. Criticisms It was widely rumored that Kyrie Irving was originally on the list, as his then-team, the Brooklyn Nets, prematurely posted an announcement congratulating him on the achievement, but was later excluded allegedly due to controversy regarding his public image at the time. Former teammate LeBron James later said, "Damn shame he ain’t Top 75!", as did Andre Iguodola, "So y'all saying Kyrie Irving ain't top 75? I agree… he top 20 at least…" in Twitter posts criticizing the snub. Irving himself, sports commentators, and fans criticized the exclusion due to Irving's already illustrious career at the time of the list. Former NBA coach and television commentator Stan Van Gundy said that it was "absolutely ridiculous" that Dwight Howard was not included on the team. Howard later said, "I knew I wasn't going to be on it". In an Instagram post, Klay Thompson said, "Maybe I’m just naive in my ability to play basketball, but in my head, I’m top 75 all-time." NBA coach and former commentator Steve Kerr said that he had hoped Thompson and Draymond Green "would be on there". 15 Greatest Coaches in NBA History Phil Jackson (left) and Red Auerbach (right) both made the 2022 list of the 15 greatest coaches in NBA history. Alongside the selection of the NBA's 75th anniversary team was the selection of the 15 Greatest Coaches in NBA History. The list was compiled based upon unranked selection undertaken exclusively by a panel of 43 current and former NBA coaches in collaboration with the National Basketball Coaches Association. Of the 15 coaches, eight members of the Top 10 Coaches in NBA History in 1996 were selected; original Top 10 coaches Bill Fitch and John Kundla were excluded from the updated list. Nine of the 15 coaches named were alive at the time of the list's announcement, and four of them—Steve Kerr, Gregg Popovich, Doc Rivers, and Erik Spoelstra—were active. Six have died: Red Holzman in 1998, Red Auerbach in 2006, Chuck Daly in 2009, Jack Ramsay in 2014, and K. C. Jones and Jerry Sloan in 2020. Nelson and Sloan were the only members to have never won a championship as a coach; Nelson won five as a player. Wilkens was the only member of the coaches list to have been selected as a member of the players list. Ten of the 15 coaches are also members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, with Nelson the most recent inductee in 2012. Key Italics Denotes coach who was active in the NBA at the time of induction Bold Denotes coach who was not previously selected among the Top 10 Coaches in NBA History Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2020–21 season, the season last completed before the list was announced. Coach Team(s) coached (years) Coaching record Championships won as coach Coach of the Year award(s) won Year of Basketball Hall of Fame induction Ref. Red Auerbach Washington Capitols (1946–1949)Tri-Cities Blackhawks (1949–1950)Boston Celtics (1950–1966) 938–479 (.662) 9 (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966) 1 (1965) 1969 Larry Brown Denver Nuggets (1976–1979)New Jersey Nets (1981–1983)San Antonio Spurs (1988–1992)Los Angeles Clippers (1992–1993)Indiana Pacers (1993–1997)Philadelphia 76ers (1997–2003) Detroit Pistons (2003–2005)New York Knicks (2005–2006)Charlotte Bobcats (2008–2010) 1,098–904 (.548) 1 (2004) 1 (2001) 2002 Chuck Daly Cleveland Cavaliers (1982)Detroit Pistons (1983–1992)New Jersey Nets (1992–1994)Orlando Magic (1997–1999) 638–437 (.593) 2 (1989, 1990) None 1994 Red Holzman Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks (1954–1956)New York Knicks (1967–1977), (1978–1982) 696–604 (.535) 2 (1970, 1973) 1 (1970) 1986 Phil Jackson Chicago Bulls (1989–1998)Los Angeles Lakers (1999–2004, 2005–2011) 1,155–485 (.704) 11 (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010) 1 (1996) 2007 K. C. Jones Capital / Washington Bullets (1973–1976)Boston Celtics (1983–1988)Seattle SuperSonics (1990–1992) 522–252 (.674) 2 (1984, 1986) None – Steve Kerr Golden State Warriors (2014–2021) 376–171 (.687) 4 (2015, 2017, 2018, 2022) 1 (2016) – Don Nelson Milwaukee Bucks (1976–1987)Golden State Warriors (1988–1995, 2006–2010)New York Knicks (1995–1996)Dallas Mavericks (1997–2005) 1,335–1,063 (.557) None 3 (1983, 1985, 1992) 2012 Gregg Popovich San Antonio Spurs (1996–2021) 1,310–653 (.667) 5 (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) 3 (2003, 2012, 2014) 2023 Jack Ramsay Philadelphia 76ers (1968–1972)Buffalo Braves (1972–1976)Portland Trail Blazers (1976–1986)Indiana Pacers (1986–1988) 864–783 (.525) 1 (1977) None 1992 Pat Riley Los Angeles Lakers (1981–1990)New York Knicks (1991–1995)Miami Heat (1995–2003, 2005–2008) 1,210–694 (.636) 5 (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2006) 3 (1990, 1993, 1997) 2008 Doc Rivers Orlando Magic (1999–2003)Boston Celtics (2004–2013)Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2020)Philadelphia 76ers (2020–2021) 992–704 (.585) 1 (2008) 1 (2000) – Jerry Sloan Chicago Bulls (1979–1982)Utah Jazz (1988–2011) 1,221–803 (.603) None None 2009 Erik Spoelstra Miami Heat (2008–2021) 607–424 (.589) 2 (2012, 2013) None – Lenny Wilkens Seattle SuperSonics (1969–1972, 1977–1985)Portland Trail Blazers (1974–1976)Cleveland Cavaliers (1986–1993)Atlanta Hawks (1993–2000)Toronto Raptors (2000–2003)New York Knicks (2004–2005) 1,332–1,155 (.536) 1 (1979) 1 (1994) 1998 See also Basketball portalSports portal ABA All-Time Team NBA 25th Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Notes ^ The following players were honored posthumously: Paul Arizin (died 2006), Elgin Baylor (died 2021), Kobe Bryant (died 2020), Wilt Chamberlain (died 1999), Dave DeBusschere (died 2003), Hal Greer (died 2018), John Havlicek (died 2019), Sam Jones (died 2021), Moses Malone (died 2015), Pete Maravich (died 1988), George Mikan (died 2005), Dolph Schayes (died 2015), Bill Sharman (died 2013), Nate Thurmond (died 2016), and Wes Unseld (died 2020).The following players were honored virtually: Larry Bird, Bob Cousy, Dave Cowens, Tim Duncan, Walt Frazier, Karl Malone, Earl Monroe, Steve Nash, Scottie Pippen, Willis Reed, Bill Russell, Russell Westbrook, and Lenny Wilkens.Nate Archibald, Anthony Davis and Kevin Durant did not attend nor appear virtually in the ceremony for various reasons. ^ The 25th anniversary team was the only one of the four teams that did not allow for the inclusion of active players at the time ^ American Basketball Association (ABA) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season. ^ Italicized record and winning percentage reflect all games played through the 2021–22 season; the preceding record is that of the coach at the time of his selection. References ^ Dubose, Ben (October 19, 2021). "Hakeem Olajuwon, James Harden, Moses Malone, Elvin Hayes among initial NBA 75 list". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021. ^ Irving, Kyle (August 26, 2021). "NBA 75: Which active players could join the list of all-time greats?". Sporting News. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021. ^ Jackson, James (October 22, 2021). "James Harden, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony among greats celebrating place on NBA's Top 75 list". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021. ^ a b c "Everything you need to know about the NBA's 75th Anniversary Season". NBA.com. October 5, 2021. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. ^ a b Golliver, Ben (October 20, 2021). "NBA unveils 75th anniversary all-time team". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. 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Retrieved October 22, 2011. ^ "Jerry Sloan Coaching Record". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2011. ^ "Erik Spoesltra Coaching Record". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2014. ^ "Lenny Wilkens Coaching Record". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2009. External links NBA's 75th Anniversary Team Players at NBA.com The Full NBA 75 Team Announced at 2022 All-Star Game at the NBA official YouTube channel vte2021–22 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All-Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions NBA 75th Anniversary Team G League EasternAtlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington WesternNorthwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio vteNBA 75th Anniversary Team Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Ray Allen Giannis Antetokounmpo Carmelo Anthony Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Kobe Bryant Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Stephen Curry Anthony Davis Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Tim Duncan Kevin Durant Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier Kevin Garnett George Gervin Hal Greer James Harden John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Allen Iverson LeBron James Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jason Kidd Kawhi Leonard Damian Lillard Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Bob McAdoo Kevin McHale George Mikan Reggie Miller Earl Monroe Steve Nash Dirk Nowitzki Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Chris Paul Gary Payton Bob Pettit Paul Pierce Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Dennis Rodman Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Dwyane Wade Bill Walton Jerry West Russell Westbrook Lenny Wilkens Dominique Wilkins James Worthy vteNBA anniversary teams 25th 35th 50th 75th	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021–22 NBA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_NBA_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NBA_75th_Anniversary_Team_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"2022 NBA All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NBA_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"the 75th anniversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_NBA_season#75th_anniversary_promotions"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"anniversary team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_anniversary_teams"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"50 Greatest Players in NBA History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Greatest_Players_in_NBA_History"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbafaq-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-golliver_10202021-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2021–22 NBA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbafaq-4"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"2022 All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NBA_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"NBA 75\" redirects here. For the NBA's 75th anniversary season, see 2021–22 NBA season.Members of the NBA 75th Anniversary Team during the halftime ceremony of the 2022 NBA All-Star Game.The NBA 75th Anniversary Team, also referred to as the NBA 75,[1][2] was chosen in 2021 to honor the 75th anniversary of the founding of the National Basketball Association (NBA). It was the fourth and most recent anniversary team in the league.[3] Similar to the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History named in 1996, a panel of reporters, current and former players, coaches, general managers, and team executives selected the greatest players in league history.[4] Tasked with compiling a list of 75 players, the committee named an additional 76th member due to a tie in voting.[5][6] It was built as part of the league's anniversary celebration during the 2021–22 NBA season.[4] Forty-five of the seventy-six players were later assembled in Cleveland, during the halftime ceremony of the 2022 All-Star Game.[note 1]","title":"NBA 75th Anniversary Team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players selected"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBA championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"Finals MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Finals_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nba_1022021-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bob McAdoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McAdoo"},{"link_name":"Dominique Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalbrosky_10212021-11"},{"link_name":"All-NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-NBA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalbrosky_10212021-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bill Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Russell"},{"link_name":"Bob Cousy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cousy"},{"link_name":"George Mikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mikan"},{"link_name":"Bob Pettit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Pettit"},{"link_name":"NBA anniversary teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_anniversary_teams"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Derrick Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Rose"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Giannis Antetokounmpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giannis_Antetokounmpo"},{"link_name":"Carmelo Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelo_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Stephen Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Curry"},{"link_name":"Anthony Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Davis"},{"link_name":"Kevin Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Durant"},{"link_name":"James Harden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harden"},{"link_name":"LeBron James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBron_James"},{"link_name":"Kawhi Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawhi_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Damian Lillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Lillard"},{"link_name":"Chris Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Paul"},{"link_name":"Russell Westbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Westbrook"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nba_1022021-8"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers"},{"link_name":"their 2021–22 squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Los_Angeles_Lakers_season"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets"},{"link_name":"their roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Brooklyn_Nets_season"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2020–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:NBA_75th_Anniversary_Team#To_update_or_not_to_update_stats"}],"sub_title":"List","text":"At the time of selection, the players selected combined for 158 NBA championships, 62 Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards, 48 Finals MVP awards, and 730 All-Star selections. Of the 76 players, all 50 members of the 50th anniversary team were selected.[7] The other 26 included players from the 1970s to the current era.[8] Two notable omissions from the earlier top 50 selections, Bob McAdoo and Dominique Wilkins, were named to the 75th anniversary list.[9][10] When the previous 50 players were chosen in 1996–97, Wilkins was the only nine-time All-Star to be excluded, as well as the only six-time All-NBA selection to miss the cut. A two-time NBA champion, McAdoo was the only former league MVP omitted.[10][11] Bill Russell, Bob Cousy, George Mikan and Bob Pettit are the only players who have been named to all four NBA anniversary teams.[note 2][12] Derrick Rose (2011) was the only former league MVP (as of 2020) to not be included on the team.[13]Eleven players (Giannis Antetokounmpo, Carmelo Anthony, Stephen Curry, Anthony Davis, Kevin Durant, James Harden, LeBron James, Kawhi Leonard, Damian Lillard, Chris Paul, and Russell Westbrook) were active in the 2021–22 season, when the list was announced.[7] Four of them (Anthony, Davis, James, and Westbrook) were playing for the Los Angeles Lakers on their 2021–22 squad. The Brooklyn Nets, with Durant and Harden on their roster, were the only other team with multiple active players.[14] The Boston Celtics had the most overall players, past and present, on the list with 20. The Lakers were next with 15.[15]Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2020–21 season, the season last completed before the list was announced.[discuss](†) - Player deceased when selected for the team","title":"Players selected"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbafaq-4"}],"sub_title":"Selection process","text":"The list was made through voting compiled by a panel of 88 media, current and former players, coaches, general managers, and team executives.[91][92] The NBA stated the players were \"selected for being pioneers that have helped shape, define, and redefine the game.\"[93] The NBA revealed 25 members of the list the first two days, and 26 the last day from October 19 through October 21, 2021.[4]","title":"Players selected"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyrie Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrie_Irving"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Andre Iguodola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Iguodala"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Stan Van Gundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Van_Gundy"},{"link_name":"Dwight Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Howard"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwight-104"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwight2-105"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwight3-106"},{"link_name":"Klay Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klay_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klay-107"},{"link_name":"Steve Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Draymond Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draymond_Green"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klay2-108"}],"sub_title":"Criticisms","text":"It was widely rumored that Kyrie Irving was originally on the list, as his then-team, the Brooklyn Nets, prematurely posted an announcement congratulating him on the achievement, but was later excluded allegedly due to controversy regarding his public image at the time.[94][95] Former teammate LeBron James later said, \"Damn shame he ain’t Top 75!\", as did Andre Iguodola, \"So y'all saying Kyrie Irving ain't top 75? I agree… he top 20 at least…\" in Twitter posts criticizing the snub.[96][97] Irving himself, sports commentators, and fans criticized the exclusion due to Irving's already illustrious career at the time of the list.[98][99][100]Former NBA coach and television commentator Stan Van Gundy said that it was \"absolutely ridiculous\" that Dwight Howard was not included on the team.[101] Howard later said, \"I knew I wasn't going to be on it\".[102][103] In an Instagram post, Klay Thompson said, \"Maybe I’m just naive in my ability to play basketball, but in my head, I’m top 75 all-time.\"[104] NBA coach and former commentator Steve Kerr said that he had hoped Thompson and Draymond Green \"would be on there\".[105]","title":"Players selected"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phil_Jackson_3_cropped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auerbach_Lipofsky.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phil Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Red Auerbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Auerbach"},{"link_name":"Top 10 Coaches in NBA History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Greatest_Players_in_NBA_History#Top_10_Coaches_in_NBA_History"},{"link_name":"Bill Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Fitch"},{"link_name":"John Kundla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kundla"},{"link_name":"Steve Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Gregg Popovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Popovich"},{"link_name":"Doc Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Erik Spoelstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Spoelstra"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Red Holzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Holzman"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Red Auerbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Auerbach"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Chuck Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Daly"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Jack Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"K. C. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._C._Jones"},{"link_name":"Jerry Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Sloan"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Wilkens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Wilkens"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nba15coaches-116"},{"link_name":"2020–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:NBA_75th_Anniversary_Team#To_update_or_not_to_update_stats"}],"text":"Phil Jackson (left) and Red Auerbach (right) both made the 2022 list of the 15 greatest coaches in NBA history.Alongside the selection of the NBA's 75th anniversary team was the selection of the 15 Greatest Coaches in NBA History. The list was compiled based upon unranked selection undertaken exclusively by a panel of 43 current and former NBA coaches in collaboration with the National Basketball Coaches Association. Of the 15 coaches, eight members of the Top 10 Coaches in NBA History in 1996 were selected; original Top 10 coaches Bill Fitch and John Kundla were excluded from the updated list. Nine of the 15 coaches named were alive at the time of the list's announcement, and four of them—Steve Kerr, Gregg Popovich, Doc Rivers, and Erik Spoelstra—were active.[note 4] Six have died: Red Holzman in 1998,[106] Red Auerbach in 2006,[107] Chuck Daly in 2009,[108] Jack Ramsay in 2014,[109] and K. C. Jones and Jerry Sloan in 2020.[110][111] Nelson and Sloan were the only members to have never won a championship as a coach; Nelson won five as a player. Wilkens was the only member of the coaches list to have been selected as a member of the players list. Ten of the 15 coaches are also members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, with Nelson the most recent inductee in 2012.[112]Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2020–21 season, the season last completed before the list was announced.[discuss]","title":"15 Greatest Coaches in NBA History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Paul Arizin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Arizin"},{"link_name":"Elgin Baylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Baylor"},{"link_name":"Kobe Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_Bryant"},{"link_name":"died 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Calabasas_helicopter_crash"},{"link_name":"Wilt Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilt_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Dave DeBusschere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_DeBusschere"},{"link_name":"Hal Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Greer"},{"link_name":"John Havlicek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Havlicek"},{"link_name":"Sam Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Jones_(basketball,_born_1933)"},{"link_name":"Moses Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Malone"},{"link_name":"Pete Maravich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Maravich"},{"link_name":"George Mikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mikan"},{"link_name":"Dolph Schayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolph_Schayes"},{"link_name":"Bill Sharman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Sharman"},{"link_name":"Nate Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"Wes Unseld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Unseld"},{"link_name":"Larry Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bird"},{"link_name":"Bob Cousy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cousy"},{"link_name":"Dave Cowens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Cowens"},{"link_name":"Tim Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Walt Frazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Frazier"},{"link_name":"Karl Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Malone"},{"link_name":"Earl Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Steve Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Nash"},{"link_name":"Scottie Pippen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottie_Pippen"},{"link_name":"Willis Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Reed"},{"link_name":"Bill Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Russell"},{"link_name":"Russell Westbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Westbrook"},{"link_name":"Lenny Wilkens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Wilkens"},{"link_name":"Nate Archibald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Archibald"},{"link_name":"Anthony Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Davis"},{"link_name":"Kevin Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Durant"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"25th anniversary team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_25th_Anniversary_Team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"admitted into the NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA%E2%80%93NBA_merger"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-109"},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_NBA_season"}],"text":"^ The following players were honored posthumously: Paul Arizin (died 2006), Elgin Baylor (died 2021), Kobe Bryant (died 2020), Wilt Chamberlain (died 1999), Dave DeBusschere (died 2003), Hal Greer (died 2018), John Havlicek (died 2019), Sam Jones (died 2021), Moses Malone (died 2015), Pete Maravich (died 1988), George Mikan (died 2005), Dolph Schayes (died 2015), Bill Sharman (died 2013), Nate Thurmond (died 2016), and Wes Unseld (died 2020).The following players were honored virtually: Larry Bird, Bob Cousy, Dave Cowens, Tim Duncan, Walt Frazier, Karl Malone, Earl Monroe, Steve Nash, Scottie Pippen, Willis Reed, Bill Russell, Russell Westbrook, and Lenny Wilkens.Nate Archibald, Anthony Davis and Kevin Durant did not attend nor appear virtually in the ceremony for various reasons.\n\n^ The 25th anniversary team was the only one of the four teams that did not allow for the inclusion of active players at the time\n\n^ American Basketball Association (ABA) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season.\n\n^ Italicized record and winning percentage reflect all games played through the 2021–22 season; the preceding record is that of the coach at the time of his selection.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Members of the NBA 75th Anniversary Team during the halftime ceremony of the 2022 NBA All-Star Game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NBA_75th_Anniversary_Team_%28cropped%29.jpg/275px-NBA_75th_Anniversary_Team_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Basketball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Basketball"},{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"ABA All-Time Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA_All-Time_Team"},{"title":"NBA 25th Anniversary Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_25th_Anniversary_Team"},{"title":"NBA 35th Anniversary Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_35th_Anniversary_Team"},{"title":"50 Greatest Players in NBA History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Greatest_Players_in_NBA_History"}]	[{"reference":"Dubose, Ben (October 19, 2021). \"Hakeem Olajuwon, James Harden, Moses Malone, Elvin Hayes among initial NBA 75 list\". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rocketswire.usatoday.com/2021/10/19/hakeem-olajuwon-james-harden-moses-malone-elvin-hayes-among-initial-nba-75-list/","url_text":"\"Hakeem Olajuwon, James Harden, Moses Malone, Elvin Hayes among initial NBA 75 list\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211020012722/https://rocketswire.usatoday.com/2021/10/19/hakeem-olajuwon-james-harden-moses-malone-elvin-hayes-among-initial-nba-75-list/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Irving, Kyle (August 26, 2021). \"NBA 75: Which active players could join the list of all-time greats?\". Sporting News. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Parrot_(MSC-197)	USS Parrot	["1 Construction","2 North Atlantic operations","3 Decommissioning and reassignment","4 Notes","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]	Minesweeper of the United States Navy This article is about the U.S. Navy minesweeper. For the U.S. Navy destroyer, see USS Parrott (DD-218). USS Parrot (MSC-197) History United States NameParrot NamesakeParrot BuilderBroward Marine, Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida Laid down23 December 1953 Launched27 November 1954 Commissioned28 June 1955 Decommissioned26 September 1968 In service26 September 1968 Out of service20 July 1972 ReclassifiedCoastal Minesweeper, 7 February 1955 Stricken1 August 1972 Identification Hull symbol: AMS-197 Hull symbol: MSC-197 FateSold for scrap, 1 December 1976 General characteristics Class and typeBluebird-class minesweeper Displacement362 long tons (368 t) Length144 ft 3 in (43.97 m) Beam27 ft 2 in (8.28 m) Draft12 ft (3.7 m) Installed power 4 × Packard 600 hp (450 kW) diesel engines 2,400 hp (1,800 kW) Propulsion2 × screws Speed13.6 kn (25.2 km/h; 15.7 mph) Complement39 Armament 2 × twin 20 mm (0.8 in) Oerlikon cannons anti-aircraft (AA) mounts 2 × caliber .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns 1 × 81 mm mortar USS Parrot (AMS/MSC-197) was a Bluebird-class minesweeper in the United States Navy for clearing coastal minefields. Construction Parrot was laid down 23 December 1953, as AMS–197, by Broward Marine, Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida; launched on 27 November 1954; sponsored by Mrs. S. Heuer; reclassified MSC–197 on 7 February 1955; and commissioned on 28 June 1955. North Atlantic operations After fitting out and training, Parrot, along with four other minesweepers, participated in cold weather minesweeping exercises in the North Atlantic. Parrot then moved to Charleston, South Carolina, her base for exercises and training operations in the Caribbean and the Gulf Stream. She remained there until January 1958, when she sailed north to participate in her first NATO exercise. In February 1958, Parrot was dispatched to the waters off Savannah, Georgia, to participate in a search for a nuclear weapon jettisoned by a bomber. Upon completion, she returned to the Caribbean area where she remained into 1961, conducting training exercises and serving as training ship for the Mine Warfare School. In March 1961, she assisted in helping to evaluate the new helicopter method of minesweeping. After completion of this duty, she returned to her training and patrol duties. On 22 October 1962, Parrot was ordered to get underway, with no destination being specified. She was later directed to assist in the Cuban Quarantine operation. After this duty, she returned to Charleston. Once again she resumed her training and patrolling duties. On 1 March 1963, she left Charleston with orders to search for the overdue SS Marine Sulphur Queen. Finding nothing, Parrot returned to port on 18 March. Resuming patrol duties and training exercises, Parrot also made annual deployments to the Caribbean until August 1968. Decommissioning and reassignment Decommissioned and placed in service on 26 September 1968, Parrot became a Naval Reserve Training Ship at Atlantic City. Placed out of service on 20 July 1972, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 August 1972, Parrot was sold by Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service for scrapping on 1 December 1976. Notes Citations ^ a b Navsource. ^ a b c d e DANFS 2015. Bibliography Online resources "Parrot I (MSC-197)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. "USS Parrot (MSC-197)". Navsource.org. Retrieved 18 March 2017. External links Photo gallery of USS Parrot (AMS/MSC-197) at NavSource Naval History Unit Pages - USS Parrot (MSC-197) historycentral.com - USS Parrot (MSC-197) "Wooden Ships & Iron Men" : USS Parrot (MSC-197) vteAdjutant-class minesweepers Belgian NavyDiest class Arlon Bastogne Blankenberge Charleroi De Panne Diest Diksmuide Eeklo Herve Laroche Lier Maaseik Malmedy Roeselaere St. Niklaas St. Truiden Verviers Veurne Republic of China NavyYung Ping class Yung An (ex-Myosotis) Yung Chen (ex-Maaseik) Yung Chi (ex-Charleroi) Yung Ching (ex-Eeklo) Yung Chou Yung Fu (ex-Diest) Yung Hsin Yung Jen (ex-St. Niklaas) Yung Ju Yung Lo Yung Nien Yung Ping (ex-Pâquerette) Yung Shan (ex-Lier) Yung Sui (ex-Diksmuide) Royal Danish NavyAarøsund class Aarøsund Alssund Egernsund Grønsund Guldborgsund Omøsund Ulvsund Vilsund Republic of Fiji Navy Kikau (ex-Woodpecker) Kiro (ex-Warbler) Kula (ex-Vireo) French NavyPavot class Acacia Acanthe Aconite Ajonc Azalée Bégonia Bleuet Camélia Chrysanthème Coquelicot Cyclamen Églantine Gardénia Giroflée Glaïeul Glycine Jacinthe Laurier Lilas Liseron Lobélia Magnolia Marguerite Mimosa Muguet Myosotis Narcisse Oeillet Pâquerette Pavot Pervenche Pivoine Renoncule Réséda Roselys Tulipe Hellenic NavyAntiopi class Aidon Aigli Alkyon Antiopi (ex-Herve) Argo Atlanti (ex-St. Truiden) Avra Dafni Doris Erato (ex-Castagno) Euniki (ex-Gelso) Fedra (ex-Malmedy) Kichli Kissa Niovi (ex-Laroche) Pleias Thalia (ex-Blankenberge) Indonesian NavyPulau Alor class Pulau Alau Pulau Anjer Pulau Aru Pulau Aruan Pulau Atang Pulau Impalasa Islamic Republic of Iran NavyShahrokh class Karkas Shahraz Shahrokh Simorgh Italian NavyAbete class Abete Acacia Bambu Betulla Castagno Cedro Ciciegio Ebano Faggio Frassino Gelso Larice Mango Mogano Noce Olmo Ontano Palma Pino Pioppo Platano Quercia Rovere Salice Sandalo Japan Maritime Self-Defense ForceYashima class Hashima (ex-Narcisse) Tsushima Toshima Yashima (ex-Tulipe) Republic of Korea NavyGeumsan/Kum San class Geumsan Geumdok Goheung Hadong Namyang Samcheok Yeongdong Okcheon Royal Netherlands NavyBeemster class Bedum Beemster Beilen Blaricum Bolsward Borculo Borne Boxtel Breskens Breukelen Brielle Brouwershaven Brummen Bruninisse Royal Norwegian NavySauda class Alta (ex-Arlon) Glomma (ex-Bastogne) Kvina Ogna Sauda Sira Tana (ex-Roeselaere) Tista Utla Vosso Pakistan NavyMahmood class Mahmood Momin Moshal Mubarak Muhafiz Mujahid Mukhtar Munsif Philippine NavyZambales class Zambales Zamboanga Del Norte Portuguese NavyPonta Delgada class Angra do Heroismo Horta Lajes Ponta Delgada São Pedro Santa Cruz Velas Vila do Porto Royal Saudi Navy Addriyah Al Qusimah Al Wadeeah Safwa Republic of Singapore Navy Mercury (ex-Thrasher) Jupiter (ex-Whippoorwill) Spanish NavyNalón class Júcar Llobregat (ex-Roselys) Nalón (ex-Oeillet) Turia Ulla Miño Ebro Genil Tajo Odiel Sil (ex-Redwing) Duero (ex-Spoonbill) Tunisian National Navy Hannibal (ex-Coquelicot) Sousse (ex-Aconite) Royal Thai NavyBangkeo class Bangkeo Don Chedi Ladya Tadindeng Turkish NavySeymen class Samsun Sapanca Sariyer Saros Seddülbahír Selçuk (ex-Pavot) Seyham (ex-Renoncule) Seyman (ex-De Panne) Sığacık Silifke Sinop Sürmene United States NavyBluebird class Bluebird Cormorant Falcon Frigate Bird Hummingbird Jacana Kingbird Limpkin Meadowlark Parrot Peacock Phoebe Redwing Shrike Spoonbill Thrasher Thrush Vireo Warbler Whippoorwill Widgeon Woodpecker National Navy of Uruguay Rio Negro (ex-Marguerite) Republic of Vietnam NavyHàm Tử II class Bạch Đằng II Chương Dương Hàm Tử II	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Parrott (DD-218)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Parrott_(DD-218)"},{"link_name":"Bluebird-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebird-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"minesweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"text":"This article is about the U.S. Navy minesweeper. For the U.S. Navy destroyer, see USS Parrott (DD-218).USS Parrot (AMS/MSC-197) was a Bluebird-class minesweeper in the United States Navy for clearing coastal minefields.","title":"USS Parrot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broward Marine, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broward_Marine,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-2"}],"text":"Parrot was laid down 23 December 1953, as AMS–197, by Broward Marine, Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida; launched on 27 November 1954; sponsored by Mrs. S. Heuer; reclassified MSC–197 on 7 February 1955; and commissioned on 28 June 1955.[2]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Gulf Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-2"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapon jettisoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Arrow_(nuclear)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-2"},{"link_name":"Cuban Quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Quarantine"},{"link_name":"SS Marine Sulphur Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Marine_Sulphur_Queen"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-2"}],"text":"After fitting out and training, Parrot, along with four other minesweepers, participated in cold weather minesweeping exercises in the North Atlantic. Parrot then moved to Charleston, South Carolina, her base for exercises and training operations in the Caribbean and the Gulf Stream. She remained there until January 1958, when she sailed north to participate in her first NATO exercise.[2] In February 1958, Parrot was dispatched to the waters off Savannah, Georgia, to participate in a search for a nuclear weapon jettisoned by a bomber.[citation needed] Upon completion, she returned to the Caribbean area where she remained into 1961, conducting training exercises and serving as training ship for the Mine Warfare School. In March 1961, she assisted in helping to evaluate the new helicopter method of minesweeping. After completion of this duty, she returned to her training and patrol duties.[2]On 22 October 1962, Parrot was ordered to get underway, with no destination being specified. She was later directed to assist in the Cuban Quarantine operation. After this duty, she returned to Charleston. Once again she resumed her training and patrolling duties. On 1 March 1963, she left Charleston with orders to search for the overdue SS Marine Sulphur Queen. Finding nothing, Parrot returned to port on 18 March. Resuming patrol duties and training exercises, Parrot also made annual deployments to the Caribbean until August 1968.[2]","title":"North Atlantic operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-2"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource-1"}],"text":"Decommissioned and placed in service on 26 September 1968, Parrot became a Naval Reserve Training Ship at Atlantic City.[2] Placed out of service on 20 July 1972, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 August 1972, Parrot was sold by Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service for scrapping on 1 December 1976.[1]","title":"Decommissioning and reassignment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource_1-1"},{"link_name":"Navsource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNavsource"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_2-4"},{"link_name":"DANFS 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDANFS2015"}],"text":"Citations^ a b Navsource.\n\n^ a b c d e DANFS 2015.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Parrot I (MSC-197)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/parrot.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"USS Parrot (MSC-197)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navsource.org/archives/11/05197.htm"}],"text":"Online resources\n\n\"Parrot I (MSC-197)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\"USS Parrot (MSC-197)\". Navsource.org. Retrieved 18 March 2017.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Parrot I (MSC-197)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/parrot.html","url_text":"\"Parrot I (MSC-197)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"}]},{"reference":"\"USS Parrot (MSC-197)\". Navsource.org. Retrieved 18 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/05197.htm","url_text":"\"USS Parrot (MSC-197)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/parrot.html","external_links_name":"\"Parrot I (MSC-197)\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/05197.htm","external_links_name":"\"USS Parrot (MSC-197)\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/05197.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"},{"Link":"http://unitpages.military.com/unitpages/unit.do?id=201266","external_links_name":"Unit Pages - USS Parrot (MSC-197)"},{"Link":"http://www.historycentral.com/NAVY/Minelayer/parrot.html","external_links_name":"historycentral.com - USS Parrot (MSC-197)"},{"Link":"http://msc197.bravehost.com/","external_links_name":"\"Wooden Ships & Iron Men\" : USS Parrot (MSC-197)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:10mmsocket	User talk:10mmsocket	["1 New page patrol May 2024 Backlog drive","2 Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C"]	This is 10mmsocket's talk page, where you can send him messages and comments. Put new text under old text. Click here to start a new topic. New to Wikipedia? Welcome! Learn to edit; get help. Assume good faith Be polite and avoid personal attacks Be welcoming to newcomers Seek dispute resolution if needed Archives: 1, 2Auto-archiving period: 2 days Archives Archive 1Archive 2 This page has archives. Sections older than 2 days may be automatically archived by Lowercase sigmabot III when more than 2 sections are present. Has this user made a silly mistake? Click on the trout to notify him! New page patrol May 2024 Backlog drive New Page Patrol \| May 2024 Articles Backlog Drive On 1 May 2024, a one-month backlog drive for New Page Patrol will begin. 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On behalf of the UCoC project team, RamzyM (WMF) 23:17, 2 May 2024 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:10mmsocket&action=edit&section=1"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:10mmsocket&action=edit&section=2"},{"link_name":"You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Announcement_%E2%80%93_vote_reminder"},{"link_name":"Please help translate to other languages.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2024%2FAnnouncement+%E2%80%93+vote+reminder&language=&action=page&filter="},{"link_name":"voting page on Meta-wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024"},{"link_name":"review the U4C Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter"},{"link_name":"RamzyM (WMF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:RamzyM_(WMF)"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"New page patrol May 2024 Backlog drive[edit]MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:14, 17 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C[edit]You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_of_Provence	List of rulers of Provence	["1 Merovingian dukes","2 Carolingian dukes","3 Carolingian kings","4 Counts and margraves, within the Empire","4.1 Bosonid dynasty","4.2 House of Gévaudan","4.3 Houses of Barcelona (comital) and Toulouse (margravial)","4.4 Capetian Angevin dynasty","4.5 Valois-Anjou dynasty","5 Governors and grand seneschals, within France","5.1 Governors","5.2 Grand seneschals","5.3 Governors – grand seneschals","5.4 Grand seneschals","5.5 Governors","6 See also","7 Sources","8 References","9 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of rulers of Provence" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Map showing the march and county Provence and the county of Forcalquier as parts of the Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles in the 12th and 13th centuries. The land of Provence has a history quite separate from that of any of the larger nations of Europe. Its independent existence has its origins in the frontier nature of the dukedom in Merovingian Gaul. In this position, influenced and affected by several different cultures on different sides, the Provençals maintained a unity which was reinforced when the region was made a separate kingdom during the Carolingian decline of the later ninth century. When Boso of Provence acquired the region in 879, it was known as Lower Burgundy until it was merged with Upper Burgundy in 933 to form the Kingdom of Arles. The counts of Arles began calling themselves "count of Provence"; although in name vassals, they were de facto autonomous princes. After 1032, the county was part of the Holy Roman Empire. In the eleventh century, Provence became disputed between the traditional line and the counts of Toulouse, who claimed the title of "Margrave of Provence". In the High Middle Ages, the title of Count of Provence belonged to local families of Frankish origin, from 1112 to 1245 to the House of Barcelona (a cadet branch of the House of Aragón), from 1245 to 1382 to the House of Anjou, and from 1382 to 1481 to a cadet branch of the House of Valois. It was inherited by King Louis XI of France in 1481, and definitively incorporated into the French royal domain by his son Charles VIII in 1487. Merovingian dukes During the period of the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul, Provence was a province ruled by duces (dukes), military leaders and district commanders who served as defenders of the frontiers of the kingdom and ruled over vast territories as opposed to the comites (counts), who ruled the cities and their environs. Provence was usually a part of the division of the Frankish realm known as the Kingdom of Burgundy, which was treated as its own kingdom. Their title sometimes appears as rector Provinciae. This is an incomplete list of the known Merovingian-appointed dukes of Provence. Liberius (until 534), Ostrogothic appointee Namatius (bef. 552), Frankish appointee Bodegisel (fl. c. 566) Adovarius (561–569) Lupus (569–570) Jovin (570–573) Albin (573–575) Dinamius (from 575) Gondulf (fl. c. 581) Leudegisel (fl. c. 585), of Burgundian Provence Nicetas (from 587) Babo (fl. c. 600) Aegyla (fl. c. 602) Bado (634–641) Willibad (641–643), of Burgundian Provence Hector (fl. c. 679) Nemfidius (fl. c. 700) Antenor (fl. c. 697) Metrannus (fl. c. 700) Maurontus (c. 720 – 739) Abbo (fl. c. 739) Carolingian dukes Provence was ruled by a poorly known series of dukes during the period of general Carolingian unity until the Treaty of Verdun (843). Leibulf (until c. 829) Guerin (c. 829 – 845) Fulcrad (845 – c. 860) Carolingian kings After the division of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun (843), the first of the fraternal rulers of the three kingdoms to die was Lothair I, who divided his middle kingdom in accordance with the custom of the Franks among his three sons. Out of this division came the Kingdom of Provence, given to Lothair's youngest son, Charles. A heritage of royal rule was thus inaugurated in Provence which, though it was often subsumed into one of its larger neighbouring kingdoms, was just as often proclaiming its own sovereigns. The kingdom of Provence was also known as Lower Burgundy (or Cisjurane Burgundy). Its capital was first Vienne then Arles. Charles of Provence (855–863)On his death, Provence was divided between his surviving brothers, Lothair II and the Emperor Louis II. The bulk went to Louis. Louis II (863–875), also Holy Roman Emperor from 855On his death, as with his Kingdom of Italy, Louis's Provence went to his uncle Charles the Bald . Charles the Bald (875–877), also Holy Roman Emperor from 875 Louis the Stammerer (877–879)With the death of Louis the Stammerer, Provence refused to elect his two sons and instead elected one of their own as king. Boso married Ermengard, daughter of Louis II, to strengthen his and his son's claim. Boso (879–887) Louis the Blind (887–928), also Holy Roman Emperor from 901 to 905Louis's kingdom did not pass to his heirs, but instead to his brother-in-law, the husband of his sister, Hugh, who had acted as his regent since 905. Hugh never used the royal title in Provence. Hugh (911–933)In 933, Provence ceased to be a separate kingdom as Hugh exchanged it with Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy for the Iron Crown of Lombardy, that is, rule of Italy. Counts and margraves, within the Empire In the aftermath of the death of Louis the Blind, Provence began to be ruled by local counts placed under the authority of a margrave. Firstly, Hugh of Arles served as duke and regent during Louis' long blindness. Secondly, Hugh gave the march of Vienne and duchy of Provence to Rudolf II of Burgundy in a treaty of 933. Rudolf was never recognised by the nobles of the country and appointed Hugh, Duke of Burgundy, as its first margrave. At the time, the premier counts in the region were the counts of Arles and those of Avignon. Those who would first bear the title comes Provinciae or "count of Provence" descended from one Rotbold of Arles. William I and Rotbold I did not divide their father's domains and this indivisibility was maintained by their respective descendants. It is thus impossible to ascertain who succeeded whom in the county as various reigns overlap. By his marriage to Emma of Provence, daughter of Rotbold II, William III, Count of Toulouse inherited lands and castles in Provence. Emma inherited the title Margrave of Provence upon her elder brother's death in 1037. Her son Pons by William III did not survive her, but her grandson did and claimed her title in opposition to the younger line of counts of Provence. Bosonid dynasty See also: Bosonids Name Born Reign Consort Death Notes William I the Liberator c.950Son of Boson II of Arles and Constance of Vienne 961–975 Arsenda of Commingesno childrenAdelaide-Blanche of Anjouc.984four children After 29 August 993 First counts of Provence and brothers, ruled together until 975, when William took the margravial title. and Rotbold took the same title in 993, after William abdication. 975–993 Rotbold I Son of Boson II of Arles and Constance of Vienne 961–993 Emildetwo children 1008 993–1008 Regency of Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou:993–999 William II the Pious c.980Son of William I and Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou 999–1019 Gerberga of Burgundyc.984four children 4 March 1019 Fell under control of his uncle Rotbold until his death in 1008. Rotbold II c.980Son of Rotbold I and Emilde 1008–1014 Ermengarde of Burgundybefore 1002three children 1014 William III Son of Rotbold II and Ermengarde of Burgundy 1014–1037 Luciebefore 1002three children 1037 William IV c.980Son of William II and Gerberga of Burgundy 1019–1030 Unmarried 1030 Fulk Bertrand c.1000Son of William II and Gerberga of Burgundy 1030–1051 Hildegardtwo children 27 April 1051 Brothers, ruled jointly after their elder brother's death. Geoffrey I c.1000Son of William II and Gerberga of Burgundy 1030–1062 Etienettefour children February 1062 After William III's death with no descendants, the line of counts became the sovereign line in Provence, but not uncontested. In fact, through Emma, who inherited her brother William III's margravial title, her descendants, the counts of Toulouse, claimed Provence for themselves as margraves, in spite of never having ruled there. 1062–1094 William IV of Toulouse 1094–1105 Raymond IV of Toulouse 1105–1112 Bertrand of Toulouse 1119–1125 Alfonso Jordan of Toulouse William Bertrand I c.1040Son of Fulk Bertrand and Hildegard 1062–1094 Theresa of Aragonno childrenAdelaide of Cavenezone child 28 July 1094 Co-ruled as brothers and cousins. Geoffrey II c.1040Son of Fulk Bertrand and Hildegard 1062–1067 Ermengardno children 28 July 1094 William Bertrand II c.1050Son of Geoffrey I and Etienette 1063–1093 Matildaone child 28 July 1094 Gerberga 1045/65Daughter of Geoffrey I and Etienette 1094–1112 Gilbert I of Gévaudan1073two children 28 July 1094 Considered a wise ruler. She abdicated in 1112 to her eldest daughter, soon after her marriage to the count of Barcelona. House of Gévaudan Name Born Reign Consort Death Notes Douce I c.1090Daughter of Gilbert I of Gévaudan and Gerberga 1112–1127 Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona3 February 1112Arlesfive children 1127 Ruled together with her husband, the Catalan Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona. Houses of Barcelona (comital) and Toulouse (margravial) See also: House of Rouergue Division of Provence obtained by Alfonso Jordan in 1125. With a lack of interest in the Reconquista on their southern frontier, the Catalans turned towards their origins, the Mediterranean littoral and northwards. They coveted the region between the Cévennes and the Rhône, then under the control of Toulouse. In 1112, the count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III, married the heiress of Provence, Douce, who was the daughter of the Countess Gerberga of Provence, Gévaudan, Carladais, and part of Rodez. The marriage was probably taken at the urging of the church, which was then in conflict with the House of Toulouse. In 1076, Count Raymond IV was excommunicated, but he still lent his support to Aicard, the deposed archbishop of Arles (since 1080). With the count away on the First Crusade, the church took the opportunity to seize the balance of power in the region. This marriage effectively put Provence under Catalan control. To accommodate the longstanding claims of the count of Toulouse, in 1125, Raymond's heir, Alfonso Jordan, signed a treaty whereby his family's traditional claim to the title of "Margrave of Provence" was recognised and the march of Provence was defined as the region north of the lower Durance and on the right of the Rhône, including the castles of Beaucaire, Vallabrègues, and Argence. The region between the Durance, the Rhône, the Alps, and the sea was that of the county and belonged to the house of Barcelona. Avignon, Pont de Sorgues, Caumont and Le Thor remained undivided. Internally, Provence was racked by uncertainties over rights of succession. Douce and Ramon Berenguer signed all charters jointly until her death in 1127, after which he alone appears as count in all charters until his death in 1131. At that time, Douce's younger sister, Stephanie was married to Raymond of Baux, who promptly laid claim to the inheritance of her mother, even though Provence had peacefully passed into the hands of her nephew, Berenguer Ramon I. Ruler Born Reign Death Ruling part Consort Notes Ramon Berenguer I the GreatEl Gran 11 November 1082RodezSon of Ramon Berenguer IIand Mafalda of Apulia-Calabria 1112 –19 July 1131 19 July 1131Barcelonaaged 48 County of Provence María Rodríguez de Vivarbr/>1103two childrenAlmodis de Mortain1106no childrenDouce I, Countess of Provence3 February 1112Arlesseven children His last marriage with the heiress of Provence brought it under Barcelona domain. His reign saw a proliferation of Provençal culture in Catalonia. Alfonso Jordan 1103TripoliSon of Count Raymond IV of Toulouse and Elvira of Castile 1125 - 16 August 1148 16 August 1148Caesareaaged 44–45 Margraviate of Provence Faydite d'Uzèsc.1125four children Also Count of Toulouse. Obtained half of Provence by the division agreement of 1125. William III c.1080Son of Ermengol IV, Count of Urgell and Adelaide, Countess of Forcalquier 1129 –7 October 1129 7 October 1129Avignonaged 48–49 County of Forcalquier Gersende of Albonc.1080two children Came from the Urgell branch of the House of Barcelona. Inherited the neighbouring County of Forcalquier. Guigues c.1090?First son of William III of Forcalquier and Gersende of Albon 7 October 1129 –1149 1149aged 58–59 County of Forcalquier Unknownone child His child probably predeceased him, as he was succeeded by his brother. Regency of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona (1144–1157) In August 1161, he travelled to Turin with his uncle to obtain confirmation of his countship in Provence from the Emperor Frederick I, for Provence was legally a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. Ramon Berenguer II c.1135Son of Berenguer Ramon I and Beatrice of Melgueil March 1144 – March 1166 March 1166Niceaged 30–31 County of Provence Richeza of Poland17 November 1161one child Raymond I 1134TripoliSon of Alfonso Jordan and Faydite d'Uzès 16 August 1148 - December 1194 December 1194Nîmesaged 59–60 Margraviate of Provence Constance of Francec.1154(annulled 1166)five children Also Count of Toulouse as Raymond V. Bertrand I 1104Second son of William III of Forcalquier and Gersende of Albon 1149 –1151 1151aged 46–47 County of Forcalquier Josserande de la Flotte1130three children Bertrand II c.1130?First son of Bertrand I and Josserande de la Flotte 1151 –13 May 1207 13 May 1207aged 76–77 County of Forcalquier Cecilia of Bézierstwo children Left no male heirs, and was succeeded by his brother. Regency of Richeza of Poland (1166-1167) She ruled a few months, as her half brother-in-law, Alfonso II of Aragon, claimed Provence for himself on the basis of the imperial enfeoffment of 1162. Douce II c.1162Daughter of Ramon Berenguer II and Richeza of Poland March 1166 – 1167 1172Niceaged 9–10 County of Provence Unmarried Alphonse I the TroubadourEl Trobador 1-25 March 1157HuescaSon of Ramon Berenguer IV and Petronilla 1167 – 1173 25 April 1196Perpignanaged 44 County of Provence marriage agreement withMafalda of Portugal 1159-1162, not fulfilledSancha of Castile18 January 1174Zaragozaseven children Formal union of the Kingdom of Aragon and Barcelona. Alfonso also reunited various feudal dependencies. In August 1161, he travelled to Turin with his uncle obtain the confirmation of his countship in Provence from the Emperor Frederick I, for Provence was legally a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1173, he gave the county to his younger brother Ramon Berenguer. However, he kept the title until his death in 1196. PeterRamon Berenguer III c.1158Son of Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona and Petronilla of Aragon 1173–5 April 1181 5 April 1181Montpellieraged 22–23 County of Provence Unmarried Abdicated of Cerdanya to his brother Sancho. In 1173, assuming the county of Provence, changed his name to Ramon Berenguer. In 1176, he joined Sancho in conquering Nice from Genoa. He was assassinated. Sancho c.1161Son of Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona and Petronilla of Aragon 5 April 1181 – 1185 1223Montpellieraged 61–62 County of Provence Ermesinde of Rocabertí1184one childSancha Núñez de Lara1185one child Received from his brother the counties of Cerdanya and Roussillon, and in 1181, received also the County of Roussillon, in the sequence of the same brother's death. In 1184, Sancho signed a treaty of alliance with the count of Forcalquier, the count of Toulouse and the Republic of Genoa agreeing to oppose the king of Aragon's efforts to dominate Genoa and to take the city of Marseille from him. Abdicated from Provence in 1185, but ruled in Cerdanya-Roussillon until his death. Alphonse II 1180BarcelonaSon of Alfonso I and Sancha of Castile 1185 –2 February 1209 2 February 1209Palermoaged 28–29 County of Provence Garsenda, Countess of ForcalquierJuly 1193Aix-en-Provenceone child His reign was marked by his conflicts with the count of Forcalquier, to whose granddaughter he was married. Raymond II 27 October 1156Saint-Gilles, GardSon of Raymond I and Constance of France December 1194 - 1 August 1222 1 August 1222Toulouseaged 65 Margraviate of Provence Ermessende of Pelet1172no childrenBeatrice of Béziersafter 1176(annulled 1189)one childJoan of EnglandOctober 1196Rouentwo childrenA daughter of Isaac Komnenos of Cyprusc.1200(annulled 1202)no childrenEleanor of AragonJanuary 1204Perpignanno children Also Count of Toulouse as Raymond VI. Allied with the Cathars, like many of the neighbouring Languedoc states, his domains in Toulouse were challenged by the Albigensian Crusade between 1215 and 1218. William IV c.1130Second son of Bertrand I and Josserande de la Flotte 13 May 1207 –7 October 1209 7 October 1209aged 78–79 County of Forcalquier Adelaide of Béziersone child Left a daughter, Garsenda, who predeceased him; he was succeeded by his granddaughter, also named Garsenda. Garsenda c.1180Daughter of Rainou of Sabran and Garsenda of Forcalquier 7 October 1209 –1222 1242aged 60–61 County of Forcalquier(House of Sabran) Alfonso II, Count of ProvenceJuly 1193Aix-en-Provenceone child In 1222, she abdicated for her son, and Forcalquier was absorbed by Provence. Forcalquier annexed to Provence Regency of Garsenda, Countess of Forcalquier (1209–1220) Supporter of the Provençal lyric and culture and the Albigensian Crusade. He also helped his father-in-law in his conflict with Turin and Guigues VI of Viennois. His surviving four daughters all married kings, causing a dispute about his succession. Ramon Berenguer IV 1198Son of Alfonso II and Garsenda, Countess of Forcalquier February 1209 –19 August 1245 19 August 1245Aix-en-Provenceaged 46–47 County of Provence Beatrice of Savoy5 June 1219Aix-en-Provencesix children Raymond VII July 1197Beaucaire, GardSon of Raymond II and Joan of England 1 August 1222 - 27 September 1249 27 September 1249Toulouseaged 52 Margraviate of Provence Sancha of AragonMarch 1211(annulled 1241)one childMargaret of Lusignan1243(annulled 1245)no children Also Count of Toulouse as Raymond VII. Took Carcassonne with Count Roger-Bernard III of Foix, in the Albigensian Crusade. Beatrice 1229Daughter of Ramon Berenguer IV and Beatrice of Savoy 19 August 1245 –23 September 1267 23 September 1267Nocera Inferioreaged 37–38 County of Provence Charles I, King of Sicily31 January 1246Aix-en-Provenceseven children Her inheritance caused tense relations with her sisters; Her husband installed his French court in Provence and, after her death, inherited the county. Joanna c.1220ToulouseDaughter of Raymond VII and Sancha of Aragon 27 September 1249 - 25 August 1271 25 August 1271Sienaaged 50–51 Margraviate of Provence Alphonse of Francec.1237Toulouseno children The war between Louis VIII of France and Languedoc region ended with the Treaty of Meaux (1229), determining the wedding of Joan, the heiress of Toulouse, with Alphonse, prince of France. The lack of descendance of the couple determined the annexation of the County of Toulouse, the Duchy of Narbonne, and the Margraviate of Provence to the Crown of France after their deaths. Capetian Angevin dynasty 1246–1285 Charles I, Count of Anjou, Maine, Provence and Forcalquier (1246), King of Naples, Sicily (1266) and Jerusalem (1277). 1285–1309 Charles II of Naples the Lame, King of Naples and (nominal) Jerusalem and Sicily, son of Charles I 1309–1343 Robert of Naples the Wise, Duke of Calabria (1296–1309), King of Naples and (nominal) Jerusalem and Sicily (1309), son of Charles II 1343–1382 Joan I of Naples, Queen of Naples and (nominal) Jerusalem and Sicily (1343–1381) 1349–1362 Louis I of Naples, King of Naples and (nominal) Jerusalem and Sicily, as husband of Joan I of Naples Queen Joan died heirless, leaving the county to Louis I of Anjou, son of King John II of France the Good, of the House of Valois, and great-great-grandson of Charles II of Naples. Valois-Anjou dynasty 1382–1384 Louis I of Anjou, Count and then Duke of Anjou (1351), Duke of Calabria and Count of Maine (1356), Duke of Touraine (1370), nominal King of Sicily (1382) 1384–1417 Louis II of Anjou, Duke of Anjou, Calabria and Touraine, Count of Maine, nominal King of Sicily (1384), Count of Guise (1404), son of Louis I 1417–1434 Louis III of Anjou, Duke of Anjou and Touraine, nominal King of Sicily (1417), Duke of Calabria (1424), son of Louis II 1434–1480 René I of Naples the Good, Count of Guise (1417–1422), Duke of Lorraine and Bar (1431), King of Naples and (nominal) Sicily and Jerusalem (1434–1442), Duke of Anjou and Touraine (1434), King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona (in dispute, 1466–1472), son of Louis II 1480–1481 Charles III (V of Maine), also known as Charles of Maine, Count of Maine and Guise (1472), nephew of René I Upon his death, the heirless Charles du Maine bequeathed the counties of Provence-Forcalquier to King Louis XI of France. From that point forward, the title of Count of Provence simply became one of the many hereditary titles of the French monarchs. The only time the title was used independently afterwards was by the future Louis XVIII of France, who was known as the Comte de Provence until the death of his nephew Louis XVII in 1795, after which he claimed the throne of France. Governors and grand seneschals, within France Governors 1481–1483 Palamède de Forbin 1491–1493 François de Luxembourg Grand seneschals 1480–1481 Pierre de La Jaille (see Château de Ranton) 1482–1483 Raymond de Glandevès-Faucon 1483 Palamède de Forbin 1485–1493 Aymar de Poitiers, Count of Valentinois Governors – grand seneschals 1493–1503 Philip of Hachberg-Sausenberg, margrave de Hochberg 1504–1513 Louis d'Orléans, Count of Longueville 1514 Jean de Poitiers, lord of Saint-Vallier 1515–1525 René of Savoy, Count of Tende 1525–1566 Claude de Savoie, Count of Tende 1566–1572 Honorat I de Savoie, Count of Tende Grand seneschals 1572–1582 Jean V de Pontevès , Count of Carcès 1582–1610 Gaspard de Pontevès , Count of Carcès 1610–1655 Jean de Pontevès, Count of Carcès 1655–1662 François de Simiane -Gordes Governors 1572–1573 Gaspard de Saulx-Tavannes 1573–1578 Albert de Gondi, comte de Retz 1578–1579 François de La Baume, comte de Suze 1579–1586 Henri d'Angoulême, called, Henri, bâtard de Valois 1586–1590 Jean-Louis de Nogaret, duc d'Épernon 1590-1592 Bernard de Nogaret, seigneur de La Valette. 1592-1594 Jean-Louis de Nogaret, duc d'Épernon 1592–1594 Gaspard de Pontevès, comte de Carcès (the Catholic League counter appointment to the office). 1594–1631 Charles de Lorraine, duc de Guise 1631–1637 Nicolas de L'Hôpital, marquis de Vitry 1637–1653 Louis-Emmanuel de Valois, comte d'Alais 1653–1669 Louis de Bourbon-Vendôme, duc de Mercœur 1669–1712 Louis-Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme 1712–1734 Claude-Louis-Hector, duc de Villars 1734–1770 Honoré-Armand, duc de Villars 1770–1780 Camille-Louis de Lorraine 1780–1790 Charles-Just de Beauvau In 1790, the French Revolution definitively ended the governorship. See also List of consorts of Provence Sources Harding, Robert (1978). Anatomy of a Power Elite: the Provincial Governors in Early Modern France. Yale University Press. Jouanna, Arlette (1998). Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion. Bouquins. References ^ a b c d e f g "Provence §1. Geschiedenis". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002. ^ Clement, Francois. L' Art De Vérifier Les Dates Des Faits Historiques, Des Chartes, Des Chroniques, Et Autres Anciens Monumens, Depuis La Naissance De Notre-Seigneur, p. 436 (Jombert, 1784). ^ Harding 1978, p. 227. ^ Jouanna 1998, p. 378. External links GENEALOGY.EU: RULERS OF PROVENCE Titles of counts of Provence	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png"},{"link_name":"county of Forcalquier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Forcalquier"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Merovingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Carolingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian"},{"link_name":"Boso of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boso_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Lower Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Upper Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc_Provence-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc_Provence-1"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"counts of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"High Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc_Provence-1"},{"link_name":"House of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"cadet branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_branch"},{"link_name":"House of Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc_Provence-1"},{"link_name":"House of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capet-Anjou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc_Provence-1"},{"link_name":"House of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valois_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc_Provence-1"},{"link_name":"Louis XI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc_Provence-1"},{"link_name":"French royal domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_lands_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"}],"text":"Map showing the march and county Provence and the county of Forcalquier as parts of the Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles in the 12th and 13th centuries.The land of Provence has a history quite separate from that of any of the larger nations of Europe. Its independent existence has its origins in the frontier nature of the dukedom in Merovingian Gaul. In this position, influenced and affected by several different cultures on different sides, the Provençals maintained a unity which was reinforced when the region was made a separate kingdom during the Carolingian decline of the later ninth century. When Boso of Provence acquired the region in 879, it was known as Lower Burgundy until it was merged with Upper Burgundy in 933 to form the Kingdom of Arles.[1] The counts of Arles began calling themselves \"count of Provence\"; although in name vassals, they were de facto autonomous princes.[1] After 1032, the county was part of the Holy Roman Empire.In the eleventh century, Provence became disputed between the traditional line and the counts of Toulouse, who claimed the title of \"Margrave of Provence\". In the High Middle Ages, the title of Count of Provence belonged to local families of Frankish origin, from 1112 to 1245[1] to the House of Barcelona (a cadet branch of the House of Aragón[1]), from 1245 to 1382 to the House of Anjou,[1] and from 1382 to 1481 to a cadet branch of the House of Valois.[1] It was inherited by King Louis XI of France in 1481,[1] and definitively incorporated into the French royal domain by his son Charles VIII in 1487.","title":"List of rulers of Provence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merovingian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"duces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux"},{"link_name":"comites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comes"},{"link_name":"Frankish realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_realm"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Liberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberius_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Ostrogothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths"},{"link_name":"Namatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namatius_(bishop_of_Vienne)"},{"link_name":"Bodegisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodegisel"},{"link_name":"Jovin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovin_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Albin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Dinamius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamius_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Gondulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondulf_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Nicetas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicetas_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Willibad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibad_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Hector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Nemfidius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemfidius"},{"link_name":"Antenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenor_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Metrannus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrannus_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Maurontus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurontus_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Abbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbo_of_Provence"}],"text":"During the period of the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul, Provence was a province ruled by duces (dukes), military leaders and district commanders who served as defenders of the frontiers of the kingdom and ruled over vast territories as opposed to the comites (counts), who ruled the cities and their environs. Provence was usually a part of the division of the Frankish realm known as the Kingdom of Burgundy, which was treated as its own kingdom. Their title sometimes appears as rector Provinciae.This is an incomplete list of the known Merovingian-appointed dukes of Provence.Liberius (until 534), Ostrogothic appointee\nNamatius (bef. 552), Frankish appointee\nBodegisel (fl. c. 566)\nAdovarius (561–569)\nLupus (569–570)\nJovin (570–573)\nAlbin (573–575)\nDinamius (from 575)\nGondulf (fl. c. 581)\nLeudegisel (fl. c. 585), of Burgundian Provence\nNicetas (from 587)\nBabo (fl. c. 600)\nAegyla (fl. c. 602)\nBado (634–641)\nWillibad (641–643), of Burgundian Provence\nHector (fl. c. 679)\nNemfidius (fl. c. 700)\nAntenor (fl. c. 697)\nMetrannus (fl. c. 700)\nMaurontus (c. 720 – 739)\nAbbo (fl. c. 739)","title":"Merovingian dukes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolingian unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"Leibulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibulf_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Guerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerin_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Fulcrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulcrad_of_Provence"}],"text":"Provence was ruled by a poorly known series of dukes during the period of general Carolingian unity until the Treaty of Verdun (843).Leibulf (until c. 829)\nGuerin (c. 829 – 845)\nFulcrad (845 – c. 860)","title":"Carolingian dukes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolingian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"Lothair I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I"},{"link_name":"middle kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Lower Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Vienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles"},{"link_name":"Charles of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Lothair II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_II"},{"link_name":"Emperor Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Louis_II"},{"link_name":"Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Louis the Stammerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer"},{"link_name":"Ermengard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengard_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Boso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boso_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Louis the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_II_of_Upper_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Iron Crown of Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy"}],"text":"After the division of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun (843), the first of the fraternal rulers of the three kingdoms to die was Lothair I, who divided his middle kingdom in accordance with the custom of the Franks among his three sons. Out of this division came the Kingdom of Provence, given to Lothair's youngest son, Charles. A heritage of royal rule was thus inaugurated in Provence which, though it was often subsumed into one of its larger neighbouring kingdoms, was just as often proclaiming its own sovereigns.The kingdom of Provence was also known as Lower Burgundy (or Cisjurane Burgundy). Its capital was first Vienne then Arles.Charles of Provence (855–863)On his death, Provence was divided between his surviving brothers, Lothair II and the Emperor Louis II. The bulk went to Louis.\nLouis II (863–875), also Holy Roman Emperor from 855On his death, as with his Kingdom of Italy, Louis's Provence went to his uncle Charles the Bald .\nCharles the Bald (875–877), also Holy Roman Emperor from 875\nLouis the Stammerer (877–879)With the death of Louis the Stammerer, Provence refused to elect his two sons and instead elected one of their own as king. Boso married Ermengard, daughter of Louis II, to strengthen his and his son's claim.\nBoso (879–887)\nLouis the Blind (887–928), also Holy Roman Emperor from 901 to 905Louis's kingdom did not pass to his heirs, but instead to his brother-in-law, the husband of his sister, Hugh, who had acted as his regent since 905. Hugh never used the royal title in Provence.\nHugh (911–933)In 933, Provence ceased to be a separate kingdom as Hugh exchanged it with Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy for the Iron Crown of Lombardy, that is, rule of Italy.","title":"Carolingian kings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"Hugh of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"Vienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Rudolf II of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Hugh, Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh,_Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"counts of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"those of Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Rotbold I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotbold_I_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"William III, Count of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III,_Count_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Pons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons,_Count_of_Toulouse"}],"text":"In the aftermath of the death of Louis the Blind, Provence began to be ruled by local counts placed under the authority of a margrave. Firstly, Hugh of Arles served as duke and regent during Louis' long blindness. Secondly, Hugh gave the march of Vienne and duchy of Provence to Rudolf II of Burgundy in a treaty of 933. Rudolf was never recognised by the nobles of the country and appointed Hugh, Duke of Burgundy, as its first margrave.At the time, the premier counts in the region were the counts of Arles and those of Avignon. Those who would first bear the title comes Provinciae or \"count of Provence\" descended from one Rotbold of Arles. William I and Rotbold I did not divide their father's domains and this indivisibility was maintained by their respective descendants. It is thus impossible to ascertain who succeeded whom in the county as various reigns overlap.By his marriage to Emma of Provence, daughter of Rotbold II, William III, Count of Toulouse inherited lands and castles in Provence. Emma inherited the title Margrave of Provence upon her elder brother's death in 1037. Her son Pons by William III did not survive her, but her grandson did and claimed her title in opposition to the younger line of counts of Provence.","title":"Counts and margraves, within the Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosonids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonids"}],"sub_title":"Bosonid dynasty","text":"See also: Bosonids","title":"Counts and margraves, within the Empire"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Gévaudan","title":"Counts and margraves, within the Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Rouergue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Rouergue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_provence_1125.png"},{"link_name":"Reconquista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista"},{"link_name":"Catalans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_people"},{"link_name":"littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone"},{"link_name":"Cévennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_River"},{"link_name":"Ramon Berenguer III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_III,_Count_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Douce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douce_I,_Countess_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Countess Gerberga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerberga_II_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Gévaudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan"},{"link_name":"Carladais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carladais&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rodez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodez"},{"link_name":"Raymond IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_IV_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Aicard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicard,_Archbishop_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Durance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durance"},{"link_name":"Beaucaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaucaire,_Gard"},{"link_name":"Vallabrègues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabr%C3%A8gues"},{"link_name":"Argence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argence"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Pont de Sorgues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_de_Sorgues"},{"link_name":"Caumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caumont-sur-Durance"},{"link_name":"Le Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Thor"},{"link_name":"Stephanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_of_Provence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raymond of Baux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Baux"},{"link_name":"Berenguer Ramon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenguer_Ramon_I,_Count_of_Provence"}],"sub_title":"Houses of Barcelona (comital) and Toulouse (margravial)","text":"See also: House of RouergueDivision of Provence obtained by Alfonso Jordan in 1125.With a lack of interest in the Reconquista on their southern frontier, the Catalans turned towards their origins, the Mediterranean littoral and northwards. They coveted the region between the Cévennes and the Rhône, then under the control of Toulouse. In 1112, the count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III, married the heiress of Provence, Douce, who was the daughter of the Countess Gerberga of Provence, Gévaudan, Carladais, and part of Rodez. The marriage was probably taken at the urging of the church, which was then in conflict with the House of Toulouse. In 1076, Count Raymond IV was excommunicated, but he still lent his support to Aicard, the deposed archbishop of Arles (since 1080). With the count away on the First Crusade, the church took the opportunity to seize the balance of power in the region. This marriage effectively put Provence under Catalan control.To accommodate the longstanding claims of the count of Toulouse, in 1125, Raymond's heir, Alfonso Jordan, signed a treaty whereby his family's traditional claim to the title of \"Margrave of Provence\" was recognised and the march of Provence was defined as the region north of the lower Durance and on the right of the Rhône, including the castles of Beaucaire, Vallabrègues, and Argence. The region between the Durance, the Rhône, the Alps, and the sea was that of the county and belonged to the house of Barcelona. Avignon, Pont de Sorgues, Caumont and Le Thor remained undivided.Internally, Provence was racked by uncertainties over rights of succession. Douce and Ramon Berenguer signed all charters jointly until her death in 1127, after which he alone appears as count in all charters until his death in 1131. At that time, Douce's younger sister, Stephanie was married to Raymond of Baux, who promptly laid claim to the inheritance of her mother, even though Provence had peacefully passed into the hands of her nephew, Berenguer Ramon I.","title":"Counts and margraves, within the Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province_of_France)"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Robert of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Joan I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Louis I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Joan I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Louis I of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"John II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valois_Dynasty"}],"sub_title":"Capetian Angevin dynasty","text":"1246–1285 Charles I, Count of Anjou, Maine, Provence and Forcalquier (1246), King of Naples, Sicily (1266) and Jerusalem (1277).\n1285–1309 Charles II of Naples the Lame, King of Naples and (nominal) Jerusalem and Sicily, son of Charles I\n1309–1343 Robert of Naples the Wise, Duke of Calabria (1296–1309), King of Naples and (nominal) Jerusalem and Sicily (1309), son of Charles II\n1343–1382 Joan I of Naples, Queen of Naples and (nominal) Jerusalem and Sicily (1343–1381)\n1349–1362 Louis I of Naples, King of Naples and (nominal) Jerusalem and Sicily, as husband of Joan I of NaplesQueen Joan died heirless, leaving the county to Louis I of Anjou, son of King John II of France the Good, of the House of Valois, and great-great-grandson of Charles II of Naples.","title":"Counts and margraves, within the Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis I of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Touraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraine"},{"link_name":"Louis II of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Count of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Louis III of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_III_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"René I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(province)"},{"link_name":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Bar"},{"link_name":"King of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Louis XI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XVIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVII_of_France"}],"sub_title":"Valois-Anjou dynasty","text":"1382–1384 Louis I of Anjou, Count and then Duke of Anjou (1351), Duke of Calabria and Count of Maine (1356), Duke of Touraine (1370), nominal King of Sicily (1382)\n1384–1417 Louis II of Anjou, Duke of Anjou, Calabria and Touraine, Count of Maine, nominal King of Sicily (1384), Count of Guise (1404), son of Louis I\n1417–1434 Louis III of Anjou, Duke of Anjou and Touraine, nominal King of Sicily (1417), Duke of Calabria (1424), son of Louis II\n1434–1480 René I of Naples the Good, Count of Guise (1417–1422), Duke of Lorraine and Bar (1431), King of Naples and (nominal) Sicily and Jerusalem (1434–1442), Duke of Anjou and Touraine (1434), King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona (in dispute, 1466–1472), son of Louis II\n1480–1481 Charles III (V of Maine), also known as Charles of Maine, Count of Maine and Guise (1472), nephew of René IUpon his death, the heirless Charles du Maine bequeathed the counties of Provence-Forcalquier to King Louis XI of France. From that point forward, the title of Count of Provence simply became one of the many hereditary titles of the French monarchs. The only time the title was used independently afterwards was by the future Louis XVIII of France, who was known as the Comte de Provence until the death of his nephew Louis XVII in 1795, after which he claimed the throne of France.","title":"Counts and margraves, within the Empire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governors and grand seneschals, within France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palamède de Forbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palam%C3%A8de_de_Forbin"}],"sub_title":"Governors","text":"1481–1483 \tPalamède de Forbin\n1491–1493 \tFrançois de Luxembourg","title":"Governors and grand seneschals, within France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Château de Ranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ranton"},{"link_name":"Valentinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Valentinois"}],"sub_title":"Grand seneschals","text":"1480–1481 \tPierre de La Jaille (see Château de Ranton)\n1482–1483 \tRaymond de Glandevès-Faucon\n1483 \tPalamède de Forbin\n1485–1493\tAymar de Poitiers, Count of Valentinois","title":"Governors and grand seneschals, within France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip of Hachberg-Sausenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Hachberg-Sausenberg"},{"link_name":"Count of Longueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Longueville"},{"link_name":"Jean de Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Saint-Vallier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Vallier,_Dr%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"René of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Tende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tende"},{"link_name":"Claude de Savoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Savoie"},{"link_name":"Honorat I de Savoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorat_I_de_Savoie"}],"sub_title":"Governors – grand seneschals","text":"1493–1503 \tPhilip of Hachberg-Sausenberg, margrave de Hochberg\n1504–1513 \tLouis d'Orléans, Count of Longueville\n1514 \tJean de Poitiers, lord of Saint-Vallier\n1515–1525 \tRené of Savoy, Count of Tende\n1525–1566 \tClaude de Savoie, Count of Tende\n1566–1572 \tHonorat I de Savoie, Count of Tende","title":"Governors and grand seneschals, within France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean V de Pontevès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_V_de_Pontev%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_V_de_Pontev%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Gaspard de Pontevès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Pontev%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Pontev%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"François de Simiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Simiane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Simiane"},{"link_name":"Gordes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordes"}],"sub_title":"Grand seneschals","text":"1572–1582 \tJean V de Pontevès [fr], Count of Carcès\n1582–1610 \tGaspard de Pontevès [fr], Count of Carcès\n1610–1655 \tJean de Pontevès, Count of Carcès\n1655–1662 \tFrançois de Simiane [fr]-Gordes","title":"Governors and grand seneschals, within France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaspard de Saulx-Tavannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Saulx-Tavannes"},{"link_name":"Albert de Gondi, comte de Retz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_de_Gondi,_comte_de_Retz"},{"link_name":"François de La Baume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Baume"},{"link_name":"Henri d'Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis de Nogaret, duc d'Épernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Louis_de_Nogaret_de_La_Valette"},{"link_name":"Bernard de Nogaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_de_Nogaret"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1978227-3"},{"link_name":"Gaspard de Pontevès, comte de Carcès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Pontev%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(France)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouanna1998378-4"},{"link_name":"Charles de Lorraine, duc de Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Nicolas de L'Hôpital, marquis de Vitry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_L%27H%C3%B4pital"},{"link_name":"Louis-Emmanuel de Valois, comte d'Alais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Emmanuel_de_Valois,_comte_d%27Alais"},{"link_name":"Louis de Bourbon-Vendôme, duc de Mercœur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_de_Bourbon-Vend%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Louis-Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_de_Bourbon,_duc_de_Vend%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Claude-Louis-Hector, duc de Villars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Louis_Hector_de_Villars"},{"link_name":"Honoré-Armand, duc de Villars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9-Armand_de_Villars"},{"link_name":"Camille-Louis de Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille-Louis_de_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Charles-Just de Beauvau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Just_de_Beauvau"}],"sub_title":"Governors","text":"1572–1573 \tGaspard de Saulx-Tavannes\n1573–1578 \tAlbert de Gondi, comte de Retz\n1578–1579 \tFrançois de La Baume, comte de Suze\n1579–1586 \tHenri d'Angoulême, called, Henri, bâtard de Valois\n1586–1590 \tJean-Louis de Nogaret, duc d'Épernon\n1590-1592 Bernard de Nogaret, seigneur de La Valette.[3]\n1592-1594 Jean-Louis de Nogaret, duc d'Épernon\n1592–1594 \tGaspard de Pontevès, comte de Carcès (the Catholic League counter appointment to the office).[4]\n1594–1631 \tCharles de Lorraine, duc de Guise\n1631–1637 \tNicolas de L'Hôpital, marquis de Vitry\n1637–1653 \tLouis-Emmanuel de Valois, comte d'Alais\n1653–1669 \tLouis de Bourbon-Vendôme, duc de Mercœur\n1669–1712 \tLouis-Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme\n1712–1734 \tClaude-Louis-Hector, duc de Villars\n1734–1770 \tHonoré-Armand, duc de Villars\n1770–1780 \tCamille-Louis de Lorraine\n1780–1790 \tCharles-Just de BeauvauIn 1790, the French Revolution definitively ended the governorship.","title":"Governors and grand seneschals, within France"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Harding, Robert (1978). Anatomy of a Power Elite: the Provincial Governors in Early Modern France. Yale University Press.\nJouanna, Arlette (1998). Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion. Bouquins.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Map showing the march and county Provence and the county of Forcalquier as parts of the Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles in the 12th and 13th centuries.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png/220px-Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png"},{"image_text":"Division of Provence obtained by Alfonso Jordan in 1125.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carte_provence_1125.png/220px-Carte_provence_1125.png"}]	[{"title":"List of consorts of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_Provence"}]	[{"reference":"Harding, Robert (1978). Anatomy of a Power Elite: the Provincial Governors in Early Modern France. Yale University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jouanna, Arlette (1998). Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion. Bouquins.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Provence §1. Geschiedenis\". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+rulers+of+Provence%22","external_links_name":"\"List of rulers of Provence\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+rulers+of+Provence%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+rulers+of+Provence%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+rulers+of+Provence%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+rulers+of+Provence%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+rulers+of+Provence%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1YJEAAAAcAAJ&dq=gilbert+gerburge+provence&pg=PA436","external_links_name":"L' Art De Vérifier Les Dates Des Faits Historiques, Des Chartes, Des Chroniques, Et Autres Anciens Monumens, Depuis La Naissance De Notre-Seigneur"},{"Link":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/pan/provence.html","external_links_name":"GENEALOGY.EU: RULERS OF PROVENCE"},{"Link":"http://eurulers.altervista.org/provence.html","external_links_name":"Titles of counts of Provence"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya_Aatreya	Acharya Aatreya	["1 Life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Partial filmography","5 References","6 External links"]	Indian poet, lyricist, playwright, and screenwriter AatreyaBornKilambi Venkata Narasimhacharyulu(1921-05-07)7 May 1921Utchuru, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Andhra Pradesh, India)Died13 September 1989(1989-09-13) (aged 68)Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaPen nameAcharya AatreyaOccupationLyricistplaywrightscreenwriterNotable awardsNandi Award for Best LyricistHonorary DoctorateSpouse Padmavathi (m. 1940) Acharya Aatreya (born Kilambi Venkata Narasimhacharyulu pronunciationⓘ) (7 May 1921 – 13 September 1989) was an Indian poet, lyricist, playwright, and screenwriter known for his works in Telugu cinema and Telugu theatre. He received the state Nandi Award for Best Lyricist in 1981 for "Andamaina Lokamani" from the film Tholikoodi Koosindi. He is popularly known as Manasu Kavi (transl. Poet of the Heart). Life Athreya was born on 7 May 1921 in Mangalampadu village near Sullurpeta, Nellore district of the Madras Presidency of British India. His birthname was Kilambi Venkata Narasimhacharyulu. He took Acharya from his birth name and Aatreya his Gotra name, combined them as Acharya Aatreya and adopted it as his pen name. As a student in Nellore and Chittoor he wrote several plays. He abandoned his studies to participate in Quit India Movement and was jailed. After being released from jail, he had worked as a clerk in a settlement office and worked as an assistant editor of the journal Zamin Raithu which is based out of Nellore. Athreya married Padmavathi in 1940. Career Athreya continued his pursuit for social reform, transformation and universal peace, with his 10 Natakams and 15 Natikas, which include Bhayam (transl. Fear), Viswa Shanti (transl. Universal Peace), Kappalu (transl. Frogs), Goutama Buddha, Ashoka Samrat, Parivartanam, Edureeta and Tirupati. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate Degree by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University of Hyderabad, for his contributions to Telugu literature. Athreya made his film debut in 1951. He went on to write over 1400 film songs. In 1989, he published a compilation of his works titled Naa Paata Nee Nota Palakali (transl. You would sing my song). Death Athreya died on 13 September 1989. Partial filmography Year Film Songs 1951 Deeksha "Pora Babu Po" 1955 Ardhangi "Raka Raka Vacchavu Chandamama" 1957 Todi Kodallu "Kaarulo Shikarukelle" "Aadutu Paadutu Panichestunte" 1958 Mundadugu "Kodekaru Chinnavada – Vadiponi Vannekada" 1960 Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam "Seshasailavasa Srivenkatesa" 1962 Manchi Manasulu "Silalapai Silpaalu Chekkinaru" 1963 Mooga Manasulu "Muddabanti Poovulo" 1964 Doctor Chakravarti "Neevuleka Veena Palukalenannadi" 1964 Gudi Gantalu "Evarikivaarau Svardhamlo" 1964 Murali Krishna "Nee Sukhame Ne Korutunna" 1965 Antastulu "Tella Cheera Kattukunnadi Evari Kosamu" 1965 Preminchi Choodu "Adi Oka Idile Ataniki Tagule" 1965 Sumangali "Kanulu Kanulato Kalabadite" 1965 Tene Manasulu "Nee Eduta Nenu Vareduta Neevu" 1967 Private Master 1968 Brahmachari "Ee totalo Virabuseno Ee puvvu" 1969 Natakala Rayudu 1970 Akka Chellelu "Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda" 1971 Mattilo Manikyam "Naa Maate Nee Maatai Chadavali" 1971 Prem Nagar "Theta Theta Telugula Tellavari Velugula""Manasu Gati Inte Manishi Bratukinte" 1972 Badi Pantulu "Bharata Mataku Jejelu" 1972 Papam Pasivadu "Amma Choodali Ninnu Naannani Choodali" 1973 Bhakta Tukaram "Unnavaa Asalunnavaa Unte Kallu Moosukunnavaa" 1975 Babu 1976 Antuleni Katha "Kallalo Unnadedo Kannulake Telusu" 1976 Jyoti "Sirimalle Poovalle Navvu Chinnari Papalle Navvu" 1978 Maro Charitra "Vidhi Cheyu Vinthalanni MatilEni Chetalenani" 1979 Andamaina Anubhavam "Kurralloy Kurrallu Verrekki Vunnollu" 1979 Guppedu Manasu "Mauname Nee Bhasha O Mooga Manasa" 1979 Idi Katha Kaadu "Sarigamalu Galagalalu" 1980 Tholi KodiKoosindi "Andamaina Lokamani" 1981 Aakali Rajyam "Saapatu Etu Ledhu Paataina Padu Brother" 1983 Abhilasha "Velapala Ledu Kurrallataku" 1983 Kokilamma "Kommameeda Kokilamma Kuhu Annadi" "Pallavinchava Naa Gontulo Pallavi kaava Naa Paatalo" 1985 Swati Mutyam "Chinnaari Ponnaari Kittayyaa" 1987 Abhinandana "Prema Enta Madhuram Priyuralu Antha Katinam" "Prema Ledani Premincha Raadhani" "Eduta Neeve Edalona Neeve" 1989 Prema "Priyatama naa Hrudayama" References ^ Subrahmanyam, Velcheti (31 May 2012). "Aatreya remembered". The Hindu. ^ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (10 July 2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 9781135943189 – via Google Books. ^ "Telugu cinema Article - Manasu Kavi Acharya Atreya by Jyothi V Nallamothu". ^ a b c d Paidipala (13 September 2014). "ఆచార్య ఆత్రేయ 25వ వర్ధంతి". Sakshi (in Telugu). Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2021. ^ a b "ఆ కోరిక తీరకముందే కన్ను మూసిన ఆత్రేయ!". Sakshi (in Telugu). 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021. ^ పైడిపాల, డాక్టర్‌ (7 May 2021). "ఆ కోరిక తీరకముందే కన్ను మూసిన ఆత్రేయ!". Sakshi (in Telugu). Retrieved 5 August 2022. ^ Ashish, Rajadhyaksha (1998). Enclopedia of Indian Cinema (Second ed.). BIF Publishers. p. 46. ISBN 1579581463. ^ a b "5 Manasukavi Athreya" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-09. Athreya ^ Athreya, Acharya. Antyarpana (Natika) (in Telugu). Vishalandra Prachuranalayam. External links Acharya Aatreya at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Aathreya.ogg/Aathreya.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aathreya.ogg"},{"link_name":"Telugu cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"Telugu theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nandi Award for Best Lyricist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Lyricist"},{"link_name":"Tholikoodi Koosindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholi_Kodi_Koosindi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Acharya Aatreya (born Kilambi Venkata Narasimhacharyulu pronunciationⓘ) (7 May 1921 – 13 September 1989) was an Indian poet, lyricist, playwright, and screenwriter known for his works in Telugu cinema and Telugu theatre.[1] He received the state Nandi Award for Best Lyricist in 1981 for \"Andamaina Lokamani\" from the film Tholikoodi Koosindi.[2][3] He is popularly known as Manasu Kavi (transl. Poet of the Heart).[4]","title":"Acharya Aatreya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mangalampadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalampadu"},{"link_name":"Sullurpeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullurpeta"},{"link_name":"Nellore district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellore_district"},{"link_name":"Madras Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Gotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotra"},{"link_name":"pen name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Quit India Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ashish-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Athreya was born on 7 May 1921 in Mangalampadu village near Sullurpeta, Nellore district of the Madras Presidency of British India.[5] His birthname was Kilambi Venkata Narasimhacharyulu.[4] He took Acharya from his birth name and Aatreya his Gotra name, combined them as Acharya Aatreya and adopted it as his pen name.[6]As a student in Nellore and Chittoor he wrote several plays. He abandoned his studies to participate in Quit India Movement and was jailed. After being released from jail, he had worked as a clerk in a settlement office and worked as an assistant editor of the journal Zamin Raithu which is based out of Nellore.[7]Athreya married Padmavathi in 1940.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._B.R._Ambedkar_Open_University"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Athreya continued his pursuit for social reform, transformation and universal peace, with his 10 Natakams [plays] and 15 Natikas,[8][9] which include Bhayam (transl. Fear), Viswa Shanti (transl. Universal Peace), Kappalu (transl. Frogs), Goutama Buddha, Ashoka Samrat, Parivartanam, Edureeta and Tirupati. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate Degree by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University of Hyderabad, for his contributions to Telugu literature.[8]Athreya made his film debut in 1951. He went on to write over 1400 film songs. In 1989, he published a compilation of his works titled Naa Paata Nee Nota Palakali (transl. You would sing my song).[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Athreya died on 13 September 1989.[4]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Partial filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Subrahmanyam, Velcheti (31 May 2012). \"Aatreya remembered\". 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Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/acharya-atreya-25th-death-anniversary-166168","url_text":"\"ఆచార్య ఆత్రేయ 25వ వర్ధంతి\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140913123824/http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/acharya-atreya-25th-death-anniversary-166168","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ఆ కోరిక తీరకముందే కన్ను మూసిన ఆత్రేయ!\". Sakshi (in Telugu). 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/atreya-100-birth-anniversary-special-story-1362085","url_text":"\"ఆ కోరిక తీరకముందే కన్ను మూసిన ఆత్రేయ!\""}]},{"reference":"పైడిపాల, డాక్టర్‌ (7 May 2021). \"ఆ కోరిక తీరకముందే కన్ను మూసిన ఆత్రేయ!\". Sakshi (in Telugu). Retrieved 5 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/atreya-100-birth-anniversary-special-story-1362085","url_text":"\"ఆ కోరిక తీరకముందే కన్ను మూసిన ఆత్రేయ!\""}]},{"reference":"Ashish, Rajadhyaksha (1998). Enclopedia of Indian Cinema (Second ed.). BIF Publishers. p. 46. ISBN 1579581463.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579581463","url_text":"1579581463"}]},{"reference":"\"5 Manasukavi Athreya\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090410003455/http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/10/Telugu/Prose/5%20Manasukavi%20Athreya.pdf","url_text":"\"5 Manasukavi Athreya\""},{"url":"http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/10/Telugu/Prose/5%20Manasukavi%20Athreya.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Athreya, Acharya. Antyarpana (Natika) (in Telugu). Vishalandra Prachuranalayam.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/antyarpananatika018042mbp","url_text":"Antyarpana (Natika)"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/aatreya-remembered/article3472839.ece","external_links_name":"\"Aatreya remembered\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=kilambi%20sangeet%20natak&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema"},{"Link":"http://idlebrain.com/celeb/kalasevak/athreya.html","external_links_name":"\"Telugu cinema Article - Manasu Kavi Acharya Atreya by Jyothi V Nallamothu\""},{"Link":"https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/acharya-atreya-25th-death-anniversary-166168","external_links_name":"\"ఆచార్య ఆత్రేయ 25వ వర్ధంతి\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140913123824/http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/acharya-atreya-25th-death-anniversary-166168","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/atreya-100-birth-anniversary-special-story-1362085","external_links_name":"\"ఆ కోరిక తీరకముందే కన్ను మూసిన ఆత్రేయ!\""},{"Link":"https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/atreya-100-birth-anniversary-special-story-1362085","external_links_name":"\"ఆ కోరిక తీరకముందే కన్ను మూసిన ఆత్రేయ!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090410003455/http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/10/Telugu/Prose/5%20Manasukavi%20Athreya.pdf","external_links_name":"\"5 Manasukavi Athreya\""},{"Link":"http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/10/Telugu/Prose/5%20Manasukavi%20Athreya.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/antyarpananatika018042mbp","external_links_name":"Antyarpana (Natika)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0040490/","external_links_name":"Acharya Aatreya"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1718202/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/40805888","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcyBf9ybmcFjXVVPMtrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1259377717","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85103844","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d9f66b29-3aca-413c-8f09-ecd551a899b1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Pereira	José Clemente Pereira	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 French invasion of Portugal","1.3 In Brazil","1.4 Role in the independence of Brazil","2 Political offices","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Bibliography"]	Brazilian politician (1787–1854) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "José Clemente Pereira" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) José Clemente PereiraMinister of JusticeIn office18 June 1828 – 25 September 1828Preceded byLúcio Soares de GouveiaSucceeded byJosé Bernardino de Almeida Personal detailsBorn(1787-02-12)12 February 1787Ade, Castelo Mendo, Portugal, Kingdom of PortugalDied10 March 1854(1854-03-10) (aged 67)Rio de Janeiro, Empire of BrazilOccupationPolitician; magistrate José Clemente Pereira, known as José Pequeno (José, the short) (12 February 1787 – 10 March 1854), was a Portuguese-born Brazilian magistrate and politician who fought in the Peninsular War and of high relevance to the Empire of Brazil, in addition to having been an active member in the Masonic Order. Biography Early life The son of José Gonçalves and Maria Pereira, Clemente was born on 12 February 1787 in Ade, . His parents trusted his literary education on his uncle, a priest who qualified him to enroll at the University of Coimbra, where Clemente obtained a degree in Law and Canon law. After graduation, he enlisted in the so-called "Academic Battalion" to fight the French in Portugal, where he rose through the ranks to serve in the Anglo-Portuguese Army that faced the French in Spain, under the leadership of the Duke of Wellington. French invasion of Portugal At the time of the French invasions of Portugal, Clemente enlisted in the Academic Battalion that was organized in the country and which was commanded by José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva. In the army, he was elevated to the rank of captain and commander of one of the guerrillas that did the most damage to the invading French forces. From Portugal, he began to attack the French in Spain, forming part of the Anglo-Portuguese Army that helped in the fall of the First French Empire, forcing the French to evacuate the Iberian Peninsula. Clemente remained in the Portuguese army for a long time, from where he saw the abdication of Napoleon as a result of the Treaty of Fontainebleau. The resulting peace meant that his work as a soldier was no longer necessary, he then left Europe in 1815 and went to Brazil to start a new career. In Brazil Unknown in Brazil, he was forced to work as a lawyer for a living, and so he remained until 1819, when he was nomitated juiz de fora and tasked with founding the village of Praia Grande (present-day Niterói). On 26 February 1821 he received news that the people were gathering to swear in the Portuguese constitution. The Municipal Chamber of Maricá, where Clemente was, swore the constitution and ordered public celebrations. He held the offices of General Deputy, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Justice, Minister of War, Councilor of State, Minister of Finance and Senator of the Empire of Brazil from 1842 to 1854. He was provider of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia and his widow was awarded the title of Countess of Piedade. Clemente was senator for the province of Pará, State councilor, belonged to the Emperor's Council. He was also a member of the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute, the Auxiliary Society of National Industry, the Society Amateur of Instruction and of the Dramatic Conservatory. He was President of the House Senate. He came to Brazil, where he began his political career, being Minister of Justice and, twice, Minister of War. In 1828, the Emperor offered him the Ministry of the Empire, and, for just two days, he held the Treasury, where he created the Commercial Code of the Empire of Brazil. Role in the independence of Brazil Main article: Independence of Brazil José Clemente Pereira led the popular demonstrations of the so-called Dia do Fico, when then prince regent Pedro was convinced to disobey orders from the Portuguese cortes to leave Brazil. On 30 May 1821 Clemente served as juiz de fora in the court. At this time he was elected president of the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro, from which he received, signed by his colleagues, a document in which they expressed admiration and recognition for his opposition to the Portuguese officers on June 5, who, armed in the Largo do Rocio, wanted to swear the Portuguese Constitution and force prince Pedro to obey orders from general Jorge de Avilez. He was elected to the Chamber Senate and allied with Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo in the campaigns for independence, being threatened and persecuted. He actively advised prince regent Pedro and thus prevented him from swearing in the Constitution drawn up by the Cortes of Portugal. The freemasons, led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo and José Clemente Pereira, moved to dissuade prince Pedro from complying with the orders of the Portuguese cortes, which requested his return to Europe in 1821. Although initially inclined to respect the directives of the cortes, the prince regent was convinced by Gonçalves Ledo and José Clemente, who managed to get representatives from Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Bahia to adhere to the request that he not leave Brazil, leading to the Dia do Fico on 9 January 1822. On May 13, the Freemasonry granted prince Pedro the title of "Perpetual Protector and Defender of the United Kingdom of Brazil", which the prince partially declined, accepting only that of "Perpetual Defender". Clemente led the great popular demonstration of the Dia do Fico, which called for the prince regent to remain in Brazil. The text of the declaration calling for Pedro's permanence in Brazil, the so-called Petição do Fico, was written by friar Francisco de Sampaio and delivered by José Clemente Pereira to the prince regent of Brazil, Pedro. The Independence of Brazil was promulgated on 12 October 1822 (the declaration of independence took place on 7 September 1822). After being proclaimed emperor, Pedro I decided to remove those who asked for a more democratic monarchy. Among them was José Clemente Pereira, who was accused of being an anarchist and demagogue. After a quick trial, Clemente was exiled, the same fate as Gonçalves Ledo. In 1824, after two years of exile, he returned to Rio de Janeiro. Political offices José Clemente was elected Intendant General and later Deputy to the General Assembly for Minas Gerais, São Paulo and four times for Rio de Janeiro. He was a Senator for Alagoas (once), Rio de Janeiro (twice) and Pará (once). He was named commander of the army. He held several important public positions during the Reign of the same Emperor who had exiled him: Minister of the Empire, at the same time of Finance, Justice, Foreigners and War. As Minister of the Empire, he endorsed some of the first laws of political organization in Brazil, such as the law creating the Supreme Court of Justice. He served as General Deputy from 1826 to 1829; 1830 to 1833; 1838 to 1841 and Senator from 1842 to 1854. He was also Minister of War and Navy during the reign of emperor Pedro II and Councilor of State. José Clemente renovated the Post Office and opened the first annual painting exhibition, hosted at the National Academy of Fine Arts. When he was Minister of War, he carried out several movements that consolidated the land forces. In his term as Minister of Justice, he sanctioned the Criminal Code of 1830 and the Commercial Code of 1850. In addition, he founded the National Hospice for the Insane, which was completed in 1852. In Rio de Janeiro, he took measures mainly focused on infrastructure, such as the plumbing of the waters of Lagoinha and Paineiras, the construction of fountains in Laranjeiras, Cosme Velho and São Cristovão, in addition to several improvements in the neighborhoods of Catete and Maracanã. References Citations ^ a b "José Clemente Pereira". ^ a b c d Sisson 1999, p. 41. ^ "José Clemente Pereira". Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro. Retrieved 13 March 2022. ^ a b c d Sisson 1999, p. 42. Bibliography Sisson, Sebastien Auguste (1999). "Galeria dos brasileiros ilustres" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brasilia: Senado Federal.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-birthday-1"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Empire of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Masonic Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_Order"}],"text":"José Clemente Pereira, known as José Pequeno (José, the short) (12 February 1787[1] – 10 March 1854), was a Portuguese-born Brazilian magistrate and politician who fought in the Peninsular War and of high relevance to the Empire of Brazil, in addition to having been an active member in the Masonic Order.","title":"José Clemente Pereira"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-birthday-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson199941-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson199941-2"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson199941-2"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"The son of José Gonçalves and Maria Pereira, Clemente was born on 12 February 1787[1] in Ade, [Castelo Mendo, Portugal].[2][3]His parents trusted his literary education on his uncle, a priest who qualified him to enroll at the University of Coimbra, where Clemente obtained a degree in Law and Canon law.[2]After graduation, he enlisted in the so-called \"Academic Battalion\" to fight the French in Portugal, where he rose through the ranks to serve in the Anglo-Portuguese Army that faced the French in Spain, under the leadership of the Duke of Wellington.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French invasions of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)"},{"link_name":"José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada_e_Silva"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson199941-2"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson199942-4"}],"sub_title":"French invasion of Portugal","text":"At the time of the French invasions of Portugal, Clemente enlisted in the Academic Battalion that was organized in the country and which was commanded by José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva. In the army, he was elevated to the rank of captain and commander of one of the guerrillas that did the most damage to the invading French forces. From Portugal, he began to attack the French in Spain, forming part of the Anglo-Portuguese Army that helped in the fall of the First French Empire, forcing the French to evacuate the Iberian Peninsula.[2]Clemente remained in the Portuguese army for a long time, from where he saw the abdication of Napoleon as a result of the Treaty of Fontainebleau. The resulting peace meant that his work as a soldier was no longer necessary, he then left Europe in 1815 and went to Brazil to start a new career.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"juiz de fora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juiz_de_fora_(office)"},{"link_name":"Niterói","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niter%C3%B3i"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson199942-4"},{"link_name":"Maricá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maric%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson199942-4"},{"link_name":"Santa Casa de Misericórdia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Casa_de_Miseric%C3%B3rdia"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Historic_and_Geographic_Institute"}],"sub_title":"In Brazil","text":"Unknown in Brazil, he was forced to work as a lawyer for a living, and so he remained until 1819, when he was nomitated juiz de fora and tasked with founding the village of Praia Grande (present-day Niterói).[4]On 26 February 1821 he received news that the people were gathering to swear in the Portuguese constitution. The Municipal Chamber of Maricá, where Clemente was, swore the constitution and ordered public celebrations.[4]He held the offices of General Deputy, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Justice, Minister of War, Councilor of State, Minister of Finance and Senator of the Empire of Brazil from 1842 to 1854. He was provider of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia and his widow was awarded the title of Countess of Piedade.Clemente was senator for the province of Pará, State councilor, belonged to the Emperor's Council. He was also a member of the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute, the Auxiliary Society of National Industry, the Society Amateur of Instruction and of the Dramatic Conservatory.He was President of the House Senate. He came to Brazil, where he began his political career, being Minister of Justice and, twice, Minister of War. In 1828, the Emperor offered him the Ministry of the Empire, and, for just two days, he held the Treasury, where he created the Commercial Code of the Empire of Brazil.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dia do Fico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_do_Fico"},{"link_name":"Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Jorge de Avilez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_de_Avilez_Zuzarte_de_Sousa_Tavares"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson199942-4"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Gon%C3%A7alves_Ledo"},{"link_name":"demagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagogue"}],"sub_title":"Role in the independence of Brazil","text":"José Clemente Pereira led the popular demonstrations of the so-called Dia do Fico, when then prince regent Pedro was convinced to disobey orders from the Portuguese cortes to leave Brazil.On 30 May 1821 Clemente served as juiz de fora in the court. At this time he was elected president of the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro, from which he received, signed by his colleagues, a document in which they expressed admiration and recognition for his opposition to the Portuguese officers on June 5, who, armed in the Largo do Rocio, wanted to swear the Portuguese Constitution and force prince Pedro to obey orders from general Jorge de Avilez.[4]He was elected to the Chamber Senate and allied with Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo in the campaigns for independence, being threatened and persecuted. He actively advised prince regent Pedro and thus prevented him from swearing in the Constitution drawn up by the Cortes of Portugal.The freemasons, led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo and José Clemente Pereira, moved to dissuade prince Pedro from complying with the orders of the Portuguese cortes, which requested his return to Europe in 1821. Although initially inclined to respect the directives of the cortes, the prince regent was convinced by Gonçalves Ledo and José Clemente, who managed to get representatives from Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Bahia to adhere to the request that he not leave Brazil, leading to the Dia do Fico on 9 January 1822. On May 13, the Freemasonry granted prince Pedro the title of \"Perpetual Protector and Defender of the United Kingdom of Brazil\", which the prince partially declined, accepting only that of \"Perpetual Defender\".Clemente led the great popular demonstration of the Dia do Fico, which called for the prince regent to remain in Brazil. The text of the declaration calling for Pedro's permanence in Brazil, the so-called Petição do Fico, was written by friar Francisco de Sampaio and delivered by José Clemente Pereira to the prince regent of Brazil, Pedro.The Independence of Brazil was promulgated on 12 October 1822 (the declaration of independence took place on 7 September 1822). After being proclaimed emperor, Pedro I decided to remove those who asked for a more democratic monarchy. Among them was José Clemente Pereira, who was accused of being an anarchist and demagogue. After a quick trial, Clemente was exiled, the same fate as Gonçalves Ledo. In 1824, after two years of exile, he returned to Rio de Janeiro.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedro II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Laranjeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laranjeiras"},{"link_name":"Cosme Velho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosme_Velho"},{"link_name":"São Cristovão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Catete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catete,_Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Maracanã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3,_Rio_de_Janeiro"}],"text":"José Clemente was elected Intendant General and later Deputy to the General Assembly for Minas Gerais, São Paulo and four times for Rio de Janeiro. He was a Senator for Alagoas (once), Rio de Janeiro (twice) and Pará (once). He was named commander of the army. He held several important public positions during the Reign of the same Emperor who had exiled him: Minister of the Empire, at the same time of Finance, Justice, Foreigners and War.As Minister of the Empire, he endorsed some of the first laws of political organization in Brazil, such as the law creating the Supreme Court of Justice.He served as General Deputy from 1826 to 1829; 1830 to 1833; 1838 to 1841 and Senator from 1842 to 1854.He was also Minister of War and Navy during the reign of emperor Pedro II and Councilor of State.José Clemente renovated the Post Office and opened the first annual painting exhibition, hosted at the National Academy of Fine Arts. When he was Minister of War, he carried out several movements that consolidated the land forces. In his term as Minister of Justice, he sanctioned the Criminal Code of 1830 and the Commercial Code of 1850. In addition, he founded the National Hospice for the Insane, which was completed in 1852.In Rio de Janeiro, he took measures mainly focused on infrastructure, such as the plumbing of the waters of Lagoinha and Paineiras, the construction of fountains in Laranjeiras, Cosme Velho and São Cristovão, in addition to several improvements in the neighborhoods of Catete and Maracanã.","title":"Political offices"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"José Clemente Pereira\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccms.saude.gov.br/hospicio/text/bio-pereira.php","url_text":"\"José Clemente Pereira\""}]},{"reference":"\"José Clemente Pereira\". Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro. Retrieved 13 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ihgb.org.br/perfil/userprofile/josecpereira.html","url_text":"\"José Clemente Pereira\""}]},{"reference":"Sisson, Sebastien Auguste (1999). \"Galeria dos brasileiros ilustres\" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_%27Abd_al-Barr	Ibn 'Abd al-Barr	["1 Biography","2 Works","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Andalusian traditionalist Maliki scholar (978–1071) Yūsuf ibn 'Abd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Barr al-Namarīيُوسُف بن عبد الله بن مُحمَّد بن عبد البر النمريPersonalBorn978 CE / 368 AHCórdoba , Caliphate of CórdobaDied1071 CE / 463 AHXàtiva, Kingdom of DéniaReligionIslamEraMedieval eraRegionAl-AndalusDenominationSunniJurisprudenceMalikiCreedAthariMain interest(s)Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic theology, HadithMuslim leader Influenced by Malik ibn Anas Influenced Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Yūsuf ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Abū ʿUmar al-Namarī al-Andalusī al-Qurṭubī al-Mālikī, commonly known as Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr (Arabic: ابن عبد البر) was an eleventh-century Maliki scholar and Athari theologian who served as the Qadi of Lisbon. He died in December 2, 1071(1071-12-02) (aged 93). Biography Ibn 'Abd al-Barr was born in 978 and died in 1071 in Xàtiva in Al-Andalus. According to Ibn Khallikan, Ibn Abd al-Barr sprung from the Arabian tribe of Namr ibn Qasit. While initially having been an adherent of the Zahirite school of Muslim jurisprudence, Ibn Abd al-Barr later switched to the Maliki school, which was the officially recognized legal code of the Umayyad dynasty, under which he lived. His book on the three great Sunni jurists Malik ibn Anas, Al-Shafi'i and Abu Hanifa noticeably excluded both his former patron Dawud al-Zahiri and Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Ibn 'Abd al-Barr was a strong opponent of the practice of Taqlid (blind-imitation) and represented the traditionalist strand of the Maliki school. He is often referred to as the "Bukhari of the West." A custodian of the royal libraries the Umayyad Caliphate in Cordobo patronized, he taught in the Grand Mosque of Cordoba and its attached colleges. Works Some of his works include: The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Prophet's Companions Arabic: الإستيعاب في معرفة الأصحاب, romanized: Al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-ashab‎. In it, the author intended to list every person who met Muhammad even once in their life; Jami' Bayan al-'Ilm wa Fadlihi. Al-Ajwiba al-Mû`iba ("The Comprehensive Answers"); Al-`Aql wal-`Uqalâ' ("Reason and the People of Wisdom"); Ash`âr Abî al-`Atâhiya ("The Poems of Abû al-`Atahiya"); Al-Bayân fî Tilâwat al-Qur'an ("The Exposition Concerning the Recitation of the Qur'ân"); Al-Farâ'id ("The Laws of Inheritance"); Al-Iktifâ' fî Qirâ'at Nâfi`in wa Abî `Amrin ("The Contentment in Nâfi` and Abû `Amr's Reading"); Al-Inbâh `an Qabâ'il al-Ruwâh ("Drawing Attention to the Nomenclature of the Narrators' Tribes"); Al-Insâf fî Asmâ' Allâh ("The Book of Fidelity: On the Names of Allâh"); Al-Intiqâ' fî Fadâ'il al-Thalâthat al-A'immat al-Fuqahâ' Mâlik wal-Shâfi`î wa Abî Hanîfa ("The Hand-Picked Excellent Merits of the Three Great Jurisprudent Imâms: Mâlik, Shâfi`î, and Abû Hanîfa"). Shaykh `Abd al-Fattâh Abû Ghudda said the order in the title reflects the precedence of Madîna over Makka and that of Makka over al-Kûfa. Al-Istidhkâr li Madhhab `Ulamâ' al-Amsâr fîmâ Tadammanahu al-Muwatta' min Ma`ânî al-Ra'î wal-Athâr ("The Memorization of the Doctrine of the Scholars of the World Concerning the Juridical Opinions and the Narrations Found in Mâlik's Muwatta'"); Jâmi` Bayân al-`Ilmi wa-Fadlihi wamâ Yanbaghî fî Riwâyatihi wa Hamlih ("Compendium Exposing the Nature of Knowledge and Its Immense Merit, and What is Required in the Process of Narrating it and Conveying it"); Al-Kâfî fî Madhhab Mâlik ("The Sufficiency in Mâlik's School of Jurisprudence"); Al-Kunâ ("The Patronyms"); Al-Maghâzî ("The Battles"); Al-Qasd wal-Umam fî Nasab al-`Arab wal-`Ajam ("The Endeavors and the Nations: Genealogies of the Arabs and Non-Arabs"); Al-Shawâhid fî Ithbât Khabar al-Wâhid ("The Supporting Evidence for Maintaining Lone-Narrator Reports "); Al-Tamhîd limâ fîl-Muwatta' min al-Ma`ânî wal-Asânîd ("The Facilitation to the Meanings and Chains of Transmission Found in Mâlik's Muwatta'"); Al-Taqassî fî Ikhtisâr al-Muwatta' ("The Detailed Study in the Abridgment of the Muwatta'"); See also Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article: ibn Abd-al-Barr Islamic scholars References ^ a b Fierro, Maribel (2005). "Proto-Malikis, Malikis and Reformed Malikis in Al-Andalus". In Peri Bearman; Rudolph Peters; Frank E. Vogel (eds.). The Islamic School of Law: Evolution, Devolution and Progress. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 9780674017849. The "Traditionalization" of the Andalusi Maliki school was mainly achieved by Abu 'Umar 'b 'Abd al-Barr (d. 463/1071)... ^ G. Chejne, Anwar (1969). The Arabic Language: Its Role in History. University of Minnesota Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781452912233. There were also scholars such as... the traditionalist Yūsuf ibn 'Abd al-Barr (died 1071). ^ a b Makdisi, George (1997). Ibn ʻAqil: Religion and Culture in Classical Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-7486-0960-1. Another group of traditionalists, Salafiyya, like... Ibn 'Abd al-Barr (d. 63/1071), affirm the acts of God.. ^ G. Chejne, Anwar (1969). The Arabic Language: Its Role in History. University of Minnesota Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781452912233. There were also scholars such as... the traditionalist Yūsuf ibn 'Abd al-Barr (died 1071). ^ Mustafa, Abdul-Rahman (2020). On Taqlīd: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-19-993751-6. ^ a b Jesus' Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature ^ Muslim American Society Archived 2008-10-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ Abu-AlAbbas, Belal; Dann, Michael; Melchert, Christopher, eds. (2020). Modern Hadith Studies: Continuing Debates and New Approaches. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4744 4179-7. ^ Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. p. 49. ISBN 978-1780744209. ^ a b Lewis, B.; Ménage, V.L.; Pellat, CH.; Schacht, J., eds. (1986). The Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition Volume III. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill. p. 674. ISBN 90-04-08118-6. ^ Al-Imam Al-Azam Abu Hanifa ^ "TheSunnipath.PDF" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2009-06-07. ^ Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Translated from the Arabic by Bn. Mac Guckin De Slane: Paris Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 1871. 1871. p. 404. ^ Camilla Adang, This Day I have Perfected Your Religion For You: A Zahiri Conception of Religious Authority, pg. 20. Taken from Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies. Ed. Gudrun Krämer and Sabine Schmidtke. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2006. ^ Mustafa, Abdul-Rahman (2013). On Taqlīd: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 978-0-19-993751-6. ^ Abu-AlAbbas, Belal; Dann, Michael; Melchert, Christopher, eds. (2020). Modern Hadith Studies: Continuing Debates and New Approaches. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4744 4179-7. ..Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr (d. 463/1071) and al-Ṭaḥāwī (d. 321/933) represented a traditionalist tendency within the Mālikī and Ḥanafī schools. ^ Lucas, Scott C. (2019-04-01), "Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 2024-02-03 External links Full biography by Shaykh Jibrîl Al Haddâd Archived 2020-02-23 at the Wayback Machine (in English) Biography of Imam Ibn 'Abd Il Barr by at-tawhid.net (in French) The Belief of Imam Ibn Abd Al Barr (in French) vteMuslim scholars of the Maliki School by century (AH CE) 2nd/8th Malik ibn Anas (founder of the school; 711–795) Ali ibn Ziyad (d. 799) Ibn Wahb (743–813) Ibn al-Qasim 3rd/9th Asad ibn al-Furat (759–828) Yahya ibn Yahya al-Laythi (d. 848) Sahnun (d. 854/55) Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri (767–856) Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam (801–871) 4th/10th Abu al-Arab (d. 945) Ibn Abi Zayd (922–996) Al-Baqillani (950–1013) Sidi Mahrez (951–1022) Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab (973–1035) Abu Imran al-Fasi (d. 1039) 5th/11th Ibn 'Abd al-Barr (d. 1071) Al-Baji (1013–1081) Al-Lakhmi (1006–1085) Al-Lamti 6th/12th At-Turtushi (1059–1126) Al-Maziri (1061–1141) Ibn Barrajan (d. 1141) Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (1076–1148) Qadi Ayyad (1083–1149) Al-Suhayli (1114–1185) Averroes (1126–1198) Al-Tamimi (d. 1207/08) 7th/13th Al-Qattan (d. 1231) Al-Azafi (1162–1236) Ibn al-Hajib (d. 1249) Al-Qurtubi (1214–1273) Al-Qarafi (1228–1285) Ibn Ata Allah (1259–1310) Al-Zarwili (d. 1319) Ibn Rushayd (1259–1321) 8th/14th Ibn al-Haj (d. 1336) Ibn Juzayy (d. 1340) Khalil ibn-Ishaq (d. 1365) Ibn Marzuq (d. 1379) Ash-Shatibi (1320–1388) Ibn Farhun (d. 1397) Ibn 'Arafa (1316–1401) Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) Al-Sakkak (d. 1415) Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Fasi (1373–1429) 9th/15th Ibn Faïd (1394–1453) Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi (1384–1479) Ibn al-Azraq (1427–1491) Ahmad Zarruq (1442–1493) Ibn Hilal al-Sijilmasi (d. 1497/98) 10th/16th Ali ibn Qasim al-Zaqqaq (d. 1506/07) Al-Wansharisi (d. 1508) Ibn Abi Jum'ah (d. 1511) Al-Miknasi (1437–1513) Al-Hattab (1497–1547) Al-Akhdari (1512–1575) Al-Mandjur (1520–1587) Al-Tamgruti (d. 1594/95) 11th/17th Ibn Ashir (1582–1631) Al-Laqani (d. 1631) Mayyara (1591–1662) Al-Dila'i (d. 1678) Al-Qadir al-Fasi (1599–1680) Al-Rahman al-Fasi (1631–1685) Az-Zurqani (1611–1688) Muhammad al-Zurqani (1645–1710) 12th/18th Ibn al-Tayyib (1698–1756) Al-Bannani (1727–1780) Ad-Dardir (1715–1786) M'Hamed Al-Azhari (d. 1793/94) Al-Tawudi ibn Suda (1700–1795) Al-Qasim al-Sijilmasi (d. 1800) 13th/19th Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (1747–1809) Ad-Desouki (d. 1815) Usman dan Fodio (1754–1817) Al-Hajj al-Fasi (1760–1817) Abdullahi dan Fodio (1766–1829) Muhammad 'Ilish (1802–1882) Al Alawi (d. 1888) Salim al-Bishri (1832–1916) Ahmed Harrak Srifi (d. 1925) Ahmed Skirej (1878–1944) 14th/20th Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani (1897–1970) Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour (1909–1970) Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur (1879–1973) Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki (1944–2004) 15th/21st Othman Battikh (1941–2022) Abdallah bin Bayyah (b. 1935) Ahmed el-Tayeb (b. 1946) Ahmad Karima (b. 1951) Hamza Yusuf (b. 1958) Muhammad al-Yaqoubi (b. 1963) Rashid Al Marikhi Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence Hanafi Hanbali Shafi'i Zahiri Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masnet-7"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki"},{"link_name":"Athari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Qadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jacb1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_etal_1986-10"}],"text":"Yūsuf ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Abū ʿUmar al-Namarī al-Andalusī al-Qurṭubī al-Mālikī, commonly known as Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr (Arabic: ابن عبد البر) [6][7] was an eleventh-century Maliki scholar and Athari theologian[8] who served as the Qadi of Lisbon.[9][10] He died in December 2, 1071(1071-12-02) (aged 93).","title":"Ibn 'Abd al-Barr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xàtiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva"},{"link_name":"Al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khallikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Zahirite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiri"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Malik ibn Anas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas"},{"link_name":"Al-Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"Abu Hanifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa"},{"link_name":"Dawud al-Zahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Hanbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Taqlid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"traditionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_etal_1986-10"},{"link_name":"Grand Mosque of Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Ibn 'Abd al-Barr was born in 978 and died in 1071 in Xàtiva in Al-Andalus.[11][12] According to Ibn Khallikan, Ibn Abd al-Barr sprung from the Arabian tribe of Namr ibn Qasit.[13]While initially having been an adherent of the Zahirite school of Muslim jurisprudence, Ibn Abd al-Barr later switched to the Maliki school, which was the officially recognized legal code of the Umayyad dynasty, under which he lived. His book on the three great Sunni jurists Malik ibn Anas, Al-Shafi'i and Abu Hanifa noticeably excluded both his former patron Dawud al-Zahiri and Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[14] Ibn 'Abd al-Barr was a strong opponent of the practice of Taqlid (blind-imitation)[15] and represented the traditionalist strand of the Maliki school.[16] He is often referred to as the \"Bukhari of the West.\"[10]A custodian of the royal libraries the Umayyad Caliphate in Cordobo patronized, he taught in the Grand Mosque of Cordoba and its attached colleges.[17]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Jami' Bayan al-'Ilm wa Fadlihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/ar:%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84%D9%87:%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-6"}],"text":"Some of his works include:The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Prophet's Companions Arabic: الإستيعاب في معرفة الأصحاب, romanized: Al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-ashab‎. In it, the author intended to list every person who met Muhammad even once in their life;\n Jami' Bayan al-'Ilm wa Fadlihi.[6]\nAl-Ajwiba al-Mû`iba (\"The Comprehensive Answers\");\nAl-`Aql wal-`Uqalâ' (\"Reason and the People of Wisdom\");\nAsh`âr Abî al-`Atâhiya (\"The Poems of Abû al-`Atahiya[12]\");\nAl-Bayân fî Tilâwat al-Qur'an (\"The Exposition Concerning the Recitation of the Qur'ân\");\nAl-Farâ'id (\"The Laws of Inheritance\");\nAl-Iktifâ' fî Qirâ'at Nâfi`in wa Abî `Amrin (\"The Contentment in Nâfi` and Abû `Amr's Reading\");\nAl-Inbâh `an Qabâ'il al-Ruwâh (\"Drawing Attention to the Nomenclature of the Narrators' Tribes\");\nAl-Insâf fî Asmâ' Allâh (\"The Book of Fidelity: On the Names of Allâh\");\nAl-Intiqâ' fî Fadâ'il al-Thalâthat al-A'immat al-Fuqahâ' Mâlik wal-Shâfi`î wa Abî Hanîfa (\"The Hand-Picked Excellent Merits of the Three Great Jurisprudent Imâms: Mâlik, Shâfi`î, and Abû Hanîfa\"). Shaykh `Abd al-Fattâh Abû Ghudda said the order in the title reflects the precedence of Madîna over Makka and that of Makka over al-Kûfa.\nAl-Istidhkâr li Madhhab `Ulamâ' al-Amsâr fîmâ Tadammanahu al-Muwatta' min Ma`ânî al-Ra'î wal-Athâr (\"The Memorization of the Doctrine of the Scholars of the World Concerning the Juridical Opinions and the Narrations Found in Mâlik's Muwatta'\");\nJâmi` Bayân al-`Ilmi wa-Fadlihi wamâ Yanbaghî fî Riwâyatihi wa Hamlih (\"Compendium Exposing the Nature of Knowledge and Its Immense Merit, and What is Required in the Process of Narrating it and Conveying it\");\nAl-Kâfî fî Madhhab Mâlik (\"The Sufficiency in Mâlik's School of Jurisprudence\");\nAl-Kunâ (\"The Patronyms\");\nAl-Maghâzî (\"The Battles\");\nAl-Qasd wal-Umam fî Nasab al-`Arab wal-`Ajam (\"The Endeavors and the Nations: Genealogies of the Arabs and Non-Arabs\");\nAl-Shawâhid fî Ithbât Khabar al-Wâhid (\"The Supporting Evidence for Maintaining Lone-Narrator Reports [as a source for legal rulings]\");\nAl-Tamhîd limâ fîl-Muwatta' min al-Ma`ânî wal-Asânîd (\"The Facilitation to the Meanings and Chains of Transmission Found in Mâlik's Muwatta'\");\nAl-Taqassî fî Ikhtisâr al-Muwatta' (\"The Detailed Study in the Abridgment of the Muwatta'\");","title":"Works"}]	[]	[{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"ibn Abd-al-Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/ar:%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81:%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1"},{"title":"Islamic scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_scholars"}]	[{"reference":"Fierro, Maribel (2005). \"Proto-Malikis, Malikis and Reformed Malikis in Al-Andalus\". In Peri Bearman; Rudolph Peters; Frank E. Vogel (eds.). The Islamic School of Law: Evolution, Devolution and Progress. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 9780674017849. The \"Traditionalization\" of the Andalusi Maliki school was mainly achieved by Abu 'Umar 'b 'Abd al-Barr (d. 463/1071)...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674017849","url_text":"9780674017849"}]},{"reference":"G. Chejne, Anwar (1969). The Arabic Language: Its Role in History. University of Minnesota Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781452912233. There were also scholars such as... the traditionalist Yūsuf ibn 'Abd al-Barr (died 1071).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452912233","url_text":"9781452912233"}]},{"reference":"Makdisi, George (1997). Ibn ʻAqil: Religion and Culture in Classical Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-7486-0960-1. Another group of traditionalists, Salafiyya, like... Ibn 'Abd al-Barr (d. 63/1071), affirm the acts of God..","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0960-1","url_text":"0-7486-0960-1"}]},{"reference":"G. Chejne, Anwar (1969). The Arabic Language: Its Role in History. University of Minnesota Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781452912233. There were also scholars such as... the traditionalist Yūsuf ibn 'Abd al-Barr (died 1071).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452912233","url_text":"9781452912233"}]},{"reference":"Mustafa, Abdul-Rahman (2020). On Taqlīd: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-19-993751-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993751-6","url_text":"978-0-19-993751-6"}]},{"reference":"Abu-AlAbbas, Belal; Dann, Michael; Melchert, Christopher, eds. (2020). Modern Hadith Studies: Continuing Debates and New Approaches. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4744 4179-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744_4179-7","url_text":"978-1-4744 4179-7"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. p. 49. ISBN 978-1780744209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_A.C._Brown","url_text":"Brown, Jonathan A.C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/49","url_text":"Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneworld_Publications","url_text":"Oneworld Publications"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/49","url_text":"49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780744209","url_text":"978-1780744209"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, B.; Ménage, V.L.; Pellat, CH.; Schacht, J., eds. (1986). The Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition Volume III. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill. p. 674. ISBN 90-04-08118-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08118-6","url_text":"90-04-08118-6"}]},{"reference":"\"TheSunnipath.PDF\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2009-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021120840/http://www.hizmetbooks.org/AdobeBooks/TheSunniPath.pdf","url_text":"\"TheSunnipath.PDF\""},{"url":"http://www.hizmetbooks.org/AdobeBooks/TheSunniPath.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Translated from the Arabic by Bn. Mac Guckin De Slane: Paris Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 1871. 1871. p. 404.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L7i0IqkBi9oC&q=namir+ibn+kasit&pg=PA17","url_text":"Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Translated from the Arabic by Bn. Mac Guckin De Slane: Paris Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 1871"}]},{"reference":"Mustafa, Abdul-Rahman (2013). On Taqlīd: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 978-0-19-993751-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993751-6","url_text":"978-0-19-993751-6"}]},{"reference":"Abu-AlAbbas, Belal; Dann, Michael; Melchert, Christopher, eds. (2020). Modern Hadith Studies: Continuing Debates and New Approaches. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4744 4179-7. ..Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr (d. 463/1071) and al-Ṭaḥāwī (d. 321/933) represented a traditionalist tendency within the Mālikī and Ḥanafī schools.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744_4179-7","url_text":"978-1-4744 4179-7"}]},{"reference":"Lucas, Scott C. (2019-04-01), \"Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr\", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 2024-02-03","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ibn-abd-al-barr-COM_30623","url_text":"\"Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://media.isnet.org/antar/jsi/01.html","external_links_name":"Jesus' Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature"},{"Link":"http://www.masnet.org/history.asp?id=539","external_links_name":"Muslim American Society"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081019115829/http://www.masnet.org/history.asp?id=539","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/49","external_links_name":"Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/49","external_links_name":"49"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990826135210/http://www.geocities.com/%7Eabdulwahid/abuhanifah/al-imam.html","external_links_name":"Al-Imam Al-Azam Abu Hanifa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021120840/http://www.hizmetbooks.org/AdobeBooks/TheSunniPath.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TheSunnipath.PDF\""},{"Link":"http://www.hizmetbooks.org/AdobeBooks/TheSunniPath.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L7i0IqkBi9oC&q=namir+ibn+kasit&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Translated from the Arabic by Bn. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Plague_of_Lighthouse_Keepers	A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers	["1 Recording","2 Lyrics","3 Live performance","4 Reception","5 Song parts","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]	1971 song by Van der Graaf Generator"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers"Song by Van der Graaf Generatorfrom the album Pawn Hearts ReleasedOctober 1971RecordedJuly–September 1971GenreProgressive rockLength23:04LabelCharismaComposer(s)Peter Hammill, Hugh Banton, Guy Evans, David JacksonLyricist(s)Peter HammillProducer(s)John Anthony "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers" is a song by the English rock band Van der Graaf Generator, from their fourth album Pawn Hearts (1971). It is a concept piece over 23 minutes long, which comprises the whole B-side of the album. "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers" evolved in the studio, recorded in small sections and pieced together during mixing. The song has many changes in time signature and key signature, and even incorporates some musique concrète. Recording "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers" was recorded at intervals between gigs. It was recorded in small sections that were pieced together during mixing, and it took about three to four months to record, non-continuous. According to producer John Anthony, the track features a lot more studio experimentation than on previous albums, saying "we pushed the facilities at Trident to the limit and had involved the use of every single tape machine in Trident at some stage." The experiments included tape manipulation and Hugh Banton experimenting with Mellotron and synthesizer. According to David Jackson, one section of it features the entire band overdubbed 16 times. Robert Fripp provided a cameo appearance on electric guitar, which can be heard from 8:10–10:20 into the song and near the end of the song. Lyrics Peter Hammill, interviewed by Sounds, said: "It's just the story of the lighthouse keeper, that's it on its basic level. And there's the narrative about his guilt and his complexes about seeing people die and letting people die, and not being able to help. In the end – well, it doesn't really have an end, it's really up to you to decide. He either kills himself, or he rationalises it all and can live in peace... Then on the psychic/religious level it's about him coming to terms with himself, and at the end there is either him losing it all completely to insanity, or transcendence; it's either way at the end... And then it's also about the individual coming to terms with society – that's the third level..." Live performance In between tours of Italy, in March 1972 the band made an appearance on Belgian television performing "Theme One" and "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers". Since the studio recording of "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers" was a collage of multiple recordings, impossible to reproduce live in one setting, the band had individual sections of the song filmed and spliced them together in the editing suite. "We spent two hours working out 'Lighthouse Keepers' because we hadn't played it in months. We had to re-learn it", said Guy Evans. And Banton said: "It was very difficult, we had to film it in two halves", although from watching the DVD it seems there was more than one cut. The recording was released on DVD in February 2003 as Masters from the Vaults (incorrectly labelled as having been recorded in 1971). It is the only confirmed live performance of the song of the era, although it is mentioned that it was played live in Leeds in October 1971. In 1977 and 1978, Van der Graaf, in a line-up of voice, piano, guitar, bass guitar, drums, violin and cello now and then played a medley in their set, called "Medley: A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers/Sleepwalkers". This song consisted of parts of "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers" and the second part of "The Sleepwalkers" (from the album Godbluff), glued together. Parts from "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers" that are used include "Eyewitness" and "The Clot Thickens". A rendition of this medley can be heard on the live album Vital (recorded January 1978), where it is 13:41 long in total. In concerts in 1978, 1979 and 1980 Peter Hammill played the medley solo on piano/keyboard (or with violin accompaniment) a number of times live. In March 2013, Peter Hammill announced that Van der Graaf Generator would play each night complete renditions of "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers" in the subsequent tour. A live version finally appeared on their live album Merlin Atmos, released in February 2015. Reception AllMusic calls the song "monumental", but believes it is "not as concise as it might've been". Paul Stump, in his 1997 History of Progressive Rock, described "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers" as the culmination of that period of Van der Graaf Generator. He analyzed that "When tone-clusters are not used, the harmonic language of the piece is perverse, especially in the tart and unsettling chordal sequence of the finale's hollow grandiosity, which sounds as if it is being played by a ghostly silver band. Such two-fisted vehemence was unique in rock at the time, let alone in Progressive - it was the stuff cults were made of." Mojo on the other hand, calls the song "preposterous". The album Pawn Hearts was not a success in the UK, but proved highly successful in Italy, topping the chart there for 12 weeks. Song parts All parts written by Peter Hammill, except where indicated. "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers" – 23:04 "Eyewitness" (2:25) "Pictures/Lighthouse" (Hammill, Banton) (3:10) "Eyewitness" (0:54) "S.H.M." (1:57) "Presence of the Night" (3:51) "Kosmos Tours" (Evans) (1:17) "(Custard's) Last Stand" (2:48) "The Clot Thickens" (Hammill, Banton, Evans, Jackson) (2:51) "Land's End (Sineline)" (Jackson) (2:01) "We Go Now" (Jackson, Banton) (1:51) There is some confusion over the writing credits for the song parts. The booklet of The Box names Banton and Jackson as writers of "Pictures/Lighthouse", but the booklet of the 2005 remaster of Pawn Hearts says that same song part was written by Hammill and Banton. References ^ Murphy, Sean (29 March 2017). "The 100 Best Classic Progressive Rock Songs: Part 4, 40-21". PopMatters. Retrieved 18 May 2019. ^ a b Stump, Paul (1997). The Music's All that Matters: A History of Progressive Rock. Quartet Books Limited. p. 295. ISBN 0-7043-8036-6. ^ Thompson, Dave. "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers: Eyewitness/Pictures/Lighthouse/Eyewitnes – Van der Graaf Generator : Listen, Appearances, Song Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 16 December 2012. ^ a b c Mark Powell (2005). Pawn Hearts remastered CD (Media notes). Van der Graaf Generator. Virgin / EMI. CASCDR 1051. ^ Christopulos & Smart, 126. ^ Christopulos & Smart, 121. ^ "Masters from the Vaults DVD (review and notes)". Retrieved 16 December 2012. ^ Mick Dillingham (2009). "An interview with David Jackson by Mick Dillingham". vandergraafgenerator.co.uk. p. 4. Retrieved 16 December 2012. ^ a b Christopulos & Smart, 141. ^ "Interview with David Jackson by Mick Dillingham". Retrieved 16 December 2012. ^ Album notes by Ian Laycock in the booklet of the CD "The Box" (2000). Virgin Records. ^ Eder, Bruce (2011). "Pawn Hearts – Van der Graaf Generator \| AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 January 2013. ^ Barnes, Mike (2005). "mojo_july05_pawnhearts.jpg (JPEG-Grafik, 200x703 Pixel)". vandergraafgenerator.co.uk. Retrieved 7 January 2013. ^ Macan, Edward (1997). Rocking the classics: English progressive rock and the counterculture. Oxford University Press US. p. 250. ISBN 0-19-509887-0. Google Book Search. Retrieved on 10 June 2009 Sources Christopulos, J.; P. Smart (2005). Van der Graaf Generator, The Book: A History of the Band Van der Graaf Generator 1967 to 1978. Phil and Jim Publishers. ISBN 978-0955-1337 01. External links Lyrics vteVan der Graaf Generator Peter Hammill Hugh Banton Guy Evans Chris Judge Smith Nick Pearne Keith Ellis Nic Potter David Jackson Graham Smith Charles Dickie Studio albums The Aerosol Grey Machine (1969) The Least We Can Do Is Wave to Each Other (1970) H to He, Who Am the Only One (1970) Pawn Hearts (1971) Godbluff (1975) Still Life (1976) World Record (1976) The Quiet Zone/The Pleasure Dome (1977) Present (2005) Trisector (2008) A Grounding in Numbers (2011) ALT (2012) Do Not Disturb (2016) Demo albums Time Vaults (1982) Live albums Vital: Van der Graaf Live (1978) Maida Vale: The BBC Radio One Sessions (1994) Real Time: Royal Festival Hall, London, 06.05.05 (2007) Merlin Atmos: Live Performances 2013 (2015) After the Flood: At the BBC 1968-1977 (2015) Films Godbluff Live 1975 Charleroi Palais des Expos 27 September 1975 (2003) Live at the Paradiso 1. April 2007 (2009) Soundtracks Eyewitness (1970) Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Van der Graaf Generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Graaf_Generator"},{"link_name":"Pawn Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_Hearts"},{"link_name":"time signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature"},{"link_name":"key signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_signature"},{"link_name":"musique concrète","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1971 song by Van der Graaf Generator\"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers\" is a song by the English rock band Van der Graaf Generator, from their fourth album Pawn Hearts (1971). It is a concept piece over 23 minutes long, which comprises the whole B-side of the album. \"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers\" evolved in the studio, recorded in small sections and pieced together during mixing. The song has many changes in time signature and key signature, and even incorporates some musique concrète.[3]","title":"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pawnhearts-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anthony_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_Studios"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pawnhearts-4"},{"link_name":"Hugh Banton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Banton"},{"link_name":"Mellotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellotron"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"David Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jackson_(rock_musician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pawnhearts-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Fripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fripp"}],"text":"\"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers\" was recorded at intervals between gigs. It was recorded in small sections that were pieced together during mixing,[4] and it took about three to four months to record, non-continuous.[5] According to producer John Anthony, the track features a lot more studio experimentation than on previous albums, saying \"we pushed the facilities at Trident to the limit and had involved the use of every single tape machine in Trident at some stage.\"[4] The experiments included tape manipulation and Hugh Banton experimenting with Mellotron and synthesizer. According to David Jackson, one section of it features the entire band overdubbed 16 times.[4] Robert Fripp provided a cameo appearance on electric guitar, which can be heard from 8:10–10:20 into the song and near the end of the song.","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Hammill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hammill"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Peter Hammill, interviewed by Sounds, said: \"It's just the story of the lighthouse keeper, that's it on its basic level. And there's the narrative about his guilt and his complexes about seeing people die and letting people die, and not being able to help. In the end – well, it doesn't really have an end, it's really up to you to decide. He either kills himself, or he rationalises it all and can live in peace... Then on the psychic/religious level it's about him coming to terms with himself, and at the end there is either him losing it all completely to insanity, or transcendence; it's either way at the end... And then it's also about the individual coming to terms with society – that's the third level...\"[6]","title":"Lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillingham-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christopulos_141-9"},{"link_name":"Guy Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Evans"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christopulos_141-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Godbluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godbluff"},{"link_name":"Vital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_(Van_der_Graaf_Generator_album)"},{"link_name":"Merlin Atmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_Atmos"}],"text":"In between tours of Italy, in March 1972 the band made an appearance on Belgian television performing \"Theme One\" and \"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers\".[7][8] Since the studio recording of \"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers\" was a collage of multiple recordings, impossible to reproduce live in one setting, the band had individual sections of the song filmed and spliced them together in the editing suite.[9] \"We spent two hours working out 'Lighthouse Keepers' because we hadn't played it in months. We had to re-learn it\", said Guy Evans. And Banton said: \"It was very difficult, we had to film it in two halves\",[9] although from watching the DVD it seems there was more than one cut. The recording was released on DVD in February 2003 as Masters from the Vaults (incorrectly labelled as having been recorded in 1971). It is the only confirmed live performance of the song of the era,[10] although it is mentioned that it was played live in Leeds in October 1971.[11]In 1977 and 1978, Van der Graaf, in a line-up of voice, piano, guitar, bass guitar, drums, violin and cello now and then played a medley in their set, called \"Medley: A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers/Sleepwalkers\". This song consisted of parts of \"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers\" and the second part of \"The Sleepwalkers\" (from the album Godbluff), glued together. Parts from \"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers\" that are used include \"Eyewitness\" and \"The Clot Thickens\". A rendition of this medley can be heard on the live album Vital (recorded January 1978), where it is 13:41 long in total. In concerts in 1978, 1979 and 1980 Peter Hammill played the medley solo on piano/keyboard (or with violin accompaniment) a number of times live.In March 2013, Peter Hammill announced that Van der Graaf Generator would play each night complete renditions of \"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers\" in the subsequent tour. A live version finally appeared on their live album Merlin Atmos, released in February 2015.","title":"Live performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"silver band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_band"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stump295-2"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"AllMusic calls the song \"monumental\", but believes it is \"not as concise as it might've been\".[12] Paul Stump, in his 1997 History of Progressive Rock, described \"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers\" as the culmination of that period of Van der Graaf Generator. He analyzed that \"When tone-clusters are not used, the harmonic language of the piece is perverse, especially in the tart and unsettling chordal sequence of the finale's hollow grandiosity, which sounds as if it is being played by a ghostly silver band. Such two-fisted vehemence was unique in rock at the time, let alone in Progressive - it was the stuff cults were made of.\"[2] Mojo on the other hand, calls the song \"preposterous\".[13] The album Pawn Hearts was not a success in the UK, but proved highly successful in Italy, topping the chart there for 12 weeks.[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Box_(Van_der_Graaf_Generator_album)"}],"text":"All parts written by Peter Hammill, except where indicated.\"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers\" – 23:04\"Eyewitness\" (2:25)\n\"Pictures/Lighthouse\" (Hammill, Banton) (3:10)\n\"Eyewitness\" (0:54)\n\"S.H.M.\" (1:57)\n\"Presence of the Night\" (3:51)\n\"Kosmos Tours\" (Evans) (1:17)\n\"(Custard's) Last Stand\" (2:48)\n\"The Clot Thickens\" (Hammill, Banton, Evans, Jackson) (2:51)\n\"Land's End (Sineline)\" (Jackson) (2:01)\n\"We Go Now\" (Jackson, Banton) (1:51)There is some confusion over the writing credits for the song parts. The booklet of The Box names Banton and Jackson as writers of \"Pictures/Lighthouse\", but the booklet of the 2005 remaster of Pawn Hearts says that same song part was written by Hammill and Banton.","title":"Song parts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0955-1337 01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955-1337_01"}],"text":"Christopulos, J.; P. Smart (2005). Van der Graaf Generator, The Book: A History of the Band Van der Graaf Generator 1967 to 1978. Phil and Jim Publishers. ISBN 978-0955-1337 01.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Murphy, Sean (29 March 2017). \"The 100 Best Classic Progressive Rock Songs: Part 4, 40-21\". PopMatters. Retrieved 18 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/the-100-best-classic-progressive-rock-songs-part-4-40-21","url_text":"\"The 100 Best Classic Progressive Rock Songs: Part 4, 40-21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Stump, Paul (1997). The Music's All that Matters: A History of Progressive Rock. Quartet Books Limited. p. 295. ISBN 0-7043-8036-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7043-8036-6","url_text":"0-7043-8036-6"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Dave. \"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers: Eyewitness/Pictures/Lighthouse/Eyewitnes – Van der Graaf Generator : Listen, Appearances, Song Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 16 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/a-plague-of-lighthouse-keepers-eyewitness-pictures-lighthouse-eyewitnes-mt0011891508","url_text":"\"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers: Eyewitness/Pictures/Lighthouse/Eyewitnes – Van der Graaf Generator : Listen, Appearances, Song Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Mark Powell (2005). Pawn Hearts remastered CD (Media notes). Van der Graaf Generator. Virgin / EMI. CASCDR 1051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_Hearts","url_text":"Pawn Hearts"}]},{"reference":"\"Masters from the Vaults DVD (review and notes)\". Retrieved 16 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vandergraafgenerator.co.uk/masters_dvd.htm","url_text":"\"Masters from the Vaults DVD (review and notes)\""}]},{"reference":"Mick Dillingham (2009). \"An interview with David Jackson by Mick Dillingham\". vandergraafgenerator.co.uk. p. 4. Retrieved 16 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vandergraafgenerator.co.uk/dave4.htm","url_text":"\"An interview with David Jackson by Mick Dillingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with David Jackson by Mick Dillingham\". Retrieved 16 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vandergraafgenerator.co.uk/dave4.htm","url_text":"\"Interview with David Jackson by Mick Dillingham\""}]},{"reference":"Eder, Bruce (2011). \"Pawn Hearts – Van der Graaf Generator \| AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/pawn-hearts-mw0000194776","url_text":"\"Pawn Hearts – Van der Graaf Generator \| AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Mike (2005). \"mojo_july05_pawnhearts.jpg (JPEG-Grafik, 200x703 Pixel)\". vandergraafgenerator.co.uk. Retrieved 7 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vandergraafgenerator.co.uk/pawnhearts/mojo_july05_pawnhearts.jpg","url_text":"\"mojo_july05_pawnhearts.jpg (JPEG-Grafik, 200x703 Pixel)\""}]},{"reference":"Macan, Edward (1997). Rocking the classics: English progressive rock and the counterculture. Oxford University Press US. p. 250. ISBN 0-19-509887-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rockingclassicse0000maca","url_text":"Rocking the classics: English progressive rock and the counterculture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press_US","url_text":"Oxford University Press US"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rockingclassicse0000maca/page/250","url_text":"250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509887-0","url_text":"0-19-509887-0"}]},{"reference":"Christopulos, J.; P. Smart (2005). Van der Graaf Generator, The Book: A History of the Band Van der Graaf Generator 1967 to 1978. Phil and Jim Publishers. ISBN 978-0955-1337 01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955-1337_01","url_text":"978-0955-1337 01"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/the-100-best-classic-progressive-rock-songs-part-4-40-21","external_links_name":"\"The 100 Best Classic Progressive Rock Songs: Part 4, 40-21\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/a-plague-of-lighthouse-keepers-eyewitness-pictures-lighthouse-eyewitnes-mt0011891508","external_links_name":"\"A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers: Eyewitness/Pictures/Lighthouse/Eyewitnes – Van der Graaf Generator : Listen, Appearances, Song Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.vandergraafgenerator.co.uk/masters_dvd.htm","external_links_name":"\"Masters from the Vaults DVD (review and notes)\""},{"Link":"http://www.vandergraafgenerator.co.uk/dave4.htm","external_links_name":"\"An interview with David Jackson by Mick Dillingham\""},{"Link":"http://www.vandergraafgenerator.co.uk/dave4.htm","external_links_name":"\"Interview with David Jackson by Mick Dillingham\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/pawn-hearts-mw0000194776","external_links_name":"\"Pawn Hearts – Van der Graaf Generator \| AllMusic\""},{"Link":"http://www.vandergraafgenerator.co.uk/pawnhearts/mojo_july05_pawnhearts.jpg","external_links_name":"\"mojo_july05_pawnhearts.jpg (JPEG-Grafik, 200x703 Pixel)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rockingclassicse0000maca","external_links_name":"Rocking the classics: English progressive rock and the counterculture"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rockingclassicse0000maca/page/250","external_links_name":"250"},{"Link":"http://www.sofasound.com/vdgcds/phtlyrics.htm#3","external_links_name":"Lyrics"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/0750a8e1-ffc1-4bcf-a64a-ca5ffbaa8529","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davenport_(disambiguation)	Robert Davenport	["1 See also"]	Robert Davenport may refer to: Robert Davenport (dramatist) (fl. 1623–1639), English dramatist Robert Davenport (Australian politician) (1816–1896), pioneer and politician in the Colony of South Australia Robert Davenport (cricketer) (1852–1934), New Zealand cricketer Robert Davenport (Royal Navy officer) (1882–1965), Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Scotland Robert Davenport (Family Affairs), a character from the British soap opera Family Affairs See also Bob Davenport (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Davenport (dramatist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davenport_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"Robert Davenport (Australian politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davenport_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Robert Davenport (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davenport_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Robert Davenport (Royal Navy officer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davenport_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Robert Davenport (Family Affairs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davenport_(Family_Affairs)"}],"text":"Robert Davenport (dramatist) (fl. 1623–1639), English dramatist\nRobert Davenport (Australian politician) (1816–1896), pioneer and politician in the Colony of South Australia\nRobert Davenport (cricketer) (1852–1934), New Zealand cricketer\nRobert Davenport (Royal Navy officer) (1882–1965), Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Scotland\nRobert Davenport (Family Affairs), a character from the British soap opera Family Affairs","title":"Robert Davenport"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bob Davenport (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Davenport_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Robert_Davenport&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Robert_Davenport&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]

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